One of the main areas of research at the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center in New York City is the development of nanoscale sensors to detect cancer at its earliest stages. The research group led by Dr. Daniel Heller uses novel nanomaterials with unique optical properties, making it easier to identify disease biomarkers within the body and thus permit detection before symptoms arise. These nanotechnologies also allow the measurement of important molecules within live cells and tissues, offering new tools that accelerate biomedical research .
Working in the near-infrared (NIR) region of the spectrum affords several advantages, such as the abilities to circumvent unwanted fluorescence backgrounds and to probe more deeply into sample surfaces. Over the past few years, the advent of deep-cooled cameras that employ indium gallium arsenide (InGaAs) focal plane arrays (FPAs) has increased the utility of various NIR spectroscopy and imaging techniques for low-light-level scientific applications .
This type of scientific camera can be even more helpful to researchers when used in concert with a new class of dispersive spectrographs that feature an innovative Schmidt-CzernyTurner (SCT) design. High-precision SCT spectrographs greatly reduce optical aberrations, providing sharp images with superb spatial resolution across the entire focal plane and enabling researchers to utilize the full two dimensions of the FPA sensor to acquire images .
Dr. Heller’s research group in New York has successfully used such light-dispersion and -detection tools to perform novel experiments investigating properties of photoluminescent (PL) single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), which could ultimately result in the development of new optical probes and sensors for biophysical measurements and biomedical applications [4-6]. This application note will present some of the highlights of the group’s work as well as the integral role played by advanced SCT spectrographs and deep-cooled InGaAs FPA cameras.
Example of Experimental Setup
Dr. Heller’s research group has performed several PL spectroscopy studies on SWCNTs in recent years. Three of these studies will be highlighted in this note.
The first study, reported in 2014, involved the encapsulation of SWCNTs with a diverse set of functional coatings (polymers) that exhibited ordered surface coverage on the carbon nanotubes and allowed systematic modulation of nanotube optical properties . In the second study, the researchers used the intrinsic NIR emission of semiconducting SWCNTs to optically reconstruct the carbon nanotubes’ localization within a three-dimensional volume and thus resolve the relative permeability of two different multicellular tumor spheroids . Finally, in the third study, SWCNT emission energy response to solution ionic potentials was investigated and it was observed that nanotubes respond to cell surface electrostatic potentials that are mediated by membrane proteins .
Although each of these SWCNT studies necessitated the implementation of distinct experimental protocols, all three used a next-generation Princeton Instruments IsoPlane®-320 spectrograph and a deep-cooled Princeton Instruments NIRvana® InGaAs FPA camera to perform near-infrared photoluminescence spectroscopy. For example, in Study #3, the researchers integrated the IsoPlane and the NIRvana into their own custom-built apparatus to enable PL excitation/emission spectroscopy of nanotubes on live eukaryotic cells (see Figure 1).
When investigating SWCNT emission energy response to solution ionic potentials (Study #3) with the experimental setup shown in Figure 1, the sample was excited using a supercontinuum light source coupled to a variable bandpass filter in order to tune the excitation from 500 to 827 nm with a 20 nm bandwidth. The light was injected into an inverted fluorescence microscope through a 50X objective. The same objective was utilized to collect the resultant NIR emission and direct it into the IsoPlane spectrograph, which was coupled to the NIRvana camera (thermoelectrically cooled InGaAs array: 640 x 512 pixels; pixel size: 20 x 20 μm; quantum efficiency: >85% in the 0.9–1.7 μm range) .
To conduct excitation/emission measurements for Study #3, the excitation was varied from 500 to 827 nm in steps of 3 nm. At each excitation wavelength, with an exposure time of 0.5–3.0 sec, the emission from 930 to 1370 nm was dispersed using a ruled grating (86 grooves/mm). Corrections for wavelength-dependent variations in excitation power (5–30 mW measured at the sample), as well as grating and detector efficiencies, were applied. The system was automated to illuminate the sample with 109 different excitation bands and collected spectra from carbon nanotubes in solution or in contact with a cell monolayer to produce a full photoluminescence plot in 0.5–5 min .
Data & Results
Study #1 (Polymer-Coated SWCNTs): In this study, the astigmatism-free IsoPlane spectrograph and the deep-cooled InGaAs camera were utilized to perform PL excitation/emission measurements on polycarbodiimide−SWCNTs. The excitation wavelength was varied from 491 to 824 nm and the emission was recorded from 915 to 1354 nm (see Figure 2).
The researchers reported noncovalent functionalization of SWCNTs via encapsulation in helical polycarbodiimides to form water-soluble, well-dispersed, polymer–nanotube complexes with NIR emission that were stable under ambient conditions. The polymers facilitated the intensity modulation of nanotube fluorescence and enabled inter-nanotube exciton energy transfer between individually encapsulated nanotubes. This was the first instance of exciton energy transfer produced spontaneously between nanotubes due to Coulombic attraction between the encapsulating polymers and it displayed directed reversibility. The finding augurs the measurement of dynamic processes and a potential mechanism for switchable molecular probes and sensors .
Study #2 (Tumor Permeability): Here, the intrinsic NIR fluorescence of SWCNTs was leveraged to interrogate the permeability of multicellular tumor spheroids. The Teledyne Princeton Instruments IsoPlane spectrograph and InGaAs camera were employed to perform excitation/emission measurements on surfactant-sodium-deoxycholate−SWCNTs (see Figure 3).
The research group reported developing a tumor spheroid model of murine liver cancer cells. These tumor spheroids were compared with a breast-cancer cell line that forms spheroids under low-adhesion conditions. Widefield NIR fluorescence microscopy in live cells spatially resolved the locations of nanotubes associated with multicellular tumor spheroids. The
researchers found that the nanotubes showed little penetration in one type of spheroids (the liver cancer), but penetrated to the center of the other (the breast cancer). Therefore, the group effectively presented the use of NIR-fluorescent SWCNTs as a validated and qualitative method to interrogate the permeability of live tumor spheroids ,
Study #3 (Live Cell Membranes): In this study, the spectrograph and InGaAs camera were utilized to perform excitation/emission spectroscopy of SWCNTs associated with the membranes of live cells (see Figure 4). As mentioned in the “Example of Experimental Setup” section, the excitation was varied from 500 to 827 nm in steps of 3 nm. At each excitation wavelength, with an exposure time of 0.5–3.0 sec, the emission from 930 to 1370 nm was dispersed using a ruled grating with 86 grooves/mm.
The researchers found that the nanotube photon emission energy responded to charge accumulation mediated by cell surface proteins and that nanotube photon emission energy correlated with both the degree to which a cell adheres to a substrate, as well as the whole-cell zeta potential. They asserted that the photoluminescence responses on the cell surface could be recapitulated in vitro by introducing ionic charge into the local environment of the nanotube. The research group also proposed a mechanism in which the nanotube photoluminescence is modulated by the charge density on live cell surfaces. This study suggested that the nanotube optical bandgap modulation can be mediated by ionic or polyelectrolyte charge accumulation on the nanotube surface. The findings portend a nanoscale tool for the optical quantification of electrostatic charge accumulation on live cell membranes for biomedical applications .
The aforementioned research relied on the award-winning IsoPlane-320 spectrograph (see Figure 5) from Teledyne Princeton Instruments. This high-precision instrument’s unique optical design completely eliminates field astigmatism at all wavelengths and at all points across the focal plane. Coma is reduced to negligible levels. Reduced optical aberrations result in significantly improved signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and exceptional image quality. IsoPlane spectrographs feature a 320 or 160 mm focal length and a three-position, on-axis grating turret.
In addition to an IsoPlane-320 spectrograph, Dr. Heller’s group utilized an NIR-sensitive InGaAs FPA camera from Princeton Instruments to conduct the research highlighted herein. This camera, the NIRvana:640 (see Figure 6), differentiates itself from other InGaAs cameras via a number of scientific performance features, including deep cooling, low dark noise, high linearity, low read noise, high frame rates, intelligent software, and precision control over integration times.
First and foremost, either maintenance-free thermoelectric cooling or liquid nitrogen can be employed to chill the NIRvana’s two-dimensional 640 x 512 InGaAs FPA detector down as low as -85°C or -190°C, respectively. A proprietary cold shield design and vacuum technology facilitates the lowest possible dark noise, which helps increase sensitivity as well as preserve SNR for long exposure times.
A thermoelectrically cooled NIRvana camera offers the ability to expose from 2 μsec up to many minutes, whereas the exposure time of an LN-cooled NIRvana camera can range from 100 μsec up to 1 hour. Ultra-low-noise readout electronics help ensure good SNR even when the camera is operated at its maximum full-frame readout rate (i.e., 110 full fps for a thermoelectrically cooled NIRvana; 2.77 full fps for an LN-cooled NIRvana). Excellent system linearity means that every NIRvana camera is highly reliable for scientific research.
Furthermore, Princeton Instruments’ 64-bit LightField® data acquisition software, available as an option, provides a powerful yet easy-to-use interface that puts real-time online processing capabilities at the researcher’s fingertips. NIRvana cameras can be integrated into larger experiments using an available National Instruments LabVIEW® toolkit. Full triggering support is provided for synchronization with external equipment.
Princeton Instruments would like to thank Dr. Daniel Heller, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, for his invaluable contributions to this application note.
Additional details about the work being performed by Dr. Daniel Heller’s research group can be found by visiting: https://www.mskcc.org/research-areas/labs/daniel-heller
- https://www.mskcc.org/research-areas/labs/daniel-heller [accessed online in May 2016]
- Introduction to scientific InGaAs FPA cameras. Princeton Instruments Technical Note (2012).
- Better imaging with a Schmidt-Czerny-Turner spectrograph. Princeton Instruments Technical Note (2013).
- Budhathoki-Uprety, P.V. Jena, D. Roxbury, and D.A. Heller, “Helical polycarbodiimide cloaking of carbon nanotubes enables inter-nanotube exciton energy transfer modulation,” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 136 (44), 15545–15550 (2014).
- V. Jena, Y. Shamay, J. Shah, D. Roxbury, N. Paknejad, and D.A. Heller, “Photoluminescent carbon nanotubes interrogate the permeability of multicellular tumor spheroids,” Carbon 97, 99–109 (2016).
- Roxbury, P.V. Jena, Y. Shamay, C.P. Horoszko, and D.A. Heller, “Cell membrane proteins modulate the carbon nanotube optical bandgap via surface charge accumulation,” ACS Nano 10, 499–506 (2016).


