LapX Slot Car Lap Counter
LapX is a lap counter program for slot car racing. LapX aupports Scalextric RMS sensor track (C8143) as well as parallel and serial port sensors.
- 1 to 6 Lanes depending on sensor.
- Typical accuracy under 5ms for parallel port sensors.
- Supports Scalextric RMS sensor track (C8143)
- Supports parallel port sensors using optional inpout32.dll
- A choice of themes
- Practice, Race (lap limited) and Endurance (time limited) modes
- LapX.zip, 291 KB, 6 January 2012
- Download the LapX lap counter executable here.
- LapX_source.zip, 316 KB, 6 January 2012
- The full source code of LapX avaiable for non commercial use.
Extract lapx.zip to any folder and click on LapX.exe to start. LapX requires .Net framework 3.5 or higher to be installed.
The inpout32.dll library is required to use LapX and is included in the Zip archive. This library will only run on 32-bit versions of Windows and is used to read the state of the serial and parallel IO ports directly, bypassing OS protections.
Inpout32.dll can be run from the LapX directory or placed in c:/windows/system32. UAC may need to be disabled on some versions of Windows when using inpout32.dll as it works by loading a custom device driver into the kernel.
- Start/Stop Button
- Starts and stops a race.
- Race Mode Combo Box.
- Choose the type of race from Practice, Race (lap limited) or Endurance (time limited).
- Options Button
- Change the configuration options of the lap counter.
- Exit Button
- Exits the LapX application.
- Starts and stops a race.
- 1 to 6 Keys at top of keyboard
- Increment lap count of a lane. Useful for incrementing missed laps though they can only be triggered after a chosen time since the last lap was detected.
- Up/Down Cursor Keys
- Change the value of the Race Mode Combo Box.
Options Dialog box
- Number of lanes the track has (1-6)
- Minimum Lap Time
- The minimum time that must elapse before a lane's lap counter can be triggered again. Used to avoid detecting false laps. This should be smaller than the fastest lap time of any car. Value is in seconds and the precision is 1 millsecond, e.g. 3.142.
- Pre Race Delay
- The length of time before the red start lights go on. Allows users to get ready for the race. Value is in seconds and the precision is 1 millsecond, e.g. 7.536.
- Jump Start
- Choose whether to count a lap or ignore a lap before the red start lights go out.
- Sample Interval
- The time in milliseconds between each read of the lane sensors. Increasing this setting will reduce CPU load but will also reduce lap time accuracy and also reduce the chance of a car being detected.
- Show Statistics
- Shows how many times the sensors are being sampled every second.
Select sensor to use from the list on the left hand side.
- Serial Port Name
- Choose the serial port to use
- Use Fast IO
- Reads lane data directly from serial port registers and increases precision. Works only with onboard serial ports COM1 and COM2. Left unticked any serial port should work (including USB adaptors) but the precision can vary..
- Lane Pins (Lanes 1 to 5)
- Choose the parallel port status pin to use for each lane.
- Invert Parallel Port Inputs
- If a 5v signal (logic high) applied to a status pin indicates the presence of a car then this option should be left unchecked. If a 0v (logic low) signal is used to indicate the presence of a car then this option should be checked.
- Lane Pins (Lanes 1 to 4)
- Choose the serial port pin to use for each lane (Pin numbers based on 9-pin serial port).
- Invert Serial Port Inputs
- Inverts the serial port inputs
Enable the type of sounds to play whenever a car crosses the sensor. Sounds must be in .wav format.
- Lane Colors (Lanes 1 to 6)
- Choose the color to represent a lane
- Lane Style
- Choose the style of graphics to be used to display the lap counter data.
- 06 Jan 12: Changed start light sequence so that the lights come on one at a time. Altered task priorities which should improve accuracy. Modified themes and added more sound effects.
- 31 Jul 11: Updated Options dialog box. Placed all types of sensor on a single tab to make it easier to expand the number of sensor types. Added using serial port pins 1, 6, 8 and 9 as lane sensors and added 'Fast IO' option to read directly from the serial port using inpout32 to increase precision.
- 10 Jul 11: Added Statistics display to show how many times the sensors are read per second, the largest time between sensor readings and how often the time between readings has taken longer than 10ms and 20ms.
- 23 Jun 11: Added 'Sample Interval' slider to options to control how often the sensors are read. Range is from 1ms to 10ms. Added bouncing animations for fastest laps to Twilight theme.
LapX uses the following sounds from Freesound:
- tada1.wav by by Jobro
Modified to create racefinished.wav


CETECK TECNOLÓGICA S.L. has embarked together with 38 other partners from all over Europe in the AI 4.0 project: Artificial Intelligence Digital Innovation Hubs for Cognitive Connected Factories 4.0, co-financed by the Valencian Institute of Business Competitiveness (IVACE) and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF).
This project arises from the need for digitalization of the European industry, in order to increase the competitiveness of its industries. AI4.0 articulates an integrated response from the European DIH community to the challenge of implementing artificial intelligence for the benefit of discrete manufacturing, process industries and construction SMEs. AI4.0’s answer is to bring together a carefully selected ecosystem of the best I4MS, SAE and IDSA DIH European flagship networks in cognitive robotics (DIH2, TRINITY), big data sovereign spaces (IDSA Hubs), autonomous IIoT / CCPS (MIDIH, DIH4CPS) and AI algorithms (AI4EU).
Therefore, the mission of AI4.0 is to ensure that:
- SMEs increase the competitiveness of the European landscape in terms of Artificial Intelligence, without leaving small and medium-sized companies behind.
- New technologies and AI-based products, processes and services are based on ethical values.
- SMEs get fast and secure data links so that Artificial Intelligence methods can be used conveniently.


