- Running out of IPv4 addresses – the world is running out of address space on the older protocol and we need to switch to something larger.
- Remove multiple layers of Network Address Translation (NAT). Currently, the way we get around the shortage of IPv4 addresses is by using NAT to hide private addresses behind a public address and have a device translate between the two. This has limitations that can cause problems with some games, Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) and some business applications, especially voice. IPv6 does not have NAT as we have enough address space for every single device to have its own IPv6 address.
Leaptel has been trialling IPv6 access since early 2022. Our network is built as a dual-stack environment (so both IPv4 and IPv6 together) and customers have been able to enable IPv6 via the members portal via an opt-in process. Each customer who enables the service is:
- Allocated a Global Unicast Address for their router connected to the internet
- Allocate a /56 delegation for their router to use to allocate addresses to their entire household. That is 4,722,366,482,869,645,213,696 addresses per customer.
We support IPv6 on:
- nbn® Customers connecting via PPPoE or IPoE.
- Opticomm customers connecting via PPPoE or via IPoE (in areas in which Opticomm’s infrastructure supports it).
- Lightning Wholesale areas via PPPoE.
Once your router has connected up IPv4, your router will then make a DHCP request for IPv6. At that time we will provide your router with:
- A global unicast IP address for the router’s network port to us.
- A /56 prefix delegation for your router to make IPv6 work within your home network.
What then happens is your router will take the /56 delegation and in a normal home situation it will then allocate one /64 subnet from that delegation to your local network and begin making that address space available to your devices.
No. The default configuration of most IPv6-capable residential routers will have a firewall protecting your devices from the public internet. In addition to this most devices also have their own firewall to provide another level of protection.
Many devices will also randomise the address they use to ensure that the device keeps moving around, making it difficult to predict the address your device will have, providing you with another layer of protection.
We are hoping to offer static IPv6 allocations in 2024.
Leaptel will return a /48 prefix delegation when you request IPv6.
The equipment Opticomm has installed at some locations is old and is not capable of correctly providing the Option 82 injection of your service ID to allow us to authenticate your connection. Once Opticomm upgrades the network infrastructure you will be able to get IPv6 at addresses that currently cannot.
When you go to turn on IPv6 we run a check with Opticomm to confirm if it is available and if it is not we cannot enable the protocol for you.
We would prefer you to obtain your DNS servers from DHCP however if you need to statically allocate DNS servers our servers are on our DNS page.
Leaptel uses DHCPv6-PD (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol version 6 with Prefix Delegation) to obtain an IPv6 Global Unicast address and a prefix to use for your local network.
SLAAC (Stateless Address Autoconfiguration) is not used by Leaptel. However, it may be used by your router to then provide IPv6 within your local network and combined with DHCPv6 to then provide DNS details. You can find information on what SLAAC is and how it works here.
No, Leaptel does not use any tunnelling to support IPv6. We run a Dual Stack environment.
No. An address that begins with FE80 is called a link-local address, which only provides IPv6 connectivity to devices on the same local network. Every device on an IPv6 network will normally have 2 addresses, a link local address and a Global Unicast address which on the Leaptel network begins with “2402:”.
No, it is not required that you get a Global Unicast address. You can just request just a prefix delegation from our Broadband Network Gateways (BNGs). This will work if your router is capable.
Yes, but you need to be careful to ensure that both DHCPv4 and DHCPv6 are turned off on your access point and that you are connecting the LAN ports of your access point to the LAN ports of your router.
If you don’t do this your access point will try and request a prefix from your router. This will go unanswered which will cause issues and could lead to the access point incorrectly returning to devices that it is also a router, breaking IPv6 from working.


1. Light can Zoom in /zoom out
2. Head light can be adjusted around 90 degrees.
3. Durable aluminum alloy material casing.
4. Extensive Lifetime of LED (100,000 hours)
5. With a charging interface on the battery holder, much more convenient for charging.
6. With adjustable and elastic head band for conveniently put on or take off.
7. The red indicator light on the battery holder plays a good warning role in night walking or cycling!
8. Suitable for outdoor sport lovers to do some outdoor activities, such as hunting, cycling, climbing, and camping, etc
NOTE : headlamp is rechargeable so Generally waterproof
1. Brand Name: Litwod
2. Model Name: 2806-2
3. Quantity: 1 PCS
4. Beads: CREE-XH P70.2 (7mm)
5. 3 Modes: Strong light 100%- Low light 50% – SOS 50%
6. Lamp Life: 100,000 Hours
7. Headlamp: Colour: Black
8. Emitted Color: White Light
9. Switch: Head press switch
10. Case material: Durable aircraft-grade aluminum
11. Net Weight: About 0.3 kg
12: LED Life:More than 100000 hours
13. Lighting Distance: Above 200 meters
14. 4 times brighter than XM-L2 U3
15. Reflector: Convex Lens
16. Lumens: Max 3200 Lumen
17. Feature: Micro USB Rechargeable
18 . Waterproof: NO
19. Model of Battery required: 3×18650 Battery, about 7800mah , can be used as a mobile source
20. 3x 18650 batteries can be running time more than 8 hour.
7800mAh battery 80% conversion. Rechargeable mobile phone 7800*80%=6240mAh. iPhone 6s 3.3 times
Option A: 1x Headlight + 1x Micro USB charger (battery not Include)
Option B: 1x Headlight + 1x Micro USB charger + 3x 18650 Batteries
Option C: 1x Headlight + 1x Micro USB charger + 3x 18650 Batteries + 1x Plug + 1x Mini Car charger
The correct way to open battery box like picture 1
If you just had flat head 18650 battery . Please connect the magnet to the positive 18650 battery battery with a magnet or a metal plate.


