Cell phones, particularly smartphones, have become indispensable in our daily lives, and we carry them with us at all times. In many houses, they’ve nearly replaced home phones, cameras, video recorders, and PCs!
Can phone camera detect temperature? What if we showed you yet another way your smartphone can help you around the house?
To increase the insulation and efficiency of your house heating and cooling, locate gas leaks, “see better at night” with no light, contactless temperature screening, screen for termites, find leaks, or diagnose medical conditions, you may turn your cell phone into a thermal imaging camera.
Can Phone Camera Detect Temperature
Understanding how the existing camera works is helpful in learning how to use your phone as a thermal camera.
Smartphone cameras capture images by capturing ambient light and showing them as distinct combinations of red, blue, and green at varied rates.
Infrared light is recognized by the image sensor in your cell phone’s camera. Infrared light may be detected by cellphone camera sensors, making previously unseen light visible. Unfortunately, most smartphone cameras filter infrared light before it reaches the sensor in order to take a better picture with visible light, so if you want infrared photographs, you’ll have to wait.
The camera can only save shadows and dark photos without enough light while using the filter.
With charge-coupled devices, smartphones include a series of small plastic lenses that can concentrate light on the screen (CCDs).
CCDs convert light photons into electrons, which are then transmitted to a sensor housed within an aperture.
The pixel count of a photograph is determined by the number of CCDs used.
Light passes through a succession of lenses on its way to you. It also goes through an infrared (IR) filter, which makes the object’s IR photons invisible.
A thermogram (thermal image)
Unlike typical photos taken with a camera, thermal images do not display the precise color of the scene.
Seeing blue on the screen, for example, does not imply that the scene is the same hue. The colors blue and red signify cold and hot thermal radiation, respectively.
An average smartphone can be modified to produce thermal images, which can be utilized in a range of industries such as military, navigation, firefighting, surveillance, electrical and HVAC inspections, hunting, and so on.
Here are a few options for turning your smartphone into a thermal camera.
1. Look for a compact thermal camera
The Thermal Camera is used to acquire thermal images from a scene. It is very compatible and convenient.
This fantastic iPhone thermal camera features a lightning connector.
Don’t be alarmed! What is the purpose of a lightning connector?
It’s a basic connector that lets you connect your iPhone to other devices.
Other than Apple, this thermal camera is not compatible with any other smartphone manufacturer.
The Seek thermal camera has four different modes of operation.
It has a classic mode in which it works like a standard camera.
It has a temperature mode that determines the temperature in a specific spot on the scene.
Threshold mode, in which the temperature range that allows the camera to pick up a thermal image is pre-determined,
When connected to the right app, this multifunctional device transforms your smartphone into a thermal camera.
Because it is powered by your smartphone, there is no need to charge it separately.
Furthermore, the Seek thermal camera only captures the scene in thermal images. To diagnose faults, the user must compare the real image with the thermal version.
2. FLIR (Forward-looking Infrared)
FLIR is a well-known manufacturer of thermal imaging devices that can be used in a variety of scientific fields.
FLIR One is a standalone portable module that captures the scene’s thermal signature and allows the image to be stored on the smartphone.
It is easily attached to a mobile phone and is available in two different versions for Android and Apple.
FLIR One collects the scene’s thermal image as well as the visible spectrum’s dark edges and overlays them on top of the thermal image, integrating the two images.
This allows the user to see the image clearly, eliminating the need to compare the thermal image to the real scene manually to determine the exact desired location.
The FLIR One’s resolution, on the other hand, is lower than that of the Seek thermal camera.
In addition, the FLIR One thermal camera is a stand-alone gadget that must be charged independently.
3. Thermodynamic App
Another thermal camera for Android handsets is the Thermal App, which is commonly clipped to the edges of the phone.
It is connected to a smartphone by a connection cord and operates on the device’s power.
It has a standard lens mount that can accommodate 3 mm, 7 mm, 15 mm, and 35 mm lenses.
The temperature detection range is 41 to 194 degrees Celsius, which is quite limited when compared to the thermal cameras described above.
4. C60 CAT
The Caterpillar C60 is a smartphone produced by the Caterpillar business, which is a huge equipment manufacturer.
As a powerful business, it has developed a new smartphone with a rugged appearance that is ideal for military people.
This smartphone’s main characteristics are that it is waterproof and can endure pressure up to 5 meters.
The lockdown button can be used to utilize a shutter to close the front speaker and microphone.
Furthermore, the CAT C60 is the world’s first smartphone to use infrared imaging technology.
This smartphone’s thermal images are stacked and normalized, resulting in a thermal image that is mixed with a regular photograph.
5. Renovate Your Old Mobile Home
Lenses and a sensor plate made up of charge-coupled devices attached to a circular lens assembly are included in every smartphone.
A tiny Infrared filter is included in this setup.
The IR radiation from the scene is ignored by this filter. This is why when we take a normal photograph, we don’t detect any radiation.
However, if the IR filter is properly removed without causing damage to other components, the smartphone can be used as a thermal imaging camera.
To prevent making pricey mistakes, conduct your experiment on an old, disused phone.
Is it Possible to Detect a Fever with an Infrared Camera?
ONE OF THE COOLEST THINGS ABOUT INFLARED CAMERA is that you can point them at a scene and see how hot or cold it is. So, what if those creatures are people? Could an infrared camera, for example, be used to screen passengers at an airport for probable Covid-19 fevers?
On the bright side, there would be no need for physical contact, and the reading would be practically instantaneous. In fact, you may have seen photographs of handheld infrared devices known as temperature guns (which work slightly differently) being utilized in China in this manner. In industries, IR sensors are used to monitor the temperature of equipment without having to shut it down.
However, there are certain drawbacks to employing this technology to detect sickness in people. In order to do it correctly, you must first grasp how infrared sensors function. So I’ll go through everything with you. Aside from that, the mechanics are fascinating. I love these cameras because they allow you to see the world in a new light—literally.
Even if you can’t see it, everything emits heat
You don’t always obtain what you want with science. However, if you give it a shot every now and again, you might just receive something even better. In 1800, this is exactly what occurred to William Herschel. Herschel used a prism to separate sunlight into its component hues while testing light filters. Then he put several thermometers in place. He was aware that light warming an object, but he wanted to investigate the effects of each color separately.
Then he observed something strange: a thermometer at the end of the room warmed up as well, despite the fact that it wasn’t even in the light. What the hell is going on here? The reason for this was that light was shining on the thermometer, but it was invisible to human sight. That was the discovery of infrared light, as we know it today.
But hold on! There’s more to come. The wavelength of light emitted by an object can really be used to calculate its temperature. When you use an electric oven, you’ve probably seen this. The element glows a reddish-orange color when it gets really hot, about 2,000 degrees Fahrenheit (that’s the temperature of the element, not the air in the oven that bakes your muffins):
You wouldn’t touch something that was glowing like that, right? However, this isn’t a failsafe system. It may appear black when you first switch on the oven, say after a minute or so—no visible light is sent off—but it’s already hot enough to burn you. So, what if I use an infrared camera to take a picture? In the infrared spectrum, it looks like this:
You can see the light now. This is, of course, a false-color photograph. Because our eyes are unable to detect infrared light, the camera essentially translates, utilizing visible colors to represent distinct infrared wavelengths. Yellow is hotter than orange, which is hotter than purple in this palette (which you can adjust). (The orange object is a reflection from the top of the oven.)
Temperature Determination using an Infrared Camera
All objects emit electromagnetic radiation, which includes light, in a variety of wavelengths. You obtain a curve like this if you plot the strength of the radiation (technically the spectral power density) vs. wavelength for a given object.
In this statement, T is the temperature and is the wavelength of the light with the highest intensity (b is just a constant). This means I can determine an object’s temperature just by observing the hue of light it emits.
Because the vast majority of light is invisible, an infrared camera is required. It functions similarly to a standard digital camera, but instead of detecting visible wavelengths, it can detect infrared wavelengths. My infrared camera can even provide a temperature reading on the screen. These items are very incredible.
There is no reflection on you
But there’s a catch: Wien’s law only applies to radiation emitted by a “blackbody.” What exactly is it? A blackbody is an object that does not reflect light from the outside and produces all of its own illumination. A good example is an incandescent light bulb, which shines when the filament gets extremely hot. (This is why incandescent light bulbs are so inefficient.) They waste a lot of energy that you can’t see in the infrared spectrum.)
In actuality, most light is a combination of emission and reflection. So, if we want to use that light to determine an object’s temperature, we’ll need to know the ratio. This is captured by an indicator known as emissivity. It goes from 0.0 to 1.0, with 0.0 representing a fully reflecting surface and 1.0 representing a perfect blackbody. There are tables where the emissivity of various materials can be looked up.
Let me give you an example. Let’s say I fill two plastic cups halfway with ice water and set them both at 32 degrees F. I used aluminum foil on the outside of the cups, but I painted the foil black on one of them. Here’s how they appear when they’re parked in my driveway:
Let’s have a look at their apparent temperatures in the infrared region now.
Not only do they appear to be different, but the temperature readouts are also different—something that shouldn’t be the case. As you can see, the camera claims that the black cup on the left is 48.6 degrees Fahrenheit, whereas the silver cup is 86.1 degrees Fahrenheit. Because the aluminum foil surface has a lower emissivity (e = 0.04), this is the case. The majority of the infrared light seen by the camera on that cup is just reflected off the hot pavement.
What about human skin, though? Humans, on the other hand, are quite darker. The emissivity of a typical human is between 0.95 and 0.98. As a result, we’re not extremely reflective in the infrared spectrum. That’s excellent.
This is my hand. That’s virtually entirely me emitting light, thanks to my strong emissivity.
Body Temperature Measurement
Let’s get back to the question now that you know how it works. Is it possible to tell if someone has a high body temperature with an infrared camera? There is, however, an issue. The camera focuses on the outside of objects. A human’s core temperature should be around 37 degrees Celsius (98.6 degrees Fahrenheit), while the exterior skin is usually cooler.
In case you couldn’t tell, this is a picture of me. I experimented with temperature readings on various parts of my face, and the highest temperature I could locate was 95.3 degrees Fahrenheit in the inner corner of my eye. (An IR gadget maker, it turns out, recommends focusing on the tear duct.)
I took my internal temperature with a thermometer in my mouth and found it to be 97 degrees Fahrenheit. So, the question is if there is a consistent relationship between internal and external temperatures, allowing you to tell if someone has a fever.
Another factor to consider was that I needed to get the camera fairly near to the subject. It was around 10 cm away from my face in this situation. That would clearly be in violation of the 2-meter guideline of social distance. With a higher-resolution camera, you could probably correct that. I’m only using one that links to my phone at the moment (which is pretty cool if you think about it).
I also shot an IR photo of an open mouth for fun. It’s not my mouth, but a volunteer’s in this case (one of my sons).
This appears to provide a more accurate measurement (97.2), but I doubt you could persuade individuals to approach a camera and open their mouths. It’s difficult enough to encourage folks to stay at home.
Please take off your glasses.
Another minor issue: someone wearing glasses would have to remove them in order to assess the temperature of a tear duct. Why? Because, while glass is transparent to visible light, it is opaque to infrared light. Take a look at this photo of my dog staring out the window.
In the glass, you can see his reflection. The window functions as a mirror for infrared light. Take a peek at a human wearing glasses. In this situation, I’ll be the human.
Infrared lights with Rhett in sunglasses
Those aren’t sunglasses, but rather my regular spectacles. Because the infrared light from my eyes is reflected back onto me and does not pass through, they appear dark. The glasses also reflect infrared light from the room, which is colder than my body, on the exterior.
So, Does It Have a Chance?
Human bodies have a high emissivity, which is encouraging, and a decent infrared camera can detect slight temperature variations. The only serious flaw is that it only measures the skin’s surface temperature. However, if you’re just comparing folks and looking for outliers who are warmer than the others, this might be fine.
So, yes, I believe you could use an infrared camera to look for people with high body temperatures. Of course, this does not rule out the possibility that they have Covid-19. Perhaps they are suffering from the common flu. Perhaps they’re sweating from rushing to catch a flight. People can also be infected but show no symptoms. False positives and false negatives can occur in a variety of ways.
Is this to say it’s pointless? It’s not a diagnostic test; it’s just a screen. It’s not ideal, but it might be a rapid, low-cost, non-invasive way of scanning huge groups of people and, at the very least, identifying those who are more likely to be infected for further investigation.
Can phone camera detect temperature? An oral thermometer is, without a doubt, more accurate. Can you picture stopping everyone outside a grocery shop to put a thermometer in their mouth and wait for a reading? That would not be tolerated by the general public.