ICS Cybersecurity Vulnerabilities
What is Vulnerable?
Previously, ICS interconnections focused primarily on enabling communications between the processor and controller, and were isolated. The introduction of modern information technologies and operating systems into the ICS environment has provided much needed system integration capabilities, but at the cost of exposing ICS to security threats previously known only to IT systems.
Consider a simple situation where a globally popular operating system is used as the foundation for deploying mission-critical ICS software applications. Each and every time a vulnerability is found in that operating system, the ICS using it is also vulnerable. As more ICS migrate toward using ubiquitous IT solutions, the risk of having critical infrastructure systems vulnerable to the same types of threats as IT systems rises.
Open Systems Interconnection
Well-known vulnerabilities exist in each of the seven layers of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model. As ICS migrates away from traditional and proprietary protocols, the use of new and efficient operating systems can make them vulnerable to attacks.
The vulnerability lies with the transparency of the OSI model, as opposed to the obscure proprietary ICS frameworks known only to those who had designed them, or to those with specialized training.
As we leverage well-known IT communications protocols (which can be insecure) and use them in a manner that takes advantage of current networking functionality (which can also be insecure), we expose critical infrastructure systems to attack.
ICS Attack Targets
Any hardware or software processing, storing, or transmitting information digitally is vulnerable to cyberattack. Whether the system can be compromised is dependent on whether the vulnerability is exploitable. In other words, any system can be attacked, but not every attack will be successful. In control system environments, several types of digital assets can be targeted by a cyber adversary:
- Networking devices
- Programmable logic controllers (PLCs)
- Remote terminal units (RTUs)
- Human-machine interface (HMI) workstations
- Data acquisition servers and historians
- Engineering workstations
- Remote access devices
- Authentication and authorization servers
Even integrated safety systems could be vulnerable, and there is risk if connected directly to the control system network.
There are many pathways to communicate with an ICS network and its components using a variety of computing and communications equipment. These pathways can be used by anyone knowledgeable in process equipment, networks, operating systems, and software applications to gain access to the ICS.
Poor Code Quality
One of the primary causes of security vulnerabilities in control system software and firmware is the use of poor programming techniques. Most developers do not intentionally write code with security flaws. However, ICS are developed with a focus on system availability and resiliency. When the requirement for high availability is the top priority, security is often not considered during the development lifecycle.
Code issues are often exacerbated in control systems that may be decades old, and running code that has not been updated since its installation. Changing coding practices or rewriting the source code for a flagship product can be expensive for vendors and customers, and applying patches in an operational environment is often difficult.
ICS owners should request that vendors certify their developers are trained in, and use, secure coding practices as part of their quality control process. ICS owners should also ensure they create the necessary communication paths needed to quickly learn of any code-based security problems, and to receive and deploy patches in an effective way.
Increasing cybersecurity awareness and its importance in the system and software development life cycle helps asset owners and vendors understand the need to proactively build security into the system, which will significantly increase the security of their ICS products.
Network Design Vulnerabilities
ICS networks are typically designed to support real-time data communications. It is common for security best practices to be excluded when designing ICS architectures. The network infrastructure environment within the ICS is usually developed and modified based on business and operational requirements, with little consideration for the potential security impacts of the changes.
Some ICS network architectures use flat networks with no zones, no port security, and weak enforcement of remote access policies.
To compound this problem, ICS networks may be directly connected to corporate environments without firewalls and zones, or allow direct connections to the Internet. Over time, security gaps may have been inadvertently introduced. Without remediation, these gaps introduce vulnerabilities into the ICS.
Web-Based and Remote Service Vulnerabilities
Improvements and modifications to control system functionality are usually the result of customer demand. Embedded Web services, remote diagnostic tools, reporting features, and other value-added capabilities traditionally not used in control system solutions are increasingly being seen in the field. While Web-based and remote services allow ICS operators to more efficiently manage, monitor, and control the systems, this approach may introduce significant security vulnerabilities into the control system architecture.
For example of this, many control system vendors meet the demands of their customers by integrating easy-to-use interfaces for managing equipment. An example is incorporating simple and inexpensive Web services directly into their field devices. This allows operators to control and administer critical equipment from anywhere through a Web or Internet browser. Without a proper security analysis of that Web interface, it could be used as an attack vector into field equipment.
Vulnerabilities unique to such remote services are now built into many control system vendor solutions. If exploited, such vulnerabilities can reveal significant information to an attacker or provide them with access to the device itself.
The convergence of IT and ICS creates new pathways that can be used to exploit a large number of cyber vulnerabilities.
- Requirements for rapid information exchange, such as data moving from plant operations to executive decision makers, can limit the effectiveness of adequate defense-in-depth strategies or recommended best practices for ICS cybersecurity.
- Requirements for near real-time accessibility to critical operations may facilitate the use of remote access solutions focusing on availability and not necessarily security.
- To optimize performance and resiliency, asset owners often provide direct access to the operational environment for their vendors and integrators, thus opening possible channels of attack.
Root Causes of Vulnerabilities
Legacy Control Systems
Because replacing an aging control system can be expensive and disruptive to operations, the life cycle of many control systems is 15 years or longer. These legacy systems are not designed to provide protection from modern-day attacks, or may not be updated to provide the protective mechanisms developed since being placed in service. Ongoing assessments, independent cybersecurity research, and self-disclosure from vendors suggest there are inherent security vulnerabilities in ICS that are residual from past engineering and development activities.
These did not start as vulnerabilities, as they were originally system features designed to facilitate the efficient and safe operation of mission-critical systems required to be available all the time (high availability). They were also designed to be used on systems isolated from untrusted networks.
Today, many of these same features could be used to seriously damage the system if used by operators who have become disgruntled, or if an adversary or attacker is able to acquire the role of the authorized user.
Legacy Systems: Plain Text Traffic
Few ICS manufacturers and vendors deploy data obfuscation and cryptography to prevent traffic eavesdropping, and plain text protocols are ubiquitous across almost all control systems. ICS protocols were originally designed for use in isolated environments, and because availability was the highest priority, there was no need to defend these systems from data theft. More importantly, plain text makes it easier to integrate disparate systems. As owners, vendors, and integrators push for interoperability, plain text traffic remains common. Plain text protocols are also simpler and faster to troubleshoot than encrypted protocols.
Adversaries with access to control system networks can potentially perform real-time traffic analysis, as well as harvest network traffic for offline security testing. Considering the trust relationships in control system environments (e.g., between operator consoles and field equipment, or database-to-database), an attacker who has captured a plain text password can exploit these relationships by impersonating trusted cyber assets or injecting data into the data stream, causing an undesirable event.
Access to control traffic in plain text allows a threat actor to execute numerous attacks–including denial of service, man-in-the-middle, session hijacking, and other network-based attacks, ultimately impacting integrity and availability.
Legacy Systems: Hard-coded/easy passwords
Password management is a fundamental component of any security program. However, few ICS operators have provisioned their systems with unique passwords supported by robust security policies, such as routine password changes—especially default passwords. Because ICS are always on, most ICS asset owners use an easily remembered, shared password for all operators; or the default passwords are never changed after installation. While this ensures operators can quickly access the system, it also makes it easy for an attacker to do the same.
Some vendors have designed their systems with hard-coded or unchangeable passwords. Hard-coded passwords are used internally by ICS programs needing authorization to communicate with other computer resources, such as databases, or are used to simplify software installations and program configurations.
For example, initial authentication credentials are exchanged between ICS historians using hard-coded passwords. It is trivial to discover most hard-coded passwords: they are passed in plain text across the network, or openly published in equipment manuals or the vendor website. Advanced malware has been developed to exploit hard-coded passwords in conjunction with other vulnerabilities, leaving systems using them at risk.
Legacy Systems: No Least Privilege
Coding methods previously used by ICS vendors emphasized availability because these systems were historically isolated. Availability, not security, was important for the associated applications and system, so they were run with unlimited privileges. This essentially gave operators complete administrative control of the system.
When the system is operating with administrator-level privileges, both vital and non-vital applications are running with a high level of authority. If threat actors compromise the system, they have administrative privileges to control and damage the applications and processes.
Many processes found in ICS do not need to run with unbounded privileges. Applying the principle of least privilege means running systems, processes, and applications with the minimal amount of authority needed, thus restricting the level of system access should the system be compromised. Typically, this is accomplished by having the user log into the system with a user level vs. administrator-level account, restricting which permissions are available to the user.
Legacy Systems: No Authentication
System functionality facilitating the addition of new applications without security checks is a common problem. ICS downtimes are few, and it is critical that local and trusted entities be allowed to install applications without delay.
However, as requirements and capabilities for control systems have matured, new and complicated third-party applications are integrated into the control systems, and not all can be trusted.
The malware group, Havex, replaced the normal installation files of third-party software with tainted copies. They surreptitiously installed a remote access trojan (RAT) on the computers of targeted companies through the ICS used to automate everything from switches in electrical substations, to sensitive equipment in nuclear power plants.
Legacy Systems: No Check
Data integrity checks ensure the ICS information an operator is monitoring is correct and has not been modified. When ICS were isolated with limited connectivity, there was little doubt the readings were accurate. As more ICS become interconnected, risks of critical operation data being altered increases.
For example, if an HMI is compromised, it could indicate to the ICS operator that a critical valve is closed, when it is actually open. The false information displayed by the system could cause a catastrophic incident. Ensuring data integrity in the HMI is of vital importance, especially as ICS are becoming more interconnected, escalating the risk of compromise.
Legacy Systems: Guaranteed High Availability
The primary focus for ICS, especially mission-critical ICS applications, is high availability. Unfortunately, coding a system for high availability differs from one designed to be secure. Designing high-availability systems often creates vulnerabilities easily discovered by an attacker.
Vendors do not want security vulnerabilities in their products any more than users and asset owners do. Yet a vendor may be slow to fix a vulnerability because of the level of effort required. As a result, the application may be vulnerable when the system or application is not designed to, for example, check for abnormal data inputs, which can be exploited using attacks such as denial of service, buffer overflow, or data injection. The public availability of easy-to-use exploit code increases the number of potential attackers by including those who are unskilled, thereby increasing the severity of the vulnerability.
Legacy Systems: Easy Connectivity
As corporate entities and peer locations have a need to obtain real-time control system or process information, new methods for exchanging information between a trusted control system and an untrusted enclave are developed. An organization’s ability to obtain real-time data is important, because it provides management with accurate and timely information to make better decisions regarding the operations of their critical infrastructure systems.
While there is no doubt that interconnecting ICS with business systems has improved productivity, every data channel creates a potential vulnerability, increasing the risk to the control system. This includes database sharing, peer-to-peer communications, VPN access, remote vendor access, and any other conduit allowing direct access to mission-critical control system activities.
Often, postmortem analysis of cybersecurity incidents indicates these information-sharing channels are often the vectors used by malware, or to facilitate unauthorized remote access.
The functionality and capability of control system equipment, specifically field devices, have increased tremendously. Many vendors embed additional services in their control systems, including Web, file transfer protocol (FTP), simple network management protocol (SNMP) services, and other types of functionality designed to enhance operations.
While these features provide many easy-to-use services and increased functionality, they also introduce new vectors for an attacker to remotely configure and program these devices, or to modify the firmware. While this is not an issue for all vendors, it does pose a significant cyber risk. These devices are connected directly to ICS components, which monitor and control process equipment, creating a target-rich environment.
Current device programming technologies used include:
- Network enabled
- Remotely programmable
- Onboard I/O servers and Web servers
- FTP and SNMP enabled
- Physical cybersecurity devices
- Next generation directions
Device Programming – Field Device Issues
Historically, field devices have been deployed in a manner that assumes they will be placed in a secure environment, one not allowing for unauthorized access to the device in any way. If there is no risk of unauthorized access, the devices often use protocols devoid of authentication and authorization.
Why would you need authentication and authorization if the only people accessing the device were trusted users? This lack of access security is an artifact from the legacy control system environment where there really wasn’t a need for access across the network. As a consequence, ICS don’t always support access control.
In many architectures, any host can communicate with, and send commands to, any other device, provided they both use the same protocol. The design of some ICS uses a polling system. By design, a device’s onboard processing power may be insufficient to handle large amounts of data.
As a consequence, field devices are vulnerable to catastrophic failures because of data storms, packet flooding, malformed data, or other events caused by regular behaviors. The breakdown of such a critical piece of equipment can result in failure to deliver critical process information and loss of control.
Connectivity and Network Architecture
Engineers can easily bridge ICS networks and business networks with the adoption of IT designs and architectures. While the benefits may be significant, this push to integrate networks also creates one of the most significant sources of ICS vulnerabilities. ICS networks that were previously physically and electronically isolated may now be integrated and connected with other networks, including the Internet. As a result, exploits previously accessible by physical proximity only can now be delivered to a control system from anywhere in the world.
Many asset owners establish an electronic security perimeter around their ICS to protect from a cyberattack. This perimeter creates a trusted environment within the ICS network and protects assets from direct exposure to untrusted domains.
Historically, the level of trust between ICS domains mirrors the trust level between corporate operations and the Internet. However, as corporate requirements for real-time monitoring and analysis of ICS have become more common, the architecture must be designed to support a more trusted relationship.
To facilitate better communications, we see architectures built with a transitive trust between ICS and corporate networks. This relationship creates a need for more robust protection mechanisms and assurance that an attacker who has a presence on the corporate network cannot use this trusted path to access the control system network.
Connectivity – Trusted Connections
A DCS is not the only system that can be attacked by piercing the electronic perimeter. Any remote access providing engineers and technicians the ability to access the control system from an external network extends the electronic perimeter. Typically, VPN connections (the primary method for establishing remote communications), if properly installed and configured, are often safer than firewall exceptions. However, because the perimeter has been extended to a remote location, the network engineers do not have as much control over the end device as they do with workstations located on company premises.
One final point about trust: just like in the corporate environment, databases and third-party applications (such as document viewers) can be important components in an ICS. However, these third-party applications, if not properly secured and patched, can provide an exploitable vector. Attackers can also exploit the trusted relationship between databases replicating data between the control network and the business network.
The vulnerabilities listed below are repeatedly seen during site assessments, CISA Incident Response Investigations, and CSET® assessments.
- Credentials management: Includes weak password policies (no passwords, no enforcement of strong passwords, and use of default user names and passwords) and insufficiently protected passwords.
- Network design weakness: No security perimeter defined and lack of network segmentation.
- Lack of formal documentation: No security policy and procedures, and poor security documentation maintenance.
- Weak firewall rules: Firewall bypassed, firewall rules not tailored to ICS traffic, and specific ports on host not restricted to allowable IP address.
- Audit and accountability: Lack of security audits and logging.
- Permissions and privilege access control: Improper user permissions, open-network shares, and poor security configuration.


