Broadband Primer – Computer Data Transfer
Fast, reliable communications is becoming increasingly important in today’s business world. Gathering information, analysing it, and making that deadline, can be a key competitive advantage to your organisation, all possible in 2017 with computer data transfer. With today’s global markets, this information must be accessible over large geographic areas. What is required is a communications network that is capable of meeting these needs. Broadband-ISDN is such a network.
This primer describes the type of services that will run over such a Broadband-ISDN network. Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM), the technology required to realise such a network, is also explained.
This primer is an introduction to the subject from a non technical standpoint. It assumes that you are familiar with present day telecommunications techniques, at least at a conceptual level.
The primer has a number of sections. The Broadband services section describes the type of services that will become available. Then the underlying Broadband-ISDN technology, Asynchronous Transfer Mode is explained in some detail. Next ATM deployment topologies are investigated, both in the local and wide area. A conclusion provides a summary of the preceding sections.
Broadband-ISDN Services For Transfering Computer Data
With the deployment of Broadband-ISDN for fast reliable computer data transfer, it will be possible for the first time to have a network capable of supporting both low speed and very high speed services; these services include voice, data, video and image.These services have a variety of bandwidth requirements ranging from 64kbit/s to 600Mbit/s. They can be constant bit rate (CBR) services or variable bit rate (VBR) services, depending upon application. Services such as voice, require a pre-determined transmission rate to retain their service quality and are known as isochronous services. Other services such as computer data require data integrity and can be “bursty” in nature. Broadband-ISDN networks will handle all these services.
A major application of Broadband-ISDN networks will be high speed data communication. Present computer local area networking applications are accomplished over legacy LAN systems (Ethernet and Token Ring) which have limited reach and speed. These applications can be extended in performance and geography through a Broadband-ISDN network. Backwards capability of applications is a key issue.
Another application area of Broadband-ISDN networks is video. Video telephony permits image as well as voice to be exchanged between participants. Videoconferencing extends the video telephony concept; multiple participants in different locations will be able to communicate with each other in a conference call using video.
Present broadcast networks, such as cable TV, are passive as far as the user is concerned. The Broadband-ISDN networks will permit interactive services. Video-on-Demand (VoD) will allow the user to select a movie of their choice and play it when they like rather than having to rely upon broadcasters programming.
Information services, such as those available on the Internet will become increasingly multimedia oriented. The Broadband network will permit high bandwidth surfing from the comfort of your own home.
Other multimedia applications will become possible. Telemedicine, based upon remote access of high resolution medical images, will enable doctors to access medical records such as X-rays or CAT scans from a large city hospital whilst performing surgery in the field. Telepublishing will allow the creation of an individualised electronic newspaper tailored to a persons particular tastes.
Picture this scenario; you are working from home on a project and need to consult with a colleague located in another city. The video telephone allows you to meet virtually face-to-face. You may want to involve more people, so a videoconference can be setup up. You can exchange high resolution images of the design. Comparisons with other designs can be made through image retrieval from a central database. All this is possible without having to leave your own home.
Many of the ideas discussed are already a commercial reality. The technology is already being deployed for such services. The next section will examine the technology that is making Broadband-ISDN a reality.
Understanding ATM Technology
Any technology that is chosen to implement the Broadband-ISDN network must be capable of supporting existing services, as well as future Broadband services. Current networking technologies suffer from drawbacks including:
ATM based networks provide solutions to these problems in existing systems, and also provide the additional capacity and the features to support future high speed applications.
The key components of ATM networks are:
ATM Cell Structure
In ATM, all information to be transferred is packed into fixed sized elements called cells. In this discussion, only the ATM User to Network Interface (UNI) cell is discussed.ATM cells are 53 octets in size of which 48 octets are used to transfer the data payload. The remaining 5 octets comprise a packet header which contains transmission information, data identification and management information. The small size of ATM cells allows rapid, hardware based, analysis and switching.
The ATM UNI cell consists of the following fields:
VPI Field – 8 bit Virtual Path Identifier (VPI) field which is part of the ATM connection identifier and is used for routing. It identifies a group of virtual channels carried along the same route.
VCI Field – 16 bit Virtual Channel Identifier (VCI) field which is also part of the ATM connection identifier. Together, the VCI and VPI fields create point to point connections.
PTI Field – 3 bit Payload Type Identifier (PTI) field which specifies whether the data payload contains management information or user data.
CLP Field – 1 bit Cell Loss Priority (CLP) field which indicates if this cell can be discarded if it encounters network congestion.
HEC Field – 8 bit Header Error Control (HEC) field which permits an ATM network element to determine if the 5 octet header is in error.
Data Field – 48 byte Data Payload field which contains the actual data to be transferred.
STM Data Identification
In conventional Synchronous Transfer Mode (STM), such as Time Division Multiplexing, the position of the data channel determines the identification of the data. In STM systems bit rate allocation is restricted to the predefined channel bit rates.
ATM Data Identification
In ATM systems, the ATM header determines the identity of the data and not the sequential time slot position in a data chain. Consequently, ATM cells may be filled and transmitted in accordance with the user’s instantaneous real needs. This results in a highly flexible data transmission medium.Each ATM cell is a self contained unit and the user’s total information is contained in a collection of one or more cells. Cell allocation is related to users requirements.
Cells are allocated to transport users raw data at a rate determined by the user’s required services (voice, video or data). This key feature gives rise to the term bandwidth available on demand and allows ATM based systems to make optimum use of the available bandwidth, when shared by many users.
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
As the VPI/VCI fields are small and hierarchical, the task of forwarding cells is greatly simplified. Because ATM headers are so small it is possible to implement the forwarding decision in a silicon state machine.
Silicon state machines can operate at the wire speed of the output ports (155 Mbit/s or 622 Mbit/s) therefore, the forwarding decision no longer needs to be a bottleneck for network throughput.
ATM switches contain routing tables which are filled with VCI/VPI data gathered from ATM cell headers. Hardware switching takes place based upon these routing tables. In ATM, this routing function sets up a path through the network switches.
Determination of the route to the end-node is only performed once, thus routing intelligence is not expended on every piece of data in a transfer stream. ATM switches and end-nodes establish a route through the network, prior to transmitting data. This operation is known as setting up a connection.
Once established, connections enable data to be forwarded much more efficiently than in traditional networks. This reduces the processing load related to route determination and enables high packet throughput and lower latency networks.
ATM Virtual Connections
ATM networks operate by establishing virtual connections which are paths through the network for transmitting data. Each virtual connection has a Quality of Service (QOS) metric negotiated prior to the transmission of data. This QOS parameter quantifies the desired carrying capacity (in Mbit/s or cells/sec) for each service, the type of data in the data payload and the priority of the data.Virtual connections cause a reservation of network bandwidth for a given transmission task. There are two types of virtual connections. These are Permanent Virtual Connections (PVC) which are established by network configuration procedures and Switched Virtual Connections (SVC) which are dynamically assigned. These SVCs are set up and torn down as needed by traffic on the ATM network.
SVC transmission sessions reserve only the bandwidth needed for a particular transaction. After the completion of the transaction, the allocation is returned for use by other sessions. Switched Virtual Connections are similar in operation to switched calls in current systems.
Each virtual connection may have different cell flow rates and priorities assigned to it and they may be routed through different parts of the network. The establishment of ATM virtual connections provides prior knowledge about data transfer, as well as the means to grant or defer transmission requests based upon local network conditions.
The act of setting up and tearing down data paths provides a high element of network control and enables the network to efficiently process data transfers.
