The Apache HTTP Server Project is an effort to develop and maintain an open-source HTTP server for modern operating systems including UNIX and Windows NT. The goal of this project is to provide a secure, efficient and extensible server that provides HTTP services in sync with the current HTTP standards.
Today , I get job from my boss to installing FTP in CentOS server, I`m using ProFTPd , because for ISPConfig has better support for proftpd than vsftpd, so let’s remove vsftpd.
before install ProFTPd , we better to installing some software ,
update our existing packages on the system:
The second Release Candidate for the FreeBSD 8.2 release cycle is
now available. Initial testing of the 7.4-RC2 install images turned
up an issue with the pre-built packages that will take a few more
days to address. For this build only the amd64, i386, pc98, and
sparc64 architectures are available.


Wallet App Encryption & Security
The technology that makes the Liquidus wallet so secure.
Liquidus Wallet Security Features
Since there have been a couple of questions about the wallet encryption functionality of the Liquidus app, we want to give a quick overview of how we make sure that the user’s funds are safe:
The seed phrase and subsequently derived private keys are generated on the device only (not in the backend). The private key never leaves the device and is totally controlled by the user. Of course, you can export the seed phrase or private key and import it into another wallet if you like — the Liquidus app is essentially a fully non-custodial wallet, meaning you have full custody of your private keys and seed phrase.
After the generation (or import) of an account, the seed phrase and associated private keys are directly encrypted. We use the state-of-the-art Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) algorithm in counter mode to encrypt confidential wallet data. The encryption blob is saved in the private storage of the application (so-called application sandbox). This ensures that other apps cannot access the encrypted wallet data.
The encryption key for the wallet itself is composed of the user-defined pin code plus a randomly generated number (so-called salt value). These two components are used as input for a password-based key derivation function (PBKDF). The PBKDF outputs a cryptographically secure key for the AES encryption function. The AES key is not stored in memory but generated on-the-fly after the user entered his or her pin code following industry best practices for handling encryption keys.
When biometrics has been enabled, the pin code is stored in the secure storage of the device (iOS Keychain or Android Keystore). Both are backed by dedicated security hardware modules. The secure storage is only accessible after successful authentication with either fingerprint or face ID and is supposed to be the most secure way to store sensitive data on a mobile device (such as the app’s pin code).
Log-out manager: You may already have noticed that the app is locked automatically after two minutes of inactivity (time can be changed in user settings). Basically, after this period the wallet’s internal memory is wiped and it must be decrypted again before you can use it. That’s why you must re-enter the pin or authenticate via biometrics when you have not used the app for a couple of minutes. This ensures that the wallet is kept in memory in unencrypted format only for a limited amount of time, limiting the attack surface dramatically.
In general, we are following the OWASP Mobile Application Security guidelines as much as possible during implementation to ensure a very high level of security for the Liquidus app. Nevertheless, we plan to let the wallet be audited by an external consultancy for two reasons: First to make sure we have implemented all the mentioned security features correctly, and secondly, to get a certificate of the wallet’s integrity which states that there is no backdoor or similar that could lead to a loss of user funds.
Written by our software architect.


In recent years, technology has advanced by leaps and bounds, bringing numerous innovations that have transformed various industries. Among these technological marvels, robotics stands out as one of the most revolutionary and impactful developments. From manufacturing to healthcare, from space exploration to entertainment, robotics has made its presence felt across a wide range of domains, propelling us towards a future where intelligent automation will be an integral part of our daily lives.
Robotics is the interdisciplinary field that deals with the design, construction, operation, and application of robots. A robot, in its simplest form, is a machine capable of carrying out tasks autonomously or semi-autonomously, typically programmed to execute specific actions. These machines can be as basic as a robotic arm in a factory or as complex as an AI-powered humanoid capable of understanding and interacting with humans.
The foundation of robotics lies in the amalgamation of diverse areas such as mechanical engineering, electronics, computer science, artificial intelligence, and control systems. By integrating these fields, roboticists strive to create machines that mimic or surpass human capabilities, enabling them to tackle tasks that are dangerous, repetitive, or require a level of precision that humans may find challenging to achieve.
The Evolution of Robotics
The concept of robots can be traced back to ancient times, where inventors and visionaries imagined automatons that could perform mechanical actions. However, the true evolution of robotics began during the 20th century, as technology and computing capabilities started to mature. Early robots were rudimentary and had limited functionality, often used in industrial settings to perform repetitive tasks.
In recent decades, significant advancements in robotics have been driven by exponential growth in computational power, the development of advanced sensors, and breakthroughs in artificial intelligence and machine learning. These developments have allowed robots to become more versatile, adaptive, and capable of interacting with their environment and humans in more sophisticated ways.
Applications of Robotics
The versatility of robotics has led to its widespread adoption in various industries, enhancing efficiency, safety, and productivity. Some of the key applications of robotics include:
Robots have revolutionized the manufacturing industry, automating assembly lines, and streamlining production processes. They can work tirelessly without fatigue, contributing to increased production rates and improved product quality.
Medical robots are transforming healthcare by assisting in surgeries, patient care, and rehabilitation. They can perform intricate surgeries with pinpoint precision, reducing the risk of human errors and enabling faster patient recovery.
In space and underwater exploration, robots are used to gather data from extreme environments, expanding our understanding of distant worlds and unexplored regions on Earth.
Agricultural robots, equipped with advanced sensors and AI, can optimize crop cultivation, monitor plant health, and perform labor-intensive tasks, leading to better yields and more sustainable practices.
5. Education and Entertainment:
Robots have found their way into the realm of education and entertainment, enhancing interactive learning experiences and providing amusement in various forms, such as robotic companions and performers.
The Future of Robotics
The future of robotics is incredibly promising, with ongoing research and development promising even more groundbreaking applications. As technology progresses, we can expect to see:
1. Collaborative Robots (Cobots):
Collaborative robots, designed to work safely alongside humans, will become more prevalent. These robots will augment human abilities and facilitate human-robot partnerships in various domains.
2. AI Advancements:
Artificial intelligence will continue to play a central role in robotics, making machines more intelligent, adaptive, and capable of understanding and responding to complex human interactions.
3. Robotics in Personal Assistance:
Personal service robots will become more sophisticated, aiding in household chores, elder care, and healthcare, thereby enhancing the quality of life for individuals.
4. Autonomous Vehicles:
Autonomous vehicles, such as self-driving cars and drones, will become more prevalent, transforming transportation and logistics industries and reducing the risk of accidents.
5. Ethical and Societal Implications:
As robots become more integrated into society, ethical considerations such as privacy, security, and job displacement will need careful consideration and regulation.
Robotics technology is undoubtedly reshaping the world we live in. From the assembly lines of factories to the surgical theaters in hospitals, robots have proven their worth in enhancing efficiency, productivity, and safety. As research and development continue to push the boundaries of what’s possible, we can expect to witness even more astounding applications of robotics, with machines and humans working together to create a better, more advanced future. As we embrace the era of intelligent automation, it’s essential to ensure that we strike a delicate balance between progress and ethics, making the most of the opportunities while addressing potential challenges responsibly.


The future of foot orthotic prescription and manufacture is changing rapidly with the arrival of new disruptive digital technology in both design and build.
We are very excited by these changes, and now unshackled by the constraints of ageing software and technology are free to explore the potential and benefits for both patient and practitioner.
With investment in the latest technology and backed by independent research and development, podiatrists and orthotists can now experience the possibilities of laser foot scanning, superior capability of digital design, and 3D printing.
In 2017 we installed the first HP Multi Jet Fusion 3D Printer in Australia and look forward to the next steps as we pioneer this new technology around the world.
For more information please visit iorthotics.com.au or for a discussion on the benefits for your clinic, call 1800 730 552.
HP Multi Jet Fusion Technology for iOrthotics
iOrthotics — 3D Printed Orthotics


