TAPAS consortium brings together significant expertise from the
application hosting, distributed computing and middleware, fault
tolerance, software engineering, computer security and computer
the partners will take part and contribute to all the workpackages
and its tasks.Their principal responsibilities are described below.
coordinating contractor for TAPAS, the
Distributed Systems group conducts research on concepts, tools
and techniques for constructing distributed fault-tolerant systems
that make use of standard, commodity hardware and software components.
Current work is focused on dependable workflow management for
cross-organisation workflows, information sharing in virtual enterprise
and wide area group communication systems. The group has built
a number of major distributed software systems as CORBA middleware
will lead WP2 and will play active role in the development of
the TAPAS architecture, tasks on QoS enabled group communication,
trust management, trusted coordination and auction application
Principal Investigator at Newcastle is Prof.Santosh
AG is a German mid-range company offering IT consulting, software
development and application hosting. Main clients are insurance
companies and banks, for which the company analyses, designs and
implements enterprise relevant applications based on component
technologies such as Enterprise JavaBeans. The variety of hosted
applications include applications in fields of telecommunication
(B2B) and Internet portals for online communities and banks. Hosting
of applications in areas of insurance companies and banks in mainly
performed by the clients themselves, though the requirements and
concepts are defined by the consultants and developers of Adesso
will lead WP 4 and will provide case studies, hosting facilities
and undertake auction application development and evaluation work.
Adesso will also play an active role in WP1 by providing requirements
of application hosting.
Principal Investigator at Adesso AG is Werner Beckmann.
research group is currently investigating a number research issues
in the design of QoS-preserving, distributed middleware platforms.
Specifically, these issues include: i) strategies for providing
World Wide Web service users with adequate QoS. This activity
involves investigating the design of middleware services that
can meet effectively application-level (i.e., end-to-end) QoS
requirements of Internet-based, latency-sensitive multimedia applications;
and investigation on the use of group communication mechanisms
to support replication in database systems.
will lead WP3 and will contribute to all the activities concerned
with QoS, in particular, QoS monitoring and QoS aware component
containers, as well as work on network control architecture and
auction development. Subcontractor of Bologna will be the Institute
for Information Science and Technology (ISTI), based in Pisa.
The key personnel of this Institute will provide Bologna and the
TAPAS project with highly qualified expertise on analysis and
evaluation of computer network architectures and protocols.
Principal Investigator at Bologna is Prof
Systems Engineering Group is concerned with the development
of large and complex software intensive systems. It focuses on:
the real-world goals for, services provided by, and constraints
on such systems; the precise specification of system structure
and behaviour, and the implementation of these specifications.
The three key technologies where the group contributes to the
state-of-the-art are: databases, distributed objects (particularly
middleware and mobile agent technologies), web infrastructure
(particularly XML and related technologies).
will lead WP1 and will contribute to the development of SLA specification
and analysis tool, architecture development, QoS aware containers
Principal Investigator at UCL is Dr
Research Group at the Computer Laboratory, University of Cambridge,
has been one of the premier research forces in communications,
distributed systems and operating systems since the founding of
the lab, the oldest computer science teaching department in the
world. Past projects include Universe (which delivered one of
the earliest high speed distributed systems), nemesis, a novel
operating system with excellent multimedia scheduling properties,
as well as Home Area Networks, Xenos (an accountable peer-to-peer
distributed architecture). Networks and Operating Systems related
work is focusing on Disk QoS Enforcing Quality of Service in Storage
Systems , Efficient Network Routeing, Next Generation Inter-AS
will concentrate on QoS networking requirements (WP1), Network
Control Architectures (WP2) and QoS enabled group communication
Principal Investigator at Cambridge is Prof


The term cloud infrastructure refers to all of the components needed to enable cloud computing, the system by which data storage and computing power are available on demand without direct input from the user.
While cloud computing involves the delivery of computing services — such as servers, software, analytics and more — over the Internet, cloud infrastructure deals with the structural elements that ensure those services run smoothly.
Read on to learn more about cloud infrastructure, what it includes, the various deployment and service models and the benefits cloud infrastructure can provide for businesses of all sizes.
How Does Cloud Computing Infrastructure Work?
A cloud infrastructure model includes both hardware and software components, as well as a virtual interface that enables virtualization of the cloud computing resources. Once these resources are assembled in the cloud servers, they can be accessed remotely via the Internet, or through other network configurations such as wide area networks (WANs) and telecommunications networks.
Cloud computing infrastructure is generally categorized into three segments that combine to create a cloud service:
- Computing, by which infrastructure delivers cloud services via server racks
- Networking, which depends on routers and switches to transfer data between systems
- Storage, which often includes a mix of hard disks and flash storage to hold large amounts of cloud infrastructure data
Infrastructure Cloud: Key Components
Cloud infrastructure encompasses a range of virtual elements that mimic a physical infrastructure and include important components such as hardware, network switches, servers and storage clusters.
Physical hardware is a critical component of any cloud infrastructure model and includes networking equipment, such as firewalls and routers, as well as backup devices, servers and disk storage systems.
The virtualization side of cloud infrastructure includes the software needed to separate IT services and functions from the hardware. Through virtualization, the end-user receives a digital rendering of the physical hardware resources.
Cloud infrastructure enables scalable storage, which enables users to deliver substantial data storage without the need for expensive on-site hardware. Companies use cloud storage to store documents, files, customer data or inventory. Businesses rely on cloud storage for backups and disaster recovery capabilities.
The network component of a cloud infrastructure model includes both physical and virtual components. On the physical side, the network requires equipment such as wires, switches and routers, while the virtual side is composed of subnetworks called virtual local area networks (VLANs). All of the resources from the cloud are delivered over the network so users can wirelessly access cloud services as needed.
Cloud Infrastructure vs. Cloud Architecture
Although both concepts deal with the cloud environment, cloud infrastructure and cloud architecture refer to two separate things.
Similar to a blueprint used by architects, cloud architecture provides a framework for how different cloud components should be configured in order to best work together and provide the needed cloud services. Cloud architecture is an abstract outline of how cloud infrastructure should be designed. Cloud infrastructure is the embodiment of this theoretical design.
Infrastructure Cloud Deployment Models
There is no one way to go about deploying a cloud infrastructure model, and the route you take depends on your specific needs and security requirements. Cloud deployment models include public cloud, private cloud and hybrid cloud.
The Public Cloud model provides cloud services over a network that is available for public use. In this scenario, customers have no say in the infrastructure’s location, and users share the costs of the service — although it is typically free. This model is preferred for organizations that need to facilitate both the host application and other applications that users access.
The Private Cloud model is employed when an organization is the exclusive user of the cloud infrastructure. This deployment model empowers the organization with greater control over security, which typically includes a firewall and can be managed internally. This is the preferred solution for organizations with rigorous security demands and high availability.
The Hybrid Cloud model makes use of both public and private clouds while keeping the two branches separate. For example, an organization may choose to engage with users via the Public Cloud but store data securely on the Private Cloud. When this model is deployed, cloud services may be managed and provided either internally or externally. Compared to other models, Hybrid Cloud deployment makes it possible for organizations to provide more scalable, flexible and secure services.
Cloud Infrastructure Service Models
There are three common models for delivering cloud services to clients: Cloud Software as a Service (SaaS), Cloud Platform as a Service (PaaS) and Cloud Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS).
Cloud Software as a Service provides cloud software applications over a network server to customers via a web browser. This type of service model is typically subscription based. Common cloud SaaS models include Salesforce, Google Workspace and Office 365.
Cloud Platform as a Service equips organizations with networked computers that operate in a hosted environment. This service model also typically extends additional development support. Organizations who use PaaS benefit from dynamic scalability and data backups that are automated. Real-world models of PaaS include Google App Engine and Cloud Foundry.
Cloud Infrastructure as a Service provides organizations with the physical hardware and virtualized operating system needed to facilitate cloud services. This service model typically incurs a monthly service fee for the computing power used to run the cloud software. Popular cloud IaaS providers include Amazon EC2 and Google Compute Engine.
Benefits of Using Cloud Infrastructure
Organizations of all sizes can benefit from moving their in-house infrastructure configurations to a cloud computing model. Doing so allows organizations to access needed resources and services virtually from anywhere they have an Internet connection. The four key benefits of migrating to a cloud infrastructure model include:
- Greater flexibility: The deployment of cloud resources and services are easily adjustable to the needs of the user.
- Enhanced reliability: Automated data backups mean fewer outages and system failures.
- Cost effectiveness: No expensive up-front costs and pay-per-use models help organizations meet budgetary constraints.
- Increased security: Consistent monitoring and testing protects infrastructure from cyber threats.
Would you like to learn more about how cloud infrastructure can improve your organization’s operations? Click the button below to explore our cloud infrastructure services and speak to a Secur-Serv specialist today.