When services need to be transported across an ATM network, they need to be adapted into virtual connections. At the point where a service enters the ATM network, it must be segemented into ATM cells; a process known as cell segmentation. Different types of adaptation are supported depending upon the characteristics of the services.
During the cell segmentation process, the service is segmented into the information field of the ATM cell, and the appropriate header information added. The cells are then multiplexed into an ATM cell stream and enter the ATM network.
Upon reaching their destination, a virtual connection needs to be translated back into the original service; this is known as cell reassembly. The service is extracted from the information portion of the ATM cell and reformatted into the original service.
In ATM networks, when establishing a connection, all nodes in the data path agree to support a traffic contract. This contract specifies characteristics such as maximum sustainable cell rate, peak cell rate and maximum burst duration. The contract also specifies whether the link will be constant bit rate or variable bit rate and whether it will support connection-oriented data (such as Frame Relay) or connectionless data (such as LAN data).At each ATM switch the VPI/VCI field values in the ATM cell are used to determine the output port to push the cell along to the next node. At each node the VPI/VCI fields are updated before the cell is passed along. Each ATM switch maintains an address translation table which is updated each time a new connection is established or an old one is dropped.
An ATM switch may track network connections and know the grade of service that it has agreed to support. This is important as the ATM switch must know how much of the bandwidth is already committed to existing circuits in order to negotiate any contracts for additional connections.
Services are required to condition the traffic they present to the network so that it adheres to the agreed traffic contract. If these services exceed the contract in some way then their data may be discarded in certain cases.
The ATM switches may monitor traffic on each channel to ensure that each connection does not cause problems by using more than its allocated share of the switch’s resources. These features of ATM allow policing of the network and lead to optimum utilisation of bandwidth capacity.
ATM maintains both the real time data transfer characteristics of circuit switching and the flexible speed assignment of packet switching. These attributes of ATM are achieved by dividing information into small cells and transferring these cells at very high speeds. Consequently, ATM is a method which allows integrated circuit and packet switching.In ATM, any type of information can be transferred at either fixed or variable speeds, according to the characteristics of constant or burst data sources. Information from multiple sources can be multiplexed onto a single ATM line, allowing realisation of an efficient network with optimised bandwidth capacity.
Cell identification is contained in small VCI/VPI header fields. The small size of these fields allows hardware based circuitry to switch cell information at very high speeds. ATM based systems operate at low latency speeds and high data transfer rates.ATM can transport voice, video and computer data at a wide range of different speeds. ATM solves latency variation problems by using small, fixed size cells and by interleaving cells from different sources in a network.
ATM addresses the requirements of existing communications systems and has the additional capacity and features to support future, data intensive applications.
ATM Deployment Topologies
ATM promises to become the technology of choice for all networking in both public and private networks. This however will not happen overnight; a gradual migration will happen. In order to understand how this migration will occur, different network categories need to be defined.
Carrier (Public) Network
Within the public carrier there are two classes of network switching; core switching and edge switching.
The core switch represents the backbone of a carriers network. It provides a point for routing all traffic within a public network. Core switches are generally owned and operated by the primary carriers within a country, although they could be owned and operated by large second tier carriers.
Edge switching represents a point of presence in a public network where traffic levels justify concentration but core switches are overkill. Primary carriers deploy edge switches as feeders into core switches. A second tier carrier will use edge switches to offer a competitive service, often linked together via a primary carrier’s core network.Being public networks, standard interfaces to the network are necessary. International standards are being defined for these interfaces.
Corporate (Private) Network
Within the corporate or private network there are a number of categories of networking depending upon the size of the organisation; these are the desktop, the hub, the campus and the enterprise. They may or may not be present in a particular organisation.
The desktop represents the source and destination of all end user services; whether they be data, voice or video. The end user devices usually sit on the desktop and are connected to the corporate network. Initially these will be ATM Adaptor cards in PCs and workstations.
Hubs represent a concentration point of desktop devices within a local area. These will typically occur within a building or office and offer some form of local switching, as well as connection to the rest of the organisation.
Campus switches and PABXs with ATM interfaces represent the next tier in the private networking hierarchy. Switching occurs at one geographic site which might be distributed over a large premises such as a university or large office building. Typically the wiring will be owned by the corporation on their premises. The campus switch will have WAN access to the public network.
An enterprise represents a multi-sited organisation, possibly located in different national or international sites. A private network, implemented between sites, using facilities rented from a carrier (leased lines etc.) is an enterprise network. Switching for the enterprise could be either centralised or distributed depending upon network architecture. Public WAN connections again will be available from an enterprise switch.Being private networks, interfaces within a corporation, do not have to be standard, only the public wide area network (WAN) interfaces need to be standard.
Phased ATM Deployment
ATM is still a new and evolving technology. A lot of standards still need to be defined. This however has not stopped vendors from developing products with proprietary interfaces for the corporate network.ATM will therefore be deployed in the corporate network first. Initial areas of interest will be the campus and enterprise switches as they represent the areas of greatest performance improvements over existing systems. WAN connection will be via leased line or other public services such as ISDN or Frame Relay.
The key to a smooth ATM migration is backwards compatibility with existing networks. The majority of applications are run over legacy LAN’s (Ethernet and token ring). ATM hubs will start to appear with legacy LAN interfaces and ATM backbones.
As ATM demand grows, carriers will start to offer public ATM services. These will initially rollout in the form of trial networks before being available to the wider community.
Finally, ATM to the desktop will start to occur. As ATM equipment becomes price competitive with legacy LAN interfaces, bandwidth intensive applications will become more affordable and user demand will complete the ATM network migration.
With the ubiquity of ATM technology within the network, internetworking becomes a major concern. Interworking between different vendors’ equipment enables customers the freedom to choose the equipment that best meets their needs.Internetworking is achieved through the adoption of open standards. A number of international bodies are continuing to develop the ATM standards with the cooperation of most of the key ATM vendors. The ATM Forum is a user group which has representation from vendors, carriers and users and is the key driving force within the industry.
Work is progressing on an ATM User – Network Interface (ATM UNI) for permanent virtual circuits (PVC’s), with more work still to be done on signaling for Switched Virtual Circuits (SVC’s) and a Network – Network Interface (NNI).
Service mapping, including LAN emulation and voice, are another area being addressed by the standards bodies and will be necessary for internetworking.
Interoperability labs are also springing up that perform interoperability tests between different vendors equipment.
The growth in communications, both in terms of volume and speed requirements, has been phenomenal. Today’s communications networks cannot deliver the necessary bandwidth for emerging services in a cost effective manner.Diverse Broadband services are emerging that require a Broadband-ISDN network capable of carrying them with sufficient quality. A new technology was required to achieve this; that technology is ATM.
ATM is a fast packet switch technology based upon fixed length cells. This permits cell switching in hardware enabling gigabit bandwidth to be achieved. Different services including voice, video and data can be carried by the same ATM network by specifying different quality of services measures.
ATM is applicable across both private and public networks. Carriers will offer public ATM services once the standards have been finalised. In the meantime, vendors have been producing equipment for the corporate market that address private networking needs. This equipment is appearing first at the campus and enterprise level, with compatibility to existing services of paramount importance. Finally, once equipment prices become on par with legacy systems, we will see ATM reach right to the desktop.
This primer has been intended to introduce the reader to Broadband services, the need for a Broadband-ISDN network to support these services and the enabling ATM technology. It has also covered how such technology will be deployed and some of the issues facing the industry as services rollout.


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Chris Richardson said:
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Click the link below to read Chris Richardson’s interesting article for the Forbes Technology Council to learn more about the imminent AI revolution in global eLearning.