Aputure LS 1s Overview
A sleek LED panel with a CRI of 95 and beam angle of 45°, the Light Storm LS 1s from Aputure includes the LED fixture along with a dedicated controller box that accepts V-Mount type batteries. Aside from providing power to the unit, the included controller box also enables wireless dimming control using the included remote. Four groups and three channels can be employed for quickly switching between different looks.
The Light Storm LS 1s features a slim and durable aluminum alloy housing along with a manual yoke for versatile positioning. A four-way barndoor set offers greater control over the light and ten sheets of included diffusion paper also helps to produce an even, diffuse quality of light. The light control separation design, afforded by the controller box, also maintains a low center of gravity for easier placement of the fixture and easier switching of batteries during use.
- The light’s design incorporates 1536 individual LEDs to produce a beam angle of 25° along with a CRI of 95.
- Daylight-balanced 5500K color temperature.
Included wireless controller box features a battery plate that accepts Sony V-Mount type batteries for convenient, portable power. An AC/DC cable is also included for AC power.
The controller box, which features two 90° antennas, also permits wireless dimming control using the included 2.4 GHz remote. Four groups and three channels are also available.
- DMX512 protocol is also supported for wireless control.
- Aluminum alloy construction is both durable and sleek for use in a variety of conditions.
- Manual yoke allows for variable positioning. Additionally, a four-way barndoor set is incorporated into the design for further control over the beam.
- Ten sheets of acid-free, smooth surface diffusion paper is included to broaden the light quality, reduce the output to 85%, and provide an effective 180° beam angle.
- A LEMO-style connector is used between the controller box and light fixture for convenient, one-handed installation and removal of the included connection cable.
Light Storm LS 1s appears with about 30000lux in half a meter(1.64ft), which is almost equal to a traditional 1000W tungsten. In half a meter, while the aperture is 32.6, the shutter is 24f/s, and the ISO is 400, you can easily get the correct exposure.
Seamless Color Temperature Control
Light Storm LS 1c contains both 3200K and 5500K color temperature bulbs. More scenes need more versatile lighting. The color temperature adjustment can be controlled by DMX console, remote control, and wheel on the controller box.
Tough and Professional Aero-Aluminum
Light Storm 1 use aero-aluminum to achieve the best balance performance of heat, density, strength, workability, etc. So that the function parameters can get a perfect show. Delicate design and elaborate production combine for a robust but exquisite housing that can fulfill low forward heat of the fixture.
From appearance to function, from material to craft, from small accessories to large complex production processes, the Light Storm 1 design reflects the combination of technology and humanity.
Exceptional Light Efficiency Experience
The Light storm 1 maintains industry-leading color reproduction, meticulously selected diffusing paper and increased barn door, achieving more variable light-effect control.
CRI 95+, which is a guarantee of LED
The Light Storm LS 1 is made of 1536 lamp beads, which are designed and manufactured carefully to have over 95 CRI value. The light it casts looks more natural and accurate.
Selective Diffusing Paper
Aputure engineers tested 53 models of diffusing papers over more than 2000 hours to select the most suitable ones for our product. The diffusing paper has a smooth surface and is non-ageing, acid-free and recyclable with low opacity so effective diffusion angles are covered far more than the previous filter. The transmittance of the diffusing paper is about 85percent and a 180-degree effective diffusion angle.
Full Use of Barn Door
The brown-type arrangement of the beads makes the barn door maximally cut back ladder shadow in the transition area. It also provides strong protection for the lamp beads while in storage.
Unique Light Control Separation Design
The Light Storm 1’s unique light control separation design paves the way for the light back panel dissipation. With such a low center of gravity design, it greatly reduces the lantern supporting system burden. For now, operations will not be limited to the light panel and are focused on the controller box. In addition, replacing the battery becomes more flexible than before.
Dual Power Solutions
Two methods can be used to power the LS 1. A SONY V export or Anton Bauer battery can be used for location shooting. The adapter is for your indoor shooting.
The brightness of the LS 1 can be controlled by a DMX console, which is under the standard DMX512 protocol.
The brightness wheel on the controller box also can adjust the brightness. Two 90-degree antennas can cover all the surroundings within 360 degrees.
Using 2.4G FSK technologies, the Light Storm LS 1 can be adjusted in brightness wirelessly using a remote, even 100m away.
High Color Rendering
≥95 ≥95 >95
LS 1c0.5m 1.0m2323fc 697fc
LS 1s0.5m 1.0m2788fc 929fc
1536 lamp bulbs
45°(LS 1c)25°(LS 1s)
3200K-5500K(LS 1c)5500K(LS 1s)
Natural Convection Heat Transfer
Controller box （V-mount）238.0*118.7*59.6mm (*vertical antennas included)
Ships in 10-12 Days


|Metal-graphene composites for electrical contacts used in high voltage applications|
|SweGRIDS research area||Materials for Power Grid and Storage|
|SweGRIDS project code||MTL8|
|Researcher||Robin Elo (webpage)|
|Project period||2020-03-01 to 2021-12-31|
|Project supervisor||Staffan Jacobson (webpage)|
|Industrial sponsors||Hitachi Energy|
back to project index
For the next generation of smart distributed power systems, switching devices must be capable of handling more frequent switching operations. For current contact materials, this would lead to a reduced service life or increased maintenance costs. However, with better contact materials, these consequences can be mitigated.
It has been shown that metal/graphene composites can be used to produce electrical contacts with low contact resistance and low friction, in combination with excellent resistance to wear and corrosion. However, to better understand and exploit these findings, more fundamental understanding is required. This includes understanding how the electrical properties, as well as friction and wear properties depend on the composition and microstructure of the contact material. Here it is very important, but less known, how the microstructure of the two contacting surfaces will be modified during use. Such modification is most dramatic close to the surface, and often has decisive influence on the performance.
The experimental evaluation will include reciprocating sliding contacts. We will evaluate the electrical response, the friction, the wear and surface modifications of contact materials. We will run experiments to isolate the effects of sliding motion from those of electric current. Scanning electron microscopy and other techniques for advanced materials analysis will be used to generate fundamental knowledge of how metal/graphene composites behave in the electrical contact – contributing to the optimization of the materials for the application.
Summary of work
The work up to this point has focused on preparations and litterature review to prepare for the experimental evaluation. Samples from component level tests have been investigated to indentify the wear mechanisms that must be replicated when scaling down to material level tests. These results together with the gathered knowledge of what the materials undergo in the application will be used to tune the mechanical and electrical load in the experiments. Samples of appropriate materials are being produced, chemicals to mimic the application environment are procured and the test rig is adapted to suit the needed conditions. The experimental evaluation of the materials will commence early in 2021.
2020-06, 2020-09, 2020-10, 2020-12. Meetings with Hitachi ABB Power Grids and partners online.
2020-11. Pitch presentation, SweGRIDS annual conference 2020 (digital).
Staffan Jacobson, UU
Urban Wiklund, UU
Andreas Friberg, Hitachi Energy
Henrik Hillborg, Hitachi Energy
Publications by this researcher
See alternatively the researcher's full DiVA list of publications, with options for sorting.
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Publication list last updated from DiVA on 2023-07-25 00:23.
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Voice and data technology have been converging for a number of years, and GonzoBankers, the convergence is now upon us. If you deal with telephone issues at your bank, it is time to understand what this newfangled phone technology is all about because it will be affecting your bank over the next few years.
“VoIP,” the latest telephone technology, stands for Voice over Internet Protocol. “POTS,” which has been around for a long time, is a wonderfully non-technical acronym for Plain Old Telephone Service.
Back in the stone ages of data communications, circa 1970, data and voice systems utilized analog technology. If you think telephone communication has changed over time, it has not. This is the same technology Edison created in the 1800s. Sound is converted to a weak electrical signal which is transmitted over the telephone line. The telephone on the receiving end receives the signal and reconverts it to sound.
A computer works with ones and zeroes which cannot be transmitted with a copper wire. A modem (modem is actually an acronym for MOdulate DEModulate) converts digital data (all those ones and zeros that a computer understands) into telephone-friendly analog signals so that it can be transmitted as an electrical signal. Isn’t it nice to know that voice and data were originally joined and separated over time?
Unfortunately, converting digital data to an electrical signal does not permit high speed transmissions. The Need for Speed caused the split into two technologies – analog and digital. Data circuits became digital circuits, very distinct from analog voice circuits. Communication over the copper wire (and ultimately optical cable) used digital signaling concepts that are used by computers. Speeds went well beyond those possible using voice circuits. Business usage of analog (voice or telephone) circuits is almost unheard of today. Many homes continue to use analog technology to “dial up” their Internet or America Online connection to check email. In this usage, the slow speeds of 28.8K or 56K are sufficient.
Voice continued as analog technology with virtually no change, and data continued to use digital technology. Due to the distinct differences, voice and data were usually managed by separate groups with very different skill sets.
When the Internet was created, the Internet Protocol (IP) was born. A protocol is the set of rules for establishing communication between two points, then moving information between them. IP, which quickly became the protocol of choice for most networks, was successful because it was simple and could be used as the standard between disparate networks. In fact, the name Internet was coined from the technology’s ability to interconnect multiple networks, i.e. inter-network or Internet.
With IP, data could be moved throughout the Internet, your local network or intranet. It did not take long for one of the “data” network geeks to wonder why the data network couldn’t also move “voices.” Accomplishing this feat required the telephone conversation to be converted to a digital form (converted from a sound into a series of ones and zeros representing the sound). The digitized data is then broken into small chunks for transmission to the recipient’s destination, where they are reassembled into the original message. Each “chunk” of digitized data is sent to the recipient using the same network used for your bank’s data. Finally, the digital message is converted back to sound and can be heard through the earpiece.
Whew, that’s a lot of work for a phone conversation, but it is exactly how VoIP works.
With VoIP, your employee’s telephone simply becomes another IP address on your network (in case you don’t know, every device on your network has an address including computers, printers, etc.). In many respects, it acts just like another computer. One of the great advantages is the ability for employees to take their telephone sets with them when they change offices. When they get to their office, they simply plug the telephone into the network, just as they do their computers. The phone will function just as it did at the old location. This move does not require any changes by the telephone group. With analog technology, the voice group spent large portions of their time reprogramming the telephone switch and physically changing wires every time someone changed offices.
It is estimated that more than two million telephones in the United States now utilize VoIP technology – and this number is growing rapidly, with a million more expected to be added this year alone.
Why should you be interested?
So, VoIP, POTS or – Not? It is clear that VoIP (sometimes called IPT, or Internet Protocol Telephony) will be the standard way to deliver telephone services in the future. We believe there should be an event to trigger the move to VoIP. Some of the events that would cause a serious look include the following:
As little as three years ago I would have told you to leave your checkbook at home because this technology was not ready for prime time. Since then, it has become mainstream and is beginning to mature in a corporate environment.
Not surprisingly, the big player in VoIP technology is Cisco, a data network company. Traditional telephone equipment companies such as Avaya (formerly Lucent, formerly AT&T) and Nortel (Northern Telecom) lagged behind with their offerings. However, the gap is closing and more companies are joining the fray.
Get ready, VoIP will be in your bank before long. Perhaps the next time I talk with you it will be on your new VoIP telephone.


