Chief Technology Officer
DeepSpar Data Recovery Systems
Many data recovery professionals are not taking full advantage of
disk imaging, the second phase in the 3D Data Recovery process. Traditional disk
imaging methods are time-consuming and don’t always yield usable data, because of
read instability and the constraints of system software. DeepSpar Disk Imager overcomes
these challenges, efficiently retrieving data from bad sectors and reducing the
risk of disk failure. Data recovery firms can handle more cases and retrieve more
data by going deeper during this data recovery phase.
Data recovery firms are missing out on data they could
retrieve with the complete 3D Data Recovery process. Proper data recovery involves
three phases: drive restoration, disk imaging, and data retrieval. But data recovery
professionals can face frustrating problems when imaging a damaged disk. The drive
may repeatedly stop responding in the middle of copying data. The drive may fail
completely because of the stress caused by intensive read processes. Significant
portions of data may be left behind in bad sectors.
These issues plague firms that use traditional disk
imaging methods. Read instability makes it difficult to obtain consistent data quickly,
and system software is not equipped to read bad sectors. However, these problems
can be solved with imaging tools that address disk-level issues.
Imaging software bypasses system software and ignores
error correction code (ECC), processing each byte of data in bad sectors. Inconsistent
data is evaluated statistically to determine the most likely correct value. Faster
transfer methods speed up the process, and customizable algorithms allow the data
recovery professional to fine-tune each pass. Imaging software provides feedback
on the data recovered while imaging is still underway.
Imaging hardware can reset the drive when it stops responding,
which minimizes damage from head-clicks and allows the process to run safely without
DeepSpar Disk Imager incorporates all of these methods, enabling firms
to recover more data from previously inaccessible drives, and significantly reducing
the imaging time required.
1. About the 3D Data Recovery Process
A complete data recovery process includes these three phases:
- Drive Restoration:
Damage to the hard disk drive (also referred to as
HDD) is diagnosed and repaired as necessary, using a product such as PC-3000 Drive
Restoration System by ACE Laboratory Russia. There are three main types of damage:
Disk Imaging: The contents of the repaired drive are read and copied to another disk, using a
product such as DeepSpar Disk Imager. Disk imaging prevents further data loss caused by working
with an unstable drive during the subsequent data retrieval phase.
- Physical/mechanical damage: Failed heads and other physical problems are often repaired by replacing the damaged hardware with a donor part.
- Electronic problems:Failed printed circuit boards (PCBs) are replaced with donor PCBs, and the contents of the failed PCB read-only memory (ROM) are copied to the donor.
- Firmware failure: Firmware failures are diagnosed and fixed at the drive level.
Drives presented for recovery often have relatively minor physical degradation due to wear from
normal use. The wear is severe enough for the drive to stop working in its native system. However,
imaging software can work with slightly degraded drives, so part replacement is often not required.
In these cases, the data recovery process can skip drive restoration and start with disk imaging.
Data Retrieval: The original files that were copied onto the image drive are retrieved. Data retrieval can involve these tasks:
- File system recovery: The recreation of a corrupted file system structure such as a
corrupted directory structure or boot sector, due to data loss. This task is accomplished by using a product such as PC-3000 Data Extractor by ACE Laboratory Russia.
- File verification: Recovered files are tested for potential corruption. DeepSpar provides
a file verification tool for this task which generates a report that can be delivered to the client.
- File repair: If necessary, corrupted files are repaired. Files might be corrupt because data
could not be fully restored in previous phases, in which case disk imaging is repeated to
retrieve more sectors. File repair is completed, where possible, using vendor-specific tools.
Drive restoration and data retrieval, the first and last phases, are well-serviced by the data recovery industry.
Many data recovery companies have the necessary software, hardware, knowledge, and skilled labour to complete
these phases. However, the technology for effective disk imaging has been relatively neglected because of its challenges,
making it a weak link in the data recovery process. Data recovery firms that skim the surface with traditional imaging
methods often miss out on potential revenue.
2. Problems with Disk Imaging
Disk imaging is not a trivial task. Degraded drives and drives whose physical defects have been repaired often yield a high
read error rate, or read instability. Read instability means that multiple readings of the same data tend to yield different
results each time. Read instability differs from cases where data originally written in error is read consistently each time,
or where a physical scratch makes an entire part of the disk unreadable no matter how many read attempts are made.
What Causes Read Instability?
Repaired drives may have high read instability for a number of reasons. Donor parts, while nominally identical to the original
failed parts, differ slightly due to tolerances in the manufacturing process. The majority of modern hard disk drives are
individually tested at the factory and have optimized adaptive parameters burned into the read-only memory. If one or more
parts are later replaced, the adaptive parameters are no longer optimized to the new configuration. Because modern drives are
fine-tuned to obtain maximum performance and capacity, even small deviations from optimum can introduce a high rate of
In drives that have not been repaired, physical degradation due to normal use also means that adaptive parameters are no longer
optimum, thus leading to read instability. For example, wear in the actuator bearings causes slight deviations in the distance the
arm moves across the platter. As a result, the current that was once required to move the actuator to a certain track is no longer
sufficient to move the arm precisely. Read errors can also be caused by dust infiltration into the disk drive over the course of its
life, which may make the read process electronically noisy.
The important point is that failed drives tend to have read instability no matter what the reason for failure.
For the purposes of imaging a disk, read instability is not a major obstacle in principle, since each sector can be read several
times and statistical methods can be applied to obtain the most likely correct value for each byte. However, because of the way
that the basic input/output system (BIOS), operating system (OS), and drive firmware behave, it is impossible to obtain data during
drive read instability without specialized hardware and software.
Why System Software Can’t Handle Read Instability
System software consists of a computer’s BIOS and OS. The primary reason that computers can’t handle read instability
without specialized tools is that the system software reads each disk sector presuming that the sector is not corrupted—that is,
that the data is read-stable. A sector on a disk typically consists of a header, 512 bytes of data, and error correction code (ECC)
bytes (Figure 1). Other bytes are present to facilitate read/write synchronization.
For simplicity, the ECC bytes can be thought of as a checksum to validate data integrity. Most current hard disk drives are
Advanced Technology Attachment (ATA) compliant devices. The system software reads the drive sector-by-sector, using the
standard ATA read sector command. If a sector has a wrong ECC checksum, it returns no data, just an error, despite the fact that
most of the bytes in the sector are likely correct and all are actually readable, even if some of the data is corrupt. The system
software is unable to access data byte-by-byte, using other ATA read commands that read data regardless of ECC status.
Figure 1: Example of Sector Format.
The system software reads drives in this way because the mandate of computer architecture is to create a reliable, stable
machine that runs at the highest possible speed. The system software cannot allow errors to be propagated from the hard drive
to the computer’s random access memory (RAM). These errors might be part of an executable file that would then cause the
computer to stop responding. Thus, system software has a low tolerance for read instability, and assumes that the drive is working
correctly without delving into drive errors except to flag whole sectors as bad and to avoid reading them.
Also, in many cases the system software is unable to handle drive errors, a situation that may cause the system to stop responding.
Using the system software to read a drive is also time-consuming and involves intense drive processing, leading to further wear.
This wear increases the likelihood of further disk degradation during the imaging process. See “Processing All Bytes in Sectors with
Errors ” for more information on how disk imaging is by its nature very demanding on the drive, involving multiple reads on the
entire disk and modifying its firmware data. Since progressive disk degradation is common (that is, read instability increases with use),
it is desirable to reduce the demands on the drive.
Thus, even a relatively low level of read instability, which is common for drives in recovery, can lead to the computer not being
able to read the drive at all, despite the fact that the drive is still readable by other means.
3. Solving Disk Imaging Problems
Imaging tools provide custom hardware and software solutions to the challenges of read instability.
Processing All Bytes in Sectors with Errors
While the system software works well with hard disk drives that are performing correctly, read instability must be dealt with using
specialized software that bypasses the BIOS and operating system. This specialized software must be able to use ATA read commands
that ignore ECC status. (These commands are only present in the ATA specification for LBA28 mode, though, and are not supported
in LBA48.) Also, the software should have the capability of reading the drive error register (Figure 2), which the standard system
software doesn’t provide access to. Reading the error register allows specialized software to employ different algorithms for different
errors. For instance, in the case of the UNC error (“Uncorrectable Data: ECC error in data field, which could not be corrected”), the
software can issue a read command that ignores ECC status. In many cases, the AMNF error can be dealt with in a similar way.
Figure 2: ATA Error Register.
Bit 0 - Data Address Mark Not Found: During the read sector command, a data address mark was not
found after finding the correct ID field for the requested sector (usually a media error or read instability).
Bit 1 - Track 0 Not Found: Track 0 was not found during drive recalibration.
Bit 2 - Aborted Command: The requested command was aborted due to a device status error.
Bit 3 - Not used (0).
Bit 4 - ID Not Found: The required cylinder, head, and sector could not be found, or an ECC error occurred in the ID field.
Bit 5 - Not used (0).
Bit 6 - Uncorrectable Data: An ECC error in the data field could not be corrected (a media error or read instability).
Bit 7 - Bad Mark Block: A bad sector mark was found in the ID field of the sector or an Interface CRC error occurred.
Only when the sector header has been corrupted (an IDNF error) is it unlikely that the sector can be read, since the drive in this
case is unable to find the sector. Experience shows, however, that over 90 percent of all problems with sectors are due to errors
in the data, not in the header, because the data constitutes the largest portion of the sector. Also, the data area is constantly being
rewritten, which increases read instability. Header contents usually stay constant throughout the life of the drive. As a result, over
90 percent of sectors that are unreadable by ordinary means are in fact still readable. Moreover, problem sectors usually have a
small number of bytes with errors, and these errors can often be corrected by a combination of multiple reads and statistical methods.
If a sector is read ten times and a particular byte returns the same value eight times out of ten, then that value is statistically likely to
be the correct one. More sophisticated statistical techniques can also be useful.
In fact, DeepSpar has encountered situations in which every sector of a damaged drive had a problem. This situation would normally
leave the data totally unrecoverable, but with proper disk imaging, these drives were read and corrected in their entirety.
Unfortunately, most imaging tools currently available on the market use system software to access the drive and are therefore extremely
limited in their imaging capabilities. These products attempt to read a sector several times in the hope that one read attempt will complete
without an ECC error. But this approach is not very successful. For example, if there is even a one percent chance of any byte being read
incorrectly, the chances of reading all 512 bytes correctly on one particular read is low (about 0.58 percent). In this case, an average of
170 read attempts would be necessary to yield one successful sector read. As read instability increases, the chances of a successful read quickly
become very low. For example, if there were a ten percent chance of reading any byte wrong, an average of 2.7 x 1023 read attempts would
be needed for one successful one. If one read attempt took 1 ms, this number of reads would take 8000 billion years, or many times the age
of the universe. No practical number of read attempts will give a realistic chance of success.
However, if imaging software can read while ignoring ECC status, a 10 percent probability of a byte being read in error is not an issue. In
10 reads, very few bytes will return less than seven or eight consistent values, making it virtually certain that this value is the correct one.
Thus, imaging software that bypasses the system software can deal with read instability much more easily.
Disabling Auto-Relocation and SMART Attribute Processing
While the methods outlined in the previous section go a long way to obtaining an image of the data, other problems remain.
When drive firmware identifies a bad sector, it may remap the sector to a reserved area on the disk that is hidden from the user (Figure 3).
This remapping is recorded in the drive defects table (G-list). Since the bad sector could not be read, the data residing in the substitute sector
in the reserved area is not the original data. It might be null data or some other data in accordance with the vendor-specific firmware policy,
or even previously remapped data in the case where the G-list was modified due to corruption.
Moreover, system software is unaware of the remapping process. When the drive is asked to retrieve data from a sector identified as bad,
the drive firmware may automatically redirect the request to the alternate sector in the reserved area, without notifying the system before the
error is returned. This redirection occurs despite the fact that the bad sector is likely still readable and only contains a small number of bytes
Figure 3: G-List Remapping.
This process performed by drive firmware is known as bad sector auto-relocation. This process can and should be turned off before the imaging
process begins. Auto-relocation on a drive with read instability not only obscures instances when non-original data is being read, it is also
time-consuming and increases drive wear, possibly leading to increased read instability.
Effective imaging software should be able to turn off auto-relocation so that it can identify problem sectors for itself and take appropriate action,
` which ensures that the original data is being read.
Unfortunately, the ATA specification does not have a command to turn off auto-relocation. Therefore imaging software should use vendor-specific
ATA commands to do this.
A similar problem exists with Self-Monitoring Analysis and Reporting Technology (SMART) attributes. The drive firmware constantly recalculates
SMART attributes and this processing creates a large amount of overhead that increases imaging time and the possibility of further drive degradation.
Imaging software should be able to disable SMART attribute processing.
Other drive preconfiguration issues exist, but auto-relocation and SMART attributes are among the most important that imaging software should address.
Increasing Transfer Speed with UDMA Mode
Modern computers are equipped with drives and ATA controllers that are capable of the Ultra Direct Memory Access (UDMA) mode of data transfer.
With Direct Memory Access (DMA), the processor is freed from the task of data transfers to and from memory. UDMA can be thought of as an advanced
DMA mode, and is defined as data transfer occurring on both the rise and fall of the clock pulse, thus doubling the transfer speed compared to ordinary DMA.
Both DMA and UDMA modes are in contrast to the earlier Programmed Input Output (PIO) mode in which the processor must perform the data transfer itself.
Faster UDMA modes also require an 80-pin connector, instead of the 40-pin connector required for slower UDMA and DMA.
The advantages are obvious. Not only does UDMA speed up data transfer, but the processor is free to perform other tasks.
While modern system software is capable of using UDMA, imaging software should be able to use this data transfer mode on a hardware-level
(bypassing system software) as well. If the source and destination drives are on separate IDE channels, read and write transfers can occur simultaneously,
doubling the speed of the imaging process. Also, with the computer processor free, imaged data can be processed on the fly. These two advantages can only
be achieved if the imaging software handles DMA/UDMA modes, bypassing system software. Most imaging tools currently available on the market use
system software to access the drive and so don’t have these advantages.
Customizing Imaging Algorithms
Consider the following conflicting factors involved in disk imaging:
- A high number of read operations on a failed drive increase the chances of recovering all the data, and decrease the number of probable errors in that data.
- Intensive read operations increase the rate of disk degradation and increase the chance of catastrophic drive failure during the imaging process.
- Imaging a drive can take a long time (for example, one to two weeks) depending on the intensity of the read operations. Customers with
time-sensitive needs may prefer to rebuild data themselves rather than wait for recovered data.
Clearly these points suggest the idea of an imaging algorithm that maximizes the probable data recovered for a given total read activity, taking into
account the rate of disk degradation and the probability of catastrophic drive failure. However, no universal algorithm exists. A good imaging procedure
depends on such things as the nature of the drive problem, and the characteristics of the vendor-specific drive firmware. Moreover, a client is often
interested in a small number of files on a drive and is willing to sacrifice the others to maximize the possibility of recovering those few files. To meet
these concerns, the judgement of the imaging tool operator comes into play.
Drive imaging can consist of multiple read passes. A pass is one attempt to read the entire drive, although problem sectors may be read several times
on a pass or not at all, depending on the configuration. The conflicting considerations mentioned above suggest that different algorithms, or at least
different parameter values, should be used on each pass.
The first pass could be configured to read only error-free sectors. There is a fair possibility that the important files can be recovered faster in this
way in just one pass. Moreover, this pass will not be read-intensive since only good sectors are read and the more intensive multiple reads needed
to read problem sectors are avoided. This configuration reduces the chances of degrading the disk further during the pass (including the chances of
catastrophic drive failure) while having a good chance at recovering much of the data.
Second and subsequent passes can then incrementally intensify the read processes, with the knowledge that the easily-readable data have already
been imaged and are safe. For instance, the second pass may attempt multiple reads of sectors with the UNC or AMNF error (Figure 2). Sectors
with the IDNF error are a less promising case, since the header could not be read and hence the sector could not be found. However, even in this
case multiple attempts at reading the header might result in a success, leading to the data being read. Successful data recovery of sectors with
different errors depends on the drive vendor. For example, drives from some vendors have a good recovery rate with sectors with the IDNF error,
while others have virtually no recovery. Prior experience comes into play here, and the software should be configurable to allow different read
commands and a varying number of reread attempts after encountering a specific error (UNC, AMNF, IDNF, or ABRT).
Drive firmware often has vendor-specific error-handling routines of its own that cannot be accessed directly by the system. While you may
want to minimize drive activity to speed up imaging and prevent further degradation, drive firmware increases that activity and slows down
the process when faced with read instability. To minimize drive activity, imaging software must implement a sector read timeout, which is a
user-specified time before a reset command is sent to the drive to stop processing the current sector.
For example, you notice that good sectors are read in 10 ms. If this is a first pass, and your policy is to skip problem sectors at this point,
the read timeout value might be 20 ms. If 20 ms have elapsed and the data has not yet been read, the sector is clearly corrupted in one way
or another and the drive firmware has invoked its own error-handling routines. In other words, a sector read timeout can be used to identify
problem sectors. If the read timeout is reached, the imaging software notes the sector and sends a reset command. After the drive cancels
reading the current sector, the read process continues at the next sector.
By noting the sectors that timeout, the software can build up a map of problem sectors. The imaging algorithm can use this information during subsequent read passes.
In all cases the following parameters should be configurable:
- Type of sectors read during this pass
- Type of read command to apply to a sector
- Number of read attempts
- Number of sectors read per block
- Sector read timeout value
- Drive ready timeout value
- Error-handling algorithm for problem sectors
Other parameters may also be configurable but this list identifies the most critical ones.
Imaging Hardware Minimizes Damage
In addition to the software described above, data recovery professionals also need specialized hardware to perform imaging in the
presence of read instability. Drive firmware is often unstable in the presence of read instability, which may cause the drive to stop responding.
To resolve this issue, the imaging system must have the ability to control the IDE reset line if the drive becomes unresponsive to software commands.
Since modern computers are equipped with ATA controllers that do not have ability to control the IDE reset line, this functionality must be implemented
with a specialized hardware. In cases where a drive does not even respond to a hardware reset, the hardware should also be able to repower
the drive to facilitate a reset.
If the system software cannot deal with an unresponsive hard drive, it will also stop responding, requiring you to perform a manual reboot
of the system each time in order to continue the imaging process. This issue is another reason for the imaging software to bypass the system software.
Both of these reset methods must be implemented by hardware but should be under software control. They could be activated by a
drive ready timeout. Under normal circumstances the read timeout sends a software reset command to the drive as necessary. If this procedure fails and
the drive ready timeout value is reached, the software directs the hardware to send a hardware reset, or to repower the drive. A software reset is least taxing
on the disk drive and the repower method is most taxing. A software reset minimizes drive activity while reading problem sectors, which reduces
additional wear. A hardware reset or the repower method deals with an unresponsive hard drive.
Moreover, because reset methods are under software control via the user-configurable timeouts, the process is faster and there is no need for constant user supervision.
The drive ready timeout can also reduce the chances of drive self-destruction due to head-clicks, which is a major danger in drives with read instability.
Head-clicks are essentially a firmware exception in which repeated improper head motion occurs, usually of large amplitude leading to rapid drive self-destruction.
Head-clicks render the drive unresponsive and thus the drive ready timeout is reached and the software shuts the drive down, hopefully before damage has occurred.
A useful addition to an imaging tool is the ability to detect head-clicks directly, so it can power down the drive immediately without waiting for a timeout,
thus virtually eliminating the chances of drive loss.
4. DeepSpar Disk Imager
Clearly, many factors need to be taken into consideration if an imaging tool is to approach the maximum possible imaging effectiveness
using current technology. DeepSpar Disk Imager successfully incorporates all the functionality described thus far, and also incorporates additional
features that further enhance its performance.
DeepSpar Disk Imager Architecture
Figure 4 shows a schematic of the product system configuration. The host system can be any modern computer, or even just a motherboard
with a keyboard and a monitor. The DeepSpar Disk Imager hardware module sits between the source drive and the host computer. A single IDE
cable connects the host computer, the hardware module, and the source drive. The system boots with the DeepSpar Disk Imager software from
the flash memory of the hardware module. The interconnection of the DeepSpar Disk Imager hardware module allows it to send hardware resets
and repower the source drive without resetting the entire system.
Figure 4: System architecture. A single IDE cable connects the computer, the DeepSpar Disk Imager hardware, and the source drive.
The imaging software is written in assembly language, bypassing the system software. This approach was chosen for its low overhead and high
performance, and also reduces the load on the drive. The software addresses all issues discussed earlier:
Figure 5: A DeepSpar Disk Imager dialog box showing configurable parameters of the imaging algorithm. The user can select various event-action scenarios.
- Preconfigures the drive
- Implements sector read and drive ready timeouts
- Bypasses system software
- Uses UDMA mode with simultaneous (overlapped) read/write operations. In this mode, disk imaging speed can come close to the drive
maximum read access speed—that is, the speed of a surface verification.
- Runs efficiently while unsupervised, with minimal risk of drive self-destruction
- Uses a flexible algorithm with many configurable parameters to customize the process based on prior experience, and the needs of each particular job
Destination Drive Stores All Information
In addition to the features mentioned, the product is configured to write all important information about the imaging process to the destination drive:
- Configuration parameters
- Map of sectors already read or attempted, along with error type, if any
- State of the imaging process
- Information about the source drive
This method of information management has several advantages. The image map ensures that, on subsequent passes, DeepSpar Disk Imager focuses
its processes on sectors that were not successfully read during initial passes. The information and the map are updated dynamically so that if the imaging
process is interrupted for any reason, the process can be restarted where it left off without any loss of information. With all information in one place,
you do not need to keep other records of a particular job, such as information about the source drive, the client’s order number, and a map of all problem sectors.
This feature may be useful if another, higher priority job arrives. Work on the current job can be interrupted without any extra effort, and continued
again at any time in the future with no loss of imaged data or the associated information. Also, if a system power failure occurs, imaging can
pick up where it left off once power is restored.
Configuration information and the image map written to the destination hard drive create an overhead of about two percent of the data, so the destination
drive should be larger than the source drive.
UDMA Enables Processor to Process Data on the Fly
Since DeepSpar Disk Imager uses UDMA with overlapped read/write operations, a typical data transfer rate for modern drives usually reaches up to
60 MB/s (about 3.6 GB/min) and for some drives may reach up to 75 MB/s (about 4.5 GB/min). This transfer method greatly speeds up the imaging process.
Also, it leaves the processor free to perform other tasks during imaging. For example, DeepSpar Disk Imager displays information about imaged data on the
screen on the fly. Figure 6 shows a typical information page displayed during imaging.
The status of recently read sectors appears in the top portion of the screen. This information tells you the success rate of the read process with the current
set of parameters. You can change the parameters as necessary during the imaging process based on this information.
The sector contents appear in the middle of the screen for each sector on the fly. This information lets you know whether actual user data is being imaged,
or whether the data is just an array of nulls, for example. With other imaging tools, the operator doesn’t know the contents of the imaged data until imaging
is complete. In these cases, the time and resources invested in imaging may be for nothing. Data recovery firms are particularly sensitive to this problem since
most client arrangements are on a no data, no fee basis. So data evaluation on the fly is a distinct advantage. With DeepSpar Disk Imager, if the current sectors
contain no user data, the operator can skip ahead and try another part of the disk.
Finally, while the imaging process is underway, DeepSpar Disk Imager also identifies file system structure elements (FAT and NTFS), and the files of known
types. This information appears in the bottom status bar (Figure 6), thus further enhancing data evaluation functionality.
Note that using the processor to provide information on the fly this way does not slow down the imaging process, since data transfer is handled by a UDMA
controller and not the processor. There is no speed trade-off for having all this information available on the fly.
Figure 6: Typical main screen during the imaging process. The top status bar shows the status of recently accessed sectors: read successfully,
skipped, and errors, if any. Contents of sectors are shown on the fly. The bottom status bar shows the number of files of various types and operating
system structure elements imaged so far: executable files, Microsoft Office files, pictures, file system elements.
With the features described above, DeepSpar Disk Imager addresses all the basic problems of traditional disk imaging methods.
A successful data recovery depends on the effectiveness of the data imaging tool. As this paper has shown, many factors must be taken into account
if an imaging tool is to provide the maximum performance possible with current technology. However, very few of these factors have been incorporated
into the imaging tools currently available on the market. Given the prevailing no data, no fee arrangement, failures in data imaging, which might not be
revealed until the process is complete, are an economic problem for recovery firms. Moreover, the length of time taken to recover data is often critical
to a client, and a firm unable to image quickly is at a disadvantage.
DeepSpar Disk Imager incorporates all useful methods that are possible with current technology. Compared with competing products, DeepSpar Disk Imager
is much faster, is more likely to retrieve data if it indeed exists, and has a much lower risk of catastrophic drive failure. Unlike other products, DeepSpar Disk
Imager can run safely without operator supervision, and allows for data assessment on the fly. Firms that add DeepSpar Disk Imager to their data recovery
toolbox will find the investment pays for itself very quickly, in higher revenues and satisfied clients.
©2004-2010 ACE Data Recovery Engineering Inc.
DeepSpar, DeepSpar Disk Imager,
3D Data Recovery, and all associated designs are trademarks of ACE Data Recovery Engineering Inc.
PC-3000 and Data Extractor are products of ACE Laboratory
Russia, sold under contract in
North America by ACE Data Recovery Engineering Inc. under the DeepSpar brand.


