Wireless Community Networks
A Guide for Library Boards, Educators, and Community Leaders
Chapter 5. Data Transfer Rates: A Primer
You've probably seen them. Ks, Ms, and Gs. They're always used in computer ads: 56K, 6.4GB, 32MB. Sometimes they have other letters after them, like Kbps or MBps. But what do they mean?
Discussing network connectivity requires one to establish a basic vocabulary of data transfer speeds. Data transfer is the process of moving computer data from one point to another. The speed, or rate, of that movement is called the data transfer rate. There is a more common word used to describe this measurement also: bandwidth.
Bandwidth is a term borrowed from the world of wireless transmission, such as TV or radio broadcasting or ham radio. Bandwidth refers to the frequency width of a particular band of radio transmission. For example, the VHF television band extends from the 54 megahertz frequency to the 216 megahertz frequency. The width of that band is 216-54, or 162 megahertz.
Electrical signals are carried over network cables at different speeds depending on the frequencies used on specific wire types. So the term bandwidth is used in the computer networking world as well. In networking it is used to describe the maximum amount of data that can be transmitted across a medium in one second.
Other terms used commonly to describe this same measurement are line speed, throughput, and capacity. In this chapter I've used data transfer rate as a more descriptive phrase. These terms are used interchangeably in many networking discussions although they have slightly different technical meanings.
The basic unit of storage in a computer system is the bit. A secondary unit is the byte. Bandwidth is normally measured in some form of bits-per-second (bps). Since the number of bits that can be transmitted through most media can be quite large, researchers and technicians use common abbreviations for large numbers. These are the Ks, Ms, and Gs we mentioned up front. Before we get to them, though, let's examine those two words I just threw at you: bits and bytes.
Bits and Bytes
While computers can do some amazing things, they are fundamentally simple machines. In fact, they do just a few simple things: they recognize two states of electrical current (high and low); they recognize magnetic polarity (North and South); they "open" and "close" gates; they shift bits left and right. Out of these four basic operations come all the number crunching and visual operations we've come to expect and demand from them.
Since computers only recognize distinct states of electrical current and magnetic polarity, all data used by computers—letters, numbers, punctuation marks, pictures, and sounds—must be represented by using a series of two symbols. This type of system, where only two single values are possible, is known as a binary system. In mathematics, the binary (base 2) number system describes a binary system using two digits, 0 and 1. All counting is accomplished using just these two symbols.
(Obviously, this is not the counting system people use! We have ten fingers and ten toes, so our number system is based on having ten different counting symbols, or digits. This number system is called the decimal [base 10] number system.)
These symbols are called binary digits, or bits for short. They represent the smallest unit of storage on a computer.
In order to program a computer to operate on textual data (letters, numerals, punctuation marks, and other special symbols), a binary code was necessary. Because storage space was very expensive in the early years of computers, the code needed to provide enough symbols but not waste storage space. Eventually, a coding system using a sequence of eight bits was designed (eight bits provides up to 256 different text symbols). Because most computer data is textual in nature, the eight-bit sequence became a very common unit of storage. It is called a byte. Each letter in a document required one byte of storage. Oddly enough, because the byte became so prevalent in storage measurements, the sizes of even non-text objects like graphics and sounds are now expressed in bytes.
So, when measuring data transfer rates and storage sizes, different values are used. Bits are typically used in data transfer rates, and bytes are used to indicate storage space. A lowercase b is used to signify bits. An uppercase B is used to signify bytes. (In a few data transfer rate specifications—mainly for hard drives and tape drives—a byte value is used instead of bits. One can always see the difference in the symbol used, Bps instead of bps.)
If you'd like to see an example of how textual data is stored on microcomputers, read the sidebar "Encoding Text." Otherwise, let's get started on those Ks, Ms, and Gs.
A 20-page word-processed document might take up 60,000 bytes or more of storage space. A small photograph on a web page might take up as many as 100,000 bytes. In most cases, measuring storage space or transfer rates requires large numbers. To make the notation of these measures easier, a series of unit abbreviations have been commonly used.
The letter K (for "kilo") is commonly used to indicate 1,000 units (e.g., kilograms). However, with computers such a number is not really a "round" number. The closest "round" number in the binary number system is 1,024. So, computer scientists have adopted the K designation as a substitute for 1,024 units. This symbol is combined with the proper computer unit used to create a complete measure: Kb for kilobits and KB for kilobytes.
Likewise, the letter M (for "mega") represents a million units. Once again, one million is not a "round" number in the binary number system, so the exact measure is a little more: 1,048,576 (1,024 x 1,024). Mb stands for megabits, and MB stands for megabytes.
In general discussions of storage requirements, we tend to use the round number we're familiar with: 1,000 and 1,000,000. For example, when an advertisement says a Zip disk holds 100MB of data, it really means about 100 million bytes, not 104,857,600 bytes (the technical value represented by 100MB). Data transfer rates are quoted using the same rounded numbers.
Over the past three years, even larger quantities of hard drive storage products have become common. And a new, very fast networking technology has emerged into high-end applications. These products have gigabyte and gigabit specifications, respectively. "Giga" indicates approximately a billion units. We use the letter G to represent this unit. For purists, a gigabit equals 1,024 x 1,024 x 1,024 = 1,073,741,824 bits. Wow!
Gigabit Ethernet networking is being used primarily where high-end graphics applications and huge data sets are used. Schools and libraries probably will not use this level of networking until real-time, high-quality desktop video is common. Such use would include distance learning, conferences, and others.
Now you know the basics for decoding all the data transfer rates you'll run across in reading computer magazines or books. But we have talked about these transfer rates in numbers that are basically meaningless. The addition of some perspective might be in order. What does 1Mbps really mean? How much stuff is it?
A Picturesque Perspective
It's time to put data throughput in terms we're familiar with. Let's start with some basic, common transfer rates and build mental pictures.
Most home computer users have a modem providing a data transfer rate of at least 28.8Kbps. Some have newer 56K modems. Some still have older 14.4Kbps modems. It turns out that the latter is a very convenient and meaningful number.
Remember when we used to type all our documents on a typewriter? An 8 1/2 x 11 sheet of paper had a one-inch margin on the left and right sides, top and bottom. An extra half-inch at the top of the page was used for a page number and heading. Most typewriters we used had a Pica typeface, which put ten characters per inch across the page. Usually the lines were double-spaced. This provided about 26 typed lines per page, with about 65 characters per line—a total (26 x 65) of 1,690 characters per page. Do you remember how many bits it takes to represent a character? (If you said eight, give yourself a reward!) 1,690 x 8 equals 13,520 bits. Add a few hundred bits for the packaging required to send data across a network and you end up with a number very close to the per-second speed of a 14.4Kbps modem.
This gives us a nice mental picture. One normal, double-spaced page of text takes about one second to transfer with a 14.4Kbps modem. A 28.8Kbps modem can transfer about two pages per second. And the very latest technology, at 56Kbps, can transfer about four pages per second. Let's extend this picture to something else we can visualize.
I read Tom Clancy novels. What about one of those two-inch-thick, hardback titles? Just for fun I estimated the number of characters contained in Without Remorse, one of Clancy's books that appears to be about "average" length. It has about 1,484,000 characters in it. Converting that to bits, we get 11,872,000 bits. So, how long will it take to transfer one Tom Clancy novel at 56Kbps? 11,872,000 bits / 56,000 bps = 212 seconds (or, 3.53 minutes).
In contrast, let's look at just one photograph the size of a common computer screen and stored in "real color" format. Just one requires 640 dots x 480 dots x 24 bits per dot = 7,372,800 bits to represent. Wow again! This photograph will take 132 seconds (2.2 minutes) to download at 56Kbps. So how long would the digital equivalent of a coffee table book of medieval art, with a hundred pages of photographs, take to download? Even with current technology that compresses photographs into smaller files, this would be a very intensive download. This shows why Gigabit Ethernet has become popular in certain fields relying heavily on graphics and motion video technologies.
Table 9 below shows a comparison of the common data communication technologies. The "X" column shows how many times faster a specific technology is compared to a 28.8Kbps modem (considered the benchmark for our purposes). Or, you can look at it as a statement of how many 28.8K modems are required to equal the performance of the specified technology. The download column indicates how long, in seconds, it takes to transfer our reference document, a Tom Clancy novel, using each technology.
Page last modified: March 2, 2011


Abstraction Releases Version 3.0 of Low Cost System & Workflow Simulation Software.
Prophesy Version 3.0 Now Features an express interface for easier entry-level modeling
ColoradoJanuary 15, 1997 Abstraction released Prophesy Version 3 a low cost Windows based System & Workflow Visual Simulation System capable of simulating computer systems and workflow systems involving requests, services, and queues. Version 3 adds features at both ends of the usability spectrum. "We received feedback that users new to the field of simulation wanted an easier learning curve, while experienced users demanded additional features, which by nature makes the product more sophisticated," said Israel del RioGeneral Manager of Abstraction Consulting. Now, in addition to new features in the standard Prophesy interface, Version 3 includes the Prophesy Express interface. The Express interface acts as a super-wizard to enable even faster model construction by simplifying the model construction process. As users become proficient in simulation and begin to require more powerful features, they can move their models to the full-fledged Prophesy interface.
"We found the Prophesy Express interface to be powerful in its own right," said Novak NiketicPresident of Sutra Inc, a Massachusetts based consulting company"With it, we were able to model the estimated performance of our companys Independence intelligent server. Now we are moving to add further details to our model using the variable parameters available in the expert interface," he added.
Prophesy and Prophesy Express enable the user to play "what-if" scenarios to answer typical questions facing the system and workflow system designer:
Abstraction Consulting has been marketing Prophesy since 1993, and a demo of the product can be downloaded from http://www.abstraction.com/abstraction
Prophesy Version 3 requires MS/Windows 3.1 or above, a 386, 486DX or Pentium, with a minimum of 4 Mb of memory.
For more information, readers may contact Abstraction Consulting at:
Back to Abstraction Home Page


Important technical terms
X-ray fluorescence analysis (RFA)
For the RFA, the characteristic X-radiation is used for determination of the chemical composition of the component material. The characteristic X-radiation is generated at the transitions between the nearest-to-core quantum states of the atoms. If, for example, a fast electron knocks out an extra-nuclear electron from the innermost electron shell, an electron falls out of an external shell into the now free gap. Thus a photon is emitted, whose energy corresponds the energy difference between the two shells. At these transitions no random but only certain energy differences are possible, so that an X-ray line spectrum is generated, which is characteristic for the emitting atom and therefore for the material.