The Brain Storm Optimization (BSO) algorithm is a new kind of swarm intelligence algorithm, which is based on the collective behavior of human beings, that is, the brainstorming process. There are two major operations involved in BSO, i.e., convergent operation and divergent operation. A "good enough" solution could be obtained through recursive solution divergence and convergence in the search space. The designed optimization algorithm will naturally have the capability of both convergence and divergence.
BSO algorithm possesses two kinds of functionalities: capability learning and capacity developing. The divergent operation corresponds to the capability of learning while the convergent operation corresponds to capacity developing. The capacity developing focuses on moving the algorithm's search to the area(s) where higher potential solutions may exist while the capability learning focuses on its actual search towards new solutions from the current solution for single-point based optimization algorithms or the current population of solutions for population-based swarm intelligence algorithms. The capability learning and capacity developing recycle to move individuals towards better and better solutions. The BSO algorithm, therefore, can also be called as a developmental brain storm optimization algorithm.
The capacity developing is a top-level learning or macro-level learning methodology. The capacity developing describes the learning ability of an algorithm to adaptively change its parameters, structures, and/or its learning potential according to the search states of the problem to be solved. In other words, capacity developing is the search potential possessed by an algorithm. Capability learning is bottom-level learning or micro-level learning. The capability learning describes the ability of an algorithm to find better solutions from current solutions with the learning capacity it possesses.
The BSO algorithm can also be seen as a combination of swarm intelligence and data mining techniques. Every individual in the brain storm optimization algorithm is not only a solution to the problem to be optimized, but also a data point to reveal the landscapes of the problem. The swarm intelligence and data mining techniques can be combined to produce benefits above and beyond what either method could achieve alone.
Topics of Interest
This special session aims at presenting the latest developments of the BSO algorithm, as well as exchanging new ideas and discussing the future directions of developmental swarm intelligence. Original contributions that provide novel theories, frameworks, and applications to algorithms are very welcome for this Special session.
Potential topics include, but are not limited to:
Theoretical aspects of BSO algorithms;
Analysis and control of BSO parameters;
Parallelized and distributed realizations of BSO algorithms;
BSO for multiple/many-objective optimization;
BSO for constrained optimization;
BSO for discrete optimization;
BSO for large-scale optimization;
BSO algorithm with data mining techniques;
BSO in uncertain environments;
BSO for real-world applications.
Please follow the IEEE CEC2021 instruction for authors and submit your paper via the IEEE CEC 2021 online submission system. Please specify that your paper is for the Special Session on Brain Storm Optimization Algorithms.
Shi Cheng received the Bachelor's degree in Mechanical and Electrical Engineering from Xiamen University, Xiamen, the Master's degree in Software Engineering from Beihang University (BUAA), Beijing, China, the Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering and Electronics from University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom in 2005, 2008, and 2013, respectively. He is currently an associate professor with the School of Computer Science, Shaanxi Normal University, China. His current research interests include swarm intelligence, multiobjective optimization, and data mining techniques.
Lianbo Ma (Member, IEEE) received the B.S. degree in communication engineering and the M.Sc. degree in communication and information system from Northeastern University, Shenyang, China, in 2004 and 2007, respectively, and the Ph.D. degree in mechanical and electronic engineering from the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China, in 2015. He is currently a Professor with Northeastern University. His current research interests include computational intelligence and machine learning.
Yuhui Shi received the Ph.D. degree in electronic engineering from Southeast University, Nanjing, China, in 1992. He is a chair professor in the Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China. He is a Fellow of the IEEE. His main research interests include the areas of computational intelligence techniques (including swarm intelligence) and their applications. Dr. Shi is the Editor-in-Chief of the International Journal of Swarm Intelligence Research.


in 1964, TC10 is primarily concerned with solving problems relevant to
industry in the field of the optical properties of glass and coated glass
TC10 aims to improve the accuracy and
reliability of the measurement of spectral optical properties needed to
determine the relevant ultraviolet, luminous, solar and thermal performance
parameters of glazing products employed in building, automotive and solar
energy conversion applications.
Important areas of activity concern
instrumentation, measurement techniques and procedures, calibration and
reference materials and calculation methods.
There is a strong emphasis on the use of
interlaboratory comparisons. Recent work has addressed the
spectrophotometric determination of emissivity, error sources in the
measurement of diffuse optical properties and the accuracy of portable
instrumentation for the determination of colour parameters.
Current activities include the
development of measurement procedures for reliable measurement of the
transmittance of three dimensional patterned glass, fritted glass and
laminates and determination of dispersion functions for bare glass
Strong links exist between TC10 and
relevant international and European standards committees and work has
contributed to the development and revision of glass in buildings standards
such as EN 410, EN 673, EN 12898 and ISO 9050.
Measurement of the spectral transmittance
and reflectance of patterned glass
Measurement of the angle dependent spectral
transmittance of coated glass products
For enquiries please Email us :


High cutting performance in steel and other materials due to a higher wire tension
For the use of closed wire loops (endlsess wires)
For cutting components with a maximum size of 1 x 1 m.
Suitable for diamond wires of Ø 8 to 12 mm.
Drive power: 15/30/50 KW
Connected load: 32/63/125 A
Wire tension: up to 300 kg
Size L x B x W: available in different sizes
Total weight: depending on size


Computer science essays computer science is one of it has become one of the leading industries in the world today the science of computer technology. Essays from bookrags provide great ideas for technology essays and paper topics like essay the role technology plays in today's society from bookrags (c. Science and technology essay – advantages and disadvantages of technological advances technology has been progressing at an astonishingly rapid rhythm, and it has. Artificial intelligence in computer science - an important field in computer science today is term papers: science and technology in the middle. Technology can be viewed as an activity that forms or changes culture additionally, technology is the application of math, science, and the arts for the benefit of.
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Technology - technology and today's youth my account preview preview essay about technology and today's advancement in the field of science and technology. Check out our top free essays on importance of science and technology today to help you write your own essay. Impact of science & technology on society & economy overview today our conception of the human resource is far more human rights, science, technology.
Science & technology articles - it goes without saying in today’s world science and technology is on its peak, new wonderful technologies are being introduced daily. Science and technology is the in thing in the world today this isone area that is able to create solutions to the many problems thatwe face in our day to day problems. Science and technology is the basis of short essay on science and technology the morning newspaper which brings to us all important news of the whole world. While india has increased its output of scientific papers fourfold between 2000 and 2015 overtaking russia and france in and science and technology in.


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Disclaimer: Though we have tried to put our best effort to bring together some of the best custom ROMs for the Galaxy S4 GT-I9505, we cannot assert that all of you will agree with our selection.Download Samsung Galaxy S4 LTE-A GT-I9506 firmware (stock ROM), flash it in your device using Odin Tool and enjoy the native Android experience again.Find device-specific support and online tools for your Samsung Galaxy S 4.
This includes a finger scanner, protecting your personal password, heart rate sensor, and Android 4.4 KitKat.See the common features and the differences that make them better or worse.The Samsung Galaxy S 4G LTE also known as the Droid Charge (Verizon), Galaxy S Aviator (U.S. Cellular) and Galaxy S Lightray 4G (MetroPCS, includes DyleTV), is an Android smartphone manufactured by Samsung.One of the first steps to selecting a cell phone signal booster for your home or office, vehicle, or large building is to determine how strong the outside signal is.
Step 4: Switch off your Galaxy S4 LIE from PC, boot it into download mode.What I did not realize, until I saw a branded T-Mobile Samsung Galaxy s7, is that my unlocked s7 did not have the capability to do Video Call Over LTE.
Galaxy S4 Cell Phone Cases: Overstock.com - Your Online Cell Phone Cases Store.These can include major updates, which bring a newer version of the OS to a pa.
The Samsung Galaxy S4 is an Android smartphone produced by Samsung Electronics and was first shown publicly on March 14, 2013 at Samsung Mobile Unpacked in New York City.The Samsung Galaxy S4 LTE-A will provide speeds of up to 150Mbps, however SK Telecom plans on improving the network to go even faster in 2014.
Unveiled on 24 February 2014 at Mobile World Congress in Barcelona, Spain, it was released on 11 April 2014 in 150 countries as the immediate successor to the Galaxy S4.
The phone comes with a 5.70-inch touchscreen display with a resolution of 1440 pixels by 2560 pixels at a PPI of 515 pixels.The Samsung Galaxy S4 LTE-A phone has a 5-inch (1920x1080) Super AMOLED screen, a 13MP main camera and a 2MP selfie camera.


In 2013 we first imagined running an entire virtual world using blockchain technology; this project was to be called Chronokings
Using Namecoin as the foundation, in September 2013 we released the world’s first fully-decentralised blockchain game. The Chronokings alpha and its successor, Huntercoin, were years ahead of their time — Truly innovative cryptocurrencies
Huntercoin was released in February 2014 as a proof of concept to test how well blockchain technology could cope with facilitating a fully-decentralised Massively Multiplayer Online Game, and it succeeded in this experiment.
Huntercoin is still the only game that runs entirely on the blockchain.
Close to 4 years on with the knowledge and experience we’ve gained from previous projects, we’ve reached the point where we’re ready to create the world’s first blockchain gaming platform, Chimaera. By supporting game/app developers with the tools required to build on the blockchain, we’re opening up this new technology to everyone.