The Application of Wavelet Analysis for Internal Wave Detection in SAR and Optical Images Data over Tsushima Strait
Yessy Arvelyna - Personal Name
On this paper, wavelet analysis has been used for internal wave detection in ERS SAR and ASTER images data over Tsushima strait, southwest of Japan, during 1993-2004 period. Various wavelet transforms, such as Haar wavelet, Symlet wavelet, Coif wavelet, Daubechies wavelet, and Discreet Meyer wavelet, are tested comparably with different level of synthesize image on horizontal, diagonal, and vertical detail, and approximation to study the internal wave characteristic in image. Internal wave features were detected as elongated pattern in image with higher wavelet coefficient (>36) than sea surface (litlle than 10) on horizontal and vertical detail coefficient of image transforms at level 2-5. The decomposition image shows the tendency that the decomposition of internal wave feature using wavelet transform tends to follow the wavelet function. This may reduced the height of leading wave. Smoother result of internal wave shape can be formed using higher scale resolution of image and higher number of vanishing moments such as Daubechies waveletdb5, Symlet wavelet-sym5, and Discrete Meyer wavelet. The compactly supported wavelet function with orthogonal basis with scale function and FIR filter, such as discrete Meyer function is proposed for smoothness of feature, space save coding, and to avoid depashing in image. So far, the detection processes were performed well on the internal waves data that occurred at north coast off Kitakyushu and NW/W/SW/E coast off Tsushima Island on June to September period whose lengths were detected between 6-28 km and wavelength between 120m-1.28km. The directions of internal wave propagation were varied between NW-SW at eastern channel and N-SW at western channel of Tsushima Strait.
|Penerbit||LAPAN : Jakarta., 2005|
|Deskripsi Fisik||p.72-80 : ilus. ; 30 cm|
|Edisi||International Journal of Remote Sensing and Earth|
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This software and this template are released Under GNU GPL License Version 3.