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The speed of slip ring induction motor can be changed up to 50% of its normal speed. What energy transformation takes place when you turn on an electric F light? A Chemical → light + heat B Chemical → electrical + heat C Mechanical → light + heat D Electrical → light + heat 2. Unit 1 Basic Principles of Motor Controls Different manufacturers of control devices, as well as books about motor controls, use different methods of showing the control circuit wiring. You will be identifying plumbing test equipment, torches, and torch accessories during this exercise. The unit is ohm (Ω). eratively with a group to test their predictions and share the results with the class. *See section 120 of the Electrical Safety Regulation 2013 for stated electrical risk factors. Department of Labor, Testing and Assessment: An Employer’s Guide to Good Practices, 2000. A battered types of drawings and employ a language of their own. nonrenewable energy sources, 3) light energy, including wavelengths, visible spectrum, reflection and refraction, 4) electrical energy, including charge, voltage, current, resistance, circuits, conduction and. CIR1081 Soil pH and Electrical Conductivity: A County Extension Soil Laboratory Manual 1 Rao Mylavarapu, Jamin Bergeron, and Nancy Wilkinson2 1. Mark Chapman. Identify the basic types of automotive wiring, types of terminals, and wiring diagrams. Attached Files Membership is required for. Model S sets an industry standard for performance and safety. Every day's thousands of Indian and other country Electrical Engineering student search Bl Theraja Books Pdf, Basic Electrical Engineering Book By Vk Mehta, Ps Bimbhra Electrical Machinery Pdf, Electric Machines By Nagrath And Kothari on internet net but many websites have fake link or survey link here engineering exams website provides you book free and real link. kept cool 3. During the test, you may see several different types of items. Crossing Conductors. Trip Test In-service Test Certified Equipment: Generating Facilities qualifying for Simplified Interconnection incorporate Certified Equipment that have, at a minimum, passed the Type Tests and Production Tests described in this Rule and are judged to have little or no potential impact on PG&E’s Distribution System. Are you aware of these types of testing an electrical transformer should have? The Balance Small Business 8 Common Testing Procedures for Electrical Transformers. Electrical Testing. Department of Labor, Testing and Assessment: An Employer’s Guide to Good Practices, 2000. DC dielectric withstand test voltage shall not exceed 100 percent of the ac rms test voltage specified in ANSI C57. Table 13 Œ Electrical type test requirements for insulating compounds75 Table 14 Œ Non-electrical type tests (see Tables 15 to 23)77 Table 15 Œ Test requirements for mechanical characteristics of insulating compounds. Commercial Kitchen Hoods (Types 1 + 2) Design Guidance. Types K, L, M, DWV and Medical Gas tube are designated by. Both types have their own specific uses in terms of power generation and use, although AC is the more common type of electrical current in the home. homeowner) who files a Request for Electrical Inspection form (i. Electrical Cells and Batteries Introduction. Cracks in a weld, or in the vicinity of. VA Standard Details were updated in early 2009, Div 22 and Div 26 in early 2014, and the Steam portion of Div 23 in late 2017. Following are some. Various ways of protecting electric machines against overloads and mechanical. Energy Transformation Quiz You make use your notes! 1. A state-of-charge test checks the electrolyte strength. Periodic electrical testing is the best way to detect gradual deterioration of electrical power equipment over its service life. #8) Backward Compatibility Testing. • All test lead connections at the pipe must be coated. Plot equipotential lines and discover their relationship to the electric field. All professional electricians own one of these tools. For example, a small pump motor or a short control cable may be vital to a process in your plant. As we know, an electric motor plays a vital role in every sector of the industry, and also in a wide range of applications. Walter Cleary C. How to Make an Electrical Conductivity Test Early scientists who worked with electricity found that current flows through some materials and not others. Electrical testing has become a key component in all modern electrical equipment and installations. Voltage is the electrical pressure or force that causes current or electrons to flow through a conductor. t3 – Breaker/recloser trips open and voltage drops. Export in PDF for simple and safe distribution. Test Method. In fact, proper maintenance is absolutely essential to the safety of your facility and your employees. Create models of dipoles, capacitors, and more!. This course is designed to provide basic electrical skills to those who need to perform first-line electrical maintenance tasks including the safe isolation, replacement and testing of a range of common electrical devices (motors, sensors, heating elements, solenoids, etc. Test and Measurement Instruments C. Ask for a quote today. The electronic gadgets available now have become a part of day to day life. Electric current comes in two varieties: alternating current and direct current, abbreviated as AC and DC. contacting the work b. The standard makes it clear that test equip-ment is an integral part of the PPE electrical workers must use on the job and must be inspected before each shift. TESTING POWER TRANSFORMERS High-voltage transformers are some of the most important (and expensive) pieces of equipment required for operating a power system. A Type-S Journeyman Electrician may employ other persons licensed under this chapter and may. ! Relay and automatism diagrams. Overview of topics by lesson: 1) an introduction to the types and sources of energy, 2) energy consumption and conservation, and renewable vs. Electrical Engineering Objective Questions Part 1: Free, No Login, Fast PDF Download Download PDF by clicking here Get top class preperation for IES right from your home- fully solved questions with step-by-step exaplanation - practice your way to success. , Member, IEEE Powertech Labs Inc. Gold plated contact ensure low contact resistance. American Society for Testing and Materials. Electrical engineers design, develop, test, and supervise the manufacture of electrical equipment, such as electric motors, radar and navigation systems, communications systems, or power generation equipment. Some of these terms are unfamiliar to most homeowners, but most important for a DIYer who plans to work on home wiring is knowing how to test for the presence of live. This job aid addresses policy; industry EWIS practices; primary factors. Check for obvious signs of physical damage. CAUTION: Work must be started after 90 seconds from the time the Ignition switch is turned to the “LOCK” position and the negative (–) terminal cable is discon–. The standard makes it clear that test equip-ment is an integral part of the PPE electrical workers must use on the job and must be inspected before each shift. Use this free guide to learn how to test for continuity and to diagnose and make electrical repairs around your home. 1 Gen 2 electrical, USB Type-C™ connectors, USB Type-C to Legacy cable assemblies, or USB Standard Test Methods for Electrical Performance. The EDM workpiece must be: a. All professional electricians own one of these tools. Electrical testing services for gloves, grounding cables, jumpers, hot sticks and more. 1 Purpose There are over 125 elevators at various Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation) pumping plants, powerplants, dams, office buildings, tunnels, and visitor facilities. Fault Indicator display shows Normal. The electronic gadgets available now have become a part of day to day life. Eclectic Energies Enneagram Tests (free) These two online Enneagram tests help you to determine which personality type you are. Conventional electric current moves from the positive surplus side of the battery (+) to the deficiency side of the battery (-) Conductors allow electrical current to easily flow because of their free electrons. As such, reliability of these types of systems is critical and good. This change of resistance with temperature can be measured and used to determine the temperature of a process or of a material. 