Dive into the reasons behind tech professionals’ fascination with QR Codes and explore why they’re increasingly adopting them in the tech world.
A Love Affair with QR Codes
From the depths of the tech world, an obsession emerges QR Codes. Why do tech guys love QR Codes? What attracts a tech professional to a QR Code? Why do they feel they need to use these all the time? What makes them attractive? Do people use them? In this article, we’ll unravel the reasons behind the attraction of QR Codes within the tech sector and their usefulness in today’s fast-paced digital environment.
The Allure of QR Codes for Tech Professionals
The Simplicity and Convenience Factor
Tech professionals appreciate efficiency, and QR Codes offer a hassle-free way to share and access data in just a few seconds. With the snap of a camera, QR Codes eliminate the need for manual input, reducing errors and saving time. As Ashu Bhoot from Orion Network Solutions puts it, “QR Codes are a game-changer when it comes to streamlining processes and enhancing user experience.”
Versatility and Adaptability
QR Codes can be used for everything from contactless payments to event check-ins, making them a go-to tool for tech-savvy individuals. They can be modified to match branding or be made visually appealing, attracting tech professionals to the endless possibilities they offer. Mark Veldhoff from Envizion IT explains, “The diverse applications of QR Codes make them indispensable in the tech world.”
A Boon for Marketers and Developers
QR Codes provide valuable insights into user behavior, making them an invaluable tool for data-driven decisions. Their compatibility with various platforms and devices enables seamless incorporation into existing systems. Bryan Ferrario from Alliance Technology Partners states, “QR Codes offer unmatched versatility and ease of integration, making them a top choice for developers and marketers alike.”
The Future of QR Codes
With the rise of augmented reality and the Internet of Things (IoT), QR Codes are expected to play an even larger role in the tech landscape. As technology continues to evolve, the potential for QR Codes will only grow, ensuring their place in the tech sector for years to come.
FAQs about QR Codes and Tech Professionals
- What do tech guys love about QR Codes? What attracts a tech professional to a QR Code? Tech professionals appreciate the simplicity, convenience, versatility, and adaptability of QR Codes. They also value the ability to track user behavior and integrate them into existing systems.
- Why do they feel they must always use these? QR Codes offer a quick and efficient way to access and share information, which appeals to tech professionals prioritizing time-saving solutions.
- What makes them attractive? QR Codes are attractive due to their adaptability, wide range of applications, easy customization, and compatibility with various platforms and devices.
- Do people use them? People across various industries use QR Codes for many purposes, including marketing, contactless payments, and event management.
The Attraction of QR Codes within the Tech Sector
So, why do tech guys love QR Codes? What attracts a tech professional to a QR Code? Why do they feel they need to use these all the time? What makes them attractive? Do people use them? The attraction of QR Codes within the tech sector lies in their simplicity, convenience, versatility, and adaptability. As technology continues to evolve, it’s clear that QR Codes are here to stay.


With the continuous development of semiconductor technology, the improvement of precision and efficiency of lithography as one of its core links has received increasing attention. Among them, the application of ArF laser light source in the field of lithography is particularly prominent, and its high power, high stability and environmental protection make it an important tool for future semiconductor manufacturing. However, how to optimize ArF laser light source to meet the manufacturing needs of higher resolution and larger area is the focus of current research. On the one hand, researchers are exploring the design and optimization of new ArF lasers to achieve higher power output and wider working wavelength range[1-5]. For example, by improving the injection locking mechanism of the laser, a high power output of 6kHz can be achieved; by introducing new optical designs, manufacturing with smaller process can be realized. On the other hand, researchers are also paying attention to the impact of ArF laser light source on the lithography process, including the influence of laser bandwidth, light source polarization, beam quality and other factors on lithographic performance[6-12]. Figure 4 shows how the light source parameters affect the key exposure dimensions from lens aberration, focusing, dose control, optical proximity effects, and lighting. These studies help us better understand and control the lithography process, thereby improving the performance of semiconductor processes. This review will comprehensively sort out the research progress on the application of ArF laser light source in lithography technology and its influencing factors, aiming to provide a systematic reference framework for researchers in related fields and look forward to future research directions.
The measured light source parameters and its impact.
2. The main models of excimer laser sources in lithography
In the field of photolithography, the current mainstream excimer laser light sources are the 193 nm ArF laser and the 248 nm KrF laser. The 157 nm F2 light source has not gained mainstream acceptance due to factors such as its high replacement cost for photoresists and lens materials. KrF represents the first-generation excimer light source employed in photolithography, owing to its significant advantages in terms of output energy, wavelength precision, linewidth, stability, and other critical factors, surpassing earlier mercury lamp light sources. Concurrently, as the semiconductor industry and photolithography technology continue to advance under the influence of Moore's Law, the emergence of ArF light source technology with shorter laser wavelength radiation has become evident. With continuous iterations and improvements in KrF and ArF light sources, the photolithography nodes have progressed steadily. Table 1 provides information on various models from companies such as ASML, Nikon, Canon, and their respective light source parameters (where NA denotes numerical aperture).
Some models of lithography systems for ASML, Nikon and Canon, and laser sources of these systems
|Output rate (Wafer /h)
|Immersion step-and-scan exposure
|193 nm ArF
|Dry step-and-scan exposure
|248 nm KrF
|248 nm KrF
|Immersion step-and-scan exposure
|193 nm ArF
|248 nm KrF
|248 nm KrF
|248 nm KrF
Key parameters for photolithography machines encompass resolution, numerical aperture, overlay error, and throughput, among others. The resolution of a photolithography machine reflects its ability to project the smallest image clearly and is directly linked to the capabilities of the excimer light source. According to the Rayleigh criterion, photolithography resolution can be expressed as follows:
R = K1* (λ/NA)
where R represents the resolution, K1 denotes the process constant, λ stands for the center wavelength of the light source, and NA refers to the numerical aperture. K1 is intertwined with photoresist processes, illumination coherence, and wavefront control. Enhancing the photolithography node from the light source perspective primarily involves optimizing the wavelength, energy, spectral width, and stability of the light source. Critical dimensions and overlay errors are significantly influenced by light source parameters. Principal parameters of excimer laser light sources encompass repetition rate, average power, bandwidth (inclusive of 95% energy integral (E95) and full-width at half-maximum (FWHM)), bandwidth stability, center wavelength, center wavelength stability, dose accuracy, single-pulse energy and stability, beam position stability, and beam pointing stability, among others. The assessment of excimer laser light sources for photolithography adheres to a rigorous set of measurement, calculation, and evaluation criteria, necessitating mutual recognition by light source and photolithography machine manufacturers.
3. Light Source Main Parameters and Their Impact on Photolithography
In the realm of photolithography, meeting the requirements of semiconductor photolithography process nodes necessitates fundamental research aimed at enhancing the performance metrics of the corresponding lithographic nodes. As the semiconductor nodes continue to shrink, the future performance of excimer lasers primarily hinges on the stability of their light source parameters. The successful adoption of techniques like double exposure and multiple exposure in photolithography processes has introduced more stringent demands on process control. These include critical dimensions, overlay errors, edge placement errors, photomasks, and reticle tools, all of which require additional methods to address errors while maintaining a robust process. Additionally, the light source needs to be closely integrated and adjusted with the back-end photolithography process to optimize critical dimensions, overlay errors, and edge placement errors by reducing various light source parameters, as illustrated in the diagram. Therefore, research into these light source parameters becomes essential.
Center Wavelength and Bandwidth
Ideally, excimer laser outputs should be monochromatic, meaning the output beam has only one single wavelength (λ0) that remains fixed and stable in both spatial and temporal domains. However, in reality, due to technological limitations, it is challenging to produce laser sources that emit perfectly monochromatic light. The goal is to minimize the bandwidth of excimer lasers, which can be considered as the finite oscillation around the center wavelength.
From fundamental optical principles, wavelength variations can lead to changes in the imaging focal plane. Ideally, these changes must be kept as close to zero as possible. In practical manufacturing, lenses used for DUV immersion lithography exhibit chromatic aberration, which means that small wavelength shifts can result in significant changes in focus, primarily due to chromatic aberration (defined as the longitudinal change of focus or image position with respect to wavelength). Within the limited bandwidth, image formation is the result of the superimposition of the image intensity contributed by each wavelength, leading to a blurred imaging plane. The degree of this blur is directly proportional to the wavelength range being sampled. Consequently, the laser bandwidth significantly impacts critical performance metrics in various photolithography techniques, including process windows, CD uniformity, MEEF, OPC effectiveness, and others.
In addition to wavelength, the key optical parameter used to characterize an excimer light source for DUV lithography is the bandwidth, which can be represented using two different metrics: Full-Width-Half-Maximum (FWHM) and E95. FWHM conveys a general representation of the light source spectrum and its changes at half intensity, but it cannot describe the complete spectral shape. The other metric, instead, is based on the 95% integral energy(E95) of the spectrum, and therefore can be used as a single metric to represent the shape of the spectrum. In the semiconductor industry, E95 is widely consider the most reliable metric for the ArF light sources used in lithography applications. Figure 2 shows the difference between FWHM and E95.
Diagram of E95 and FWHM.
Smaller semiconductor nodes require improved linewidth stability and wavelength stability. The stability of E95 is directly proportional to the consistency of critical dimensions. To achieve smaller critical dimensions, it is essential to enhance bandwidth stability. Simultaneously, wavelength stability affects overlay error and focus. Further optimization of overlay error and focus relies on the subsequent validation within the illumination and objective systems of the light source.
The stability of parameters such as wavelength and linewidth not only directly impacts the absolute values of critical dimensions and their consistency in exposure patterns but also plays a significant role in reducing imaging blur caused by chromatic aberration, especially when combined with optical proximity effect correction. This leads to improved image contrast. Moreover, in cases of collaborative optimization between the light source and the photomask, enhancing the E95 metric can improve exposure tolerance, enhance mask error enhancement factor, and enhance the consistency of critical dimensions.
Polarized light plays a crucial role in photolithography, particularly in high numerical aperture (NA) projection lithography and immersion lithography. Polarized light can influence the propagation, scattering, and absorption of light, thereby affecting resolution, depth, and alignment accuracy in the photolithographic process. As technology advances and process nodes continue to shrink, the impact of polarized light on photolithography becomes increasingly significant. Optimizing polarized illumination has become a vital research direction in computational lithography. Employing polarized illumination enhances the imaging quality in photolithography, enlarging the process window. Reference 10 has shown that different polarization lighting methods can have different effects on DOF, as shown in Figure 3.
(a) EL-DOF window difference between polarizations under the
annular illumination (att-PSM). (b) Definition of polarization in
y-parallel LS pattern.
Divergence is generally used to describe the size of the light source's output beam. Changes in the divergence of the output beam can occur due to factors such as aging of the internal optical components of the light source. Literature indicates that variations in beam divergence angle can lead to changes in energy distribution, thereby affecting the critical dimensions (CD) after exposure. Figure 4 shows the laser output light source divergence and beam size
Divergence and beam size.
3.3 Pulse Energy and Dose Stability
The quality of pulse energy stability directly impacts dose stability, and improving dose stability can reduce photolithography errors. In the context of semiconductor photolithography, the concept of energy variation, known as "energy sigma," is of paramount importance. Energy sigma represents the standard deviation of the average pulse energy over a sequence of pulses and is typically expected to be within 3% to 4%, with even lower values being ideal. Control of pulse energy relies first on precise regulation of the discharge voltage, with a requirement for single-pulse voltage accuracy to be maintained within 0.5‰. Furthermore, sophisticated energy control algorithms are employed to manage "energy sigma" or dose stability effectively.
4. Photolithography Process Optimization Techniques
Photolithography process monitoring is a critical step in semiconductor manufacturing, involving precise measurement and control of the performance parameters of the light source to ensure high-quality patterns during the photolithography process. As integrated circuit technology continues to advance, the demand for smaller, faster, and more efficient photolithography techniques has increased significantly, making monitoring and control of the light source even more crucial. To meet these demands, researchers have developed various advanced photolithography process monitoring techniques and methods[13-18].
The fundamental principle of photolithography process monitoring involves real-time monitoring of changes in performance parameters of the light source that can impact photolithography and providing timely feedback. For example, companies like Cymer have developed on-board monitoring systems that allow end-users to detect changes in the spatial and far-field profiles of each exposure chip, as well as changes in polarization performance. These technologies also characterize pattern effects resulting from variations in the control of optical parameters of the light source. Gigaphoton has similarly developed Fault Detection & Classification (FDC) monitoring systems that provide light source performance data to the FDC system during exposure time. This system offers essential monitoring data, such as energy, wavelength, bandwidth, and beam performance data, including beam profile, pointing, divergence, and polarization.
FDC system overview diagram.