You probably know that a Local Area Network, also called a LAN, isn’t the Internet yet is somehow related. But what is it exactly, and what can it do for you? Previously we have written about what a computer network is and now we will discuss what a local area network is.
Local Area Network Versus The Internet
If you think about the word Internet, you may realize that it’s trying to tell you something. The computer scientists who designed the Internet in the 1970s wanted it to interconnect networks, so they called it the InterNet.
Each of the networks the Internet interconnects is a local area network. Before the Internet became popular, they were just called networks. But in the late 1980s and early , as the Internet began to become a household item, people began to describe the Internet as The Network (sort of how many people today describe Wikipedia as just plain Wiki).
At the dawn of the Internet, everyone one on the Internet had a local area network. But that’s because, the 1970s, computers cost hundreds of thousands or millions of dollars, so the only people with computers were the government, universities, and large businesses. It was inconceivable in those days that people would connect directly to the Internet.
That changed in the late 1980s when dial-up Internet service started. People could now call a local server connected to the Internet and receive direct access to the Internet. Soon it seemed like everyone was on the Internet and the idea of a local area network had faded away.
The Local Area Network Makes A Comeback
There’s a flaw in the design of the Internet Protocol that powers the Internet. Remember that the Internet Protocol was designed in the 1970s when many computers still cost millions of dollars. The engineers working on the Internet Protocol only created four billion Internet addresses. That seemed like a lot in 1970, but today over a billion people use the Internet—and they don’t just use it at home: they use at work, at the library, at coffeehouses, at school, and at many other places too. Plus every Internet server needs its own address, and today there may be as many servers as there are people using the Internet.
For years, it’s been harder and harder to get a dedicated Internet address, and the last one available was allocated on 3 February 2011—just a few months ago.
The lack of Internet Protocol addresses forced people and businesses with multiple users in one house or office to start sharing Internet Protocol addresses—and the technique they used to do that was the local area network.
How A Local Area Network Works Today – Local Area Network Definition
A local area network is simply a group of computers (usually at the same location) which can all connect to each other without using the Internet. For example, if you have a laptop and a desktop computer at your house, you probably have a local area network even if you don’t realize it. If you are interested we have a previous article about the difference between LAN man and wan.
The typical home and the office local area network are powered by a router that connects three networks: a local area network for wireless devices, a local area network for wired (Ethernet) devices, and the Internet (usually through a DSL, cable, or fiber optic modem).
Whenever your computer wants to talk to a computer on the Internet, it sends a request over the local area network to your router and your router forwards it to the Internet; then your router waits and forwards the response from the Internet back to your computer.
The router also helps you communicate with other computers on your local area network. When you want to print something on your desktop printer using your laptop, your laptop sends a message to your router (or a switch) addressed to your desktop—the router makes sure the message gets sent to your desktop and not to your iPhone.
How To Build A Local Area Network
But what if you don’t have a local area network and you want to connect two or more computers to the Internet? All you need today is a router and (if necessary) some CAT–5 or CAT–6 Ethernet cable for wired computers.
If you search the Internet for help building your first network, you may come across articles that suggest you build your network using a switch to get faster speeds and reduce costs. Switches do cost less, but they have few features, and since every modern router includes a built-in switch, you probably won’t see any speed increase. See how to set up a Gigabyte network for better speeds.
The Future Of The Local Area Network
A fix for the four-billion address limit on the Internet is already being implemented. It’s called Internet Protocol version Six (IPv6), and it may change how local area networks work.
With IPv6, there are a whopping 340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,768,211,456 Internet addresses available. That’s over 48,000 thousands trillions trillion addresses for each person currently alive. In the future, when we’re all using IPv6 addresses, we won’t need to use a local area network like we do now—every computer and every device you own will have its own Internet address.
But that day is still at least a few years off. We can’t completely switch to IPv6 until every single person on the Internet is ready for it. Until then, each one of us with more than one computer will need to keep our local area network.