The Sound of Your Voice May Diagnose Disease
June 30, 2016 | Scientific American
How you talk could reveal heart disease or concussions, say researchers and companies developing the novel technology
Can you diagnose disease from the sound of a voice?
June 29, 2016 | STAT
There’s long been talk in medicine about the need to listen more to the patient voice — and now that mantra is being taken literally.
Sonde Health will use MIT voice analysis tech to detect mental health conditions
June 29, 2016 | MobiHealthNews
Boston-based Sonde Health, a recent spin-out of PureTech Health, has licensed a health-focused voice scanning technology from MIT’s Lincoln Laboratories.
Sonde Health wants to apply vocal biomarker tech to detect depression, neurological conditions
June 29, 2016 | MedCityNews
The development of vocal biomarkers to detect things like depression and stress has been an area of interest for some time.
Sonde Health Advances Novel Vocal Biomarker Analysis Platform
June 28, 2016 | Sonde
Company licenses MIT technology and collaborates with experts to objectively diagnose and monitor medical concerns through vocal cues.
June 28, 2016 | BostInno
They're analyzing audio clips from users' devices to find mental & physical ailments.
PureTech launches startup to analyze voice samples for signs of disease
June 28, 2016 | Boston Business Journal
Today, PureTech Health is launching a new company based on technology from MIT to analyze subtle changes in a person’s voice as a way to screen for mental health conditions like depression, as well as respiratory and cardiovascular problems.
June 28, 2016 | FierceBiotech
Life sciences R&D company PureTech has kept mum on Sonde Health, a company working on a voice-based platform for assessing patient health.
Unfazed by Brexit, PureTech launches Sonde voice diagnostics firm
June 28, 2016 | MassDevice
Life sciences incubator PureTech Health (LON:PRTC), unfazed by the worldwide impact of the U.K.’s vote to leave the European Union, announced its latest venture today: Sonde Health, which aims to use a voice-based technology to diagnose mental and physical ailments.
June 28, 2016 | MedTech Boston
Sonde Health is developing voice-based technologies capable of diagnosing medical conditions by analyzing vocal biomarkers—acoustic characteristics in the speakers voice.
Sonde Secures MIT Technology for Voice-Based Disease Detection
June 28, 2016 | Wall Street Journal
Amid Brexit Fallout, U.K.-Listed PureTech Debuts Speech Diagnosis Firm
June 28, 2016 | Xconomy
PureTech Health starts companies in cutting-edge areas of biomedical science and often owns them outright. Its latest aims to create software that listens for warning signs of depression in people’s speech patterns.


The electromagnetic field, like gravity, is a force field; it is the agent that transmits force from one electric charge to another. It consists of two component fields, electric and magnetic. Unlike gravity, which is always attractive, the EM force can be attractive, repulsive, or even sideways. Its field nature was suggested by Michael Faraday in 1845 and field equations were developed by James Maxwell in 1864. These equations predicted EM waves (oscillations in field intensity) that travel at a speed of 300,000 km/second, which turned out to be the same as the speed of light. Not only did Maxwell’s equations thus explain the entire field of optics, they also predicted a vast spectrum of EM radiation that includes radio and TV waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, x-rays, and gamma rays.
The quantum nature of the EM field was discovered by Max Planck while studying radiation from a hot object. He found that the data made sense if the radiation is not infinitely divisible, but consists of discrete amounts of energy that he called quanta. These quanta are now called photons. Planck also found that the energy of a photon is proportional to its frequency of oscillation.
Later Einstein showed that absorption of radiation occurs in the same discrete amounts of energy, suggesting that the quanta are actually particles. This was the first round in the fields-vs.-particles battle which goes on even today. In QFT a photon is a field and only a field. It spreads out in space and exhibits interference effects. When a photon is absorbed, no matter how spread out it may be, its energy is deposited into the absorbing atom. This is called quantum collapse.
The internal complexity of a quantum field is described by a number called spin or helicity. The gravitational field is the most complex of all fields, with a spin of 2 Planck units. The EM field, with its component electric and magnetic fields, has spin 1. The two fields introduced so far are summarized in the following table:
|EM||1||Photon (γ)||charged fields||green|


NorMIT Newsletter December 2018
A new navigation system based on electromagnetic tracking makes operations in the aorta easier and faster:
A new version of the NorMIT navigation platform is available for download at: NorMIT navigation
The release notes for the new version are at: Release notes
The annual report for the Operating Room of the Future-NorMIT is here. Enjoy the read! We also wish to thank all our collaborators and partners for their excellent contributions in 2016!


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Sensitive data must be protected from illegal access at various points in the system. Key areas where security is typically compromised include data transmission and data storage.
Network traffic is not encrypted by default. The HTTP protocol (non-SSL) does not protect data during transmission. HTTPS provides Strong Encryption using the Secure Socket Layer and Transport Layer Security protocols (SSL/TLS).
Sensitive data, such as credit card numbers, financial information, etc., must be stored securely. Usually this is done by encryption. In the context of an application like CollabNet TeamForge only stores password digests with an MD5 based cryptographic hash to guarantee adequate data protection.
MD5 is a one-way hash function that is used to verify data integrity through the creation of a 128-bit digest from data input. A one-way hash function is designed in such a way that it is hard to reverse the process, that is, to find a string that hashes to a given value. MD5 is currently a standard, Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) Request for Comments (RFC) 1321. According to the standard, it is "computationally infeasible" that any two messages that have been input to the MD5 algorithm could have as the output the same message digest, or that a false message could be created through apprehension of the message digest.


A lot of house holders in Cwmbran and Abergavenny often call me to ask if there is a problem with their electricity supply. Understandably they are not sure if it is safe to continue to use their electrical appliances or if they should call an electrician. The simplest advice is if you suspect a problem with an electrical appliance, unplug and stop using it immediately, however if you suspect there is a problem with your actual electrical installation then consult a local qualified electrician who will be happy to come and take a look.
Many electrical fires are caused in homes in the UK through careless use of electrical appliances. This means that often electrical fires can be easily prevented by making a few common sense precautions when using electrical appliances. I have drawn up an essential list of electrical safety tips which should be adhered to by any householder. It does not require any expenditure in many cases. Remember, if in doubt do not take risks and consult an electrician as soon as possible. The sooner the problem is rectified, the cheaper it is to repair.
Important Electrical Safety Tips:
- Do not pull electrical appliances out of sockets by the cable, always pull out of the socket using the plug. This avoids any damage to the flex.
- Never plug adaptors into adapters. In fact, avoid block adapters completely and use extension leads. The same rule applies though, never plug an extension lead into an extension lead, and limit the use of extension leads where possible.
- Do not exceed the Amps shown ( for example 3kW is around 12 Amps) on the extension lead, think carefully about what appliances you plug into an extension lead.
- Turn off electrical appliances when not in use. This is especially important over night as a fire could start undetected from an appliance that is still plugged in. When you go away on vacation, ensure that all non-essential items are unplugged to minimise the risk of electrical fire and to save energy.
- Do not use any electrical items in the bathroom, as this is highly dangerous, particularly hair dryers which could easily fall into a sink or bath full of water. The exceptions to this would be for items designed specifically for use in bathrooms, these being items such as shavers and electric toothbrushes, even when using these, take extra care when plugging and unplugging and take care not to get these items wet.
- Check the cords on electrical appliances to ensure the plug is securely in place and there is no obvious signs of damage on the cable itself. If any damage is found, do not use the appliance. Check items regularly.
- Always turn electrical appliances off at the mains before attempting to carry out any maintenance such as changing a light bulb, cleaning filters on hair dryers etc. Only attempt repairs if you know what you are doing.
- Ensure that when buying electrical items, they are bought from reputable stores and inspect the appliance before use. Ensure the instructions are followed for correct set up.
- Do not use electrical appliances outside if it is raining.
Always ensure you use an ELECSA registered and Part P compliant electrician to carry out electrical work in your home and do not be tempted to carry out DIY electrical work yourself. By following these common sense rulse when using electrical equipment, you will minimise your risk of electric shock or fire breaking out in your home.
Local electrician Cwmbran