Friday, November 21, 2008
LG Prada II + Prada Link Bluetooth Watch
LG’s newest high-end fashion phone, the Prada II, will now be releasing with a matching Bluetooth Prada watch to go with it. These will not be bundled but sold separately. Available now in the UK, the Prada Link watch will go for around £250 ($376 USD), and the LG Prada II will go for a hefty £475 ($715 USD). The phone features a convenient slide-out keyboard with 3G, Wi-Fi, a full HTML browser, and a nice 5 megapixel camera. The Prada Link is a sleek, sophisticated looking Bluetooth watch that can control the phone’s features remotely as well as displaying text messages for your convenience.


In the dynamic realm of electrical contracting, efficiency and precision are paramount. This blog explores the myriad benefits of outsourcing electrical estimating services, focusing on the game-changing solutions offered by Optibuild Estimating.
Unveiling the Power of Electrical Takeoff Services:
- Precision in Planning: Electrical takeoff services ensure accurate material quantity assessments, paving the way for precise project planning. Optibuild Estimating’s advanced technology guarantees meticulous calculations for every project.
- Time and Resource Optimization: Outsourcing electrical estimating to Optibuild Estimating allows contractors to streamline their processes, saving valuable time and resources. This efficiency is crucial for meeting project deadlines and enhancing overall productivity.
- Cost-Effective Solutions: Optibuild Estimating’s electrical takeoff services provide transparent insights into material costs, helping contractors make informed decisions. This transparency contributes to cost-effective project management and budget adherence.
The Advantages of Optibuild’s Electrical Estimating:
- Tailored Trade Packages: Optibuild Estimating specializes in creating customized electrical trade packages, catering to the unique needs of each contractor. This personalized approach ensures that contractors receive services tailored to their specific project requirements.
- Advanced Technology Integration: Leveraging cutting-edge technology, Optibuild Estimating enhances the accuracy of electrical estimating. Automation reduces the margin of error, providing contractors with dependable data for their projects.
- Collaborative Platform: Optibuild Estimating fosters collaboration between subcontractors, suppliers, and contractors. The centralized platform promotes seamless communication, creating a unified approach to electrical project management.
Benefits of Outsourcing Electrical Estimating Services:
- Focus on Core Competencies: Outsourcing allows electrical contractors to focus on their core competencies while leaving the intricate task of estimating in the hands of specialists.
- Risk Mitigation: Optibuild Estimating’s expertise in electrical estimating minimizes the risk of errors and inaccuracies. This reduces the likelihood of project setbacks and ensures smooth project progression.
- Scalability and Flexibility: Outsourcing with Optibuild Estimating provides the flexibility to scale services based on project demands. Whether it’s a small-scale or large-scale project, contractors can adapt their electrical estimating services accordingly.
Outsourcing electrical estimating services with Optibuild Estimating is a strategic move for contractors aiming to enhance efficiency, accuracy, and collaboration. By leveraging cutting-edge technology and tailored solutions, Optibuild Estimating revolutionizes electrical project management, empowering contractors to navigate the complexities of their industry with ease.
Explore the possibilities today with Electrical Takeoff Services from Optibuild Estimating.


Economical Alternatives for High Sensitivity in Atomic Spectrometry Laboratory
The most commonly used analytical tools for determination of elements at trace levels are atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), inductively coupled plasma, optical emission and mass spectrometry (ICP-OES and ICP-MS) and atomic fluorescence spectrometry (AFS). Although sensitive plasma techniques are becoming predominant in most of the western laboratories, AAS keeps its importance in developing countries. Simple and inexpensive ways of enhancing sensitivity will be described for laboratories equipped with only a flame AA spectrometer. Although there are many chemical preconcentration procedures to improve sensitivity of flame AAS, only some atom trapping techniques will be included here. One kind of atom trapping device is a slotted quartz tube (SQT) used for in situ preconcentration of analyte species followed by a rapid revolatilization cycle to obtain an enhanced signal. These devices provide limits of detection at a level of g L-1. Another kind of atom trapping involves use of vapor generation technique and quartz or tungsten atom trapping surfaces. The analytical steps consist of the generation of volatile species, usually by hydride formation using NaBH4, trapping these species at the surface of an atom trap held at an optimized temperature and finally re-volatilizing analyte species by rapid heating of trap. These species are transported using a carrier gas to an externally heated quartz tube as commonly used in hydride generation AAS systems; a transient signal is formed and measured. These traps have limits of detection in the order of ng L-1.
Submission of a manuscript to the Journal will be taken to imply that:
- The work is original and has not been previously published (except in the form of an abstract or a part of a published lecture, review or thesis).
- It is not being considered for publication elsewhere, and
- If accepted for publication, it will NOT be published commercially elsewhere in the same form, in any language, without the consent of Editor or Publisher.


The KAL-K thermal flow switch utilizes KOBOLD's temperature compensating electronics. This compact, one-piece unit provides reliable readings unaffected by temperature or physical characteristics of non-viscous water-based liquids. This is made possible through the use of state-of-the-art microprocessor technology. The microprocessor can be field calibrated to both the liquid properties and operating range in a simple, five minute set-up procedure. This intelligence, coupled with a "no moving parts" design, make the KAL a superior performer in virtually all applications. The KAL-K is also offered in a 3-A compliant version.
The KAL-K incorporates an 8 segment bar-graph LED flow trend indicator and one flow alarm setpoint. The setpoint is fully configurable as NPN, PNP, normally open or normally closed.
The KAL design is based on the time proven calorimetric principle. The sensor is internally heated to a few degrees above the temperature of the media. Flow causes removal of heat from the sensor, resulting in a cooling effect. The rate of cooling is a measure of the flow velocity. The microprocessor based design of the KAL distinguishes it from the competition. Full temperature compensation of the flow rate is readily obtained through a simple, one-time, calibration procedure. This assures elimination of flow rate reading drift caused by temperature variations in the process liquid.
The KOBOLD KAL flow products use a microprocessor to compensate for temperature changes through use of an internal look-up table. End-users can easily adapt the equipment to the requirements of their unique installations. Unlike conventional calorimetric flow switches, the technically advanced design of the KAL provides a flow reading which is unaffected by temperature.
- Flow Velocities from 0.04-2 m/s
- Tmax: 250 °F, Pmax: 1450 PSIG
- NPT and 3-A Compliant Sanitary Fittings
- No Moving Parts
- Intelligent Temperature Compensation
- Extremely Low Pressure Loss
- Easy to Operate
- Insensitive to Dirt