SpectralGeo was born in 2016 from the vision of the future and the entrepreneurial mentality of a computer engineer specializing in data analysis, Heidi Moreno, and a biologist expert in environmental and agricultural management, Carlos Tarragona.
The main activity of the company with headquarters in Logroño and Alfaro is to implement the use of new technologies through the development of vision systems and artificial intelligence applied through innovation and research projects. It focuses on the advanced analysis of information and images from both satellite and airborne sensors on drones or fixed sensors, to address jobs and problems in the environmental, circular economy and precision agriculture sectors.
With a marked vocation for innovation, he is a member of the European Commission’s Alliance for Internet of Things Innovation. This vocation has led him to be part of the competitive benchmark program in business acceleration: The Circular Lab (ECOEMBES). In 2018 he was the winner of the Entrepreneur XXI Awards, promoted by CaixaBank. At the end of 2019, it was recognized with the award for the best Junior Company of the year awarded by AITER – Association of Telecommunications Engineers of La Rioja. In 2020 it received the innovation award in the latest edition of the “2020 Field Awards”, awarded by Bankia, the University of La Rioja and the government of La Rioja, and it has obtained recognition for the best innovation and 2020 digitization of La Rioja, granted by Banco Santander, the Spanish Chamber of Commerce and the Government of La Rioja.
He is currently a partner and provider of technical knowledge in different European, national and regional R&D projects that promote the use of new technologies.
Projects in the field of Circular Economy
1. Pilot project “Remote sensing with drones for the calculation of volumes, classification of materials and industrial inspection”.
It consists of the use of specific airborne sensors in drones to acquire and analyze relevant information from the La Rioja Ecopark, in order to increase the productivity and efficiency of the plant.
The Circular Lab (ECOEMBES), Valoriza (Sacyr) and SpectralGeo have participated in the execution.
2. Varpel System – Artificial Vision System for the configuration of Recipes in Light Packaging Selection Plants
VARPEL is a system made up of software components, IoT devices and artificial vision, which will allow the calculation of the volume and density of the material deposited on the discharge beaches.
The varpel system captures information in the form of photographs by means of IoT cameras that will be installed in a fixed and elevated position on the discharge beach or areas designated for this purpose. From these photographs the varpel system generates three-dimensional information and is capable of calculating the volume and density of the deposited material. This information allows the optimization of the operation of the machinery and, consequently, the increase in the efficiency of the container selection processes.
The SpectralGeo team is one of the company’s greatest strengths, it has a highly qualified multidisciplinary team, made up of computer engineers, mathematicians, agronomists and biologists, with extensive experience in vision and artificial intelligence and project management. information technology.
Heidi Moreno Hernandez
Heidi is a Systems and Computing Engineer from the National University of Colombia, a Master’s Degree in Software Engineering from the Polytechnic University of Madrid and a Specialist in Business Intelligence and Big Data from the Open University of Catalonia. She is a member of the PMI-Project Management Institute and holds the international PMP (Project Management Professional) certification since 2014, which supports our use of good practices in project execution.
In July 2018 she participates in the Ignite Fast Track, taught by the University of Cambridge. It is an intensive international acceleration course for entrepreneurs, with a magnificent acceptance of the SpectralGeo project.
Carlos Tarragona Pérez
Co-founder, and CEO of SpectralGeo. Degree in Biological Sciences, Environmental and Agricultural specialty, Masters in Environmental Management in the company, and Specialist in Geographic Information Systems and Remote Sensing from the Complutense University of Madrid.
He is a member of the Alliance for the Innovation of the Internet of Things because of his interest in the application of new technologies in different traditional sectors, such as the circular economy, precision agriculture and industry 4.0.
Visit his website at the following link.


DeepMind, a Google’s British AI subsidiary, has revolutionized the world of technology even more by creating an AI ready to challenge and beat humans in a programming contest: AlphaCode. The system itself is using models of language to generate codes on an unprecedented scale, followed by a filtering to promising programs.
According to DeepMind’s website, “AlphaCode achieved an estimated rank within the top 54% of participants in programming competitions by solving new problems that require a combination of critical thinking, logic, algorithms, coding, and natural language understanding”. It’s really simple: when AlphaCode is facing a problem, it shows up with a bunch of solutions and then picks the best ten solutions.
But this is really promising. As stated by Professor Ernest Davis, from the computer science department at New York University, “this is a breakthrough in the sense that they are solving programming problems much more complex than earlier systems”, like OpenAI Codex.
But not everything is a sea of roses. According to the same professor, since the job of AlphaCode is to come up with a range of solutions for a problem and find the best ones, the amount of data to create complex programs is going to be huge.
AlphaCode is the kind of deep learning system that is generally known as a sequence-to-sequence model (seq2seq). This algorithm model grabs a sequence of values (letters, pixels, numbers, etc.) and then produces another sequence of values.
In line with DeepMind’s paper, AlphaCode uses an encoder-decoder Transformer architecture. In recent years, Transformers have become popular due to the fact that they are, obviously, an upgrade of their predecessors, because they require much less memory and compute requirements and can handle large sequences of data. As stated by Ben Dickson, on TechTalks Newsletter, “the encoder part of AlphaCode creates a numerical representation of the natural language description of the problem. The decoder part takes the embedding vector produced by the encoder and tries to generate the source code of the solution”.
In order for AlphaCode to become a real thing, DeepMind’s scientists used a combination of unsupervised pre-training and supervised fine-tuning. This type of approach happens when there isn’t enough labeled data or data annotation is expensive and time-consuming.
According to Mike Mirzayanov, founder of Codeforces, “I can safely say the results of AlphaCode exceeded my expectations. I was skeptical because even in simple competitive problems it is often required not only to implement the algorithm, but also (and this is the most difficult part) to invent it. AlphaCode managed to perform at the level of a promising new competitor. I can’t wait to see what lies ahead!”.
AI vs humans
If we took the examples of Deep Blue and AlphaGo, the AI systems that beat the world champions at chess and Go, they excel at that task, but you can’t put them competing with other humans on other tasks that require careful planning and strategizing, because they are not programmed to do that. The same thing happens in competitive programming, because a human being spends years studying programming and has the abilities to solve other tasks, sometimes even simpler tasks, but AlphaCode is only programmed to do that.
In the opinion of Dzmitry Bahdanau, from ServiceNow, “AlphaCode is a useful contribution to AI research, but AI coding at the level of a skilled human is still light-years away”. So, will AlphaCode send a lot of software programmers to unemployment? Only time will tell, but the truth is that we should be more focused on what these types of programming devices and software programmers could do together, instead of putting them against each other to see who is the best.
To conclude and quoting again Ben Dickson, from TechTalks Newsletter, “AlphaCode should be recognized for what it is: a code generator that can propose good candidate solutions for well-formulated problem statements. It should also be recognized for what it is not: the digital equivalent of a human programmer”.
Let me know in the comments what your take on AlphaCode is.
PS: looking for a job in AI? Check these out.