These are the ultimate plasma electrodes and, yes, they are manufactured from solid silver! You can cut faster and the electrodes last longer. This is because silver has highest electrical and thermal conductivity of any metal (approx. 5.5% electrical & 6% thermal better conductivity than copper) so electrically more of the current is going into the arc and not just heating the cooling water! And as silver is more thermally conductive, the heat that is generated is transferred to the cooling water quicker making the electrode run cooler. The other reason for the dramatic increase in life is the fact that silver does not like emitting an arc. So as the hafnium insert erodes with each fire-up it can erode much further back in a silver bodied electrode than a copper bodied one, sometimes up to three times the depth before the arc tries to emit from the body of the electrode which is the end of the electrode’s life. Water cooling the electrode is almost essential for production cutting, especially above 120amps. The down side is a more complex system with the cooling units and hoses to the torch which require more maintenance.


Join current and former astronauts as Journey to Space examines NASA’s history and puts into contest the incredible contributions made by the Space Shuttle program and its courageous space pioneers. It then turns the page, looking to once again go where no man has gone before: Mars. Get ready to blast off on a mission beyond the stars in the Museum’s Space IMAX Theater. This historical chapter in the film reveals how the Shuttle took many to the big steps that helped us understand how to live and operate in space. The film also gives a strong overview of the Shuttle’s last major project – the launch and assembly of the International Space Station (ISS)
As NASA launches into a new phase of exploration and discovery, the film takes you along for the ride while showing you just how far we’ve come. In the past half century, humans have punched through the stratosphere, walked on the moon and lived continuously in orbit. In the coming decades, our never ending curiosity will take us beyond the cradle of Earth to touch the face of another world. Despite perceptions that the space program died with the end of the Space Shuttle program, Journey to Space provides a timely review of how NASA has been transitioning from the end of the Space Shuttle Era to a much more ambitious future that will forever change how we live and operate in space as a species and takes you inside NASA for a look at the next generation of space travel and exploration.
- Runtime: 45 minutes
- Showtime: 10:00, 12:00, 14:30, 16:30
- Learn more about the film, click here!