Smart meter or spy meter?
These days, it appears as if the word “smart” appears before nearly everything. Smart TV’s, smartphones, smart watches, smart meters. The list goes on.
In a world where we are constantly connected, it is little surprise that there is an increasing demand for smart meters. Smart meters do what the name implies: they use smart technology to measure and record how much electricity a household or business is using at 30-minute intervals, removing the need for manual readings and allowing energy bills to reflect your exact rather than your estimated usage.
We are told that smart meters can provide several key services which home and business owners may deem beneficial. For instance, they enable you to track your energy usage in more detail than before and they provide a range of information to electricity companies to help them to better manage their distribution network. They also provide more solar export data compared to the old analogue meters, which could help you find ways to be more energy efficient.
But how does this technology work, and do these devices pose any risks to our health? The Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency (ARPANSA) assures us that they're perfectly safe as they're manufactured and installed to Australian Standards and therefore must comply with their stipulated electromagnetic exposure limits. They transmit information about power use over a wireless network via radio frequency (RF) signals: the same waves that mobile phones, Wi-Fi routers and baby monitors transmit. According to ARPANSA there is no established scientific evidence that low-level electromagnetic energy exposure from smart meters causes any adverse health effects.
However, as is usually the case there are two sides to every story. Arthur Firstenberg – author of The Invisible Rainbow: A History of Electricity and Life and administrator of International Appeal to Stop 5G on Earth and in Space – recently asked people to email the New Mexico Public Regulation Commission in the USA about their experiences with smart meters. Heartbreaking testimonies poured in from around the world, one of which was from a New Mexico resident. She is a nurse and a veteran who knew nothing about smart meters prior to the incident, which occurred on the Kirtland Air Force Base in Albuquerque. For 3½ months she slept with her head approximately one foot away from a wall, on the other side of which was an electrical panel that contained two smart meters. Any device that emits electromagnetic radiation now causes her headaches, brain numbness and internal burning. She can no longer tolerate living in an urban area, having moved to South Dakota to a cleaner environment in the country. She still has her nursing license but can no longer work in her profession.
Another person – also in the USA – had this to say: “Until I researched the matter I couldn't understand why I had such fragmented sleep or why I had no ability to function well the morning afterwards. Finally I looked, and found the place I had moved to had a smart meter outside the bedroom wall. A neighbour also asked me why she felt unwell when working for hours in a particular room in her house, noting that any plants she put in that room died when they had been thriving in other rooms. There was a smart meter directly on the other side of a wall of that room; also a neighbour’s smart meter situated at fairly close proximity.”
While industry continues to profit from the uptake of electromagnetic technologies, more and more people are becoming sensitive to electromagnetic radiation (EMR) and more people with electromagnetic hypersensitivity (EHS) will continue to suffer from their effects. Improvement in the EHS condition of a person will most likely occur after a few days or weeks of exposure reduction, but this can happen only if the person understands the source of his/her symptoms and is willing to take steps to limit their use. The lack of acknowledgment – both by medical professionals and government – not only makes it harder for EHS to be accepted, but also makes it more difficult for people to learn the cause of their symptoms. These people unknowingly continue to use their devices and therefore be exposed to EMR, while their condition deteriorates even further.
One concern with regard to the use of smart meters (including here in Australia) has been based on breach of privacy. Smart meters have access to real-time data about a household’s energy use as they are able to capture information pertaining to the activity inside the home – including which appliances are used, at what time and for how long – on a regular basis. This detailed data can generate a lot of information about the lives and habits of the residents. Last summer 22,000 households in Colorado lost the ability to control their air conditioners' thermostats after their power company seized control of them during a heatwave. After temperatures soared past 90 degrees F (32 degrees C) residents were left confused when they tried to adjust their air-cons and found locked controls displaying a message that said “energy emergency.”
I would imagine that losing control over the temperature inside your own home was not something disclosed to the public when they were coerced into installing smart meters. Yet, it's another example of how forcefully governments wish to advance their agenda and how smart meters will pave the way for energy rationing and the continued erosion of freedom.


>2.5'' HDD Enclosure
>ORICO 2.5 inch Transparent USB3.0 Hard Drive Enclosure (2139U3)
ORICO 2.5 inch Transparent USB3.0 Hard Drive Enclosure (2139U3)
- Compatible HDD Type2.5 inch HDD / SSD
- OutputUSB3.0 Micro B
- Dimension124.5 x 79 x 13mm
- DriverDriver Not Required
- Supported SystemWindows 2000 / XP / 7 / 8 / 10, Linux, Mac OS 9.1 or above
- Safety ApprovalCE / FCC / RoHS
- VersionBlack / Red Capacitor
- White Blue Green Orange Purple
Transparent USB3.0 hard drive enclosure2.5 inch professional hard drive enclosure, brings amazing SuperSpeed experience.
Everything is under control2139U3 is made of transparent PC material with blue LED indicator, being the beautiful ornament on your desktop.
USB3.0 to SATA3.0
5 Gbps transmissionUSB3.0's theoretical transfer rate is up to 5 Gbps, 10 times faster than USB2.0; SATA3.0's theoretical velocity reaches up to 6 Gbps, setting aside more time to do what else you want.
Support UASP protocolNew UASP protocol improves transfer speed, reduce the utilization of CPU, data delay and waiting time.
Tool free installation, easy to use
Renew your old hard drivesPut old 2.5 inch hard drive into hard drive enclosure to be your mobile database, renewing old notebook hard drives.
Mass storage up to 2TB
Mobile database, more convenient


