Welcome to the Humanized Physics Project Web Site.
We are developing an algebra-based introductory college physics curriculum
with physics concepts motivated by human-functioning applications.
The project is a collaboration between the physics departments at
the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Texas Tech University, Mercy College,
and Doane College. Project background information, module and unit
summaries, and availability information can be found by exploring
We are in the process of creating a new web site for this project.
To view the new version as it is built follow this link: New
Web Site (under construction)
||This project is partially
supported by the National Science Foundation CCLI Program under
Grant DUE#00-88712 and DUE#00-88780


Part 5 of 5 Parts (Please read Parts 1, 2, 3 and 4 first)
There are other approaches to inertial confinement besides laser implosion. One of these is known as the Z-pinch. Instead of using complex and powerful external magnets to compress and confine plasma, a Z-pinch reactor uses electromagnetic fields that are generated within the plasma itself. Since the 1950s, Z-pinch has been considered somewhat of a dark horse in fusion research because it has promised but not delivered a much simpler configuration than tokamaks or stellarators. However, like those other inertial confinement fusion reactor types, Z-pinch is prone to serious instabilities in the plasma which escapes from the magnetic field lines and forms problematic bulges.
The name “Z-pinch” refers to the direction of the current in the fusion reactor on a three-dimensional graph. There are many different devices that employ such a directed current. They are used for many applications. The original version of an experimental Z-pinch fusion reactor used a donut-shaped reaction vessel with the current running down the inside of the donut. Now Z-pinch fusion reactors are usually cylinders.
The Z-pinch makes use of a principle called the Lorentz force which causes current carrying wired to pull together. In the case of the Z-pinch, there is a plasma instead of a set of physical wires. The current causes the particles to attract each other. The magnetic field induced into the plasma must be varying. The current in these devices is provided by a big bank of capacitors and triggered by a spark gap called a Marx generator.
Z-pinch fusion reactors were some of the earliest attempts to produce nuclear fusion. Research began just after World War II. But development did not really take off until the 1950s. All of these early reactors had problems with instability in the plasma referred to as the “kink instability.” By 1953, the Z-pinch reactors had managed to solve the problem of instabilities. External magnets were added to the design which converted the current path into a helix that stabilized the plasma.
In 1954, researchers in the U.K. began the construction of the Zero Energy Thermonuclear Assembly (ZETA). This project stimulated an explosion of Z-pinch research projects. By 1957, Z-pinch reactors were generating neutrons. However, further studies showed that the neutron readings were misleading and none of the devices were anywhere near producing fusion reactions. Interest waned and researchers turned to other approaches to fusion. Z-pinch machines such as ZETA continued to serve as experimental devices for many years.
In 2019, researchers at the University of Washington managed to find a way to smooth out the plasma bulges by modifying the fluid dynamics of the plasma. In a twenty-inch X-pinch column, the U of W team was able to maintain flowing plasma five thousand times longer than previous static plasma designs. They observed energetic neutrons that they say is a sign of nuclear fusion. Like the HB11 laser approach, Z-pinch reactors are pulsed devices, and the challenge is to convert them to continuous operation. Matthew Hole is a nuclear fusion expert and research fellow at Australian National University. He said, "The Z-pinch is an intrinsically pulsed, they implode a set of wires. It's not going to be intrinsically steady state."
Part 5 of 5 Parts (Please read Parts 1, 2, 3 and 4 first)
France conducts massive drills of its strategic nuclear forces defence-blog.com
Is Alaska ready to go nuclear? Is nuclear ready for Alaska alaskapublic.org
Ambient office = 72 nanosieverts per hour
Ambient outside = 88 nanosieverts per hour
Soil exposed to rain water = 90 nanosieverts per hour
Blueberry from Central Market = 100 nanosieverts per hour
Tap water = 115 nanosieverts per hour
Filter water = 98 nanosieverts per hour
Part 4 of 5 Parts (Please read Parts 1, 2 and 3 first)
While the tokamaks and stellarators make great use of powerful magnets, they are not the only experimental fusion reactors. Inertial confinement fusion reactors utilize precisely targeted lasers or ion beams to rapidly heat up a solid pellet of fuel usually made up of deuterium and tritium. These fuel pellets are about the size of a pinhead and they contain about ten milligrams of fuel.
The basic concept of inertial confinement is that the sudden and intense heat applied to the fuel pellet would cause tremendous compressive forces that would trigger a chain reaction through the layers of material in which nuclear fusion can take place and release huge amounts of energy.
The first mention of inertial confinement was at an international conference called Atoms for Peace in Geneva, Switzerland in 1957. In the late 1950s, John Nuckolls at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) ran a number of computer simulations of the implosion of a pellet of fuel. His results indicated that inertial confinement could be much more efficient than heating a plasma enough to allow fusion. In 1967, a Soviet researcher named Gurgen Askaryan published an article suggesting the use of lasers to heat a pellet of fuel for fusion. Friedwardt Winterberg, a German Physicist proposed in 1968 the use of electron and ion beams to vaporize a pellet of fuel.
Serious research into the design and construction of an inertial confinement fusion reactor began in the 1970s with the arrival of lasers that were sufficiently powerful. The LLNL began work on its Janus reactor design in 1974. Following a great deal of work on the use of lasers to trigger fusion, the LLNL started the construction of the National Ignition Facility (NIF) in 1997. The NIF was completed in 2009. In 2018, the NIF announced reaching a record production of fifty-four kilojoules of fusion energy output. The most recent development for inertial confinement is what is called “fast ignition”. In fast ignition, lasers first subject the fuel pellet to compression and then an extremely short and powerful laser pulse heats the pellet.
While deuterium/tritium has been the fuel of choice for inertial confinement, HB11 Energy is working on a new approach involving hydrogen and boron-11 for the fuel pellet. Using the fast ignition process, the hydrogen-boron fusion creates charged particles which can be used to generate an electrical current. This current can be fed into the nation electrical grid. The company is very excited by its novel approach and says that experiments returned much great reaction rates that were predicted by computer simulations. They believe they can construct a working nuclear fusion power reactor much sooner than and of the other approaches.