Now you might be opinion that what home automation systems is all about? Well, it is to be mentioned that home automation systems are automatic system with the help of which you can best securely control the entire smart home with the help of a device. It has been introduced by the smart homes company’s in Sharjah. You just required to hold the remote control access in the hand and that’s all. In all such Smart homes items we have microwaves, air conditioner, Access control, Fire Alarm, Lighting control and even the security system in your house. You can sign into the website and security control the electronic devices in your smart home from your office. According to survey that home automation Sharjah, and the UAE is popular all over the world.


Olivia Hsu is an instructor and advisor for Afro Fem Coders. She is currently a second year PhD student at Stanford University studying Computer Science.
She graduated with a Bachelor's degree in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science from the University of California, Berkeley in 2019.
While at Berkeley she co-founded Space Technologies at Cal (STAC), an engineering student organization focused on creating a community for students interested in aerospace research.
She would like to foster a more welcoming environment for underrepresented students in the fields of Computer Science and Engineering.
Olivia is excited to teach practical applications of Computer Science, like machine learning, to the students of Afro Fem Coders.


Jasmy and DWF Labs Announces Partnership to Drive IoT Blockchain Growth and Improve Data Democratization Globally
Jasmy, an innovator in the intersection of blockchain and the Internet of Things (IoT), has partnered with DWF Labs, to promote the global expansion of the IoT blockchain sector to improve data democratization around the world.
The shared vision of increasing blockchain technology adoption amongst companies and their users makes this a natural next progression for both companies. Jasmy helps companies easily offer solutions to users that wish to maintain full control and ownership of their personal data. Jasmy works directly with IoT manufacturers, non-high tech enterprises, SMEs, and solutions providers by offering an array of solutions such as its ready-to-use platform, IoT devices, development environment services, and data analysis.
DWF Labs brings to the table a full suite of solutions that will drive ecosystem growth for Jasmy, such as OTC services, partnerships, and media support. DWF Labs’ expertise in the digital asset sphere will amplify Jasmy’s mission to put the power of data back into the hands of individuals.
Mr. Hara, Jasmy’s CFO, commented, “We are very pleased with the partnership with DWF Labs, and their cooperation is a significant force for our efforts to expand our ecosystem. Through this partnership, we look forward to empowering individuals worldwide and creating a more equitable digital ownership landscape.”
This exciting partnership follows closely on the heels of Jasmy’s recent announcement of their latest innovation, the Personal Data Locker (PDL). The Jasmy Personal Data Locker provides strong security through password-less authentication. This solution eliminates the need to enter IDs and passwords and will be incorporated into smartphone applications and wearable devices.
Andrei Grachev, Managing Partner at DWF Labs adds, “We’re excited about our partnership with Jasmy to drive greater awareness of the IoT blockchain sector. We look forward to seeing how our collective efforts and respective expertise will accelerate data democratization globally.”
Jasmy Inc. develops and provides IoT platforms with the goal of restoring the sovereignty of data to its rightful owners (the individuals), and enabling the safe and secure use of that data. To this end, Jasmy fuses IoT with blockchain technology and innovates a platform that can be widely used across industries and business sectors based on unprecedented ideas.
Jasmy’s team is composed of members with diverse and rich experience in electronics, mechanics, telecommunications, devices, system integrators, and designers on a mission to provide the best IoT platform for their customers around the world.
Name: HARA (CFO)


Everyone in this evolving world is using mobile apps for news, gaming, entertainment, and shopping. These mobile apps are user-friendly and safe to use.you do need to enter a website address and use the browser if you are using mobile apps. Today we will discuss some of best mobile apps which help you to save electricity. many electrical appliances we are using every day are consuming lots of energy and sometimes we forgot to switch off these appliances and not aware about how much electricity appliances are consuming, these mobile apps developed by most developers from all over the worlds are smart enough to not only notify you about your house appliances but also it helps you to save your hard earned money by saving average electricity usage.These mobile apps are available for both Android and iPhone devices & most of them are free to use. The list of best smartphone apps to save electricity are:
Electricity bill calculator is an easy bill calculator in which you can find and calculate your monthly consumption on your own.Lots of electrical appliances are listed in this app with its power capacity which also helps you to find any particular home appliances consuming more energy and responsible for the high electricity bill and also You can track any appliance energy consumption hourly. There are total 10k mobile app users and it is available on play store free of cost.
Smappee is a real time monitoring system which gives you an insight of your energy consumption by house appliances. It is a smart messaging system gives you instant notification about any type of leaks and danger and gives you depth analysis of what exactly happens.you can check your electricity consumption status remotely even when you are not in the home and save up to 30% monthly electricity bill.
Apps similar to smappee energy monitor are Voltware, Sense Home, Wiser Link
Zipato is all in one monitoring system which can control your home from any smartphone or any other internet enabled device, using a secured internet connection.Zipato home security monitoring system allows you to always keep an eye on children or anything wrong happen with your home appliances.Smart thermostat monitoring system can control room temperature automatically and it helps a lot to save energy.