(ROCHESTER, Nathaniel.) CHOMSKY, Noam.
Aspects of the Theory of Syntax.
First edition, first impression. From the library of early computer scientist Nathaniel Rochester, with his contemporary ownership inscription to the front free endpaper. Noam Chomsky’s revolutionary linguistics work was enthusiastically received by many computer scientists, and influenced the development of computer languages and artificial intelligence. This volume’s owner, Nathaniel Rochester (1919–2001), was an IBM computer engineer who developed the concept of symbolic assembly language programming; was the chief architect for the IBM 700 series, including the firm’s first computer for scientific applications (701) and their first mass-produced general purpose computer (702); and did pioneering research on artificial intelligence, heading the IBM team that studied pattern recognition and information theory during the 1950s. The copy of Chomsky’s “Three models for the description of language” in Hook & Norman’s Origins of Cyberspace (number 532) belonged to Rochester. A superb association.
Octavo. Original blue cloth, titles to spine gilt. Cloth very lightly rubbed and scuffed. An excellent copy.
Bibliography: See note for Hook & Norman, Origins of Cyberspace 532Don't understand our descriptions? Try reading our Glossary


When we think of a battery, we tend to think that it provides some sort of electricity to our gadget of electronic device, but understanding the science behind it is quite complex and fascinating. Don't worry we won't try to explain the science behind batteries, but what we do need to know is that a battery has electrochemical cells that transforms electro chemical energy into electricity.
How we have moved bounds and leaps from the 18th century to now, in our advancements in technology and science we are able to power all devices, gadgets and portable devices with batteries alone. In fact our whole lifestyles in today, in the 21st century are heavy reliant on batteries, which come in all shapes, sizes, materials and chemical make ups.
Gifts At Any Time offer a large selection of batteries and sizes to fit a wide range of devices, watches, gadgets, hearing aids, car keys, TV remotes, toys, calculators and many more. We offer premium quality brands from Rayovac, Maxell, Duracell, Panasonic and plenty more, all at exclusive low prices.


Nintendo has a new console system: Nintendo Switch
Nintendo has been away in their secret laboratories concocting a new device in an attempt to reconquer the world of gaming. And they have flipped the switch. Nintendo Switch to be exact. And the main plus of this new gaming system is it merges the pros of both home console gaming and mobile gaming in one.
And it looks like Legend Of Zelda: Breath Of The Wild will be set to make an appearance on the console too.
Introducing Nintendo Switch! In addition to providing single and multiplayer thrills at home, the Nintendo Switch system also enables gamers to play the same title wherever, whenever and with whomever they choose. The mobility of a handheld is now added to the power of a home gaming system to enable unprecedented new video game play styles.
Watch the promo giving fans the first look at Nintendo Switch in the player below:
Nintendo Switch comes March 2017


USEIT is a CHIST-ERA project on security and privacy for the Internet of things.
To be trustworthy, any system needs to protect the data it transmits and processes. Realizing
such protection is particularly challenging for Internet of Things because of the devices’
limitations in terms of resources, user interfaces, connectivity, and bandwidth on the one
hand, and because of the open and dynamic nature of their network on the other hand.
Unfortunately, applying existing security technologies often results in compromises that harm
important requirements to human users such as privacy and manageability of their data.
This project develops and implements new cryptographic algorithms, policy languages, and
security tools that enable the strongest privacy and security protection and control to users of
IoT devices. The project will test the developed mechanisms, prove their security, and aims
to provide open-source implementations of them. To test and validate the mechanisms, the
project will consider three important use cases, one related to vehicular networks and two
related to the management and protection of data shared between IoT devices in dynamic
The technical work is organized into three work packages:
- Use Cases – Analysis and Requirements
- Cryptographic protocols
- Architecture, Platform & Policies
More up-to-date information can be found on our twitter feed, find us there
The information on this web site is provided as is, and no guarantee
or warranty is given or implied that the information is fit for any
particular purpose. The user thereof uses the information at its sole
risk and liability.


Published in: Methods in Ecology and Evolution
- Conservation translocations are an important tool in wildlife management, but monitoring of translocations has traditionally suffered from a lack of techniques for effective postâ€release monitoring. Increasing understanding of postâ€release movements is vital in improving the success of translocations, but few methods exist to efficiently monitor highly mobile and cryptic species postâ€release.
- We present a novel approach to using dynamic occupancy modelling in combination with data derived from autonomous acoustic recording units to monitor the postâ€release behaviour of hihi (Notiomystis cincta), a threatened endemic bird, at a translocation site in New Zealand. The process of analysing large quantities of acoustic data was facilitated by using automated classifiers and manual validation, an approach that was both accurate and efficient.
- We find that this approach detects behavioural change consistent with the transition from exploration of a new site to territory formation. We identify that hihi territories at the study site were closely linked to watercourses, but were not related to distance from release site.
- We find that this method is able to effectively monitor postâ€release dispersal, and could provide a costâ€efficient and less invasive alternative to radiotracking for monitoring of vocal species.
You can find the article here


Whenever large amounts of data are collected, there are obviously going to be security concerns. Sqrrl launched today and announced that it has secured $2 million to make big data more scaleable, adaptable, and well, secure.
The company provides software that keeps big data secure and controlled. Its products are focused on Apache Accumlo, a data storage and retrieval system that was initially created by sqrrl’s engineering team within the National Security Agency. Apache processes massive amounts of data, and sqrrl provides the technology that enables the data to be brought together and protected. It also helps with scaling issues and provides analytical tools…Read more at VentureBeat