At the beginning of the year, a quick entry, the hero of which is a 5G mobile phone.
I will convince you that it is not so obvious what 5G mobile phone to choose. Due to fact that there are many technical aspects regarding this device, it can be difficult.
It just so happens that we can select 5G mobile phone from a group of more than 500 models. This was announced by the GSA (Global mobile Suppliers Association) monitoring the 5G market.
So, let’s look at what kind of devices they are, what they are used for and what markets they are designed for.
Why does the issue of markets and more specifically continents matter? Because not every country and continent use the same radio frequencies.
What radio bands does a 5G mobile phone use?
The worldwide radio bands for 5G are two very wide ranges.
The first, called FR1, covers frequencies from 410 Mhz to 7125 MHz. FR1 includes all cellular bands used to build 2G, 3G and 4G networks. However it covvers also new frequencies like 3.4-3.8 GHz. All the bands are called Sub-6 range.
The second set of FR2 bands are high-frequency bands, colloquially referred to as mmWave bands. FR2 covers frequencies from 24.25 GHz to 52.60 GHz.
In some countries, such as the US and Canada, additional frequencies are used in the 57 GHz – 95 GHz range.
Let’s remember these two names (Sub-6 and mmWave), because these are the basic bands for 5G mobile phones. You will hear about them again in the coming years.
5G band naming
Different band ranges have different names and correspond to different frequencies.
The bands used by 4G networks start with the letter “b”.
Bands used for 5G networks begin with the letter “n”. Band numbers are indicated by one, two, or three digits. Unfortunately, subsequent numbers do not indicate an increasing frequency. One and two-digit names refer to the Sub-6 bands and the three digital mmWave bands.
Overlap of radio bands
Unfortunately, some inaccuracies are hidden in the numbering of the bands. This includes sub-6 and mmWave bands.
- Pieces of individual bands with the same number can mean different frequencies. For example, the US uses the n258 (mmWave) bands at 24 GHz and 28 GHz. In Europe the same n258 band name refers to the 26 GHz.
- Individual strands can overlap with a piece of band. For example, n257 and n258.
- In addition, smaller bands can be separated within a larger band range. As example, n261 falls within the n257 band range.
These nuances are extremely important when choosing a 5G mobile phone. For example, the aforementioned n258 band is supported by the iPhone12, but only for parts of the US band not for Europe.
Unfortunately, this unfortunate issue of naming a wide band with one and the same name is cumbersome for experts and can mislead customers. Antenna and base station suppliers must take this into account when purchasing network construction equipment.
An additional confusion is the lack of dependence of the band name on the frequency. The same frequency e.g. 2600 MHz, but used with different technical parameters, can be used on different bands. In this case, two bands are defined for the 2600 MHz frequency: n7 and n38. The first used for FDD technology and the second for TDD.
More and more suppliers of 5G RRU radio transmitters are on the market. Open RAN providers from different parts of the world have a different understanding of the core bands.
Shall you panic about selection of your 5G mobile phone?
Before you reach for pain pills, I want to calm you down. A 5G mobile phone purchased from an official store or operator meets the relevant criteria. However, if you are tempted by a super promotion you dare to buy your phone yourself on Aliexpress without the advice of an expert, I advise you to buy these pain pills first. Problems you have guaranteed.
Well, enough of this theory, just scaring, let’s move on to what’s more interesting.
Are all mobile phones commercial?
In November 2020, a list of 500+ 5G devices was announced, but not all of them are manufactured devices, some are products just announced. The commercial mobile phone is represented by less than 300 models.
Nevertheless, success is.
Why do I call it a success, even though the numbers are significantly different?
Because of the reachability of 5G mobile phones, before 5G networks were created.
In the past, working with mobile operators, I often had the dilemma of introducing new technology when there were no terminals supporting it on the market.
For 5G, the opposite is true. Yes, it should look like.
The curve of supported 5G mobile phones is growing, so let’s look at the details, because the devil is always in the details.
Are all 5G devices mobile phones?
Mobile devices are not just mobile phones.
Manufacturers’ statistics show the following uses and their market share:
- 48.4% are mobile phones, which is what we carry in handbags and pockets.
- 19.3% are Fixed Wireless Access Customer Premises Equipment (FWA CPE). The name is terribly long, but the device is adored by customers living in homes. These devices are nothing more than modems for 5G Internet access mounted on roofs or set on the windowsill. As you can see, it’s a big category, a fifth of the whole range of devices.
- 13.9% is a category of 5G modules. Modules are very small electronic components for installation in other devices. These can be beverage sales machines, car position tracking devices, energy meters, water etc. It’s a big category and it’s no surprise. Have you heard of the development of the IoT (Internet of Things) market? It is the most important industry to win the control equipment market.
- I’ll mention the summed-up categories of 5G devices mounted on laptops (1.7%) tablets (1.3%). Practice shows that it makes no sense to mount dedicated 5G modems on portable devices other than mobile phones. After all, WiFi access is enough.
And which bands are manufacturers preparing their new 5G devices for?
Want to learn more about the 5G bands used on mobile phones?
At the beginning of the article, I showed a very wide spectrum of frequencies provided for 5G networks.
From detailed statistics, however, you can see that the vast majority of devices support Sub-6 bands. This does not surprise me, because the basic 5G band is the 3.4-3.8 GHz band range from the Sub-6 range.
One fifth are devices adapted for receiving mmWave bands. This is the basic band used in FWA CPE devices, on the US market. These bands have been present there for several years now. The REGULATORY AUTHORITY in the USA has allocated mmWave bands for commercial use to individual customers much earlier than the European authorities. In the past, mmWave bands were mainly used in Europe to operate transmission devices, so-called microwave links.
What surprised me most, however, is the fact that less than 20% of the terminal types are prepared for the parallel reception of the FR1 and FR2 bands. I mentioned this phenomenon on the occasion of an article about the iPhone 12.
The range of the n258 band is wide and only part of it coincides with the European or Asian range. In the US, the n258 band is already used and this is supported by current 5G mobile phones. Europe and Asia are just getting ready to select and allocate licenses for each mmWave band.
Who can impact 5G mobile phone features?
It is the manufacturer of the mobile phone that decides what bands will be supported by the phone, and this depends on economic factors.
The mobile phone is supposed to be as cheap as possible (looking from the perspective of the manufacturer not the customer, it’s so by the way), it has to have a large display and the battery is supposed to last a long time.
The most expensive part of the mobile device is the radio processor (chipset). It is responsible for the operation of various radio bands. More bands operated simultaneously means more power consumption, larger size and higher mobile phone price.
Is it supposed to be cheap? It’s cheap.
I would like to see with you what exactly the band numbers are supported by mobile phones.
We already know that sub-6 terminals dominate. What exactly the frequencies are most popular in these phones is of great importance to mobile operators.
What band ranges are the most popular in 5G mobile phones?
Let’s examine in detail the statistics of the individual bands:
- In the first place dominates n78, that is 3.4-3.8 GHz, as I mentioned this most important 5G band. The quantity is therefore not surprising.
- In second place is the n41 band, at a frequency of 2500 MHz. This is a fairly specific frequency, used for quite a long time by the mobile operator Sprint in the USA.
- The third place is occupied by the n1 band at 2100 MHz. This band is used by mobile operators to support 3G/UMTS, 4G/LTE and more recently and 5G networks with support of DSS technology. Some European operators, like in Poland, have launched the current 5G network prototypes on this band. In this case, this is an advantage for the operator, because it can implement a 5G network on the existing band. For the customer, unfortunately, this is a disadvantage. Part of the 2100 MHz range is designed for 5G networks at the expense of 4G Internet speeds and the need to disable 3G networks locally.
- The fourth band is the n77 (3.3-4.2 GHz) ranges slightly wider than the n78 (3.3-3.8 GHz) and n79 (4.4-5.0 GHz) ranges. The n79 band is used in China and Japan.
- It is probably worth mentioning the n3 band (1800 MHz). In Europe, it is used en masse by operators for 2G, 3G and 4G networks. As you can see from this statistic, you will expect operators to use it to deliver 5G networks at the expense of older technologies. About disabling old bands for 4G and 5G networks I wrote in an article about VOLTE roaming.
What bandwidth is most important for a 5G mobile phone?
In conclusion, it is worth noting that customers buying a 5G mobile phone can always use the 3.4-3.8 GHz band.
Well, in some countries, before the development of 5G networks happen, we need to use “almost 5G network” in the n1 band.
What does a 5G chip mean for a 5G mobile phone manufacturer?
I mentioned earlier the issue of the radio chip used by mobile phone manufacturers. It turns out that not every phone manufacturer can afford to produce their own chips. Designing and manufacturing a chip is a very expensive and complicated process. For this reason, most manufacturers, including flagships, buy radio chips from partners.
It’s time to meet the manufacturers of key components of your mobile phone.
Who makes radio chips for 5G mobile phones?
The number of chip manufacturers is modest, but their profits astronomical. Until recently, the market was dominated by two three producers, but the situation is changing from quarter to quarter.
In recent months, there has been a change of leader among mobile chip manufacturers. Qualcomm in the US was the undisputed leader. MediaTek from Taiwan has been trampling on its heels for some time. They were so trampled, trampled, that she took first place in the third quarter of 2020.
How did it happen that until recently an unknown company MediaTek achieved an increase in sales and market share? Such great success is due to cooperation with Chinese phone manufacturers, putting on sale a huge amount of relatively cheap devices.
We are talking about companies like Xiaomi in Europe (3 times the share of MediaTek chips in Xiaomi mobile phones increased), Oppo or Realme.
As an example, I will give the price of relame’s Realme 7 5G terminal, widely promoted in Europe. In January 2021, this device cost only 180 EUR! By comparison, the cost of producing the iPhone12 alone is about 431USD (with 128 GB of memory). The main factor in the increase in the price of the iPhone12 was the 5G radio chip and OLED display. Compared to the iPhone11, the cost increased by 26%.
MediaTek has focused on a strategy of simple, efficient chips. Of course, these chips do not match those of Qualcomm or Apple.
Qualcomm, under pressure from MediaTek, announced at the end of 2020 the implementation of a simpler version of the radio chip to maintain the market for low-cost mobile phones. The competition is beautiful, isn’t it?
Smaller, equally important manufacturers of 5G chips for mobile phones.
Let’s take a look at what’s going on with samsung’s mobile phone sales leader.
Samsung terminals are mainly using on its own Exynos processors (or just?), however Samsung is losing market share and their biggest rival Apple with the A-family processors, is slowly growing. Apple is sure to start gaining that part of the market with its first 5G terminal with its own A14 chip. iPhone12 is currently one of the better-selling 5G devices.
Before the last manufacturer in the list is HiSilicon, a subsidiary of Huawei. It maintains its position but cannot grow too much due to the ban on the sale of their terminals in the USA or Australia.
The fifth major player is Unisoc from China. The company’s processors are used by manufacturers such as ZTE, Lenovo and many small Chinese companies starting in this industry. Interestingly, even Samsung uses their chips for simpler versions of mobile phones.
Definitely, the 5G chip market is starting to be the domain of Chinese companies, and asian companies are leading the way.
When it comes to 5G chip manufacturers, the future is bright, decidedly Asian. I will just point out that the entire US war, China, began with Broadcom’s attempt to take over Qualcomm, which belongs to Singaporean companies with Chinese ties.
As I mentioned, the processor is uneven processor. What is not a mobile phone with a cheaper radio processor?
What features do cheap 5G mobile phones not have?
What’s different about these processors is the range of functionality.
Basic functionalities differing radio chips:
- Support for 5G SA networks,the next generation of 5G core networks. This is just a growing standard, but crucial for the development of real 5G networks.
- Support for band aggregation up to 100 MHz (TDD and FDD). Cheaper products can’t do that.
- Sub-6 and mmWave band aggregation. Only the best and most expensive like Qualcomm X60 chips can do this.
- Support wider mmWave band because as much as 800 MHz. Cheaper versions support up to 400 MHz.
- No support for mmWave bands. I described this topic above.
- Support for DSS function, used to support 4G and 5G networks on the same band. This is how operators in Poland do it.
The more functionality, the more expensive the chip.
Looking at all this realistically, today the operator must be ready to build a network in the n78 band (3.4-3.8 GHz) and support 5G networks using DSS on the 2100 MHz band.
What mobile phone features will be important for operators in Europe in the future?
Support for 5G SA and mmWave technology at 28GHz?
If I were to decide today to introduce 5G mobile phones, I would choose as necessary the following functions: n78 band, n258 band, 5G SA, DSS at 2100 MHz and 1800 MHz. In the future, I would look for terminals with aggregation of n78 and n258 bands.
Finally, a few more words about mmWave, because this technology has as many advantages as disadvantages.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of mobile phones on millimetre waves (mmWave)?
I will write to you at the end what are the advantages and disadvantages of mmWave bands.
- Operators will have very wide mmWave bands at their disposal. 400 MHz or even 800 MHz. What does this mean? The wider the bandwidth, the higher the internet speed offered by the operator or otherwise has the ability to serve more customers with good quality.
- There is no need to aggregate several bands. The spectrum of mmWave bands is huge, because it reaches up to 2 GHz. This allows the operator to build cheaper base stations.
The biggest drawbacks:
- Very low operating range of such frequency due to the reflection and absorption of waves by obstacles. The customer must be close to the antenna to reach high speed.
- Doubts about the safe use of mmWave waves.
On one hand, we are talking about the support of one band with a wide spectrum of 800 MHz, but on the other hand we are talking about low-range waves. These bands require finding a new generation of technologies and devices to improve the situation. There is something to beat about, because the width of the mmWave bands gives everyone a chance to access a really fast and very roomy Internet.
Manufacturers of mmWave devices are betting on looking for innovative radio technologies that will improve the first of these inconveniences, namely the small range.
Technologies such as active antenna systems and Beam forming antennas are designed to solve this problem.
Do you already know what 5G mobile phone will be yours?
Soon, there will be a lot of 5G mobile phone types. I can safely assume that at the end of 2021, 70-80% of terminals in the operator’s offer will be 5G support devices.
What we should enjoy the most is the fact that the price of devices has been falling. The old good principle of competitiveness has worked. Chinese and Taiwanese companies, effectively competing with American chip and mobile phone manufacturers, are changing price levels.
Do you already know when to buy your 5G mobile phone?
I am convinced that this is a matter of at most the next two years.
So, when choosing a mobile phone in 2021, be sure to choose one that supports 5G networks.
Show operators that we are waiting for new fast and errable networks, better Internet and cool, fabulous mobile phones.
Be the first!
Happy New Year.
For those interested, I will send a link with a list of 5G bands along with all the details.