Lediga jobb Chalmers Tekniska Högskola Aktiebolag på Jobbland. Vi har över 35 PhD in Computational Physics of Metasurface Emitting Lasers. Göteborg
J. Winges, T. Rylander / Journal of Computational Physics 321 (2016) 698–707 699 Fig. 1. Geometry of a part of the hybrid interface shown by the two dark gray triangles. The hybrid interface is located in the plane w =0and it is shared by one brick-shaped element and two tetrahedrons. The applicant should have, or expect to soon obtain, a M.Sc.
TIF100 and FKA121. Mathematical skills: Fourier transforms, complex algebra, vector FKA121 - Computational physics. Ägare: MPAPP Basic undergraduate physics, some numerical analysis and computing.
For more experienced students we recommend as alternative course book (which will be used as course book in the companion course TIF035 Computational Physics B): J.M.Thijssen, "Computational Physics", (2nd edition, Cambridge University Press, 2007).
Condensed Matter and Materials Theory Department of Physics Chalmers University of Technology 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden on challenges in the borderlands between chemistry, physics, materials science, and pursue realistic computational search and design of functional materials. If you have any questions, please contact us at martin.rahm[at] chal Department of Physics at ChalmersStimulated by major needs and challenges in science and a sustainable society, the ambition of the department of Physics is. 11 Mar 2021 Right now, the Department of Physics at Chalmers is looking for PhD candidates We address a wide range of experimental, computational, Chalmers University of Technology · Department of Physics.
PhD student position in Computational Physics of Metasurface Emitting Lasers seeking Right now, the Department of Physics at Chalmers is looking for PhD
Arbetsgivare: Chalmers Tekniska Högskola AB Arbetsgivare: Chalmers Industriteknik PhD in Computational Physics of Metasurface Emitting Lasers. Education.
Stig Larsson Professor of Applied Mathematics.
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The rapid increase in computational power has made simulations an integrated part of the development of products and processes. Virtual prototyping stimulates industrial innovation and simulations offer an alternative to measurements, when these are too expensive or even impossible to perform. Chalmers två campus. Centralt i Göteborg ligger våra två campus, med varsin stark profil.
MSc in Engineering Physics ("civilingenjör F"), Chalmers University of Technology, 1976. Chalmers Physics - YouTube.
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firstname.lastname@example.org Short vita. Since 2011: Faculty member Department of Physics Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden. 2009-2011: Research staff member Condensed Matter and Materials Division Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, California, USA. 2007-2009: Post-doctoral fellow Chemistry, Materials, Earth and Life Sciences
TIN212 · Concurrent programming. The Department of Physics at Chalmers University of Technology invites research associate position on theoretical and computational modeling of the. Lediga jobb Chalmers Tekniska Högskola Aktiebolag på Jobbland. Vi har över 35 PhD in Computational Physics of Metasurface Emitting Lasers. Göteborg This page lists the scientific contributions of an author, who either does not have a ResearchGate profile, or has not yet added these contributions to their profile. Right now, the Department of Physics at Chalmers is looking for PhD We address a wide range of experimental, computational, methodological and PhD Student, Chalmers University of Technology - Citerat av 4 - FEM - Multiscale Modeling - Computational Homogenization - Multiphysics Modeling Chalmers Tekniska Högskola AB. Just nu finns det 1090st lediga PhD in Computational Physics of Metasurface Emitting Lasers.


Perry are suppliers of, the well proven, iGrain range of products for the volume measurement and monitoring of grain moisture, temperature and CO2 production in silos and floor stores.
The CO2 grain sniffer is one of the most advanced means of quickly detecting a problem with stored grain. Having the ability to quickly identify a potential problem within a silo allows the operator to act more quickly reducing the risk of spoilage.
The Dashboard grain management system takes the guess work out of fan system control and grain care. The automatic aeration control will run the fans when a set of pre-set conditions are met. this allows the fans to be operated in a more efficient way, helping to ensure grain quality and reduction in operating costs.
Perry & iGRAIN offer a complete range of products for post-harvest monitoring of stored crop.
The core iGRAIN products monitor:
- CO2 for most efficient infestation detection
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Moreover, the iGRAIN product portfolio includes advanced automated aeration control, data read out to a handheld reader, a PC or the iGRAIN App. Integration with PLC and SCADA solutions is also possible.
iGRAIN systems can be tailored to suit the needs of small-scale farmers as well as large-scale industrial storages of grain, beans, cocoa, coffee as well as flour, feed and oil mills.
iGRAIN products have been developed and refined based partly on input and needs voiced by customers, partly on an extensive amount of scientific knowledge and practical know-how from tailoring systems and applying post-harvest storage systems in any climate zone worldwide over many years. Exactly therefore, the iGRAIN brand is known for easy-to-use, easy-to-install, high quality and durable systems with excellent performance. The system can be tailored to any need, and add on solutions made over time, as needs may change.
iGRAIN is acknowledged as an ingenious, customer-oriented company, which has been the first vendor to bring a new technological solution on the market several times.
With the iGRAIN product portfolio the mission is to preserve and optimize crop value and to prevent spoilage and fungus.
Simple grain monitoring for small grain volumes
The simplest iGRAIN system is for you who have a storage capacity up to 2.000 tons, and a need for spot-checking of the grain. Typically, this applies for a small farm or a small industry where storage time is relatively short.
The system consists of temperature and moisture sensor cables with data readout to a handheld instrument. Optional, data can be transferred to a PC and displayed in the iGRAIN Dashboard Software showing a matrix view and simple trend-curves.
Small automated systems with aeration control option
The small automated system is tailored with a mix of iGRAIN sensor options for you, who need online monitoring. This typically applies for chicken and pig farms, and small grain processing industries with a storage capacity up to 15.000 tons and storage time less than 6 months.
The system consists of temperature and moisture sensor cables and grain inventory management. The iGRAIN semi-automatic aeration control system is an add on option. Monitoring data are read out to a PC with full online capacity and full integration with the iGRAIN Smart App for data access any time anywhere. This system can be updated to a fully automated aeration control system at any time.
Commercial scale grain monitoring with fully automatic aeration control
This system encompasses all the sensor technology you can dream of for monitoring your crop, including fully automatic aeration control and a variety of data platforms and data read out solution. With this system, you get the world’s leading grain monitoring and aeration control technology, available from no other vendor. The system is suitable for larger farms, flour, feed and oil mills, the food processing industry, grain terminals, as well as grain hotels.
The system comprises sensors for monitoring of moisture and grain temperature, CO2 level for fast efficient infestation detection and head space humidity. Further, the system includes weather station and fire warning sensory technology (CO and CO2), a radar level sensor, plenum pressure sensor and a rotary paddle “Stop-Sensor”. The system is tailored to your needs and your facility with semi or fully automatic aeration control. The system and the iGRAIN Smart App interfaces with your PLC/SCADA platform.
The full scale iGRAIN system gives you the tool to keep your grain in the best possible condition, preventing infestation and losses.
The iGRAIN temperature sensor cable
- has become the grain industry benchmark for rugged, durable and precise grain temperature monitoring
- uses advanced digital sensors utilized for the highest performance, they have no drift over time
- is easy to install and extremely durable
The iGRAIN moisture sensor cable
- measures the grain moisture at different levels in the silo using digital sensor technology
- gives you an accurate measurement of the grain moisture and the silo head space relative humidity
- enables best automatic aeration control by reliable grain moisture tracking, preventing infestation and shrinkage
The iGRAIN CO2 Sniffer
- is an advanced CO₂ sensor system supplementing traditional temperature monitoring
- is specifically designed to detect any unwanted biologic activity originating from insects, fungus, etc. in the stored grain
- is superior to any other grain monitoring technology, in detecting biological activity fast and reliable
- connects to the iGRAIN Smart App, where the predicted safe storage time is available for each silo
Data read out solutions
The iGRAIN systems are based on collecting data from all the sensors via data transfer boxes. The systems are modular and can accommodate any size installation and be extended at any time. The iGRAIN Dashboard Platform integrates with all other PLC/SCADA and quality control systems. Data read out solutions are:
- Hand-held instrument for information on grain moisture and temperature
- iGRAIN Dashboard PC software with outstanding features and resources
- iGRAIN Smart App for updated information and decision making on the go
- Wall mount control board build in PC and iGRAIN Dashboard software