After getting set up with digital TV, sometimes you find that you’re met with blank screens, pixelated pictures or missing channels. As a third part to our posts on New Zealand going digital with television, we thought we’d suggest some things to try when troubleshooting reception problems.
Problem: Blank screen, No signal or Weak signal message
Cause: Cable connections
Fix: Check the connections are correct. Make sure the cables are going into the right sockets and inputs. Match the colours of the plug. There have been a couple of times where we thought we had the cables correctly connected, only to find that we had absentmindedly inserted the wrong coloured plug into the back of the TV. (Green looks awfully like blue under dim lighting : oP : oP.)
Check that the connections are tight. Perhaps try disconnecting the cables and clearing the plugs of dust by blowing into them to clean it out. We find that sometimes doing this fixes the problem. Reconnect the cables again.
Cause: System Malfunction
Fix: Turn off the TV completely at the wall. If you have a decoder or set-top box connected, turn that off completely as well. Wait 30 seconds before flicking the switch back on at the wall. Wait for the TV (and set-top box) to start up again and see if you see the channels. Sometimes all that is needed is a reboot for things to start working again.
Cause: Scanning Error/Failure
Fix: Scan for the channels again. Remember, if you have a set-top box connected to the TV, you scan the set-top box for channels—not the TV—by using the set-top box’s remote.
Cause: Wrong type of set-top box connected
Fix: Make sure you have the right set-top box type for your setup. If you have an analogue TV that’s using a UHF aerial to receive the digital signal, then the set-top box needs to be a UHF set-top box. If you have a TV that’s using a satellite dish to receive the digital signal then a satellite set-top box is required. It is a mistake that can easily be made.
Note: as noted in the previous blog post, if you have a digital TV (Freeview built-in) connected a UHF aerial, the UHF set-top box is not required to receive the digital channels. The satellite dish setup with a digital TV, however, must be connected to a Satellite set-top box regardless of whether your TV has in-built Freeview or not. You can’t connect the satellite dish cable into the digital TV without the set-top box.
Cause: Wrong device connected to pick up digital TV reception
Fix: Make sure you have the right device to pick up the digital signal. Some regions can only receive the digital signal via satellite dish. Other regions have the option of going with either the satellite dish or UHF aerial. Visit the Freeview site to find out which device is best for your location.
The old VHF aerial will not pick up the digital channels.
Cause: Aerial or Satellite not aligned correctly
Fix: Check that the aerial or satellite dish is pointing the right way. You will need a technician to do this if you aren’t sure which is the right direction.
Cause: cables and cable connections
Fix: Make sure that the cable connections are tight and that gravity is not pulling them down in a way that makes them have a loose fit. Try supporting the cables on a stable surface and see if it helps a cleaner and tighter connection and clear up the picture. Also, if you have your cables in a tidy bundle with a twist tie, straighten it out and see if this stops the pixelation as well, just so you know the flow of electricity isn’t being hindered by the bundle. If not, you may need to investigate and opt for a more conductive cable such as a titanium series TV cable.
Cause: Extra equipment connected
Fix: If you have other equipment (such as a VCR) connected to the TV or set-top box, try simplifying the set-up by removing the extra equipment and see if that solves the problem. Only connect the necessary equipment to watch digital TV, for example:
- UHF aerial + TV with in-built Freeview; or
- UHF aerial + set-top box + old TV; or
- Satellite dish + set-top box + TV with in-built Freeview; or
- Satellite dish + set-top box + old TV
If you find that simplifying the set-up to the above solves the pixelation problem, then the problem lies with the extra equipment you have connected. Some equipment can interfere with reception as they run on the same frequency range causing reception problems.
Cause: Interference from household appliances
Pixelation may be the cause of interference inside the house. If pixelation happens only briefly and at certain times, investigate for interference inside the house. It could be a fridge defrosting, someone turning on some device or appliance in other parts of the house that causes brief moments of pixelation.
Things that are on and plugged into the same electrical circuit as the TV can cause the brief moment of pixelation. So, you may need to investigate and note down the time the pixelation happens, look around the house to find out what turns on or off at that time to find the cause.
Fix: The only thing we can suggest here is to not use the appliance. Of course not using the appliance isn’t always possible, especially not in the case of a fridge which is required to be on 24/7 to keep things refrigerated. If you have the option to do so, perhaps move the TV to another room and see if that solves the temporary pixelation problems caused by running appliances.
Cause: Scanning Error
Fix: Re-scan the channels. If digital TV is received via a decoder/set-top box is connected, make sure to scan the decoder/set-top box and not the TV. Consult your set-top box manual on how to tune channels.
Fix: The aerial may not be strong enough to pick up the channels. You may need to look for one that is stronger, or position it higher or get a satellite dish. If a satellite dish is required to pick up the channels, then you will also need a satellite decoder/set-top box connected to the dish and the TV.
Cause: Broadcasters. It could be that they are carrying technical changes or there is a technical issue they are dealing with.
Fix: Wait till the changes or issues are resolved or call the broadcasters up and find out what is going on.
A lot of the times, TV reception problems can be easily fixed by checking connections, scanning for channels again and restarting the system. If that doesn’t work, then you may need to simplify the set-up by removing extra pieces of equipment like VCRs or checking that the aerial or satellite dish isn’t the cause. We hope this has been helpful!
Our last post to this series will be about recording devices for recording digital channels. See you next time!
See our other posts in NZ Going Digital blog series:


AR INTELL is an expert in Mobile Device Forensics.
Mobile Device analysis is applied on:
- mobile phones
- other digital devices with internal memory
- communication enabled devices – anything with a “communications” chip (different range of RF)
- PDA handheld devices
- smart phones, 2G 3G, 4G, 5G.
- IoT devices (LoRa, Internet of Things, ZigBee, etc…)
- GPS devices & GPS trackers
- tablet computers, android tablets, Apple Ipad etc.
- Any device that stores data in a digital format
- SD-cards and other media-storage
- cloud connected storage
- smart watches
- sports & fitness trackers
So which data-points is your smartphone collecting?
most apps collect more information than is necessary
phones and apps can record you in secret
location tracking can be activated at any time
hackers can take full control of your phone
your phone data can be downloaded and sold on the dark web
most people never read the terms of service agreements and privacy policies
apps can activate a phone’s microphone and leak audio data
passwords, email addresses, and GPS information are sometimes stored unencrypted
high-profile apps mostly do large-scale data collection (big data)
spy apps could be snooping on your chat conversations
your privacy might be at risk
confidential information stored in your phone might leak out
your GPS location can be tracked without consent or permission
social media and shopping e-commerce apps track your buying preferences and personal interests
your private images and messages might end up on social media or cloud-based storage
Mobile electronic devices hold interesting information, digital footprints of a subject it’s activities, whereabouts and communications with others. Hence during an forensic investigation it is key to obtain this information legally and make it part of the evidence, to be presented in the court later on. It’s important to work within our given mandate.