Powerful chipsets developed for use in Small Cells have evolved dramatically over recent years, as have those for macrocells. Clear market segmentation is evolving associates specific silicon vendors to the different system architectures.
Intel® Z97 Chipset
We look at how these critical components are shaping up for the future. Silicon vendors make multi-hundred million dollar bets on how the wireless industry will transform itself in a year time window, and stand to win or lose huge returns. The smartphone industry saw Qualcomm capture a majority market share, with their RF baseband chipset embedded in the vast majority of new smartphones.
LTE now accounts for more than half of total baseband revenue. Factors affecting that sector include mainstream smartphone vendors developing their own chipsets AppleSamsunghigh stake courtroom judgements on patent rights and the rapidly growing Chinese market. The evolving market share of upcoming smartphone vendors also plays a major role, as discussed by Technews. The scope of small cells has expanded from the original residential femtocell through to higher capacity urban outdoor metrocells.
The Small Cell Forum uses classifications of residential, enterprise, urban and rural which help segment the market. The small cell chipset industry has also seen consolidation through acquisition, with some half dozen companies left setting out their stall in the market. Broadcom acquired PercelloIntel bought Mindspeed and thus PicochipQualcomm captured DesignArts — these and others continue to invest heavily as the market evolves.
As Radisys recently observedsome small cell vendors choose to select multiple SoCs from different vendors. In the residential sector, cost is the priority. With some 10 million units shipped to date, there is volume to offset early investments, but price pressure is intense. These residential designs evolved from the original four concurrent call capacity to handle 8 and then 16 or more, making them suitable for busier enterprise applications.
We also saw larger scale Enterprise RAN systems such as Spidercloud adopt their chipset, using a local controller to manage up to radio nodes for the largest indoor buildings.
Picochip was acquired by Mindspeed in earlyand lost market share. Meanwhile, Qualcomm has been investing and developing in this market for some years, recently winning several key accounts.
How Small Can They Go? IBM Announces 7 Nanometer Computer Chip
Well known brands including ip.So it goes without saying that they are among the most important pieces of technology we have. Fair question. Computer chips are basically super-small electronic brains that perform the millions of calculations per second that are required when you browse Facebook or play Candy Crush.
They do this by passing electrical currents between tiny things called transistors. And, to simplify things terrifically, the smaller the transistors, the better the chip, the more calculations it can do, and the better games and apps will run on it. That means that when the chip eventually appears in future smartphones, computers, and other pieces of technology, those gadgets will be faster and more energy-efficient.
OK, so remember those transistors we mentioned? Your average processor can pack billions of them onto something the size of your fingernail. A nanometer is one billionth of a meter.
Comparing the sizes of flagship chipsets: Qualcomm, Samsung, Huawei and Apple
That means the company can pack even more of them onto a chip. By increasing the number of transistors and shrinking the distance between them, IBM is able to reduce the amount of time it takes for electrical currents to move between them. That makes for faster chips. Oh, yeah. This stuff is super-small. To put things into perspective, a single strand of DNA has a diameter of 2. So IBM had to invent two new types of technology before it could make these chips. Instead of regular silicon, it used something called silicon germanium, as well as a process called extreme ultraviolet lithography.
So super-tiny transistors on a chip mean more power and better battery life for my gadgets? And this new chip and its even smaller transistors mean that devices will get even more powerful and efficient? You got it. Email Daniel at dhowley yahoo-inc. But after alerting the online brokerage to what she believed was a theft in progress, she received a frustrating email.
Because the wildly popular app has no emergency phone number, some said they tried in vain to intervene, only to watch helplessly as their money vanished. Two of those customers said they have heard back from an official at the SEC seeking more information. Finra and the SEC declined to comment. Robinhood, founded seven years ago and based in Menlo Park, California, has exploded in popularity this year as millions of Americans stuck at home -- including throngs of millennials -- look to make some money during a pandemic that has sent stock prices swinging.
But the no-fee brokerage app has also attracted consumer complaints, with novice investors confused by the vagaries of stock options and margin loans. His bet on Netflix Inc. He said Robinhood contacted him on Friday and unlocked the account after sending several emails late Thursday asking for help. Rao showed Bloomberg the same emailed response from Robinhood that Bagheri received.
Neither believed they had been duped by phishing scams or malware. Both said they use the same email for Robinhood and other accounts, and that only Robinhood has been affected. London-based Revolut, which offers a money transfer and exchange app, expanded to the U.An award-winning team of journalists, designers, and videographers who tell brand stories through Fast Company's distinctive lens.
Leaders who are shaping the future of business in creative ways. New workplaces, new food sources, new medicine--even an entirely new economic system. Much depends on getting the map right: Once the chip is built, its 47 million transistors, which are so minute that 2 million of them could sit on the period at the end of this sentence, switch on and off up to billion times per second.
If just one of them malfunctions, the entire processor spits up a hair ball. It begins with a land grab in the form of purified beach sand—also known as silicon.
Things get really complicated from here. To ready the chip for mass production, the wafer is blasted with heat and coated with silicon dioxide and light-sensitive photographic film.
The masks are then overlaid, with more layers ladled on top, and the whole thing etched, bombarded with chemicals, and covered with layers of metal. Each and every gate on each and every transistor is fed a positive- or negative-charged ion that will determine whether its job is to open or close.
The wafers are then cut into chip-size bits using a precision saw. Building transistors that are only slightly larger than the silicon atom itself is a dazzling display of design and engineering, made more so by the sheer pace of technological innovation over the past six decades. An early transistor, created by Bell Labs, was about an eighth of an inch in diameter; today, 2, transistors placed side by side equal the width of a human hair—and the cost has fallen to about one-millionth of what it was in And that is what makes the Atom a tectonic shift in strategy.
In fact, it does less. But it uses a fraction of the battery power—10 times less, according to Intel—and therein lie the seeds of a revolution in mobile technology.
They just want a smartphone that lets them send and receive email, open attachments, surf the Web, take and store photos, and perform other basics without burning through the battery. Steve Jobs, take note. Of course, that is easier said than done. With an iPhone, for instance, you can visit YouTube, but you can watch only those videos that have been specially recoded. The Atom, by contrast, was designed from the bottom up to provide the entire Internet experience with minimal battery drain.
He predicts those numbers will only improve in future generations. Martin Reynoldsa vice president at Gartner Inc. This will make the devices smaller. It seems obvious today that any chip would be a slam dunk if it improves battery performance while offering the full mobile Internet.
But at Intel, the decision to develop the Atom was controversial. The Atom would siphon billions of dollars in development costs from other programs and require hundreds of engineers working full time for four years.June 19, The impetus of convergence grew today when Swedish company Nanoradio secured funding to ramp the volume manufacture of its first generation low power NRX WiFi chipset for portable electronic devices.
With a total die size of only 20mm2 the NRX has both the smallest footprint and the lowest power consumption in the market in transmit, receive and stand-by modes. Probably the biggest short term effect will be to accelerate Voice over IP and fixed to cellular telephone convergence, as well as the revolution in media content transforming to digital mobile media supported by standards such as UMA Unlicensed Mobile Access and IMS IP Multimedia Subsystem.
World’s smallest GPS chip makes wearables more wearable
Nanoradio ABthe new market leader in low power WiFi, today announced it has completed financing round B with The NRX, with a total die size of only 20mm2 is the smallest footprint in the market. Additionally, it has the lowest power consumption in the world in transmit, receive and stand-by compared to any one or two chip solution in the market today.
The target markets are mobile phones, portable media devices and other battery driven handheld consumer devices for which the NRX has been optimized to meet critical parameters such as power, size and cost demands. For module manufacturers the NRX chipset offers an 1.
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Be the first! Related Stories. Load More. Most Viewed.The fabricated test chips are not fully functional devices but rather are to evaluate patterning of interconnect layers. The GAAFET transistors used had 3 nanosheets stacked on top of each other, covered in their entirety by the same gate, just like FinFETs usually have several physical fins side by side that are electrically a single unit and are covered in their entirety by the same gate.
Transistor gate pitch is also referred to as CPP contacted poly pitch and interconnect pitch is also referred to as MMP minimum metal pitch.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Redirected from 5 nanometer. Main article: 3 nm process. Retrieved Semiconductor Engineering. Retrieved 7 December December International Electron Devices Meeting : — Retrieved 25 Nov Archived from the original on 26 November Retrieved 25 November Intel presented a paper that generated sparks and fueled speculation regarding the future direction of the leading-edge IC industry.
The company described a next-generation transistor called the nanowire FET, which is a finFET turned on its side with a gate wrapped around it. Ars Technica. WikiChip Fuse. Archived from the original PDF on Retrieved 30 July Archived from the original PDF on 2 October Retrieved 4 June Categories : International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors lithography nodes Japanese inventions.
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Download as PDF Printable version.What is a chipset? What are its functions? What is its importance? In this tutorial we will answer all of these questions and more. In the first PCs, the motherboard used discrete integrated circuits. Therefore, many chips were needed to create all the necessary circuitry to make the computer work.
Figure 1: PC XT clone motherboard. After some time, chip manufacturers started to integrate several chips into larger chips. Instead of requiring dozens of small chips, a motherboard could now be built using only a half-dozen big chips. Around the mids, motherboards using only two or even one big chip could be built.
In Figure 2, you can see a motherboard for class CPUs circa using only two big chips with all necessary functions to make the motherboard work. Figure 2: A motherboard for class CPUs; this model uses only two big chips. With the release of the PCI bus, a new concept, which is still used nowadays, could be used for the first time: the use of bridges.
Usually, motherboards have two big chips: the north bridge and the south bridge. Sometimes, some chip manufacturers can integrate the north and south bridges into a single chip; in this case, the motherboard will have just one big integrated circuit.
Or, depending on the CPU architecture, it may require only the south bridge chip. In the past, several different companies provided chipsets for the PC.Amazing DIY Pocket PC
A common confusion is to mix the chipset manufacturer with the motherboard manufacturer. For example, because a motherboard uses a chipset manufactured by Intel does not mean that Intel manufactured this board. So, the motherboard manufacturer buys the chipsets from the chipset manufacturer and builds motherboards. Saturday, October 10, Hardware Secrets.
Introduction What is a chipset? Figure 1: PC XT clone motherboard After some time, chip manufacturers started to integrate several chips into larger chips. Figure 2: A motherboard for class CPUs; this model uses only two big chips With the release of the PCI bus, a new concept, which is still used nowadays, could be used for the first time: the use of bridges.The browser version you are using is not recommended for this site.
Please consider upgrading to the latest version of your browser by clicking one of the following links. You can search our catalog of processors, chipsets, kits, SSDs, server products and more in several ways. Brand Name: Core i7. Product Number: iU. Code Name: Kaby Lake. Thermal Design Power TDP represents the average power, in watts, the processor dissipates when operating at Base Frequency with all cores active under an Intel-defined, high-complexity workload.
Refer to Datasheet for thermal solution requirements. Overclocking indicates the ability to achieve high core, graphics and memory frequencies by independently raising processor clock speeds without impacting other system components.
Embedded Options Available indicates products that offer extended purchase availability for intelligent systems and embedded solutions. See your Intel representative for details. DIMMs per Channel indicates the quantity of dual inline memory modules supported per each processor memory channel.
Integrated graphics allow for incredible visual quality, faster graphic performance and flexible display options without the need for a separate graphics card. Graphics Output defines the interfaces available to communicate with display devices. Peripheral Component Interconnect Express or PCIe is a high-speed serial computer expansion bus standard for attaching hardware devices to a computer.
The different PCI Express versions support different data rates. USB Universal Serial Bus is an industry standard connection technology for attaching peripheral devices to a computer. SATA Serial Advanced Technology Attachment is a high speed standard for connecting storage devices such as hard disk drives and optical drives to a motherboard.
Revision indicates the PCI express specification to which the processor port is enabled. Note: The processor's actual PCI express revision will be determined or limited by the value of this chipset attribute, even if the processor is designed to a higher revision.
Configurations indicates the number of lanes and bifurcation capabilities for which the processor PCI express port is enabled. Note: The processor's actual PCI express configurations will be determined or limited by the value of this chipset attribute even if the processor is capable of additional configurations.
Whether using one or multiple hard drives, users can take advantage of enhanced performance and lower power consumption. When using more than one drive the user can have additional protection against data loss in the event of hard drive failure.
With Intel Smart Connect Technology, you do not have to wait for your applications to update when you wake up your computer. Contact support. Our goal is to make the ARK family of tools a valuable resource for you. Please submit your comments, questions, or suggestions here. You will receive a reply within 2 business days. Your comments have been sent. Thank you for your feedback. Your personal information will be used to respond to this inquiry only. Your name and email address will not be added to any mailing list, and you will not receive email from Intel Corporation unless requested.
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Wed, April 03, 2024 at 09:54
Have you heard about the latest buzz in the crypto market?
It's all about text-to-video generation!🚀 OpenAI recently unveiled a demo of Sora, their text-to-video generator, and it's got everyone talking.
That sounds interesting.🤔 But what does that mean exactly?
Well, imagine being able to type something and then having a video generated based on that text!🎥 It's like magic!
But to make this mainstream, we're gonna need a lot of computing power.
Wow, that's amazing!😲 But how much computing power are we talking about?
A whole lot!
We're talking hundreds of thousands of Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) - more than what big tech companies like Microsoft, Meta, and Google combined currently use.😮
That's a lot of GPUs!🤯 But why do we need so many?
So, these GPUs from companies like Nvidia and AMD are needed to compute large volumes of data.
For instance, Sora requires up to 10,500 powerful GPUs for a month to train and can generate only about 5 minutes of video per hour per GPU.😅
That sounds like a huge investment.💰 How much would all those GPUs cost?
Oh, it's a pretty penny!
Assuming a cost of $30,000 per card, it would take $21.6 billion to make AI-generated text-to-video mainstream.
That's nearly the entire market cap of AI tokens at the moment!😱
Wow, that's a lot of money!💸 But is there any other way to get that much computing power?
There are other ways to outsource computing power to GPU farms.
For example, Render (RNDR) offers distributed GPU computing, as does Akash Network (AKT).
But most of the GPUs on these networks are less powerful than Nvidia's server-grade H100 or AMD's competition.🤔
So, is this good news or bad news for the market?
What kind of impact will it have?
Well, it's definitely exciting news!
The promise of text-to-video could revolutionize creative workflows.
But it's also a massive challenge.
We're going to need more chips and that means potential growth for companies like Nvidia and AMD.
So, in my opinion, it's good news!🎉
To sum up, this article is considered a 😍Bullish for investors!!