ChatGPT 4 vs Google BARD AI: Which AI Language Model is Best for Your Digital Marketing Strategy?07/04/2023
In digital marketing, businesses must leverage the latest technology to stay ahead of the competition. Artificial intelligence (AI) has become essential for businesses to automate processes, personalise customer experiences, and optimise marketing campaigns. However, choosing the right one for your business can be challenging with so many AI language models available. In this article, we will compare ChatGPT 4 and Google BARD AI and help you determine the best digital marketing strategy.
What is ChatGPT 4?
ChatGPT 4 is a cutting-edge AI language model developed by OpenAI. It is the fourth iteration of the GPT (Generative Pre-trained Transformer) language model, widely regarded as one of the most advanced AI language models available. ChatGPT 4 has been trained on massive data and can generate human-like responses to text prompts. This makes it an excellent tool for businesses looking to automate customer support and engagement, personalise content, and analyse customer feedback.
What is Google BARD AI?
Google BARD AI (Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers) is a new AI language model developed by Google. It is a state-of-the-art model trained on massive data and can generate highly accurate responses to text prompts. Google BARD AI has several advantages over previous AI models, including its ability to understand complex language and generate natural-sounding text. This makes it an ideal tool for businesses looking to automate customer support, personalise content, and optimise marketing campaigns.
Comparing ChatGPT 4 and Google BARD AI
When comparing ChatGPT 4 and Google BARD AI, there are several factors to consider. These include performance, speed, accuracy, and ease of use.
Performance: ChatGPT 4 and Google BARD AI are state-of-the-art AI language models trained on massive amounts of data. However, ChatGPT 4 has been around longer and has been tested extensively in various settings. It has also outperformed previous AI language models in several benchmarks.
Speed: Google BARD AI is known for its speed and can generate responses to text prompts in real time. ChatGPT 4, on the other hand, can take a bit longer to generate responses, but it can handle more complex language structures and generate more natural-sounding responses.
Accuracy: ChatGPT 4 and Google BARD AI are highly accurate and can rapidly generate responses to text prompts. However, Google BARD AI has been shown to outperform ChatGPT 4 in several benchmarks.
Ease of Use: ChatGPT 4 and Google BARD AI are relatively easy to use, and businesses can integrate them into their existing marketing campaigns with minimal effort. However, Google BARD AI has a more user-friendly interface and can be easier for businesses new to AI language models.
Which AI-Language Model is Best for Your Digital Marketing Strategy?
When it comes to choosing between ChatGPT 4 and Google BARD AI, there is no clear winner. Both AI language models have strengths and weaknesses; the right choice will depend on your business needs. If you are looking for an AI language model that can handle complex language structures and generate more natural-sounding responses, ChatGPT 4 may be the right choice for you. If speed and ease of use are more important to you, then Google BARD AI may be the better option.
In conclusion, AI language models are essential for businesses looking to stay ahead of the competition in digital marketing. ChatGPT 4 and Google BARD AI are two of the most advanced AI language models available today, and both have unique advantages. By considering factors such as performance, speed, accuracy, and ease of use, businesses can determine which AI language model is best for their digital marketing strategy.
However, it is important to note that AI language models are just one part of a successful digital marketing strategy. To truly harness the power of AI, businesses must integrate it into their marketing campaigns and use it to automate processes, personalise customer experiences, and optimise marketing efforts. By combining AI with other marketing tools and strategies, businesses can stay ahead of the competition and achieve long-term success in the digital marketplace.
Stay updated with the latest news and trends in digital marketing by subscribing to our newsletter today. Don’t miss out on valuable insights that can help take your digital marketing strategy to the next level.


Ethernet and SilenceDuet 2 EthernetThe Duet 2 Ethernet is an advanced 32 bit electronics board for t..
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||Over the last decade, Calvados has made remarkable inroads into the high technologies market.
New companies are starting up each year, as a result of the many partnerships between industry and academia.
It is in the electronic banking sector that the county has developed its greatest expertise, making a name for itself throughout Europe as a data security and electronic banking hub. Indeed it was here that the very first smart cards were tested ! Calvados welcomes the high technologies companies in technological facilities and business parks.
Recognized for its expertise in the NFC (Near Field Communication) technology, the urban area of Caen la mer was appointed in 2011 as a "pilot area for contactless transactions" by the Ministry of Industry, Energy and Digital Economy.
- Data processing and electronic banking , with cutting-edge companies such as ADCIS (vision software), EDSI (development study and computer security), Gage Interactive, Likinia, Quantaflow, Granity Partner Group....
- multimedia and IP (Internet Protocol) : NetCentrex (software development for IP telephony), Eldim (world leader for screen measurement and control), etc.
- electronics and instrumentation : NXP Semiconductors founded in 2006 by Philips Semiconductors (in Caen since 1957), production of integrated circuits and components for the telecommunications market and home electronics), Chauvin Arnoux (measuring equipment), Eldim (screens control world leader), Ipdia, Presto Engeneering...
Training for jobs in high technologies
ENSICAEN offers first-class courses, unique of their kind in Europe, leading to a “microcircuits and application” technical degree and an engineering diploma in “electronic banking and security”. ENSICAEN supplies the French industry with a quarter of all its electronic banking engineers and offers a wide range of technical college diplomas, degrees and postgraduate diplomas, as well as in-house training leading to qualifications.
Research hubs at the service of industry
Many success stories have been made possible by the cooperation agreements between France Télécom’s Orange R&D Centre, the ENSICAEN engineering school, NXP Semiconductors and the University of Caen Basse-Normandie.
- Orange labs : specialized in telecommunications, multimedia, electronic banking and cryptology.
- LaMIPS : Integrated circuit failure analysis laboratory.
- LATEMS : Laboratory specialized in electronic transactions, electronic banking and security.
- CRISMAT : Crystallography and materials science laboratory.
- GREYC : IT, image and instrumentation research group in Caen.
- ENSICAEN : Engineering school specializing in computer engineering, instrumentation and microelectronics.
And also ...
To promote the development of activities in the field of the high technologies, specialized business parks are available in Calvados: CITIS in Herouville Saint Clair, the North Area and the Technology Park in Caen, EffiScience technological Campus