The Rojo 100 USB rechargeable bike tail light is designed to keep you safe and visible on every ride, day and night. It’s packed with up to 100 lumens of power so you’ll be sure to be noticed on your daytime rides and commutes whether you’re on the road, bike path or turning the corner downtown. Four precision engineered lighting modes let you select the perfect optimized optical output. - 2 high output Cree XB-D LEDs provide four modes for every kind of ride (Steady, Pulse, Courtesy & Superflash Turbo settings) - See the light in action here! - Tested to FL1 standards - Run times: 5 hrs (Steady – 25 lm), 10 hrs (Pulse - 50-90 lm), 12 hrs (Courtesy - 30-90 lm) and up to 15 hrs (Superflash - Turbo - 100 lm) - Provide 270° of visibility - Designed for when you ride the most…during the daytime. The Rojo 100 is engineered to be highly visible even in bright, sunny conditions - Water resistant – Don’t be worried to ride in the rain, the Rojo 100 is dust & water resistance rated to the IP66 standard - Fast recharging - 650 mAh lithium polymer battery charges in 2.5 hours with micro USB type C cable (included) - Multiple mounting options - Includes rear rack, seat post, seat stay and clip mount flexible mounting options - 48 grams
Planet Bike's Superflash Micro USB puts out a ton of light from a tiny package. The ultra-compact case is weatherproof, light and durable, and features a soft-touch power switch. The USB-rechargeable lithium ion battery provides up to 36 hours of run time.
Maximize your visibility with this amazing taillight. Planet Bike's Superflash aims a one-watt Power LED plus two red LEDs for light that can be seen for up to one mile! The ultra-compact case is weatherproof, light and durable. And, the Superflash Turbo includes a bike mount and clip mount for multiple mounting options. Plus, the 2 AAA batteries (included) offer run times up to 100 hours.
Features: - Up to 20 lumens ANSI standard approved - Runtime: Day mode 4 hrs., High 8 hrs., Middle 15 hrs., Flash 30 hrs. - Li-Po rechargeable battery - Low power indicator - Motion sensor include - IPX4 waterproof rating - Charge via Micro USB cable
- Modes include High Flash, Medium Steady, Low Steady, DayTime Pulse, NightTime Pulse, Economic Flash - Fully USB rechargeable: no batteries to buy or replace - Runtime up to 11 hours 15 mins - Memory function: light turns on at the last mode it was turned off - Power saving function: 10% power or less, lights will automatically switch to lowest lumen output - Built-in battery indicators: RED = less than 25%, GREEN = fully charged - Side illumination ports
The Asteroid fits all new and older Bern helmets with a two-hole mount located in the rear of the shell. USB rechargeable. - 12 Lumens - Micro USB rechargeable - 3 Light Modes (Flash 24 hours, Pulse 6.5 hours, Steady 5.5 hours) - Water Resistant - 16 grams - 26mm tall, 39mm wide, 20mm thick (w/o bracket)
The NiteRider Sabre 80 is a super bright, lightweight USB rechargeable LED tail light. It utilizes a multi LED array designed for eye catching visibility in both day and night. With the addition of amber colored side lights, the Sabre 80 provides 180 degrees of protection. Daylight Visible Flash (DVF) 80 lumen super bright tail light Easy on and off seat post strap mount with quick release tab Amber side lights for 180 degrees of visibility Convenient USB rechargeable Be Seen by cars = Be Safe FL1 Standard IP64, water resistant Lumen Output: 80 Run Time : 1:30 – 10:30hrs Charge Time: 1:30hrs Weight: 28g Battery: Li-Po WARRANTY The Sabre 80 is backed by NiteRider's lifetime warranty that covers any defects in material and workmanship, mechanical components (housings, covers, mounts and fasteners) and LEDs. SYSTEM INCLUDES LED Tail Light Seatpost Mount USB Cable
$28.99 - $29.99
Maximize your visibility with this amazing taillight. The SuperFlash aims 2 extreme LEDs plus a half-watt Blaze LED for light that can be seen for up to 1 mile! The ultra-compact case is weatherproof, light and durable. And, the SuperFlash includes a bike mount and clip mount for multiple mounting options. Plus, the 2 AAA batteries (included) offer run times up to 100 hours.
The 65R is the Superflash tail light on steroids. The Cree XBD LED delivers 65 lumens of brilliance and 220° of visibility to get you noticed day and night. - Cree XBD and high output surface mounted LEDs provide 65 lumen output with high, low, Courtesy and Superflash modes - FL1 Tested - Run times: 7 hrs (high – 30 lm), 12 hrs (low – 7 lm), 5.5 hrs (Courtesy - 13-40 lm) and up to 11.5 hrs (Superflash - 65 lm) - Provides 220° of visibility - Highly visible, even in daylight - Dust & water resistance rated to IP65 standard - 550 mAh lithium polymer battery charges in 2.5 hours with micro USB cable (included) - Smart Charging Technology with built-in low battery indicator - Includes Quick Strap seat post mount - 52 grams
The smallest member of the Rapid family packs a mighty punch. Now with a 25 lumen output. Specifically designed for minimalists, the USB-rechargeable Rapid Mini offers 4 modes of eye-catching illumination. At only 22 grams, whether it's on a seatpost, Fizik saddle, or messenger bag, extra weight and bulk are no longer excuses for not being seen. Small in size but big on safety, the Rapid Mini has all the features of its big brothers Rapid X and X2, including low battery indicator, Battery Auto Save and mode memory. What's Included: - Rapid Mini Rear light, SP-14 attachment bracket, one small and one large attachment band, and a micro USB charging cable
The Blinder MINI. These surface-mounted LEDs punch well above their weight, with the 20/11 lumens for front/rear getting you seen from over 800 meters away. They come with an integrated reflector face for added safety, and come in 2 different colors. With a weight of only 18 grams, the light uses its tool-less attachment to securely connect to handlebars and frames of 22–32+mm. Designed to fit both standard and oversize handlebars and aero style seatposts. - The Blinder MINI Chippy, so called because of the Chips on Board technology used giving a panel of light. The Blinder MINI Niner, so called for its array of 9 LEDs. The Blinder MINI Dot is the ideal commuter light, perfect for both riding on well-lit roads at night and as a safety light in daylight for added visibility.
Thirty powerful micro-LEDs give the Pangolin an excellent balance of run-time and brightness. - 25 lumens - High / Low / Flash 1 / Flash 2 / Pulse - Side visibility - Tool-free installation - USB-rechargeable - Battery level indicator Run Times: - Hi-Beam: 1.5 hrs - Low-Beam: 6 hrs - Flash 1: 24 hrs - Flash 2: 27 hrs - Pulse: 4 hrs
- Modes include High Flash, Low Steady, DayTime Pulse, NightTime Pulse, and Economic Flash - Fully USB rechargeable: no batteries to buy or replace - Runtime up to 12 hours - Memory function: light turns on at the last mode it was turned off - Power saving function: 10% power or less, lights will automatically switch to lowest lumen output - Built-in battery indicators: RED = less than 25%, GREEN = fully charged - Side illumination ports - Multiple Mounting Options: vertical or horizontal mounting options as well as a clip for mounting to packs, bags or belts
$27.99 $39.99 30% Off
Introducing Vibe – a revolutionary concept incorporating smart technology to provide effortless safety in an ultra-compact, convenient design. Auto-on sensors, waterproof bio-renewable construction, and innovative safety features create the most technically advanced light available for commuters. Vibe (taillight) brings powerful 50 lumen SafePulse rear illumination in an ultra-compact design with innovative mounting. Featuring: - 50 Lumen Rear Output - Smart sensor technology senses motion and turns Vibe on when inserted into mount - Auto-off when bike is parked or light is removed from mount - SafePulse beam pattern optimized for maximum visibility day and night - Made with bio-renewable transparent shell material - Waterproof to 1 meter (when inserted in mount) for all-conditions reliability (IP67 Rated) - USB Mount Receptor allows light to be mounted and removed from bike in seconds with a simple, secure 1/4 turn lock - Innovative amber side lighting for increased visibility at intersections - Direct USB Charging Without Cables (Fully charges in 2 hours) - Ultralight, compact design - SafePulse runtime of 12 hours on a single charge - Designed and Assembled in California - Backed by Light & Motion’s 2 Year Warranty and Enhanced Experience Guarantee
With a dazzlingly bright 28 LED PB Power Array and three modes, this USB rechargeable light is like a Scarlet Begonia for the back of your bike. For added safety, it has a CPSC certified reflector in the lens to keep you visible when the light is off. Versatile mounting options allow you to attach it to your seat post or rear rack with the included brackets. - PB 28 LED power array and CPSC certified reflector provides steady, Courtesy & Superflash modes - FL1 Tested - Run times: 5 hrs (steady – 20 lm), 9 hrs (Courtesy – 6-18 lm) and up to 30 hrs (Superflash - 20 lm) - Provide 160-degrees of visibility - Highly visible, even in daylight - Dust and water resistance rated to IP65 standard - 700 mAh lithium polymer battery charges in 2.5 hours with micro USB cable (included) - Includes rear rack and seat post mounts plus clip mount for multiple mounting options - 65 grams
Portland Design Works' Fenderbot Taillight shines brightly to enhance your visibility when the sky turns dark. It boasts a 1-watt LED with three modes and precision reflector to notify others of your presence. And, the Fenderbot bolts directly to your fender so it's always on your bike. - Bright red LED and precision reflector - Bolts directly to fender to prevent theft - Weatherproof exterior for all season riding - Weight: 62 g (2.2 oz) - Runs on 2xAAA batteries (included) - Lifetime PDWarranty
Topeak's RedLite Aura gives you 1 high-flux piranha LED and 2 super-bright red LEDs to provide superb visibility for cars approaching from the rear. It mounts quickly and easily to Topeak racks and seatposts, and the included coin batteries deliver up to 120 hours of run time.
For much of night riding, the key to survival is not only seeing but also being seen, the CherryBomb 35 addresses the latter. By incorporating a unique multi-directional collimator specifically designed for cycling, the CherryBomb 35 maximizes visibility by dispersing light to the sides of the rider as well as to the rear, effectively eliminating blind spots to upcoming automobiles. To further rider safety and visibility, the CherryBomb 35 employs a custom made, built in reflector which allows the rider to be night time visible even when the taillight is in the off position. Clip and bike mounts are included, for flexible mounting options. - Daylight Visible Flash (DVF) - A wearable safety light – clip onto various straps, belt loops, etc. - Visible up to 1 mile - Internal reflector = visible if light on off mode - Easily replaceable AAA batteries - Super bright day time flash mode - Be Seen by cars = Be Safe - FL 1 Standard IP64, water resistant WARRANTY The CherryBomb 35 is backed by NiteRider’s lifetime warranty that covers any defects in material and workmanship, mechanical components (housings, covers, mounts and fasteners) and LEDs. SYSTEM INCLUDES - LED Tail Light - Seatpost Mount - 2 AAA Batteries
The water-resistant Light Kit features a clip mount to install on your Burley trailer's light loop or bracket. The 5-LEDs shine bright with 4 modes (flashing, constant, chasing & random) to provide increased visibility day or night. - 5-LEDs - 4 modes (flashing, constant, chasing & random) - Includes: (1) Red Light & (2) AAA Batteries - Compatible with Burley trailers using a Light Bracket or Light Loop
The Loop 2-RC is born from the same sleek, compact design and eye-catching visibility as the Loop 2, but is now rechargeable! With just 1.5 hours of charge time, you get 10 hours (flashing) and 2.5 hours (constant) run time on the rear light. Get noticed with the Loop 2 series of CatEye lights. - Dimension: 28 x 28 x 27mm - Weight: 18 grams (light unit and battery) - Light source: Red LED x1 - Battery: Lithium-ion rechargeable battery (80mA)
- Modes include High Flash, Low Steady, DayTime Pulse, NightTime Pulse, and Economic Flash - Fully USB rechargeable: no batteries to buy or replace - Runtime up to 7.5 hours - Memory function: light turns on at the last mode it was turned off - Power saving function: 10% power or less, lights will automatically switch to lowest lumen output - Built-in battery indicators: RED = less than 25%, GREEN = fully charged - Side illumination ports
- Powerful COB 50 chip LED - Micro-USB charging cable included - Weather-tough water resistant design - Flashing low battery indicator - Dual orientation universal rubber bracket
MSW USB rechargeable taillight. Includes micro USB cable for charging. - Tool-free installation - Aluminum body construction - 15 lumen output - Fits 19mm–48mm tubing - 28g weight
This is the “Next Generation” of our compact and versatile fast-mounting bike lights. Their mission: to help cyclists boldly go where no cyclist has gone before. - High output surface mounted LED provides steady, Courtesy, and Superflash modes - FL1 tested run time: 4.5 hrs (steady – 5 lm), 7 hrs (Courtesy™ 1.5-4.5 lm) and up to 22 hrs (Superflash - 5 lm) - Side cut outs provide 270° of visibility - Dust & water resistance rated to IP54 standard - 270 mAh lithium polymer battery charges in 2 hours with micro USB cable (included) - Diminutive size and fast mounting rubber strap mounts to multiple mounting locations in seconds without tools - 25 grams
Stand out at night! The Blinky 3H combines 3 bright LEDs with a parabolic reflector for up to a mile of visibility. And, its self-leveling helmet mount ensures optimum visibility as you ride. It also includes seatpost and seatstay mounts. The Blinky 3H has steady and flashing modes and runs for up to 100 hours on the included AAA battery. Also, this light includes a reflective lens and side reflective strips for extra safety.
-PB power array and reflector provide visibility for up to 1 mile -Steady, Superflash and Courtesy flash modes -Ultra compact case is weatherproof, lightweight, and durable -Rear rack and seat post mounts included -Up to 150 hours of run time on 2 AAA batteries (included) -85 grams
CatEye's Omni 5 Taillight uses Omni Directional Technology for 360 degrees of visibility. Five super-bright LEDs light up in three different modes so you can customize the pattern and get run times up to 120 hours. Plus, CatEye's tool-free mount makes installation a breeze.
The Superflash 65 brings a whole new level of versatility to battery powered tail lights. With four modes (High, Low, Courtesy and Superflash) this tail light provides 65 lumens and 220° of visibility that will get you noticed day or night. - Cree XBD and high output surface mounted LEDs provide 65 lumen output with high, low, Courtesy and Superflash modes - FL1 Tested - Run times: 40 hrs (high – 30 lm), 90 hrs (low – 7 lm), 45 hrs (Courtesy - 20-60 lm) and up to 130 hrs (Superflash - 65 lm) - Provides 220° of visibility - Highly visible, even in daylight - Dust & water resistance rated to IP64 standard - 2 AAA batteries (included) - Includes seat post and seat stay mounts and horizontal clip mount for multiple mounting options - 70 grams
MSW's TLT-200 lights are a small, simple, after-dark essential. And don't let their small size fool you, these lights pack a punch! They're also water-resistant for those less-than-perfect days when you're racing the radar back home. • Simple mode selection: on, off, flashing • Universal attachment (fits 20-40mm) • Taillight mount is angled to fit seatposts • Output: 7 lumens rear (red) • Run time: 50 hours (steady), 150 hours (flashing)
Maximize your visibility with this amazing taillight. The Blinky 7 aims 7 bright LEDs directionally to provide over 220 degrees of light visible from up to a mile away! The ultra-compact case is weatherproof, light and durable. And, the Blinky 7 includes a bike mount, clip mount and arm strap. Plus, the included 2 AAA batteries offer run times of up to 100 hours.