Altek’s team of electrical and process engineers are available to help customers succeed. We can work with you to develop your product specifications starting with space studies, outlines, or just a general concept.
Alteks’ onsite Engineering team provides electronic assembly design and support. Our team is what sets us apart from the competition. We provide PCB layout and design services, design for manufacturing and component engineering to ensure a smooth process for your product build. The engineering team works closely with our Document Control and Process Documentation teams to ensure that no detail is overlooked.
What makes us different
THE ENGINEERING TEAM
Our engineering team consists of five electronic engineers, two software engineers, mechanical engineer, test engineer, component engineer, three process engineers, four process documentation engineers and three manufacturing engineers. This team reviews your drawings, develops the process protocol for your build and consistently evaluates new equipment to maintain our leadership position in the Electronic Assembly Industry.
We provide Design support for new products or product updates, taking your project from the design phase to prototypes through full-rate production. We can provide…
- High speed, multi-layer digital PCB designs
- PCB layer management for signal integrity and impedance control
- High density SMT designs (BGA, uBGA, PCI, PCIE, CPCI, etc.)
- Rigid-flex PCB designs
- Low level analog PCB designs for metering
- Drill, panel and cutout drawings
- Routing for dense PCB designs
Test is an important part of the electronic manufacturing process because it verifies that the product is going to work as intended in the application. Testing provides the ultimate peace of mind. Our engineers are on hand to provide feedback and suggestions for test design, or we can quote the design and build of turnkey custom fixtures. In order to mitigate the cost of test, Altek’s engineers develop fixtures that automate part or all of the process and reduce time and variation in the test process. If manual fixtures have already been developed, Altek can add a layer of automation to reduce time and cost. For example, as part of our continuous improvement process, and to meet a customer’s increase in demand, Altek developed a proprietary method of testing complex harness assemblies to reduce cost, increase throughput and improve quality. Let us know how we can help you: “Contact an Engineer”
Keeping you informed
In this ever-changing component market, keeping up with parts availability and compatibility can be challenging. Yes, we have a component engineer who works with the team to resolve component issues to maintain high quality and reliability.
Getting it right
DESIGN FOR MANUFACTURING
Altek’s engineers are available to provide feedback on your design to confirm that it’s manufacturable and affordable. Simple things like tweaking the orientation of a component or keeping them away from the edge of the board can make a big difference in the cost of manufacturing. Making the best possible products for our customers is our priority. Please contact us for a “free” consultation as early in the design process as possible. “Contact an Engineer”
We have a Certified IPC Trainer on site to ensure our operators’ certifications [IPC A-610, IPC A-620 and IPC J-Standard] are maintained.
MANUFACTURING YOUR PRODUCT
Altek utilizes a Digital Traveler system to ensure our operators have all the details needed to produce quality PCB assemblies consistently. It contains the instructions, materials, tooling, packaging, and even identifies the carton label. This keeps us efficient and running LEAN!
We are proud of what we do for our customers and always love to talk about it! So please… “Contact an Engineer”


Smartphones are essential nowadays. We are constantly using them in so many ways. It is not just calling or texting anymore. We listen to music, play games, play online slots, watch movies, use fitness apps and so much more. Even though they are so useful, practical, and versatile, smartphones don’t always have to be a burden on the wallet. In this article, you will find out which affordable devices we recommend.
Android smartphones up to £ 200 – buy cheap mobile phones
The smartphone market is growing rapidly and is still producing more expensive models with all kinds of features and functions. Not infrequently, however, these are rather nice gimmicks for which manufacturers charge a hefty surcharge. The category of low-budget smartphones in the price range up to a maximum of 200 to 250 pounds seems to be almost drowned here. Smartphones from the entry-level segment often already offer all the functions that are needed for comfortable use in everyday life. Above all, basic functions, including classic phone calls, chatting via messenger, calling up news and weather, and surfing the Internet, are also available on cheap smartphones. Even some games can already be played on the devices.
Before buying a new cell phone, you need to know there is no such thing as the perfect device. Is the battery particularly important to you? Do you value a good display very much? Does the equipment have to be convincing? No model under 200 pounds will cover all your needs, so you have to decide what is most important to you.
Test winner under 200 pounds: Xiaomi Redmi Note 10
Full-colour OLED display
Very long-lasting battery (14:10 hours)
Solid Android performance
Good quality quad camera
No wireless charging
At first glance, many budget smartphones can hardly be distinguished from their high-end counterparts. The large displays are the main reason for this. The Xiaomi Redmi Note 10 has a 6.4-inch OLED screen, which extends almost over the entire front – only a minimal notch is left out for the internal camera.
The display offers a resolution of 2,400 x 1,080 pixels and always presents content sharply with a pixel density of 409 ppi. In addition, there is a high brightness of 856 cd / m² and a wide variety of colours typical of OLEDs, which even make the entire extended DCI-P3 Covers color space. Only the average contrast values and the standard refresh rate of 60 Hertz differ from the top devices, but they are completely sufficient.
The combination of the Snapdragon 678 processor and six GB of RAM ensure overall good performance. Although this is far behind the high-end devices from Apple and Co., it makes a lot for the price range. Android 11 and the usual apps run smoothly, for the most part, our test PDF is completely set up within 5.1 seconds via WLAN.
The equipment is quite impressive for a 200 pounds model. Wifi 6 or 5G is not used, but the usual basics are covered. These include LTE mobile communications, dual SIM for two nano-SIM cards, a fingerprint sensor, and a memory card slot for expansion via microSD. USB-C serves as the main interface, but there is a dedicated jack output for headphones. NFC and IP53 protection against spray water are also integrated. The quad-camera, on the other hand, only delivers (good) mediocrity, especially in low light.
With a capacity of 5,000 mAh, the battery is one of the highlights of the Redmi Note 10. In practice, it brings our test model through an impressive 14:10 hours of online use. The included quick-charging power supply unit then charges the cell phone again in just 1:18 hours – after 30 minutes, 64 percent are full. As usual for this price range, wireless charging is not offered.
Price tip under 150 pounds: Motorola Moto G10
Long battery life
Great value for money
Good photos in daylight
Extremely long charging time
Slightly dark display
Good smartphones are also available for less than 150 pounds, as the Motorola Moto G10 proves. However, in this price range, you have to make major compromises.
These start with the display. With a diagonal of 6.5 inches, it is quite large, but only offers an HD resolution of 1,600 x 720 pixels and thus a mixed pixel density of 269 ppi. That’s still okay, but no longer crisp. The LCD panel also provides significantly less color space coverage than OLED screens. In addition, the maximum brightness of only 390 cd / m² is low – in bright ambient light, content on the screen can no longer be clearly seen. The checkerboard contrast of 154: 1 is okay.
The compromises also extend to the performance of the economic device. The Moto G10 has a Snapdragon 460 processor and four GB of RAM. In everyday use, however, this is not a problem, you just shouldn’t expect top performance. The Moto G10 took an acceptable 8.5 seconds to render our test PDF.
The other technical features of the G10 also cover the basics, but not only lack luxury features. Once again, USB-C is used as the main interface and headphones can be connected via the separate headphone output. The memory can be expanded via microSD, a fingerprint sensor and NFC are also available.
The LTE speed of 150 Mbit / s is lower than that of the test winners (but still fast enough) and the protection against water is also weaker with the IP52 certification – at least dripping water should not cause any problems according to the classification. The quad-camera cuts a fine figure in daylight offers 120fps slow motion and rotates videos in FHD resolution. However, the images weaken again in low light.
The highlight of the economic model is the battery. With a capacity of 5,000 mAh, it took our test device online for 14:15 hours, but it also took an extremely long time to recharge. When switched off and using the included power supply, the Moto G10 needed a whopping 03:49 hours – after 30 minutes it was only 21 percent full.