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What is a motherboard?
A motherboard, often referred to as a mobo or mainboard, is like the beating heart of your gaming PC. It's a crucial component that houses the CPU (Central Processing Unit), RAM (Random Access Memory), GPU (Graphics Processing Unit), and various connectors for peripherals. In essence, it's the central hub that allows all these parts to communicate and work together seamlessly.
For gamers, the motherboard is a critical choice. Different motherboards support specific CPUs and GPUs, so selecting the right one is essential to ensure top-notch gaming performance. Motherboards come in various sizes too, like ATX, Micro ATX, and Mini ITX, which can affect your PC's form factor and expandability. In a gaming PC, the motherboard's role is akin to a referee, ensuring that your CPU, RAM, GPU, and other components work together harmoniously, delivering the immersive and lag-free gaming experience every gamer craves. So, whether you're building a gaming rig from scratch or upgrading your current setup, choosing the right motherboard is a pivotal decision for unleashing your PC gaming potential.
How to check what motherboard I have?
Identifying your motherboard is an important step for PC gamers looking to upgrade or troubleshoot their systems. Luckily, you can determine your motherboard's model and specifications easily:
Check the System Information:
- For Windows: Press Win + R, type "msinfo32," and hit Enter. In the "System Information" window, look for "Baseboard Manufacturer" and "Baseboard Product" under "System Summary." This will provide you with the motherboard's manufacturer and model.
- For macOS: Click the Apple logo, select "About This Mac," and then click "System Report." In the Hardware section, look for "Model Identifier" and "Motherboard Hardware."
Open the Case:
If you're comfortable with hardware, you can power down your PC, open the case, and physically inspect the motherboard. You'll find the model number printed on the board itself.
During the boot-up process, you can often access your PC's BIOS or UEFI settings by pressing a specific key (e.g., Del, F2, F12). Once inside, you can typically find motherboard information under system information or a similar tab.
Use Software Tools:
There are various third-party software tools that can scan your system and provide detailed information about your hardware, including the motherboard. Programs like CPU-Z or Speccy are popular choices.
If you still have the motherboard's manual or documentation from when you first built your PC, the model information will be listed there.
Knowing your motherboard model is essential for ensuring compatibility when upgrading components like RAM, CPU, or GPU. This information also helps when seeking support or drivers for your specific motherboard.
How to update motherboard bios
Updating your motherboard's BIOS is a crucial task for PC gamers, as it can improve system stability, enhance compatibility, and unlock new features. Here's a step-by-step guide to help you with the process:
Identify Your Motherboard: Before updating your BIOS, it's vital to know your motherboard's exact model. You can typically find this information in your motherboard's manual or by checking the manufacturer's website.
Download the Latest BIOS Version: Visit the manufacturer's website and locate the support or downloads section. Enter your motherboard model, and you should find the latest BIOS version available for download. Ensure it's compatible with your motherboard.
Prepare a USB Drive: You'll need a USB flash drive to store the BIOS update file. Format it to FAT32 for compatibility.
Backup Your Current BIOS: Enter your motherboard's BIOS settings (usually by pressing Del, F2, or another designated key during startup) and find the option to save your current BIOS settings to a profile. This acts as a safety net in case anything goes wrong during the update.
Update the BIOS: Copy the downloaded BIOS file to your USB drive. Then, restart your computer, enter the BIOS settings again, and find the option for updating your BIOS. The location and wording can vary between motherboard manufacturers, so consult your motherboard manual for specific instructions. You'll typically be prompted to select the BIOS file from the USB drive.
Follow On-Screen Prompts: The BIOS update process may take a few minutes. During this time, do not power off your PC or interrupt the process. Your PC may restart automatically when the update is complete.
Load Optimised Defaults: After the update is successful, it's a good practice to load optimised defaults within the BIOS settings. This ensures that your hardware runs optimally with the new BIOS version.
Test Your System: Restart your computer and ensure that everything is working correctly. Check for any improvements or new features that the BIOS update may have introduced.
Remember that updating the BIOS carries some risks, so it's essential to follow these steps carefully and ensure you're using the correct BIOS file. Avoid power interruptions during the update, as a failed update can potentially render your motherboard unusable. However, when done correctly, updating your motherboard's BIOS can be a valuable tool for optimising your gaming PC's performance and compatibility.


A data center is the backbone of enterprise data storage solutions. With the increasing amount of data, evolving data workloads, and valuable insights from this data, we are witnessing the modernization of data centers. The Indian data center market is observing robust growth in the era of virtualization and cloud computing.
For decades, businesses have equipped data centers with silo upon silo of servers, applications, networking, and storage in their insatiable quest to deliver business insight to LOB leaders, their management, and the C-suite.
A data center is the backbone of enterprise data storage solutions. With the increasing amount of data, evolving data workloads, and valuable insights from this data, we are witnessing the modernization of data centers. The Indian data center market is observing robust growth in the era of virtualization and cloud computing. The data center market is expected to log a 25-30% CAGR to reach $4.5-$5 billion by fiscal 2025[i]. The trend is due to massive growth on the back of the pandemic led by digital transformation among enterprises and the government's data localization rules. Data storage managers have realized that data centers need technology upgrades that replace an aging data center infrastructure with innovative technologies. Some of the modern trends which we observed in 2020 and are expected to shape up in 2021.
Change in Design Infrastructure
The next generation of data centers has the priority to improve designs. Vibration is a challenge for spinning media. What this means for the data center is latency and slower performance of applications as the head has to resettle and wait for the correct sector to come around again. Innovations in Western Digital’s range of JBODs and storage servers reduce the vibration of individual drives by up to 62% compared to traditional enclosures. Another challenge data centers are struggling with is the associated costs of cooling. A patented new design called ArcticFlow™, improves cooling and reliability, reduces energy consumption, and delivers real cost savings.
New technology upgrades for the new workload
A game-changer for data centers and applications, especially for emerging technology workloads, Internet of Things (IoT), and real-time analytics, NVMe is designed to maximize flash storage benefits over SATA & SAS, delivers high performance and low latency. Western Digital’s Ultrastar® DC SN840 data center SSD will lay the foundation for next-generation purpose-built infrastructure. They are the future-ready solution that lets you power new, data-intensive applications. The drive is ideal for extreme performance in mixed workload applications and reduces cost.
Software-Defined Storage is the physical and logical separation of the hardware and software. The storage goes into a shared pool, from which the SDS controller flexibly carves out storage for applications and services. Organizations can respond to digital demands more quickly and simply with SDS technology, which increases the pace of infrastructure scalability. SDS allows reduction of operational expenditures. It allows customizing the storage infrastructure to specific requirements, such as prioritizing storage performance and density.
New Generation SSDs
Zoned Storage is a framework for intelligently placing data on a device, and is an open-source, standards-based initiative to enable data centers to scale efficiently for the zettabyte storage capacity era. The zoned storage implementation for SSDs is called ZNS (Zoned Namedspaces). ZNS SSDs are new generation SSDs pivotal in the evolution of data-centric architectures as we enter the zettabyte age. ZNS helps to solve storage problems for cloud, analytics, AI, and machine learning. The Ultrastar® DC ZN540 ZNS NVMe SSD is augmenting next-generation storage and system architectures' evolution by delivering higher throughput, better service quality, and lowering the total system cost of ownership at-scale.
Disclaimer: The views expressed in the article above are those of the authors' and do not necessarily represent or reflect the views of this publishing house


QUantum-based ReSistant Architectures and Techniques
The QURSA project addresses the design and proof of concept of an architecture and algorithms for quantum key distribution (QKD) over complex networks, and their integration with the classical Internet core and distribution infrastructures by means of an improved post-processing layer. For achieving an effective, seamless integration and maximize the adoption of quantum-based physical security across a diverse range of domains, we also propose to develop a novel bridge QKD endpoints, i.e., a set of physical equipment, part of the QKD network themselves, but located near the network edge to which end-users (individuals or firms) can bring their own devices to download and take away secure uncorrelated keys generated and distributed through the QKD network. As a complement, we propose the use of truly random quantum-generated keys as sources for the first general implementation of post-quantum cryptographic (PQC) signing and encryption algorithms. These PQ techniques are presently at the final stages of the standardization started by NIST in 2016, and the resulting PQC primitives will thus be embedded into the universal Internet carrier and signaling protocols (e.g., TLS/DTLS, HTTP, DNSSEC) guaranteeing security for network applications and their pervasive traffic. With this approach, the reach of quantum-safe security is stretched out to the bulk of Internet traffic by means of an evolutionary roadmap.
QURSA will adopt the well-known design principles of software-defined networking (SDN) for separation of the control, data and management planes of the QKD network, as the emerging technical standards in this field issued by ETSI and IETF-ITU advocate. The proposed proof of concept to bind together and test all the technical challenges in the project will be a pilot for demonstrating and testing the hybridization of quantum-based and quantum-safe communications on a managed open network, since in addition to the benefits of making QKD usable as a service, it showcases most of the features that will be faced in this research agenda: the creation and management of ultra-secure channels, the engineering of the composite quantum-classical network, an instantiation of quantum-safe Internet protocols, and a flexible distributed management system based on SDN principles. In addition to our equipment and background, we have engaged CESGA, CCN and INCIBE for supporting us in building and testing a feasible pilot.
Grant TED2021-130369B-C31, TED2021-130369BC32, TED2021-130369B-C33 funded by MCIN/AEI/ 10.13039/501100011033 and by the “European Union NextGenerationEU/PRTR”.
Universidade de Vigo. AtlanTTic. Centro Coordinador. (UVIGO)
- Ana Fernández Vilas (PI 1)
- Manuel Fernández Veiga (PI 2)
- Rebeca Díaz Redondo
- Ignacio López Cabido
- Natalia Costas Lago
- Francisco Troncoso Pastoriza
Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC)
- Verónica Fernández Mármol (PI 1)
- Luis Hernandez Encinas (PI 2)
- Agustín Martín Muñoz
- José Ignacio Sánchez García
- Alfonso Blanco Blanco
No posts found!
- D. Soler, C. Dafonte, F.J. Novoa, A. Fernández-Vilas, M. Fernández-Veiga, R. Díaz-Redondo. “Qerberos: A Protocol for Secure Distribution of QRNG Keys”. 2023 IEEE Int. Conf. on Cyber Security and Resilience, Venice (Italy), Jul. 2023.
- D. Soler, C. Dafonte Vázquez, M. Fernández-Veiga, A. Fernández-Vilas, F. Nóvoa de Manuel. “A zk-SNARK Scheme for Quantum Computers”. Quantum Information in Spain (ICE-8), Santiago de Compostela (Spain), Jun. 2023.
D. Soler, C. Dafonte, F.J. Novoa, A. Fernández-Vilas, M. Fernández-Veiga, R. Díaz-Redondo. "Qerberos:...
Universidade de Vigo