24 rows·Feb 16,2021·Cisco&Catalyst&1000 Series Switches are fixed managed Gigabit Ethernet and Fast Ethernet results for this questionWhat is Cisco 1000?What is Cisco 1000?Cisco 1000 Series Integrated Services Routers(ISRs) are fixed,high-performance routersthat are easy to deploy and manage.Small yet powerful,they provide highly secure broadband,Metro Ethernet,and wireless LAN connectivity.Reference cisco/c/en/us/products/routers/1000-series-integrated-servic results for this questionWhat is a catalyst series?What is a catalyst series?Catalyst Series.A speaker seriesbringing you featured innovators that speak on breaking convention,shaping new categories and increasing quotients of commercial and social good.Catalyst Series Umpqua Bank
Cisco Catalyst 1000 Series switches provide enterprise-grade network access sized for small businesses.With a wide range of Power over Ethernet (PoE) and port combinations,these easy-to-manage switches provide the performance a modern small office needs.View data sheet.Benefits.Cisco Catalyst 1000 Series Switches Data SheetCisco&®Catalyst 1000 Series Switches are fixed managed Gigabit Ethernet enterprise-class Layer 2 switches designed for small businesses and branch offices.These are simple,flexible and secure switches ideal for out-of-the-wiring-closet and critical Internet ofCisco Catalyst 1000 Series Switches Data SheetThe Cisco Catalyst 1000 Series Switches offer a superior CLI for detailed configuration and administration.Intelligent PoE+ .Cisco Catalyst 1000 Series Switches support both IEEE 802.3af PoE and IEEE 802.3at PoE+ (up to 30W per port) to deliver a lower total cost of ownership for deployments that incorporate Cisco IP phones,Cisco Aironet ®
Oct 20,2020·A.Cisco &Catalyst &1000 Series Switches are fixed managed Layer 2 Gigabit ethernet switches that are simple,flexible,secure,enterprise-grade network switches built for small deployments,out-of-the-wiring-closet applications,and critical Internet of Things (IoT) deployments.They operate on Cisco IOS &Software and support simple device management and network management via aCisco Catalyst 2960 Series Switches Data Sheet - Internet Jul 03,2020·Cisco &Catalyst &2960-L Series Switches are fixed and smart-managed Gigabit Ethernet switches that provide enterprise-class access switching for branch offices,out-of-the-wiring-closet applications,and critical Internet of Things (IoT) deployments,as well as small and medium-sized businesses.They operate on Cisco IOS &Software and support simple device management andCisco Catalyst 3560 Series Switches Data SheetCisco Catalyst 3560 Series Switches Product Overview The Cisco&Catalyst&3560 Series is a line of fixed-configuration,enterprise-class switches that include IEEE 802.3af and Cisco prestandard Power over Ethernet (PoE) functionality in Fast Ethernet and Gigabit Ethernet configurations.The Cisco Catalyst 3560 is an ideal access layer
Data Sheet Cisco Catalyst 3560-E Series Switches Cisco&Catalyst&3560-E Series is (Figure 1) an enterprise-class line of standalone access and aggregation switches that facilitate the deployment of secure converged applications while maximizing investment protection for evolving network and application requirements.Combining 10/100/1000 andCisco Catalyst 3650 Series Switches Data Sheet - Internet The Cisco&Catalyst&3650 Series is the next generation of enterprise-class standalone and stackable access-layer switches that provide the foundation for full convergence between wired and wireless on a single platform.The 3650 Series is built on the advanced Cisco StackWise®-160,and takes advantage of the new Cisco Unified Access Data Plane (UADP) application-specific integrated Cisco Catalyst 3650 Series Switches Data SheetSwitch Models and Configurations All Cisco Catalyst 3650 Series Switches have fixed,built-in uplink ports and ship with one power supply.Tables 1 through 5 provide further details.Figure 1 is an image of the Cisco Catalyst 3650 Series Switches.Figure 1.Cisco Catalyst 3650 Series Switches Table 1 shows the Cisco Catalyst 3650 Series
The Cisco &Catalyst &3750-X and 3560-X Series Switches are an enterprise-class lines of stackable and standalone switches,respectively.These switches provide high availability,scalability,security,energy efficiency,and ease of operation with innovative features such as Cisco StackPower (available only on the Catalyst 3750X),IEEE 802.3at Power over Ethernet Plus (PoE+) configurations,optionalCisco Catalyst 3750-E Series SwitchesThe Cisco Catalyst 3750-E Series stacks up to nine switches as a single logical unit for a total of 468 Ethernet 10/100/1000 ports,432 PoE 10/100/1000 ports,or 18 10 Gigabit Ethernet ports.Individual 10/100/1000 units can beCisco Catalyst 3750-E Series SwitchesThe Cisco Catalyst 3750-E Series stacks up to nine switches as a single logical unit for a total of 468 Ethernet 10/100/1000 ports,432 PoE 10/100/1000 ports,or 18 10 Gigabit Ethernet ports.Individual 10/100/1000 units can be joined in any combination to evolve with network needs.
Use of existing software Consistent operational model for all Cisco Catalyst 4900 Series Switches * Supported only on 8-port (2:1) 10 Gigabit Ethernet (X2) half card.One System,Many Configurations The Cisco Catalyst 4900M can be configured to meet the needs of many types of top-of-rack deployments.Table 2 summarizes the configuration options.Cisco Catalyst 6500 Series Switches - CiscoCisco Catalyst 6500 Series Switches.NOTE This product is no longer being sold. Catalyst 6500 Series Switches are widely deployed campus backbone switches.They are optimized for Multigigabit Ethernet services to help you protect your network investment.Contact Cis Get a call from Sales. 10/100/1000,1G,10G,40G ports;Cisco Catalyst 6500 Series Switches Data Sheet - Internet 10/100/1000,1G,10G,40G ports.Forwarding capacity up to 720 Mpps.The 6-slot Cisco Catalyst 6506-E Switch provides intermediate port densities,ideal for many wiring closet and core network deployments.Catalyst 6506-E supports Cisco Catalyst 6500 Series end-to
Cisco Catalyst 9000 Switches Comparison 9200 vs 9300 vs 9400 vs 9500 Series 9200 See Models List 9200L See Models List Multicast routing scale 1,000 1,000 8,000 8,000 Up to 32,000 isco atalyst 9500 Series Switches Datasheet.To order atalyst 9000 Switches,you can visit isco Switch atalyst 9200,isco Switch atalyst 9300 Cisco Catalyst 9300 Series Switches Data SheetSwitch Models and Configurations The Cisco Catalyst 9300 Series is made up of seven different switch models.Any of the models can be used together in a stack of up to eight units.Figure 1.Cisco Catalyst 9300 Series Switches Table 1 lists port scale and power details for the Cisco Catalyst 9300 SeriesCisco Catalyst 9500 Series Switches Data Sheet - Cisco9 rows·Oct 07,2020·The Cisco Catalyst 9500 Series Switches support 256-bit and 128-bit AES on all ports at all
Nov 06,2019·The Cisco Catalyst 1000 Series is the upgrade for the Catalyst 2960-L series.Compared to the C2960-L,the C1000 series has improved hardware,more advanced software options,and provides expanded support for VLANs.All in all,the Catalyst 1000 series offers cost-effective connectivity that is ideal for a variety of network needs:File Size 1MBPage Count 23Cisco Catalyst 6500 Series Switch - Andover ConsultingData Sheet Cisco Catalyst 6500 Series Switch The Catalyst 6500 Series sets the new standard for IP communications and application delivery in enterprise campus and service provider networks by maximizing user productivity and enhancing operational control while providing unprecedented investment protection.As Ciscos premier intelligent File Size 238KBPage Count 22Cisco Catalyst 4500 and 4500X Series Switches Data Sheet Jul 08,2020·Cisco &Catalyst &4500-X Series Switch (Figure 1) is a fixed aggregation switch that delivers best-in-class scalability,simplified network virtualization,and integrated network services for space-constrained environments in campus networks.It meets business growth objectives with unprecedented scalability,simplifies network virtualization with support for one-to-many (Cisco Easy
Cisco&Catalyst&2960-X Series Switches are fixed-configuration,stackable Gigabit Ethernet switches that provide enterprise-class access for campus and branch applications (Figure 1).Designed for operational simplicity to lower total cost of ownership,they enable scalable,secure and energy- efficient business operations with intelligent File Size 398KBPage Count 20Cisco Catalyst 3850 Series Switches Data SheetData Sheet Cisco Catalyst 3850 Series Switches The Cisco Catalyst 3850 Series Switch combines wired and wireless access and is optimized for branch offices with over two hundred users.Supporting bring-your-own-device (BYOD) for mobile access,these leading switches offer higher levels ofFile Size 653KBPage Count 22CISCO Switch Catalyst 4500 Series DATASHEETCisco Catalyst 4500 Series Switches provide borderless performance,scalability,and services with reduced total cost of ownership (TCO) and superior investment protection.The Cisco Catalyst 4500 has a centralized forwarding architecture that enables collaboration,virtualization,and operational manageability through simplified operations.
Cisco Catalyst 1000 Series Switches - Learn product details such as features and benefits,as well as hardware and software specifications.File Size 911KBPage Count 19Cisco Catalyst 3750 Series Switches Data SheetThe Cisco Catalyst 3750 Series supports jumbo frames on the 10/100/1000 configurations for advanced data and video applications requiring very large frames.All Cisco Catalyst 3750-E Series switch models also support jumbo frames.IPv6 Support The Cisco Catalyst 3750 Series supports IPv6 routing in hardware for maximum performance.AsHow to Update Firmware on Cisco Catalyst 1000 Series Jun 24,2020·The Catalyst 1000 series runs classic IOS and shares almost all of the same commands.One thing the Catalyst 1000 series brings to the table is a much improved web interface that is actually useful for low level troubleshooting or one off configuration changes.
Jul 28,2020·The Catalyst 1000 is the replacement for the Catalyst 2960L and Catalyst 2960 Plus.Cisco Catalyst 1000 Series switches provide enterprise-level network access tailored for small businesses.With a wide range of Power over Ethernet (PoE) and port combinations,these easy-to-manage switches provide the performance a modern small office needs.New Cisco Catalyst 1000 Series Switches Launched Now,we have the upgrade to those switches in the Cisco Catalyst 1000 series.These are switches that sit at the edge and provide 1GbE and potentially Power over Ethernet (PoE) to edge devices while also providing SFP/ SFP+ uplinks to a core network.Product ID * Gigabit Ethernet PoE+power budget Dimensions (WxDxH in i Weight (kg) C1000-8T-2G-L 8 10/100/1000 R 10.56 x 7.28 x 1.73 1.80 C1000-8T-E-2G-L 8 10/100/1000 R 10.56 x 7.28 x 1.73 1.55 C1000-8P-2G-L 8 10/100/1000 R 67W 10.56 x 12.73 x 1.73 1.55 24 rows on ciscoCisco Catalyst 1000 Series Switches Data SheetThe Cisco Catalyst 1000 Series Switches offer a superior CLI for detailed configuration and administration.Intelligent PoE+ Cisco Catalyst 1000 Series Switches support both IEEE 802.3af PoE and IEEE 802.3at PoE+ (up to 30W per port) to deliver a lower total cost of ownership for deployments that incorporate Cisco IP phones,Cisco Aironet®
Was this helpful?People also askWhat is a Cisco Catalyst?What is a Cisco Catalyst?Cisco Catalyst.Catalyst is the brand for a variety of network switches,wireless controllers and wireless access pointssold by Cisco Systems.While commonly associated with Ethernet switches,a number of different network interfaces have been available throughout the history of the brand.Cisco Catalyst - WikipediaRelated searches for cisco catalyst 1000 series switches sheetcisco 1000 series switchescatalyst 1000 switchescisco catalyst switchescisco catalyst switches comparisoncisco catalyst micro switchescisco catalyst 1000 reviewcisco catalyst 1000 pricecisco catalyst micro switch12345NextSwitches - Cisco Catalyst 1000 Series Switches - CiscoWhite Papers.Migration Guide from Cisco Catalyst 2960-L and 2960-Plus Series Switches to the Cisco Catalyst 1000 Series 10-Nov-2020.Cisco Catalyst 1000 Series Switches White Paper 14-Oct-2020.Benefits of Upgrading to Cisco Catalyst 1000 Series Switches