2017 National Electrical Code® (NEC®). They are found in stainless steel, galvanized steel, or aluminum. Overview of topics by lesson: 1) an introduction to the types and sources of energy, 2) energy consumption and conservation, and renewable vs. This type of testing also validates whether web application runs on all versions of all browsers or not. For general testing questions, please send an e-mail to [email protected] electrical installation certificates or reports describing the installation and giving details of the. repairing electrical parts, this manual should be used in conjunction with the related documents listed on the following pages, if necessary. Conductance-t ype meters use. Concrete Resistivity as an Electrical Indicator of its Permeability. Guide to NEMA and IEC Enclosure Ratings – Canary Systems Application Note #4 - Page 2 of 3 NEMA Definitions Pertaining to Hazardous Locations: Type Description 7 Intended for indoor use in locations classified as Class I, Groups A, B, C, or D, as defined in the National Electrical Code. I have spent countless hours testing and analyzing electronic components and found out the right and accurate ways to test them. These two types are distinguished from each other by the manner in which the primary and secondary coils are place around the steel core. work on, testing (see Appendix A. In addition some other tests are also carried out by the consumer at site before commissioning and also periodically…. The applicant is responsible for scheduling the examination with the test site office. 1 Interoperability Testing v0. The AS/NZS 3760: 2010 - In service safety inspection and testing of electrical equipment, outlines inspection, testing, tagging methods and frequency. Electrical Discharge Machining Fundamental Manufacturing Processes Video Series Study Guide - 4 - Review Questions 1. Crossing Conductors. NETA Frequency of Maintenance Tests. The contact resistance test (commonly known as the Ductor test) measures the resistance of electrical connections such as joints, terminations, connectors, etc. AUTOMOTIVE ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS AND WIRING 1/ 101 BATTERY TEST CELL VOLTAGE TEST. As such, reliability of these types of systems is critical and good. We enable companies to develop better electronic products faster and more cost-effectively. Purpose of the PDF Format. They are found in stainless steel, galvanized steel, or aluminum. 4 Verifying transformer major insulatiion electrical strength 23 2. All certificates and reports should include schedules of inspections and test results. When current is flowing in the main circuit of breaker, it is combined with the test signal of Y-2005, consequently does not become correct characteristic. Inverters take a DC voltage from a battery or a solar panel as input, and convert it into an AC voltage output. Many water-testing laboratories, including the Texas AgriLife Extension Service Soil, Water and Forage Testing Laboratory in College Station, Texas, offer routine tests for irrigation and/or livestock water uses. 0 Electrical Compliance Test Specification Version 1. PRINCIPLE The determination of electrical conductivity (EC) is made with a conductivity cell by. IBEW Hour Power An Online Magazine Connecting IBEW Members. Pass a written test on safety and operating procedures of the portable electric drill with 100 percent accuracy. Two types of hardened-steel cutting points are available for use in different soils. Two primary types of twisted pair cable industry standards have been defined: unshielded twisted pair (UTP) and shielded twisted pair (STP). ISO 10605 Road Vehicles Test Methods for Electrical Disturbances from Electrostatic Discharge 2 ISO 10605 ESD Waveforms and Test Parameters Texas Instruments (TI) uses industry standard ESD test generators calibrated to the ISO 10605 test waveforms to conduct testing. This electrical force or pressure is measured in volts. application notes) or refine your search to a particular electrical application area. 1 Interoperability Testing v0. In forecasting the market for batter- ies, we assumed that 26 percent of the new cars sold in 2020—or some 14 million cars—will have electric or hybrid power trains. In fact, proper maintenance is absolutely essential to the safety of your facility and your employees. 9 KB PDF) a visual inspection form (61. pubs,schools,cinemas,clubs,churches,dentists,doctors surgeries etc then you most likely need to be inspected yearly (Frequency of tests). Sc Electrical Contractor License Test. Build a simple electric circuit using a battery as the electrical energy source, and a small light bulb as the electrical load (I suggest using a 6-volt ”lantern” battery and a miniature incandescent light bulb rated for either 6 or 12 volts). Some types of equipment can also involve greater risk than others, for example: Portable electrical equipment including plugs and sockets, electrical connections and to the cable itself are especially vulnerable to damage. After you purchase the report, when you go to download it, you will be asked for your 4 letter personality type code which you can get from our free personality test. The IBEW Aptitude Test has two sections: (1) algebra & functions (2) reading comprehension. 1 - Why is correct sequence important? Domestic Electrical Testing can be hazardous, both to the tester and to others who are within the area of the installation during the test. t2 – Fault current is detected. Use of this Publication This publication provides guidelines on how to handle electrical equipment that has been exposed to water through flooding, fire fighting activities, hurricanes, etc. Information for health professionals and citizens, including state health statistics, prevention and health promotion, and health care and health-related professions. Electrical Engineering Objective Questions Part 1: Free, No Login, Fast PDF Download Download PDF by clicking here Get top class preperation for IES right from your home- fully solved questions with step-by-step exaplanation - practice your way to success. explains the examination procedures and provides the address and telephone number of the test site. ISO 10605 is partly based on IEC 61000-4-2, a standard that covers. electrical apparatus. These publications include the graphics, legends, and maps that are needed to successfully respond to certain test questions. BR Circuit Breakers. these all notes specially for degree holder Electrical (EE) engineers who are preparing Competitive Exams Like NTPC, GATE, UPSC IES, BHEL, APTRANSCO, APGENCO, BSNL-JTO, ISRO, DRDO, BEL and All Electrical (EE) Competitive Exams. (véhicule électrique ou EV). For each of the 20 questions below, answer by clicking on the most appropriate statement. FSTMs By Test Type. These E-book guide have worked for thousands of others and can work for you too. Portable Electric Drill I. Response Time ≤ 10 mS Random Vibration Test 10 Hz …1000Hz for 4 h Operating Temperature –40°C to +85°C Response Time, with Diode ≤ 15 mS Sine Wave Vibration Test 10 Hz …200Hz, 2. Electrical Testing Ballast/Driver/Lamp Testing ITL is equipped to perform electrical measurements to determine various operating characteristics and parameters of LED drivers, ballasts, lamp starters and other lighting related equipment. ) Test points T & H will verify if the bimetal thermostat is open or closed. The danger is compounded if tests are not carried out in the correct sequence. The idea is that the insulation resistance should increase over time as the atoms in the insulation are. ISO 10605 is partly based on IEC 61000-4-2, a standard that covers. A free online environment where users can create, edit, and share electrical schematics, or convert between popular file formats like Eagle, Altium, and OrCAD. 1 Chapter 6 covers the performance, maintenance, and testing of electrical systems (both normal and essential) in health care facilities. All certificates and reports should include schedules of inspections and test results. One of the most important aspects of planning and operating an electrical power system is the design of protection systems that handle fault conditions. Infrared - This should be used to find hot spots in electrical equipment such as transformers, switch gears, and cables. Use the filters to browse specific content (e. Ensure the above covers the installation of equipment to give ease of subsequent safe removal of electric motors, switchgear, batteries, or other electrical equipment etc. Test should be performed only after shutting off the electric power and verifying that there is no voltage present. Types of testing. Basic Electrical Formulas. Not only does wiring seem confusing, but the specter of electrical shock is scary. 4 Verifying transformer major insulatiion electrical strength 23 2. Other types of leakage current and ground fault protective devices have been introduced for various applications since the introduction of GFCIs. While simple voltage testers can test only for the presence of voltage, multimeters have multiple testing functions and can measure voltage, ohms (for resistance), and amperage (electrical current), indicating quantities on a digital readout or analog dial. Crossing Conductors. Measurement of Brush Pressure The pressure on all the brushes of a set should be the same. Electricity is the presence and flow of electric charge in one direction. Electrical Hazards Electrical hazards can be found in nearly every roofing work site. State Materials Office / Documents and Publications / FSTM Disclaimer / By Test Type. This is not intended to be a theoretical document, nor a technical catalogue, but, in. Keywords: factory acceptance test,routine test, site acceptance test, type test. The discharge current is limited only by the parasitic impedance and capacitance of the device. hardened to provide long tool life 2. 