A computer cluster is a group of linked computers, working together closely thus in many respects forming a single computer. The components of a cluster are commonly, but not always, connected to each other through fast local area networks. Clusters are usually deployed to improve performance and availability over that of a single computer, while typically being much more cost-effective than single computers of comparable speed or availability.
High-availability clusters (also known as failover clusters) are implemented primarily for the purpose of improving the availability of services that the cluster provides. They operate by having redundant nodes, which are then used to provide service when system components fail. The most common size for an HA cluster is two nodes, which is the minimum requirement to provide redundancy. HA cluster implementations attempt to use redundancy of cluster components to eliminate single points of failure.
Load-balancing is when multiple computers are linked together to share computational workload or function as a single virtual computer. Logically, from the user side, they are multiple machines, but function as a single virtual machine. Requests initiated from the user are managed by, and distributed among, all the standalone computers to form a cluster. This results in balanced computational work among different machines, improving the performance of the cluster systems.
Often clusters are used primarily for computational purposes, rather than handling IO-oriented operations such as web service or databases. For instance, a cluster might support computational simulations of weather or vehicle crashes. The primary distinction within computer clusters is how tightly-coupled the individual nodes are. For instance, a single computer job may require frequent communication among nodes: this implies that the cluster shares a dedicated network, is densely located, and probably has homogenous nodes. This cluster design is usually referred to as Beowulf Cluster. The other extreme is where a computer job uses one or few nodes, and needs little or no inter-node communication. This latter category is sometimes called "Grid" computing. Tightly-coupled compute clusters are designed for work that might traditionally have been called "supercomputing". Middleware such as MPI (Message Passing Interface) or PVM (Parallel Virtual Machine) permits compute clustering programs to be portable to a wide variety of clusters.
There are commercial implementations of High-Availability clusters for many operating systems. The Linux-HA project is one commonly used free software HA package for the Linux operating system. The LanderCluster from Lander Software can run on Windows, Linux, and UNIX platforms.
Clustering can provide significant performance benefits versus price. The System X supercomputer at Virginia Tech, the 28th most powerful supercomputer on Earth as of June 2006, is a 12.25 TFlops computer cluster of 1100 Apple XServe G5 2.3 GHz dual-processor machines (4 GB RAM, 80 GB SATA HD) running Mac OS X and using InfiniBand interconnect. The cluster initially consisted of Power Mac G5s; the rack-mountable XServes are denser than desktop Macs, reducing the aggregate size of the cluster. The total cost of the previous Power Mac system was $5.2 million, a tenth of the cost of slower mainframe computer supercomputers. (The Power Mac G5s were sold off.)
The central concept of a Beowulf cluster is the use of commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) computers to produce a cost-effective alternative to a traditional supercomputer. One project that took this to an extreme was the Stone Soupercomputer.
However it is worth noting that Flops (floating point operations per second), aren't always the best metric for supercomputer speed. Clusters can have very high Flops, but they cannot access all data in the cluster as a whole at once. Therefore clusters are excellent for parallel computation, but much poorer than traditional supercomputers at non-parallel computation.
JavaSpaces is a specification from Sun Microsystems that enables clustering computers via a distributed shared memory.
Due to the increasing computing power of each generation of game consoles, a novel use has emerged where they are repurposed into High-performance computing(HPC) clusters. Some examples of game console clusters are Sony PlayStation clusters and Microsoft Xbox clusters. It has been suggested on a news website that countries which are restricted from buying supercomputing technologies may be obtaining game systems to build computer clusters for military use.
The first commercial clustering product was ARCnet, developed by Datapoint in 1977. ARCnet was not a commercial success and clustering per se did not really take off until Digital Equipment Corporation released their VAXcluster product in 1984 for the VAX/VMS operating system. The ARCnet and VAXcluster products not only supported parallel computing, but also shared file systems and peripheral devices. The idea was to provide the advantages of parallel processing, while maintaining data reliability and uniqueness. VAXcluster, now VMScluster, is still available on OpenVMS systems from HP running on Alpha and Itanium systems.
The GNU/Linux world supports various cluster software; for application clustering, there is Beowulf, distcc, and MPICH. Linux Virtual Server, Linux-HA - director-based clusters that allow incoming requests for services to be distributed across multiple cluster nodes. MOSIX, openMosix, Kerrighed, OpenSSI are full-blown clusters integrated into the kernel that provide for automatic process migration among homogeneous nodes. OpenSSI, openMosix and Kerrighed are single-system image implementations.
Microsoft Windows Compute Cluster Server 2003 based on the Windows Server platform provides pieces for High Performance Computing like the Job Scheduler, MSMPI library and management tools. NCSA's recently installed Lincoln is a cluster of 450 Dell PowerEdge 1855 blade servers running Windows Compute Cluster Server 2003.This cluster debuted at #130 on the Top500 list in June 2006.
Another example of consumer game products being added to high-performance computing is the Nvidia Tesla Personal Supercomputer workstation, which gets its processing power by harnessing the power of multiple graphics accelerator processor chips.
Algorithmic skeletons are a high-level parallel programming model for parallel and distributed computing which take advantage of common programming patterns to hide the complexity of parallel and distributed applications. Starting from a basic set of patterns (skeletons), more complex patterns can be built by combining the basic ones.


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A video from the hook block is transmitted to the crane cabin which allows the driver to see the load at all times. The camera on the hook block is also equipment with a microphone, which aids in communication if radio failure occurs. This technology prevents an incident from occurring.
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This course is an introduction to the world of mobile information systems and mobile applications development with a focus on business applications such as mobile commerce, marketing, banking and on ubiquitous computing such as context awareness, ambient intelligence and mobile learning. Hence, the outcome is two folds: learning how to develop quality mobile applications and learning how to propose the right design, technology and platform for a specific business application domain.
The first part requires learning about the various and mostly used mobile platforms and devices; the specificities of mobile computing in terms of reduced performance and intermittent connectivity; the different development approaches (Native, Web-based and Hybrid) and about matching the right mobile solutions for specific application domains. On the other hand, the students will learn, from a business point of view, about the potential of mobile applications in leveraging new services, targeting new and wider customers’ markets and how this influences the design and development cycles of mobile apps.
The second course builds on top of the first one, where the students are initiated to basic mobile development for the Android platform, namely hands-on the Android Studio, Android projects creation, running and debugging, basic GUI (with adaptation to various locals, screen sizes and resolutions), basic business logic and storing user settings using shared preferences.
The course covers more advanced topics such as creating list view with a data adapter, data request from remote web services, the use of asynchronous tasks for multi-threading with GUI update, view recycler, more on fragments, shared preferences, SQLite, content providers and loaders.


The dangers of using electronics at night and what we can do about it the dark side of light at night electronic gadgets led televisions led digital clocks. One of the main disadvantages of continuous use of gadgets is not only physical,in terms of causing harm to health,but is also psychological to phrase it simply. It's getting more complicated to measure how much screen time kids are getting, notes lisa guernsey, author of into the minds of babes, a book about children's use. Learning through interactive gadgets in schools is as fun loving as watching a favorite movie or a music video due to new and advanced technology standard.
Gadgets make many things more efficient, but like every other aspect of life, they come with their own set of disadvantages as well as of 2011, electronic gadgets. Using electronic devices, such as cell phone and computer, within an hour of going to sleep could interfere with your body's circadian rhythm. Essay : pros and cons of allowing gadgets in school provide and discuss the implication of the new ruling from ministry of education , in allowing students to bring. 12 tips to minimize use of electronic gadgets its good to use electronics when they are needed but one should not become dependent or addicted to them always be.
Demerits and merits of electronic gadgets 1 demerits and merits of electronic gadgetsgadgets make many things more efficient, but like every other. There are many different kinds of electronic gadgets, ranging from e-book readers to digital cameras some of the stranger ones. Electronic gadgets and its effect on the eye dr kalpesh shah adds “it is important to use the electronic gadgets for a shorter span of time. Even after he unplugs, he craves the stimulation he gets from his electronic gadgets technology use can benefit the brain in some ways.
The effects of gadgets in students performances essay custom student mr teacher eng 1001-04 11 september 2016 the effects of electronic gadgets. The negative effects of electronics on human health july 11, 2014 by last updated on: if you’re asking if our electronic gadgets emit radiation.
How much do you know about the materials that are needed to fuel our love-affair of gadgets the electronics industry the impact of gadgets on people and the. Free essays on advantages of electronic gadgets get help with your writing 1 through 30. Children using electronic gadgets like smartphones at a younger age are increasingly exposed to certain social and health risks that come with it read more at.
Generations and their gadgets 5% of american adults own an electronic though age is not a strong predictor of e-book use, our previous “gadgets. That means that there could be some risk of carcinogenicity, so additional research into the long-term, heavy use of wireless devices needs to be conducted. Another common complaint people have about electronic gadgets is how people tend to stay put in one place for long periods of time this can lead to obesity, muscle.
Defect detection and classiﬁcation of electronic circuit boards using keypoint extraction and cnn features yohei takada tokiko shiina hiroyasu usami yuji iwahori. See a rich collection of stock images, vectors, or photos for electronic gadgets you can buy on shutterstock explore quality images, photos, art & more. The importance of gadgets in our lives the importance of gadgets in our lives june 22, 2015 7 comments today we use various electronic gadgets in our daily life. Before handing your kid a gadget just to shut him up, learn about the long-term effects electronic media can have on a kid’s brain, as well as their overall. Kids & gadgets: development or keep the tv set and internet-connected electronic devices out of the child’s bedroom monitor what media your children are. 9 effects of modern gadgets on children development children are now learning how to use gadgets first even before they could walk or even tie their shoe lace.