Jiangsu Allfavor Intelligent Circuits Technology CO., Ltd. is a professional circuit board provider. It has three production plants in Nanjing, Shenzhen and Zhuhai. The headquarter is located in Lishui Economic Development Zone, Nanjing, which is the western edge of the Yangtze River Delta Economic Zone. The southern gate of Nanjing is the first provincial-level development zone established in Jiangsu Province. The company occupies an area of 60 mu. The factory is mainly dedicated to the production and processing of high-precision printed circuit boards. The company has a high-standard dust-free purification production workshop and advanced production and testing equipment. Products are mainly used in the fields of communications, automobiles, power, electronics, communications, medical, military and other fields. The company adheres to the market orientation of "small batch, multi-variety, multi-batch, short delivery", and produces high-quality, high-precision, high-density printed circuit boards, up to 20 layers. The consciousness of "speed" runs through the company's entire experience management behavior. At the same time, the company monitors the production process with a comprehensive quality system and inspection equipment to ensure that the production process is stable and of good quality to meet customer requirements. "Our service is better than you expect" is our consistent service philosophy. Ensuring fast and on-time delivery under high standard quality is our competitive advantage and feature. The company has been selected as "Excellent Supplier" by customers many times.
Jiangsu Allfavor Intelligent Circuits Technology CO., Ltd. is an experienced team of PCB experts and a combative team led by professional elites. There is an engineering research center in Nanjing. Most engineering technicians have 10 years of valuable experience working in large circuit board factories and can provide customers with timely and professional circuit board solutions.
Allfavor Circuits (Shenzhen) Co., Ltd. located at No. 9, Xingda Road, Yanluo Street, Baoan District, Shenzhen, passed the US UL UL File No #: E301546) and UL (UL File NO #: 473221) safety certification and SGS certification of the perfect ISO9001, ISO / IATF16949 and ISO14001 quality management systems, and its products are certified by SGS as RoHS compliant.
Allfavor Circuits (Shenzhen) Co., Ltd. can produce 5,000 different models, 30,000 square meters of small batches, multi-variety, multi-batch, short-term delivery of various materials and processes of circuit boards every month Equipment to monitor the production process in an all-round way to ensure the stability of the production process and excellent quality to meet the customer's fast and on-time delivery requirements.
Zhuhai Allfavor Electronic Co., Ltd. located at No. 28 Yingyue Road, Sanzao Town, Jinwan District, Zhuhai City, is a manufacturing company of flexible circuit boards and rigid-flex boards. The company is mainly devoted to R & D, processing, production and sales of self-produced flexible circuit boards and rigid-flex boards. The products are exported to South Korea, Japan, Europe and the United States and other regions.


Unit Specific 102
102.1 Define the following acronyms:
RADAR- Radio Detection and Ranging
- IFF- Identification Friend or Foe
- ADF- Automatic Direction Finder
- TACAN- Tactical Air Navigation
- IRDS- Infrared Detector System
- MAD- Magnetic Anamoly Detector
- ESM- Electronic Support Measures
- ISAR- Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar
102.2 Discuss the importance of the Aircraft Static Dissipation System.
Static dischargers are used on the P-3 to allow continuous saticfactory operation of onboard navigation and radio communication systems during adverse conditions by limiting potential static buildup on the aircraft and by controlling interference generated by the corona. Static dischargers are not lightning arrestors. They are attached to numerous points on the aircraft and are fabricated with a wick or wire to provide a high resistance discharge path between the aircraft and the air.
102.3 State the purose of the P-3 Electrical Power Supply system as stated in the NATOPS Flight Manual.
The electrical power supply system provides the necessary AC and DC power for aircraft requirements. Aircraft AC power is furnished by three engine-driven generators (GENs 2,3,4) and one additional generator driven by the APU. AC power is furnished to five seperate AC buses via a series of transfer relays operating in conjunction with the runaround relays and the AC monitoring relays. The six DC buses receive power from three transformer rectifier units. These units receive AC power from main AC buses A and B, and the monitorable essential AC bus, respectively, and provide the necessary output voltage in DC form. Additionally a 24-volt, 31-ampre-hour battery is provided to supply DC power to ground operating bus, start essential DC bus, and APU essential bus via the flight essential DC bus is required. The battery may also supply power to the start essential AC bus via an inverter if necessary.


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DOI: 10.1615/AtoZ.j.joule_heating The use of electricity for heating purposes in the process industries is not widespread but it is increasing, particularly for special applications. The power may be purchased via the local electricity grid, or more often than not in a large chemical complex it will be generated by the recovery and ...
The original Joule experiment consists of a receptacle filled with water and a mechanism with spinning plates. The kinetic energy of the plates is transformed into heat because the force of gravity performs work on the weight falling a distance . State the joules law of heating and describe it's one numerical application. Derive an expression for Joule's law of heating. A fan becomes warm when used continuously. Why? What is Joule's Law of heating? Are there any applications of heating effects of current? Which material is used to make heating coils in electric home appliances and why?
- This is called a throttling process or the Joule-Thomson effect. The loss of heat is a function of the expansion of the gas from a high pressure to a lower pressure and is adiabatic in nature (no heat is exchanged).
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The heat which is evolved when current flows through a medium having electrical resistance, as given by Joule's law. Want to thank TFD for its existence? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page, or visit the webmaster's page for free fun content . Feb 19, 2015 · This presentation explains heating effect of electricity. Show the factor which the heating effect depend upon. It also explains the Joule's law which explains the relation between generated heat and current resistance etc. There is a animated video for this presentation for quick walk-through and understand inside presentation. ...
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Heat Transfer Formula Questions: 1) How much energy is transferred if a block of copper with a mass of 50 g is heated from 20°C to 100 °C? The specific heat of copper, Cu, is c = 0.386 J/g°C. Sep 10, 2019 · This discussion on State joules law of heating ? is done on EduRev Study Group by Class 10 Students. The Questions and Answers of State joules law of heating ? are solved by group of students and teacher of Class 10, which is also the largest student community of Class 10. Aug 25, 2014 · For example if we consider electric heaters, its working is very simple. It consists of an electrical resistor in it. • The electric heater works on the principles of Joule’s law of heating. According to this principle, when electric current is passed through the resistor, then the conversion of electric energy into heat energy takes place. Mar 23, 2018 · State Joule’s law of heating “The heat produced in a conductor is: (1) Directly proportion the square of current passing through the conductor,(H ∝ I²) keeping R and t constant; (2) Directly proportion to the resistance of the conductor (H ∝ R) keeping I and t constant;and One of his earliest results, now known as Joule's law, showed that the heat produced by a current (I) in an electrical circuit of resistance (R) is proportional to I2R per second. In his best-known experiments he determined the mechanical equivalent of heat by generating frictional heat with paddles rotating in various liquids. DOI: 10.1615/AtoZ.j.joule_heating The use of electricity for heating purposes in the process industries is not widespread but it is increasing, particularly for special applications. The power may be purchased via the local electricity grid, or more often than not in a large chemical complex it will be generated by the recovery and ...
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Mechanical equivalent of heat, mechanical work, thermal energy, thermal capacity, first law of thermodynamics, specific thermal capacity. Principle In this experiment, a metal test body is rotated and heated by the friction due to a tensed band of synthetic material. The mechanical equivalent of heat is determined from
When an electric current passes through a wire heat energy is produced. It is due to the collision of electrons with the atoms. In order to continue steady current, work has to be done on electric charges. STATEMENT: Amount of work done on electric charge on steady current is directly proportional to amount of heat.
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This is the amount of energy dissipated in the resistor as heat energy. Thus for a steady current I flowing in the circuit for time t , the heat produced is given by Applying Ohm's law to above equation we get This is known as Joule's Law of heating; According to Joule's Law of Heating , Heat produced in a resistor is Joule heating, also known as Ohmic heating and resistive heating, is the process by which the passage of an electric current through a conductor produces heat. Joule's first law , also known as the Joule–Lenz law ,  states that the power of heating generated by an electrical conductor is proportional to the product of its resistance and ...
· Coulomb's Law · Gauss' Law · Application of Gauss’s Theorem · Joule's Law · Kirchhoff's Current Law · Fundamental Postulates of Electrostatics In Free Space · Wave · Refraction and Reflection · Electromotive Force · Electrostatic Force One of his earliest results, now known as Joule's law, showed that the heat produced by a current (I) in an electrical circuit of resistance (R) is proportional to I2R per second. In his best-known experiments he determined the mechanical equivalent of heat by generating frictional heat with paddles rotating in various liquids. Joule heating, also known as ohmic heating and resistive heating, is the process by which the passage of an electric current through a conductor produces heat.. Joule's first law, also known as the Joule–Lenz law, states that the power of heating generated by an electrical conductor is proportional to the product of its resistance and the square of the current: Heat of vaporization is the amount of heat energy required to change the state of a substance from liquid to gas. q = mÂ·Î”Hv, where q = heat energy in Joules m = mass in grams Î”Hv = heat ... According to Joule's law of heating, the heat produced in a wire is directly proportional to. (1) Square of current (I^) (2) Resistance of wire (R) (3) Time (t), for which current is passed. i.e., Heat producted, H = I^2 X t Joules. Joule's First Law (A.K.A Joule-Lenz Law) : State that power heating generated by electrical conductor to the product is proportional to the current. Heat generate most of electrical appliance. In terms of electrical, heat consider as a power loss.
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By the 1840's, scientists had realized that heat, electricity, magnetism, chemical change and the energy of motion were all inter convertible. Joule was extremely involved with this work, and between 1837 and 1847, he established the principle of conservation of energy, and the equivalence of heat and other forms of energy. By 1840 he had established Joule's Law.
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State Joule’s law of heating. Mention SI unit Heat energy. Answer: When current I flow through a resistor of electric resistance R, heat is produced. The heat produced H depends directly on the square of the current, resistance and time t for which the current is allowed to pass. H=I 2 Rt, Is called Joule’s law of heating.
To observe the release and absorption of Joule Heat. To measure Joule’s Constant J. Apparatus (a) an electric calorimeter, a DC power supply (high power) (b) an ammeter, a timer, a glass beaker, an equal arm balance with weights. Theory. A) Joule Heat. An electric current I passing through an . ohmic
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James Joule is credited with the first careful experiments and analysis that led us to our present understanding of the first law. Joule worked in his family's brewery in Manchester, England and at the age of nineteen in 1838 became interested in the improvement of electric motors. He discovered by various means that he could heat a body of water by purely mechanical means: a) by lowering a weight and letting a paddle wheel stir the water; b) by passing electric current through a resistor; c ...
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Vhd1900 datasheet 2n3904Carboxylic acid formulaSparkfun pro micro datasheetPre tender defense costs south carolinaJoule's first law shows the relation between heat generated by an electric current flowing through a conductor. Where Q is the amount of heat, I is the electric current flowing through a conductor, R is the amount of electric resistance present in the conductor, and t is the amount of time that this happens for. A. Joule's equivalent of heat Purpose: To measure the Joule's equivalent of heat by the electrical method. Apparatus: PC and interface, temperature sensor, heating coil, power source (transformer), calorimeter: jacket and cup, electronic balance, cold-water (<20oC), ice, digital multi-meters (2), and banana-plug wires (5: 2-Red and 3-Black).
Joule’s First Law and Heat Transfer Introduction In this experiment heat is produced by passing a current through a resistor which is immeresed in a container of water. The purpose of this experiment is to compare the energy dissipated by the resistor to that absorbed by the water, thereby testing the principle of conservation of energy.
- The purpose of this present work is to study the combined effects of Joule heating and viscous dissipation on laminar flow and heat transfer of a viscous fluid over a ho-rizontal porous sheet subjected to power law heat flux in presence of heat source, also the plate is continuously stretching. The governing equations are transformed into di- Joule's Heating Effect The heat produced by a heating element is directly proportional to To the square of the electric current(I) To the Resistance (R) of the conductor. To the Time(t) for which the current passes through the conductor. H=PRT. Verification of Joule's law 10C Digital thermometer Calorimeter W ater Heating coil Lagging
- State Joule’s law of heating and give its mathematical form. An electric iron tak es a current of 5A and develops 1.5 ×10 4 J of heat energy in 30s. Calculate the resistance of the electric iron Physics Assignment Help, State joules law of heating, Q State Joule's law of heating? The heat produced in a conductor is (i) Unswervingly proportional to the square of the current for a given R (ii) Unswervingly proportional to resistance R for a given I and (iii) Unswervingly proportional The local quantity of the specific power of the heat release dq/dt in unit volume of the conductor is described by the Joule law: dq dt = − j ⋅ φ ≡ J → ⋅ E → . Here, φ is the gradient of electric field potential φ in the conductor, which is equal by definition to electric field intensity E.
- The object of the present article is to illustrate the practical application of the two general principles - (I) Joule 's law of the equivalence of heat and work, and (2) Carnot's principle, that the efficiency of a reversible engine depends only on the temperatures between which it works; these principles are commonly known as the first and ... In thermodynamics, the Joule–Thomson effect (also known as the Joule–Kelvin effect or Kelvin–Joule effect) describes the temperature change of a real gas or liquid (as differentiated from an ideal gas) when it is forced through a valve or porous plug while keeping it insulated so that no heat is exchanged with the environment. Decachlorobiphenyl msds sheetCummins gghh spec sheet
- Collabro let it go acapella sheetSheet music for trumpet taps Joule's experiment demonstrated the validity of the first law of thermodynamics. Electrical or mechanical energy can be converted into thermal energy, but the total amount of energy is conserved. In this Demonstration, the amount of heat in joules generated in a circuit element of resistance (immersion heater) is measured by a calorimeter.
Joule's experiment established heat as transformable energy. The mathematical expression of the first law is the result of Joule's work with the usual sign conventions and with all terms expressed in the same units. It is essentially a statement of the conservation of all forms of energy.
(Cardwell 6) With his understand about mechanical heat, he made his discovery called Joule’s law. The Joule’s law said the heating of a conductor depends upon its resistance and the square of the current passing through it. Then Joule married Amelia Grimes in 1847 and got three children, Benjamin Arthur, Alice Amelia and a son who died.
First Law of Thermodynamics Joule Experiments . It is well known that heat and work both change the energy of a system. Joule conducted a series of experiments which showed the relationship between heat and work in a thermodynamic cycle for a system. He used a paddle to stir an insulated vessel filled with fluid.
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- Vvrs enterprises chennaiFormula 2019 plus sds sheetsA. Joule's equivalent of heat Purpose: To measure the Joule's equivalent of heat by the electrical method. Apparatus: PC and interface, temperature sensor, heating coil, power source (transformer), calorimeter: jacket and cup, electronic balance, cold-water (<20oC), ice, digital multi-meters (2), and banana-plug wires (5: 2-Red and 3-Black).