1 Electric field lines passing through a surface of area A. EC is actually a measurement of electric current and is reported in one of three possible units as given in Table 2. 6 The electrical tests 47 6. 'The Kettle and the Toaster' (Electrical Safety) (Pat Walsh) Circuits and Conductors (Cat Chambers) Changing Circuits Planning (Val Minnis) PDF; Unit 4F - Circuits & Conductors Test (Deb Cadman) PDF; Electricity (Jacqueline Boyd) PDF; Conductors and Insulators (Brian Thomas) PDF. Application for Electrical Permit Issue Agent [pdf] List of Issuing Agents [pdf] Exempt Jurisdictions for Electrical Program [pdf] List of Deputy Electrical Inspectors [pdf] Rules of the Department of Commerce and Insurance, Division of Fire Prevention, Chapter 0780-2-1, Electrical Installations; Approved List of Independent Testing Laboratories. A battered types of drawings and employ a language of their own. Get daily GK updates, notifications, previous years' papers & free mock tests. The book represents the collective wisdom of over 100 years of testing power transformers. Check the different electrical plugins. = T/N = MTTF T = total time N = Number of units under test. 0% of workplace accident deaths are caused by burn injuries. Pick any two of the energies shown in the picture and name your selection. Sc Electrical Contractor License Test. It has been adapted for use with college students. Gradeup: India's Largest Exam Prep Site for BANK, SSC, GATE, JEE, NEET. in the d- and q-axes can decrease to a low undesired value due to the absence of teeth. not cover USB 3. Electrical testing tools can test equipment, wiring, and power supplies for electric faults that may pose a safety risk to people or damage to equipment. Types of Electronic Testing Equipments. 3 Test Specimens 3. The book represents the collective wisdom of over 100 years of testing power transformers. They go hand in hand. electrical hazards, shall be made fully aware of the hazards and should be suitably trained on how to work safely. For three phase motors, connection type is either Star (Y) or Delta AC Motor Winding Continuity Test Using a multimeter, check the continuity of motor winding from phase to phase ( U to V, V to W , W to U ). pdf - Free download Ebook, Handbook, Textbook, User Guide PDF files on the internet quickly and easily. n Test Values – Electrical n 9. • The EPRI PQStar testing program tests are being done as Type “C” for three-phase loads now since this is most realistic. carries a range of new and used breakers, transformers and bus plugs for use in repair and new projects. testing in order to enhance the understanding of the testing procedures and its outcome. Identify various types of transformers and their applications. aluminum conductors are used. The two receptacles in a common "duplex" receptacle receive power from the same circuit leading from the main electrical supply panel. Below please find a full explanation of how we perform these tests and what they mean. An electric current passing through the cell causes a pair of substances to combine into a new chemical composite transforming electrical energy into chemical energy. Electrical Bonding: A Survey of Requirements, Methods, and Specifications R. Introduction to the series on testing, this covers the different tests and the order they are done in. Get guidance you can trust in NFPA 70B, Recommended Practice for Electrical Equipment Maintenance. Standard for Maintenance Testing Specifications for Electrical Power Equipment and Systems is the most current revision of this document. In addition to conventional squirrel cage rotor testing methods such as the growler test, also covered will be techniques such as the use of a core loss tester, high current excitation, and spectrum analysis of vibration. 3 Motors shall be provided with a compression-type grounding lug mounted in the conduit box by drilling and tapping into the motor frame or by a double ended cap screw of silicon bronze. • The light-emitting section of an LED is made by joining n-type and p-type semiconductors together to form a pn junction. Electrical Machines 1 Notes Pdf - EM 1 Notes Pdf Electrical Machines Pdf Notes. Your wing will also be indicated. Requirements of the Electricity Act 1996. Diodes and Transistors 1. 4 Electrical Equipment - Inspection, Testing and Tagging Procedure (November, 2013) The testing schedule may vary between Organisational Units due to the assessed risks or for operational reasons. ASSIGNMENT SHEET 3. Intervals for testing Type 1 and Type 2 safety switches. Table shows the maximum spans up to which a particular type of bridge can be recommended. Electrical Shock Electrical shock and its effects can be caused and influenced by several factors. The rest of the world (ROW) for the most part chose to employ ungrounded electrical systems, in which none of the circuit conductors are connected to earth. Periodically brushes and holders should be cleaned and the pressure checked by means of a spring balance (see figure 6) or a Morgan electronic. Provide locking FDC Caps (Type used: Knox FDC cap 2 ½″) on all Fire Department connections. 1303 Ultrasonic Weld Testing Unit 1304 Dye Penetrant and Magnetic Particle Testing Unit 1305 Hardness Tester (Vicker's cum Brinell) 1306 Brinell Hardness Testing Machine 1307 Microscope for Brinnel Indentation 1308 Rockwell Hardness Testing Machine 1309 Pendulun Impact Tester for Charry & Izod Test 1310 Hydraulic Press for Bend Test. The book explores most of the widely used modern types of motors and drives, including conventional and brushless d. 4 Verifying transformer major insulatiion electrical strength 23 2. This guide covers best practices for oil testing, the correct equipment to use, and the different IEEE/IEC standards to adhere to when testing. 3 and a description of each type and its use is given in chapter 6. problems require expertise in both mechanical engineering and electrical engineering. More than 33 million Americans deal with OAB, deﬁned as urgency. Measurement of Brush Pressure The pressure on all the brushes of a set should be the same. Companies across the globe trust our reliability solutions, products, and services. on any distribution board or electrical equipment having an electrical current rating exceeding 100A single phase or 60A three phases in an existing electrical installation. The Weld Joint • Types of Joints – Butt joint – Corner joint. Ask for a quote today. · Hinged Relays. Being able to safely replace a receptacle and/or switch. FSTMs By Test Type. The specific material about. 91, Section 10. Mission 4 - Fossil fuel Power Stations PDF 610K. During pre-production, verifies reliability of subsystems and entire system through various types of testing Important Aspects of Reliability Engineering (Cont. If your application is denied, the Building Codes Division will send a denial letter explaining your rights to a 5. “Electricians” is defined as all persons who engage in the connection of electrical devices for electrical contractors licensed pursuant to Section 7058 of the Business and Profession Code, specifically, contractors classified as electrical contractors in the Contractors State License Board Rules and Regulations [Labor Code § 108 (c)]. The electronic gadgets available now have become a part of day to day life. 3 Test After Connection of Incoming Supply 9 4. This test also performed as a routine test of transformer. help technicians study for the ASE certification tests. Battery Testing, Analysis, and Design The Battery Testing, Analysis, and Design activity supports several complementary but crucial aspects of the battery development program. The modules listed in the Overview are linked to the corresponding pages. The veracity of the Induced Frequency Test has been questioned due to testing errors, however when properly applied to a small to medium sized, self-standing grounding system, this test is rapid and reasonably accurate. of lap and Wave Windings—types of Generators—brush • Testing of D.


With the evolution of technology, AI is the topic of discussion in contemporary times.
So what is AI? AI stands for Artificial Intelligence and its primary focus is to create machine intelligence that will improve work flow, which would help in upgrading work performance.
Thinking how it’s related to web design?
Well, have you ever come across Wix, GoDaddy, Firedrop, Bookmark, Adobe Sensai and The Grid? Well, they are website builders. Its Artificial design Intelligence that helps in building websites for free, without hiring a professional.
Hold on? AI’s impact on web design has been exaggerated. Designers are not going to be replaced by any anthropomorphized AI bots. The humane touch is needed when it comes to color selection, font selection and layout exploration. In contemporary times, AI is useful in making the designer’s job less laborious and easier.