The PIE1009 trail camera can be used for hunting or wildlife observation, but it can also be used as an alternative to surveillance cameras in warehouses or houses.
The wildlife is less disrupted and the game less scared by the discreet and quiet trail camera than by human presence.
Weather resistant (IP66).
Trigger speed: less than 1 second.
Trail camera specifications:
Weight: 600 g.
Dimensions: 138 x 105 x 70 mm.
Power: AA LR06 size batteries x 8 (not supplied).
Optional extra: power supply and solar panel 2" color LCD screen.
Built-in USB port for images/videos download.
Product ID: 320069


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How many smartphones have you had? What made you love your mobile? Would it be because of dual speakers, software features, design, longevity or the opportunities it gave to make and receive calls on the go.
What makes a smartphone smart? And why have we felt so connected to them?
Oxford Dictionary defines smartphone as:
The very first smartphone dates back to 1994 and it was the IBM Simon Personal Communicator - the pioneer of smartphones. It was able to send and receive faxes, emails, had address book, calendar (a variety of apps as we now like to call them) and included input screen keyboards in addition to making and receiving phone calls. There were 50 000 units sold in total in the US. However the phone wasn't marketed as smartphone because the term didn't exist yet.
Source: Rob Stothard / Getty Images
According to Wikipedia, Ericsson Mobile Communications released the Ericsson R380 in 2000 which was first phone marketed as a smartphone. The phone was running the Symbian OS previously powering only personal handheld organisers.
The Ericsson R380 display was a black and white touchscreen that operated with a stylus and was covered by a flip that housed the number pad. It was a groundbreaking device due to its light and small form factor as modern mobile phones nowadays and was packed with innovative features.
For the past 18 years, innovation in smartphones have extended far beyond the Ericsson R380, but we can't help but look back at mobiles like these that really pushed the boundaries of what we were accustomed to at the time. Unfortunately none of us in the office had one of these to comment on its usefulness.
Compare and Recycle team is fond of a number of smartphones. Among our favourites are the HTC One remarked for its smart design, dual speakers, metal back and IR blaster; the HTC M7 was a good phone with good performance and great speakers. The Nokia N900 joined our favourites squad for its ability to run same apps as a laptop.
Judging by the amount of Galaxy S8 in the office - last years Samsung Galaxy remains our top smartphone pick for now.
But that's enough talking about Compare and Recycle favs. We are curious what is your favourite device ever? Did you fancy the HTC One when it was released or your fav is one of the iPhones, perhaps the iPhone 6s?
Our mobile phone acts as a way of payment, communication and even the thing that makes sure we’re up on time in the morning. So when this fails us, everything becomes very limited which is why we’ve put together a list of mobile phones with the best battery life in 2024.
The cost of smartphones nowadays is quite extraordinary ranging anywhere from £300 to over £1600 for the flagship devices. So the big question is, how can we extend the lifespan of them and how can we begin to adopt sustainable smartphone use?
We’ve got all the do’s and don'ts when it comes to dealing with old phones on your hands. From understanding how you can check the value of your device, how you can figure out whether it has become obsolete and all the reasons why you should not bin it!


This modern bedside lamp has a partially flexible arm that can be elegantly adjusted into the desired position. The top and base of the lamp are made of shiny chrome, and the flexible arm is covered with black fabric. The warm white LED provides a pleasant light. Matching standard and table lamps are available from the same product line.
1 x LED, 1 Watt
Energy efficiency grade
The lamp is equipped with LED-lights. The lamp is suitable for light bulbs with energy efficiency classes up to A+. The lamp is sold with a bulb with energy class A+. The LED lights cannot be exchanged.
Ref. No. 3199


(fr) Activités reliés au développement d'applications, programmation, plateforme, gestion du code etc.
(en) Activities related to application development, programming, platform, code management etc..
جميع الأنشطة المتصلة تطوير التطبيقات والبرمجة ومنصة إدارة رمز، وما إلى ذلك.
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The Science in Computer Science
Communications of the ACM, Vol. 56, No. 5, May 2013
Peter J. Denning, editor-in-chief of Ubiquity, makes the case that computer science is indeed a “science” and that it is fundamentally distinct from any of the STEM fields. As Denning points out, how we define “computer science” matters for educators, researchers and practitioners. When it comes to education, for example, viewing computer science as a “science” will elevate it in any discussion of funding priorities for building a competitive IT workforce. When it comes to the workplace itself, it means that computer scientists will be seen as genuine collaborators with reliable predictive models and valuable analytic tools, rather than just as professional coders.
Denning points out that two external factors – the rise of computational science and the discovery of natural information processes - have spawned a science renaissance in computing. Experimental methods have regained their stature because they are the only way to understand very complex systems and to discover the limits of heuristic problem solution methods. New fields heavily based in experimental methods have opened up—network science, social network science, design science, data mining, and Bayesian inference. The widening claims that information processes occur in nature have refuted the notion that computer science is not "natural" and have complemented earlier arguments that computing is a science of the artificial. This brief history suggests that computing began as science, morphed into engineering for 30 years while it developed technology, and then entered a science renaissance about 20 years ago.
Although computing had subfields that demonstrated the ideals of science, computing as a whole has only recently begun to embrace those ideals. Some new subfields such as network science, network social science, design science, and Web science, are still struggling to establish their credibility as sciences. Denning discusses a list of criteria for “computer science” to meet the traditional ideal of a “science.” He then argues that the current educational system must shift so that it reflects the changing breadth and scope of computer science as a “science.” Students are losing interest in computing in high schools, half of which have no computer course at all, and many of the others relegated their one computer course to the basics, rather than teaching the principles of computing. The science renaissance in computing has led to an explosion of new content on the principles of computing that is beginning to reach into high schools, led by early work by the U.S. National Science Foundation and the Educational Testing Service.
There are different articles on how to setup MySQL with SSL but it’s sometimes difficult to end up with a good simple one. Usually, setting up MySQL SSL is not really a smooth process due to such factors like “it’s not your day”, something is broken apparently or the documentation lies... Read this article : Setting up MySQL SSL and secure connections Pre-requisite : Creating SSL Certificates and Keys Using openssl
Python is an easy to learn and powerful programming language, with a comprehensive standard library that provides functions and interfaces for almost any task. It is object-oriented, extensible and interpreter-based, which means it scales well to all types of projects, from small scripts to extensive code bases. Its elegant syntax allows writing code that is extremely readable and concise. http://www.python.org/


It has been a while since Nokia phones have made a clear statement compared with other phones released within the same period of time. The eventual pairing with the Android operating system was a big leap towards playing on the bug stage. Being a significant phone giant in the 2000s, many felt it was only a matter of time before they caught up to the supposed trendy phones.
If you have kept up with phones released lately you would love the features of the Nokia 8.1. The new device comes with a 6.18-inch touchscreen display with a resolution of 1080 pixels by 2244 pixels.
The phone is runs on a 2.2GHz octa-core processor and has 64GB of internal storage that can be expanded up to 400GB with an SD card. The Nokia 8.1 packs on 4GB of RAM. The cameras are also solid with a 12-megapixel (f/1.8, 1.4-micron) primary camera and a 13-megapixel secondary camera on the rear. it also features 20-megapixel front shooter for selfies.
The Nokia 8.1 uses Android 9.0 Pie and is powered by a 3500mAh non removable battery.
||154.8 x 75.8 x 8 mm (6.09 x 2.98 x 0.31 in)
||180 g (6.35 oz)
||Front/back glass, aluminum frame
||Hybrid Dual SIM (Nano-SIM, dual stand-by)
||IPS LCD capacitive touchscreen, 16M colors
||6.18 inches, 95.3 cm2 (~81.2% screen-to-body ratio)
||1080 x 2280 pixels, 19:9 ratio (~408 ppi density)
||Android 9.0 (Pie); Android One
||Qualcomm SDM710 Snapdragon 710 (10 nm)
||Octa-core (2×2.2 GHz 360 Gold & 6×1.7 GHz Kryo 360 Silver)
||microSD, up to 400 GB (uses SIM 2 slot)
||64 GB, 4 GB RAM – Nokia 8.1
64/128 GB, 4/6 GB RAM – Nokia X7Y
||12 MP, f/1.8, 1/2.55″, 1.4µm, dual pixel PDAF, OIS
||Zeiss optics, dual-LED dual-tone flash, panorama, HDR
||2160p@30fps, 1080p@30fps (gyro-EIS)
||Wi-Fi 802.11 a/b/g/n/ac, dual-band, WiFi Direct, hotspot
||5.0, A2DP, LE
||Yes, with A-GPS, GLONASS, BDS
||2.0, Type-C 1.0 reversible connector, USB On-The-Go
||Fingerprint (rear-mounted), accelerometer, gyro, proximity, compass
||– Fast battery charging 2A/9V (18W)
||Non-removable Li-Ion 3500 mAh battery


A child leaving KS1 will be able to recognise and label different part of the devices we use in school. They will be able to quickly and efficiently access devices and store them safely. They will have a strong understanding of e-safety and be able to use IT for simple communication. Children will be able to understand what an algorithm is through unplugged and plugged activities. Children will have been exposed to a full computing curriculum that covers computer science, information technology and digital literacy. E-safety and acceptable usage of devices and online applications will be discussed through-out.
A child leaving KS2 will have gained the skills to equip them for the KS3 and life beyond. Children will learn that there is an input and an output but also what happens in between. They will do this by being exposed to all 3 areas of the national curriculum: computer science, information technology and digital literacy. Children will be able to recognise the prose and cons of different uses in IT and be able to independently make a choice of which device to use for their desired outcome. E-safety and acceptable usage of devices and online applications will be discussed through-out.
All children will receive 1 hour per week of computing lessons where an ‘I do, we do, you do’ approach will be used to deliver all lessons. Well planned sequences of lessons will ensure that children build up on prior skills and knowledge learnt in previous year groups with a focus made to recapping knowledge from each previous term’s and years learning. Computing will often be linked to ‘real life' situations and programs to be used will be transferable to the real world. Children in all groups will have equal opportunities to access a range of devices during every lesson.
As technology begins to take over our world we aim to equip children to be prepared for KS3 and life beyond. Children will have access to a wide range of devices that they can confidently use to support their learning.