Circuit Lab Philosophy
Engage with electronics as tools - not toys.
Electronics power our world more every day, and the people who can manipulate them will design our future. By learning to creatively engage with the electronics as tools, we bring our students the skills to interact fully with the modern world. And we make lots of fun projects along the way.
Circuit Lab programs give kids the opportunity to create devices by blending technical concepts with hands-on experimentation in a creative environment. We use the latest technologies including Arduino and Raspberry Pi to design smarter flashlights, race cars, musical instruments, games, and more. Each class session begins with a brief conceptual overview before launching into an interactive, hands-on activity.
Circuit Lab programs are a fun and creative way to give kids fluency and confidence in an increasingly necessary skill. We are excited to teach your kids the tools to design and create whatever they imagine!
Circuit Lab offers after school enrichment, summer day programs, special events, and homeschool classes for children ages 8 to 14. Our core curriculum is as follows:
Hands-On Electronics For grades 3-5/Ages 8-11
Tinker with electronics while learning the basics of computer programming. We begin by experimenting with the fundamentals of electronics and circuitry, and step up to projects where our class of young makers will design their own interactive and programmable devices. Participants use the latest tools including Arduino (for building interactive devices) and Raspberry Pi (for learning about computers and coding) to experiment with LEDs, resistors, motors, and programming. Each class day gives participants the chance to design a hands-on project with the guidance of skilled Circuit Lab instructors.
Creative Computing For grades 6-8/Ages 11-14
Get connected as we explore not just how to use computers, but how to make computers work for you. We will use the latest tools: Arduino (for building interactive devices) and Raspberry Pi (for learning about computers and coding) to design hands-on projects ranging from LED light shows to touchless musical instruments to wearable computers, all in the name of taking ideas and making them real. Participants have access to a comprehensive library of parts and equipment, and experienced instructors who can help them create the devices of their dreams.


1600 Amphitheatre Parkway
Montain View, CA 94093
Work: fsha at google dot com
I work at Google Research.
My research interests are Artificial Intelligence / Machine Learning (AI/ML), and AI for Science / Scientific Machine Learning (SciML), with a specific application focus on AI for Weather and Climate Science. At Google Research, I lead a team of scientists and engineers, working in those directions.
I was a Professor of Computer Science at University of Southern California (USC). I no longer provide research assistantships, postdoc or internship positions there. So please do not inquire those opportunities with me.
I do respond to service requests to the research communities, though my bandwidth is limited.
- ICLREvolve Smoothly, Fit Consistently: Learning Smooth Latent Dynamics For Advection-Dominated SystemsIn ICLR, 2023
- ICLRMention Memory: incorporating textual knowledge into Transformers through entity mention attentionIn ICLR, 2022
- ICMLActor-Attention-Critic for Multi-Agent Reinforcement LearningIn Proceedings of the 36th International Conference on Machine Learning, ICML 2019, 9-15 June 2019, Long Beach, California, USA, 2019
- CVPRSynthesized classifiers for zero-shot learningIn Proc. of CVPR, 2016
- NeurIPSSimilarity Component AnalysisIn Proc. of Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS), 2013
- CVPRGeodesic Flow Kernel for Unsupervised Domain AdaptationIn Proceedings of IEEE Conf. on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2012
- NeurIPSUnsupervised Kernel Dimension ReductionIn Proceedings of Neural Information Processing (NIPS), 2010
- NeurIPSLarge margin hidden Markov models for automatic speech recognitionIn Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 19, 2007
- NAACL-HLTShallow Parsing with Conditional Random FieldsIn Proceedings of Human Language Technology-NAACL 2003, 2003


KC Denmark's Micro Plastic Particle Pump was originally
developed during KC Denmark's participation in the EU project named
CleanSea, the goal for the original project was to measure plastic
particles in oceans and lakes with extreme precision in the amount
of water sampled.
The sampler is able to run sampling on 4 different mesh sizes doing one deployment, while keeping a precise account on the total amount of water it has been pumping, due to its very flexible range of filter sizes (ranging from 1000 µm down to 100 µm), it have proven itself a very useful tool in sampling plastic particles in the ocean as well as lakes.
As a counter part to the more well known Manta Trawl net the pump's onboard computer gives users the chance to program the precise amount of water they want sampled, ensuring them a very precise data that is fully able to be compared with other samples done with similar pumps with very high scientific guarantees, this is primary due to the fact that the water pumped is first measured after it has gone through the filters preventing any faulty data with organic material clucking up the filter sample area.
• Capacity: 12000L/hour. Approx. 200L/min. at 0 m water column, with no filters).
• Pump: AISI 304 stainless steel
• 4 filter plates, 5000 µm, 500 µm, 300 µm and 100 µm comes as standard delivery
• Main rack: AISI 316 stainless steel
• Zinc anodes to protect against corrosion
• Power supply: 1 x 230 Volt AC
• Power consumption: 0,75 kW
• Manoeuvre box made of plastic, touch screen for programming and emergency stop
• Footprint: 60 x 60 cm
• Max. depth: 40 m
• Length: 137 cm
• Weight, total: 46 kg