The third wave of digital transformation has arrived and it is automation driven by data. In every sector, we need to understand how to turn data into useable information and to find real world uses for AI, Machine Learning and RPA.
Until the conference starts
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Frequently Asked Questions
Our frequently asked questions page is an ever growing resource for you, the customer. So, if you're question isn't answered here, email us and we'll not only get you the correct information, we'll add you question to FAQ for future reference.
- What makes up a battery and what type do I need?
There are a few different designs when it comes to batteries, but the big three are Flooded, Gel Cell, and AGM. These are all versions of the lead acid battery. Flooded comes in two styles: serviceable and maintenance-free. Both are filled with electrolytes. The downside of a flooded battery is they have a tendency to leak if they are involved in an accident or get turned the wrong way.
AGM and GelCellbatteries are becoming more common, but are still considered a specialty battery and will typically cost more. However, what you give up with the cost you gain back in increased safety. They store extremely well and don’t tend to sulfate or degrade as easily as a flooded battery. There’s little chance of a hydrogen gas explosion or corrosion when using these batteries.
- When do I need: 16-volt or 12-Volt?
The simple fact of the matter is that 16 volts provides a 4 volt cushion to the electrical system over a 12 volt system. Instead of a full charge open circuit of 12.6 (2.1 volts per cell times 6), the 16 volt battery
offers a full charge voltage of 16.8 (2.1 volts per cell times 8). A discharged battery with a specific gravity of 1.175 produces around 1.75 volts per cell. This means that even when totally discharged, a 16
volt battery will produce 14 volts as opposed to a 12 volt discharged battery producing only 10.5 volts. The voltage of a 16 volt battery will exceed the minimum recommended voltages of a racing ignition
even when it is totally discharged! 16V works better than 12V in any race application, whether it is dragracing or dirtrack, when you are not running an alternator on the vehicle.
12V is more recommended for street use when an alternator is being used.
- What does AGM mean?
AGM stands for Absorbent Glass-Mat. The AGM battery is sealed and poses no risk of acid leakage. This allows for teams to mount the battery whichever direction is best and easiest for them without worries of the battery leaking.
- My battery is dead, can it be saved and make it one more week?
Think twice before you recycle a battery that you think is bad. That very same battery might be able to be saved. In many cases, AGM batteries that are assumed to be bad may actually be perfectly fine, just deeply discharged.
To recover an AGM battery it is suggested to slowly trickle charge(1.5-2amp) the battery up to around 10.5V before trying to charge the battery with a 25amp charger. Starting at 25amps could cause the battery to overheat and swell.
- How do I properly charge my battery?
Remember, newer chargers keep up with battery technology. Many newer battery chargers, or Smart Chargers, have microprocessors that collect information from the battery and adjust the current and voltage accordingly. But if you can’t afford a new charger, low and slow is best. A low-amp charger (1 to 15 amps) is always the best choice for charging any lead acid battery. It’s quicker to charge at higher amperage, but it also generates a lot of heat, which reduces the life of a battery, just like the raging heat of summer.
- If my vehicle is in storage or isn’t used everyday, how do I store the battery?
All batteries gradually lose their charge when stored over long periods of time. However, AGM batteries lose their charge much more slowly. This helps to prevent the battery from becoming overly discharged during storage, but it won’t completely protect it from damage. You could take the battery out of the car and store it over the winter but first check the voltage to ensure the battery has a full charge. If it’s not fully charged, give it a boost prior to storage.
Then, you can either loosen the negative terminal and disconnect it from the battery, or take the battery out of the vehicle. Either way, all the electrical draw on the battery will cease and your battery will be protected. In spring, the battery will have drained some but should still have enough power to start your vehicle. Don’t leave it up to the alternator to fully recharge the battery though; that’s not what it’s for. Instead, use a battery charger to top it off. You’ll extend the life of the battery by doing this and it never hurts to just put the battery on a maintainer for the entire time the battery / vehicle is being stored.
- Can I charge my battery at the racetrack?
I would hope you would. This could help eliminate problems at the track. But there are some circumstances that would prevent you from charging the battery in the pits. If you are “bumping” the engine over to adjust the valves, this will cause the charger to surge and can blow out the circuit board in the charger. The charger is constantly sensing the voltage and adjusting it while it charges. When you turn the engine over, this causes the voltage in the battery to drop very quickly, which will in turn signal the charger to increase the amperage immediately and could harm the charger. Also, if you’re warming up the engine, this could lead to the same type of damage from bumping the engine over.
Most battery problems result from someone not taking the time to properly maintain the battery. Yes, batteries will eventually die on you, but if you monitor your charge, and keep a close eye on what is happening to them you can avoid these common and basic problems. And when that battery does finally give up, make sure that you dispose of it properly. Millions of batteries end up in landfills every year, leaching toxic chemicals into the environment. County recycling centers will happily take your dead battery for free, and auto parts retailers will take your old battery when you buy a new one.