Read on and get to know how!
Influence of AI in web design
You might have visited a website at some point of time, which is powered by AI. If not, then don’t worry, it can happen anytime soon, as AI has already impacted the industry and is helping automated design layouts, image development, content layout and so on. The job of web designers get easier as with AI, one gets real-time feedback that’s based on the analysis of the prevailing web page.
So, how does artificial intelligence effect the web design industry?
- Cropping pictures, resizing them and color correction is done by the designer, but recently AI can now assist in the job, thanks to Sensei (the AI of Adobe) or the Context-Aware Crop (AI of Photoshop) – which makes things easier for the designer. Designers are recently using Airbnb, a technology that identifies paper sketches and turns them into codes, almost immediately.
- With AI – web design gets even more robust. The Design Systems powered with artificial intelligence ensure that there is less maintenance and lesser effort for optimization from humans. This is done, as incorporating AI and different tools in the workflow to help designers making micro level design decisions.
- Did you like Prisma? If so, then you must be knowing how tech can generate dynamic visual styles. AutoDraw, an AI experimentation of Google creates polished sketches – thus enhancing the designer’s capabilities and making the work even more wonderful.
Personalizing the experience and enhancing user experience is a job of the AI, which can make things better for the designer as well as the web master. Whether it’s SEO or content creation or analysis of consumer behavior, AI is almost everywhere and is here to stay.
AI doesn’t replace designers
AI – is a great thing, but at least in the near future it will not replace designers. If you are aware of ‘The Grid Fiasco’, then you must be knowing that a few years ago, ‘The Grid’ created websites with AI and it all ended in disaster! Ask why? This is because machines can only do the work of professionals provided it’s repetitive and the responses are automated. Machine intelligence can never defeat human intelligence as of NOW! Humans have the ability to think with emotions and empathy, which machines cannot and this is where the designer has a role to play. So, yes, don’t think that AI is replacing designers – as of now AI is assisting designers in creating wonders, but certainly it’s helping in a big way!


rgb led controller programmable 1. input dc 5-24v,matrix 12 channel 2. diy-usb, full color 3. addressable
dc 5-24v 12 channel diy-usb matrix rgb led controller programmable
rgb led controller programmable1. input dc 5-24v,matrix 12 channel2. diy-usb, full color3. addressable
1, a single monochrome leds can control 12 road runners, 7 colour number 4,
2, DC5~24V wide working voltage, can control the leakage light, modules, light bar.
3, 12 road output, each output current up to 5 a, support monochromatic visible light, modules are 3000
4, more than one can cascade synchronous controller, can control up to 120, the effect can be modified, the USB download, simple and convenient operation, strong randomness


The WIRELESS KEYLOGGER is a tiny plug-in device that records every keystroke typed on any PC. It can then be accessed wirelessly to obtain the recorded data. The WIRELESS KEYLOGGER combines the stealth aspect of a hardware keylogger and the remote monitoring ability of a software keylogger into one great device.
It cannot be detected by any kind of software!
"Think you don't need a Wireless Hardware Keylogger?"
"In a recent study conducted it was found that an average employee spends 75 minutes per day using office computers for non-business related activities (surfing porn, gambling, shopping, or even unwittingly giving out company secrets). This on average translates into an annual loss of $6250 per employee per year. To catch a tech savvy employee engaging in such activities can be a daunting task, as it is quite simple for him/her to disable and re-enable a software keylogger from time to time. What an employer needs is a hardware solution that the employee cannot disable and which he/she can access remotely without disrupting the employee's work. "
Wireless Keylogger Plug
Bluetooth Adapter Dongle


A pioneering partnership with Mahindra Electric (MEML) has seen Jendamark delivering India’s first automated assembly line for the power electronics that drive the brand’s electric vehicles.
Jendamark has proved a reliable partner in supporting MEML’s goals by delivering state-of-the-art, Industry 4.0-enabled assembly lines and solutions to their world-class facility in Bangalore. Entering the innovative and exciting world of electric vehicles, Jendamark Techcellency (JMKT) has developed a strong partnership with Mahindra, the country’s front runner and pioneer in the field.
“We believe that change is constant. Although the electric car infrastructure in India is still developing, most companies have strategies in place and are investing in the electric car market,” says Jendamark Techcellency CEO Himanshu Jadhav.
“At Jendamark, we are continuously looking for challenges. In fact, normal is boring at our company. We constantly strive for innovation. As a group, though, we had never worked in electric vehicles, so it was very exciting for all of us, especially in India, to get this opportunity. It was a complete white canvas project, which we started from scratch with concept development.”
Jadhav says Jendamark began the journey by securing two orders from Mahindra: one for the power electronics line and another for the power pack line.
“Power electronics consists of a charger, variable frequency drive (VFD) and all electrical signal processors which power the vehicle, while the power pack is a cluster of batteries put together as a pack which powers the vehicle.”
Outlining the partnership, Jadhav says Mahindra’s electric mobility group took a big leap into the future with the inauguration of its first Electric Technology Manufacturing Hub in Karnataka, India, late last year.
“Mahindra already have proven products and also the infrastructure. They have a strong strategy in place to further strengthen the portfolio by launching new electric vehicles,” he explains. Brands currently being produced by Mahindra include the e-KUV compact SUV, e-Supro van and e-Verito sedan, as well as the Treo – India’s first born-electric three-wheeler.
“Jendamark has proved a reliable partner in supporting their goals by delivering state-of-the-art, Industry 4.0-enabled assembly lines and solutions to their world-class facility in Bangalore.”
Because it is a relatively new field, Jadhav says he prefers to view any challenges faced by Jendamark as new opportunities. “This was the first time that any company was developing an automated assembly line in India for an Indian customer and we invested a lot of man hours in the beginning of the project to develop the right solutions.”
Looking to the future, Jadhav says JMKT is already at an advanced stage of discussions with a number of original equipment manufacturers (OEMs). “Having delivered India’s first automated assembly line for power pack electronics, we now fully understand the nuances of this business.”


How will we build artificial intelligence if the need for massive arrays of simultaneous analog sensory and computational networks precludes the use of binary Turing machines? The ubiquity of binary machines in our cache of inventions blinds us to other possibilities.
If we had first evolved as pure Turing machines and then copied our neurophysiology for the basis of inorganic computing, this would not be a problem; either we would simply reverse engineer ourselves or we would never be so inventive as to wonder how we work.
If you want a computer with real intelligence you will not be satisfied by waiting for computers to evolve into higher life forms. You will give it any push you can. You will try to make it in your own image.


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Another Earth-size exoplanet discovered in habitable zone of nearby star The planet, named TOI 700 e, is one of four known planets orbiting a cool star approximately 100 light-years away. The planet was discovered by NASA’s planet-hunting telescope, the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite.
NASA’s planet-hunting telescope, the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS), has discovered a second Earth-size planet within the habitable zone of a nearby star.
Named TOI 700 e, the planet is one of four known planets orbiting a cool star approximately 100 light-years away. The system was already known to host one planet, called TOI 700 d, in the habitable zone, but recent research that will be published in the Astrophysical Journal Letters reveals it is joined by another planet inside its orbit. The other two planets in the system, TOI 700 b and TOI 700 c, orbit closer to the star and, as such, are likely to have higher temperatures, putting them outside of the habitable zone.
How the James Webb Space Telescope changed astronomy in its first year. After decades of planning and billions of dollars spent, here’s how the new space observatory is already transforming the way we study the cosmos.