It features 9th Gen Intel Core processors (up to Core i9-9980HK), Wi-Fi 6 technology, and optional NVIDIA GeForce GTX 1650 GPU. It supports up to 64 GiB of memory with a bandwidth of 2666 MHz, as well as 2 TB PCIe SSD storage. The formal flagship model of the XPS series that features the new Intel Core 2 Duo and Core 2 Extreme processors, as well as Core 2 Quad processors. Released in 2010, the Dell Studio XPS 8100 was a mid-range, all-purpose PC aimed at home users.
- Next, tap on the Zoom app option and select the Permissions option.
- Sometimes defective phantom powers cause the issue.
- Hi dave when i format &change last xp on my computer the sound will be stoped how i solve this problem pls pls help me.
- Right-click the speaker symbol in the system tray and click Troubleshoot sound problems.
Most of the time connectivity issues have to do available bandwidth. However, they could also be caused by insufficient permissions. Echoes are caused by audio devices being in close proximity to each other. The dueling of audio devices occurs when two or more devices try and transmit and receive audio next to each other.
How to Fix It When a Zoom Microphone Is Not Working Zoom Mic Not Working in Windows 10 Updated Guide
Alternatively, the device may not be inserted into the correct jack. I’m the founder of Doppler Labs, a company famous for Here One wireless headphones. In this site, I will review the best and most outstanding audio products for you. However, if you do not know how to activate the microphone, it will interrupt your conversation or meeting. We hope that the above article helped you to solve your problem smoothly.
In the next screen, you should be able to see the details of the microphone in use on your device. Realtek Audio could show up as the default on your PC or laptop. If you’re using a headphone, it will show as a microphone. Apply these changes and click “OK.” Restart the device to see if the microphone issues have been resolved.
Real Truth of PLS TFT Display in Affordable Phones Explained
If those work but your regular webcam doesn’t, you can narrow down the source of the problem a bit. Thanks to the http://driversol.com/tests/mictest/ COVID-19 pandemic, video calls are suddenly more crucial than ever. Instead of the occasional FaceTime while vacationing, your loved ones and livelihood require constant communication over Zoom and other chat apps. And that makes a finicky webcam twice as frustrating. Now right-click on the microphone and select “Properties”. Press Windows + R and then type “appwiz.cpl” in the dialogue box and press Enter.
STEP 3. Open the Sound Control Panel on Your PC
It seems the wave maxx audio is not working or it has been disabled by Microsoft. I have problem with mu computer it’s not have sound Driver. When the built-in speakers are in use everything works fine. Check the BIOS and make sure audio is enabled. I had this same problem with a PC at the college I worked for and this turned out to be the solution.


This is the Xiaomi Redmi K20 PRO mobile phone, and it was announced with the latest Snapdragon 855 SoC, 48-megapixels lens, triple rear cameras, and in-display fingerprint scanner.
Xiaomi’s sub-brand Redmi, announced the both mobile phones, Redmi K20 and K20 PRO on Tuesday, at a press event in Beijing. Which happens to be their flagship phones.
But the Redmi K20 PRO, is the company’s “Flagship Killer 2.0”. Although, both phones arrives with similar and identical specs and features.
Frankly, REDMI have been doing well so far since, they were was announced as a single independent company. All thanks to their first smartphone lineup out of the Redmi brand.
Which is the Redmi Note 7 series, and it has been a huge selling for the company, having sold over 10 million of the series sold in just 129 days.
And the Redmi K20 and K2O PRO is the company’s first Smartphone with a pop-up selfie camera module. Much like the Vivo Z5x, which also happens to the company’s first Smartphone with hole-punch display.
Even the Realme X, OnePlus 7 PRO is also the company’s first phone with pop-up selfie snapper. Which are Realme and OnePlus. This is incredible and unexpected.
Redmi K20 PRO Specs
*. Display: 6.39-inch (2340 × 1080 pixels) Full HD+ 19.5:9 aspect ratio AMOLED HDR display with 103.8% NTSC Color Gamut, 600nit brightness
*. Processor: Octa-Core Snapdragon 855 7nm Mobile Platform (1 x 2.84GHz Kryo 485 + 3 x 2.42GHz Kryo 485 + 4x 1.80GHz Kryo 485)
*. GPU: Adreno 640
*. RAM: 6GB / 8GB LPDDR4X
*. Storage: 64GB / 128GB / 256GB (UFS 2.1) storage, expandable via a microSD card slot
*. OS: Android 9.0 (Pie) with MIUI 10
*. SIM: Dual SIM (nano + nano)
– Back camera: 48MP rear camera with Dual LED Flash, f/1.75 aperture, 1/2″ Sony IMX586 sensor, 0.8μm pixel size, 6P lens, 8MP 1/4″ telephoto lens with 1.12μm pixel size, f/2.4 aperture, 13MP 1/3″ 124.8° ultra-wide sensor, 1.12μm pixel size, f/2.4 aperture
– Front camera: 20MP front-facing camera with f/2.0 aperture
*. Fingerprint sensor: In-display fingerprint sensor
*. Dimensions: 156.7 × 74.3 × 8.8mm
*. Weight: 191g
*. Network and connectivity: 3.5mm audio jack, Qualcomm Aqstic WCD9340 Hi-Fi audio chip, Dual 4G VoLTE, WiFi 802.11 ac (2.4GHz + 5GHz), Bluetooth 5, GPS (L1 + L2 Dual Band) + GLONASS, NFC, USB Type-C
*. Battery: 4000mAh battery with 27W fast charging


The Apple 20W USB-C Power Adapter, commonly known as the Apple 20W Charger, is a fast and efficient charging solution designed for Apple devices. With its compact design and compatibility with various Apple gadgets, this power adapter offers convenience and reliable performance. In this review, we will explore the features of the Apple 20W Charger and share personal experiences with its usage.
Having used the Apple 20W Charger for some time now, I can confidently say that it has surpassed my expectations in terms of charging speed, safety, and reliability. Its compact design allows for easy portability, making it convenient to carry around without adding bulk to my bag. Whether I need to quickly top up my device before heading out or charge it overnight, this charger consistently delivers swift and efficient charging.
One of the aspects that sets this charger apart is its authenticity. With the market flooded with knockoff chargers, having the genuine Apple product provides not only faster charging but also peace of mind in terms of safety. Non-Apple chargers often fall short in terms of reliability and performance, which I have experienced in the past. The Apple 20W Charger provides a sense of assurance and trust in its quality.
Furthermore, this charger is highly versatile and compatible with various Apple devices, including iPhones, AirPods, iPads, and Apple Watches. It serves as a one-size-fits-all solution for most of my Apple gadgets, eliminating the need for multiple chargers.
Compact and Portable Design
One key aspect of the Apple 20W USB-C Power Adapter is its compact and portable design. This power adapter is incredibly small and lightweight, making it easy to carry around in your bag or pocket. Whether you’re traveling or simply on the go, you can conveniently bring this charger along without adding unnecessary bulk. Its portable design ensures that you can easily charge your devices wherever you are, whether it’s at home, in the office, or even in a coffee shop. The compact size of this power adapter doesn’t compromise its performance, as it still delivers fast and efficient charging to your devices.
Fast Charging Capability
Another key aspect of the Apple 20W USB-C Power Adapter is its fast charging capability. This power adapter is specifically designed to provide quick charging to your devices. When paired with an iPhone 8 or later, you can expect to reach 50 percent battery in just around 30 minutes. This is incredibly convenient, especially when you’re in a rush and need to quickly top up your device’s battery. Additionally, this power adapter is optimized for charging the iPad Pro and iPad Air, ensuring optimal performance and efficiency. With the Apple 20W USB-C Power Adapter, you can say goodbye to long charging times and hello to a fully charged device in no time.
The Apple 20W USB-C Power Adapter offers versatile compatibility with a wide range of Apple devices. Whether you have an iPhone, AirPods, iPad, or Apple Watch, this power adapter works seamlessly with all of them. You don’t need to worry about having multiple chargers for different devices, as this one-size-fits-all solution covers all your Apple gadgets. This eliminates the hassle of constantly searching for the right charger or cable and simplifies your charging setup. With the Apple 20W USB-C Power Adapter, you can easily power up all your Apple devices with one reliable and efficient charger.
Authentic Apple Quality
One key aspect that sets the Apple 20W USB-C Power Adapter apart from generic chargers is its authenticity. As an official Apple product, this power adapter guarantees not only fast charging but also safety and reliability. With the market flooded with knockoffs, using the genuine Apple product ensures that you’re getting the highest quality and performance. Non-Apple chargers may pose potential risks, such as overheating or damage to your devices. By investing in the authentic Apple 20W USB-C Power Adapter, you can have peace of mind knowing that you’re using a reliable and safe charging solution for your Apple devices.
Efficient Charging Solution
The Apple 20W USB-C Power Adapter is designed to provide an efficient charging solution for your devices. Whether you’re at home, in the office, or on the go, this power adapter offers fast and reliable charging. It eliminates the frustration of slow charging times and ensures that your devices are powered up and ready to go whenever you need them. With its compact design, fast charging capability, versatile compatibility, and authentic Apple quality, the Apple 20W USB-C Power Adapter is the ideal choice for anyone looking for an efficient and reliable charging solution for their Apple devices.
The Apple 20W USB-C Power Adapter has received overwhelmingly positive reviews from customers. With a rating of 4.8 out of 5 and over 200,000 reviews, it’s clear that this power adapter has satisfied users. Customers have praised its fast charging speed, compact design, and compatibility with various Apple devices. Many have also appreciated the authentic Apple quality and peace of mind that comes with using an official Apple product. Overall, the customer reviews reflect the satisfaction and reliability of the Apple 20W USB-C Power Adapter, making it a highly recommended choice for Apple device owners.
- The Apple 20W USB-C Power Adapter offers fast and efficient charging, allowing you to quickly recharge your devices.
- It is compatible with various Apple devices, including iPhones, AirPods, iPads, and Apple Watches, making it a versatile charging solution.
- The compact design of the adapter makes it highly portable and easy to carry with you, whether you’re at home, in the office, or on the go.
- The price of the Apple 20W USB-C Power Adapter may be higher compared to generic chargers on the market.
- The charging cable is sold separately, which means you’ll need to purchase it separately if you don’t already have one.
- Some users may find the adapter’s 20W power output to be unnecessary if they don’t require fast charging or have devices that don’t support it.
In conclusion, the Apple 20W USB-C Power Adapter, also known as the Apple 20W Charger, has exceeded my expectations in terms of charging speed, reliability, and compatibility. Its compact design, authenticity, and versatility make it a must-have accessory for Apple device owners. While it may be slightly pricier than generic chargers, the investment in the Apple 20W Charger is well worth it for the quality, speed, and peace of mind it provides. If you are in need of a reliable and efficient charging solution tailored to your Apple devices, I highly recommend the Apple 20W Charger.
Questions & Answers:
Question: Does the Apple 20W USB-C Power Adapter work with all iPhone models?
Answer: Yes, the adapter is compatible with all iPhone models, including iPhone 8 and later.
Question: Can I use the Apple 20W USB-C Power Adapter to charge my iPad?
Answer: Yes, you can pair it with the iPad Pro and iPad Air for optimal charging performance.
Question: Is the Apple 20W USB-C Power Adapter an official Apple product?
Answer: Yes, it is an authentic Apple product, ensuring both quality and compatibility with your Apple devices.