Located at the beautiful “Peony City” Luoyang, LUOYANG SHENNAI POWER EQUIPMENT CO., LTD. is the induction heating technology research and production of high-tech enterprises.
We are professional in research, designing, and manufacturing for industrial electric furnace and industrial power supply source.
We are specialized in electric induction heating furnace with strong economic and technical strength, rich design and production experience and excellent after-sale service.
Our products are widely used for metallurgy, machinery, automotive, agricultural machinery, hardware and so on.
The company is applying advanced technology from abroad to domestic industrial heating field with innovation to improve the technology of domestic electrical furnace manufacturing.
The company is rich of technical strength and gathered with a lot experienced and innovative talent personal. We specially invited Tsinghua University Professor Shuxin Li as the chief engineer.


SAMWA Analog Multimeter / Analog Multitester with Buzzer and LED Indicator
MODEL : YX-360TRE-L-B
BRAND : Samwa
FREE : 1 x Protective Rubber Holster
- Wide Visual Angle for Easy Readout
- Continuity Check with Buzzer/LED Indicator
- 20kΩ/ V DC, 9kΩ/ V AC sensitivity.
- DC Voltage : 0.25 / 0.5 / 2.5 / 10 / 50 / 250 / 1000V ±3%f.s; (1000V ±5%f.s)
- AC Voltage : 10 / 50 / 250 / 1000V ±4%f.s; (1000V ±5%f.s)
- DC Current : 100μ / 2.5m / 25m / 0.25A ±3%f.s
- Resistance : x1 (0-0.2Ω-2kΩ) / x10 (0-2Ω-20kΩ) / x100 (0-20Ω-200kΩ) / x1k (0-200Ω-2MΩ) / x 10k (0-2kΩ-20MΩ) ±3% of accuracy
- Decibels : -10dB~+22dB
- Leakage Current (Iceo)(L1) : 0-150µA x 10 range; 0-1.5mA x 10 range; 0-15mA x 10 range; 0-150mA x 10 range
- Terminal to Terminal Voltage (LV) : Common to each Ω range; 3V-0V (Reverse of L1 scale)
- Dimension : 150(L) x 100(W) x 35(H)mm
- Weight : Approx. 155g
- Accessories : 1 x protective rubber holster, 1 x instruction manual and 1 x test leads set.
- Batteries not included
- 1 year local supplier warranty against manufacturing defects
Want to learn how traffic light works? With this module, you are able to control and simulate a simple traffic light by your own program. This module is compatible with any microcontroller such as Arduino, Raspberry Pi, Micro:Bit and etc. The LEDs used in this module is common cathode LED so you just need four wires to the controller and logic high will trigger/activate the respective LED.
Traffic Light is one of popular electronic project among final year projects and RBT (Reka Bentuk Teknologi). Modeling or simulating an actual traffic light sytem just get easier.
It is being arranged to be same as normal traffic light where the Red is at top, Yellow at middle and Green at bottom. Additionally, this board uses 5mm (diameter) size LED, offering clear view of the light even in compact size. Not to forget all three LEDs are diffused type so widening the viewing angle too.
- LED Traffic Light Simulation module
- LED Colors : Red, Yellow and Green
- LED Current Rating : Red 13mA; Yellow 13mA; Green 25mA
- Ready with 4-way header pin, label :
- G -> Green LED
- Y ->Yellow LED
- R -> Red LED
- GND -> Common Ground (Common Cathode)
- Compatible with 3.3V or 5V controller: Arduino, Raspberry Pi, Micro:Bit and other Microcontrollers / Microprocessors
- 5mm diffused type LED
- Logic high to activate LED
- Compatible with PWM signal to control brightness
PACKAGE CONTENT : 1 x LED Traffic Light Simulation Module
This is a 5V, 10A 2-Channel Relay Module. It can be used to control various appliances, and other equipments with large current. It can be controlled directly with 3.3V or 5V logic signals from a microcontroller (Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 8051, AVR, PIC, DSP, ARM, ARM, MSP430, TTL logic).
It has a 1x4 (2.54mm pitch) pin header for connecting power (5V and 0V), and for controlling the 2 relays. The pins are marked on the PCB:
- GND - Connect 0V to this pin.
- IN1 - Controls relay 1, Active Low. Relay will turn on when this input goes below about 2.0V
- IN2 - Controls relay 2, Active Low. Relay will turn on when this input goes below about 2.0V
- VCC - Connect 5V to this pin. Is used to power the opto couplers
There is a second 1x3 (2.54mm pitch) pin header for supplying the "relay side" of the board with 5V. At delivery, a jumper is present on this header selecting the 5V signal from the 1x4 pin header to power the relays. For default operation, don't change this jumper!
- 5V 2-Channel relay module and each one needs 15-20mA driver current
- Works with logic level signals from 3.3V or 5V devices
- Supply voltage: DC5V
- Relay type : SPDT, a common terminal, a normally open, one normally closed terminal
- Maximum current rating : 10A
- Maximum voltage rating : AC250V, DC30V
- Capable of controlling large current various appliances
- Standard interface that can be controlled directly by microcontroller (Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 8051, AVR, PIC, DSP, ARM, ARM, MSP430, TTL logic)
- Build in 2 units of Opto-Isolator IC 817C
- It activates on low level
Package Content : 1 x 2 Channel 5V Relay Module with Optocoupler
This 9V battery snap / connector with DC power supply jack / plug is a very useful connector, on one end is snap for the 9V battery, and another end is the standard DC power supply jack (2.1mm). If you are using 9V battery to power your Arduino board, this cable is very handy and perfect for you.
- Custom made to deliver power from 9V battery to DC power supply socket (2.1mm) on Arduino board
- One end is 2.1mm DC jack / plug (center positive) and another end is snap for 9V battery
- Cable length ~ 11cm
Package Content : 1 x 9V battery snap / connector with DC power supply jack / plug
0.8mm 50g 63/37 Soldering Rosin Core Solder Wire / Solder Lead
50g 63/37 Tin Lead Rosin Core 0.8mm 2.0% Flux Solder Wire / Lead
- With good solderability, insulation resistance, no spattering and non-corrosive .
- Low melting point, was being used in soldering iron.
- Excellent performance in desoldering, anti-oxidation and anti-corrosion.
- 60g / roll, easy to carry, essential materials for electronic enthusiasts or hobbyist.
- Widely used in electrical and electronics, solder parts like circuit board, electronics devices and others.
- 63/37 (Sn 63% Pb 37%) rosin core solder
- Flux : 2.0%
- Wire Diameter : 0.8mm
- Material : Tin lead
- Melting Point : 183-266(°C)
- Weight : Approx.50g / roll
PACKAGE CONTENT : 1 x 0.8mm 50g 63/37 Soldering Rosin Core Solder Wire / Solder Lead
- Neutral acid-free rosin solder paste flux.
- Superior fluxing capability.
- Cleans and prevents metal oxidation, lead free and acid free-safe
- Facilitates the flow of solder and improve the efficiency of the soldering process
- Allows solder to form strong, long lasting mechanical and electrical bonds
- Material :Natural resin
- Viscosity : 100(Pa·S)
- Granularity : 50(um)
- Melting point : 128 °
- Neutral PH : 7土0.3
- Weight : Aprpox. 15g
- Dimension : 50 x 22 x 20mm
PACKAGE CONTENT : 1 x 15g High Purity Rosin Solder Flux Paste
The is super strong Neodymium magnet. Very useful for DIY projects.
- Magnet Type: Neodymium NdFeB Super Magnet
- Rating: N35
- Size: 10(D) x 10(H) mm
- Weight: 6g
PACKAGE CONTENT : 1 x Neodymium NdFeB Super Magnet, 15 x 5mm
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND INTERNET OF THINGS (AI+IOT=AIOT) TRAINING PLATFORM
Brand : MP-SCIENTIFIC
Model : EAIL1201-AIOT-01
This is a comprehensive platform for students to learn and understand the fundamental and applications of the Internet of Things and Artificial Intelligence.
- A comprehensive platform for Internet of Things (IoT) and Artificial Intelligence (AI)
- Designed to meet the skills and training requirement in the era of Digital Transformation and Industry 4.0 Revolution
- Various programming environment
- Learning of the principle and applications of sensors and actuators
- Exposure to real AI and IoT applications by doing
The TCS3200 / TCS230 is a 8-pin SOIC surface mount package color detection / recognition sensor which has an array of photodiodes. To detect color, the photodiodes are arranged in groups of four with red, green, or blue filters on three of the photodiodes and no filter on the fourth. This allows the sensor to measure the amount of red, green, blue, and white light that hits the sensor.
This module incorporates four white LEDs to illuminate an object of which you wish to measure the color of. The white light from these LEDs hits your test object and reflects back to the module's sensor, which then measures the amount of red, green, blue, and white light that was reflected.