Matthew Hole is a nuclear fusion expert and research fellow at Australian National University. He said, “It is interesting science. But I wouldn't say there is credible evidence to suggest you could turn that into a power plant on a timescale faster than ITER or toroidal magnetic confinement. In my mind, there are even more challenges. If I fire a bunch of lasers at a target and the whole thing is over in a nanosecond, that is a pulsed experiment. To repeat it, I put the target back in place and I put the wires back in place, because I blew the whole thing up, it is gone. The question is how do you translate something that is intrinsically pulsed into something that is intrinsically steady state? In the case of these experiments, you'd need to go from one pellet a week, to 10 pellets a second."
Please read Part 5 next
Report on NIST Nuclear Incident in Maryland Expected Next Week nbcwashington.com
Would Israel Dare Attack Iran's Nuclear Facilities? Nationalinterest.org


Advancements in Vehicle Safety Technology
The rise of technology has revolutionized various industries, and the automotive sector is no exception. Advancements in vehicle safety technology have dramatically reduced the number of car accidents over the years. Features such as automatic emergency braking, blind-spot detection, and lane-keeping assist have become standard in many new vehicles, minimizing human error and improving overall safety on the roads. Want to learn more about the subject? Pablo Pinasco Law, uncover extra data and supporting facts to enhance your educational journey.
Furthermore, the future holds even more promising opportunities for vehicle safety. Self-driving cars are on the horizon, with companies like Tesla, Google, and Uber investing heavily in autonomous vehicle technology. Self-driving cars have the potential to eliminate human error altogether, as they are equipped with advanced sensors, cameras, and artificial intelligence that can react to road conditions in real-time. This technology has the ability to revolutionize transportation, significantly reducing car accidents caused by human factors.
The Rise of Electric Vehicles
Another significant trend in the automotive industry is the rising popularity of electric vehicles (EVs). As concerns about climate change continue to grow, more people are turning to EVs as a cleaner and more sustainable mode of transportation. Not only do electric vehicles help reduce greenhouse gas emissions, but they also have the potential to enhance road safety.
Electric vehicles are known for their instant torque and quick acceleration, allowing drivers to maneuver quickly and avoid potential accidents. Additionally, EVs often have lower centers of gravity due to their battery placement, providing better stability and handling on the road. As the adoption of electric vehicles increases in the coming years, the overall safety of the roads is expected to improve.
Challenges in the Era of Autonomous Vehicles
While autonomous vehicles hold great promise for reducing car accidents, there are still numerous challenges to overcome. One of the key challenges is the integration of self-driving cars with traditional vehicles on the road. As autonomous vehicles become more common, the transition phase may witness an increase in accidents due to the uncertainty in interactions between self-driving cars and human-driven vehicles. Developing systems that can effectively communicate and interact with each other in real-time will be crucial in ensuring the safe integration of autonomous vehicles.
Moreover, cybersecurity concerns are also a major challenge in the era of autonomous vehicles. As self-driving cars rely heavily on interconnected systems and software, they become vulnerable to cyber-attacks. Ensuring the security and integrity of these systems is essential to prevent potential accidents caused by unauthorized access or manipulation of the vehicle’s controls.
The Importance of Driver Education and Awareness
Despite the advancements in vehicle safety technology, it is crucial to emphasize the role of driver education and awareness in preventing car accidents. While self-driving cars may reduce human error, there will still be instances where human intervention is necessary. Therefore, educating drivers on how to effectively utilize autonomous features and maintaining their situational awareness will be critical.
Additionally, promoting safe driving habits and discouraging reckless behavior is essential. Distracted driving, speeding, and driving under the influence of alcohol or drugs remain significant contributors to car accidents. Initiatives to raise awareness and educate the public on the importance of responsible driving can play a vital role in reducing accidents and creating safer roads for everyone. Engage with the topic and uncover novel viewpoints through this handpicked external content designed for you. https://lawpgp.com!
The future of car accidents presents both opportunities and challenges. Advancements in vehicle safety technology and the rise of electric vehicles offer exciting prospects for reducing accidents and improving road safety. However, the integration of autonomous vehicles and addressing cybersecurity concerns pose significant challenges that must be overcome. Ultimately, a combination of technological advancements, driver education, and awareness can pave the way for a future with fewer car accidents, saving countless lives and ensuring safer roads for everyone.
Find additional information in the related posts we’ve selected:


Career Discovery: Virtual Reality (VR)
Explore the cutting edge field of Virtual Reality and design your own interactive VR experience. This programme incorporates studio sessions and workshops that will guide you through the process of creating an interactive VR world. You will have your own VR headset and individual workspace and will be guided through the steps for creating innovative VR content. Guest lectures from industry professionals will demonstrate the various applications of VR technology, ranging from film to game design. You will experiment with the tools and technology available in this exciting new field and take away your own unique VR creation
Date & time: 9 am to 5 pm daily. The workshop lasts 5 days.
- 26-30 January 2021 (includes the Saturday)
Cost: $350 – can be STAR funded, see Mrs Blake.


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mobifinder®4 3G detects active mobile phones.
A mobile phone transmits RF signals in the following cases:
Establishment of stand by status (input of
Finish of stand by status
Changing of the assigned base station
Periodical updates during stand by mode (e.g typically after 30 minutes )
mobifinder®4 3G also detects a special 3G mode, the RF Power regulation.
For this reason the mobifinder®4 UMTS alarms discontinuously in contrast to mobifinder®5 GSM/LTE.
Main application areas
In military security areas
In other security areas of concern
Properties and functions of mobifinder®4 3G:
mobifinder®4 3G is able to cover a wide range.
Free field tests showed a maximum detection distance of 30 meters in 3G (UMTS1900) mode. The detection distance in buildings is restricted, especially if the walls consist of ferroconcrete. Typical values in this case are around 10 meters. With the service key the detection trigger level can be set in the range 12…90dB.
mobifinder®4 3G analyses the specific signal structure of mobile phones. Thus the likelihood of an unwanted alarm generated by other electronic devices is minimal.
mobifinder®4 3G works with a black box recording function. Received signals are stored successively up to200 alarms together with time-stamps. This makes it possible to protocol all mobile phone activities in order to analyze the information at a later date
Main functions of mobifinder®4 3G
mobifinder®4 3G detects only mobile phones working in 3G (UMTS) mode.
mobifinder®4 3G should always be used together with mobifinder5 for LTE(4G), GSM900 & GSM1800, because mobile phones often switch between 3G and 4G modes.