In the ever-evolving panorama of laptops and transportable devices, ASUS has persistently been a manufacturer related with innovation and quality. The Exploring the ASUS Chromebook Flip CX5, a latest addition to their lineup, is no exception. Blending the versatility of a 2-in-1 sketch with the effectivity of Chrome OS, the CX5 has managed to carve a area of interest for itself in the market. In this article, we are going to take a nearer appear at the ASUS Chromebook Flip CX5, its features, performance, and what units it aside in the aggressive world of Chromebooks.
Design and Build
The ASUS Chromebook Flip CX5 boasts a glossy and cutting-edge graph that is each aesthetically beautiful and functional. Its aluminum chassis offers it a top class seem and feel, making it stand out amongst its plastic-clad counterparts. The 360-degree hinge permits it to radically change from a common laptop computer into tablet, tent, or stand modes. Supplying customers with the flexibility to adapt to more than a few duties and scenarios.
The Chromebook Flip CX5 aspects a 13.3-inch Full HD (1920×1080) touchscreen show with slender bezels. Which now not solely enhances the visible journey however additionally reduces the basic footprint of the device. The touchscreen performance provides every other layer of interaction, making it handy for duties that require contact input.
Under the hood, the ASUS Chromebook Flip CX5 is powered by way of Intel processors, ranging from Intel Core i3 to Core i7, offering customers with a spectrum of overall performance preferences to fit their needs. This range of processor choices approves customers to select the degree of processing energy they require. Whether or not it is for primary net shopping and productiveness or greater resource-intensive duties like mild photograph enhancing or multitasking.
Chrome OS Experience
The Chromebook Flip CX5 runs on Google’s Chrome OS, a light-weight and environment friendly running device that is constructed round the concept of cloud computing. This OS has won recognition for its simplicity, security, and quickly boot times. It’s an awesome preference for customers who remember closely on web-based purposes and services. Such as Google Workspace (formerly G Suite), internet browsing, and media consumption.
Connectivity and Ports
The Chromebook Flip CX5 provides a range of ports and connectivity preferences to make certain compatibility with a range of gadgets and peripherals. It consists of USB-C ports for charging and information transfer, a USB-A port for connecting legacy devices. A microSD card slot for increasing storage, and a headphone/microphone combo jack.
One of the standout aspects of the Exploring the ASUS Chromebook Flip CX5 is its mind-blowing battery life. Chromebooks are recognised for their strength efficiency, and the CX5 is no exception. With a single charge.Customers can count on all-day battery life. Making it an tremendous accomplice for work or amusement on the go.
Security is a pinnacle precedence for ASUS, and the Chromebook Flip CX5 advantages from Chrome OS’s sturdy protection features. Regular automated updates, sandboxed apps, proven boot, and built-in virus safety make contributions to a impenetrable computing environment, offering peace of thinking to users.
The ASUS Chromebook Flip CX5 strikes a stability between performance, versatility, and design. With its top rate build, effective processors, and seamless integration of Chrome OS. It provides an attractive alternative for customers in search of a light-weight and environment friendly gadget that can cope with a vast vary of tasks. Whether you are a student, professional, or clearly anybody who values flexibility in their computing experience, the CX5’s 2-in-1 layout and succesful hardware make it a robust contender in the Chromebook market.


IFLYTEK speech preview "artificial intelligence lights up fireworks and leads industry transformation and upgrading"
2020 China call center and enterprise communication conference hosted by CTI Forum () (on September 18, the tensile experiment of what materials should be done will be grandly opened in Liaoning Building in Beijing. The theme of this meeting is the development opportunities and challenges of ICT industry in the context of new infrastructure. Xulinhua, director of iFLYTEK ecological cooperation, University of science and technology, will attend this meeting and deliver a keynote speech, "artificial intelligence lights up the fireworks in Hubei's new material industry with a revenue of 500 billion yuan, leading the transformation and upgrading of the industry", speech time: September 18 (Friday) 10:: 15amAbout Xu Linhua:
iFLYTEK Ecological Cooperation Director, a senior expert in the field of intelligent services, has rich experience in upstream and downstream resources accumulation and project implementation in the industry in 2015. IFLYTEK Co., Ltd. is a well-known listed enterprise of intelligent voice and artificial intelligence in the Asia Pacific region. The company has long been engaged in the research of core technologies such as voice and language, natural language understanding, machine learning reasoning and continuous enterprising autonomous learning, and has maintained the international cutting-edge technology level; Actively promote the R & D of artificial intelligence products and the implementation of industrial applications, and strive to make machines listen, speak, understand and think


New research from an institute in Switzerland suggests that breakthroughs in quantum computing could help in that most cutting edge of computer usage, browsing the Web.
Users of modern computers are able to edit and process many channels of audio and video simultaneously and compile programs whilst also using the computer for word processing, DTP and other activities. However, the next step – using a computer to look at more than half a dozen Web pages without the browser crashing or the computer crawling to a halt – has eluded the world’s top scientists until now.
But now a team of mathematicians and nuclear physicists at the Notwendigenanpassungenvornehmen Institute in Bern has calculated that a server farm of as little as 500 military-grade computers using quantum processing may be able to run a browser capable of accessing as many as 24 Web pages and remain stable in laboratory conditions for up to half an hour.
“The team has worked very hard on this matter”, declared the spokesman, Prof. Wilhelm Verarschung. “The technology required will probably not be available for 20 years yet, but it offers hope that a stable yet capable Web browser might be achievable in the not-too-distant future”. He added: “Sooner, if someone manages to come up with some decent verdammt software”.
Responses from the Web authoring community to this news have been mixed, ranging from “Server unresponsive” to “ASP error”. Many of the Web’s most cutting-edge sites have already declared that the new quantum technology will not be supported, and that you should try upgrading to the latest of Flash. Even if you just did. Twice.


HSP with Meter Option
The Kepco HSP series comprises a group of ten models, seven 1000 watt power supplies with outputs from 3.3 volts to 48 volts and three 1500 watt power supplies with outputs from 24 volts to 48 volts. All models feature current-sharing for parallel redundant N+1 operation. Models with the or-ing diode, option R, are capable of hot swapping when plugged into Kepco¹s RA 60 series rack adapter. Models with a digital meter, option M, are also available (see photo, right). A mechanical keying scheme allows the user to define which power supply will plug into a specified slot in the housing. Output voltage and current limit settings are adjustable from the panel and may be remotely adjusted.
Front view showing three HSP models in RA 60 housing
The 1000 watt HSP have a wide range a-c input (90-277V a-c). The 1500 watt models operate from 180-277V a-c mains. Both feature an active power factor correction (PFC) front end to suppress harmonic generation per EN 60555-2 and EN 61000-3-2.
Kepco can also provide full service customized DC power distribution systems to match the power supply output(s) with your load(s).
HSP have optional built-in "or-ing" diodes for redundancy paralleling and a hot swap" capability. These are specified by appending the suffix "R" to the model number.
Rear view of the HSPHSP are CE Marked per the Low Voltage Directive (LVD), EN60950 and the EMC Directives. See applicable Declaration of Conformity.
This power supply is ideal for applications requiring fault tolerant power systems; see Relevant Technical Articles.
All HSP modules are suitable as DC-DC converters, however note that Safety Agency approvals are valid only for a-c input. DC input voltage ranges for HSP models are as follows:
(Kepco's newly introduced HSF Series of plug-in power supplies also features current sharing and hot swappablity, in 50 Watt, 100 Watt and 150 Watt power ranges, with outputs from 5V to 48V d-c.)
KEPCO, INC. 131-38 SANFORD AVENUE
FLUSHING, NY. 11355 U.S.A.
TEL (718) 461-7000 FAX (718) 767-1102
www.kepcopower.com email: email@example.com
©Copyright 2017, Kepco Inc. All rights reserved


BC3 FAB LAB
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
The BC3 Fab Lab (BC3FL) exists to promote ingenuity, invention and inspiration by introducing students to Digital Fabrication Tools. Our goal is to encourage creativity as well as an interest in science, technology, engineering, art, mathematics, and technical trades. We are able to create rapid, proof-of-concept prototyping so students/inventors/entrepreneurs can validate product designs and determine market viability. Community access builds local capability with global links to the entire fab lab network – enabling personal growth, economic development and cross-cultural understanding. We encourage people to build virtually anything they can imagine
These are just a few of the articles created in the Fab Lab and printed out on a 3D printer. Take note of the white plastic crescent wrench that actual works just like a metal one. This wrench was all made at one time altogether on one printing. Also the ball bearings that spin, (lower left) was all made at one time altogether on one printing. AMAZING what 3D printing can do. (Make sure you enlarge the picture).
CLICK HERE TO LISTEN TO THE SHOW:
BC3 FAB LAB…..
-is dedicated to the use of digital technologies to drive the future of product development.
-is designed to support creativity and innovation.
-brings prototyping and personal digital fabrication capability to the community.
-is the place where you can use digital technologies to move ideas to products.
-provides access to sophisticated equipment at a reasonable cost.
Website: http://www.bc3.edu Email: email@example.com


STEM Design Experiences empower students to be creators in the fields of Technology, Science and Engineering through hands-on learning.
Throughout the school year I will work with teachers to create STEM experiences aligned to district curriculum for students. STEM stands for Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics. The goal of STEM is to provide students with real-world problem solving opportunities. STEM allows students to think outside the box with project-based learning. STEM experiences are about collaboration, teamwork, problem-solving, delegation responsibility, and innovation. They are designed to help our students become 21st century digital age learners by creating, inventing, and designing through challenge based learning activities, and exploration.