Typical output frequency range of the sensor from 2 Hz ~ 500 kHz, users can also select two programmable pins to 100%, 20% or 2% of the output scale factor, or power-off mode. Output scale factor so that the output of the sensor can be adapted to different measurement range and increases its ability to adapt. For example, when using a low-speed frequency counter, you can choose a small scaling value that TCS230 output frequency and counter match.
As is, this module is susceptible to ambient light. We recommend creating a shroud to keep ambient light out of the test area or use the sensor in a dark area with little ambient light to get better results.
This module does fit on a standard breadboard, but it spans the width of the standard prototyping pins, requiring connecting wires to be connected to the breadboard under the module.
- High-resolution conversion of light intensity to frequency
- Programmable color and full-scale output frequency
- Communicates directly with a microcontroller (Arduino, Raspberry Pi and etc)
- Power down feature
- Input voltage: DC 2.7V-5V
- Output frequency voltage: 0 ~ 5V
- Nonlinearity error typically 0.2% at 50 kHz
- Stable 200 ppm/°C temperature coefficient
- Use bright white LED lights
- Static detection of the measured object color
- Best detection distance: 10mm
- Compact size 31.6(mm) x 24.4(mm)
- 2.54mm pitch connector pin-out
PACKAGE CONTENT : 1 x TCS3200 / TCS230 AIOT Colour Recognition / Detection Sensor Module
This touch sensor module is a capacitive touch-type touch switch module based on a touch detection IC (TTP223) on a capacitive pad. This module can be easily used with microcontrollers like Arduino to act as a touch input. It can replace the boring push button with touch pads and is also easy to use.
Normally, the module outputs a low level and the mode is a low-power mode. When touching the corresponding position with your finger, the module will output high level and the mode will switch to fast mode. When there is no touch for 12 seconds, the mode switches to low power mode again.
The module can be installed on the surface of non-metallic materials such as plastics and glass. In addition, thin paper (non-metal) is covered on the surface of the module. If the touched position is correct, it can be hidden in the wall, desktop, etc. button. This module allows you to avoid the troubles of conventional press buttons.
- Inching type: the initial state is low, the touch is high, not touched low (similar to the touch button function)
- Low power consumption
- Power supply could be 2~5.5V DC
- Both sides could be used as a touch surface, which can replace the traditional touch keys
- 4 M2 screw holes for easy installation
- Operating Voltage: 2V to 5.5V
- No. of channel: 1
- Output high: 0.8*Vcc
- Output low: 0.3*Vcc
- Response time: 220mS
PACKAGE CONTENT : 1 x Touch Sensor Module, TTP223, Capacitive Type
ELECTRICAL MACHINE TRAINER
Brand : MP-SCIENTIFIC
Model : EML2750-415
· Modularized design providing the most flexible requirement of this experimental equipment.
· Each Module panel height compatible with DIN A4 standard.
· Using 4 mm safety sockets and stackable plugs.
· Each DC/AC power supply equipped with overload protection .
· Rotary machine and brake with over-heating protection.
· All the machines are mounted on a solid base with rubber shoe.
· Adopting microprocessor-based measuring instrument to provide high-accuracy measurement.
· Brake with constant speed/constant torque function, easy to operate.
· Drawing complete T/N curve.
· Connecting to PC, measuring and drawing characteristic curve available.
· Power 250W~400W-grade designed equipment suitable for learning the theory and characteristics of electrical machines courses.
· Standalone machine design equipped with two shaft ends and aluminum alloy base for coupling to other machines.
· Training panel uses 5 mm isolation bakelite, printed component symbol, value, and function, easy to connect.
· Fully protected system safe to connect various kind of machines.
· Providing powerful computer measuring software for saving graphic file, drawing and printing characteristic curves.
The LM35 / LM35DZ is a precision integrated-circuit temperature sensor, whose output voltage is linearly proportional to the Celsius (centigrade) temperature. Suitable for remote applications.
- -55° to +150°C Temperature range
- TO-92 Case
- 0.6°C Accuracy
- 4 to 30V Supply voltage
- Low cost due to wafer-level trimming
- Calibrated directly in ° Celsius
- Low self-heating
- Low output impedance
- Linear output
- Precise inherent calibration
Package Content : 1 x LM35 / LM35DZ Temperature Sensor
Data Sheet : http://www.hep.upenn.edu/SNO/daq/parts/lm35dm.pdf
DS18B20 DIGITAL TEMPERATURE SENSOR THERMOMETER TO-92
Brand : Major Brand
Package / Case : TO-92
The DS18B20 Digital Temperature Sensor / Thermometer measures temperature in degrees Celsius with 9 to 12-bit precision, -55C to 125C (+/-0.5C). Each sensor has a unique 64-bit serial number programmed into it which allows for a huge number of sensors to be used on one data bus. The DS18B20 One Wire Digital Temperature Sensor is a wonderful part that is the corner stone of many data-logging and temperature control projects. Information is sent to/from the DS18B20 over a 1-Wire interface, so that only one wire (and ground) needs to be connected from a central microprocessor to a DS18B20. Power for reading, writing, and performing temperature conversions can be derived from the data line itself with no need for an external power source.
Features of the DS18B20 One Wire Digital Temperature Sensor:
- Unique 1-Wire® interface requires only one port pin for communication
- Each device has a unique 64-bit serial code stored in an onboard ROM
- Multidrop capability simplifies distributed temperature sensing applications
- Requires no external components
- Can be powered from data line. Power supply range is 3.0V to 5.5V
- Measures temperatures from –55°C to +125°C (–67°F to +257°F)
- ±0.5°C accuracy from –10°C to +85°C
- Thermometer resolution is user-selectable from 9 to 12 bits
- Converts temperature to 12-bit digital word in 750ms (max.)
- User-definable nonvolatile (NV) alarm settings
- Alarm search command identifies and addresses devices whose temperature is outside of programmed limits (temperature alarm condition)
- Applications include thermostatic controls, industrial systems, consumer products, thermometers, or any thermally sensitive system
Package Content : 1 x DS18B20 Digital Temperature Sensor / Thermometer
ADVANCED POWER ELECTRONICS AND DRIVE CONTROL TRAINER
Brand : MP-SCIENTIFIC
Model : AEL1037-ADV-APPS
Advanced Power Electronics and Drive Control Trainer consists of more than 30 experimental modules, a three-phase squirrel cage motor, a DC permanent magnet machine, load, control and measuring devices. It includes single-phase rectifiers, three-phase rectifiers, DC choppers, inverters and application experiments.
The AEL1037-ADV-APPS is the combination of power, electronics, and motor control. It has wide applications of solid-state electronics to the control and conversion of electric power like solar PV system, wind energy system, hydro generation system and etc. Popular circuits of power electronics contain rectifiers, choppers, inverters and motor control. The experimental for AEL1037-ADV-APPS modules includes converter, power supply, load, control, motor control and testing modules. These experimental modules and instruments will be introduced and demonstrated in the subsequent experiments. AEL1037-ADV-APPS come with Power Electronics Computer Aided Learning Software to assist student in prompt understanding of power electronics concepts.
L293D motor driver is a monolithic integrated, high voltage, high current, 4-channel driver. This is a dual full-bridge driver designed to drive inductive loads such as relays, solenoids, DC motors, servo motors and stepper motors.
The L293D DC motor driver shield is perfect for driving 4 brush motors or 2 stepper motors and it can even supports RC servo motor for Arduino. It also equiped with serial to parallel expansion IC 74HC595.
It lets you drive two DC motors with your board, controlling the speed and direction of each one independently.
- Two L293D on board offering bidirectional control for 4 brush motors.
- 4 H-bridges: per bridge provides 0.6A continuous current drive output (1.2A peak current) with thermal protection.
- L293D support 4.5V to 36V.
- 2 external terminal power interface, for seperate logic/motor supplies.
- 2 interface for 5V Servo connected to the Arduino's high-resolution dedicated timer - no jitter.
- Can drive 4 DC motors or 2 stepper motors or 2 Servo.
- Up to 4 bi-directional DC motors with individual 8-bit speed selection.
- Up to 2 stepper motors (unipolar or bipolar) with single coil, double coil or interleaved stepping.
- Pull down resistors to ensure the motor is disabled during power up.
- Arduino reset button
- Compatible with Arduino UNO, Mega.
Package Content : 1 x L293D DC motor driver shield module