Use of mobifinder®4 3G
mobifinder®4 3G is small and handy. Users may clip the mobifinder together with mobifinder®5 (4G) to their clothes.
A clip fastener has been designed so that it can be worn on the breast pocket or belt.
Simple menu-driven parameters setting
LED and LCD indicators are arranged so that signals can not go unnoticed.
An acoustic signal with adjustable volume can, if required, be switched off.
An in-built vibrator mechanism enables the alarm to be transmitted silently.
A 6-digit identification number can be selected by users to identify series of measurements.
mobifinder®4 3G is battery-powered. Battery life is up to 120 hours (battery type AAA alkaline) using the “power on” mode. Battery may be changed without loss of data. Battery capacity is shown in three levels.
Battery life is up to 60 hours (Battery type AAA NiMH 1450mAh) using the “power on” mode.
mobifinder®4 3G has a black box type of recording function. Received signals are successively stored together with a time-stamp. This makes it possible to protocol all mobile phone activities in order to analyse the information at a later date.
Portable case equipment
Weight: 80g (with batteries)
Dimensions (mm): 61 x 52 x 20
3 buttons for setting and acknowledgement mode
Loudspeaker for acoustic alarm
Red LED for visual signaling
Vibration mechanism for silent alarm


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Can you kill weeds with electricity? That’s a question posed by robots that find and zap weeds. Is it possible to use electricity to kill weeds without herbicides? Here’s what you need to know to figure it out. First, let’s look at the concept. Zasso was invented by a Japanese immigrant living in Brazil. It was ready to share its prototype with Moretti’s team. Unfortunately, COVID-19 postponed the development process. In spite of this, Zasso has received some positive attention and is being tested now.
Robots find and zap weeds with electricity
This year, a new crop of killer robots is swarming the fields of Hampshire, England. Known as “Dick,” this robot is capable of killing weeds with electricity. These robots use pattern recognition to identify weeds and destroy them. They can also be used for scouting purposes, as the scout robot Tom can scan a field. Dick is powered by Tesla batteries and will start field trials in October.
A British agritech start-up, The Small Robot Company, is working on robotic weed killers that can identify a weed and kill it with electricity. Such systems would reduce the use of heavy machinery and harmful chemicals, which could make sustainable crop farming possible. Tom, the first commercial robot, was launched in April and is already in operation on three farms in the UK. Dick and Harry are in prototype stages.
The technology behind such a system is still in its early stages, but several companies are developing them. One company, the Small Robot Company, has already developed a weed-killing robot that can be autonomous. The company aims to have their weed killer system ready for commercial use by the autumn of 2021. It uses computer vision to detect weeds and send small doses of chemicals to the harmful plants.
Small Robot and RootWave have teamed up to produce an herbicide robot that targets only weeds and leaves other plants untouched. While the robot is not as efficient as conventional herbicides, it will cost farmers less than a million dollars each year and break even in three to five years. The team hopes to test the technology against crops in the future. They want to improve the soil and increase biodiversity through a more ecological approach to weed control.
Another startup, Agrointelli, is developing a robotic weeder that can apply a micro-dose of pesticide on weeds and physically crush them. This new technology will be combined with RootWave technology, which uses electric current to destroy weeds. Electricity boils the weeds in the inside. So it is possible to eliminate the need for herbicides on the crops. This new technology could reduce the need for herbicides, which have been considered potentially harmful to humans.
Using high voltage to kill weeds
Using high voltage to kill weeds is a proven method of controlling the growth of many weeds. In this technique, the high voltage is applied to a weed with a high-voltage device. This device has two parts: an alternating current generator mounted on the vehicle pulling the tool, and a transformer which steps up the voltage applied to the weed-contacting electrodes. The weed engages electrodes, and the device kills the weeds by destroying them.
One method uses a spark discharge, in which a pulse of high voltage shocks the weed. This method is effective for controlling weeds as well as plant thinning and ripening. Another method uses a continuous contact electrode, which flows a high-voltage current over the area being treated. The plants start to show signs of death within minutes. Using high voltage to kill weeds may be the future of weed control.
The idea of using electricity to kill weeds has been around for a long time. In fact, the first weed control devices were developed by railroad companies in the 1890s. In those days, researchers realized that high voltage electrical current kills weeds. Despite the many disadvantages of electric weed killing, scientists continue to improve the technology. The most promising method is hybrid electric desiccation. This method requires no herbicides and no tillage.
When using high voltage to kill weeds, make sure that you choose a spot where weeds are scattered. It’s easier to kill weeds that are scattered rather than densely clustered in the ground. The weeds should be 2-3″ taller than the crop plants. Also, if possible, use high voltage on young weeds. These are easier to kill than mature weeds.
Another method for killing weeds with high voltage is by using an electrical discharge. An improved electric discharge weed killing apparatus can destroy a weed with a lower voltage and does not lose its ability to kill weeds due to the drop in voltage. It consists of a plurality of electrodes that contact the weed and maintain a substantially constant voltage on the non-contact electrodes. The invention also claims the use of a method for weed control that’s safe and environmentally friendly.
Using electric current to kill weeds without herbicides
In the late 1970s and early 1980s, electrical weeders started to become popular. They were mostly used on specialty crop farms or organic producers, but as herbicide resistance increased, this type of weed control became unsuitable for most crops. Today, however, there are a number of new technologies on the market that can help farmers eliminate weeds without chemicals. One of these new technologies, known as Electroherb, uses an electric current to kill weeds without herbicides.
There are several key benefits of using applied electric currents to control weeds. First, electricity does not leach into water or create environmental pollution. Second, electric current is significantly more energy efficient than steam, which requires a significant amount of fuel to operate. And third, electrical currents are environmentally friendly, and are in line with modern “no-till” agriculture practices. Furthermore, the cost of using electric weed control is comparable to chemical herbicides.