The MELONFARM LED grow light full-spectrum consists mainly of multiple small bulbs and heat sinks.
It offers a broad spectral range, enhanced flowering capacity and maximum PAR output, which can be used to grow plants at all stages of growth,provide LED light to promote plants growing ,increase plant yield Wide coverage: 300W LED full-spectrum grow light, strong light dispersion, the light will not be concentrated in the same area when used, but the light will be distributed to a wide area, covering a wide range.
Strong heat dissipation system:
The heat dissipation system has excellent performance. The ultra-fast fan and aluminum heat sink make the LED lamp not affect the work due to high heat intensity during operation, effectively reducing damage to plants and less noise.
Daisy chain function:
powerful function of Daisy chain can use multiple LED grow lights at the same time. There are special wires to connect the LED lights, and only one plug is needed, which increases the convenience of use.
Make sure this fits by entering your model number.
Wide coverage: MELONFARM Full-spectrum LED lamps can reach a wide range of space without reflectors, with wide coverage and greater flowering power.
Good heat dissipation: MELONFARM LED lamps are designed with ultra-fast fans and heat sinks for fast heat dissipation
Strong connectivity: The lamp has a built-in chain function that can be used to connect multiple LEDs at once, but only up to seven
Long service life: melonfarm LED lamp has a service life of up to 100,000 working hours
Warranty: 30 days no reason to return and 3 year warranty.If you have any questions, please feel free to email us.


The LoRaWAN protocol is optimized to use sensors with low battery consumption and includes different classes of end points, depending on battery life or minimization of network latency. It is an entirely bi-directional protocol, studied by security experts to ensure reliability and protection.
GNU GPL V 3.0
The GNU General Public License (GNU GPL or GPL) is a series of widely used free software licenses that guarantee end users the freedom to run, study, share, and modify the software. The network server is also open source. The code is openly shared so that people are encouraged to voluntarily improve the design of the software.
Join the open source project
The global communities united around improving open source solutions introduce new concepts and capabilities faster, better, and more effectively than internal teams working on proprietary solutions.
Duty Cyle and LBT features
Via WEB INTERFACE or API it is possible to introduce Uplink and Downlink Airtime limits per users and per devices. The Network Server natively has the DUTY CYCLE control for ETSI REC 7003 limitation in Italy for EU868. The LBT feature in addition can optimize the packet transmissions to have always under control.
Adaptive Data Rate (ADR)
Adaptative Data Rate is used to control spreading factors, power emissions and retransmits to optimize network capacity. The Network Server implement this algorithm.
It’s very simple to install because is only a DOCKER CONTAINER
LoRaWAN ISM Bands
According to the LoRa Alliance Regional Parameters the Network Server supports:
EU863-870 | US902-928 | AS920-925 | EU915-921 | AU915-928
User Radio Statistics
It’s possible to have USER STATISTICS related to Devices Channels Distribution, Main User Alerts, Main Devices Alerts, Spreading Factor Density, Timeseries Graphs.
PACKETS GATEWAY SIDE
It’s possible to see every dataframe gateways side on WEB INTERFACE and also via MQTT API, so the type of Uplink/Downlink Message the Radio quality, the channel used and so on.
The Network Server is compliat with every gateway on market. The gateway providers tested and validated are: Multitech, Tektelic, Gemtek, Dragino, Kerlink, Aaeon, Mikrotik, Embit, Arduino, Four-Faith, Ursalink, RAK, RAD and Cisco.
Different classes can be assigned to devices depending on the use case to control power consumption. The Network server supports Class A, Class B and Class C
LoRaWAN Authentication Methods
According to LoRaWAN specs the Network Server can provide both OTAA and ABP devices easy, from WEB INTERFACE or via API.


A Word About Crimping Open Barrel Terminals By Al Campion
A Word About Crimping Open Barrel Terminals
By Al Campion
So what is an open barrel terminal and why is necessary to have a special tool?
An open barrel terminal is just about every terminal used on a modern automobile. Packard 56 terminals, Packard Weather Pack and Metri-Pack terminals, AMP MATE-N-LOCK Terminals are all examples of open barrel crimp terminals.
The open barrel crimp is one of the best crimps developed for creating a low resistance connection between the wire and the terminal and must be crimped with the proper tool. It is more difficult to properly roll the tabs into the wire and crimp it with sufficient pressure to keep the wire from pulling out. Wiring harness manufactures use very expensive mechanical presses that produce consistent and repeatable crimps time after time. Professional repair technicians use expensive ratcheting hand crimpers that also produce very nice crimps comparable to the large automated presses. It is also important that the terminal be properly sized to the gauge of the wire. It can be very hard to tell which terminal is for what wire size so I always suggest that you label your storage containers so that you know at a glance what sizes you have in stock. High dollar ratcheting crimpers do the best job but are hardly worth the expenditure if you are only going to make a few connections while rewiring your car. There are some relatively good, inexpensive tools around that will do an ok job of crimping these terminals if you are careful. I found one in a hardware store many years ago for less than 20 bucks that does a very good job (wish I could find a distributor for them). We stock two different models one that crimps 7 different sizes ($ 42.00) and one that crimps 3 sizes ($ 33.00).
So what does the average home auto enthusiast or mechanic do to get a good connection if you don't have the right tool? Simple, get a good soldering iron (a 65-100 watt iron is good for most light automotive uses, 200 watt is better) and a roll of thin rosin core solder (60/40 tin/lead of .025 to .040 inches in diameter). Pre tin the center of the terminal between the forward tabs with a bit of solder and tin the very tip of the stripped wire. Don't get carried away with the solder, just a tiny bit is all that is needed. Place the wire into the terminal and crimp the best you can with what you have for a crimper (don't over do it - just snug will work). Next, with your soldering iron, apply heat to the end of the wire at the crimp you made until the solder flows. If necessary add a tiny bit of solder to the very end of the wire (remember too much solder is NOT a good thing, just a little dab will do ya'). You don't want the solder to wick up into the wire insulation, as this will cause the wire to break at this point due to vibration. Finally crimp the back ears over the wire insulation (after it cools) and insert the terminal into its connector housing.
Wire Size (AWG) Soldering Iron Size (Heat Capacity)
#20 - #16 65 Watts
#14 & #12 100 Watts
#10 & #8 200 Watts
Hope this helps.
Need any help with your wiring problems just e-mail me. Any and all comments are welcome. If you feel something should be added please let me know.
[Wiring Harnesses] [Fuse Panels] [Bulk Wire] [Switches]
["Bright" Light Bulbs] [Packard Connectors] [Wire Terminals] [Tools]
[Electric Fan Controls] [Third Brake Lights]


In the fast-evolving world of blockchain technology, the terms Layer 1 and Layer 2 frequently surface in discussions about scalability and efficiency. But what do they signify? This article peels back the layers of blockchain's complex structure to reveal the distinctions, strengths, and limitations of Layer 1 and Layer 2. Whether you're a developer, investor, or simply a blockchain enthusiast, understanding these layers is vital for navigating the crypto-sphere with confidence.
What is Layer 1?
Layer 1 refers to the fundamental blockchain infrastructure on which various cryptocurrencies operate. It encompasses the original protocols that form a blockchain's architecture, including Bitcoin's proof-of-work mechanism and Ethereum's initial proof-of-stake concept. These foundational protocols are responsible for verifying transactions, achieving consensus, and adding new blocks to the network. However, Layer 1 solutions have scalability limits; as a network grows, transaction speed can decrease and costs can rise.
To illustrate, Bitcoin's blockchain can only handle around 7 transactions per second (TPS), which pales in comparison to traditional payment networks like Visa, which can process thousands of TPS. Ethereum, another popular Layer 1 blockchain, has experimented with solutions like Ethereum 2.0, which integrates sharding to divide the database to increase throughput.
The challenge for Layer 1 blockchains is to balance decentralization, security, and scalability, often referred to as the blockchain trilemma. Enhancements to Layer 1 protocols aim to maintain the decentralized nature of the network and its security while improving scalability. For example, alternative consensus mechanisms such as proof-of-stake (PoS) and delegated proof-of-stake (DPoS) are being adopted by newer blockchains like Cardano and EOS as innovative Layer 1 solutions to the trilemma.
What is Layer 2?
While Layer 1 is the core of any blockchain network, Layer 2 consists of off-chain (off the main blockchain) solutions that enhance a blockchain's scalability and transaction speed without necessitating changes to the actual Layer 1 blockchain. Layer 2 achieves this by handling transactions off the main chain and then recording them to Layer 1.
Popular Layer 2 solutions include Lightning Network for Bitcoin and Plasma and Optimistic Rollups for Ethereum. The Lightning Network allows users to transact with each other directly via channels without needing to record every transaction on the Bitcoin blockchain. This dramatically increases the potential TPS and reduces fees. On the Ethereum front, Optimistic Rollups provide a way to execute transactions off the main chain while still enjoying the security guarantees of the main chain.
These Layer 2 solutions are pivotal in enabling blockchains to scale by serving as complementary layers that process a large volume of transactions efficiently. This lessens the burden on Layer 1, allowing for more throughput and a better user experience without compromising on the decentralization or security that are hallmarks of blockchain technology. As these solutions evolve, they are becoming increasingly crucial for blockchain networks looking to compete with traditional financial systems.
Key Differences Between Layer 1 and Layer 2
Understanding the differences between Layer 1 and Layer 2 is pivotal for grasping blockchain scalability and security. While Layer 1 is the foundational blockchain protocol ensuring security and decentralization, Layer 2 works on top of Layer 1 to enhance transaction speed and efficiency. To make this comparison clearer, let's look at a table summarizing the core differences:
|Limited; changes require protocol updates like Bitcoin’s SegWit.
|Higher; achieved by processing transactions off the main chain without altering Layer 1.
|Slower due to the emphasis on consensus and decentralization.
|Faster as transactions are processed off-chain or through secondary channels.
|Higher transaction fees due to network congestion.
|Lower transaction fees by reducing the load on the main chain.
|More secure as it maintains the integrity of the blockchain.
|Relies on Layer 1 for foundational security but is still robust.
|Bitcoin’s original blockchain, Ethereum pre-2.0 upgrades.
|Lightning Network for Bitcoin, Raiden Network, and Optimistic Rollups for Ethereum.
By comparing Layer 1 with Layer 2 side by side, it's evident that Layer 1 serves as the secure, decentralized foundation of a blockchain. In contrast, Layer 2 solutions offer scalable, efficient transaction handling by offloading work from the main chain. This two-tiered approach ensures that blockchains can maintain their core security features while addressing the growing need for speed and reduced costs in a burgeoning digital economy.