We design, build and automate smart Ethernet, Fiber, and Wireless networks with proven degree of resilience for mission critical applications. We Use rugged network connectivity devices from our OEM partners to enrich your enterprise network reliability. We can assist to configure switches, network connectivity devices, and communication protocols (Modbus, Profinet, EtherNet/IP) to collate data, video, voice and controls from intelligent electronic devices ( IEDs) and sensors for reporting in enterprise network control centre. Visit our online store for automation products.
We design and build intelligent Command & Control Rooms to support tasks and needs to manage data and disseminate information efficiently and safely on enterprise computer display screens or video walls. We have expertise to collate data, video, voice and controls from cameras, meters, relays, radar, sensors, workstations, etc through integrated communication protocols. We can connect control room solutions with databases and sensor information from many different networks of any size, from any location, over any distance, to be displayed on any screen, anywhere.
We automate processes and streamline operations using any combination of Radio Frequency Identification(RFID), Real Time Locating System(RTLS), Machine to Machine Communications (M2M), WiFi, Global Positioning System(GPS), Cellular, Satellite, Sensor and Measurement technologies to make complex processes, workflows and big data simple and quick to record accurately with less manual and paperwork. Track assets in large premises to find the right item, when you need it, thus saving time and cost of replacing missing item. Let maintenance record keeping be handled automatically; Carry out inventory checks easily and know the source and history of all assets if issues arise. Get reliable and accurate insight and visibility for good decisions that impact your enterprise and projects.
Capture distinctive high definition (HD) images of anything under surveillance in a large city, community, premises, bus, train, field site. Use rugged IP Cameras that is resistant to dust, rain, vibration and shocks, and operates at very high or very low temperatures, and immune to electromagnetic disturbances to transmit surveillance images in real time. Implement CCTV surveillance solutions which excels in reliability and interoperability for indoor, outdoor and harsh environments.
Take advantage of our real time access control for virtually all of the access points in your facility using innovative, secure wire-free networked technology, which allows stand-alone electronic door lock device to read, receive and write information via operating smart cards. Connect third-party wired access control, video surveillance, parking management, number plate recognition, biometrics, time & attendance, escape door control systems, Physical Security Information Management Systems (PSIMs) to know who entered a place and for how long.
Manage Trailer, Trucks, Cold chain, Remote container, Heavy equipment, Vessel, and Cargo fleets real time using any combination of Skywave Software, RFID, RTLS, Cellular, Satellite, GPS, AIS, Radar, CCTV, Telematics, Sensor, Airtime and IoT technologies to locate carrier and item being conveyed from one destination to another, report the location, use history, dwell times, arrival/departure times, driver identity, electronic logs of hours of service, cargo door tamper, in-vehicle temperature, asset performance status, etc.


Our fire alarm annunciators meet all the requirements and standards as outlined and required by certification bodies. On top of that, it is possible to add several additional displays and functionalities.
The texts programmed in the fire detection centre for the alphanumerical display can be shown in the text window. This applies to fire alarms, malfunctions and system notifications.View projects
The virtually limitless possibilities of a digital panel make it possible to display several fire extinguishing systems on the same screen, e.g. sprinkler zones with hotspots.
View projectsView projects


How AI and Machine Learning Impact Procurement
Successful product manufacturing at the best possible rate makes a business profitable. Good procurement techniques directly contribute to successful manufacturing.
When it comes to procurement, one of the newest opportunities available today is artificial intelligence. With an ever-expanding future potential, AI allows the ability to simplify complex procurement problems by effectively using computer algorithms. AI embedded into software applications can help with everything from spending analysis to strategic sourcing techniques and even contract management.
As a widespread part of new computer technology, AI has the capability to adapt and learn, and it is developed to simplify complex tasks in a more efficient way than humans alone.
Are AI and Machine Learning Sentient?
Unlike any representations seen in science fiction, AI and machine learning models are not sentient beings performing intelligent tasks. This type of depiction can be referred to as “strong AI.”
In Procurement, AI and machine learning is based on what is called “narrow AI,” which is AI with the ability to improve operating efficiency. The technology in no way replaces human staff, and cannot cause change or plan strategic implementation of sourcing or any other human-based procurement functions.
What AI Is in Procurement
Artificial intelligence offers transformative capabilities to automate and improve time consuming tasks. It can also provide procurement team members with enhanced information about large or complex sets of procurement data.
AI and machine learning are basically software solutions that can resolve specific tasks. That resolution has the capability to create more rapid work programs.
Any software solution that includes self-learning can be thought of as AI. AI consists of any algorithm that exhibits “smart” behavior.
Machine learning consists of pattern-detecting algorithms used to predict outcomes or in decision making processes.
All types of artificial intelligence involve the use of algorithms. Algorithms themselves are rules that specify specific problem solving. They form the basics of computer software of all kinds.
While not visible to the naked eye, they are the tools in software that can be both programmed and re-programmed to solve important or complex problems within their software environments.
Artificial Intelligence in Procurement Today
AI is just beginning in the area of procurement today. It is a growing area, with current common functions and capabilities including:
- Spend Classification – machine learning algorithms used to classify procurement spending into categories and sub-categories
- Vendor Matching – machine learning connecting supplier data in invoices and purchase order numbers to a hierarchy of vendors such as all subsidiaries of one supplier
- Capturing Supplier/Market Data – processing that looks for and captures supplier or market data, as in the possibility of tracking social media for information about suppliers and supply risk
- Anomaly Detection – machine learning algorithms used to automatically detect and find relevant procurement insights, such as material purchase price changes for a type of material or supplier
The eventual goal in embracing AI and machine learning technology is to create better operations, assist in better decision making, and provide better information for procurement to fully achieve goals.
International Procurement Solutions with DXL Enterprises
As with international procurement, when it comes to the utilization of smart procurement practices, at DXL Enterprises, we can help. Working with our professional, efficient team, you’ll have the best access to worldwide solutions that work for every aspect of your business.
If you want to learn more about the many vast global marketing opportunities and procurement capabilities in today’s manufacturing environment, reach out to us. Contact DXL today at 201-891-8718.


By Jack Crowell
This fall, the Current OC returns with an entirely different look. The upgrades come after months of long hours/hard work and will be the most dramatic change viewers have seen on air since the inception of the program.
Systems engineering/planning began several years ago. In 2008 a centralized storage system and editing infrastructure were created to support up to 4 streams of simultaneous HD video editing on each edit workstation. Then, a few years later, the entire fleet of field cameras was replaced with newer units capable of recording onto card media in both standard and high definition. That marked the move towards a digital workflow, away from tapes.
The control room (where all of the live programming comes together) was the first area upgraded. That is the hub, central to any television studio, where all of the signals are received and then assembled to make the product you see on air.
Upgrading the control room so it could be a multi-definition environment was one of the first steps taken. That meant installing HD-ready components that were also capable of handling and outputting a standard definition signal over the existing infrastructure. Solid state media and media server technology replaced traditional tape-based playback/recording operations. The audio mixing console was replaced by a unit featuring digital technology such as automation and Dante (audio over IP–a way of sending audio feeds over CAT5 ethernet cable).
Advances in studio camera technology provided a cost-effective solution for upgrading the array of studio cameras out on the studio floor. Our new studio cameras are capable of transmitting Ultra HD (4K) imagery to the control room, ensuring OC-TV is ready for the future in television. Lots of new wire was pulled and connected to updated routing and signal distribution equipment–all behind the scenes while the Current OC continued to broadcast.


The WPio12 is an electric hand pallet truck with a lithium-ion battery. It is ideal for transporting all kinds of goods over short distances. In contrast to conventional hand pallet trucks, the WPio12 lifts and moves goods using electrical power. The minimal L2 dimension (length to face of forks) of only 390 mm makes the WPio12 extremely compact and ideal for use in confined spaces, e.g. in stores and business centers of all types.
max. 1200 kg
max. 115 mm
max. 4.5 km/h
max. 20 Ah/5hr
min. 1640 mm
Top-up charging can be used between full charges without affecting the service life of the battery. The battery can be recharged with any 230V socket. No costs are incurred for adapting the existing charging infrastructure (e.g. ventilation).
After deep discharge cycle, charging to 60% battery capacity takes only 40 minutes and the battery is charged to full capacity after 2.5 hours.
The lithium-ion battery has approximately twice the service life of a conventional lead-acid battery (approximately 1000 charge cycles). Furthermore, it does not require any maintenance with regard to battery acid.
Advantages of lithium-ion technology
- Battery is charged to full capacity after 2.5 hours
- Lithium-ion battery weight of only 3.7 kg
- Charging at any standard 230V socket via included external charger
- Long operating periods of up to 3 hours
Thanks to the maintenance-free lithium-ion battery and the included charger daily routines stay much the same when a conventional hand pallet truck is replaced with the WPio12. The WPio12 is perfect for light duties in goods distribution, production tasks or warehouse applications.
The high energy density of the installed lithium-ion battery provides great travel performance and long operating periods of up to 3 hours. At the same time, the WPio12 is very compact and has a low service weight, which means it consumes up to 30% less energy than vehicles with lead-acid batteries.
Ergonomic and safe tiller
- Simple and fast implementation of control commands
- Sensitive lifting and lowering
- Automated soft deceleration and return into the neutral position when releasing the tiller
- Automatic lift stop at maximum lift
- Safe operation on slopes and ramps
- Release of the automatic parking brake when driving switch is activated
- Battery discharge indicator
- Operating hour counter
- Battery management system
- On-board diagnostics via error codes