Tracing a strategy that was already implemented in the last course, the Chinese firm Huawei has sought a date in the calendar, already important fairs like the MWC 2016, allowing you to receive all the attention media around their new P9 Huawei and Huawei P9 Plus remote.
With them comes an interesting change to the catalog of a Huawei already converted into large sector, and that presents its candidature to the throne Android from the hand of Leica does your lenses and their experience for a camera that seeks excellence.
There is still time until the month of May to reach stores Huawei P9, and much further until early June when premiering the P9 Plus, so we will surely try them with patience and care to eliminate all doubts that now generates us device in its two variants.
It is difficult to still say that dual camera with Leica lens module is the best on the market, and we also have doubts with this small difference in diagonal (0.3 inch) between the two versions. Is this a good strategy?
At the moment, we know that Huawei opt again for three versions of the device – but at the moment we do not know the model ‘Lite’ – with a excellent construction focused on metal, minimum side frames and hardware at the height of the best without renouncing HiSilicon Kirin chipsets from his own crop.
That Yes, this year Huawei has wanted the P9 debuts the new Kirin 955 with eight-core processor and identical GPU that used by Samsung in a solvent 8890 Exynos that prevails in the interior of the S7 Galaxy.
Where the Chinese manufacturer has not moved is the box of the panels FullHD both one and another model, without doubt best option in terms of performance hardware and energy consumption, but giving up the experience of virtual reality that other manufacturers have Yes wanted closer.
Already served the battle and waiting for new contenders, who will have them and very juicy this year, see as how and where the new Huawei P9 and P9 Plus stand with respect to the rest of the high-end Android:
On paper, technical specifications
|Huawei P9 | Huawei P9 Plus||Samsung Galaxy S7 | Samsung Galaxy S7 Edge||LG G5||Sony Xperia X Perfomance||Xiaomi Mi5|
|Screen||5.2 inch IPS | 5.5 inch SuperAMOLED||5.1 inch SuperAMOLED | 5.5 inch SuperAMOLED ‘dual-edge’||5.3 inch IPS||5.0 inch Triluminos IPS||5.15 inches IPS|
|Resolution||1920 x 1080 pixels424 ppp | 1920 x 1080 pixels400 dpi||2560 x 1440 pixels576 DPI | 2560 x 1440 pixels534 ppp||2560 x 1440 pixels554 ppp||1920 x 1080 pixels441 ppp||1920 x 1080 pixels428 ppp|
|Processor||HiSilicon Kirin 955Quad-core 2.5 GHz Cortex-A72 & Quad – core 1.8 GHz Cortex-A53GPU ARM Mali-T880 MP4||Samsung Exynos 8890Quad-core Samsung Custom & Quad – core Cortex-A53GPU ARM Mali-T880 MP4||Qualcomm Snapdragon 820 MSM8996Quad-core 2.2 GHz KyroGPU Adreno 530||Qualcomm Snapdragon 820 MSM8996Quad-core 2.2 GHz KyroGPU Adreno 530||Qualcomm Snapdragon 820 MSM8996Quad-core 2.2 GHz KyroGPU Adreno 530|
|RAM||3 GB | 4 GB||4 GB||4 GB||3 GB||3/4 GB|
|Memory||32 GB | 64 GBSlot microSD up to 128 GB||32 GBSlot microSD up to 200 GB||32 GBSlot microSD up to 200 GB||32 GBSlot microSD up to 200 GB||32 or 64 / 128 GBNot scalable|
|Version of Android||6.0 Android MarshmallowEMUI||6.0 Android MarshmallowTouchWiz UI||6.0 Android MarshmallowLG UI||6.0 Android MarshmallowXperia UI||6.0 Android MarshmallowMIUI|
|Cameras||Rear: DUAL 12 MP (f/2.2) & 12 MP (f/2.2). Leica lens. Auto focus laser. Dual-LED flash. HDR. FullHD videoFront: 8 MP. FullHD||Rear: 12 MP. Aperture f/1.7. Optical stabilizer. Ultra fast hybrid autofocus by phase detection. LED flash. HDR. Video UHDFront: 5 MP. FullHD. HDR||Rear: DUAL 16 MP (f/1.8) & 8 MP (f/2.4). Optical stabilizer. Auto focus laser. Sensor color spectrum. LED flash. HDR. Video UHDFront: 8 MP. FullHD. HDR||Rear: 23 MP. Sony G. Apertura f/2.0 lens. Optical stabilizer. Ultra fast hybrid autofocus by phase detection. LED flash. HDR. Video UHDFront: 13 MP. FullHD||Rear: 16 MP. Optical stabilizer. By phase detection autofocus. Dual-LED flash. HDR. Video UHDFront: 4 MP. FullHD. HDR|
|Connectivity||LTE (nanoSIM)Wi-Fi 802.11 a/b/g/n/ac, WiFi Direct, dual-band, DLNA, hotspot4.2 Bluetooth youaGPS + GLONASSNFCUSB v3.0, reversible Type-C 1.0||LTE (nanoSIM)Wi-Fi 802.11 a/b/g/n/ac, dual-band, Wi-Fi Direct, hotspot4.2 Bluetooth youaGPS + GLONASSNFCmicroUSB v2.0, USB Host||LTE (nanoSIM)Wi-Fi 802.11 a/b/g/n/ac, dual-band, Wi-Fi Direct, DLNA, hotspot4.2 Bluetooth youaGPS + GLONASSNFCUSB v3.0, reversible Type-C 1.0, USB On-The-Go||LTE (nanoSIM)Wi-Fi 802.11 a/b/g/n/ac, dual-band, Wi-Fi Direct, DLNA, hotspot4.2 Bluetooth youaGPS + GLONASSNFCmicroUSB v2.0 (MHL 3 TV-out), USB Host||LTE dual active SIM (2 x nanoSIM)Wi-Fi 802.11 a/b/g/n/ac, dual-band, Wi-Fi Direct, DLNA, hotspot4.2 Bluetooth youaGPS + GLONASSNFCIR portUSB v3.0, reversible Type-C 1.0|
|Dimensions||145 x 70.9 x 6.95 (mm) | 152.3 x 75.3 x 6.98 (mm)||142.4 x 69.6 x 7.9 (mm) | 150.9 x 72.6 x 7.7 (mm)||149.4 x 73.9 x 7.7 (mm)||143.7 x 70.4 x 8.7 (mm)||144.6 x 69.2 x 7.3 (mm)|
|Weight||144 (g) | 162 (g)||152 (g) | 157 (g)||159 (g)||164 (g)||129 (g)|
|Battery||Li-ion 3000 mAh (non-removable). Turbo Charging | Li-Ion 3400 mAh (non-removable). Turbo Charging||Li-ion 3000 mAh (non-removable). Turbo Charging | Li-ion battery 3600 mAh (non-removable). Turbo Charging||Li-Ion 2,800 mAh (removable). Turbo Charging||Li-Ion 2700 mAh (non-removable). Turbo Charging||Li-ion 3000 mAh (non-removable). Turbo Charging|
|Other data||Gorilla Glass 4Metal constructionFingerprint reader||‘Always-on’ screenGorilla Glass 4Metal constructionIP68 certificationFingerprint readerHeart rate sensor, oxygen saturation in blood and UV raysLoading Wireless QiDisplay curved (only on Edge)||‘Always-on’ screenGorilla Glass 4Metal constructionFingerprint readerModular system for inserting components or peripherals||Gorilla Glass 4Metal constructionIP68 certificationFingerprint readerSony Multimedia Add-ons (Cyber-shot, Sony Music, X-Reality Engine)||New ceramic materials and metalFingerprint reader|
Two versions of great quality and a destination
In this market It’s not always good to let talk competition, and in this 2016 Huawei has returned to expected movements in the first weeks of the year, with the important trade fairs of means, to assess towards where moves its competitors in the Smartphone market.
However, the aspirants to the throne usually Crouching is waiting for new generations of manufacturers, although at this point We must no longer considered applicant to a Huawei that has been placed among the manufacturers that distribute more smart phones around the world.
Thus, the strategy of Huawei should be assessed within the open by the high-end and uncompromising war, and here is where the P9 and P9 Plus cast doubt.
No more differences, perhaps a QHD panel of 5.5 inch would have better explained these 0.3 inches diagonal differ in two virtually identical smartphones in everything else. Or perhaps a Q9 model with 5-inch and FullHD resolution could also justify two versions too much overlapping each other.
What is undeniable is the good level reached by Huawei to build smartphones the best quality, and these Huawei P9 give good faith of this.
Huawei P9, betting everything on camera
Already chilled the race hardware and all the manufacturers busily in the innovation in design and materials, the truth is that few elements were left to differentiate well a bumper end smartphone and justify the prices that are handled around 700 euros.
Obviously, all you have noticed that This element is the camera, He pointed out ways for months and already it has become the great horse of batallo battle of the highest range in the Smartphone market.
The good thing in this respect is that the stakes of each other could not be more different, and so it will be easier to evaluate objectively a few modules or others in empirical evidence. In this case, although LG also shares the double sensor option for example, the fact is that Huawei chooses two 12-megapixel sensors -monochrome and rgb – while the Koreans mounted two different sizes with focal different.
With a hardware platform of own manufacture which is solvent as well as others, and worsening a specification as important as the screen of the device, with a FullHD resolution in both models resignation directly to virtual reality – probably a fad of the moment that will settle in the future-, at Huawei not was obliged to give the coup with a camera that, on paper, seems outstanding.
As important as Leica signature collaboration with negative results, not can be expected although better we shall wait for the analysis to assess. For the moment look good, but is that this year the competition is too tough and both Samsung and LG or Xiaomi have set the bar too high.
Where do you put to the new P9 Huawei? Are you prepared for war in the high-end Android?


Advances in autonomous robotics, cyber weapons, and space-based communications enable militaries to combat the most serious threats to international peace and security with more precision — putting fewer soldiers in harm’s way to advance US national security goals.
Nevertheless, the rapid development of these new technologies puts militaries and civilian leaders in uncharted territory. By minimizing collateral destruction, will new weaponry tempt states to use military power too readily and undermine the accepted laws and norms of war? Will harnessing the potential of cyber, robotic, and space weapons change the relationship between war and morality?
AEI is hosting the launch of Jeremy Rabkin and John Yoo’s new book, “Striking Power: How Cyber, Robots, and Space Weapons Change the Rules for War” (Encounter Books, 2017), to discuss how new military technologies will shape the future of warfare.
Date: September 12, 2017
When: 5:30 - 6:30 PM
Where: AEI, Auditorium


The goal of the research project ID-select was the development of a technology calendar as a tool for decision supporting in the area of applications planning for identification technologies for small and medium-sized enterprises.
Despite the generally acknowledged potentials of identification technologies (e. g. Radio Frequency Identifcation (RFID), Optical Character Recognition (OCR), Barcode) many companies still hold back with investments. Particularly for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), application of new technologies is conjoined with considerable uncertainties, such as the risk of misinvestment. Because of the growing complexity and more and more shortened product lifecycles, companies have to decide quickly.
The objective of this research project was the development of a technology calendar in order to support the decision process in the deployment of identification technologies for SMEs. Technical capabilities as well as limits should be pointed out and the selective decision between several ID technologies should be prepared. Based on the documentation of decision parameters of the technology calendar, a method for the regular and comprehensible review and adaptation of decisions taken should be provided.
- Information Management