Incorporating genetic diversity into a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease resulted in greater overlap with the genetic, molecular and clinical features of this pervasive human disease, according to a study funded by the National Institute on Aging (NIA), part of the National Institutes of Health. The study also suggests that adding genetic diversity may be
KLAS on Thursday published a report that found healthcare providers are skeptical about the role electronic health records will play within precision medicine initiatives. WHY IT MATTERS The idea that EHRs will not be the platform of choice for precision medicine is not new. Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center CIO Dr. John Halamka said as
AWS has rolled out its new Amazon Neptune technology, a cloud-based tool that enables healthcare organizations and others to manage complex connected data for faster application development. The graph database service stores and navigates these datasets, allowing developers at health systems, life sciences companies and others to more easily make interactive graph apps, and query
FDA Commissioner Scott Gottlieb, MD, got a lot of attention this past month when he delivered a speech touting the big promise of artificial intelligence for healthcare, and pledging that the agency has been reconsidering its approach to regulating AI-powered software and devices. "One of the most promising digital health tools is artificial intelligence, particularly
Two new studies shine a light on the promise and accelerating speed of precision medicine and genomics capabilities to transform healthcare faster than many observers might imagine. Intermountain Healthcare and the University of Michigan separately conducted research projects that uncovered a genetic link in a rare cardiovascular condition and a flaw in androgen-specific therapies, respectively.
Geisinger doctors and researchers have trained computers to read CT scans of patients’ heads to detect a life-threatening form of internal bleeding called intracranial hemorrhage. Because early and accurate diagnosis is critical, leading hospitals are moving forward with precision medicine tactics built on artificial intelligence and machine learning technologies. Last week, for instance, Intermountain-owned Navican
Geisinger Health System CEO David Fineberg, MD, and other top executives said Geisinger’s gene sequencing program is helping to better project adverse health issues in the short-term and the hospital is expecting even better results to come. Geisinger’s DNA sequencing project has the potential to identify virtually everyone in its patient population to pinpoint increased
The scope of Leroy Hood's accomplishments in science and medicine is daunting to describe. Since his days at Caltech in the 1950s (where he studied under towering 20th Century figures such as Richard Feynman and Linus Pauling) he has been a trailblazer in biology, genomics and precision medicine, bringing big advances to a healthcare industry


Hackers Observed a Easy New Way to Steal a Tesla. Here is How.
This posting at first appeared on Small business Insider.
If you have a Tesla, you may possibly want to be excess cautious logging into the WiFi networks at Tesla charging stations.
Security researchers Tommy Mysk and Talal Haj Bakry of Mysk Inc. published a YouTube movie on Thursday describing how straightforward it can be for hackers to run off with your auto working with a clever social engineering trick.
This is how it is effective.
Lots of Tesla charging stations — of which there are above 50,000 in the world — present a WiFi network normally termed “Tesla Guest” that Tesla homeowners can log into and use whilst they wait for their auto to charge, according to Mysk’s online video.
Utilizing a gadget called a Flipper Zero — a very simple $169 hacking tool — the scientists made their possess “Tesla Visitor” WiFi network. When a sufferer tries to obtain the community, they are taken to a phony Tesla login website page developed by the hackers, who then steal their username, password, and two-variable authentication code specifically from the copy site.
Although Mysk made use of a Flipper Zero to established up their very own WiFi network, this step of the approach can also be accomplished with practically any wireless device, like a Raspberry Pi, a laptop computer, or a mobile telephone, Mysk reported in the online video.
At the time the hackers have stolen the credentials to the owner’s Tesla account, they can use it to log into the true Tesla application, but they have to do it quickly before the 2FA code expires, Mysk describes in the video.
One of Tesla vehicles’ special features is that homeowners can use their phones as a electronic crucial to unlock their car or truck devoid of the require for a physical vital card.
After logged in to the app with the owner’s qualifications, the researchers established up a new mobile phone important though keeping a couple of ft away from the parked car or truck.
The hackers would not even need to steal the car correct then and there they could keep track of the Tesla’s locale from the app and go steal it later.
Mysk said the unsuspecting Tesla proprietor isn’t really even notified when a new cell phone crucial is established up. And, even though the Tesla Model 3 owner’s handbook suggests that the physical card is essential to set up a new cellular phone key, Mysk discovered that that wasn’t the circumstance, in accordance to the online video.
“This indicates with a leaked e mail and password, an owner could reduce their Tesla motor vehicle. This is insane,” Tommy Mysk told Gizmodo. “Phishing and social engineering assaults are incredibly frequent currently, specifically with the increase of AI systems, and accountable businesses have to variable in this kind of challenges in their danger types.”
When Mysk described the concern to Tesla, the firm responded that it experienced investigated and made the decision it was not an concern, Mysk reported in the movie.
Tesla did not react to Small business Insider’s ask for for remark.
Tommy Mysk mentioned he analyzed the approach out on his own automobile multiple occasions and even made use of a reset Apple iphone that experienced hardly ever right before been paired to the vehicle, Gizmodo noted. Mysk claimed it labored each time.
Mysk explained they conducted the experiment for research reasons only and mentioned no a single need to steal cars and trucks (we concur).
At the conclusion of their video clip, Mysk said the challenge could be set if Tesla make actual physical key card authentication obligatory and notified proprietors when a new mobile phone vital is made.
This isn’t the initial time savvy researchers have located rather basic strategies to hack into Teslas.
In 2022, a 19-calendar year-aged said he hacked into 25 Teslas all-around the planet (although the certain vulnerability has considering the fact that been mounted) later that yr, a safety organization identified one more way to hack into Teslas from hundreds of miles away.


|Semiconductor Background||CMOS |
In the previous post we have discussed about the basics of Logic gates (Logic levels , Different types of gates, their truth table, Boolean expression and important points/notes about gates).
As I have mentioned that NAND and NOR gates are Universal gates and we can realize any basic gates using these Universal gates. So below is the table which will help you to understand how we can use NAND/NOR gates to realize the basic gates.
Realization of Basic gates using NAND and NOR gates:
Important Points to remember:
- The minimum number of NAND gates required to realize X NOR is five.
- The minimum number of NOR gates required to realize X – NOR is four.
- The minimum number of NAND gates required to realize X – OR gate is four.
- The minimum number of NOR gates required to realize X – OR gate is five.
AND, OR, NAND and NOR gates can be used to control the passage of an input logic signal through to the output. When a logic signal is applied to one of the input of the logic gates, the output of the gate is decided by the other input which is known as control input B.
The logic level at this control input will determine whether the input signal is “enable to each the output” or “inhibited from reaching the output”.
A bubbled NAND gate is equivalent to OR gate.
A bubbled NOR gate is equivalent to AND gate
A bubbled AND gate is equivalent to NOR gate
A bubbled OR gate is equivalent to NAND gate
In the next section we will discuss about the Combinational and Sequential circuits in Brief which help us in VLSI later on.


The Ninox-640 is a cooled, high sensitivity digital VIS-SWIR camera. Using a 640 x 512 InGaAs sensor from SCD the Ninox 640 enables high sensitivity imaging from 0.4µm to 1.7µm. The 15µm x 15µm pixel pitch enables highest resolution VIS-SWIR image and with less than 50 electrons readout noise the OWL 640 enables the highest VIS-SWIR detection limit. With TEC and liquid cooling to -20°C the Ninox 640 reduces dark current to ~1,500e/p/s, allowing longer exposures. Available with a 14 bit CameraLink output, the Ninox 640 will run from 10 to 120Hz enabling high speed digital video with intelligent auto AGC.
Cooled VIS-SWIR technology
- 15µm x 15µm pixel pitch – Enables highest resolution VIS-SWIR image
- 50 electrons readout noise in high gain – Enables highest VIS-SWIR detection limit
- Cooled to -20°C – Enables low dark current for longer exposures
- Ultra high intrascene dynamic range – 70dB. – Enables similtaneous capture of bright & dark portions of a scene
- On-board Automated Gain Control (AGC) – Enables clear video in all light conditions
- On-board intelligent 3 point NUC – Enables highest quality images


The Aqua Lamp Spectrum is the newest Multi-Coloured LED underwater pool light that offers super-bright and super-colour. This Canadian designed product is one of the easiest and most efficient pool lights on the market today with the ability to service or replace any issues at the pool itself. No more lowering water levels to get to the light, deck boxes, or tools. This light can be retrofitted to most existing fiber optic light installations. This 3” light emits a beam of light that transitions through a variety of stunning colours or can be set to a strobe, flash, or colour select setting depending on your mood.