Journal of IIEEJ, Vol.32, No.4, pp. 336-345, 2003-7 (in Japanese)
"A Real-Time Glare Rendering Technique Taking into Account Surface Reflection
by Masanori Kakimoto, Y. Mukai, T. Haga, T. Nishita, T. Naemura, H. Harashima
This paper proposes a novel glare generating method to render reflected
light due to a strong light source on the surface of high-shininess objects.
Phongfs reflection model, which OpenGL adopts, is physically inexact when
the brightness of the center of highlight exceeds maximum intensity. Higher
reflection exponent (shininess) value, which should result in sharper highlight,
only causes smaller highlight with the brightness unchanged. This makes the
highlight look even darker. To solve this issue, we present a new glare generation
model with a light energy preserving reflection model. By calculating more
physically-correct high intensity reflection than Phongfs model, the glare
model produces realistic images which more plausibly represent the shininess
of each object. An implementation of the glare model is done with OpenGL,
which enables real-time rendering and flexible control of the glare shape.
glare, specular reflection, environment mapping, highlight, shininess


We will use the following gear: a RED camera and an audio recorder.
To timecode sync this setup you will need one NanoLockit and these two timecode cables: a TC-IO cable which is appropriate for this audio recorder – and an LTC-OUT/EPIC cable appropriate for RED cameras.
Start the NanoLockit by pressing and holding the power button for three seconds.
The LED will flash green / red, which means the LEMO timecode output is still muted.
Now let us set the internal clock of the NanoLockit with the Audio Recorders timecode.
Connect the NanoLockit to the TC Port of the audio recorder with the TC-IO cable.
The NanoLockit then will take over the audio recorders timecode and frame rate.
The LED flashes indicating it is ready to timecode sync another device.
But before we can connect the NanoLockit, we need to set up the camera for use with an external timecode device.
First we need to adjust the Project Frame Rate.
To do so, press „Menu“, then „Settings“, „Project“ and „Frame Rate“.
Make sure to select the correct project frame rate for your upcoming project – and do not change it.
Now let us enter the timecode menu and adjust the camera to accept free-run timecode from an external source.
Click TOD, which is Time of Day, and select „External“ as the source.
Now your RED is all set up and waiting for the Lockit.
Take the LTC-OUT/EPIC cable and connect it to the „Sync“ port of the RED.
Now you can see the correct timecode on the camera display. At the same time, the „TC“ indicator on the display should turn green.
There you have it – the RED is correctly connected to the NanoLockit and in perfect sync with the audio recorder.
Later in post-production, you will now have the ability to auto-conform relating clips to the timeline using any professional tool.
For more information on that subject see our other Ambient tutorials.
Additionally we strongly recommend that you check the synchronisation of your system by performing a test-run before shooting starts to avoid any issues.
NanoLockit – the small, wireless and easy2use timecode generator by Ambient.


Could they be from Aliens??
Despite how far science has come, there are myths and mysteries that remain largely unsolved; space is huge and so are its secrets. Here are 5 incredibly mysterious signals we got from space which still baffle us even today.
1. Lurimar bursts
They were found when astronomers were analyzing the data they found from the Parkes radio telescope back in 2007. Research showed that the signals passed through an intergalactic medium as the highest frequency waves were first to arrive. The amount of energy was massive and equated to as much as the sun would release in 4 months! Can you imagine that? The origin is still unknown.
2. Phantom cosmonauts
Yuri Gagarin was the first human to actually journey into outer space when his spacecraft completed earth’s orbit on 12th April, 1961. There were researchers who claimed that earlier spaceships had left but never managed to come back. The Judica- Cordiilglia brother duo that said they heard radio communication from the Secret Soviet Space missions. But…. they heard it nearly 4 months before Gagarin’s flight. Interesting coincidence?
3. Cosmic roar
In another experiment, a giant balloon was raised above the earth so as to get some signs of heat from the stars of the universe, it detected a mysterious roar of comic radio noise. The origin of the noise still remains unexplained.
4. Radio source SHG602+ 14A
SETI astronomers had suggested back in 2003 that the Arecibo radio telescope was the best bet to receive signals for extraterrestrial intelligence. It observed a signal a total of 3 times at frequency of 1420 MHz. It is believed this was from within the energy band where extraterrestrial life could exist.
5. Wow signal
On August 15th, 1977 the SETI project found a really strong radio signal. This signal was discovered by Jerry R. Ehman and he circled the printout of the signal and wrote “wow”. Every digit actually represented the intensity of the radio signal and the digits above 9 were represented by letters. The signal kept on increasing its intensity and became 30 times louder than the noise of deep space.
These 5 signals have baffled mankind – maybe we’re just not advanced enough yet to decipher them?
Check out this vid for more details of these baffling mysteries which continue to keep the scientists awake…


Predict the Unpredictable
86% of maintenance is scheduled unnecessarily or too late, this changes today! Our solution is laser focused at giving you simple clear insights that you don’t need technical training to understand.
Built For Management
We have entirely re-imagined how maintenance is conducted, focusing on management. Existing preventative maintenance solutions rely on providing raw data for hard to find and expensive technicians to manually analyse. We remove that whole layer of complexity, focusing on delivering simple, actionable alerts to potential machinery problems.
Only highly trained engineers (humans) understand what machines are saying
Data is only collected periodically and problems can be missed
No insight and isolated from the whole organisation
We have a plug and play industry 4.0 solution utilising both a physical component to wirelessly monitor vibrations from any machine with moving components and send the data to the cloud. In the cloud we analyse the data to diagnose the status of the machines health and remaining useful life (RUL).
Understanding When Machines Fail
With our industry 4.0 IoT vibration sensors we are able to detect and diagnose machine faults weeks before they happen.
Our solution is cross vertical. Our sensors are able to be deployed on any type of machinery, no matter which industry.
Subscription Model (OpEx)
Lets see what we can build together.
Room 904, 9/F, Shui Hing Centre, 13 Sheung Yuet Road, Kowloon Bay, Hong Kong.
+852 5370 7945


Field Directed Sputter Sharpening (FDSS)
A proprietary process developed by Tiptek co-founders, FDSS sharpens the probe tip to atomic dimensions in a self-limiting fashion that does not require skilled operator intervention. The resulting probe tips give high resolution over long periods of use.
An animation of the FDSS process. An electrical bias on the probe creates a field (shown in blue) at the tip apex. Energetic ions directed towards the tip are deflected by the field, which grows stronger as the tip gets sharper. This ion milling process results in an atomically sharp tip.
Today this innovation has led to in-house, U.S.-based manufacturing operations delivering solutions for four areas:
- Scanning probe microscopy
- Transfer of lamella formed by focused ion beams (FIB)
- Scanning electron microscope-based nano-probers used in semiconductor failure analysis, and
- Leading edge research in atomically precise manufacturing (APM)
Atomically Precise Manufacturing
Tiptek is at the forefront of APM research and looks to the future where atomic scale features will be manufactured deterministically. Namely, each atom will be placed in a predetermined position creating atomic structures without flaws. These methods will be applicable to making any nanoscale device or object, such as microelectronics or devices for quantum computing.


Active Directory Certificate Services (AD CS) provides the certificate infrastructure to enable scenarios such as secure wireless networks, virtual private networks, Internet Protocol Security (IPSec), Network Access Protection (NAP), encrypting file system (EFS) and smart card logon. This walkthrough provides step-by-step instructions on how to stand-up an Enterprise Subordinate Certificate Authority (CA).
Introduction Internet Small Computer Systems Interface (iSCSI) is a high-performance/low-cost IP-based standard used to transmit SCSI commands over TCP/IP. This walkthrough provides step-by-step instructions on how to configure VMware ESXi 6.7 to use iSCSI with Network Attached Storage (NAS) . The NAS appliance I use is the QNAP TS-269L, a high-performance 2-bay/hot-swappable, dual GbE NAS …
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Truck-Lite Signal-Stat LED Work Lights
Truck-Lite has added white LED auxiliary lighting options to the popular Signal-Stat line-up, in the form of round & rectangular work lamps.
These new LED offerings are ideal for light utility, construction, agricultural, airport & tow trucks as well as state and highway departments. The three new auxiliary lighting additions provide the end user with a brighter, crisper & whiter light output closer to the color temperature of daylight.
The additions include: part #8150, an 8 diode, 4.5” Round lamp; part #8155, an 8 diode 4.33”x3.94” rectangular lamp; part #8160, a 10 diode 4.33”x3.94” rectangular lamp.
The LED work lamps are comprised of a polycarbonate lens, aluminum housing & multi-volt function to operate from 9-36 volts without adjustment. www.truck-lite.com
- Exceed legal requirements
- Have an extensive pattern of multiple diodes
- Carry a two year limited warranty
- Retrofit easily using standard plug connections
- Resist shock & vibration
- Have all electronics sealed in epoxy to resist corrosion & moisture
- Draw less current, allowing more power for other vehicle requirements & extending alternator life


PCB Assembling and Protection
Due to the increasing importance of electronic devices in everyday life, their protection and production is carefully controlled by manufacturing processes in automotive and electronics industries. This ongoing development has made electronic assemblies become a basic part of multiple areas and industries.
Proper treatment thereof, mounting, cleaning and protection is performed using our dedicated products, developed by reputable manufacturers and used by multinational companies in different industries.
PCB assembling and protection solutions:
- all types of solders,
- adhesives for SMD, flux,
- solutions for thermal protection,
- resins, protective paints, thermosetting polymers, cleaning solutions for PCB,
- soldering equipment,
- equipment for extraction of harmful substances in working areas.


My name is Ashish Panigrahi. I'm a 4th year physics major studying under the Integrated Master's programme at the National Institute of Science Education and Research under HBNI. My research interests lie in the experimental aspects of quantum technologies research ranging from quantum optics/information processing to cavity quantum-electrodynamics. I am actively seeking research internship opportunities for summer 2022.
The thoughts that I present in my blog are truly my own and do not represent the idealogy of the organization that I represent.
Thoughts on physics, society and technology.