What is ChatGPT?
With the introduction of the revolutionary ChatGPT, data science and analytics are taking a turn towards unprecedented growth. Combining machine learning and natural language processing, ChatGPT is an AI-based chatbot that can converse like humans. It has the ability to understand complex questions, analyze relevant information, and provide accurate responses in real-time.
ChatGPT’s impact on data science and analytics could be significant as it can reduce time constraints by streamlining data collection and analysis processes. The chatbot can process vast amounts of data at once and extract valuable insights from them quickly. This not only saves time but also reduces human error as it is programmed to deliver precise results.
In addition to its efficiency, ChatGPT has the ability to learn from interactions with users and improve over time. This ensures that its responses become more accurate and customized for specific queries. Moreover, ChatGPT’s integration with other software tools is seamless, making it easily adaptable to businesses across industries.
Pro Tip: As ChatGPT evolves further, it will likely shape the future of data science by enhancing decision-making capabilities through advanced analytics automation. The only thing better than having all the data at your fingertips is having an AI chatbot that can explain it to you in plain English.
Benefits of using ChatGPT in Data Science and Analytics
To enhance your data analysis accuracy, automate repetitive tasks, aid data visualization, and assist in natural language processing, you can harness the power of ChatGPT. In the benefits section, we will explore how ChatGPT could revolutionize data science and analytics with its four significant sub-sections: ChatGPT improves data analysis accuracy, ChatGPT automates repetitive tasks, ChatGPT helps in data visualization, and ChatGPT assists in natural language processing.
ChatGPT improves data analysis accuracy
Using ChatGPT enhances the precision and efficiency of data analysis. By employing this technology, the following benefits can be observed:
|Improved Accuracy||Up to 95% accuracy rate in prediction and classification tasks.|
|Faster Processing Time||Reduced processing time by up to 80%|
|Better Decision Making||ChatGPT generates actionable insights, leading to better decision-making processes|
In addition to the above benefits, ChatGPT also offers increased scalability as it can analyze large datasets within a short period. Its predictive capabilities enable businesses to stay ahead of the competition by identifying trends and patterns early on.
Pro Tip: Integrating ChatGPT into your data analytics processes can yield significant results. Ensure that you provide enough context to the algorithm for best outcomes.
Why do the same mundane tasks over and over when ChatGPT can do it for you? Time to sit back, relax, and let the automation take over.
ChatGPT automates repetitive tasks
ChatGPT’s Advanced Natural Language Processing enables automating repetitive tasks, streamlining workflows and boosting productivity in Data Science and Analytics. Here is a step-by-step guide on how ChatGPT can automate repetitive tasks in data science:
- First, identify the repetitive tasks that need automation.
- Then, create a list of commands to be automated.
- Next, input these commands into ChatGPT for automated execution.
- After executing previously defined command list, improvements can be suggested to further optimize workflow.
- Finally, ChatGPT helps you monitor your automated processes and tweak them as necessary to keep them running smoothly.
Using ChatGPT for task automation also frees up time and resources for Data Scientists to focus on more value-added activities such as advanced analysis or modeling. Additionally, it provides an opportunity for organizations to empower their less technical teams by automating simple data processes with chatbots.
As one of the most promising technologies in Artificial Intelligence (AI), GTP-3 powers ChatGPT’s language model proficiency. According to OpenAI research papers released for peer review before its official publication “Even with extremely limited supervision (i.e., just one round) [the model] could compose relatively creative pieces of writing that had no prior examples during training.”
When it comes to data visualization, ChatGPT makes it easier to see the forest AND the trees… so you don’t get lost in the data woods.
ChatGPT helps in data visualization
To enhance data visualization, ChatGPT provides advanced techniques that improve analytics insights. With its innovative algorithms, it identifies the patterns and relationships between datasets, enabling better interpretation of quantitative information.
|Column 1||Column 2||Column 3|
|Data preprocessing||Exploratory analysis||Data modeling|
|Sentiment analysis||Image recognition||Classification models|
The use of ChatGPT in data science enables real-time decision-making by providing comprehensive visual representations of data sets. Its automated system reduces human error and enhances the accuracy and efficiency of data visualization.
ChatGPT’s contribution to the field of data science is immense. It streamlines the process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting large amounts of unstructured data within a limited time frame. This makes it an indispensable tool for professionals working in fields such as finance, healthcare and marketing.
In recent years, there has been a growing demand for advancing sophisticated AI models capable of processing big data quickly. ChatGPT’s development aligns well with this need for modern analytics tools that use NLP techniques to remove bias from decision-making processes.
Indeed, the rise in big-and-unstructured text datasets requires more advanced approaches to deep learning-based natural language processing (NLP). Given its NLP capabilities, using ChatGPT significantly contributes towards deriving insightful information from these vast piles of textual data.
No doubt it has proven to be one of the most helpful tools for enhancing interpretability in statistical analysis. So much so, packages like TensorFlow are now explicitly using transformer architectures like GPTs for model training in supervised learning applications – underlining the powerful advantage NLP algorithms like ChatGPT can provide data scientists in any industry.
ChatGPT makes language processing so easy, even your grandmother can learn to code in Python.
ChatGPT assists in natural language processing
Using ChatGPT in data science and analytics provides a range of benefits for natural language processing. It enables more efficient and accurate text analysis, making it an essential tool for NLP practitioners.
Through its sophisticated algorithms and language models, ChatGPT can understand the intricacies of human language and interpret meaning from a large corpus of textual data. This makes it incredibly useful for developing chatbots, sentiment analysis, question-answering systems, and language translation.
Moreover, ChatGPT’s ability to learn from vast amounts of data allows it to generate coherent sentences that mimic human speech. This has significant implications for content creation, copywriting, summarization, and paraphrasing tasks.
One pro tip when using ChatGPT is to always ensure the quality of the input data used to train the model so that it can provide better results.
ChatGPT’s AI-powered technology can help make data science and analytics as effortless as chatting with a friend – if only my actual friends were as smart.
ChatGPT applications in Data Science and Analytics
To gain an edge in data science and analytics, you can use ChatGPT, an innovative tool for transforming the industry. Predictive analytics, chatbots for customer service, sentiment analysis, and fraud detection are some of the diverse applications of ChatGPT that we will explore in this section.
Predictive analytics with ChatGPT
The utilization of ChatGPT in Predictive Analytics is a marvel of modern data science. Its impressive natural language processing capabilities make it an ideal tool for handling complex datasets and generating valuable insights.
The following table showcases the various applications of predictive analytics with ChatGPT:
|Sentiment Analysis||Analyzing customer feedback and social media data to identify sentiment trends for businesses|
|Sales Forecasting||Predicting future sales volume based on historical data and market trends|
|Churn Prediction||Identifying customers who are likely to terminate their relationship with a brand or company|
|Fraud Detection||Using machine learning algorithms to detect fraudulent behavior in financial transactions|
While ChatGPT’s predictive analytics capabilities have been extensively explored, its potential for automating workflows and increasing efficiency remains largely untapped.
There was a case study where a leading automobile manufacturer leveraged ChatGPT to analyze large volumes of customer feedback data generated across multiple channels. Utilizing ChatGPT, the manufacturer was able to streamline its analysis process by automating much of the work previously performed manually. The result was a reduction in turnaround time from weeks to mere days, as well as improved accuracy and consistency across all analyses.
In summary, ChatGPT’s applications in predictive analytics are expansive and game-changing for industries ranging from finance and healthcare to marketing and retail. Its ability to rapidly process large amounts of data while accurately predicting future trends makes it an invaluable asset in modern-day business operations.
Why hire customer service representatives when you can have a chatbot do it for a fraction of the price and without the risk of human error?
Chatbots for customer service
For businesses, the use of chatbots has become an increasingly popular strategy to handle customer queries and provide prompt customer service. Chatbots are automated conversations between machines and human beings that use algorithms backed by data to help customers. Here are five ways that Chatbots for customer service can be used efficiently:
- Chatbots can help businesses save time by automating repetitive tasks.
- They can provide quick answers, reducing response times, and improving customer satisfaction ratings.
- Chatbots can collect data from customers during conversations, which companies can later analyze for valuable insights into their customers’ needs.
- Chatbots can be available 24/7 at minimal costs to businesses, making customer service accessible at all times.
- They can increase sales by proactively offering solutions or products based on the customers’ preferences and conversation history.
It is also worth mentioning that chatbots need frequent updating as technology evolves and become more sophisticated. Businesses should ensure regular training of chatbots to improve their responses and accuracy.
Therefore, businesses must understand how chatbots work and leverage them appropriately to their advantage. Here are a few suggestions:
- Create a clear conversational structure with defined questions in user-friendly language.
- Set up clear goals so that chatbots know when they’ve completed a task successfully; this will enhance efficiency
- Ensure proper integration with data flow for appropriate information
- Additionally, It is paramount to monitor the bot’s performance through analytics and regular A/B testing.
- To optimize for customer service interactions, businesses should leverage natural language processing technologies (NLP) within their chatbot software programs
When designing a conversational structure for chatbot interaction with customers, the language must be simple yet effective in delivering quick solutions.
An ideal way is to set up specific tasks such as tracking inventory, processing returns, or collecting contact information from individuals who consider themselves leads so that the chatbot knows when it completes these specific criteria.
It is essential to make sure that chatbots can process feedback it receives from customers so that crucial insights regarding how the company can improve, or what clients actually care about are genuinely understood.
Regular testing and monitoring will enable the company to pinpoint potential problems in chatbot functionality, such as software bugs or incorrect answers. Monitoring also ensures chatbot responses stay up-to-date with user trends and niche company features.
By implementing NLP algorithms businesses are provided with better unitary features intended to provide more personal touchpoints with customers that lead to better satisfaction ratings.
When it comes to analyzing emotions, ChatGPT has the potential to understand us better than our therapists…and without the hourly fee.
ChatGPT for sentiment analysis
With its advanced language processing capabilities, ChatGPT can be a powerful tool for analyzing sentiment. Its ability to understand context and generalize concepts makes it capable of accurately identifying emotions in written language. By using ChatGPT for sentiment analysis, businesses can gain valuable insights into customer behavior and improve their products and services accordingly.
Using ChatGPT, businesses can analyze large amounts of data from social media platforms, customer surveys, and other sources to identify patterns and trends in customer sentiment. This information can be used to optimize marketing campaigns, create targeted messaging, and even develop new products that meet the needs of consumers more effectively.
One unique aspect of ChatGPT is its ability to understand sarcasm and irony, which are often challenging for other sentiment analysis tools to detect accurately. This feature ensures that businesses receive accurate analyses of consumer attitudes towards their brand.
To get the most out of ChatGPT for sentiment analysis, it is essential to train it on your specific industry or niche. This training will help ensure that the tool understands industry-specific terms and nuances in language use.
Another suggestion is using ChatGPT along with other tools such as visualizations or statistical models to validate the results obtained. Comparing results from different tools helps gain a better understanding of the underlying trends in customer behavior.
Overall, using ChatGPT for sentiment analysis provides companies with a powerful tool to analyze customer feedback effectively. With its advanced language processing capabilities and ability to identify sarcasm/irony accurately, it’s an excellent choice for modern businesses looking to maximize their understanding of consumer behavior.
ChatGPT can sniff out fraudsters faster than a bloodhound with its data-driven intelligence and natural language processing.
ChatGPT for fraud detection
For detecting fraudulent activities, ChatGPT shows remarkable potential. Here’s how ChatGPT can assist fraud detection.
|Benefits of ChatGPT for Fraud Detection||Description|
|Faster Detection||ChatGPT can skim through immense data quicker than an average human, reducing the identification time and enabling rapid response.|
|Improved Precision||ChatGPT uses NLP techniques to identify malicious patterns in text and uncover irregularities with high accuracy and completeness.|
|Adaptability to Different Sources of Data||The model’s flexibility allows it to deal with various types of data sources regardless of their structures.|
Notably, ChatGPT can also help establish relationships between entities within data that might have gone unnoticed, making it easier to uncover complicated schemes.
As a result, organizations must develop customized training datasets that prioritize specific types of fraud cases. Instead of treating the model as a finished product post-deployment, regular monitoring and feedback mechanisms should be implemented to improve its accuracy over time.
Incorporating context-specific linguistic features like sentiment analysis or network-based approaches also holds great potential for enhancing the system’s performance.
Why settle for just ChatGPT when you can have ChatGPT and the whole tech toolbox? Integration never looked so good in data science and analytics.
ChatGPT integration with other technologies
To integrate ChatGPT with other technologies like machine learning algorithms, Apache Spark, and blockchain, is the solution for empowering data science and analytics. By using these sub-sections, we will explore the potential advantages of ChatGPT integration with different cutting-edge technologies.
Integrate ChatGPT with machine learning algorithms
To integrate ChatGPT with machine learning algorithms, one can implement various strategies that require expertise in Natural Language Processing (NLP) and Machine Learning (ML). Combining ChatGPT with ML enables intelligent responses to natural language inquiries.
A six-step guide for integrating ChatGPT with machine learning algorithms:
- Collect high-quality data to build a robust dataset for the training model.
- Pre-process the collected data to optimize feature selection and eliminate redundant attributes.
- Select appropriate models, such as Random Forest or Naïve Bayes, based on the use case and analyze the model’s output to improve predictions.
- Tune hyperparameters of selected models using methods such as Grid Search Cross Validation or Randomized Search Cross Validation.
- Integrate the ML model with ChatGPT to enhance its response accuracy and efficiency.
- Evaluate the performance of integrated solutions through metrics like F1 Score, Recall, and Precision.
It is important to note that integrating ChatGPT with ML provides endless possibilities for businesses. For example, it could be used for chatbots among other things.
Although there are many benefits of integrating ChatGPT with ML systems, there are also challenges. For instance, acquiring enough quality data is difficult for machine learning models’ training. However, these obstacles can be overpowered by utilizing an expert team.
A true story about bettering customer support can back up above claims. A banking industry struggled due to poor customer service until they implemented a voice assistant system using both NLP and ML techniques successfully improving their customer experience incredibly.
ChatGPT and Apache Spark, because sometimes you need a little spark to ignite the conversation.
Integrating ChatGPT with Apache Spark
The following table shows the different actions and their corresponding descriptions:
|Data Import||Access chat logs from different sources and import them into Spark context.|
|Preprocessing||This stage involves text cleaning, tokenization and removing stop words to improve the accuracy of trained GPT models.|
|Model Training||Develop ChatGPT model using a combination of transfer learning and fine-tuning on chat data preprocessed in the previous step.|
|Model Integration||Incorporate the ChatGPT model in Spark’s pipeline for seamless integration with real-time chat applications or recommendation systems in production.|
Futhermore, optimizing resource utilization would be crucial when using NLP algorithms like GPT with large datasets in Spark’s distributed computing environment. Additionally, exploring more advanced features like hyperparameter tuning may help improve model performance.
Why trust a human broker when you can have ChatGPT and blockchain work together to ensure secure and transparent transactions?
ChatGPT integration with blockchain
Incorporating ChatGPT with the technology of blockchain can enhance its functionality and increased efficiency. This integration can create numerous opportunities in various fields such as data security, supply chain management, and financial transactions.
Below is an example table that illustrates how ChatGPT can be integrated with Blockchain:
|Features||ChatGPT Integration with Blockchain|
|Decentralized||Offers reliable network|
|Security||Ensures data privacy and protection|
|Transparency||Facilitates secure and transparent communication|
The combination of these features significantly improves the efficiency of the chatbot while ensuring a high level of security to the users.
ChatGPT’s integration with blockchain also offers cross-chain communication, which enables communication between different blockchains. With this feature, chatbots can be used for efficient transactions across multiple platforms.
Pro Tip: The integration of ChatGPT with blockchain provides a great opportunity to create a new generation of chatbots that are more reliable, secure, and efficient.
ChatGPT: helping data scientists talk to their computers without fear of judgment.
Future possibilities of ChatGPT in Data Science and Analytics
To explore the potential of ChatGPT in data science and analytics, we can analyze different aspects that could benefit from its implementation. By incorporating this technology, we can revolutionize how we understand, analyze and interpret data.
In the following table, we can see some probable outcomes that could be possible by utilizing ChatGPT in data science and analytics:
|Enhanced analysis||ChatGPT can help to identify patterns and relationships in complex datasets faster.|
|Improved predictions||With its advanced natural language processing capabilities, ChatGPT can predict outcomes accurately.|
|Better communication||Using ChatGPT boosts team collaboration through seamless communication to resolve complex issues immediately.|
Furthermore, using ChatGPT as a virtual assistant for analysts means it saves time and effort on routine tasks, providing space for more in-depth research to deliver better results.
By utilizing the power of large-scale GPT models like OpenAI’s GPT-3, which has over 175 billion parameters —the largest yet— the efficiency levels of data science and analytics can get even higher.
Suggestions could include training AI models on selective data sets instead of massive amounts of unrelated data to improve accuracy. Another suggestion is enhancing machine learning algorithms performance with human-in-the-loop (HITL) feedback collected through chat interfaces like ChatGPT.
Frequently Asked Questions
Q: What is ChatGPT and how does it relate to data science and analytics?
A: ChatGPT is an AI chatbot built on the GPT-3 language model by OpenAI. It can understand natural language inputs and provide intelligent responses. In the context of data science and analytics, ChatGPT can help automate tasks such as data cleaning, analysis, and visualization.
Q: How can ChatGPT improve data science and analytics workflows?
A: ChatGPT can take over repetitive or time-consuming tasks, freeing up data scientists and analysts to focus on higher-level tasks such as developing models or interpreting results. It can also provide instant answers to questions related to data analysis, speeding up the decision-making process.
Q: Can ChatGPT be customized for specific data science needs?
A: Yes, ChatGPT can be trained on specific datasets or tailored to answer questions related to a particular analytical task. This allows data scientists and analysts to create custom workflows that fit their unique needs.
Q: How does ChatGPT compare to other AI tools used in data science and analytics?
A: Compared to other AI tools, ChatGPT is unique in its ability to understand natural language inputs, making it easier to communicate with and use. It also has the advantage of being able to learn and adapt to new tasks over time, improving its performance as it gains experience.
Q: Is ChatGPT secure to use for sensitive data sets?
A: ChatGPT uses state-of-the-art security protocols to protect data and keep it confidential. However, data owners are advised to take proper data sharing, privacy and regulatory compliance measures to secure their data.
Q: How can I get started with using ChatGPT in my data science and analytics workflows?
A: To get started with ChatGPT, you can sign up for an account on the OpenAI website and access the API documentation. You can also hire professionals who can integrate the ChatGPT API into your workflow to make the most out of its features.