Seller: radiascence (3,026) 100%, Location: Ventura, California, Ships to: Worldwide, Item: 312022484355 VINTAGE WELCH ELECTRIC LIGHT BULB CIRCUITRY SCIENTIFIC LABORATORY MODEL 1930 EDUCATIONAL DESIGN: A rare and impressive vintage Welch Scientific Laboratory Educational electric light bulb circuitry board circa 1930-40's. The parts are manufactured of wood platform, stainless steel hardware, bakelite sockets and porcelain ceramic switch, all highest quality machining and manufacture. The complete circuit board assembly can be utilized to demonstrate various patterns of electrical circuitry by connecting/disconnecting the myriad of switch points. Initially intended for classroom demonstrations this amazingly visual relic can be utilized as a piece of functional sculpture today, the board presents impressively as-is or could easily be mounted on a wall in any direction desired.CONDITION: This early instruction circuity model is in exceptional original condition, completely intact and fully functional. Just moderate signs of wear with no obvious damage, just faint surface wear and light patina from age. The contact points can be a little sluggish in some areas simply due to years of accumulated oxidation from not being used, but all can be brought to life by a few repeated motions to gain an active contact point. All sockets, fuses and wiring are original and have been inspected to be clean, safe and completely functional. Due to the fragile antique nature of the filament light bulbs shown they are NOT included as I cannot guarantee their functionality...that said new contemporary reproductions of these early "Edison" style light bulbs can be found all over ebay and the internet and will have a much more reliable shelf life than any vintage bulb could offer. DIMENSIONS: The models platform base measures 30'" X 8" with an overall height of 4" without the light bulbs...filament light bulbs shown are NOT included due to their extremely fragile nature.


Presentation for the 2021 International Communication Association Conference. Together with Tilburg University and Rotterdam University of Applied Sciences, we investigated if and how telepresence robots affect between-student cooperation. Telepresence robots are robots that absent students can communicate through in the classroom.
The global pandemic has stressed the value of working remotely, also in higher education. This development sparks the growing use of telepresence robots, which allow students with prolonged sickness to interact with other students and their teacher remotely. Although telepresence robots are developed to facilitate virtual inclusion, empirical evidence is lacking whether these robots actually enable students to better cooperate with their fellow students compared to other technologies, such as videoconferencing. Therefore, the aim of this research is to compare mediated student interaction supported by a telepresence robot with mediated student interaction supported by videoconferencing. To do so, we conducted an experiment (N = 122) in which participants pairwise and remotely worked together on an assignment, either by using a telepresence robot or by using videoconferencing. The findings showed that students that made use of the robot (vs. videoconferencing) experienced stronger feelings of social presence, but also attributed more robotic characteristics to their interaction partner (i.e., robomorphism). Yet, the negative effects of the use of a telepresence robot on cooperation through robomorphism is compensated by the positive effects through social presence. Our study shows that robomorphism is an important concept to consider when studying the effect of human-mediated robot interaction. Designers of telepresence robots should make sure to stimulate social presence, while mitigating possible adverse effects of robomorphism.


Planning to buy a high-end television model with promising features, sleek design and latest technology? Well, make a wise decision after getting well-versed with the honest comparisons of the existing range of televisions. Take out a bit of your time to go through the comprehensive analysis that is not less than a full-proof TV buying guide. We are sure this will prevent you from all sorts of confusions while you actually step out of your home to buy one.
The market is brimming with endless options be it LCD, LED or Smart TV. Itâ€™s advisable to go with a crystal clear mindset and buy the TV that you actually need for yourself and your home. Here you go with some expert TV buying advice.
LCD TVs, LED TVs and Smart TVs: LCD aka Liquid Crystal Display TV sets saw a revolution in the world of television. The cathode ray tube based televisions were soon a passÃ© after the grand welcome received by LCD Televisions. Popular for their sleek look and flexibility to get mounted on a wall or stand on a flat surface, these TVs consume far less power as compared to plasma display as they trap light instead of emitting it.
On the other hand, LED (Light Emitting Diodes) TV sets with lights at the back of the screen are the advanced version of LCDs. They have enhanced black levels and contrasts. LEDs are sleeker than LCDs, they too can be mounted on a wall and consume far less power that LCDs.
Smart TVs are the newest versions for modern homes as they come with built-in internet connectivity and provide access to online features including videos, social networking and messaging.
The difference in picture quality: Talking about the picture quality, LED televisions are at par with LCDs. LEDs come with an in-built technology of dimming or brightening back lighting which result in modifying the color as per the needs and preferences of individuals. LCD TVs are also not far behind in the league in terms of providing color accuracy and better viewing angle.
Even smart TVs come with great displays in bright colors. The intense black levels with separate dark and light hues enhance the contrast ratio that the television has to offer.
Get the home theater experience: LCD TVs are a great option for gaming as they come with heads-up display (HUD) while LED TVs are just the right pick to give you a high-end home theatre feel. Smart TVs are the competent high definition device that has HDMI ports, USB ports for flash drives.
Good technology is proportional to long life: All the three versions â€“ CCFL-lit LCD television sets, LED-backlit TVs or smart TVs aka internet television, all are budget-friendly, energy efficient and durable. You befriend with them once and they will stay as your loyal friend for long years.
With technology upgrading day by day, one has more options to choose according to his/her budget and specific needs. Talking about the updated versions of cathode ray tube-based television sets all the three versions â€“LCD, LED and Smart TV are at par with each other. Itâ€™s just that you need to pick according to your personal demands. Happy Shopping!