A recent study evaluated how electricity affected the growth of tamarisk trees and plants at various levels of electricity. This study also tested the effect of electricity on other types of weeds, including Siberian elm, annual weeds, and grasses. The results indicated that low-level electricity could kill trees and plants up to 20 cm in diameter, while higher levels favored the growth of bindweed.
Despite these benefits, there are serious drawbacks. The use of chemical weedkillers has led to health concerns. In fact, glyphosate, the main ingredient in Roundup, is now banned in many countries, including Germany and Austria. It will eventually be phased out in these countries by 2023. Electricity can be far more effective, and it does not require any herbicides at all.
Electricity-controlled weed killers are now available in various designs. Some of these electrical systems can be hand-carried or mounted on tractors. Some manufacturers are even developing robots that can automatically weed large vegetable fields. One such company, RootWave, is also working with the small robot company Steketee to develop an electrical weed zapper. If successful, this would be the first time that robots can use electricity to kill weeds without using herbicides.
Effects of electrocution on weeds
Weed zappers, which deliver an electric current to target weeds, are a relatively new approach to tackling weeds. The technology works by sending an electric current through a plant’s vascular system to kill weeds. This approach is most effective when the electric current enters one plant and travels through its root system to an adjacent plant. Because it is so effective, weed zappers have gained international attention as a sustainable solution to weed problems.
The microwave radiation used in the studies affects weeds in two ways. First, it affects the amount of injury caused to each shoot at one week after treatment. Second, it affects the shoot weight of treated plants compared to untreated plants, a measure of growth rate. Third, the microwave radiation may affect the viability of weed seeds. This means that plants that survive the treatment have a higher chance of survival than plants that were not treated.
Electricity has also been used to kill individual trees and plants. The researchers used the method on three different species of trees and plants, including mulberry, Ulmus pumila, and tamarisk. During the first year, the electric treatments were constant and weed cover was measured every two weeks until 14 September 2020. The second year began on 25 February 2021, and vegetation was removed from all plots by hand.
Another method involves using an electric current to kill weeds and houseflies. A device known as a WeedZapper uses a trailer-drawn generator to provide a continuous stream of up to 15,000 volts of current. This device is a powerful supplement to an herbicide-based weed control program. However, the WeedZapper is dangerous to use, so the user should always remain in the tractor cab and keep bystanders several feet away.
In recent years, herbicide-resistant weeds are becoming an increasingly popular way to control weeds in agricultural fields. One such example is waterhemp, which is resistant to 14 common herbicides. It is also one of the most prolific producers of seeds in Missouri. MU Extension scientists are working to develop non-chemical methods for weed control. They will also look at the effect of inter-row cultivation on weeds.


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The WCJC Electronics Engineering Technology program has been training students for over 50 years. If you enjoy working with technology and solving puzzles, then a career in Electronics is a good choice.
Students may enter the program in the fall or spring semester with no previous Electronics experience required.
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|Statement||by James William Laughlin.|
|The Physical Object|
|Pagination||69 leaves, bound :|
|Number of Pages||69|
Abstract: A capacitor-excited induction generator used with a hydraulic turbine in a stand-alone generating system can provide high quality voltage and frequency control not matched by other small generating units. This is achieved without a turbine governor by using a controllable additional impedance on the load side. The control is achieved using a static power by: —Advantageous features of an induction generators are widely used in a single system like wind or micro turbo etc. It is operated in a capacitor excited or self excited mode to generate electrical energy in remote areas. The Main drawbacks of a CEIG. Capacitor-excited induction generator offers certain advantages over a conventional synchronous generator as a source of isolated power supply. The research work developed in this book has. Practically could be obtained by drawing circle diagram from SC and OC(noload) as induction motor, then complete the circle to full circle to obtained operating points as generator, and from the.
This paper proposes a Capacitor Excited Induction Generator (CEIG)-Matrix Converter (MC) system for feeding stand-alone AC loads. The variable output voltage magnitude and frequency from CEIG is converted into a constant voltage magnitude and frequency at the load terminals by controlling MC using Space Vector Modulation (SVM) technique. In this paper, the Routh criterion has been used to analyze the stability of a self-excited induction generator-based isolated system which is regarded as an autonomous system. Special focus has been given to the load capacity of the self-excited induction generator. The state matrix of self-excited induction generators with resistor-inductor load has been established based on transient. Figure 4 Forty kW Induction Generator for a Wind Turbine. Doubly Fed (Double-Excited) Induction Generator Working. As in the case of singly fed machines, doubly fed machines can operate either as a motor or a generator. As a motor, they are useful for driving . An induction generator connected to a capacitor system can generate sufficient reactive power to operate on its own. When the load current exceeds the capability of the generator to supply both magnetization reactive power and load power the generator will immediately cease to produce power.
"To my knowledge, this is the only book devoted entirely to the induction generator, which would be sufficient reason to make it important for the international community of electrical and electronics engineers. Just like a DC Machine, a same induction machine can be used as an induction motor as well as an induction generator, without any internal ion generators are also called as asynchronous generators. Before starting to explain how an induction (asynchronous) generator works, I assume that you know the working principle of an induction motor. Induction generator The principles of the cage induction motor are explained in Chapter If a machine of this type is connected to a supply, it accelerates as a motor up to a speed near its synchronous speed. A brushless capacitor excited alternator includes a rotor assembly having a coil and a diode connected in series with the coil. A stator contains the output coil of the alternator. Also wound on the stator are primary and auxiliary excitation coils. An excitation capacitor is provided with means for connecting it between various terminals on the primary and auxiliary excitation coils, and for.


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Rafferty ea, durand ma, conant ef, et al breast cancer screening using tomosynthesis and digital mammography in dense and nondense breasts. Objective:to compare the accuracy of standard supplementary views and ge digital breast tomosynthesis (dbt) for assessment of soft-tissue mammographic abnormalities. Ge’s senoclaire breast tomosynthesis is a three-dimensional imaging technology that uses a low-dose short x-ray sweep around the compressed breast with. Digital accreditation requirements for facilities with full field digital mammography-only and facilities with ge senoclaire digital breast tomosynthesis.