Table of Contents
Easside-ng is an auto-magic tool which allows you to communicate via an WEP-encrypted access point (AP) without knowing the WEP key. It first identifies a network, then proceeds to associate with it, obtain PRGA (pseudo random generation algorithm) xor data, determine the network IP scheme and then setup a TAP interface so that you can communicate with the AP without requiring the WEP key. All this is done without your intervention.
There are two primary papers “The Fragmentation Attack in Practice” by Andrea Bittau and “The Final Nail in WEP's Coffin” by Andrea Bittau, Mark Handley and Josua Lockey which are of interest. See the the links page for these papers and more. The papers referenced provide excellent background information if you would like to understand the underlying methodologies. The concepts for the fragment attack currently incorporated in aircrack-ng came from these papers.
In order to access the wireless network without knowing the WEP key, we have the AP itself decrypt the packets. This is achieved by having a “buddy” process running on a server accessible on the Internet. The “buddy” server echoes back the decrypted packets to the system running easside-ng. This imposes a number of critical requirements for easside-ng to work:
- The target access point must be able to communicate with the Internet.
- A “buddy” server must exist on the Internet without firewalling of the port used by easside-ng. The default is TCP and UDP port 6969.
- The system running easside-ng must have access to the Internet and be able to communicate with the “buddy” server.
There are two overall phases:
- Establish basic connectivity between easside-ng, buddy server and the access point.
- Communication with the WIFI network.
Each phase will be described in more detail in the following sections.
Here are the steps which essside-ng performs during the establishing connectivity phase:
- Channel hops looking for a WEP network.
- Once a network is found, it tries to authenticate.
- Once the program has successfully authenticated then it associates with the AP.
- After sniffing a single data packet, it proceeds to discover at least 1504 bytes of PRGA by sending out larger broadcasts and intercepting the relayed packets. This technique is known as the fragmentation attack. The PRGA is written to the prga.log file.
- It then decrypts the IP network by guessing the next four bytes of PRGA using multicast frames and the linear keystream expansion technique. By decrypting the ARP request, the network number scheme can be determined. This is used to build the ARP request which is used for subsequent injection. Easside-ng can also use an IP packet to determine the IP network as well, it just takes a bit longer.
- It creates a permanent TCP connection with the “buddy” server and verifies connectivity.
- ARPs to get the MAC addresses for the router and source IP. The defaults are .1 for the router and .123 for the client IP.
- It then tests connectivity via the access point and determines the Internet IP address that the AP uses. It also lists the round trip time of the test packets. This gives you an idea of the quality of connection.
- The TAP interface is then created.
At this point, you run “ifconfig at0 up” and you are now able to communicate with any host on the wifi network via this TAP interface. Notice that you don't need a WEP key to do this! The TAP interface is a virtual interface that acts as if it were the wifi interface with the correct WEP key configured. You can assign an IP, use DHCP with it and so on.
What role does the buddy server play?
The following is a simplistic description. A very detailed description of the steps to decrypt packets is included in later sections.
- You sniff packet X on the wifi and it is encrypted.
- If say, that packet was going to cnn.com, then on the Internet it would arrive in clear-text. The Internet does not use WEP.
- The idea is to retransmit that packet, but instead of sending it to its original destination (cnn.com) we send it to our buddy on the Internet.
- The buddy gets it in clear-text (the AP will decrypt packet before sending to the internet) and sends it back to us.
Communication with the WIFI network
The following describes this diagram in more detail.
So you may be asking “What is the magic? How can you access the WIFI network without knowing the WEP key?”. The method is quite simple yet ingenious.
Lets look at the details of sending and receiving packets via the at0 TAP interface.
- A packet is given to the at0 (TAP interface) based on the local network routing table. Depending on what destination IP address you are trying to communicate with, you may have to manually add static routing entries. By default, the wifi network is added to the routing table for you.
- The TAP interface hands the packet over to easside-ng
- Easside-ng then encrypts it for injection using the PRGA gathered in the initial connectivity phase.
- Easside-ng then injects the packet into the wifi network via the wireless device.
- A source device (wired or wireless) sends a packet destined for the IP assigned to the ath0 interface or to a broadcast destination. The AP transmits the packet into the air.
- Easside-ng constantly listens to the packets being transmitted by the AP. It then processes packets addressed to the TAP IP based on the MAC address or broadcasts.
- For each packet it needs to process, the packet must first be decrypted. This will be done in multiple steps. The steps follow.
- Easside-ng creates a new packets composed of two fragments. The first fragment has no data, it simply has the destination IP of the buddy-server. This fragment is encrypted using the PRGA (keystream). The second fragment contains the packet to be decrypted. Since this packet is already encrypted, it is used “as is”. This new packet consisting of two fragments is then injected into the wifi network.
- The AP receives the fragmented packet, decrypts each fragment and reassembles the fragments into a single packet. Since the destination IP of the reassembled packet is the buddy-server, it forwards it to the buddy server. You should note that the AP was kind enough to decrypt the packet for you!
- The buddy server receives the decrypted packet from the AP by UDP. It then resends the decrypted information back to easside-ng.
- Easside-ng then sends the decrypted packet out the at0 (TAP) interface.
This section provides a brief explanation of the fragmentation technique used in easside-ng.
This technique, when successful, can obtain 1504 bytes of PRGA (pseudo random generation algorithm). This attack does not recover the WEP key itself, but merely obtains the PRGA. The PRGA can then be used to encrypt packets you want to transmit. It requires at least one data packet to be received from the access point in order to initiate the attack.
Basically, the program obtains a small amount of keying material from the packet then attempts to send packets with known content to the access point (AP). If the packet is successfully echoed back by the AP then a larger amount of keying information can be obtained from the returned packet. This cycle is repeated several times until 1504 bytes of PRGA are obtained.
The original paper, The Fragmentation Attack in Practice, by Andrea Bittau provides a much more detailed technical description of the technique. A local copy is located here. A local copy of the presentation slides is located here. Also see the paper “The Final Nail in WEP's Coffin” on this page.
Linear Keystream Expansion Technique
This section provides a brief explanation of the linear keystream expansion technique used in easside-ng.
So you may also be asking “What is the linear keystream expansion technique?”. The foundation is the fact that packets like an encrypted ARP request can easily be identified combined with the fact that the start of it has known plain text.
The program first obtains the PRGA from known plain text portion of the ARP request. Then it creates a new ARP request packet broken into two fragments. The first fragment is one more byte than the known PRGA and the PRGA is guessed for the extra byte. These guesses are sent and the program listens to see which one is replayed by the AP. The replayed packet has the correct PRGA and this value was included in the destination multicast address. Now that we know the correct PRGA, one more byte can be decrypted in the original ARP request. This process is repeated until the sending IP in the original ARP request is decrypted. It takes a maximum of 256 guesses to determine the correct PRGA for a particular byte and on average only 128 guesses.
The linear keystream expansion technique (Arbaugh inductive) is reverse chopchop. Chopchop decrypts packets from back to the front. Linear decrypts packets from the front to the back. Actually, chopchop is reverse Arbaugh.
Easside-ng compared to Wesside-ng
The companion aircrack-ng suite program to easside-ng is wesside-ng. Here is a brief comparison of the two tools:
|Stability of the program
|Proof of concept
|Finds a MAC address to spoof
|Fake Authentication to AP
|Can use ARP packets for fragmentation
|Can use IP packets for fragmentation
|Fragmentation attack to obtain PRGA
|Linear Keystream Expansion Technique
|Communication with wifi network without WEP key
|Network ARP request flooding
|Aircrack-ng PTW attack
|Recovers WEP key
Why easside-ng when aircrack-ng has PTW?
Why release easside-ng when aircrack-ng has PTW?
- easside-ng was private and came a year before PTW.
- easside-ng is handy for a quick and stealthy attack. It is significantly faster than PTW. It's “instant” and requires no flooding.
Usage: easside-ng <args>
- -h Displays the list of options.
- -v MAC address of the Access Point (Optional)
- -m Source MAC address to be used (Optional)
- -i Source IP address to be used on the wireless LAN. Defaults to the decoded network plus “.123” (Optional)
- -r IP address of the AP router. This could be the WAN IP of the AP or an actual router IP depending on the topology. Defaults to the decoded network plus “.1”. (Optional)
- -s IP address of the “buddy” server (Mandatory)
- -f Wireless interface name. (Mandatory)
- -c Locks the card to the specified channel (Optional)
NOTE: There are no parameters for buddy-ng. Once invoked, it listens on TCP port 6969 and UDP port 6969. TCP is used for the permanent connection between esside-ng and buddy-ng. UDP is used to receive decrypted packets from the AP.
When you run easside-ng, it creates a file automatically in the current directory:
- prga.log - Contains the PRGA obtained through the fragmentation attack. The following is NOT correct. It is a future feature: “This can be used as input to other aircrack-ng suite tools which require PRGA as input. You can also use the PRGA from other tools for this file.”
It is very important to delete this file prior to starting the program when you change target access point.
Specific AP Usage Example
Be sure to use airmon-ng to put your card into monitor mode.
First, you need to start a buddy server. This needs to be located on the Internet and be accessible from the system running easside-ng via TCP. It must also be accessible from the AP via UDP. Port 6969 cannot be firewalled on it.
You start the buddy sever:
buddy-ng Waiting for connexion
When easside-ng connects, it responds similar to:
Got connection from 10.113.65.187 Handshake complete Inet check by 10.113.65.187 1
The IP 10.113.65.187 above is the IP of the system running easside-ng.
Now run easside-ng:
easside-ng -f ath0 -v 00:14:6C:7E:40:80 -c 9 -s 10.116.23.144
- -f ath0 Wireless interface name.
- -v 00:14:6C:7E:40:80 MAC address of the AP.
- -c 9 Channel the AP is on.
- -s 10.116.23.144 Buddy server IP.
The system responds:
Setting tap MTU Sorting out wifi MAC MAC is 00:08:D4:86:7E:98 Setting tap MAC [14:40:06.596419] Ownin...
SSID teddy Chan 9 Mac 00:14:6C:7E:40:80 Sending auth request Authenticated Sending assoc request Associated: 1 Assuming ARP 54 [14:40:13.537842] Got 22 bytes of PRGA IV [4B:02:00] [14:40:13.545021] Got 58 bytes of PRGA IV [4C:02:00] [14:40:13.648670] Got 166 bytes of PRGA IV [4D:02:00] [14:40:13.753087] Got 490 bytes of PRGA IV [4E:02:00] [14:40:13.863819] Got 1462 bytes of PRGA IV [4F:02:00] [14:40:13.966753] Got 1504 bytes of PRGA IV [50:02:00] Assuming ARP 36 [15:23:42.047332] Guessing prga byte 22 with 16 ARP IP so far: 192 [15:23:42.749330] Guessing prga byte 23 with 3F ARP IP so far: 192.168 [15:23:43.815329] Guessing prga byte 24 with 60 ARP IP so far: 192.168.1 My IP 192.168.1.123 Rtr IP 192.168.1.1 Sending who has 192.168.1.1 tell 192.168.1.123 Rtr MAC 00:14:6C:7E:40:80 Trying to connect to buddy: 10.116.23.144:6969 Connected Handshake compl33t Checking for internet... 1 Internet w0rx. Public IP 10.113.65.187 Rtt 77ms
At this point, you need to bring up the TAP interface:
ifconfig at0 up
Now you can send and receive packets to and from the AP network which in this case is 192.168.1.0/24 via the at0 interface. Notice that you don't need a WEP key to do this! The TAP interface is a virtual interface that acts as if it were the wifi interface with the correct WEP key configured. You can assign an IP, use DHCP with it and so on. By default, the at0 interface is assigned the network obtained at the start plus “.123”.
Scanning for APs Usage Example
The “Specific AP Usage Example” is for targeting a single Access Point on a specific channel. You can also let easside-ng scan for APs by using “easside-ng -f ath0 -s 10.116.23.144”.
Combining easside-ng and wesside-ng
As you may know, wesside-ng is a proof-of-concept tool which is rich in functionality, but is not as stable and bug-free compared to easside-ng. You can combine the strengths of wesside-ng and easside-ng together.
First run easside-ng to obtain the prga file. Then run wesside-ng to flood the network and obtain the WEP key. It is really that simple!
Playfully, this is known as Besside-ng.
IMPORTANT: You must have written permission from the owner of the AP prior to using the instructions in this section. It is illegal to access networks which do not belong to you.
A clever way to demonstrate the insecurity of WEP networks and access points:
- Use easside-ng to create an access mechanism to the WIFI network.
- Log into the AP with your favourite browser. 99% of the time, the APs have default ids and passwords. Many times there are no passwords set. Once logged into the AP, you can go to the WEP settings page and read off the WEP key from the configuration page. In some cases, where there are asterisks (*) for the key, you may need to look at the HTML source or use a tool to reveal the password.
- Now you can configure your wireless card with the WEP key and access the network normally.
This section will discuss what works and what does not work with regards to testing easside-ng against your own wireless LAN.
6969 is the standard port used by easside-ng and buddy-ng. If you change it, then of course, use the revised port number in all references below.
First, some simple assumptions about your wireless LAN:
- It has access to the Internet.
- Outbound UDP port 6969 to the Internet is not blocked. Some firewalls only allow communication on ports which have been explicitly allowed.
- You have tested your ability to connect to the buddy-ng server. See how to perform this test below.
Assumptions about your buddy-ng server:
- It is running on Internet with a routeable IP address
- It is accessible by both the system running easside-ng and the wireless LAN
- Inbound and outbound UDP and TCP port 6969 is permitted.
Assumptions about the system running easside-ng;
- It is running on Internet with a routeable IP address.
- Outbound TCP port 6969 to the Internet is not blocked. Some firewalls only allow communication on ports which have been explicitly allowed.
- You have tested your ability to connect to the buddy-ng server. See how to perform this test below.
- It contains a wireless device supported by aircrack-ng and it is in monitor mode.
The easiest way to test connectivity to the buddy-ng server is by using telnet. Be sure to start your buddy server process prior to doing this test! Otherwise it will fail for sure.
telnet <ip of buddy server> 6969
The system should respond:
Trying <ip of buddy server>... Connected to <ip of buddy server>. Escape character is '^]'.
The buddy server should look like this:
Waiting for connexion Got connection from <ip of the easside-ng system>
When you terminate the telnet session, it should look like this:
That was it Waiting for connexion
The above examples show a successful test. If your test fails then use tcpdump or wireshark on the source and destination systems to sniff port 6969. Determine the problem with these tools and others then correct the root problem.
If you are running easside-ng and buddy-ng on the same system then the system must have a routeable Internet IP address. You cannot be on a LAN behind a firewall which does network address translation (NAT).
The ideal situation is to have the buddy-ng server running on a separate system someplace on the Internet. Then have a second system with easside-ng running with a routeable IP address.
Tap interface under Windows
To obtain a tap interface in a MS Windows environment, install OpenVPN.
- Make sure your card is in monitor mode.
- Make sure your card can inject by testing it with the aireplay-ng injection test. Also specifically ensure you can communicate with the AP in question.
- Make sure your card supports the fragmentation attack. Again, this can be confirmed with the aireplay-ng injection test.
- Make sure to delete prga.log if you are changing access points or if you want to restart cleanly. In general, if you have problems, it is a good idea to delete it.
- There are a few known limitations:
- Only open authentication is support. Shared key authentication is not supported.
- Only B and G networks are supported.