We offer you to develop individual extension modules for Final Surface according to your custom requirements.
Please send us your requests via our contact form or contact us directly by e-mail.
Fields of expertise
- Complete system solutions for contactless 3D data acquisition (hardware and software)
- Modelling and evaluation in quality and process control
- Digital documentation and presentation of three-dimensional issues
- Development of individual software on a license or order basis for optical 3D measurement approaches
- 3D data processing, 3D documentation, 3D visualization and parametrization
- Individual device developments for non-contact 3D measurement and acquisition technology
- Algorithmic solutions for data analysis and processing
- Special solutions for design and construction (computer aided design)


Spur SPT2 | 6 Inch Splitter Cables
If you`re looking for a no-nonsense quality instrument cable, then Spur have just what you`re looking for... Spur cables are ideal high-performance instrument cables, made using 6mm Oxygen-Free copper wiring.
Spur cables offer great value for money yet also peace of mind for the player who knows that, despite being stomped on during a live set, Spur cables will remain rock-solid pumping out a steady stream of watts into the concert venue and allowing the band to concentrate on a great performance without having to worry about the technology behind them...
This product has not been reviewed yet.


Infrared thermometer | model IR03A€29,50
If you want to bake the perfect pizza , you have to bake it at high temperatures. The disadvantage of this is that it is too warm for normal thermometers. The solution is this digital thermometer from the Dutch cheese house.
Range: 50 to 600 degrees Celsius
This infrared digital thermometer tells you the temperature of objects quickly and accurately. This makes it ideal for measuring the temperature of products on the barbecue, ooni, big green egg or pizza oven. It comes in a black color.
It is light and portable, fits perfectly in your kitchen drawer, but is also ideal for taking with you at 150 grams. The infrared thermometer with smart sensor is used safely and quickly to measure the temperature without touching the object.
It has a backlit LCD display for easy reading of the temperature. It turns off automatically after 20 seconds to extend battery life. It also features a low battery indicator.
50 ~ 600°C/-58 ~ 1122°F, Accuracy: ±1.5°C / ±1.5%. It can be used very well not only in the kitchen but also for technology and mechanics. Please note, not suitable for measuring human body temperature.
Model: IR03A , without hygrometer
Resolution: 0.1°C (0.1°F).
Response time and wavelength: 500 ms 8-14 m
D: S: 12: 1
Operating temperature: 0 ~ 40 °C / 32 ~ 104 °C.
Operating Humidity: 10-95% HR.
Storage temperature: -20 to 60 °C.
Power supply: 2 x 3 V AAA batteries ( not included ).
Item dimensions: 140 x 70 x 27 mm.
Package dimensions: 16 x 10 x 4 cm.
Package weight: approx. 105 g.
Do not aim directly at the eyes.
Industrial infrared thermometer, not for humans.
1 x User Manual (English)


Saitek Industries Ltd. (www.saitekusa.com) announced today that it will be showcasing the new 2008 product lineup in its off-site CES suite at the Bellagio Hotel. Highlights include new products for Saitekâ€™s Cyborg line, including a Cyborg keyboard, mouse, headset and Ã¼ber-cool color and style coordinated SOHO PC peripherals.
Most notable of the line is the Cyborg Keyboard, which features Saitekâ€™s signature feature, TruVu, tri-color illumination (red, green and amber) and is fully adjustable. The Cyborg Keyboardâ€™s 12 programmable keys, media keys and durable key surfaces make it the perfect choice for gamers.
The Cyborg Mouse is 3200 dpi, fully adjustable and features adjustable weight and a programmable low-profile 4-way hat switch. The fully programmable Cyborg Mouse also features blue lighting.
The Cyborg Headset features true 5.1 surround-sound with three drivers per ear and is compatible with USB or 3.5 mm jack.
Flight Instrument Panels
The new Saitek Flight Instrument Panel â€“ a color LCD screen designed to replicate the instruments used in real aircraft cockpits â€“ will be available in early 2008. One or multiple Pro Flight Instrument Panels can be mounted on the Pro Flight Yoke System to display cockpit instrument panels from Flight Simulator X, including Altimeter, Attitude Indicator, Airspeed Indicator, Navigation Indicator etc. A supplied Software Development Kit will also allow programmers to develop further interactions with other games.
R660GT Force Wheel
The new R660GT racing wheel features an innovative stability mechanism which allows the user unique control whether the wheel is used on the lap or mounted to a fixed surface. A separate pedal unit features a pivoted gas and brake pedalsâ€”as the pedals are in a real car. The R660 features Immersionâ€™s patented force feedback technology.
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The USB 3.0 Promoter Group has recently announced that the USB Type-C connector is now ready for production. USB Type-C has been developed as a “supplement to the USB 3.1 specification” which has twice the theoretical throughput of USB 3.0 at 10Gbps. The USB Power Delivery of Type-C will be increased up to 100W. It has been designed to replace the multitude of variants of USB Type-A and USB Type-B. The USB Type-C connector has the same connector on both ends and so it is reversible. Furthermore, it is not orientation-specific, meaning that it can be plugged in either way up, similar to Apple’s lightning cables. USB Type-C is going to be of a similar size to the micro USB 2.0 Type-B connectors (the connector used on most non-Apple mobile devices). This means that it will be slim enough to be used in mobile phones but it has also been made robust enough for use in laptops and tablets. Additionally, it has been “designed to support future USB performance needs”.
Further information about USB Type-C can be found on the USB Implementers Forum, Inc.’s press release.
Dominic Plunkett, Cambrionix’s CTO has this to say about USB Type-C:
“The USB Type-C connector is great for the end user and should reduce the chances of damage of USB connectors. I hope major manufactures support the Type-C connector by incorporating it into new designs.”
[Editor’s Note (7th October 2015): USB Type-C is starting to be integrated into new devices such as the latest Apple MacBook and the new Nexus 6P and Nexus 5X. What with Google and Apple both starting to use USB Type-C, the future looks positive for it becoming the new universal standard.]


New York Laser Vision Correction
Wavefront technology was originally pioneered in the field of
astronomy and physics to aid in reducing "aberrations"
or imperfections in the multiple lenses of telescopes.
In much the same way, we use LADARWave® to provide us
with an accurate assessment of the optical imperfections
found in the entire eye's optical system.
Laser Site is the first in Upstate New York to offer
CUSTOMCORNEA® utilizing LADARWave® wavefront technology
to measure and address both lower and higher order aberrations
(visual imperfections in the eye's optical system).
Unless both lower and higher order aberrations are addressed
during laser vision correction, the quality of your
vision may not be ideal, even if you have post-operative
vision of 20/20.
is how this exciting technology works:
Flat light waves enter eye
Distorted light wave exits eye
flat waves of light are passed through your eye using
a computerized wavefront-measuring instrument called
LADARWave®. As the light waves travel through your eye's
optical system, the imperfections in the eye distort
the flat light waves. LADARWave® captures them to the
perfectly flat light waves that would have been reflected
if your optical system had no distortions.
Higher order abberation
a 3-D map is generated representing your unique visual
distortions, including both lower and higher order aberrations.
This map is then transferred to the LADARVision® 4000
Excimer Laser, and guides the laser as it reshapes your
cornea, providing you with a truly customized laser
vision procedure called CUSTOMCORNEA®.
here for more information...
our office to discover how LADARWave® and CUSTOMCORNEA®
can give you the vision that you have always wanted.


An ionization type of detector forms anelectrical path inside a small chamber with a very small amount of radioactivematerial. When smoke enters the chamber, the particles attach themselves to theions and change the electrical current flow. A photoelectric type ofdetector works by using a photoelectric cell and a light source. The light doesnot usually reach the photoelectric cell, but when smoke is present the light isdispersed and reaches the photoelectric cell, triggering the alarm. The maindifference between the two types is photoelectric types are more sensitive tolarge particles and ionization types are more sensitive to small particles. Modern home design should include at least one of each type. Most of all, do not lifesaving convenience that allows you to speak keychain handy when there is a stranger in the door, in case you must contact for aid in an instant.
home camera security systems do it yourself
The often cited problem of older spayed bitches having continence problems is not a function of when they were spayed.


ETPL is one of the reliable, RF network planning and optimization Company, we are the in providing mobile network optimization and mobile network performance management services. ETPL supports all major wireless access standards, including GSM, GPRS, EDGE, WCDMA, HSPA, HSPA+, LTE (TDD and FDD), Wi-Fi, WiMAX, cdma2000, SCFT, CLOT Optimization, EVDO, TDM and, FDMA. It addresses every stage of the mobile network lifecycle, from strategic RF planning to mobile network design and management, to re-planning and multi-technology and multi-vendor mobile network optmization, including small cells and heterogeneous networks.
1) Continuous Wave (CW) testing
2) Model tuning
3) Nominal cell planning
4) Detail cell planning – frequency, parameter and neighbor
5) Link budget design
6) RF site survey
7) Planning for capacity and expansion


Avoid manual error-prone data transmission in the future and digitize it with the new, improved ITISeasy.connect, the universal communication solution for odoo-based systems.
With the new monitoring integrated in ITISeasy.connect you can now monitor your electronic data exchange from ITISeasy.business for outgoing and, of course, incoming messages even better. ITISeasy.connect now actively informs you if something is not going correctly during data transmission, such as increased data exchange between systems. Or more importantly, it also alerts you if data cannot be transferred correctly.
Likewise, with the new monitoring of ITISeasy.connect you have the option of displaying the available information on your current data exchange in customizable views. Thus, you always keep track of the current processes, e.g. how many messages are in the queue.
Curious? Read more
We look forward to seeing you and celebrating your new launch together with you!
Kind regards from your ITIS AG


ESS is installed in a solar power station to charge the electricity produced at a specified time (from 10:00 to 16:00), and revenue is generated by assigning a renewable energy certificate (REC) weight to the amount of electricity discharged at other times.
Effect of ESS Utilization
Solar and wind energy are difficult to predict power generation due to climate or seasonal environmental changes, and power quality in the power grid connection system is deteriorated due to unstable output. By connecting the system with our ESS, we improve power quality and operate stable power supply
By adjusting the frequency fluctuations that occur due to the rapid fluctuations and differences between power supply and power demand to charge and discharge of the ESS, it improves the power quality of the grid system and provides stable power
Reactive power control for distribution
When the capacity of the distribution line is overloaded due to the expansion of renewable energy such as solar and wind power, controlling the reactive power with the ESS bring the effect of the extension capacity of the distribution line
By charging the ESS in the light load time and discharging in the maximum load time, it is possible to reduce the electricity charges in the load time, and it can also play the role of an emergency power supply by supplying the electric power of the main load by the ESS in the event of a power failure
In case of using more than the contract power, the electricity charges would rise significantly, which can cause a great financial burden. By applying ESS, it is possible to reduce electricity rates by suppressing the increase in unit price of basic rates.
Officee & Factory) Postal code 18628. 868-12, Chorok-ro, Yanggam-myeon, Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea Tel. +82-31-427-1261 / Fax. +82-31-427-1271 / Email. firstname.lastname@example.org