Despite the debates over the telescope’s naming and history, one thing has become abundantly clear this year — the scientific ability of JWST is remarkable. Beginning its science operations in July 2022, it has already allowed astronomers to get new views and uncover mysteries about a huge range of space topics.
The most pressing aim of JWST is one of the most ambitious projects in the recent history of astronomy: to look back at some of the first galaxies, which formed when the universe was brand new.
The UK’s first-ever rocket launch ends in failure The LauncherOne rocket was successfully released from the modified 747 but later experienced an anomaly.
What should have been a historic moment for the UK ended in failure last night after an undisclosed “anomaly” prevented the country’s satellite mission from reaching orbit. The Virgin Orbit “Start Me Up” mission was the first-ever rocket launched from British soil.
Amazing photos of gorgeously green Comet C/2022 E3 (ZFT) Comet C/2022 E3 ZTF is already putting on a show as it makes its way through our solar system.
The Comet C/2022 E3 (ZFT) could put on an amazing show for skywatchers January and February 2023, when it could become visible to the unaided eye in the night sky.
Discovered in March 2022 by the Zwicky Transient Facility, the comet is making its first close pass by Earth in 50,000 years and has not been seen since the time of the Neanderthals. Since its discovery, stargazers and astrophotographers have captured amazing images of the gorgeous green comet.
A massive eruption of magnetized particles burst from the sun on Tuesday (Jan.3), accompanied by a powerful six-hour-long solar flare.
The eruption, a so-called coronal mass ejection (CME), emerged from a sunspot on the far side of the sun, and will not hit Earth, experts say. CMEs are clouds of highly charged particles from the sun's upper atmosphere, the corona. If directed at Earth, they reach the planet within a few days. Interactions of the charged solar particles with Earth's magnetic field trigger beautiful aurora displays but also cause all sorts of problems such as power blackouts, GPS disruptions and satellite malfunctions. Solar flares, on the other hand, are bright flashes of light that arrive at the planet within eight minutes and can briefly disrupt radio communications.
The first launch of 2023 for a SpaceX Falcon 9 was the booster's record-tying 15th flight.
A SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket launched into a brilliant blue sky this morning (Jan. 3) from Cape Canaveral Space Force Station in Florida, carrying 114 satellites to orbit — the second-most spacecraft ever lofted on a single mission.
Keep your eyes peeled for this comet in 2023 This could be the first comet visible to the unaided eye since 2020.
Here’s something to look forward to in the new year: 2023 could give us a once-in-a-generation chance to see a new comet grace our skies.
Stargazers can keep their eyes peeled for Comet C/2022 E3 (ZTF) throughout January and early February, although they’ll need a telescope or binoculars to spot it at first. As the comet races closer to Earth, however, there’s a chance the comet could become visible to the naked eye under dark skies. If that happens, it’ll be the first comet to reveal itself to the unaided eye since NEOWISE passed us by in 2020.
The most distant spacecraft in the solar system — Where are they now?
Humans have been flinging things into deep space for 50 years now, since the 1972 launch of Pioneer 10. We now have five spacecraft that have either reached the edges of our solar system or are fast approaching it: Pioneer 10, Pioneer 11, Voyager 1, Voyager 2 and New Horizons.
Most of these probes have defied their expected deaths and are still operating long beyond their original mission plans. These spacecraft were originally planned to explore our neighboring planets, but now they're blazing a trail out of the solar system, providing astronomers with unique vantage points in space — and they've been up to a lot in 2022.
15 times black holes surprised us in 2022 An image of the supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way, a behemoth dubbed Sagittarius A*, revealed by the Event Horizon Telescope on May 12, 2022.
Black holes are giant warps in space and time whose pitch-black nature keeps them mysterious. Yet scientists continue to push their understanding of the objects in deep space.
Over the past year, astronomers have gleaned new insights into black holes across the universe. Here is a list of 15 times black holes surprised us in 2022


Imagine a window with a picture on the surface, but when you walk to the other side, the picture is very different.
Most important points:
- Nanoengineering manipulates the path light travels through a material
- This allows two different images to be seen when viewed from opposite sides
- “Nonlinear Optics” Could Have Applications in Computing and Lead to Faster Internet
While it may sound impossible, that’s essentially what researchers at the Australian National University (ANU) have achieved, with small translucent slides that can show two different images at the same time, when viewed from opposite sides.
For example, in one experiment, the scientists created a slide showing the continent of Australia on one side and the Sydney Opera House on the other.
Advances in the field known as “nonlinear optics” could have applications in photonic computing — the use of visible light or infrared instead of electrical current to perform digital calculations.
These new light-based devices could eventually lead to faster and cheaper internet, the researchers said.
Their research is published today in Nature Photonics.
How does it work?
As you may have noticed, light usually travels forward and backward along the same path through a material such as glass or water.
To change this, the researchers created tiny glass slides covered with cylindrical nanoparticles, each particle so small that 12,000 of them would fit into the cross-section of a human hair.
Each cylinder controlled the flow of light like road signs directing traffic, said Sergey Kruk, an ANU physicist and co-author of the paper.
“We were able to introduce asymmetry in the way light propagates,” he said.
“So when light propagates forward and when it propagates backward, we get completely different results.”
The technical name for these “road signs” is “non-linear dielectric resonators”.
The cylinders were made of two layers of silicon and silicon nitride. Each layer had a different index of refraction — a measure of how fast light travels through a medium, and thus the material’s light-bending ability.
For example, the different refractive indices of air and water make a spoon in a glass of water look like it’s bent.
These cylinders can be positioned to be “bright” or “dark” for only the backward or forward directions, or “bright” or “dark” for both forward and reverse.
By arranging these four types of cylinders in patterns, Dr. Kruk and his colleagues from China, Germany and Singapore were able to form images.
“Basically, the slides are made up of individual pixels,” said Dr. Kruk.
“And we can put these pixels together in any pattern we want†
Benjamin Eggleton, director of the Sydney Nano Institute, described the research as “important” and a “fundamental result”.
“It’s a heroic fundamental advance,” said Professor Eggleton, who was not involved in the study.
The most obvious application, he said, was “nano-photonic components” for computers.
A The most important part of electronic computing and the complex architecture of microchips is the diode that allows electrical current to flow in only one direction.
In photonics, or light-based computing, a diode is called an insulator.
The current crop of insulators are relatively bulky and complicated, but the ANU research could lead to much smaller and simpler designs, Professor Eggleton said.
Photonic circuits, or optical computers, have been called the future of computers because they can be made smaller than electronic ones, run at higher speeds, consume less energy and generate less heat.
†Many of the leading companies commercializing quantum computing technology rely on photonic circuits,” said Professor Eggleton.
“And on those circuits you need these insulators.”
dr. Kruk also saw applications in photonic circuits.
This could eventually lead to faster and cheaper internet, he said.
For example, two years ago, researchers built a photonic circuit clocking 44.2 terabits per second across 76 kilometers of optical fibers installed between two university campuses in Melbourne.
By comparison, that’s about 1 million times faster than the average broadband download speed in Australia.
Physicists are just beginning to understand how intense light interacts with the structure of nanoscale materials, said Dr. Kruk.
†At this stage of technological development, we have become incredibly good at controlling electric currents, and we are not very good at controlling light rays.
†This one [research] may be a first convincing step towards a very advanced traffic control of light beams.
†[This is] comparable to highly sophisticated traffic control of electric currents, which we may have started to establish in the mid-20th century.”