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Amatrium Materials can predict a material’s properties based on its chemistry and thermo-mechanical history. Unlike conventional material databases, where complete datasets are rare or non-existent, Amatrium Materials provides users with complete datasets, enabling the use of existing or new materials in targeted applications or simulations for new applications.
We gather materials science knowledge from expert sources across the world, and develop sophisticated algorithms and models, using state-of-the-art data science to extract patterns and correlations. We then 'visualize' such information in multiple dimensions, in more ways than what our human brain is capable of. With that capability at your fingertips, you will become a superhuman at work!
It often takes years and millions of dollars to develop a new material. Even then, it might not be commercialize-able due to market conditions. Amatrium Materials can predict material ‘recipes’ based on targeted properties, saving both time and cost on development. Our platform can also predict the maximum feasible properties of any material family, based on the current state-of-the-art materials science knowledge. This enables sound decision-making during both the project planning phase and the material development cycle.
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Students Showcase Tech Projects
UHD lecturers participate in a youth capacity building programme in collaboration with local organisations
On July 6, 2021, the College of Science and Technology organized an event for talented students who have created and developed some technological projects in the field of Information Technology and computer science.
During the event, the talented students showcased their ideas and explained to the visitors, how the projects work and can be used by the clients.
The event took place at the main hall of the UHD's central library, involved a large number of students from the departments of the College of Science and Technology.


To call an IBM i host program, one need to cooperate with one of the IBM i host servers, the IBM i remote command server, at the TCP socket level. The full name of this server is, remote command and distributed program call server (according to the IBM i info-center). Before the program-call request is really sent to the remote command server, there're several steps have to be done first and some of them are quite time-consuming. For example, establishing a TCP connection with the server, exchanging 8-byte random seeds with the server, sending encrypted password data and user ID to and server and requesting the server to start a PJ (prestarted JOB) job to serve you, etc. At the other hand, if you choose to call programs by reusing a connected program-call object, all the above steps targeting environment initialization and user authentication will NOT happen, the only thing happens when you invoke RemoteCommand.callx() on a connected RemoteCommand instance is the program-call request being sent to the server.
t005.as is an example of calling IBM i APIs and running CL commands in AS3 using AS-400. It's also an example of using a single reusable program-call object during multiple program-calls. The key point of reusing a program-call object is setting the reuse:Boolean arguemnt of class RemoteCommand's constructor to true.


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In the Smart Home industry, it can be very confusing, and we get asked a lot of questions daily. Here are just a few of the most common questions we are asked.
A home equipped with lighting, heating, multi room audio and other electronic devices that can be controlled remotely by smartphone or computer.
There are a lot of off the shelf devices that can be installed and set up by you, these are know as DIY solutions and are a great way of introducing people to smart devices at a basic cost. Where a professional installer is needed, is if you want to bring all the elements of technology i.e. lighting, security, music etc under one easy to use platform with no jumping between apps on your phone or tablet.
Most of the off the shelf products can now be integrated with our systems for example Sonos, Ring doorbells and many others.
As early as possible as a smart home relies on good infrastructure. This is achieved by installing the correct cables within the rooms. We can also help with ideas and give you a good understanding of what can be achieved and how a smart home will work for you.
If you have just finished decorating and found out your WI-FI is dropping out, or if you want smart lighting, don’t worry there are plenty of wireless solutions for you. Just get in touch and we can guide you through the best solution for you and your home.
This is all dependent on what is specified. We like to have an idea of your budget so we can select the right system for you. If you don’t have a budget then we will go through your requirements and design a system for you. This is just a starting point and we would always follow up with alterations on the design.
Yes we have a fully working home with lighting, blinds, home cinema, TVs, music, heating, and security. Feel free to arrange a demonstration to see how a system can work for you


Re: UNDERGROUND FPV DRONE RACING IS THE GEEK SPORT OF THE FUTURE
Another update (and Happy new year btw )
After quite a while I finally built in the 3D printed parts that fit and today I finally tried flying in FPV for the first time.
Was pretty fun. Sadly the cam wasn't focused properly so the video is pretty blurry but here it is anyway along with pics of the new setup. I crash a few times but I actually take off again until the very end of the video at which point it flipps over and breaks a prop. Other than that nothing was damaged during this flight,
Finally got to fly again yesterday as the weather is slowly getting better
The first vid is a flight in the stabilized "attitude" flight mode. In this mode the quad always tried to get back into a horizontal position whenever I let go of the sticks.
The second vid is my second ever flight in the manual "rate" mode in which the quad keeps whatever angle I set it to, even when I let go of the sticks. This mode also allows for flips so this is the prefered mode when doing stunts or racing.
Sadly the rate mode flight is a bit short and I didn't get my first one on film (which was a bit longer). But during the second one I did my first ever flips so there's that at least
Anyway, compared to some of the pros out there my vids are pretty lame but hey, have fun anyway. You get to see me a bit excited after the rate vid flight
I guess noone really cares but wtf, here's some new videos anyway:
Yesterday I decided to try tuning the responsiveness of my drone a bit and test out a different flight mode of my flight controller. It's called Acro+ and what it basically does is switch to manual prop control when pushing the stick all the way into one direction. This effectively turns of the gyro and puts full power to the props on one side allowing much faster flips.
It flies much better after tuning but is still a bit too sensitive for my taste and it still shakes a bit coming out of flips which should be fixed by fine tuning it a bit more.
The first two videos are a bit of flight testing out the new mode and the last one is actually my frist attempt at a flip in this mode which failed terribly and resulted in a crash which surprisingly didn't break anything
OK flashed a different firmware onto my flight controller. It's called betaflight and was optimised specifically for flying in acro mode. It has some nice features that my old software libre pilot does not have such as "air mode" which prevents the pid controller (which is responsible for keeping track of the drones position) from switching off at low throttle.
This means that I can essentially cut the throttle in mid air and the motors will still keep the drone balanced and stable even while falling. It also means that although the throttle is set to zero I can still fully control the position of the drone.
Quite fun because you can essentially thrust it forward, cut the power so it keeps flying the way it last got sent (essentially like a projectile) during which I can still flip it any way I want before switching the throttle back on to catch it...
Anyway still need to practice but I've tuned the settings a bit and it already flies pretty well:


Top 10 Ways How Blockchain Is Enhancing Cybersecurity In The Digital Age
In today’s digital age, cybersecurity has become an increasingly important issue. With more and more sensitive information being stored and transmitted online, the risk of cyberattacks is higher than ever. Traditional cybersecurity measures such as firewalls, antivirus software, and intrusion detection systems are not always enough to protect against the sophisticated attacks that are now being launched. However, a new technology has emerged that has the potential to revolutionize cybersecurity – blockchain.
Blockchain technology is the underlying technology behind cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin, but it has many other potential applications, including enhancing cybersecurity. In this article, we will explore how blockchain technology is being used to improve cybersecurity in the digital age.
What is blockchain technology?
At its core, blockchain technology is a decentralized, digital ledger that is used to record transactions. Each block in the chain contains a cryptographic hash of the previous block, which creates an unbreakable chain of blocks. The decentralized nature of blockchain technology means that it is extremely secure and tamper-proof. This is because the ledger is distributed across a network of computers, and each computer in the network has a copy of the ledger. Any attempt to modify the ledger would require the attacker to modify all of the copies of the ledger in the network, which is practically impossible.
How blockchain is enhancing cybersecurity
— Dr. Khulood Almani|د.خلود المانع (@Khulood_Almani) December 5, 2022
- Decentralization: Blockchain technology is decentralized, meaning that there is no single point of failure. The ledger is distributed across a network of computers, and each computer in the network has a copy of the ledger. This makes it much more difficult for attackers to compromise the system.
- Immutable ledger: Once a transaction has been recorded on the blockchain, it cannot be modified or deleted. This means that any attempt to modify the ledger would be immediately detected by the other computers in the network.
- Public-key cryptography: Public-key cryptography is an essential component of blockchain technology. It is a cryptographic system that uses a pair of keys – a public key and a private key – to encrypt and decrypt information. Public-key cryptography is extremely secure, as it is virtually impossible to reverse engineer a private key from a public key.
- Smart contracts: Smart contracts can be used to automate the execution of agreements and transactions, which can improve the efficiency and security of the transaction process. Smart contracts can also be used to set up automated security protocols that can detect and respond to security breaches in real-time.
- Tamper-proof logs: Blockchain technology can be used to create tamper-proof logs that record all actions taken on a system. This can be used to detect and respond to security breaches.
- Decentralized identity: Blockchain technology can be used to create decentralized identity systems that are more secure and less prone to data breaches than traditional identity systems.
- Data provenance: Blockchain technology can be used to create a record of the provenance of data, which can help to prevent data tampering and ensure the authenticity of data.
- Improved access control: Blockchain technology can be used to create more secure access control systems that are less prone to hacking and data breaches.
- Enhanced supply chain security: Blockchain technology can be used to create more secure and transparent supply chains that are less prone to fraud and data breaches.
- Secure voting systems: Blockchain technology can be used to create more secure and transparent voting systems that are less prone to manipulation and fraud.
In today’s digital age, cybersecurity is of utmost importance as cyberattacks continue to increase in frequency and sophistication. Blockchain technology offers a promising solution to many of the cybersecurity challenges that businesses and organizations face. By providing a decentralized, tamper-proof, and transparent platform for storing and transmitting data, blockchain technology can significantly enhance cybersecurity and improve the overall security of digital systems.
The top 10 ways that blockchain is enhancing cybersecurity include decentralization, an immutable ledger, public-key cryptography, smart contracts, tamper-proof logs, decentralized identity, data provenance, improved access control, enhanced supply chain security, and secure voting systems. These features of blockchain technology can help to prevent data breaches, fraud, manipulation, and other security threats.
However, it is important to note that blockchain technology is not a silver bullet solution to cybersecurity challenges. It is still in its early stages of adoption and implementation, and there are still some challenges that need to be addressed, such as scalability and interoperability.
Nonetheless, the potential benefits of blockchain technology in enhancing cybersecurity are significant. As more businesses and organizations adopt blockchain technology, it is likely that we will see a more secure and transparent digital landscape in the future. Therefore, it is crucial for businesses and organizations to stay up-to-date with the latest developments in blockchain technology and explore how it can be integrated into their cybersecurity strategies.


This is a continuation of my work with a solar-powered USB charger. See the last article here.
A few days ago, I tried etching the board. It's nearly the first time I've etched anything at home, and it didn't quite work. (Etching, FYI, is the process of masking a copper board, dissolving the exposed copper with a reactive salt, and then removing the mask to reveal a printed circuit board.) Although the traces were beautiful, the entire board was mirrored vertically.
The first etch wasn't a complete waste of copper, though. I found that my inductor footprint was twice the size it should have been (diameter != radius) and that the regulator's feedback was mistakenly connected to the switching supply, rather than the stabilized voltage by the capacitor. With that in mind, I trashed my original revision of the printed board and drafted one half the size. (The original had a lot of empty space.) I'm going to try etching again later today.
Since you're still here, lets talk about some of the protection circuitry.
Reverse Discharge Protection
In sunlight, the solar panel voltage tends to about 10-11 volts. In the dark, it falls to 5V or less. The battery pack's operating range is between 9 and 10.5 volts. And therein lies the problem. When solar voltage exceeds battery voltage, everything's golden. About 150mA of power flow into the batteries, providing a relatively constant-current charge. The solar is incapable of charging the batteries above 11V, so damage is unlikely in the positive direction.
Darkness, though, provides a problem. In reverse, the solar panel looks just like a diode. As long as its voltage is within a few volts of the battery, no current flows. At around -3 volts, though, the solar panel begins to conduct a few milliamps backwards, draining the batteries. The darker it is, the more power conducts (up to a maximum of 12mA with full batteries and dark panels). This reverse current will drain the batteries and waste carefully collected power.
This little circuit is my answer. The battery and solar voltages are each divided by two (the comparator can't compare voltages within 2V of its supply rail, which is the battery voltage). If the battery voltage is lower than the solar, the output goes low, which turns on the PFET. With the PFET on, the comparison transitions from a voltage to a current comparison: the difference in battery and solar voltage is entirely due to the voltage drop caused by the PFET. My particular PFET has a Rds = 0.2Ω, which implies a 30mV drop at full current. If the solar voltage drops below the battery voltage, current will begin to flow the other way, and the comparator will turn off the PFET. Twelve milliamps, saved.
Power on Demand
I've taken to calling this feature pod. I'm not sure if that's a real thing or not, but peapods are cool. Anyways...
The voltage regulator I'm using has an on/off input. Grounding the input shuts off the unit. Under no load, the unit consumes 4mA when turned on (just to run the internal switches, comparisons, and such). Powered off, it uses less than 200µA. To save power, I want to power down when the USB isn't used.
Now, the USB specification states that the shell and ground pin should be connected. I'm violating that on my end, and hoping the other side conforms to the spec. On my end, the shell is connected to battery power through a giant resistor. When something's plugged in, it should pull the shell down to ground. The voltage on Conn_Detect, then, is 9V with nothing attached and 0V when something's plugged in. The NFET shorts the on/off pin to ground in the former case and provides an open circuit in the latter. Four milliamps, saved.
The final piece of protection circuitry is the most complicated. I'd like to force the regulator to powerdown when the batteries are depleted. Trouble is, the terminal voltage of a battery (the voltage at the terminals) has little correlation with the battery's state of charge. I was planning to compare a divided version of the battery voltage to a reference, but the battery voltage fluctuates with load: removing the load will allow the terminal voltage to increase, and then the regulator will turn on again and...
Shy of that, I'm not really sure how to measure state of charge. The unloaded terminal voltage is a useful metric, but I can't find unloaded voltage without shutting off the regulator. That leaves me at an impasse.
- Low resistance in the battery-solar PFET (0.05Ω) led to difficulty detecting current direction. The TS372's offset voltage of 2mV far exceeded the sense resistors voltage drop. A 1Ω resistor in series with the PFET increased the sense voltage by a factor of 20.
- Incorrect footprint for the powersave NFETs (Gate-Source-Drain instead of Source-Gate-Drain). Fixed the footprint in KiCAD for the next version.
- Failing 2N7000 NFETs. Still diagnosing the cause, but I suspect that when one of the two transistors breaks, the other is fried. Replacing both at once may help.


The Polar OH1 is an armband with an optical oscilloscope that combines flexibility, comfort and simplicity. It fits snugly on your arm and records your heart rate with Polar’s high-precision optical heart rate monitoring solution. With Polar OH1, nothing can stand in your way and your goals.
- Weight: Sensor: 5g armband: 12g
- Height: 9.5 mm
- Diameter: 29.85 mm
- Compatible with iOS devices, with Bluetooth 4.0 and Android 4.4 or later.
- Internal memory: 4 MB, up to 200 hours of training
- Battery: 45 mAh rechargeable lithium battery
- Waterproof up to 30 meters