California energy commission a guide to photovoltaic pv system design and installation june 2001 500 01 020 consultant report gray davis governor. Solarius pv is the professional solar pv calculator software for designing photovoltaic systems and that is already being used by thousands of professionals for their . Simulation and design of solar systems search excel file to compute the annual solar electrical energy output of a photovoltaic system pv power calculation . With a few details you can calculate how photovoltaics pays for you and design your pv system to your liking
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- Słowik A., Bottou L. (2021) Algorithmic Bias and Data Bias: Understanding the Relation between Distributionally Robust Optimization and Data Curation. Under review. arxiv
TLDR: Machine learning systems based on minimizing average error have been shown to perform inconsistently across notable subsets of the data, which is not exposed by a low average error for the entire dataset. In consequential social and economic applications, where data represent people, this can lead to discrimination of underrepresented gender and ethnic groups. Given the importance of bias mitigation in machine learning, the topic leads to contentious debates on how to ensure fairness in practice (data bias versus algorithmic bias). Distributionally Robust Optimization (DRO) seemingly addresses this problem by minimizing the worst expected risk across subpopulations. We establish theoretical results that clarify the relation between DRO and the optimization of the same loss averaged on an adequately weighted training dataset. The results cover finite and infinite number of training distributions, as well as convex and non-convex loss functions. We show that neither DRO nor curating the training set should be construed as a complete solution for bias mitigation: in the same way that there is no universally robust training set, there is no universal way to setup a DRO problem and ensure a socially acceptable set of results. We then leverage these insights to provide a mininal set of practical recommendations for addressing bias with DRO. Finally, we discuss ramifications of our results in other related applications of DRO, using an example of adversarial robustness. Our results show that there is merit to both the algorithm-focused and the data-focused side of the bias debate, as long as arguments in favor of these positions are precisely qualified and backed by relevant mathematics known today.
- Lamb A., Goyal A., Słowik A., Beaudoin P., Mozer M., Bengio Y. (2020) Neural Function Modules with Sparse Arguments: A Dynamic Approach to Integrating Information across Layers. The 24th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Statistics (AISTATS 2021). proceedings
TLDR: Feed-forward neural networks consist of a sequence of layers, in which each layer performs some processing on the information from the previous layer. A downside to this approach is that each layer (or module, as multiple modules can operate in parallel) is tasked with processing the entire hidden state, rather than a particular part of the state which is most relevant for that module. Methods which only operate on a small number of input variables are an essential part of most programming languages, and they allow for improved modularity and code re-usability. Our proposed method, Neural Function Modules (NFM), aims to introduce the same structural capability into deep learning. Most of the work in the context of feed-forward networks combining top-down and bottom-up feedback is limited to classification problems. The key contribution of our work is to combine attention, sparsity, top-down and bottom-up feedback, in a flexible algorithm which, as we show, improves the results in standard classification, out-of-domain generalization, generative modeling, and learning representations in the context of reinforcement learning.
- Danel T., Spurek P., Tabor J., Śmieja M., Struski Ł., Słowik A., Maziarka Ł. (2019) Spatial Graph Convolutional Networks. International Conference on Neural Information Processing (ICONIP 2020). arXiv code
TLDR: Graph Convolutional Networks (GCNs) have recently become the primary choice for learning from graph-structured data, superseding hash fingerprints in representing chemical compounds. However, GCNs lack the ability to take into account the ordering of node neighbors, even when there is a geometric interpretation of the graph vertices that provides an order based on their spatial positions. To remedy this issue, we propose Spatial Graph Convolutional Network which uses spatial features to efficiently learn from graphs that can be naturally located in space. Our contribution is threefold: we propose a GCN-inspired architecture which (i) leverages node positions, (ii) is a proper generalization of both GCNs and Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), (iii) benefits from augmentation which further improves the performance and assures invariance with respect to the desired properties. Empirically, our model outperforms state-of-the-art graph-based methods on image classification and chemical tasks.
- Aubin B., Słowik A., Arjovsky M., Bottou L., Lopez-Paz D. (2020) Linear unit-tests for invariance discovery. NeurIPS Workshop on Causal Discovery and Causality-Inspired Machine Learning. arxiv code presentation
TLDR: There is an increasing interest in algorithms able to learn invariant correlations across training environments. A big share of the current proposals find theoretical support in the causality literature, but how useful are they in practice? The purpose of this note is to propose six linear low-dimensional problems—“unit tests”—to evaluate out-of-distribution generalization algorithms. Following initial experiments, none of three recently proposed alternatives pass these tests. By providing the code to automatically replicate all the results in this manuscript, we hope that these unit tests become a standard stepping stone for researchers in out-of-distribution generalization.
- Guo S., Ren Y., Słowik A., Mathewson K. (2020) Inductive Bias and Language Expressivity in Emergent Communication. 4th NeurIPS Workshop on Emergent Communication: Talking to Strangers: Zero-Shot Emergent Communication. code paper
TLDR: Referential games and reconstruction games are the most common game types for studying emergent languages. We investigate how the type of the language game affects the emergent language in terms of: i) language compositionality and ii) transfer of an emergent language to a task different from its origin, which we refer to as language expressivity. With empirical experiments on a handcrafted symbolic dataset, we show that languages emerged from different games have different compositionality and further different expressivity.
- Gupta* A., Słowik* A., Hamilton W. L., Jamnik M., Holden S. B., Pal C. (2020) Analyzing Structural Priors in Multi-Agent Communication. Workshop on Adaptive and Learning Agents at AAMAS 2020.
TLDR: Human language and thought are characterized by the ability to systematically generate a potentially infinite number of complex structures (e.g., sentences) from a finite set of familiar components (e.g., words). Recent works in emergent communication have discussed the propensity of artificial agents to develop a systematically compositional language through playing co-operative referential games. The degree of structure in the input data was found to affect the compositionality of the emerged communication protocols. Thus, we explore various structural priors in multi-agent communication and propose a novel graph referential game. We compare the effect of structural inductive bias (bag-of-words, sequences and graphs) on the emergence of compositional understanding of the input concepts measured by topographic similarity and generalization to unseen combinations of familiar properties. We empirically show that graph neural networks induce a better compositional language prior and a stronger generalization to out-of-domain data. We further perform ablation studies that show the robustness of the emerged protocol in graph referential games.
- Słowik* A., Gupta* A., Hamilton W. L., Jamnik M., Holden S. B. (2020) Towards Graph Representation Learning in Emergent Communication. Workshop on Reinforcement Learning in Games at AAAI 2020. arxiv
TLDR: Recent findings in neuroscience suggest that the human brain represents information in a geometric structure (for instance, through conceptual spaces). In order to communicate, we flatten the complex representation of entities and their attributes into a single word or a sentence. In this paper we use graph convolutional networks to support the evolution of language and cooperation in multi-agent systems. Motivated by an image-based referential game, we propose a graph referential game with varying degrees of complexity, and we provide strong baseline models that exhibit desirable properties in terms of language emergence and cooperation. We show that the emerged communication protocol is robust, that the agents uncover the true factors of variation in the game, and that they learn to generalize beyond the samples encountered during training.
- Słowik A., Mangla C., Jamnik M., Holden S. B., Paulson L. C. (2019) Bayesian Optimisation for Heuristic Configuration in Automated Theorem Proving. The 6th Vampire Workshop at The 22nd International Conference on Theory and Applications of Satisfiability Testing (SAT 2019), The Thirty-Fourth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI 2020). Presented as a talk at SAT 2019 (Workshop track) and as a poster at AAAI 2020 (Student Abstract track). proceedings
TLDR: Modern theorem provers utilise a wide array of heuristics to control the search space explosion, thereby requiring optimisation of a large set of parameters. An exhaustive search in this multi-dimensional parameter space is intractable in most cases, yet the performance of the provers is highly dependent on the parameter assignment. In this work, we introduce a principled probabilistic framework for heuristic optimisation in theorem provers. We present results using a heuristic for premise selection and the Archive of Formal Proofs (AFP) as a case study.
- Antoniou A., Słowik A., Crowley E. J., Storkey A. J. (2018) Dilated DenseNets for Relational Reasoning. Women in Machine Learning Workshop at NeurIPS 2018 (WiML 2018), Theoretical Foundations of Machine Learning (TFML 2019), Transylvanian Machine Learning Summer School (TMLSS). arXiv slides poster
TLDR: Despite their impressive performance in many tasks, deep neural networks often struggle at relational reasoning. This has recently been remedied with the introduction of a plug-in relational module that considers relations between pairs of objects. Unfortunately, this is combinatorially expensive. In this extended abstract, we show that a DenseNet incorporating dilated convolutions excels at relational reasoning on the Sort-of-CLEVR dataset, allowing us to forgo this relational module and its associated expense.
- Słowik A., Czarnecki W. (2016) Random projections in Extreme Learning Machines. Women in Machine Learning Workshop at NIPS 2016 (WiML 2016). slides
TLDR: Despite growing research in random neural networks the problem of choosing weights distribution has been ignored for a long time and sampling from Gaussian noise remains the state-of-the-art. My BSc thesis compares three groups of random projections: data-independent probability distributions, semi-supervised sampling from clustered training examples, and supervised sampling in the region of the decision boundary. I analyse the effect of the distribution choice on the performance of Extreme Learning Machines, the most popular RNN model introduced by Guang Bin-Huang. I report the results using a suite of 5 classification and 5 regression datasets.