- Health & More
- Tech World
Udaipur.75 solar scientists from all over the country will gather in Udaipur from the 3rd to the 5th of April. Solar and space scientists from the country's prestigious scientific institutions, including the Department of Space, IIT, are coming to Udaipur to participate in Udaipur Solar Observatory, USO, which is organizing a three-day solar physics workshop on “Multi-scale Solar Phenomena: Current Potential and Future Challenges [USPW-2023] ]
Workshop Convener Prof. Bhuvan Joshi said that in the workshop, there would be an in-depth scientific discussion on the current status of research on the Sun, activity, changes, space weather, etc., and a vision document will be prepared on India's future solar missions including Aditya-L1 solar mission.
The workshop will also provide a platform for young solar researchers to interact with senior researchers in solar physics, which will help orient their interests in line with future research goals.
Convenor and media coordinator Dr. Ramit Bhattacharya said the workshop would be inaugurated on April 3 at 9 am by the Prime Minister's Science, Technology, and Innovation Advisory Council and member of the Space Commission, former Chairman of ISRO, former Secretary Department of Space, PRL Management Board—Padma Shri AS Kiran Kumar.
Renowned Space Scientist Professor Anil Bhardwaj, Director of the Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad, will deliver the welcome address at the workshop.


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ISPC Wavefinder is a visual wavelet software for Windows. It has been created working with Dr. Erika Pakštienė, Vilnius University. The software allows to organize your work into projects consisting of source data, calculated wavelet data and output files. Provides a comfortable user interface for wavelet calculation parameters. Produced output files can be used to feed Gnuplot, Origin and other software.
If you use this software for your scientific research - please reference Dr. Erika Pakštienė and Institute of Theoretical Physics and Astronomy, Vilnius University in your publication.
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Link to Keloland Original Article.
After an electric vehicle (EV) caught fire in Vermillion, SD, local fire departments spent hours fighting the ensuing blaze. Jacob Newton of Keloland Local News and Weather details Rosenbauer’s solution for the resource intensive process.
The dangers and costs of fighting an EV fire are extensive. Fumes created by a lithium-ion battery fire are toxic and EV manufacturers are recommending up 8,000 gallons of water to fight an EV fire. Most commonly an EV catches fire when a battery cell is ruptured causing a chain reaction of thermal runaway within the battery pack. This chain reaction creates very high temperatures leading to a fire.
Rosenbauer offers the Battery Extinguishing System Technology (BEST) for fighting EV fires. When slid underneath the vehicle’s battery pack, the BEST punctures the housing in 8 milliseconds and floods the pack with cooling water. This brings the battery temperature to safe level where thermal runaway is stopped. The operator stays at a distance of 25 feet away to ensure safety.
More about the Rosenbauer Battery Extinguishing Sytem Technology (BEST)


IoT is indeed counted in the most contemporary and the most popular technological fields of our age. IoT is the acronym for Internet of Things and this technology enables a connection between multiple electrical devices or gadgets with data receiving and transferring capability. These devices can, in a sense, communicate with each other through IoT technology. Such devices could be anything ranging from a kitchen appliance like a microwave to an alarm clock and health equipment to an automobile, and a whole range of devices routinely used in homes, offices, factories, and shops. The IoT technology transforms these devices into intelligent devices, which play a vital role towards making our life easier.
The IoT technology is currently in its early phase and thus, it carries enormous scope for research and development. Therefore, there are many exciting job opportunities present in this field, for the deserving candidates, ranging from IoT Architect to Developer and IoT Manager to Chief IoT Officer. Obviously, a particular job role is offered to a candidate depending on his/her qualification, expertise, experience, and interest. Regardless of the job role, every career in this field is an exciting and rewarding as the other.
Today, many large tech firms, like MNCs, working on the IoT technology are offering really lucrative salary packages to the knowledgeable candidates in the IoT domain. However, these companies give priority to the candidates with an IoT Certification besides the formal university degree. Those with an IoT Certification will surely be able to obtain lead over their non-certified peers.
Among the various IoT Courses available today, the online courses present the most practical training option before the full-time students and working professionals who aspire to make a career in the promising IoT field. The online training offers unparalleled flexibility and control to the learners in terms of deciding their own time, place, and pace, of study. The access to online learning resources such as a virtual classroom, 24/7 e-learning content, webinars, on-demand mock tests, practice assignments, etc., helps in delivering an enriching learning experience to the learners. However, the candidate must choose the online training from a reputable institution only to get benefitted.
Multisoft Virtual Academy is an established online training organization that offers high-quality IoT Online Training, along with training in multiple other trending domains such as Machine Learning, Artificial Intelligence, Virtual Reality, Robotics, and Cloud Computing, to name a few. To get detailed information about the IoT courses at Multisoft, you may visit www.multisoftvirtualacademy.com/iot/.