Ge digital mammography tomosynthesis
Before the introduction of 3-d digital breast tomosynthesis (dbt) imaging, 2-d full field digital mammography 3-d digital breast tomosynthesis: still going strong. Tomosynthesis (3d mammography) comparison of tomosynthesis plus digital mammography value analysis of digital breast tomosynthesis for breast cancer screening.
0-parts system / 2008 ge senographe ds digital mammography 8-2017 hologic dimensions 3d digital mammography system 3d tomosynthesis blue sky exchange. Breast tomosynthesis is an advanced type of mammogram that can offer better cancer detection, fewer call backs and greater peace of mind it is our standard protocol. Digital breast tomosynthesis (dbt) is an exciting new application of digital mammography recently approved by the fda dbt is a three-dimensional technology that. Mentary views and ge digital breast tomosynthesis (dbt) read bilateral standard two-view digital mammography (dm) together with the supplementary mammographic.
Ge’s senoclaire 3d breast tomosynthesis senoclaire has the potential to replace digital mammography exams in senoclaire ge 3d breast tomosynthesis. Large multicenter studies demonstrate that digital breast tomosynthesis reduces call digital mammography with new mammographic modality training. 300m radioogic technoogy, january/february 2017, volume 88, number 3 ce directed reading full-field digital mammography and digital breast tomosynthesis. Ge’s senoclaire 3d breast tomosynthesis gives you more clarity, more confidence, at low dose learn more.


Origins of the CMB
The first light radiated after decoupling is now known as the CMB.
During the first 380,000 years after the Big Bang, the universe was so hot that all matter existed as plasma. During this time, photons could not travel undisturbed through the plasma because they interacted constantly with the charged electrons and baryons, in a phenomenon known as Thompson Scattering. As a result, the universe was opaque.
As the universe expanded and cooled, electrons began to bind to nuclei, forming atoms. The introduction of neutral matter allowed light to pass freely without scattering. This separation of light and matter is known as decoupling. The light first radiated from this process is what we now see as the Cosmic Microwave Background. Similarly, in the video below, the precipitate in a solution of magnesium hydroxide scatters light from a flashlight, making it opaque to radiation.
[2.5a] Movie: The Last Scattering | Download
Why is the CMB so Cold?
Light from the CMB is redshifted as the universe expands, cooling it over time.
The CMB is a perfect example of redshift. Originally, CMB photons had much shorter wavelengths with high associated energy, corresponding to a temperature of about 3,000 K (nearly 5,000° F). As the universe expanded, the light was stretched into longer and less energetic wavelengths.
By the time the light reaches us, 14 billion years later, we observe it as low-energy microwaves at a frigid 2.7 K (-450° F). This is why CMB is so cold now.
What do the Colors on the CMB Map Represent?
Although the temperature of the CMB is almost completely uniform at 2.7 K, there are very tiny variations, or anisotropies, in the temperature on the order of 10-5 K. The anisotropies appear on the map as cooler blue and warmer red patches. But what do these minute fluctuations mean?
Map of the CMB created from data gathered by the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP).
These anisotropies in the temperature map correspond to areas of varying density fluctuations in the early universe. Eventually, gravity would draw the high-density fluctuations into even denser and more pronounced ones. After billions of years, these little ripples in the early universe evolved, through gravitational attraction, into the planets, stars, galaxies, and clusters of galaxies that we see today.
[2.5b] Down the Rabbit Hole: Acoustic Oscillations
Why are Maps of the CMB Shaped like Ovals?
The spherical map of the CMB translates to an oval in the same way a globe translates to a familiar oval map when flattened.
The CMB is shaped like an oval for the same reason that many maps of the world are ovals. You can't take a sphere and make it flat without tearing it, because a sphere is fatter in the middle than at the top and bottom.
To see why this is true, peel an orange and try to flatten it. The only way you can accomplish this is by tearing the peel, or distorting it. Instead of "tearing" the map of the CMB, it is depicted as an oval, which is the shape with the least angular distortion of the original sphere.
[2.5c] Down the Rabbit Hole: Imaging the CMB
The Predictive Power of the CMB
In 1992, physicists used the orbiting COBE satellite to make the first detailed measurements of the CMB anisotropy.
The CMB is one of the strongest pieces of evidence for the Big Bang model. The theory makes highly accurate predictions about the size and types of anisotropies in the CMB as well as its nearly perfect blackbody spectrum, all of which have been verified by experiment and observation. The discovery of the CMB in the 1960s marked the end for several competing cosmological models including the Steady State Theory.
[2.5d] Classroom Cosmology: Understanding the CMB
With the information attained from the CMB, we can begin to understand the formation of the structure and matter of the universe.
[2.5e] Down the Rabbit Hole: Black Body Radiation
[2.5f] Cosmic Conundrums: Cosmic Microwave Background


Learn More About
Concentrating Solar Power
Concentrating Solar Power
Solar Dish Engine
for more information
The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) is actively involved in the research of Concentrating Solar Power (CSP). This research and development (R&D) focuses on three types of Concentrating Solar Power technologies: trough systems, dish/engine systems, and power towers. These technologies are used in Concentrating Solar Power plants that use different kinds of mirror configurations to convert the sun's energy into high-temperature heat. The heat energy is then used to generate electricity in a steam generator.
Concentrating Solar Power
plant's relatively low cost and ability to deliver
power during periods of peak demand - when and where we need
it - means that Concentrating Solar Power
can be a major
contributor to the nation's future needs for distributed sources
of "carbon free energy" and "pollution free
DOE's Solar Energy Technologies Program works in concentrating solar power R&D to provide clean, reliable, affordable solar thermal electricity for the nation. The program's goal is to ensure that solar thermal technologies like concentrating solar power make an important contribution to the world's growing need for "carbon free energy" and "pollution free power."
Concentrating Solar Power plants produce electric power by converting the sun's energy into high-temperature heat using various mirror configurations. The heat is then channeled through a conventional generator. The plants consist of two parts: one that collects solar energy and converts it to heat, and another that converts heat energy to electricity.