At its town hall event this week, Apple made a major point of emphasizing the new Apple iPhone 5S’s camera. On the list of upgrades are a 15 percent bigger detector, an f/2.2 aperture, and bigger pixels that measure 1.5 microns across.
That instantly brings to mind the Lumia series specifically, the Nokia Lumia 1020, which currently has the most innovative smartphone camera on the market, if you’re a Windows Phone or Nokia fan. The Lumia 1020 does something similar, because it applies its 41-megapixel sensor for oversampling (in one mode, at least), shooting 5-megapixel images which can be more comprehensive and less noisy at higher ISO settings than normal.
There’s more to buying a phone than its camera, of course which brings us to this article. Here’s a side-by-side look at the Apple iPhone 5S and the Nokia Lumia 1020, all around, although not merely in camera specs.
Let’s begin with the way they appear. The similarities pretty much end there, as both of these phones are about as distinct as they could be, although they’re both phones with touch screens. That is partially thanks to its 4.5-inch 720p touch screen, but the remaining weight is mainly from the camera assembly, which protrudes slightly from the back of the cellphone. Powering the iPhone 5S is a new 64- bit A7 central processing unit and M7 motion coprocessor, which should be ideal for powering another generation of programs running under the new iOS 7. The Lumia 1020 features a now-conventional 1.5GHz Qualcomm Snapdragon S4 processor, which is typical for Windows Phone 8 apparatus in general. As far as the operating systems themselves are worried, both cellphones have become different.
Now about both cameras. The iPhone 5S has a laundry list of characteristics, including a hybrid vehicle IR filter, True Tone flash, a backside illumination detector, and the standard face detection, panorama, and burst modes. Both cellphones record high definition 1080p video and both mobiles can take still shots while recording video. The iPhone has a fresh slow mo video mode that grabs 120 frames per second, plus improved video stabilization.
The camera of the Lumia 1020 is a 2/3-inch design, which is about the same size as what you’d find in a high-end superior compact camera, which is very notable. It is additionally backside illuminated to reduce sound, and contains a wide angle 27mm (35mm equivalent) field of view in 4:3 manner.
In our review, we found the Lumia 1020’s camera as you’d expect to be equally as great, with its only demerit being that it has a slow photo-to-picture time. It’s additionally working with up to 38-megapixel photos, but even 5-megapixel photos take that long. The A7 chip of the iPhone 5S might help make it feel quicker, but we won’t know for sure until we get one in for review.
Both phones cost $199 with a two-year contract, although the Lumia 1020 comes with 32 GB of internal storage at that price; you will want to spend $299 up front, to get that with the iPhone 5S.


We are a telecommunications infrastructure developer
These are exciting times for wireless infrastructure development. The successful implementation of 4G networks and the much anticipated rollout of 5G has provided a boon for the tower development industry. Vertex and its partners are well positioned to capitalize on this increased demand for wireless service.
The much anticipated rollout of 5G has provided a boon for the tower development industry.
Vertex values its relationships with its wireless partners. We implement a common sense approach to the carrier leasing process.
Vertex also manages rooftops for both macro and micro installations.
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Addicted to Electricity
Electricity really draws me in — especially high-voltage electrical equipment.
I noticed this as a child when playing with a flat flashlight battery. Its brass contact strips make a pleasing sound like musical strings when you touch them. When you feel both strips simultaneously with your tongue, you can taste electricity as a raw current on the surface of your tongue. If you place a miniature lamp between the contacts just right, the lamp lights up and soon starts to burn your fingers. When you wrap some constantan wire around a matchstick and connect the wire ends to a battery, the matchstick starts to smoke soon. Suppose you create a similar coil from blasting wire and insert a needle. In that case, you create a permanent magnet that can be used as a compass when gently floating the arrow on the water's surface.
A flashlight battery has power and smells of electricity; you can sense a faint, resinous odour. A large radio anode battery smells even more like electricity, and you can feel the electricity with your fingers. When you touch the negative terminal with a damp finger while simultaneously touching the +90-volt or +120-volt terminal, you can feel the electricity tingling ominously from one terminal to your finger and through your arms to the negative terminal.
You can feel electricity even better by touching by touching the electric fence at the edge of the summer pasture.
They say that appetite comes with eating – initially I only tasted electricity from a flashlight battery. Then, I replaced the flat battery with a nine-volt button battery with a more pungent taste of electricity. When you become addicted to something, it often happens that you demand more and more, always more muscular and larger doses; a smoker switches from regular cigarettes to menthols, then to stronger ones, and when those don't provide enough kick, finally to green menthols. Similarly, a fan of spicy foods often starts cautiously with a sprinkle of white pepper, then moves on to Tabasco, and finally to cayenne pepper. When even that no longer excites them, they start experimenting with chilli peppers. An electric addict, on the other hand, begins with DC and small voltages, then moves on to higher voltage levels and stronger currents, and finally switches to AC.
So, initially, I tasted electricity modestly from a flashlight battery. I started tasting it from a nine-volt button battery. Finally, I hid a twelve-volt truck battery under my bed, which had a lot of power – it wouldn't run out quickly. When even that wasn't enough, I switched to alternating current. I built an electric generator from a discarded milk separator and a bicycle dynamo. When you turn the milk separator's crank, the device's mechanical linkage turns the dynamo on the frame at high speed, generating a lot of high-frequency alternating current that makes the connected lamp shine brightly.
You should not taste such charges with your tongue anymore. Otherwise, you can certainly engage in various experiments.
When I had my truck battery as a power source, flat flashlight batteries were ready to be scrapped. Through some lucky coincidence, I realized I should salvage the carbon rods inside them; I could use them as electrodes in small electrical experiments. I also saved carbon electrodes from the large 1.5-volt radio tube heater batteries, which typically contain flat carbon electrodes, almost the size of a pencil eraser.
By connecting the truck battery to two carbon rods, you can create an electric arc between them, which is white and very, very bright! Carbon electrodes can also be used to weld razor blades – it's a wonder I didn't get into trouble after ruining a whole pack of brand-new Gillette razors in my experiments.
You can conveniently conduct electricity from a truck battery to a light bulb: wind a suitable socket from thick, flexible aluminium wire and lead the electricity to the bulb's terminal with another wire. You don't need to insulate the cables; the voltage is not dangerous to the user in dry conditions. Just be careful of short circuits, as the current from a truck battery can melt a small wrench faster than you can remove your hand.
In the 1970s, we finally got actual electricity in our home. They built a new transformer next to the neighbour's barn, and from there, they pulled electricity to our house with tightly stretched aluminium wires. The world changed when you could turn on the lights by flipping a switch and watching TV without needing a tractor to power it near the living room window.
I got my first electric shock from a wall socket. I started testing the operation of a light bulb as before, by winding some iron wire into a socket. I inserted one end of the wire into a socket's hole, and I had already inserted an iron nail into the other hole as a conductor – there was an instant shock. The components I experimented with – the light bulb, iron wire, and the nail – flew in different directions. I want to emphasize that you should never stick anything into wall sockets under any circumstances; there's a hidden "cat" in there that can hiss mercilessly, and an unwary experimenter's life may be in danger.
In later years, I have indeed worked on high-voltage circuits, and my fingers have felt the shock, but miraculously, I've survived. If you need to do electrical installations, don't try to do it yourself; call an electrician.
An electric addict starts with direct current and small currents, moves on to higher voltage levels and stronger currents, and switches to alternating current.
I generated high voltage in many ways, but here I'll only mention the Wico High Tension Start Magneto, a device I obtained from an old, broken stationary engine. The magneto was a separate device, an independent unit, powered by the motor's shaft through a gear mechanism.
With the Wico, you could generate sparks over 10 mm long. I charged the car's ignition capacitor through the spark gap with my magneto, and by short-circuiting the terminals with a screwdriver, I created loud bangs. Each bang also vaporized a small piece from the tip of the screwdriver. A bit older, I took the magneto to school and, in collaboration with my classmates, connected it to some thin, almost invisible copper wire and wrapped it around the girls' chairs. Then we turned the crank. The girls didn't find it enjoyable at all. It took a long time after the stunt before I gradually regained the trust of the female members of the class; perhaps the world would have been happier if electricity had not been invented then.
Nowadays, I desperately need my annual dose of electricity. During our travels, I often stop my car under the national grid power lines. I turn off the engine and leave the vehicle in order to hear the crackling sound of four hundred thousand volts. The corona discharge crackles spectacularly just a few meters above me.
My Dear Light Bearer doesn't like the sound; she doesn't find anything erotic about it.
Tämän sivuston sisältö on lisensoitu Toivo Miettinen CC BY-ND 4.0 -lisenssillä.