SODIAL(R) 4-Digit PC Mainboard POST Diagnostic Analyzer Test Card
This is a 4 digit add on card for motherboard repairs(fits on PCI slot, even works on dead motherboards). I have been using this for a while now. I found this very useful for my motherboard repairs. It basically lets us detect the problems in motherboard.
Here is my diagnostic card -
How to use this ???
This article explains how to use a motherboard diagnostic card to troubleshoot and diagnose a wide range of hardware and BIOS faults.
While some computer hardware issues can be accurately diagnosed using beep codes, system error messages and experience, sometimes a more fulsome technique is needed to resolve more difficult hardware issues. For those purposes, technicians often use motherboard diagnostic cards to help them find problems and resolve them quickly.
What are Motherboard Diagnostic Cards?
Motherboard diagnostic cards (a.k.a. PCI POST cards) are electronic devices that fit into the PCI or ISA slots, or sometimes a USB port, from where they can analyze hardware issues and BIOS faults. These troubleshooting tools can usually find problems with the BIOS, video, CPU, hard drive controllers among other components.
A computer system has a number of failure points and while the cause of some issues will be quite obvious, at other times faults can be very difficult to find. Motherboard diagnostic cards can help technicians to quickly pinpoint the cause of system errors or hardware faults. This saves on time that would otherwise be spent in the trial and error process, and prevents waste of money purchasing the wrong solution.
How to use a Motherboard Diagnostic Card
By and large computer diagnostic cards are easy to use, with many offering plug and use simplicity. Here is how motherboard diagnostic cards are used.
Plug the card into the available USB port, PCI or ISA slot and switch the computer on.
Watch the card’s display for failure messages. At system start up, the computer will start the POST (power on self test). The computer does this to determine what components are installed and whether they are working properly. If a test fails, the diagnostic card will halt and display an error code that identifies the fault it has found.
To decipher what the code means, reference the accompanying POST card’s documentation; they usually have a list of all the codes that the diagnostic card recognizes, along with the possible cause of the error.
Diagnostic Cards Interfaces and Options
The more traditional versions of motherboard diagnostic cards use an ISA or PCI interface, but solutions with a USB interface are now available. USB diagnostic cards can be used without opening the computer to install them, which offers greater convenience to the technician, assuming that there isn’t a problem with the USB ports as well. There are even PCI and ISA cards that have detachable displays that allow the error codes to be seen even if the case is closed.
You can get error code manual with this when you purchase it. Or you can get the code manual on web. Here is the link -
Or you can google every error code you get from the card.
You may want to see my other posts -


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The default packet size is 512 Bytes and the maximum SQL server supports is 32767.
So, the question is, " Why can't i just change it ? "
Hardware support is the answer
Connecting clients and the network switches need to support the packet size (e.g. 9000 for Jumbo frames)
Network Cards need to support the speed (and for that support to be enabled via the drivers in Windows)
Your OS also needs to support it. In the case of Hyper-V (pre Windows 2008 R2), the virtual NIC cannot support Jumbo frames.
If your environment is suitable however, here's the configuration code to do it >
EXEC SP_CONFIGURE 'show advanced option', '1'; RECONFIGURE; EXEC SP_CONFIGURE; EXEC SP_CONFIGURE 'network packet size (B)', '9000'; RECONFIGURE WITH OVERRIDE; RECONFIGURE; EXEC SP_CONFIGURE
Link : Gigabit Ethernet Jumbo Frames


Hire Embedded Systems developers
An embedded system is a computer system designed for specific control functions within a larger system. often with real-time computing constraints. It is embedded as part of a complete device often including hardware and mechanical parts.
C++, GameDev, Unity c#
✔ Knowledge of advanced level programming in C/C++ including multithreading, multi processing, and concurrency.
✔Design, development and test software applications meeting deadlines and budgets. Develop a convenient, clean and understandable application design for each specific case . ✔Development of highly efficient algorithms in C++
✔. Code analysis and code review to identify the problems, memory leaks, bugs and performance bottlenecks.
✔TCP/IP server and client side programming.
✔ Expirienced game development using С++ and С# languages from scratch to production with Unity 3D + C#, SDL + C++, SFML 2 + С++.
- USD 35.00 / hr
- USD 5600.00 / mo.


Bradley H Olsen Ecker
Books of Publisher
The Y2K computer problem will cause havoc and worldwide panic. Civilization as we know it will cease to exist, and a wave of fear will cover the earth, unless you read this book.
Publisher: Bradley H Olsen Ecker
ISBN10: 0967165806 ISBN13: 9780967165806 Edition: Paperback; 1999-04-21


Search - Electronic Tech Support Specialists near Brandon, MS. Multiple positions with top tier company for troubleshooting, maintenance, repair and test of advanced electronic units. Must have experience in repair and troubleshooting of radar, communications systems or other advanced electronic systems to the component level. The ideal candidates will have a solid understanding of electronic warfare and aviation electronics with a background of electronic-maintenance and repair in the military. Candidates with a background in nuclear electronics are also of interest. Technical associate’s degree required. Current or recent DOD security clearance within the last 7 years.
If you have an interest, please send your current resume’ to firstname.lastname@example.org. If not and you know someone who may have interest, please feel free to pass this information on to them.
Current or recent DOD security clearance within the last 7 years. Troubleshooting, maintenance and repair of advanced electronics to the component level
Internal Number: 3497
About PinPoint Solutions
Recruiting for Professionals, Executives and Skilled Trades


The BitSight Security Ratings Platform gathers terabytes of data on security outcomes from sensors deployed across the globe. From our data, we see indicators of compromise, infected machines, improper configuration, poor security hygiene and potentially harmful user behaviors. BitSight’s sophisticated algorithms analyze the data for severity, frequency, duration, and confidence and then map it to a company's known networks, creating an overall rating of that organization’s security performance. These objective ratings, based on externally accessible data, give visibility into a company's security posture over time.
Security Ratings, ranging from 250 to 900, are similar to consumer credit scores, with higher ratings indicating better security postures. Ratings are updated daily and presented via the BitSight Security Ratings Platform. Historical ratings and industry indices enable benchmarking and trend analysis. Alerts are generated upon significant changes in ratings, and actionable information is provided to mitigate risk.
The Security Rating Platform can be leveraged for multiple applications, which currently include:


Cyberattacks are on the rise, time to have a reliable security system that can detect and respond to threats in real-time. Crystal Eye Network Detection and Response solution is designed to do just that.
With Crystal Eye Network Detection and Response, you can identify and respond to network attacks before they cause any significant damage to your organisation. Our advanced detection capabilities enable us to identify a wide range of threats, including malware, ransomware, and other malicious activities.
The Crystal Eye Advantage
- Increased threat visibility across the entire network, with integrated CTI and managed threat feeds.
- Human-machine teaming for improved incident response and alert prioritization
- Integrated service delivery and integrated MDR efficiencies with cross stack corelation
- On-demand proactive threat hunting to detect advanced APT’s and embedded attacks to reduce dwell time
- Multi tenanted sensor deployment in a single platform to increase detection engineering for East-West traffic for improved visibility
- Integrated PCAP analysis for deeper threat hunting and response efficiencies
- On-demand SOC services with Digital Forensics for effective rapid response
- Advanced heuristics and ML anomaly detection with World Class Threat Intelligence for alert confidence and contextualisation.
Crystal Eye Network Detection and Response offers the following advantages
- Automated incident response: Our solution can automatically contain and remediate threats, reducing response time and minimising the impact of any potential breaches.
- Integrated Cyber Threat Intelligence (CTI) provides contextualised, automated actionable intelligence for up-to-date threat protection
- Encrypted traffic support provides greater visibility and protection across multiple attack vectors
- Integrated Vulnerability Management addresses compliance mandates and proactively prevents attacks
- Over thirty-two hundred protocols can be processed out-of-the-box, while custom parsers can handle even the most bespoke SCADA protocols.
- Correlation of malicious indicators is enhanced through AI/ML technologies such as User Entity Behaviour Analytics (UBEA) as well as Automated Actionable Intelligence (AAI) that extends stock feeds with proactive anomaly detection to mitigate zero-day exploits and network specific risk exposure. Machine learning algorithms and behavioural analytics to identify abnormal network activities, ensuring that we catch threats that traditional security solutions might miss.
- Our Crystal Eye Network Detection and Response (NDR) solution enriches metadata at the time of collection, providing reliable insights for security teams to monitor network activities. Additionally, with a minimum of 18 months of Incident and Event storage capacity, with even longer storage options available, facilitating forensic investigations and audits. With integrated Cyber Threat Intelligence (CTI), Secure Web Gateway, Azure AD, and more, Crystal Eye achieves metadata enrichment at the time of collection. This enables businesses to capture every network session, including source/destination IP address, session length, and protocol used (TCP, UDP), as well as key attributes such as host and server IP address, port (source & destination), geo-location, DNS, DHCP, and encryption type. With real-time intelligence on network traffic, communications, and threat actors, Crystal Eye empowers security teams to proactively detect and respond to threats.
- The UMCI policy controller unifies several avenues of attack such as web, email, mapping and authentication with evidence on the wire to give complete visibility over what and who is on and transiting the network.
- Crystal Eye appliances are designed to inspect and parse raw network traffic through the various appliances (Advanced Firewall, DLP, IDS/IPS, Protocol Filter, Content Filter, Passive Encryption Control) with the ability to perform SSL inspection of this raw data.
- Our single platform approach reduces up-front and ongoing costs
- Avoid the pain of integrating disparate systems
- Direct access to our 'village' of security professionals for 24x7 monitoring and protection
- In-line deployment avoids major infrastructure changes
- Best-in-breed high-fidelity threat detection
- Up to 5 times more network visibility than alternative solutions for a fraction of the cost
Crystal Eye NDR provides responders with a comprehensive data lake, AI assisted correlation, live actionable intelligence, field toolsets, and mass on-prem retention to give them an action advantage through immediate machine teamed visibility processing and adversary insight. Don't let your organisation become another statistic in the rising tide of cyberattacks. Protect your network with our Crystal Eye Network Detection and Response solution.
Contact us today to learn more and schedule a demo!


The import and export of data is the automated or semi-automated input and output of data sets between different software applications. It involves "translating" from the format used in one application into that used by another, where such translation is accomplished automatically via machine processes, such as transcoding, data transformation, and others. True exports of data often contain data in raw formats otherwise unreadable to end-users without the user interface that was designed to render it.
- Data migration
- Database Design and Optimization
- NoSQL database integration