Concentrating Solar Power systems can be sized for village power (10 kilowatts) or grid-connected applications (up to 100 megawatts). Some systems use thermal storage during cloudy periods or at night. Others can be combined with natural gas and the resulting hybrid power plants provide high-value, dispatchable power. These attributes, along with world record solar-to-electric conversion efficiencies, make Concentrating Solar Power an attractive renewable energy option in the Southwest and other sunbelt regions worldwide.
The solar resource for generating power from concentrating solar power systems is plentiful. For instance, enough electric power for the entire country could be generated by covering about 9 percent of Nevada—a plot of land 100 miles on a side—with parabolic trough systems.
The solar resources for generating power from Concentrating Solar Power systems is plentiful. For instance, enough electric power for the entire country could be generated by covering about 9 percent of Nevada – a plot of land 100 miles on a side – with parabolic trough systems.
The amount of power generated by a Concentrating Solar Power plant depends on the amount of direct sunlight. Like concentrating photovoltaic concentrators, these technologies use only direct-beam sunlight, rather than diffuse solar radiation.
The southwestern United States potentially offers the best development opportunity for concentrating solar power technologies in the world. There is a strong correlation between electric power demand and the solar resource due largely to air conditioning loads in the region. In fact, the Solar Electric Generating System plants operate for nearly 100% of the on-peak hours of Southern California Edison.
Does It Work?
There are three kinds of Concentrating Solar Power systems—troughs, dish/engines, and power towers—that are classified by how they collect solar energy.
The sun's energy is concentrated by parabolic (curved) trough-shaped reflectors onto a receiver pipe running along the inside of the curved surface. This energy heats an oil that flows through the pipe. The heat energy is then pumped to a location where the heat energy is converted to steam and the stem then generates electricity through one or more steam turbines.
A collector field comprises many troughs in parallel rows aligned on a north-south axis. This configuration enables the single-axis troughs to track the sun from east to west during the day to ensure that the sun is continuously focused on the receiver pipes. Individual Parabolic Trough systems currently can generate about 80 megawatts of electricity.
Parabolic Trough designs can incorporate thermal storage - setting aside the heat transfer fluid in its hot phase - allowing for electricity generation several hours into the evening. Currently, all parabolic trough plants are "hybrids," meaning they use fossil fuel to supplement the solar output during periods of low solar radiation. Typically a natural gas-fired heat or a gas steam boiler/reheater is used; troughs also can be integrated with existing coal-fired plants.
Solar Power Tower systems:
What is a Solar Power Tower and How Does it Work?
A power tower converts sunshine into clean electricity for the world’s electricity grids. The technology utilizes many large, sun-tracking mirrors (heliostats) to focus sunlight on a receiver at the top of a tower. A heat transfer fluid heated in the receiver is used to generate steam, which, in turn, is used in a conventional turbine-generator to produce electricity. Early power towers (such as the Solar One plant) utilized steam as the heat transfer fluid; current designs (including Solar Two, pictured) utilize molten nitrate salt because of its superior heat transfer and energy storage capabilities. Individual commercial plants will be sized to produce anywhere from 50 to 200 MW of electricity.
What are the Benefits of Solar Power Towers?
Solar power towers offer large-scale, distributed solutions to our
nation’s energy needs, particularly for peaking power. Like all solar
technologies, they are fueled by sunshine and do not release greenhouse
gases. They are unique among solar electric technologies in their
ability to efficiently store solar energy and dispatch electricity to
the grid when needed — even at night or during cloudy weather. A
single 100-megawatt power tower with 12 hours of storage needs only 1000
acres of otherwise non-productive land to supply enough electricity for
50,000 homes. Throughout the sunny Southwest, millions of acres are
available with solar resources that could easily produce solar power at
the scale of hydropower in the Northwest U. S.
What is the Status of Power Tower Technology?
Power towers enjoy the benefits of two successful, large-scale
demonstration plants. The 10-MW Solar One plant near Barstow, CA,
demonstrated the viability of power towers, producing over 38 million
kilowatt-hours of electricity during its operation from 1982 to 1988.
The Solar Two plant was a retrofit of Solar One to demonstrate the
advantages of molten salt for heat transfer and thermal storage.
Utilizing its highly efficient molten-salt energy storage system, Solar
Two successfully demonstrated efficient collection of solar energy and
dispatch of electricity, including the ability to routinely produce
electricity during cloudy weather and at night. In one demonstration, it
delivered power to the grid 24 hours per day for nearly 7 straight days
before cloudy weather interrupted operation.
The successful conclusion of Solar Two sparked worldwide interest in power towers. As Solar Two completed operations, an international consortium, led by the U. S. (with technical support from Sandia National Laboratories), formed to pursue power tower plants worldwide, especially in Spain (where special solar premiums make the technology cost-effective), but also in Egypt, Morocco, and Italy. Their first commercial power tower plant is planned to be four times the size of Solar Two (about 40 MW equivalent, utilizing storage to power a 15MW turbine up to 24 hours per day).
This industry is also actively pursuing opportunities to build a similar plant in our desert Southwest, where a 30 to 50 MW plant would take advantage of the Spanish design and production capacity to reduce costs, while providing much needed peaking capacity for the Western grid. The first such plant would cost in the range of $100M and produce power for about 15¢/kWh. While still somewhat higher in cost than conventional technologies in the peaking market, the cost differential could be made up with modest green power subsidies and political support, jump-starting this technology on a path to 7¢/kWh power with the economies of scale and engineering improvements of the first few plants. It would, at that point, provide clean power as economically as more conventional technologies.
The Solar Dish Engine project will evaluate the performance of the “critical” parts of the Stirling engine and develop the next-generation of the 25 kW Solar Dish Engine System.
What is a Solar Dish-Engine System?
A Solar Dish Engine is an electric generator that “burns” sunlight instead of gas or coal to produce electricity. The major parts of a system are the solar concentrator and the power conversion unit. Descriptions of these subsystems and how they operate are presented below.
The dish, which is more specifically referred to as a concentrator, is the primary solar component of the system. It collects the solar energy coming directly from the sun (the solar energy that causes you to cast a shadow) and concentrates or focuses it on a small area. The resultant solar beam has all of the power of the sunlight hitting the dish but is concentrated in a small area so that it can be more efficiently used. Glass mirrors reflect ~92% of the sunlight that hits them, are relatively inexpensive, can be cleaned, and last a long time in the outdoor environment, making them an excellent choice for the reflective surface of a solar concentrator. The dish structure must track the sun continuously to reflect the beam into the thermal receiver.