Printed circuit boards, otherwise called PCBs, are primarily the mind or heart of every electronic device. A PCB can be considereded as the facility whereby an electronic device gets its details and also does the tasks which it was made for.
Printed circuit boards have been in usage for over a century and also modern PCBs have actually been around for over HALF A CENTURY. These electronic elements have actually altered the entire manner in which the world functions.
These circuits are put inside virtually every electronic device and also they have actually allowed the world to become exactly what it is today. Modern technology has come to be an increasing number of usual due to these little boards, and also electronic devices have advanced by an amount most individuals did not consider feasible. Nowadays, it is not unusual to see a kid adjusting a digital tool with specialist grace and ease.
Printed circuit boards contain an extremely fine part of metal that is excellent at conducting such as copper. Copper is one of one of the most usual products made use of to make a circuit board. These slim and also fine pieces of copper are engraved with the style and also format that was formerly prepared by the developers. Printed circuit board design typically includes plastic and having copper engraved into them for optimum conductance.
There are four major layers to a PCB. The leading layer is the silkscreen, and also this screen is what has all the numbers and also letters which show up. The silkscreen is important because it assists people like us better recognize exactly what each part is utilized for as well as how to utilize this specific board.
The 2nd layer is a solder mask which assists to insulate every little thing as well as gives the environment-friendly tint, followed by a thin layer of copper. The thickness of the website copper layer really varies relying on the product and its needs. The last and bottom layer comprises the majority of the density and contains the substrate. Fiberglass is a typical substrate that is made use of.
Planning out the layout and design of a board could be an extremely hard and arduous task that is usually only done by experts. Newbies and specialists alike can extremely gain from using on the internet software that assists via the entire planning as well as designing process. Producing a layout for circuits is not exactly a very easy work, and that is why software application could aid a whole lot. Not just could software help with the design, yet they could additionally mention mistakes as well as aid one identify solutions to possible kinks in their plan.
The job of the board itself is to support as well as link all the differing digital parts that compose the PCB.
Learn more about this printed circuit board design today.


Cloud Week is a hands on interactive workshop that allows the ASU community an opportunity to gain valuable insight from cloud service leaders.
Join special guest from Amazon Web Services (AWS), in a hands on interactive Cloud Computing workshop!
About Amazon Web Services (AWS)
Amazon Web Services (AWS) allows users to increase the speed of research by running high performance computing (HPC) in the cloud and to reduce costs by providing Cluster Compute or Cluster GPU servers on-demand without large capital investments. Users have access to a full-bisection, high bandwidth network for tightly-coupled, IO-intensive workloads, which enables the ability to scale out.
Make sure you bring your laptop for a hands-on interactive experience.
Special office hours are available in the afternoon for one on one discussion.
About ASU Research Computing:
ASU Research Computing represents leading academic supercomputing capabilities — providing a high-performance computing environment, a high-end data intensive ecosystem (Big Data), a highly available 100 gigabit Internet2 connected network internal and external via Internet2 through an ESNET Science DMZ, large-scale data storage and elastic capacity to the public cloud.
Our mission is to eliminate boundaries to research computing by providing transformative advanced computing solutions in a cost-effective manner and to support the University’s mission and goals as they apply to research, education and public service.
For more information about Research Computing, please visit researchcomputing.asu.edu
Questions: Dorinda Wilson, Events Coordinator, Sr., Employee Outreach & Engagement, OKED HR, email@example.com, 480-727-5596, CTRPT 204


Electrical and Electronics Engineering concerns the science and technology related to generating, distributing and consuming electrical energy for the benefit of mankind. Our future responsibility is to achieve this in a safe, sustainable and cost effective way. Electrical Engineers develop, test and supervise the manufacture of Electrical equipment. Some of this equipment includes electric motors, machinery controls, lighting and wiring in building, radar and navigation systems, communication systems, power generation, control and transmission devices used by electric utilities.
The course is beneficial to equip them with adequate knowledge and skills in the field of electrical and electronics engineering to make them readily employable in industries. Engage them in research activities to become successful entrepreneurs. The course will prepare you to be a competent and a much sought-after technologist and give you the opportunities to participate in the creation of new and vital technologies which are antidotes to most problems in future. Candidates improve their knowledge and skill by pursuing higher studies in the field of advanced technology and meet the needs of the society.
Diploma in Electrical & Electronics Engineering is a course of 6 Semesters at duration of 3 years. In first two semesters one will study 6 subjects each including theory and practicals. In later course from 3rd to 6th, each semester includes 7 to 8 core subjects including practical.
In first year (1st and 2nd Semester) the students learn Basics of Electrical, Electrical Circuits, Science, Engineering Mathematics, English, Engineering Drawing and practical in C Programming, Applied Science, Electrical Circuits Lab and computer applications.
In 3rd Semester onwards they study the Analog & Digital Circuits, Electrical Power Generation, DC Machines and alternators, Transformers, Measurements and Instrumentation, Communication and Computer Networks, Power Electronics, Transmission, distribution and Utilization of power, Switch gear & protection, Estimation & Costing, Industrial drives & Control with practical’s like Circuit Simulation Lab, Analog & Digital lab, DC machines and Alternators lab, Computer Aided Electrical drafting, Power Electronics lab, Protective Relays & Servicing Lab, Motor Control & PLC lab with other relevant practicals..
Along with core subjects Professional Ethics & Industrial Management is included in curriculum to guide one how to behave and perform duties Ethically knowing all managerial skills in industry as well as society.
Without knowing actual industrial aspects and experience a Diploma program won’t be complete. So 52 hours of In-plant training is provided. And one has to do his own Project work so as to bring out his talents and enhance their qualities.
Find detailed Course Content here.
SSLC / X pass is the minimum eligibility criteria for doing Diploma in Ceramic Technology. A full time Diploma in Ceramic engineering is a 6 Semester / 3 year course.
In general qualified electrical engineers find wide job openings in private and public sector industries. They are also absorbed in the software industry as design engineers as they have adequate knowledge of CAD. They can also find openings as power control engineers. They are offered specialized training in power control by industries such as BEL, BHEL, CPRI, KPTCL etc.
In Karnataka after completing Diploma there is 10% reservation for each course to get lateral entry to engineering. So after 3 years of diploma they can join directly to 2nd year (3rd Semester) of Engineering.
Top Colleges in India that offer Ceramic Engineering


China’s Security Ministry created a blockchain-based system to enhance the security of evidence collected through police operations, reported Coindesk on May 9.
To improve the transparency and tamper-proof deposition procedure, the ministry filed a patent application near the end of 2017 for a distributed ledger system that timestamps and record data, so that evidence can’t be altered, according to data released by China’s Intellectual Property Office on May 8.
With the current centralized system, it is easier to modify the data and the information stored in the system, which is why China’s Ministry of Public Security believes a decentralized system would be more efficient.
The deposition data of the new blockchain-based system would only be timestamped and stored on the blockchain after getting multi-signature confirmations from both parties involved in the transaction.
China is open and sees a lot of potential in the blockchain technology as it is the country that had the most blockchain patent applications in 2017.


Electric Car Chargers
We have now installed the first two electric vehicle charging points at the hotel, with more to follow shortly.
The units are 22 kW fast chargers with “Type 2” sockets, normally taking 3-4 hours to fully charge.
Please note, no charging cables are provided.
1. Plug-in and download the EVC app
2. Scan the QR code on the side of the charger
3. Choose your payment option
4. Decide your charging time
5. Start charging


NASA Now + Next: Journey To Present and Future of Space Exploration
The NASA Now + Next is adjacent to the Rocket Garden inside the KSC Visitor Complex.
There are many exciting activities to see and do inside, like the Mars Rover, the Deep Space Launch Complex, and many more.
Visitors can experience atmospheric effects, and a motion theater simulates the space travel experience.
You can also see the futuristic airport called KSC Spaceport.
NASA Now+Next is your window into the exciting world of what’s happening at NASA and what they have in store for the future.
If you are curious about NASA’s upcoming plans, this place is a must-visit! Here, you’ll gain insights into both ongoing and forthcoming NASA missions.
About NASA Now+Next
Location: Next to the Rocket Garden, Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex
Duration of Visit: Approximately 2.5 hours
♿ Wheelchair Accessibility: Yes
🍽 Restaurants: Red Rock Grill, Space Bowl Bistro
🛒 Shopping: The Space Shop
Attractions Inside NASA Now+ Next
NASA Now+Next offers visitors a journey to different sections to learn about futuristic concepts and technologies for space exploration.
Gateway: The Deep Space Launch Complex
It is a recent addition to the complex, which features authentic spacecraft and prototypes from NASA and commercial partners.
Through immersive atmospheric effects and a motion theater experience, visitors see, hear, and feel what it’s like to travel in space.
You can look at today’s spacecraft and the visionary designs setting the way for human deep space travel.
At the Spaceport, visitors are transported to a futuristic airport with information about where spaceships are going.
Visitors board on “spaceships” in the form of a two-story motion theater and go on one of the four journeys offered.
The four journeys offered are named – Cosmic Wonders, Red Planet, Daring Explorers, and Uncharted Worlds.
Journey to Mars
Ever wondered what it would be like to travel to Mars? You can experience it at the Journey to Mars exhibit at KSC.
This new exhibit can give you a sense of that reality by having you live in a tiny capsule and experience the hazards of space.
The multimedia exhibit also highlights what’s happening at NASA right now to explore deep space, including Mars.
Planet Play is an indoor interactive area where children can play on the planets.
It is a fully immersive, multiple-story play experience designed for a younger generation of space explorers aged 2 to 12.
They can recreate a memorable learning experience by playing interactive games, such as mapping constellations, walking on Saturn’s rings, or sliding through an asteroid field.
Parents can relax and enjoy coffee, wine, or beer in a comfortable lounge while their little explorers learn about space.
Mars Rover Vehicle Navigator
The MRVN, or Mars Rover Vehicle Navigator, is the latest concept vehicle designed to navigate the demanding landscape of Mars.
NASA designed this vehicle to navigate Mars’ challenging terrain.
NASA Now+Next offers a close view of MRVN with massive wheels to travel over dunes and rocks.
The Mars Rover looks like something straight out of a science fiction movie.
Mission Status Briefing
NASA is preparing for the next generation of American spacecraft, which will launch astronauts from Florida’s Space Coast to the International Space Station.
During Mission Status Briefing, visitors learn about current NASA missions, Kennedy Space Center operations, and Cape Canaveral Space Force Station launch activity.
Also, learn about NASA’s commercial partners, including SpaceX, the United Launch Alliance (ULA), and the International Space Station (ISS).
During a multimedia presentation, you can also see the futuristic space exploration approach with the Space Launch System.
Is NASA Now + Next accessible with my Kennedy Space Center admission ticket?
Yes, you can visit the attraction with the KSC admission tickets.
Where is the NASA Now + Next?
NASA Now+ Next is next to the Rocket Garden inside the Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex.
What are some must-see attractions at NASA Now + Next?
Some must-see attractions are the Gateway, Spaceport KSC, Journey to Mars, and Mars Rover Vehicle Navigator.
You can also see space films at the IMAX Theater after that!
How long should I spend at NASA Now + Next?
A comprehensive NASA Now + Next visit takes around 2–2.5 hours.
This attraction is a new addition, giving you a glimpse of being in space. You can take more or less time, depending on your interest.
What is NASA’s next big project?
The NASA Artemis launch is the next big NASA project scheduled in 2024.
NASA plans to land the first woman and next man on the Moon with this project.
Is NASA launching a rocket in 2023?
Yes. As per the official site, NASA has scheduled 10–11 launches in 2023.
The next NASA launch is scheduled for 24 December 2023.
NASA’s SpaceX Crew-7 will send astronauts aboard a SpaceX Crew Dragon capsule to the International Space Station.
Featured Image: Kennedyspacecenter.com