5G: Opportunities and Legal Challenges
Posted - 01.09.2020
Part 1. Overview of 5G technology opportunities
This article is the first of a series of following publications, which will focus on more specific 5G topics.
Register here to follow our series of articles on the theme of 5G over the next month.
What is 5G?
5G is the 5th generation of wireless technology that will considerably improve the current framework of telecommunications based on the existing 4G. It is expected to be one of the fastest wireless technologies ever created. It will allow the emergence of new services, applications and capabilities. It will have a particular impact on the ISP’s business model and their offer of services thanks to the so-called “network slicing” technology, which will enable them to virtualise “slices” of the network and provide services specifically tailored and continually scalable to the needs of each users. Last but not least, it will enable technologies which will facilitate network management and reduce costs considerably. The 5G technology is expected to be deployed by the end of this year in Luxembourg in accordance with the European roadmap aiming to make 5G available in at least one city per Member State by 2020.
What will change?
More than simply enhancing the mobile broadband (i.e. speed of data transfers in bits/s), 5G allows the use of applications requiring ultra-reliable and low latency connections (i.e. the delay between a command and its execution) and pave solid steps for the development of the Internet of Things (“IoT”) industry. The opportunities foreseen include, in particular, autonomous driving and car-to-car real-time communications (e.g. detection of traffic jams or accidents and alerting other drivers on the way), road traffic management, smart homes, smart cities, remote surgery, remote surveillance and maintenance of industrial machines, etc.
What can 5G be used for?
At least 3 different usage scenarios of 5G have been identified together with their specific technical requirements:
- Enhanced mobile broadband i.e. greater bandwidth and support of more connected devices (“eMBB”): eMBB is an extension to existing 4G technology and addresses the applications supporting a small number of devices (compared to MMTC – see below), each of which requires high bandwidth (5G’s data rate is up to 20Gbps downlink), such as augmented reality, virtual reality, and other services requiring mobility, low latency, high data rate and wide area coverage. It will also support the growing data traffic needs (e.g. 3D video, 4K video transmission, streaming services, UHD screens, etc.).
- Ultra-reliable and low latency communications (“UR-LLC”): UR-LLC addresses applications with strict requirements for specifications such as low latency (5G provides 1ms latency, compared to 20ms for 4G), high reliability, security and throughput (self-driving and car-to-car communications, remote surgery, public safety services, operation of mining, oil and pipelines, etc.)
- Massive machine-type communications “(mMTC”): mMTC refers to networks supporting a large number of devices (i.e. about 106 devices/km2) requiring low bandwidth connectivity as they receive and transmit short packets. Such devices typically do not need low latency while security and resilience are essential to their functions (e.g. smart homes, smart cities, smart industries, etc.)
What impact will it have on society?
The 5G technology will affect a large part of our society in many different ways, including social, industrial, medical, environmental, financial and economic activities. It reveals new challenges from a legal and regulatory perspective both in relation to the deployment of this technology (e.g. allocation of spectrum, installation of antennas, administrative authorisation, access to public infrastructures, network security, etc.), with the development of new activities based on this technology (e.g. automation, digitalisation), and in relation to the day-to-day use of this technology (related criminal and civil responsibility, privacy and data protection, etc.).
Is there a legal framework covering 5G?
5G is covered in various aspects by several Luxembourg laws and European Regulations, in particular the Law of 27 February 2011 on network and electronic communication services (as amended)1 , the Law of 30 May 2005 on the management of radio waves (as amended), the Law of 30 May 2005 on the protection of persons in relation to the processing of personal data in the sector of electronic communications (as amended) (e-Privacy law), Regulation (EU) 2016/679 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data (General Data Protection Regulation), the Law of 28 May 2019 concerning measures for a high common level of security of network and information systems (NIS Law), and the Law of 23 October 2011 on competition (as amended). As regards the “network slicing” technology, particular concerns have also been raised in relation to Regulation (EU) 2015/2120 laying down measures concerning open internet access, which aims to ensure an equal and non-discriminatory treatment of internet traffic (net neutrality).
Are there other related laws and regulations?
Other legislation at European and Luxembourg level also apply in relation to the deployment of and investments in the 5G infrastructures and technologies, which are not covered in this overview, such as Regulation (EU) 2018/1971 establishing the Body of European Regulators for Electronic Communications (BEREC), Regulation (EU) 531/2012 on roaming on public mobile communications networks in the Union, Directive 2014/53/EU on the harmonisation of the laws of the Member States relating to the making available on the market of radio equipment, transposed in Luxembourg by the Law of 27 June 2016, Directive 2014/61/EU on measures to reduce the cost of deploying high-speed electronic communications networks, transposed in Luxembourg notably by the Law of 22 March 2017 and the Law of 24 May 2011 on services in the internal market, Directive 2014/24/EU on public procurement, transposed in Luxembourg by the Law of 8 April 2018, Regulation (EU) 2019/452 establishing a framework for the screening of foreign direct investments into the Union, Regulation (EC) 428/2009 setting up a Community regime for the control of exports, transfer, brokering and transit of dual-use items, Regulation (EU) 2016/1036 on protection against dumped imports from countries not members of the European Union, Regulation (EU) 2016/1037 on protection against subsidised imports from countries not members of the European Union, Regulation (EU) 2015/478 on common rules for imports, etc..
Read our next publication
In our next publication dedicated to the 5G theme, we will cover matters related to the allocation of part of the spectrum to the 4 Luxembourg telecom operators who won the auction organised by the Institut Luxembourgeois de Régulation (“ILR”), as well as their rights and obligations resulting from the licences that they obtained, and the effective deployment of 5G technology in Luxembourg.
This may also interest you :
- Developments of the CJEU on the concept of “electronic communications service”
- CJEU invalidates the Privacy Shield: implications for EU-US personal data transfers
- 5G: Opportunities and Legal Challenges - Part 2. Deployment of 5G in Luxembourg
- Draft Law implementing the European Electronic Communications Code in Luxembourg
- 1The applicable Law of 27 February 2011 will be repealed and replaced by a new law (Bill of law No. 7632 currently being discussed at the Chamber of Deputies) transposing the Directive (EU) 2018/1972 establishing the European Electronic Communications Code, which is a recast of the 2002 Telecoms Package including the (i) Framework Directive 2002/21/EC; (ii) Access Directive 2002/19/EC; (iii) Authorisation Directive 2002/20/EC; and (iv) Universal Service Directive 2002/22/EC.


Active vs Passive Mode
While the differences between these two modes can get complex, here’s a basic explanation:
FTP and FTPS connections use two different channels to a server at once. One is used for
commands and responses, the other for the actual data being transferred.
It’s a little like ordering a pizza: You make a phone call or put in an order via a website, but
the actual pizza arrives by car or scooter.
The second channel – the data channel – is opened differently in active and passive modes. In
active mode, the remote server opens the data channel. In passive mode, the local machine
opens the data channel using the IP address and port number with which the remote server
replies to a successful connection request. Sort of like the difference between having a pizza
delivered (active mode) and going to pick it up yourself (passive mode).
The reason these differences are important is that some firewalls and routers won’t allow
a remote server to initiate a connection to a computer on the local network. If the remote
server can’t open the data channel, the active mode FTP connection can’t transfer any data.
By default, FileZilla Pro CLI uses passive mode for FTP and FTPS connections.
To see or change which mode FileZilla Pro CLI change the FTP mode setting.
FTP Active Mode Configuration
Set the range of local port numbers that a remote server can use
You can restrict the local ports that remote FTP servers can use to initiate data channels.
These will need to correspond to ports that the router is configured to allow access from
outside the local network.
Configure the external IP address for your local machine
Before a remote server can send a request to open a data channel, it needs to know the external
IP address of your computer. This is different to the IP address that it has on your
local network, and it tends to change regularly unless your router is configured to assign a
static address instead.
The easiest way to configure this is to allow FileZilla Pro CLI to check with the
operating system to find out the current external IP address (default). If that doesn’t work,
though, there are two other options:
- Configure FileZilla Pro Command Line to use a static IP address: only use this if your
router and ISP support static IP addresses, and one is assigned to your computer.
- Configure FileZilla Pro Command Line to check a third-party website to find your computer’s
external IP address.
To configure FileZilla Pro CLI to use a static IP address set the e
ngine. to 1 and set the IP address in the
To configure FileZilla Pro CLI to consult a third-party website to find the local
computer’s IP address set the
engine.external_ip_mode to 2 and set the URL of your preferred
IP address-checking website in the IP address in the
Use external IP address for local network connections
By default, FileZilla Pro CLI doesn’t use the external IP address for connections
to servers on the local network.
If you need FileZilla Pro CLI to use the external IP address instead of the internal
(local network) address set the
engine.no_external_ip_on_local setting to 0.


If we are talking about Reliance Jio then the only thing which comes to my mind is the game changer. Since the launch of Reliance jio Phone, the whole telecom industry has changed their plans and targets. Reliance has shown that it is possible to give high-speed internet with such a low price and most importantly the preview offer was just awesome.
They gave unlimited internet to all for free. Now as the offer is on the verge of getting over they are all set to launch their low priced feature phone on the market. Although they have a set of pre-launched smartphones on market but now they will be launching a feature phone.
Reliance Jio Phone at RS 1500 Security Deposit for 3 Years:
The most attractive thing about this phone will be free and they will charge Rs.1500 as a security deposit and will be refunded after 3 years. We know it is somehow unbelievable but they are all set to launch this phone at free of cost. So here we will brief out some of the important topics which will give you a proper idea about this amazing app. There are many people who are actually waiting to get this phone. This step of launching this phone was taken after looking at the success of the smartphone. So let’s check out about the feature phone by Reliance Jio.
About the Jio Phone:
This stage will show you a full detail about the phone so that you can know what are the exact thing this phone is coming with.
- The name of the phone will be LYF I guess many of us are aware of this name. This is the same brand which Reliance has chosen for the smartphones.
- This phone will get a RAM of 512 MB which is more than sufficient for feature phone at this price point.
- Speaking of the internal storage. The device will get an internal storage of 4GB which can be later on expanded up to 128GB with the help of a micro SD card.
- The phones get a 2MP of a rear camera which delivers a decent amount of picture quality.
- Coming to the processor of the phone it has snapdragon205 SoC which helps the device get a full throttle of power. With a price of Rs.500 getting a Snapdragon processor is one of the best things the users can expect.
- The screen size of the phone is 2.4inches which is decent in size but in terms of picture quality, it delivers bright and clear picture quality.
- The operating system of the phone is Kai OS. which is the custom fork of the Firefox operating system.
- The battery of the phone is of 2000 MAH which is quite a good one which delivers good battery backup.
- Speaking of the connectivity of the phone it gets cat 4 LTE band 3,5,40 followed by dual sim and with a WIFI connection. You will also get USB tethering which allows you to connect with other devices easily. The device will also have Bluetooth 4.1 connection which will help the users to connect with other devices easily. Not only that you will also get a VOLTE support with VoWIFI, with a video calling facility too.
- Messaging apps like WhatsApp, Facebook can be easily accessed with the help of this app.
- The device gets a unique design which looks just too attractive and handy too.
So these were some of the most valuable features of this phone now let’s check out some of the launch date and the availability of this phone.
Launch date and the availability of the Jio Phone:
The launch date of the phone is on 15th August 2017 and booking starts from 24th August and will exclusively available on reliance digital and jio store from September 2017. Though there are many more things which are yet to be announced for now this is the latest news about the phone and where you can get it.
So here it is all about the super budget phone from Jio which is at Rs.1500 security deposit for 3 years. With a free tag, this device gets a whole lot of feature on it which gives the users the best of the connectivity features at free of cost. There are many who are eagerly waiting for this phone to come on the market. So if you are among those then it is almost the time to get the phone.