The power conversion unit includes the thermal receiver and the engine/generator. The thermal receiver is the interface between the dish and the engine/generator. It absorbs the concentrated beam of solar energy, converts it to heat, and transfers the heat to the engine/generator. A thermal receiver can be a bank of tubes with a cooling fluid, usually hydrogen or helium, which is the heat transfer medium and also the working fluid for an engine. Alternate thermal receivers are heat pipes wherein the boiling and condensing of an intermediate fluid is used to transfer the heat to the engine.
kW Dish-Stirling System now in operation in Arizona
The engine/generator system is the subsystem that takes the heat from the thermal receiver and uses it to produce electricity. The most common type of heat engine used in dish-engine systems is the Stirling engine. A Stirling engine uses heat provided from an external source (like the sun) to move pistons and make mechanical power, similar to the internal combustion engine in your car. The mechanical work, in the form of the rotation of the engine’s crankshaft, is used to drive a generator and produce electrical power.
In addition to the Stirling engine, concentrating photovoltaic technologies are also being evaluated as possible future power conversion unit technologies. A photovoltaic conversion system is not actually an engine, but a semi-conductor array, in which the sunlight is directly converted into electricity.
Small photovoltaic solar dish conversion system.
are the markets for Solar Dish-Engines?
Solar dish engines are being developed for use in emerging global markets for distributed generation, green power, remote power, and grid-connected applications. Individual units, ranging in size from 9 to 25 kilowatts, can operate independent of power grids in remote sunny locations to pump water or to provide electricity for people living in remote areas. Largely because of their high efficiency and “conventional” construction, the cost of dish-engine systems is expected to compete in distributed markets.
The Advanced Dish Development System is a 10 kW water pumping system.
Opportunities are emerging for the deployment of dish-engine systems in the Southwest U.S. Many states are adopting green power requirements in the form of “portfolio standards” and renewable energy mandates. While the potential markets in the U.S. are large, the size of developing worldwide markets is immense. The International Energy Agency projects an increased demand for electrical power worldwide more than doubling installed capacity. More than half of this is in developing countries and a large part is in areas with good solar resources, limited fossil fuel supplies, and no power distribution network. The potential payoff for dish-engine system developers is the opening of these immense global markets for the export of power generation systems.
Experience gained with Solar Two has established a foundation which will lead to the first commercial Concentrating Photovoltaic Power Plant
and Market Opportunities
With one of the best direct normal insolation resources anywhere on earth, the southwestern states are poised to reap large and as yet largely uncaptured economic benefits from this important natural resource. California, Nevada, Arizona, and New Mexico are each exploring policies that will nurture the development Concentrated Solar Power Technologies..
In addition to the Concentrating Solar Power projects under way in this country, a number of projects are being developed in India, Egypt, Morocco, and Mexico. In addition, independent power producers are in the early stages of design and development for potential parabolic trough power projects in Greece (Crete) and Spain. Given successful deployment of one or more of these initial markets, additional project opportunities are expected in these and other regions.
One key competitive advantage of Concentrating Solar Power systems is their close resemblance to most of the power plants operated by the nation's power industry. Concentrating solar power technologies utilize many of the same technologies and equipment used by conventional central station power plants, simply substituting the concentrated power of the sun for the combustion of fossil fuels to provide the energy for conversion into electricity. This "evolutionary" aspect—as distinguished from "revolutionary" or "disruptive"—results in easy integration into today's central station–based electric utility grid. It also makes concentrating solar power technologies the most cost-effective solar option for the production of large-scale electricity generation.
Analysts predict the opening of specialized niche markets in this country for the solar power industry over the next 5 to 10 years. The U.S. Department of Energy estimates that by 2005 there will be as much as 500 megawatts of concentrating solar power capacity installed worldwide.
Does It Cost?
Concentrating Solar Power technologies currently offer the lowest-cost solar electricity for large-scale power generation (10 megawatt-electric and above). Current technologies cost $2–$3 per watt. This results in a cost of solar power of 9¢–12¢ per kilowatt-hour. New innovative hybrid systems that combine large concentrating solar power plants with conventional natural gas combined cycle or coal plants can reduce costs to $1.5 per watt and drive the cost of solar power to below 8¢ per kilowatt hour.
Advancements in the technology and the use of low-cost thermal storage will allow future concentrating solar power plants to operate for more hours during the day and shift solar power generation to evening hours. Future advances are expected to allow solar power to be generated for 4¢–5¢ per kilowatt-hour in the next few decades.
Concentrated Solar Power - CSP
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Data over Radio/RoIP
A new digital/analogue radio designed for mobile or base station use. As well as being a powerful, compact radio, one of the main features of this new type of radio is the Power over Ethernet (PoE) cable connection between the main radio unit and the remote-control Command Mic. This allows you to fully use the radio station at a distance of up to 100 metres from the central unit. The purpose of this radio is to be able to have a remotely-operated mobile radio over an IP network, as shown on the diagram to the left.
The WiFi Standard 802.11 has grown massively with popularity over the years and coverage is becoming more pronounced. For businesses that operate within a WiFi area, Radio over IP is a great solution where traditional point-to-point radio communications are limited by building structures that attenuate radio propagation.
Radio over IP uses an Internet Protocol to transfer packets of voice around a network, fairly similar to cell phones as the access points/routers act as masts. Due to the nature of WiFi, RoIP devices require less power to transmit and therefore can be smaller while still having great lasting battery capacity.
The WLAN Radio Handset is a compact two-way radio handset that operates using your WiFi network. It can be used as part of a wider WLAN radio network, allowing you to use your local LAN to implement a communications system that can scale up to even the largest buildings. Unlike traditional PMR radios, because the WLAN Radio uses existing WLAN instead of radio frequencies, it doesn't require a license.
The IP100FS dispatch software allows you to keep track of each IP110H radio from a central location showing you each IP110H and which LAN access point it is closest to. It is also possible to communicate with a dispersed site using an Internet VPN and link with conventional radios and IP phones using the optional VE-PG4 RoIP gateway.