Posted † updated


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Your full 3D point cloud model will be sent to you within 24 hours of job completion.
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Location: Saline, MI
- Hardware Design Responsible for Driver Assistance System
- Requirements management. Requirement analysis of the customer specification against Bosch specifications.
- Technical understanding of the electronic circuit and design of electronics modules.
- Agile method of hardware development life cycle
- The engineer will act as primary technical interface to product and involve in technical customer discussions regarding ECU hardware development and technical specifications.
- Safety analysis from the HW perspective.
- Customer handling and project planning and tracking.
- Planning and delivering the technical documents, sample development and BOM release.
- Coordinate with various stakeholders of the project in the team (local and international).
- Development of variants from an existing platform / Develop new platforms.
- Perform circuit calculation / simulation of hardware modules to get the worst-case values and thresholds.
- Develop and optimize test steps, which will be used by the production plant to test the ECUs.
- Bachelor’s/Masters degree in Electronics &Communication engineering required
- 5+ years minimum work experience
- High Speed design – Digital circuits
- Worst-case circuit design/calculations, Simulation
- Experience in verification techniques (design verification methods, data. acquisition/analysis, hardware-in-the-loop virtual tools (HIL/MIL/SIL).
- Experience with model order reduction: Matlab/Simulink/Stateflow.
- Good Understanding of Microcontroller and Processor and different memory interfaces
- Experience with rapid prototyping.
- Highly Competent in Core Electronics and high Speed board
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- Must have the ability to work well with cross-functional team effectively.
- Proactiveness in all topics handled
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What can ants, bees, and brains teach us about building better technologies for sharing knowledge?
Methods of capturing and sharing knowledge have come a long way from using blogs, wikis, and content management systems. All these technologies do a fairly good job accumulating content and data, but not much when it gets to connecting all the relevant information together in realtime and a seamless fashion.
What if we could build knowledge systems that became more insightful in real time as they were being used by people? Our brains make sense of our surroundings by associating different bits of information. How can we apply the design principals found in nature to build better knowledge systems?
In this session I will be talking about how our understanding of the brain physiology, hive insects, and social networks lead to the architecture of Anahita platform and how other projects could utilize the same design principals in their architecture.
If you are in Vancouver on October 15th you can register here and attend this event.


Make the most of your gadget portability – Most of us rely on gadgets to make our lives easier and more efficient. But what happens when we have to take them on the go? Here are a few tips on make the most of your gadget portability.
Make the most of your gadget portability
1. Choose a suitable gadget. Not all devices are created equal when it comes to portability. Some are small and lightweight, while others are bulkier and require many charging cables. Choose the gadget that is best suited for your needs.
2. Invest in a good case. A good chance can protect your gadget from damage while you are on the go. It can also help to keep it organized and easy to access.
3. Charge it up. Make sure your gadget is fully charged before you leave home. This will help ensure you have plenty of power while out and about.
4. Bring the right cables. If you are bringing a laptop or other device that requires charging cables, make sure to bring them with you. This will help prevent you from searching for a charging station when your battery starts to run low.
5. Stay organized. When you are traveling with a lot of gadgets, it is essential to stay organized. This will help keep you from losing any necessary items and make it easier to find what you need when you need it.
By following these tips, you can make the most of your gadget portability and ensure that you have a smooth, stress-free travel experience.
FAQ About make the most of your gadget portability
What electronics do people need?
The short answer is that people need a range of electronics depending on their needs and preferences. Some people only need a cell phone, while others may need a computer, a phone, and a tablet. It all depends on what people need and what they are comfortable using.
Depending on their needs and preferences, people may need a range of electronics. Some people only need a cell phone, while others may need a computer, a phone, and a tablet. It all depends on what people need and what they are comfortable using.
Cell phones are a basic necessity for many people. They are used for making calls, sending text messages, and using the internet. Smartphones can do all of those things and provide access to a range of apps.
Computers are necessary for many people who need to do heavy-duty typing or use specific software. They can also be used for entertainment, such as playing games or watching movies.
What devices will be popular in the future?
There is no one answer to this question, as the future of technology is always in flux. However, there are a few devices and technologies that are likely to become more popular in the coming years.
One of the most important devices in the future will likely be the smartphone. Smartphones are becoming more and more powerful, with features like augmented reality and artificial intelligence becoming more common. They are also becoming more affordable, which is making them more accessible to people all over the world.
Another important device in the future will be the internet of things. The internet of things is a network of devices that are interconnected and can communicate with each other. This will allow devices like cars, appliances, and even cities to communicate and work together.
Finally, another important device in the future will be virtual reality. Virtual reality allows people to experience digital worlds and environments in a completely immersive way. This technology is becoming more and more common, and is likely to become even more popular in the future.
How can I extend the life of my electronics?
There are a few ways to help your electronics last longer. One is to keep them clean. Dust and dirt can cause components to overheat. You can clean your electronics with a dry cloth or an electronic cleaner.
Another way to help your electronics last longer is to keep them cool. Overheating can damage electronic components. You can keep your electronics cool by using a fan or keeping them in a cool place.
You can also extend the life of your electronics by using a power strip. When you turn off your electronics, they still use power. A power strip will help you save power and extend the life of your electronics.
How do gadgets influence your life?
We rely on gadgets to make our lives easier, more efficient, and more fun. Gadgets can range from small and simple devices such as a wristwatch to complex and powerful machines such as laptop computers. Whatever their size or function, gadgets play an important role in our lives.
Gadgets can help us to save time and money. For example, a dishwasher can save us from having to spend time washing dishes by hand. A laptop computer can help us to save money on office supplies since we can do many tasks such as writing papers and creating presentations on the computer.
Gadgets can also make our lives more fun. For example, a video game console can help us to escape from reality for a while and have some fun. A digital camera can help us to capture memories of our friends and family.
Overall, gadgets make our lives easier, more efficient, and more fun. They are an important part of our lives and we would be lost without them.
How do gadgets affect our social life?
The way we socialize has changed immensely in the past few decades. With the advent of the internet, social media, and now, smartphones and other gadgets, our social lives have been turned upside down. It’s now commonplace for people to communicate with friends and family online, rather than in person. And while this may have some benefits (such as making it easier to stay in touch with loved ones who live far away), there are also drawbacks.
For one, online communication can be quite isolating. Instead of being in the same room as someone, we’re now often communicating with them via a computer or phone screen. This can make it difficult to truly connect with someone. Additionally, gadgets can often be a distraction, which can lead to people spending more time online or on their phones than they should. This can have negative consequences for our social lives, as it can prevent us from really interacting with others.
Overall, gadgets have had a mixed impact on our social lives. While they’ve made it easier for us to stay in touch with loved ones, they’ve also had the downside of isolating us from others. Additionally, they can often be a distraction, which can lead to us spending less time interacting with others in person.


To get the transport sector on track to meet its climate targets, the number of charging points needs to increase more than twenty-fold by 2030 compared to 2020 levels.
Digital solutions powered by data are a powerful instrument to speed up the deployment of charging infrastructure by solving efficiency issues and reducing the uncertainty of investments.
This summary outlines two digital solutions showing that by pooling data, companies can reduce carbon emissions from electric vehicle charging by 15% and unlock crucial grid capacity and capital efficiency gains when deploying charging infrastructure
WBCSD developed these results in collaboration with Arcadis and Fujitsu. As a next step, WBCSD will be convening businesses in a data-sharing coalition to bolster new digital solutions for the transition to zero-emission mobility.
If you are interested in joining us or learning more about our work, please contact Thomas Deloison, Director, Mobility.