I’m going to be reserved till it actually works…….But, I really think this could actually workContinue reading “Super LED Blinkenator 2000 and that J15…An epiphany?”
Month: October 2020
Super LED Blinkenator – BETA3 – mostly a success
now that’s out of the way – have a noseContinue reading “Super LED Blinkenator – BETA3 – mostly a success”
RGB LED Matrix Mask Thingy!
I present to the world, the Super LED MASK-inator 2000!Continue reading “RGB LED Matrix Mask Thingy!”
Anycubic Photon Mono Teardown 3
Only some thoughts on this one –
The PCB inside the Mono looks to be a custom PCB.
However, it’s widely known that Anycubic uses Chitu Systems drivers and panels
When I cracked open the Mono – I found really only 3 chips of significance…
An ANLOGIC FPGA – EF2L45LG144B –
a GD32F307 Arm Cortex M4 controller
Having a nose around ChiTu’s website found this little device – The ChiTu L M1
Have a look at page 12 / 73 and what do you spot ? – Item 8 – an ANOLOGIC EL2F Series FPGA Chip!!
Cortex®-M4 32-bit RISC core operating at a frequency of up to 168 MHz.
a GD32F307 Arm Cortex M4 controller – Cortex®-M4 Core @ 120 MHz
What this means? – No idea 😛
BUT, what this could mean…
1- The Anycubic Photon Mono board is possibly capable of using a 4K LCD
also, i’ve spotted that Chitu systems sells an ESP8266 module specifically for their boards – it could be that Anycubic plans on selling their own, or just goofed up with the polarity of the header on the board!
And, finally, after all the above, that i’m going to publish anyway, i’ve also spotted
Which looks practically identical, also has the FPGA and the ARM board and is only 2k!, D’oh!
TheC64 mini Keybaord kit – a successful first build by a user
Batches 4 and 5 have started arriving! Here’s some pictures from a happy user who only received it a couple of days ago 🙂
Great soldering job 🙂
Anycubic Photon Mono Teardown Part 2
More on the mechanicals this time – didn’t think to get some last time……..and, A revelation as to why it’s so quiet!Continue reading “Anycubic Photon Mono Teardown Part 2”
Anycubic Photon Mono Teardown – Part 1
A first look at the guts
I got myself a Resin Printer!
So, Naturally, before printing with it, I attack it with a screwdriver – or hex driver in this case……..
Here’s the first tear-down and initial dismantling of the brand new Anycubic Monochrome Resin Printer
And, some more photos..Continue reading “Anycubic Photon Mono Teardown – Part 1”
C64 mini keybaord – successful builder!!
A quick post to point you to a YouTube link
The user’s gone into some detail about potential gotchas when doing the build
Thankyou for posting such an informative video and can’t wait to see it running in the mini 🙂


Bees and other pollinators are vital to the food chain.
Quantum mechanics is turbocharging computing. What does it mean for your business?
What Makes a Place Smart? It’s All About Infrastructure
How can L&D best support companies emerging from the pandemic?
One way or another.
Growing up digital is not exactly conducive to developing the very skills that technology cannot replace.
The technology that drives the Internet of Things powers the Fourth Industrial Revolution.
Award-winning author Campbell Macpherson on how to craft an exciting vision for the future – so that change is seen not as a threat, but an opportunity.
It’s a paradox of climate change that rising global temperatures mean rising seas but also retreating freshwater resources. What technologies can help?
And what the heck is a blockchain?


Turkey's pride in the automotive industry, light and heavy commercial vehicle manufacturer Karsan, has introduced a fully electric version of the van model called Jester.
We also learn that the BMW i3 engine, powered by the Gest Electric, is 125 kw, or 170 horsepower. The battery capacity of the vehicle will be 33 kw-hours and 66 kw-hours. BMW has even increased the capacity of the BMW i3 batteries to 44 kw-hours and 88 kw-hours in recent months. These batteries will also be offered at the Jest Electric.
The range of the 33, 44, 66 and 88 kw-hour batteries are 80 km, 105 km, 165 km and 210 km respectively. Finally, the maximum speed of the vehicle is 70 km / h. Karsan Jest Electric, which has all these features, will be sold in Europe and USA.


On 23rd July 2014, the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union adopted EU Regulation No. 910/2014 on electronic identification and on reliable services for electronic transactions in the domestic market (better known as "eIDAS" regulation), with regard to the rules governing the provision of reliable services. The 15-year European directive on a community framework for electronic signatures (Directive 1999/93/CE) has thus been repealed.
eIDAS’ main goal is to establish a common European base for reliable and secure electronic interaction, increasing the confidence and security of online transactions in the European Union and encouraging greater use of online services by citizens, economic operators and public administration. It establishes a wide variety of reliable services as well as the mutual cross-border recognition of electronic means of identification (eID) and is thus bringing about an important change for today’s European digital market.
Aiming at the digital market and at a paperless world, eIDAS is opening the way to “end-to-end” electronic transactions and processes which are replacing traditional activities and manual processes while maintaining the same legal value.


(when the screen is on) Take photos in the camera app (if you enable it). You can get an angle as high as 90 degrees and as low as 0. The phone restarts after that but it doesn't show the recovery menu even after pressing Volume up or Volume up + Power button during startup screen. ... and uncheck the option to turn off Touch Tones. I can't enter pin because touch screen doesn't work. Turn off safe mode. Is there any way to do this without... - â¦ Hereâs what it is, and how to turn it off. Answer Calls on Android Phone without Swipe, use android phone without touch, make calls without swipe,Just imagine that you are busy in eating oily food, and your phone rings up. I do not know why he wants it turned off or why that matters, but that is what I need to be possible. Note: If the touch screen is still unresponsive even after a factory reset was performed, please move to the following methods to fix phone screen. Compared with keyboard phone, touch screen phone wins a lot of users all over the world nowadays due to its advantages, such as high speed, easy operation, durability, and more. A hard reset or restarting does not fix the problem. Calibrate Touch Screen on Android with Apps. Some personalize settings may disorder phone system and leads touch screen hasn't any reaction. Basically I canât unlock it nor power it off. Open the app. In the standard platform there is a limit to how dim it can be; if your device is actually allowing the screen to turn completely off, then it is some peculiarity of the implementation of that device and not a behavior you can count on across devices. Note: All the data on your Android device will be erased after password removal. Since it will erase the saved data and settings on your phone, it should be considered as a last resort. Method 1: Power Cycling. Does not turn the screen off in the traditional sense. Wake up the screen (when the screen is off). Xposed Module. The screen is always on it doesnât close, When plugged in it starts charging. xda-developers Huawei Mate 10 Huawei Mate 10 Questions & Answers Turn off without screen by eiriksen XDA Developers was founded by developers, for developers. And if neither of the methods works on your phone, you can also try to recover data from screen-broken Android without USB debugging with FonePaw Broken Android Data Extraction. If you are lucky enough, screen touch may still being registered correctly and backup can be made. This wikiHow teaches you how to remove your Android's lock screen, allowing you to access your device without entering a PIN or pattern. How you open the task screen depends on which phone or tablet you have. Power on the phone (when the phone is off). The app, by default, will tell you how to turn Touch Lock off when you tap your screen. Hello, my touchscreen of my J7 2017 is completely damaged, broken etc.. Actually there is no screen anymore at all. If you've ever wished that the screen on your Android phone or tablet stayed on longer before going to sleep, you're not alone. There are apps in the Google Play Store that can calibrate your phone/tablet touch screen and improve its accuracy and responsiveness. Most apps just turn off the screen, they don't power off the droid. Do think twice before you using the software. Disable Android Touch and Key Sounds. I can see it on my windows computer. Tap "BUTTON tab" Tick "POWER DIALOG" Touch "DISPLAY" Apparently, the screen of Android phone is made of glass. After 15 sec. After you remove the app that causes the problem, you can reinstall the other apps you removed. Make sure that you turn the device on and off and see ... Android is supposed to manage RAM without user intervention by closing ... 5 Best Ways To Disinfect Phone Without Ruining Screen. Turn off your phone by pressing the Power button if it isn't off already. Swipe through the tutorial screen and tap âEnable Nowâ. I had the clicking sound which I found very annoying & just reset the phone to OEM (Android â¦ Lastly, you can learn how to disable Android's lock screen by restoring it to factory settings. Android touch screen not working is a typical problem. Launcher shortcut 2. Solution 1: Android Broken Screen Data Recovery through USB Cable. To turn off a Galaxy S9 handset with a broken screen that makes it inaccessible via the usual channel, weâll use the ADB command. By default, most Android phones turn off by themselves in order to conserve battery life. To find the app that causes issues, uninstall recently downloaded apps one by one. By Judy Sanhz / Mar 8, ... your phone will turn off. If you donât have enough time to clean your hands, and pick up call, then you should utilize some intelligent â¦ device sleeps. Turn Screen Off and On by Proximity. Turn off the screen and lock the phone. Broken Screen is something everyone faces at some time. 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Our product line is focused around cutting edge LED technology due to its energy and superior light output benefits.
M4 develops and sources RV Replacement LEDs that have been chosen specific to the application of RV interior lighting. There are other less expensive generic LED bulbs available, as well as replacement products that cost substantially more, but M4 has done the research and testing to provide solutions that not only performs well, but do so at a reasonable price. Whether you have an RV or Trailer, we have a quality LED light to meet your needs.