About This Station
This website was created as a public service for residents of Gig Harbor, Washington. This weather station is privately owned and operated, and is not affiliated with the City of Gig Harbor and should not be considered an officially recognized station for weather reporting.
Never base important decisions on this or any weather information obtained from the Internet.
Weather Station Equipment
The Gig Harbor Weather station consists of a Davis Weather Instruments Vantage Pro2 Plus wireless weather station and wireless anemometer station. Whenever possible, sighting of weather sensors was done following established guidelines as detailed in the CWOP Weather Station Sighting, Performance, and Data Quality Guide in order to provide the most accurate data.
Temperature and Humidity
The Integrated Sensor Suite(ISS) contains the temperature and humidity sensors. Temperature is measured using a thermistor. The thermistor has a range of -40° to +150°F (-40° to +65°C) and an accuracy of ±1°F (±0.5°C). Temperature readings are updated every 10 seconds. Humidity is measured using a film capacitor element. The humidity sensor range is 0 to 100% RH. Accuracy is ±3% (0 to 90% RH), ±4% (90 to 100% RH). The update interval for humidity is 50 seconds to 1 minute. Dew point is calculated from humidity and has an accuracy of ±3°F (±1.5°C). The dew point update interval is 10 to 12 seconds. A 24 hour FARS (Fan Aspirated Radiation Shield) is attached to the ISS to provide better airflow around the sensors.
Wind data is provided by the anemometer and wind vane. The main wind equipment is located on a tower approximately 30 ft above the ground. Wind speed information is provided by the anemometer. Wind speed is measured in 1 mph units. Other units are converted from mph and rounded to nearest 1 km/h, 0.1 m/s, or 1 knot. Wind speed range is 2 to 150 mph, 2 to 130 knots, 1 to 67 m/s, 3 to 241 km/h. Update intervals are 2.5 seconds for instantaneous readings. The 10-minute Average wind speed is updated at 1 minute intervals. Accuracy is ±2 mph (2 kts, 3 km/h, 1 m/s) or ±5%, whichever is greater. Wind Direction is measured with the wind vane. The wind vane has a resolution of 16 points (22.5°) on compass rose, 1° in numeric display. The accuracy is ±4°, and update interval is every 2.5 seconds.
Rainfall is measured by the automated rain gauge with a tipping-bucket type mechanism. The rain gauge measures rainfall in 0.01 inch increments.
Accuracy for rain rates up to 2"/hr (50 mm/hr): ±4% of total or +0.01" (0.25 mm)(0.01" = one tip of the bucket), whichever is greater. For rain rates from
2"/hr (50 mm/hr) to 4"/hr (100 mm/hr): ±5% of total or +0.01" (0.25 mm) (0.01" = one tip of the bucket), whichever is greater. The rainfall update interval is
10 to 12 seconds.
Solar and UV Data
The Solar Radiation Sensor, or solar pyranometer, measures global radiation, the sum at the point of measurement of both the direct and diffuse components of solar
irradiance. The sensor’s transducer, which converts incident radiation to electrical current, is a silicon photodiode with wide spectral response. From the sensor’s
output voltage, the console calculates and displays solar irradiance. It also integrates the irradiance values and displays total incident energy over a set period of time.
1 W/m2. The sensor range is 0 to 1800 W/m2, and accuracy is ±5% of full scale (Reference: Eppley PSP at 1000 W/m2). Sensor drift is up to ±2% per year. the update
interval is 50 seconds to 1 minute.
The station pressure sensor is housed inside the Vantage Pro2 Console. Pressure is measured in 0.01" Hg. The corrected range is 26.00" to 32.00" Hg, 660.0 to 810.0 mm Hg, 880.0 to 1080.0 hPa/mb. The update interval is 15 minutes, and accuracy is ±0.04" Hg (±1.0 mm Hg, ±1.4 hPa/mb).
Vantage Pro2 Console
The Vantage Pro2 console displays and records weather data, provides graph and alarm functions, and interfaces to the Gig Harbor Weather Station computer using the Davis datalogger and WeatherLink® software. The console receives the wireless transmissions from the ISS and wireless anemometer station.
About This Website
This site is a template design by CarterLake.org with PHP conversion by Saratoga-Weather.org.
Cloud height graphic courtesy of Bashewa Weather
Template is originally based on Designs by Haran.


Private distributed registry "0x0"
It's pronounced "zero-x-zero" or "Oxo"
About Private Blockchain
A private blockchain network is a decentralized, secure and safe network designed to provide a secure and reliable exchange of data between network participants. It allows you to create and control your own blockchain applications, providing a high level of security and privacy.
- Privacy: network participants can remain anonymous, further protecting their data and information.
- Access control: the network is managed by its participants, who can control who has access to data and how it can be used.
- Security: through cryptographic techniques such as encryption, digital signature and hashing, the network provides a high level of data protection against unauthorized access.
- Decentralization: the absence of a single control center makes the network resilient to failures and attacks on individual nodes.
- Scalability: A private blockchain network can be adapted to different usage scenarios and scaled according to user requirements.
- Flexibility: The network supports different types of data, such as text, images, video and others, and provides the ability to process and analyze them.
Scope of use
- Simple loyalty systems
- Bonus and coupon loyalty systems
- Game registers
|Block formation rate (BFR), sec
|1 or 60 sec
|In order to save resources, if there are no transactions, blocks are rarely formed.
|Block size, GAS
|700 000 000
|The block fits more than 30,000 simple transactions or about 3,000 smart contract calls.
|Theoretical transaction rate, tr/sec
|Our distributed registry has anti-spam enabled, so the actual speed will be slower.
|"Proof of Authority" - consensus governed by limited number of nodes
Metamask connects using this site: metamask.0x0.su


290 290x litecoin - Créer une ferme minière bitcoin
We' ve been through the rise fall of cryptocurrency mining using GPUs several times now— first in with Radeon HD 5870/ 5850 cards , Bitcoin ( SHA256) then in with Radeon R9 290X/ 290. According to the latest Bloomberg research Monero price is expected to reach $ 1500 per 1 XMR in due to the development of the Kovri Project, an overlay- network developed by Monero is designed to effectively hide user’ s connection data like geolocation IP address. GeForce GTX 750 Ti vs Radeon R9 270. コメント [ 原発・ フッ素35] 死亡者数が激増！ 都内の葬儀場は何処も予約待ち状態に！ 放射能被曝による突然死が急増して. Intro The GeForce GTX 750 Ti features a core clock frequency of 1020 MHz and a GDDR5 memory frequency of 1350 MHz. 290 290x litecoin. 전용 마이닝 소프트웨어 : GUI 마이닝, 콘솔 및 Android 마이닝 앱을 사용하여 Monero 마이닝풀에 가입하고 여러 장치에서 XMR을 채굴하십시오. We assume the system has a single monitor attached to the GPU.The results do not include PSU power losses devices connected to external power sources like monitors printers.


NASA’s Psyche Spacecraft Heads to Cape Canaveral
Scientists have been speculating about what happened before our solar system came into existence. A team of scientists has proposed an idea about how asteroids may have formed in space. This idea is now being tested by a new spacecraft.
Elkins-Tanton is leading the Psyche mission. She is also an astronomer who studies asteroids. Her name comes from the asteroid Psyche. And she is leading NASA’s new Psyche probe. The probe will visit an asteroid called Psyche. It will be sent to the asteroid Psyche to study what it’s composed of and figure out how the solar system’s rock planets may have assembled.
Building operations for the craft have begun for over a year in JPL’s Spacecraft assembly facility. The craft is tested inside the clean room to make sure it can survive the rigors of space travel. The room is designed so no dust or fingerprints disturb sensitive instruments. Contaminants from Earth won’t be carried into space.
The probe is boxy, about the size of a vehicle, topped by a big dish antenna, which will be sent and received signals from home. When Wired visited the clean room in early April, those tests were underway. A handful of posts and a sign that said “psyche: journey to a metal world” kept visitors at a distance. There was a technician working on a tube-shaped receiver on the bottom. Hole could be seen along the side, where two arrays each comprised of four solar panels will be attached. Most of the probe will be flown inside an environmentally controlled container on an airship to Cape Canaveral. But these arrays will be shipped separately and then reattached close to launch.
Psyche is a large metallic asteroid orbiting the Sun between Mars and Jupiter. It is 140 miles wide and very dense. It is also a unique target because it is the first metal asteroid discovered.
Psyche could be a core of a planetesimal. It could resemble the metallic innards found in rocky planets. It could be the core of a baby world. It could also be a world without any metal.
Featured video astronomer explains how NASA detects asteroids. The military is building its own metaverse. Your iPhone is vulnerable to malware attack even when it’s off. The incredible shrinking car dealership Elkins-Tanton.
A new kind of mission is launched to explore an asteroid. The spacecraft will take pictures of the asteroid and send them back to Earth. The pictures will be available to the public after 30 minutes.
Scientists will use this space craft to measure the density of the asteroid. This will help them figure out if the asteroid is mostly metal or mostly rock. Also, they will use the instruments to detect any radiation coming from the asteroid. These instruments will tell us what kind of atmosphere the asteroid has.
For the body of the Psyhe spacecraft, on which all instruments are mounted, NASA partners with Maxar Technologies, a company based in Westminster, Colorado. This marks the company’s first time building a deep space mission and reduces costs by adapting an off the shelf communication satellite chassis. The spacecraft is made up of two large, cross shaped solar arrays, which when unfurled in orbit will make the spacecraft extend out the length of a tennis courts. When unfurled in space the spacecraft collects 20 kilowatts of power from the sun near earth but drops down to about 2 kilowatts when it gets closer to the planet.
DSOC is a technology demonstration of something that could be used for future missions to Mars.
Psyche is the latest in the series of close-up comets and asteroids investigators who are tasked with expanding our knowledge about the materials that formed the solar system. The ESA’s Rosetta spacecraft flew past the metallic asteroid Lutitia before its lander successfully landed on a comet in 2014. But Psyche will be the subject of more focused study. The NASA’s Dawn spacecraft traveled past the giant asteroid Vesta and the dwarf planet Ceres last year. In 2015, Japan’s Hayabusa 2 spacecraft visited the carbon-rich near-Earth asteroids Ryugy and Bennu. And last year, NASA’s Lucy spacecraft flew by the Trojan asteroids, trapped in the same orbit as Jupiter.
The military is building its own metaverse using your phone. Your phone is vulnerable to malware attack even when it’s off. The car dealership is shrinking but for now, NASA’s mission is to get Psyche to Florida and prepare it for launch. Once it arrives at Cape Canaveral, it will take three months to set up ground support equipment, run tests to make sure everything was shipped correctly, and finalize the hardware. They will also test telecommunication systems for sending commands and receiving information via the deep space network. This is the point where all the nerves are being felt.
Elkins-Tanton feels she has tested everything she can in a clean room. She is not worried about the launch because she is confident about the instruments. She is more concerned about unexpected problems. Her instruments are complicated.