For expanding and reinforcing coverage throughout the WiFi network, the AP-95M wireless access point ensures the handset will work in those wireless black spots. The AP-95M, compatible with high-speed WiFi standards, creates a 2.4GHz/5GHz dual-band WLAN with up to 16 SSID’s using the Virtual AP (VLAN) function. The AP-95M can be used as a single access point or as part of a larger network, and it has been developed for IP Advanced Radio Systems and general usage.
Once the wireless setup is complete, for the entire system to function the controller unit (IP1000C) is required. The controller unit connects all the access points to a single point where the voice traffic is automatically controlled. Plus, third-party access points can also be used with the controller. The communicator also acts as a bridge where a dispatchers computer can be interconnected.
The Radio over IP network is capable of so much more when linked with the multi-connection controller (VE-PG4).
The desktop microphone (SM-25) and desktop PTT microphone adapter (CT-23) are required to talk to RoIP users.
For dispatchers, the remote communicator (IP100FS) software package allows users to use a virtual radio to speak with other users, as a group or by making individual calls, as well as having the ability to send text messages. The software package also enables users to see what radio stations are connected to each access point once a map has been setup.
This transceiver allows point-to-point and point-to-multipoint communication. One radio can communicate with another radio or multiple units with Individual, Group and All Data calls. The radio may also be useful for telemetry and low-speed supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA).
The RoIP Gateway is a device that allows many different communications systems to work together, including the connection of remote RoIP networks and many different radio and telephony systems. It is also possible to communicate with a dispersed site using an Internet VPN and link with conventional radios and IP phones using the VE-PG4 RoIP Gateway.
For information on the RoIP Gateway and it's benefits, click here.
For a series of leaflets documenting our product range, see the Leaflets page.
CONTACT Cotel FOR PREFERENTIAL SYSTEM RENTAL RATES (INCLUSIVE OF INSTALLATION & MAINTENANCE), UPGRADES, INFORMATION, ADVICE AND GUIDANCE.


Introducing keezel, World’s First Plug-and-Play Secure VPN device
Keezel is an all-in-one VPN, charging and security solution for global internet access
Consumer Electronics Show, LAS VEGAS--January 6, 2016-- Keezel Company (keezel.co) announced today the launch of their flagship product, the keezel device and service, a security and privacy solution that provides customers around the world with safe, open internet and the largest and most resilient Virtual Private Network (VPN) in existence. Keezel lets users browse privately and securely on any device, anywhere they go.
In 2016, internet has become a global utility. Developing countries are signing on at a rapid pace and, in countries where web technology has two decades of history, consumers are now able to browse and discover content pretty much anywhere, at any time. While the internet continues to grow, consumer privacy and security remains stagnant. Hackers are taking down everything from giant healthcare and financial companies to your neighbor’s credit score.
Keezel is the world’s first plug-and-play secure VPN device, a user-friendly hotspot that, as hardware, offers more security and flexibility than traditional VPN software. The keezel device and service was created by Keezel Company to allow users to browse privately and securely on any device, wherever they travel. Keezel is a security and privacy solution that provides customers worldwide with safe, open internet and the largest and most resilient Virtual Private Network (VPN) in existence.
Aike Müller, CEO and co-founder of Keezel Company, set out to create a device that would solve the security issues he encountered while traveling to and working at different client locations. While using public Wi-Fi in airports, cafes, client offices, and hotels, Müller noted he was far more susceptible to information theft, identity theft and credit card fraud.
“The need for protection was apparent and VPN is a widely recommended solution,” Müller stated. “The solution I came up with, keezel, helps against malicious hackers from accessing a user’s data. I wanted a step up from conventional VPN software. An always on solution for all devices that anyone can use.”
Users can connect to any Wi-Fi internet connection with the protection of Keezel Company’s large VPN network. Keezel Company has partnered with several VPN providers so users experience unprecedented experience and security anywhere they go. keezel creates a Wi-Fi network or enhances a user’s home network for the best experience.
Keezel also tackles another common issue for travelers: dead devices. With keezel, users can charge a device, secure all of their devices and browse privately, all at once.
“We engineered keezel to have great battery, for itself and to share. With a battery that is larger than most powerbanks on the market today, keezel brings total peace of mind for the digital nomad: secure and private connectivity combined with portable power.”
In addition to providing top-notch security, keezel offers many of the typical benefits associated with a VPN, namely the ability to access favorite social media sites, sports games, and TV shows, even in countries where internet freedom is limited. keezel’s open source technology is powered by a dual-core ARM processor. The device itself has two physical wireless modules, a 7000mah battery, a USB host port and a Micro USB charging port.
About Keezel Company
With online and personal lives becoming increasingly entwined, it’s never been more important for web users to take security and privacy seriously. Keezel Company developed its keezel device and service to bring top-notch online security and privacy to consumers on the go, across all devices. keezel is an easy-to-use device that unlocks secure, fast and reliable browsing for all, no matter where someone may be. Through its partnerships with multiple VPN providers, Keezel Company offers users one of the largest and most resilient VPN networks in the world. Keezel devices will begin shipping to more than 70 countries in March 2016 and will be available in retail stores starting in 2016. Keezel is based in Amsterdam and was established in February 2015.
Keezel Company developed the Keezel, the first device and service to bring top-notch online security and privacy to consumers on the go, across all devices. Keezel is an easy-to-use device that unlocks secure, fast and reliable browsing for all, no matter where someone may be.
Keezel is democratizing privacy and security by offering non-technical users the highest level of protection. The device is designed for everyday users anywhere in the world, packing top-notch security and flexibility in a user-friendly, one-button-only device. The Keezel can protect up to 5 or 6 devices at the same time, connecting through WiFi and enabling the Keezel to operate completely wireless.
Through its partnerships with multiple VPN providers, Keezel Company offers users the largest and most reliable VPN networks in the world. After launching at CES 2016, the devices will begin shipping to more than 70 countries and will be available in retail stores starting summer 2016. Keezel Company is based in Amsterdam and was established in February 2015. For more information please visit www.keezel.co.