The Model LXT-330 Transmitter is a single or dual channel, universal, multi-parameter transmitter designed for the continuous online measurement of pH, ORP, pION, conductivity, resistivity, turbidity, chlorine dioxide (ClO2) or dissolved oxygen in a general purpose industrial environment. The LXT-330 uses the SP-3X series of sensors, which cover a wide range of analytical applications. The same LXT-330 unit can be used for any of the measurements, i.e. plug a conductivity sensor into the LXT-330 pH transmitter and it will automatically reconfigure into a conductivity transmitter.
Sensor’s Main Memory
The sensor type, identity, serial number and calibration registers are stored in the sensors main memory, facilitated by two way digital communication between the sensors and the transmitter. A converter option is available to allow the use of non-digital sensors. The LXT-330 allows for single or dual sensors per transmitter.
Three Graphic Styles
The LXT-330 features a large, easily viewed LCD display with switchable screens including the main numeric screens, graphical screens showing a trending chart in a selectable format and diagnostic data for trouble shooting. The three graphical styles that are available are Trend Line, Bar Graph or Gauge. Menu navigation is accomplished using membrane switch buttons with soft keys displaying the function associated with the button. Pressing any of the buttons twice within 2 seconds activates the soft key function menus. The primary menu selections are the Calibration, Configuration, Info and Simulate Menus.
Loop-Powered vs Line-Powered
The Model LXT-330 transmitter is available as a loop-powered transmitter (standard), or an optional 24 VDC or 100/250 VAC powered transmitter. Loop-powered instruments have black lettering on a grey background, while non-loop powered instruments have blue lettering on a white background when the LED back-light is on. The loop-powered transmitter has a 4- 20 mA output or an optional HART® output. The line powered instruments have a 4-20 mA output and MODBUS TRU or HART® and can be ordered with a (3) alarm relay option. The relays can be configured as Alarm (set point) relays or Fault relays.
Weatherproof NEMA-4X ½ DIN form factor allows for panel, wall, handrail, or pipe mounting
Re-buildable probes create cost savings with only electrode cartridges requiring replacement
Capable of monitoring two sensor inputs
User-settable input and output parameters
4-20mA Modbus RTU or Optional HART 7 Protocol
Luminescent LCD Display with easy to view numerical and graphical display
Variety of Mounting Options: Universal Mounting Bracket, Panel Mounting, Handrail mount, Sun-Shield
Compatible with SP3 Intelligent sensor – Automatic Sensor recognition.
Available Measurements: pH, Oxidation/Reduction Potential (ORP), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Conductivity (CD), Toroidal Conductivity (CDT), Resistivity (RS), and Specific Ions (PION)
Power: 24 VDC Loop Powered (Available also in 110/220VAC configuration)
0 – 14 pH
128 x 64 pixels (2.75″ x 1.5″) LCD
-4° to 158°F (-20° to 70°C)
4-20 mA output (fault condition 3.5 mA, 22 mA or 0 mA
Loop-powered, 24 VDC (18-36 VDC), 600 Ω maximum load
Beige Polycarbonate, NEMA-4X, weatherproof, 1/2 DIN


Industrial embedded project dedicated to a train controlling system
Elsys Design, Grenoble (2019-present)
Industrial embedded software designer
**Keywords**: `Linux driver, Embedded system, Yocto linux, middleware, software designer, automatic test, integration test, networking, continous integration`
**Skills**: ` C, C++, Python, Rust, TCP/IP, Yocto linux, Jenkin, git`
Working as software designer (on behalf of Elsys), my current mission focuses mainly on the development of an industrial embedded software system dedicated to train controlling:
* Participate to the documentation of specification, interface description, and test planning
* Design and develop a new on-board maintenance middle-ware/service in **C, Rust**
* Participating in the development and maintenance of a **Yocto Linux** layer for the embedded Linux distribution used by one of the hardware boards of the controlling system
* Linux driver development
* Develop and test new feature of the existing software system
* Porting and test legacy softwares on new embedded board (in C)
* Setup new continuous integration test bench for the new system
Multi-robots autonomous exploration of un known environment in ROS
IMT Lille-Douai, France (2017-2019)
Post-Doc, research project
**Keywords**: `ROS, distributed system, middleware, robotic, mono and multi-robot SLAM, autonomous exploration, multi-agent, Vector map, PolySLAM`
**Skills**: `ROS, C, C++, Python, PharOS (ROS binding for Pharo Smalltak), TCP/IP, linux`
**CPER-Data** European research project: Working as researcher in the robotic domain, particularly in: autonomous navigation, SLAM, multi-robot SLAM and navigation. We worked on PolySLAM, a new SLAM algorithm that produces vector based maps (PolyMap). This kind of map proved its advantage in multi-robot context thanks to its compact format that reduces the network overhead when exchanging the maps in a collaboration (autonomous) exploration.
Software/FPGA Co-design for Edge-computing: Promoting Object-oriented Design
IMT Lille-Douai and ENSTA Bretagne, France (2014-2017)
PhD, research project
**Keywords**: `IoT, FPGA, edge-computing, middleware, Sensor network, Object Oriented, modelling, HW design, SW/HW co-design, embeded system`
**Skills**: `VHDL, middleware architecture, C, C++, Smalltalk, UML, FPGA, ARM, embeded linux, network programming, language virtual machine`
Edge-centric computing for IoT requires sensors nodes with more software capability and processing power while being constrained by energy consumption. Hybrid hardware systems consisting of FPGA and processor (ARM) offer a good trade-off for this requirement. Applications design for such hybrid network/software/hardware (SW/HW) system remains always a challenged task. Our motivation is to propose a homogeneous design methodology and environment for such system. We study the application of a modern design methodology, in particular object-oriented design (OOD), to the field of embedded systems. We aim at using OOD to develop a homogeneous design environment for edge-centric systems. Our approach addresses three design concerns: (1) *HW design, where object-oriented principles and design patterns are used to improve the reusability, adaptability, and extensibility of the HW system*. (2) *HW / SW co-design, for which we propose to use OOD to abstract the SW/HW integration and the communication that encourages the system modularity and flexibility*. (3) *middleware design for Edge Computing which rely on a centralized development environment for distributed applications, while the middleware facilitates the integration of the peripheral nodes in the network, and allows automatic remote reconfiguration both SW and HW (FPGA).*
Optimization by parallelization of the 3d elastic Free Form Deformation algorithm
DSV/I2BM/MIRCen - CEA Fontenay-aux-Roses, France (2012)
Master 2, research project
**Keyword**: `Bioinformatic, 3D image registration, image proccessing, Computer vision`
**Skills**: `Python, C/C++, openCV, linux, teamwork`
Working in bioinformatic domain, my work addresses an optimization and parallelisation solution for an elastic 3D Freeform Deformation (FFD) algorithm implemented at MIRCen. The goal is to optimize the 3D mapping of biomedical multimodal mono and inter-subject data whose volume is increasing exponentially.
Interfacing the ArcRisk earthquake simulator and the GAMA platform
Institut Francophone International and Vietnam Geophysical Institute (2011)
Master 1, research project
**Keywords**: `Simulation, GIS, GAMA, Multi-agents system, modelling`
**Skills**: `Java, GAML, GIS`
Participation in the research of modeling and simulation of complex systems, a collaboration project between IFI and Vietnam Geophysical Institute: the objective is to set up a **multi-agent** simulation model to evaluate an
earthquake rescue protocol using ArcRisk’s geographic data (GIS) and the GAMA modeling and simulation platform
Digital Asset Management System
HD2NET, Paris – France
Fullstack developer, Industrial project (internship)
Working as developer, participation in the "Digital Asset Management System" (DAMS) project, a software project for managing
multi-media files online, in a collaboration between HD2NET, EISTI University and EPITECH University, Paris.
Jarvis the DYI robot
DYI Robot system for indoor autonomous exploration and navigation
It is one of my hobby project outside of my job.
My goal in this DIY project is to make a low-cost yet feature-rich ROS (Robot Operating System) based mobile robot that allow me to experiment my work on autonomous robot at home.
More information at: [https://doc.iohub.dev/jarvis/](https://doc.iohub.dev/jarvis/)
ROS based event driven control and visualization toolkit for PhaROS
**Keywords**: ` Pharo Smalltalk, PhaROS, ROS, robotic, visualization toolkit`
**Skills**: `Smalltalk, ROS, C, C++`
A ROS control and visualization toolkit for the Pharo language (Smalltalk), it is built on top of the PhaROS client, provides the visualization API for our new PolySLAM algorithm.
Galleon and the PhaROS client have won the ***3rd Innovation Technology Awards (15th Edition)*** of **ESUG 2018**. ([https://esug.github.io/2018-Conference/awardsSubmissions2018.html](https://esug.github.io/2018-Conference/awardsSubmissions2018.html))
For more information: [https://github.com/lxsang/Galleon](https://github.com/lxsang/Galleon)
A web desktop for accessing embedded linux or linux server from browser
**Keywords**: `web OS, web technologies, Web API, UI design, system design`
AntOS is a front-end API that mimics the traditional desktop environment on the web browser. The original purpose of AntOS is to provide visual tools to access and control resource on remote server and embedded linux environment. With its application API and the provided SDK, AntOS facilitates the development and deployment of user specific applications.
For more information: [https://doc.iohub.dev/antos](https://doc.iohub.dev/antos)
And many more...
Many of my personal or work projects are hosted on my Github page at: [https://github.com/lxsang](https://github.com) or on my blog [https://blog.iohub.dev](https://blog.iohub.dev)