This week click reference America celebrated National Solar Full week, along with activities and seminars around the nation. At the opening of the National Solar Full Week, this is what I heard:
Think of it. Along with today’s state-of-the-art, sophisticated solar power innovation, how much worse can it obtain? How much harder is it to maintain? Our experts are actually proceeding along with solar technologies that are actually much more capable.
Permit’s not fail to remember that this has actually been an innovation that has actually been around for nearly one hundred years currently. It is actually all progressing at making lighter speed. It is actually pretty incredible just how this innovation has actually integrated so quickly, due to brand new innovations that make it cheaper, simpler, and also much more efficient.
How is it so swiftly? Well, as a result of advancements in photovoltaic or pv technology, our company now possess photovoltaic boards that can be used on household, office, as well as also electrical companies. It feels like a big jump to go from photovoltaic or pv boards to solar energy devices.
Thus just how perform you produce a solar energy device on your own? Effectively, as I stated previously, it has always been actually economical and simpler than ever before. You can easily also find some terrific packages to construct a solar power system.
You view, when you begin to go solar, the resident can in fact go on as well as make their own photovoltaic panels. These solar panels are going to generate electricity, and also the moment that’s done, the individual can easily market it back to the electrical power business. There is actually nothing at all status in the means of the power firm accepting purchase the power generated by the resident.
If they accept get the electric power, they will certainly pay you either a set amount per month, or even a preset fee, based on the volume of electrical power sold to them. Regardless, you will earn a profit.
You need to bear in mind that your house is going to just be powered through electricity produced through your very own sunlight board. You will definitely need to have an excellent bit of solar energy paneling installed to produce sufficient electricity for your home if you live in a region where you acquire a lot of cloudy days.
With this being actually mentioned, you need to consider to relocate to a region that possesses accessibility to a power network, as well. A network corresponds to a gas or even electric framework, in that the primary function is actually to electrical power services as well as folks.
A lot of houses, and also businesses, are actually utilizing power generated by these grids, as a result of electrical power network access. If you are actually not using the grid, that suggests that you can easily likewise benefit coming from a solar energy electrical power device.
The electrical bill is going to be lower for a long opportunity when you pick to go photo voltaic. It also means that you will be actually minimizing the volume of carbon that will certainly be actually discharged in to the setting.
Not only is it better for our very own health and wellness, however it will be actually much better for our future age groups. Along with power produced by renewable energy, our experts will be actually lowering worldwide warming, while creating a cleaner, more secure environment.
Renewable energy is not just the current jargon on earth of energy; it is actually the answer to a significant problem, as well. You’ll never have a sun body at your home unless you know exactly how to install it and also where to install it.
Lots of folks build their personal solar panels. This is actually a fantastic way to acquire a system up and running for regarding half the cost of an expertly set up unit. It is actually additionally a technique to decrease the level of servicing essential to maintain it managing.
Numerous individuals favor to get skillfully installed photo voltaic doors, or simply go to an establishment that sells them. The main factor is actually that the business boards are actually totally assembled and also are usually backed through manufacturer’s warranties, which you can not get with your personal DIY solar panel.
The installer puts up the photovoltaic panels on your roofing. He’ll connect all of them as much as your power unit, making certain that they are all functioning effectively. After that he or she are going to attach your solar panels to your battery financial institution.
You will definitely must be sure your electric battery financial institution is totally asked for prior to you may begin to utilize the entire body. Preferably, you ought to charge up your electric batteries when there is no sun or over cast conditions. The aspect is actually to offer your batteries sufficient opportunity to mesmerize prior to you start using the solar energy.
It takes several hours to bill the electric battery financial institution. After a handful of hours, you’ll must change the made use of solar batteries in your body. Many solar power devices have 3 to 5 tissues to store the power.
It seems to be like a large surge to go from solar doors to solar energy electrical power bodies.
How do you produce a photovoltaic energy system on your personal? You can easily even find some excellent sets to construct a sun energy unit.
You find, as soon as you start to go solar, the home owner may really go on and make their own solar energy panels. Many solar energy energy systems have three to five tissues to hold the electrical power.


Home Automation Using Google Assistant Project Report Pdf
Https Ieee Vecsb Org Wp Content Uploads Sites 45 Google Assistant Controlled Home Automation Pdf
A Complete Guide To Voice Controlled Home Automation Using Google Assistant For A Couple Of By Aurelien Esprit Medium
Thi s makes it.
Home automation using google assistant project report pdf. Devices using the google assistant. The idea of the project is to integrate the concept of google assistant into raspberry pi and control the appliances in the home that the device is installed. Google assistant controlled home automation manish prakash gupta m tech.
Honestly there are tons of other ways to get this through. This system is designed to assist and provide support in order to fulfill the needs of. You can use more powerful processors like raspberry pi or other soc with in built wi fi like the esp12e or esp32.
Student department of electronics and communication maharishi dayanand university rohtak haryana india abstract this paper presents a proposal for home automation using voice via google assistant. In recent years wireless systems like wi fi have become more and more common in home networking. This report describes an approximation of such a home automation system that was designed and built as a ﬁnal project for 6 111 at m i t.
Introduction home automation is also named as domestics or smart home it involves the control and automation of lighting heating ventilation air conditioning and security as well as home appliances. Google recently released an api for google assistant for platforms other than android such as linux and windows using python language. Academia edu is a platform for academics to share research papers.
Therefore a voice controlled home automation system is designed so that the users can perform certain tasks by just the use of their voices moreover the system is designed to have a hand held. Google assistant controlled home automation project overview i am using an arduino uno for the microcontroller side and an esp8266 module for connecting to the internet. Automation arduino esp relay google assistant.
This project presents the overall design of home automation system has with low cost and wireless system. Home automation or domotics a term for home automation coined.
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With the development of the computer technology, digital image processing technology is developing fast. New technology and new software of image processing have come forth with more convenient manipulation. More and more people can modify the pictures only with a computer and image processing software. A modified picture can not be recognized by eyes because of lacking of the tampering traces. Blind digital image forensics refers to the techniques that passively identify the authenticity, integrity and origination of the digital image without the help of embedded information. Passive blind image forensics is a challenging new hotspot of multimedia information security with broad prospect.
Junyu Xu ; Yuting Su ; Xingang You, Detection of video transcoding for digital forensics, Audio, Language and Image Processing (ICALIP), July 2012,pp. 160 – 164.
Yuting Su，Chengqian Zhang，Chuntian Zhang. A video steganalytic algorithm against motion-vector-based steganography. Signal Processing, In Press, Accepted Manuscript, available online 24 February, 2011.
Yuting Su, Jing Zhang, Yu Han, Jing Chen, Qingzhong Liu, Exposing digital video logo-removal forgery by inconsistency of blur, International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence, November 2010, 24(7): 1027-1046.
Yuting Su, Junyu Xu, Detection of double-compression in MPEG-2 videos. The 2nd International Workshop on Intelligent Systems and Applications, Wuhan，May, 2010, pp. 1-4.
Yuting Su, Jing Zhang, Jie Liu, Exposing digital video forgery by detecting motion compensated edge artifact，The 2nd International Conference on Computer Science and Software Engineering, Wuhan, 2009, pp. 1 - 4.


I have a question regarding the manual control of a XH430-W210-R servo motor:
What does it mean if the red LED turns on (solid no blinking) when I enable the torque? How can I resolve the issue?
I have tried troubleshooting this issue myself but had no luck:
I am using the protocol version 2.0
I can successfully establish an RS485 connection to the servo motor. It also answers with the expected frames to all my requests.
I can even write commands to the RAM of the servo motor. For example I can enable the torque which results in the red LED being switched on by the servo motor. If I disable the torque the LED is switched back off. From what I can tell this tells me there is an error. But which one?
If I write for example the example write command (DYNAMIXEL Protocol 2.0 5.3.3) to the servo motor it does not move a bit. I suspect it is because of the error. Additionally if I read its current position it also hasn’t changed. I haven’t changed anything regarding the operating and drive modes but reading the corresponding registers gives me their initial default values from the manual.
The hardware error register is also 0 and the status packet of the goal position command is also without an error. It’s current position is 2056. With the goal position being 512 it should turn itself. Meaning I request a movement which is not stopped by the moving threshold.
When turning the servo on the LED blinks once. At the moment I don’t have a Robotis certified device for the USB connection from a windows machine to the servo motor.
I am using a STM Nucleo board attachted to an RS485 converter to communicate with the servo motor. But I think this is not the issue as I get the expected answers from the servo motor if I send a request fo it (as mentioned above).
Lastly I can send you the commands I send to the servo motor and the resulting answer from the servo motor:
<0xFF><0xFF><0xFD><0x00><0x01><0x07><0x00><0x03><0x40><0x00><0x00><0x01><0x41><0x5d> (LED turns on)
<0xFF> <0xFF> <0xFD> <0x00> <0x01> <0x04> <0x00> <0x55> <0x00> <0xA1> <0x0C>
Hardware Error Status:
<0xFF> <0xFF> <0xFD> <0x00> <0x01> <0x05> <0x00> <0x55> <0x00> <0x00> <0x53> <0x21>
From what I can tell there are no error transmitted in the servos answers.
Thank you for your help!


[ One Laptop XO ]
One Laptop Per Child XO
I have in my posession one of the early XO units from the One Laptop Per Child Project. I got it by way of the Give One, Get One deal (November 12th to December 31st, 2007) where I bought two, one got donated to a child in the developing world, and the other came to me to give to some child I know. For now, that child is me.
The XO is a deceptively simple laptop running Linux (behind the scenes) that is intended for children in the developing world.
I can't resist fiddling with this little green thing. Its capabilities are remarkable. In the course of playing with it, I noticed that if it attempted to associate with my wifi network it would seem to connect fine. It got an IP address, DNS entries, and routing OK, but couldn't get to the internet. What's worse, when it was associated with my router (a Linksys WRT54GX2) all my other laptops would lose connection, and couldn't even find the router again. Dis-associating the XO from the wan let the other machines connect again. Not nice. Especially for a machine that has only wifi networking capability. (More about that below.)
This turns out to be a (recently) known bug:
G1G1 users complain that the XO affectst their local network (typo is not mine)
I was able to do a little testing with other routers and managed to sniff the association process in wifi monitor mode (using my old ThinkPad R40) and send the report along to the developer's site dev.laptop.org . Maybe it will help.
It is possible to use a wired nework by pluggin in a USB to Ethernet converter. I used an SMC2208USB/ETH USB 1.1 to Ethernet converter which came up with no additional driver installation and seemed to work fine.
OLPC wiki (kind of hard to navigate at this point)
[ One Laptop XO ]


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