BGA Assembly Services
JHY PCB began offering Ball Grid Array (BGA) Assembly services in 2011. We have very perfect BGA assembly process and advanced BGA assembly equipment. We can provide you with lower BGA assembly price and reduce the BGA assembly cost for you. Over time, we learned techniques and built experience with various types of BGA assembly jobs. Some of these included placing BGAs on both the top and bottom sides of the printed circuit board. We also developed the capability to place BGAs on both sides of the circuit board utilizing tin/lead as well as lead-free solders. Over these many year`s experience BGA assembly with X Ray inspection machine, right assembly procedure, we are very confident to say that we know, and we can build a high quality, good yield rate BGA assembly board. This is a challenging process, but at Yun Industrial, we do it without a problem.
In addition, we not only provide BGA assembly services, but also provide BGA PCB manufacture.
What is BGA Assembly?
A ball grid array (BGA) is a type of surface-mount packaging (a chip carrier) used for integrated circuits. Ball Grid Array packages are used to permanently mount devices such as microprocessors. A BGA can provide more interconnection pins than can be put on a dual in-line or flat package. The whole bottom surface of the device can be used, instead of just the perimeter. The leads are also on average shorter than with a perimeter-only type, leading to better performance at high speeds.
Soldering of BGA devices requires precise control and is usually done by automated processes. BGA devices are not suitable for socket mounting.
Ball grid array packaging is a method for reducing package size and integrating a greater number of functions on a single chip module. BGA (Ball Grid Array) also replaces solder balls on the component underside for SMT mounting. Our assembly capabilities include BGA assembly and rework up to 65mm squared up to 36 layer printed circuit board.
BGA Assembly Capability
Being one of the most well-known BGA assembly services, we are often referred to clients who are looking for experienced partners to materialize their complex designs. The following capabilities have helped us serve such clients efficiently:
Types of Leadless BGAs: We provide assembly for a wide range of leadless parts. We can handle the following types of BGAs and more:
Micro Ball Grid Array (µBGA)
Thin Chip Array Ball Grid Array (CTBGA)
Chip Array Ball Grid Array (CABGA)
Very Thin Chip Array Ball Grid Array (CVBGA)
Very Fine Pitch Ball Grid Array (VFBGA)
Land Grid Array (LGA)
Chip scale Package (CSP)
Wafer level chip scale packaging (WLCSP)
Testing and Inspection: We provide X-ray inspection for several chip packages mentioned above. In addition to this, we provide functional testing and Automated Optical Inspection (AOI) services.
Passive Footprints: The chip packages are provided in passive footprints such as 0201, 01005, POP, Pressfit, 0603, and 0402.
Sizes: The BGA assemblies are available in sizes ranging from 2mm x 3mm/1x1mm to 45mm/50x50mm.
Pitch Sizes: We provide BGA assemblies in minimum pitch sizes 0.4mm and placement accuracy +/- 0.03 mm.
BGA Assembly Services Features
BGA Assembly and Rework: We can rework on circuit boards up to 36 layers with 65mm squares.
The following features will help you understand the BGA assembly process at Sierra Assembly:
The process starts with the development of thermal profile by our experts as it is one of the most important processes in BGA assembly. We review the BGA datasheet and the PCB files provided by you to create a suitable thermal profile for your BGA assembly.
We always keep voids under 25% of the solder ball diameter. This is in adherence to IPC Class II or Class III quality guidelines.
Specialized thermal profiles are designed for leaded or lead-free BGAs to prevent higher temperatures or avoid open ball problems.
We conduct a detailed Design for Manufacturability (DFM) review to ensure the appropriateness. This includes checking maximum warpage, surface finishes, solder mask clearances, and more.
BGA Assemblies Beneficial Features
We provide BGA soldering, reballing, and BGA rework services at competitive prices.
Over the years, BGA packages have gained immense popularity owing to the following advantages:
Reduced Package Sizes: With miniaturization becoming a key trend, BGAs have allowed PCB assembly services like us to fulfill customer demands for miniature devices. These packages allow us to integrate various functions on a chip module by providing several interconnection pins. Leads follow shorter paths, which helps ensure excellent performance at high speeds.
Better Thermal Profiles: BGA packages have better thermal profiles than other packages because they have low thermal resistance. This helps the heat produced by integrated circuits to dissipate easily, thereby preventing the chips to heating.
6 Key Points of SMT Assembly Process for BGA Components
Superior Electrical Performance: These packages have shorter leads, which means they have low lead inductances. This low lead inductance ensures excellent electrical performance in high speed circuit boards. Inductance is the property that generates unwanted signal distortion in high-speed electronics applications.
Although some components with BGA packages are not so sensitive to humidity, all the components are advised to go through baking at a temperature of 125°C because no negative impact has been witnessed on low-temperature baking. That also works for bare PCBs (printed circuit boards) that are ready to go through SMT assembly. After all, moisture can be first eliminated with soldering balls defects going down and solderability improving.
In accordance with my assembly experience, solder paste printing is generally easy to be implemented on BGA components with a pitch of more than 0.8mm and QFP components with a pitch of 0.5mm. Sometimes, however, an issue might be encountered that tin needs to be compensated through manual operation since some solder balls haven't received sufficient solder paste printing, which leads soldering to be displaced or short circuits to occur.
Nevertheless, I don't think solder paste is more easily printed on BGA components with a pitch of 0.8mm than on QFP components with a pitch of 0.5mm. I believe that lots of engineers have been aware of the difference between horizontal printing and vertical printing on QFP with a pitch of 0.5mm, which can be explained from the perspective of mechanics. Thus, some printers are capable of providing 45° printing function. Based on the opinion that printing plays an essential role in SMT assembly, sufficient attention is suggested to being paid.
Based on practical assembly experience, because physical characteristics lead BGA components to feature high manufacturability, they are more easily to be mounted than QFP components with a pitch of 0.5mm. However, the main problem we have to face up with during SMT assembly process is that vibration usually occurs on components when large-scale nozzle with rubber ring is used to get components placed on circuit board with a size of more than 30mm. Based on analysis, it can be believed that it takes place as a result of too high pressure within nozzle due to excessive mounting strength and it can be eliminated after agreeable modifications.
Reflow soldering with hot air is a non-intuitive process during SMT assembly process or it can be defined as a special technology. Although BGA components share equivalent time and temperature curve of soldering with standard curve, it differs from majority of traditional SMDs in terms of reflow soldering. Solder joints of BGA components are under components, between component body and PCB, which determines that BGA components are much more affected on solder joints than traditional SMDs since pins of the latter are placed at periphery of component body. At least, they are directly exposed in hot air. Thermal resistance calculation and practices indicate that solder balls in central area of BGA component body suffer from thermal postponing, slow temperature rising and a low maximum temperature.
BGA SMT is closely associated with solder paste, components, PCB, silkscreen and soldering among which soldering items are the most difficult to be dealt with in reflow soldering process.
Fishbone diagram indicating concerning elements in the manufacturing process of PCB board containing BGA components is shown below.
The key element affecting reflow soldering lies in temperature curve setting. The specific method is to open a hole at the position of some pad at the center of BGA that is at the back side of PCB and then lead thermocouple probe through the hole from the bottom of PCB board with it stuck to backside of pad and fixed with high temperature tape. Next, reflow soldering temperature curve tester with parameters well set is placed into reflow soldering oven together with tray and probe. After times of comparison and analysis, an optimal temperature curve will be obtained.
Reflow temperature curve consists of four phases: preheating phase, heat preservation phase, reflow phase and cooling phase. Heating process and temperature curve should make package reach reflow temperature and then fall back to that of pad after solder balls are melted with intermetallic compound generated with pad. Inconsistent heating will lead packages to unevenly fall or incline towards one side or corner of reflow soldering, causing non-coplanarity and inadequate soldering.
The following two aspects should be emphasized as well in terms of BGA soldering:
Plastic packaging usually absorbs humidity. If a chip is instantly heated after absorbing humidity in the air, moisture diffusion will lead to cavities inside chip. As a result, general baking condition of plastic packages is under 100°C for 6 to 8 hours.
Prior to their applications, BGA components should be inspected to ensure their pins are clean and go through none oxidation.
Due to physical structures of BGA components, visual inspection fails to meet inspection demands of hidden solder joints of BGA components so X-ray inspection is called for to make soldering defects such as voids, short circuits, missing soldering balls, air holes etc. The only disadvantage of X-ray inspection is its high cost.
Along with a wide range of applications of BGA components, plus the popularity of electronics products for personal telecommunications, BGA rework has become increasingly significant. However, compared with QFP components, BGA components can never be used again once they are disassembled from circuit board.
Now that BGA packaging technology has become a mainstream in SMT assembly, its technology difficulty level can never be neglected and key points mentioned in this article should be carefully and correctly analyzed with issues rationally solved. When selecting a electronic contract manufacturer or assembler, professional manufacturing line should be picked up together with full-scale assembly capabilities and assembly equipment.
BGA Inspection Method
a. BGA Defects and Inspection Method
After soldering, BGA components possibly suffer from different defects due to components, assembly equipment, environment and soldering technologies. Leading BGA defects include misalignment, loose soldering, open circuits, cold soldering, bridging, short circuits and cavities. Furthermore, BGA solder balls possibly feature some issues as well such as missing or falling and uneven sizes. When it comes to BGA inspection, it's definitely difficult to judge soldering quality after soldering because solder balls are below chips. Traditional visual inspection fails to determine whether defects or cavities are available inside soldering joints. Professional inspection equipment has to be used to clearly judge the quality of solder joints.
After BGA components are leveraged in SMT assembly, inspection methods that are usually relied on include electrical test, boundary scan and X-ray inspection. Traditional electrical test is capable of scanning open circuit and short circuit defects. Boundary scanning technology, depending on inspection ports designed based on boundary scanning, provides an access to each solder joint on boundary connectors so that open circuits and short circuits can be inspected on components. Although boundary scan is capable of inspecting a wider range of invisible solder joints than electrical test, both methods only test electrical performance without reaching soldering quality inspection. To guarantee and improve the quality of manufacturing process, other methods have to be relied on for soldering quality inspection, especially those invisible solder joints. AXI (Automated X-ray Inspection) can effectively solve the issue and real-time monitoring can be carried out as well to ensure quality and real-time feedback for process control.
b. Optimal BGA Soldering Joint Standard
Optimal BGA soldering joints should be smooth, clear in boundary and void free and diameter, volume, grayscale and contrast should maintain the same among all the soldering joints with full alignment and no soldering balls generated. Compared with standards for optimal BGA soldering joints, qualified BGA solder joints feature lower requirement.
Misalignment. X-ray inspection device is capable of clearly indicating whether BGA solder balls are accurately compatible with pad positions on PCB board. Less than 25% displacement can be allowed.
Loose Soldering Joints. No loose soldering joints are allowed for BGA soldering.
Open Circuits and Cold Soldering Joints. When solder doesn't contact with corresponding pad or solder features bad flowing, open circuits and cold soldering joints will possibly take place. Open circuits and cold soldering joints aren't allowed for BGA soldering.
Bridging and Short Circuits. When solder is excessive or unsuitably placed, bridging and short circuits will possibly take place. As for BGA soldering joints, bridging and short circuits aren't allowed.
Cavity. The issue concerning cavity is a little complicated. X-ray inspection device is capable of demonstrating cavities on BGA components assembly.
The following tips are available as judgment standards:
1). Causes for Cavity Generation
2). Optimal Standard for Cavities
Cavities are available prior to soldering on BGA soldering balls, which possibly derive from solder ball manufacturing or solder paste constituent.
If through holes are designed to be under pad, external air will enter melting soldering balls through holes with cavities formed after cooling.
Pad features bad coating or pad is contaminant on surface.
Reflow soldering temperature curve is unsuitably set.
The air in cavities will possibly generate stress effect of shrinkage and expansion. The place where cavities take place will be stress focus, which is possibly the essential reason for stress cracks. BGA soldering joints with cavities will possibly lead to technical issues such as failure. According to standard regulated by IPC on BGA soldering joints, cavities on pad should not be 10% larger than solder ball area, that is, diameter of cavities should not be larger than 30% of solder ball diameter.
PCB Assembly FAQ
PCB Assembly Process
BGA PCB Via in PAD
BGA PCB Impedance Control
BGA PCB Design