Easy to use:
Before you start the car, you just need to insert the launcher of the Cigarette lighter Car Alarm system to the socket on the car, then you can start it. Please pull out the launcher when you get out of the car, then it will go into the Alarm system.
It doesn't matter if you pull out the Cigarette lighter Car Alarm System during your driving.
Firstly,cut off the anode of the Power Cord.
Secondly,connect the 2 yellow wires of the fuel cut receiver with two terminals of the opened power cord.
Thirdly,Connect the other black wire with metal on the Car body.
Finally,bind up the wires with insulate tape.
The Owner can install it by himself.
Advanced carrier transmission, the password of every car alarm system can't be repeated, making it safer:
The product uses advanced carrier transmission. It transfers the password by Car alarm system in the car ,then cut-off device receives the password and decode it. You can install the cut-off device anywhere in the car, concealed installation can make it to avoid sabotage and won't be interfered by any other radio wave
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Release Liners for the Electronics Market
Fox River Associates develops electronics release liners that are non-silicone release agents due to the undesirable effect silicone can have on electronics. When release liners are produced, the electronics release liner prevents the material from sticking together until the electronics component is installed.
Since there shouldn't be any chemical reactions with the electronics, a metal catalyzed release coating is no longer an option. Our electronics release liners utilize no catalysts and will remain mechanically strong while maintaining a smooth finished surface for less friction.
Electronics release liners have several configurations including the PET 1 and 2 sided release liners. The electronics release liners are the same strength and have the same durability as an industrial or medical release liners making them the best choice for electronics application. Since the application of the electronics release liners can vary in temperature and moisture, the dependability is just as important in every configurations for electronics.
One of our electronics release liners is the PET Coated one or two sided release liner. A PET Film or biaxially oriented release liner is resistant to high temperatures and an extremely tough electronics release liner. The electronics release liners is a polyethylene terephthalate or “PET” base and is generally applied for high tensile strength, transparency, reflectivity, gas barriers, and electrical insulation.
The polypropylene based electronics release liners or PP release liners have a biaxial orientation like the PET liners. The PP electronics release liners come in different thicknesses and are available in standard or custom printing if requested. We do have extra long spools available for larger runs so the turn over time is shorter in some cases.
Electronics release liners are available in:
- Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Release Liners
- Polypropylene Release Liners
- Non Silicone Release Liners
- Equal or Differential Release Liners
For more information about Electronics Release Liners, contact Fox River Associates today!


All of North America will experience a solar eclipse when the sun, Earth and moon align Aug. 21, and a group of local researchers will be training an expert eye – and ear – from their angle in Kilgore.
Amateur ham radio enthusiasts from Longview and Tyler will gather with fellow aficionados here at the Texas Museum of Broadcasting & Communications, studying what effects the celestial phenomenon has on their craft. The community is welcome to join the party.
“They are coming here to see what happens to radio propagation when there’s a total eclipse,” according to Chuck Conrad, owner and executive director of the Texas Broadcasting Museum at 416 E. Main St. “This is a nationwide thing … All kinds of other natural phenomenon affect the propagation of radio waves. Maybe a total eclipse does. Maybe absolutely nothing.”
Conrad’s a ham radio operator as well, but he’s not an active practitioner.
“I haven’t plugged my ham radio equipment in in many years,” but the local communications equipment collector and radio station operator was happy to host the Longview/East Texas Amateur Radio Club’s tailgate party in May, drawing dozens of LETARC members and their comrades to the museum. “What they do doesn’t get enough credit. When it hits the fan around here … no cell, no Internet, no power ... their stuff works. They’re the last communications media.”
Ross Bennett of Kilgore Screen Printing is a ham radio operator and a fan of the still-new broadcast museum, which opened in Fall 2016. He’s got his calendar marked and he’s counting the days until the moon passes between the sun and the Earth later this month, casting a shadow that will sweep across the country and block (partially in Kilgore) the solar light.
Bennett and his colleagues from LETARC and the Tyler Amateur Radio Club are fine-tuning their equipment and putting the finishing touches on their Aug. 21 experiment.
“It’s going to be a lot of fun,” he said. At the same time, “It’s some serious scientific research. This is going to make a big difference.
According to Bennett, the local ham radio operators-turned-researchers will pass their data on to Virginia Tech, where a professor of electrical engineering is leading an experiment to study the impact of the solar eclipse on radio propagation.
“Radio wave propagation is affected by the electrical part of the atmosphere and during the eclipse, we really have the opportunity to collect data and learn more about the impact of these changes on systems we’ve come to rely on,” professor Greg Earle said in a July press release from the university.
Locally, the ham radio operators are putting together a community-friendly event set 9 a.m. to 5 p.m.
The event will peak midday – according to NASA’s Total Solar Eclipse Interactive Map (eclipse2017.nasa.gov) the start of the partial eclipse begins here at 11:44 a.m. Aug. 21, and the maximum eclipse will occur at 1:15 p.m. when the moon obscures 76.69 percent of the sun. By NASA’s data, the partial eclipse will end here at 2:44 p.m.
Throughout the day, Bennett said, the local ham radio operators (and others like them across the country and around the world) will be scouring the frequencies, making contacts with as many people as possible across the globe and keeping detailed notes.
“As the shadow moves across the continent, the contacts are going to go up or down,” he said. “We don’t know exactly how they’re going to behave, but all of our logs are going to be collected at Virginia Tech, reviewed and they’re going to get a pretty clear picture of how an eclipse is going to change radio behavior.”
Log on to eclipse2017.nasa.gov to learn more about the upcoming celestial event and for instructions on where, when, how to safely view the eclipse.


The remote organization is an organization of PCs. Here, there is no compelling reason to associate any link. It is otherwise called a Wi-Fi association. For this, a gadget known as the remote switch is required. This switch has a capacity to communicate the sign in a wide reach.
A remote card is an inward gadget that permits a client to associate with a remote organization without the utilization of links. The card likewise permits the laptop to interface with a remote switch. Since remote systems administration is turning out to be increasingly famous, having a remote card introduced on your laptop is smart.
Remote cards, as the name proposes, are remote organization interface cards that are utilized for associating your PC to the remote organization. As remote innovation has become an ever increasing number of famous throughout the long term, even most laptops are presently furnished with remote organization interface cards.
Truth be told, remote cards are nearly basically as normal as organization cards on the grounds that most broadband switches accompany their own remote organization cards previously introduced. Definitely, you will be irritated when your laptop can’t recognize the Wi-Fi transmission or when your laptop doesn’t have a remote card.
The uplifting news is there are numerous laptop remote cards to browse. A remote card for a laptop is a fundamental gadget that allows you to interface with the web from anyplace in your home. The card allows your laptop to get and send data to your home PC organization or some other remote passageway. You can get a remote card for your laptop or PC.
Top 10 Wireless Cards For Our Laptop PCs, If you’re surfing on the web, you will see numerous PCs yet with a similar issue, their remote card is harmed or breaking down. We as of now have numerous remote cards however a 802.11 AC remote card is the freshest one.
” Hi, I am looking for data and trusting somebody can help. I want a remote card that has a PCI-Express opening for my laptop. I at present have a work area and need to purchase another remote card. So I was trusting somebody can help me. Kindly let me know as to whether this is the ideal locations to pose this inquiry and assuming anybody has any ideas that sounds extraordinary, really. Much appreciated. “


Sierra Satellite Technology Commercial Satellite Antenna Specialist
Commercial Satellite Antenna Specialist
New- Used antennas
Multi Beam Kits
With over 30 yrs of Commercial antenna experience we have the expertise to assist you with the older-obscure and legacy systems.
Sierra Satellite Technology
1935 Marconi way
South Lake Tahoe, Ca 96150
530 544 2307
Recently there has been a series of major Satellite Antenna manufacturers either going out of business or changing hands.
This leaves a legacy of older installed antennas & systems with a void when its time for an upgrade or modification.
We have the parts necessary and the expertise to match the original manufacturers components and solve your antenna issues.With a large variety of warehoused antennas and parts at our Northern Nevada warehouse we have what you need.Some NOS even in the original crates.
We have complete used antennas and parts available for
Antennas in stock range from 1.2m to 4.5m
Crating shipping and installation is available
Feedhorns and Parts
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