There are different paths in the evolution of the energy systems in Europe in terms of its provision system, information system and market system. Altogether, they will be shaped by the EC’s attempt to establish a European Energy Union including a new market design. The broad trends are ranging from centralised to decentralised generation and control, in parallel with market liberalization. The overall vision of GOFLEX in closely related to the light of this situation.
Distributed flexibilities and automated dynamic pricing are a cornerstone for the transition towards a more flexible energy system facilitating a higher penetration of distributed renewable energies on regional level. A holistic approach for Smart Energy solutions that are easy to integrate in existing eco systems which are open for new services and new players is an enabler for this transformation process.
Therefore, GOFLEX wants to
To meet these strategic goals, the main objective of GOFLEX is to make a set of technology solutions for distributed flexibilities and automated dynamic pricing market ready which enables regional actors like Generators, Prosumers, Flexible Consumers and Demand Side Operators, Energy Suppliers, Microgrid Operators and Energy Communities to aggregate and trade flexibilities.
Therefore, the GOFLEX partners aim to create an integrated set of technologies, which provide attractive solutions for all market actors who want to smartly use, provide or trade flex-ibility as a service, including a flexibility market application and additional service based on a cloud solution. The core element of the "GOFLEX technology” is an integrated platform of hard- and soft-ware building blocks, which are connected via open interfaces. Depending on the use case (e. g. the aggregation of distributed flexibilities from many suppliers) the platform will activate specific building blocks. The building blocks can be applied individually or as an integrated system depending on the needs of the related market actors, e. g. aggregator-prosumer, aggregator-BPR, BRP-DSO/TSO, prosumer-prosumer etc. To be integrated into existing legacy technology (e.g. SCADA systems) the platform can be connected via open interfaces. The GOFLEX technology can be seen as an umbrella for use case related sets of building blocks based on the GOFLEX platform which is open to be completed by new components.
GOFLEX will focus on the development of high technical readiness level (TRL) solutions that will be demonstrated in the scope of realistic environments. Therefore, the GOFLEX technology solutions will be applied in three demonstration sites representing several application contexts in three European countries – Germany, Switzerland and Cyprus. A constant involvement of relevant stakeholders guarantees the optimal implementation of the trials, validation, and evaluation, which will ensure eventually scalability and feasibility beyond the project.
The consortium has a clear orientation towards the commercial exploitation of the GOFLEX solutions. The GOFLEX consortium aims to develop the market for distributed flexibilities and automated dynamic pricing together with other projects, initiatives, and companies including a profound strategy to develop stakeholder that are crucial to success.


We are in the process of building a lab and setting up new experiments to develop energy efficient desalination technologies and thermal energy storage concepts. Here’s a summary of some of the prior work.
Photo-Thermal Converters for Enhanced Evaporation (Water)
The water-energy nexus necessitates the use of renewable energy sources for wastewater treatment, such as evaporation ponds that rely on solar energy to passively evaporate water from waste streams to achieve zero liquid discharge. However, efficient utilization of solar energy for evaporation is limited by the transparency of water in the visible and near-infrared. To address this, we convert sunlight into mid-infrared radiation where water is strongly absorbing using a photo-thermal converter. This results in radiative heat localization at the water surface, which in turn enhances the evaporation rate by over 100%. Furthermore, the non-contact nature of the device eliminates issues such as fouling and scaling with high salinity streams, thus making it suitable for brine management.
Related publications: Nature Sustainability (2020)
An emerging desalination technology is based on forward osmosis (FO), which uses a draw solution to drive water flux across a membrane. However, separation of the draw from the permeate water requires significant amounts of energy, and this has limited the applicability of FO thus far. To address this, we are developing a thermally-responsive draw solutes and photo-thermal converters to efficiently harness the solar spectrum. This in turn enables the use of solar heat for the water-draw separation process via direct radiative heating to yield fresh water.
Related publications: Environmental Science & Technology (2021)
Thermoelectric energy conversion (Energy)
Over 60% of energy rejected to the environment is at temperatures below 250 °C. Thermoelectric generators based on polymers can be used to economically capture this heat and convert it into electricity at a low cost and on a large scale. Their inherently low thermal conductivity and solution processability enables new device architectures: for waste heat recovery from pipes, I developed a radial design based on characteristic thermal length scales for polymers ~1 cm. This design enables a 10x improvement in power density compared to flat plate TEGs. By spreading the heat outward, the need for active cooling is eliminated. I have also developed a close-packed printing layout for high fill factor TE devices. Fractal space-filling curves are used as interconnect patterns, enabling tessellation of the device into sub-modules for load matching to a variety of applications, and eliminating the need for power convertors. I have also developed textiled-integrated polymer TE devices. These developments enable new applications of TEs in self-powered sensors, internet-of-things, and wearable electronics.
Polymer and Hybrid Organic-Inorganic Materials (Energy)
A practical thermoelectric device requires both a p-type and an n-type material with reasonably large power factors. Although p-type organic materials with high performance have been reported and are commercially available, their n-type counterparts have not benefited from the same level of development due to their propensity to react in air. To address this, I have synthesized and characterized metal-organic polymers as electrically conducting and air stable materials, and studied their structure-property relationship. I have also developed a probe station to measure temperature-dependent thermoelectric properties of thin films.
Related publications: Journal of Applied Physics (2019); Advanced Energy Materials (2019); Advanced Electronic Materials (2019) – 1; Advanced Electronic Materials 2029) – 2; Advanced Energy Materials (2018); Advanced Functional Materials (2018) – 1; Advanced Functional Materials (2018) – 2
Renewable Hydrogen Production (Energy)
Hydrogen serves as an attractive alternative to fossil fuels for the production of steam, power, and some major chemical commodities with zero or near to zero emissions. However, hydrogen production is currently via the steam reforming of methane, which has a large carbon footprint. To address this, solar-thermal cracking of natural gas has been investigated which yields high-grade carbon as the by-product. Concentrated solar energy is used to maintain reactor temperatures over 1000 °C using a variable aperture mechanism. I have performed optical ray tracing and Monte-Carlo simulations to simulate the reactor temperature and heat loss mechanisms under different operating conditions.


Real-time Monitoring of Rooftop Solar Photovoltaic (PV) and Net Load Forecasting for Distribution Companies (DISCOMs)
GTG stakeholders have identiﬁed net load forecasting as a critical activity because of India’s large solar PV rooftop installation target. Stakeholders consider a pilot to improve distribution utilities’ net load forecasting to be a high priority. Net load forecasting includes precise load and RE forecasting, as well as real-time Distributed Energy Resource (DER) monitoring to improve forecast accuracy. GTG-RISE will implement a net load forecasting pilot for distribution utilities that will include real-time DER monitoring.
The pilot’s technical scope includes short-term load forecasting using sophisticated tools that incorporate weather data and recent load patterns, as well as real-time DER monitoring, using smart metering technologies at solar PV installations. The pilot will assist a state-owned discom to procure and implement net load (i.e. net of DER generation) forecasting systems in coordination with Renewable Energy Management Centres (REMC)/SLDC. The pilot will also provide inputs to CEA and FOR to help harmonize net-metering for DERs/prosumers with smart meters for consumers. The Bangalore Electricity Supply Company (BESCOM) will invest in missing grid-level measurement infrastructure as well as IT hardware required to implement the pilot.
In view of India’s large-scale targets for rooftop PV deployment and the implementation of Deviation Settlement Mechanism at the intra-state level, this pilot has high potential for replicability. The pilot will also provide inputs that can be used to upgrade guidelines on metering, communication and rooftop PV and net load forecasting.
GTG-RISE has held discussions with BESCOM on pilot initiation. BESCOM is eager to move the pilot forward.


The AIM Mychron 5 2T is a high-resolution graphical display with integrated GPS and Wifi connection. The Mychron 5 2T unit is a multifunction system which logs and stores speed, lap times, gear, temperature, rpm.
The Mychron 5 2T features 2 temperature sensor inputs, which can be used to measure the water temperature and cylinder head temperature (CHT) or under spark or exhaust gas temperature (EGT). The number of temperature inputs is the only difference between the Mychron 5 2T and this Mychron 5 2T.
Integrated GPS: The system takes advantage from an internal wide track database, in order to automatically understand at which track you are at, where and how many are the magnetic strips: without any further sensor or configuration you will automatically get lap times, predictive lap times and split times. GPS data, acquired ten times per second, are of course recorded with other signals in the internal data logger, in order to offer the possibility of a deeper analysis of your performance.
Robust housing with wider display: The new Nylon chassis with metallic push buttons guarantee even more resistance to shocks and water. The anti-scratch non-reflecting polycarbonate screen and the wider display ensure great readability.
Completely configurable pages: Define as many pages as you wish, showing graphic bars or just digits, via software or directly on your system.
Ambient Light Sensor: The Mychron 5 2T provides optimum viewing in diverse lighting conditions: the display brightness is automatically adjusted according to the environment light.
Calculated Gear Number: In case your kart is a shift kart, you can decide to show the gear number, automatically calculated in a few hundredths of meters while you are driving.
Wide display with configurable multicolour backlight: More data require more space for looking at them. Mychron 5 2T features a wide high resolution display with fully configurable backlight.
Rechargeable Lithium Battery: No problems with traditional batteries anymore: Mychron 5 2T is powered by a dedicated rechargeable - and removable - lithium battery. It is long-lasting (about 10 hours duration) and easy to recharge, placed on its magnetic basement connected to the power adapter. The usual external power connection is available to connect to your karts 12v battery.
Shift Light and Alarm LED's: Five RGB shift lights can be configured for each gear, choosing LED colour and RPM threshold values which will turn them on/off. They also allow RPM monitoring in a glance. Even alarms are managed in a very flexible way: you choose the situation that generates the alarm, the LED behaviour (blinking frequency and colour) when the alarm appears and the conditions for its switch-off.
WiFi connection: While the gokart is stopped, download your data to your PC, look at the measures, upgrade your firmware, transmit parameters using the well-known Data Key or through fast WiFi connection.
IN THE BOX:
- Mychron 5 2T with GPS - M10 water temperature sensor - 1 double connexion wire (1TC + 1TR) - Rechargeable lithium battery - Battery charger (110/220V)
In option, 1 exhaust temperature sensor M5 or M12.
Fully compatible with existing Mychron 4 accessories. Additional sensors can be added using the AiM Mychron Expansion. Data is recorded to the internal 4Gb memory. Waterproof. Dimensions : 137x88.4x46.9 mm Weight : 340 g, battery included.