NVP2431 + AR0141 AHD Board (32 or 38)
Haussworld, a professional designer and manufacturer of innovative, high-performance CCD boards & CMOS boards, today announces a new model AHD board - NVP2431H + AR0141. This AHD board adopts with Aptina CMOS sensor technology and with Nextchip NVP2431H standard transmission technology which can reach to 720P HD resolution.
Coaxial HD & AHD Overview :
- Reliable Long-Distance Transmission
With this new AHD technology, 720P signal can be transited to 500 meters distance and 1080P signal can be transited to 300 meters with 75-3 coaxial cable. By comparison of SDI HD technology, 200 meters is the transfer limit through better materials cable and 100 meters is the transfer limit through ordinary coaxial cable.
- Real time HD Transmission Technology
Non-latency reliable video transmission without additions of relay devices. It is free from IP hassles and also features a no-latency reliable video transmission without additional relay devices for real-time performance.
- Composite Signals In 1 Coaxial Cable For Simple Installation
AHD composites video, audio and control signals together and then transmits them over one coaxial cable. Because of this nature of AHD, it eventually simplifies the installation for upgrading analog HD seamlessly with the low-cost conventional analog system topology. At the same time, it supports reverse control that can simulate the camera OSD menu from the front-end equipment.
- Anti-interference Capability
Strong anti-interference capability & solid interface protection that can avoid space high frequency electromagnetic radiation to ensure a constant signal transmission of high definition video display without problems as frame drop and lock loss occurred.
- Good Compatibility & Different Specifications All In One AHD DVR
Competiable with normal D1 / 960H, and analog peripherals (including distributors, matrix, etc.). Switch AHD, IP and Anolog video signal from AHD DVR in no time.
- Cost Advantage
More cheaper than CVI & SDI solution, ordianary analog price, but with high-definition quality
Aptina AR0141 CMOS Overview :
This color image sensor is a 1/4-inch CMOS digital image sensor with an active-pixel array of 1280Hx800V. It captures images in either linear or high dynamic range modes, with a rolling-shutter readout. It includes sophisticated camera functions such as in-pixel bin ning, windowing and both video and single frame modes. It is designed for both low light and high dynamic range scene performance. It produces extraordinarily clear, sharp digital pictures, and its ability tocapture both continuous video and single frames makes it the perfect choice for a wide range of applications, including surveillance and HD video.
- High-performance 1/4" CMOS image sensor, with megapixels of resolution
- HD video, coaxial transmission control signal
- Support Common 75-3 coaxial category lossless transmission up to 500 meters, stable performance, easy wiring
- High-speed, long-distance, real-time transmission
- AHD front end of the chip ISP and TX combined, with economic stability, lower power consumption
- High-performance 3D noise reduction algorithm, superior low light performance
- Support ICR switching, day and night surveillance
- Support OSD menu, multi 12 languages adjustable
- Support Mirror, Day/Night, PAL/NTSC switching
- UTC OSD menu control (Optional)
Model No. : HD-AHD382 DSP Chips : Nextchip NVP2431H CMOS Chip : AR0141 CMOS Type : 1/4" 1Mega CMOS (AR0141) Resolution : 1000TVL Illumination : 0.5 Lux/F1.2 Size : 32 x 32mm with 38 x 38mm holder (H x V)mm
1/4" 1Mega CMOS (Aptina AR0141)
0.5LUX/F1.2; 0LUX/F1.0(With IR)
auto : 1/25(30)~1/50,000
AHD & CVBS 1.0Vp-p / 75Ohms
AGC(automatic gain control)
On / Off
4 Areas(alarm system)
Mirror / Reverse
Image Sharp Contrast
Auto / Manual
Auto / Manual
Auto / Manual
Back Light Compensation
Auto (X2,X4,X6,X8,X15,X20,X25,X30 (Optional)
Digital Noise Reduction
32 x 32mm with 38 x 38mm holder (H x V) x 1.6mm(T)
Model No. : HD-AHD382
DSP Chips : Nextchip NVP2431H
CMOS Chip : AR0141
CMOS Type : 1/4" 1Mega CMOS (AR0141)
Resolution : 1000TVL
Illumination : 0.5 Lux/F1.2
Size : 32 x 32mm with 38 x 38mm holder (H x V)mm


Wireless dental imaging technology captures accurate and detailed images of patients’ teeth and oral structures without relying on cumbersome cords or wires. These devices streamline workflows and enhance the ease of sensor positioning. If you’re considering improving X-ray imaging quality and efficiency, use these four tips for adopting wireless dental imaging technology.
Count on Bluetooth® for Reliable Imaging
For consistent and efficient wireless dental imaging, embrace the reliability of Bluetooth® technology. Unlike Wi-Fi, Bluetooth® doesn’t depend on internet connections, eliminating concerns about network disruptions and varying internet speeds.
Our DC-Air™ wireless x-ray sensor leverages Bluetooth® for seamless image transfer, guaranteeing high-quality images without the uncertainties of Wi-Fi. This not only enhances diagnostic precision but also improves the patient experience, as there’s no waiting due to network issues.
Use High-Quality Wi-Fi for General Practice
While Bluetooth® technology in your DC-Air™ wireless x-ray sensor ensures independence from network quality, high-quality Wi-Fi equipment remains beneficial for running imaging and practice management software (PMS) over a wireless network. Additionally, a top-tier wireless imaging system should incorporate built-in memory as a failsafe, ensuring that no data is lost and image integrity is maintained, even in the rare event of a Bluetooth® transmission interruption. This dual approach of robust Wi-Fi for general practice operations and Bluetooth® for reliable imaging creates a seamless and secure digital environment.
Invest in High-Quality Imaging Devices
When it comes to adopting wireless dental imaging technology, remember that not all imaging devices boast the same capabilities. Opt for devices that produce high-resolution images, as these offer the most accurate and detailed views of your patients’ oral structures.
Benefits of the Direct Conversion Layer
Digital intraoral X-ray sensors that feature a direct conversion layer offer superior spatial resolution and accuracy. The direct conversion layer converts incoming radiation into an electrical signal, eliminating the interim step of converting radiation to light.
Consider Data Storage Solutions
Your practice will need a secure and reliable system for storing digital images. Explore various data storage solutions, such as cloud-based services, and determine which option best suits your practice’s needs.
Consider the following factors when selecting a data storage solution:
- Scalability: As your dental practice grows, your wireless imaging technology should be able to scale effortlessly, accommodating an increasing number of patients and data without compromising performance.
- Security: Opt for wireless dental imaging technologies with advanced encryption standards and robust security protocols to protect sensitive patient information.
- Accessibility and compatibility: Compatibility between the wireless sensor and your dental imaging software ensures you can easily access, manage, and analyze patient images. A wireless dental sensor that integrates with industry-standard imaging software smooths the adoption process.
Provide Staff Training
Successfully implementing wireless dental imaging technology requires your team to learn how to use the new tools effectively. Invest in comprehensive training to ensure that all staff members understand the technology and can utilize its vast capabilities fully.
Partnering with a customer-focused supplier can greatly enhance the process of integrating wireless dental imaging technology into your practice. A reliable supplier will address any questions or concerns your staff has about implementing the technology, facilitating a smooth and successful transition.
Ensure your office has a strong Wi-Fi connection, invest in high-quality imaging devices, obtain secure data storage, and provide comprehensive staff training for effective implementation. By following these tips, you can leverage cutting-edge imaging technology to improve dental diagnosis and treatment.


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Genuine Fx-888D Digital Soldering Station ESD safe 70w Blue/Yellow- includes English instruction sheet- made in Malaysia-120 Volts, 70 wattsThe Hakko FX-888D is an updated digital version of the popular FX-888 and includes several new features. User selectable preset temperatures and digital calibration simplify user setup and operation, and the new password protection and low temperature alarm provides process control and helps protect against cold solder joints.


新入选SCI期刊Call for paper:Biomedical Sensing and Imaging
Call for paper：Biomedical Sensing and Imaging
Biosensors (ISSN 2079-6374; CODEN: BIOSHU) is an international peer-reviewed open access journal on the technology and science of biosensors published monthly online by MDPI.
Special Issue “Biomedical Sensing and Imaging”
A special issue of Biosensors (ISSN 2079-6374). This special issue belongs to the section “Biosensors and Healthcare”.
Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 May 2021.
Special Issue Editors
Prof. Wuliang YinGuest Editor
School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester M60 1QD, UK
Interests: NDT; Signal Processing; Tomography; Sensors
Prof. Yuedong Xie
School of Instrumentation and Optoelectric Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
Interests: Sensor design; Electromagnetic/ultrasonic techniques; Advanced modelling techniques; Biomedical detection; Piezoelectric Transducers (PZT) and Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducers (EMATs); biomedical sensing and imaging; wearable devices
Special Issue Information
Biomedical sensing and imaging are technologies by which biomedical information is acquired and processed, which are of great significance for the early detection, rapid diagnosis and precise treatment of diseases. Biomedical sensing and imaging involve multiple disciplines, including electronic information technology, biomedical technology, artificial intelligence and more. During past years, considerable research efforts have been devoted to biomedical sensing and imaging. Common biomedical sensing technologies, such as electroencephalogram (EEG), electrocardiogram (ECG) and invasive ultrasound (IVUS), have been successfully applied in clinical medicine.
Biosensors convert biomedical signals to electrical signals for further acquisition and processing by downstream devices and algorithms, which are also crucial for rapid and accurate biomedical diagnosis.
More recently, wearable/smart biosensors and devices which facilitate the diagnostics in a non-clinical setting have become a hot topic. Combined with machine learning and artificial intelligence, they could revolutionize the biomedical diagnostic field.
It is therefore necessary to solicit recent advances in the above topics on biosensing and imaging, especially in wearable/smart biosensors and advanced imaging algorithms. The aim of this Special Issue is to provide a research forum in biomedical sensing and imaging and to extend the scientific frontier of this very important and significant biomedical endeavor.
Prof. Wuliang Yin
Prof. Yuedong Xie
Manuscript Submission Information
Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All papers will be peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.
Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Biosensors is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.
Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 1000 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI’s English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.
biosensing and bioelectronics
artificial intelligence for biomedical applications
imaging algorithms related to biomedical applications
wearable biosensors and devices
This special issue is now open for submission.