The Wireless Information Networking (WIN) group belongs to the Department of Telecommunications and Systems Engineering of UAB and is formed by a multidisciplinary team (computer and telecommunication engineers). The WIN group has a solid expertise in the application of data and statistical signal processing algorithms in wireless sensor networks and speech processing. WIN activities are focused now on the development of machine learning solutions to extract value from wireless data by considering two industrial verticals: eHealth and Automotive. WIN group is a Emergent Research Group (SGR) recognized by Catalan Government.
To extract value from Wireless data.
To become the top leading European research group providing data value solutions.
Antoni Morell received the M.Sc. degree in electrical and electronic engineering and the Ph.D.
degree from the Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Barcelona, in 2002 and 2008, respectively.
He was with the Signal Theory and Communications Department, UPC, from 2002 to 2005 holding
a Spanish Government FPU Grant to pursue the PhD studies. He joined Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona in 2005,
where he is currently an Associate Professor. Dr. Morell has expertise in optimization techniques applied to
communications and IoT/WSN, publishing +20 papers in recognized international journals and +40 papers including conference proceedings.
Javier Serrano is Associate Professor at Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona (UAB). He teaches and researches at the Dep of Telecommunications and System Engineering in the area of Medical Data Analytics. He graduated in Computer Science in 1988, and received a Ph.D. (1994) degree in
Automatic Control (Computer Science Program) at UAB. He was the Educational Director and Project Manager in Speech Technologies at Center for Ambient Intelligence and Accessibility of Catalonia (CaiaC),a research center and a technology transfer node from the Catalan IT network. He also was the Director of the Infoaccessibility Service at UAB. Dr. Serrano has expertise in model predictive control, speech technologies and medical data analytics, publishing in recognized international journals and conference proceedings, and participating in national and international projects. He volunteers for Academics Without Borders (AWB) and was involved in projects with Karatina University and Aga Khan University in Kenya.
Jose Lopez Vicario: is an Associate Professor at the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB). He received both the degree in
electrical engineering and the Ph.D. degree (cum laude) from the Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Barcelona, in 2002 and
2006, respectively. He also holds an MBA from the IESE Business School, Universidad de Navarra. Dr. Vicario has a wide expertise
on wireless communications and IoT/WSN, publishing 28 papers in recognized international journals, +50 papers in conferences and
supervising 4 PhD Thesis (+3 in progress). Dr. Vicario received the 2005/06 best Ph.D. prize in Information Technologies and
Communications by the UPC and holds the Advanced Research accreditation issued by Catalan Government.
Guillem Boquet received the M.Sc. degree in electrical engineering from Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB) in 2014. From 2012 to 2014, he was a research assistant at the Department of Telecommunications and Systems Engineering and collaborated in the research and development project 3SENS. Later, he worked for several companies such as Everis, Vodafone, Huawei and government agency CESICAT. Since October 2016, he is pursuing the Ph.D. degree at the Department of Telecommunications and Systems Engineering and collaborating in teaching courses on digital communications, signals and systems. During this time, he has authored one conference paper and one international journal. His main research interests include Vehicular Communications, Wireless Sensors Networks, Big Data and Real-time Analytics.
Michael Gitau received his B.Sc. in Computer Science from Moi University in December 2009 and his M.Sc. in Data Communication in 2014 from KCA University in Kenya. He specialized in networks, network connected devices, cloud computing and machine learning. He is currently a Ph.D. student in Electrical and Telecommunication Engineering and carrying out research in predicting models in chronic disease.
Edwar Macias received his B.Sc. in Electronic Engineering in 2014 from Universidad de Antioquia (UdeA), Colombia, his M.Sc. in Telecommunications Engineering in 2017 from Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB). He is a Ph.D. student in Electrical and Telecommunication Engineering, He currently works at the Department of Telecommunications and Systems Engineering, joint with the research group WIN (Wireless Information Networking). His research interests include machine learning, data mining, e-health, IoT.
Ivan Pisa Dacosta received the B.Sc in Telecommunications Systems Engineering in 2016 and the M.Sc in Telecommunications Engineering in 2018, both from Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. In 2016, he has been collaborating in the development of a project related to the Air Traffic Management adopting the Automatic Dependent Surveillance Broadcast system in the SME company Asociación Levelco. Then, from September 2016 to February 2018 he has been a research assistant of WIN (Wireless Information Networking) group. Nowadays, he is pursuing the Ph.D. studies in Electrical and Telecommunications Engineering under the supervision of WIN and ASAC (Advanced Control Systems & Automation) research groups. His research interests include Machine Learning, IoT, Industry 4.0 and Data Analytics.


Before changing a fuse or replacing a fuse wire, correct whatever fault caused the fuse to blow in the first place.
Switch off the mains socket outlet and remove the plug.
Unscrew the retaining screw on the underside of the plug between the pins. Remove the cover and lift out the fuse.
Note what rating the fuse is. It is always sensible to double check that the fuse is of the rating required for the appliance. If in doubt, check the instructions for the appliance or ask the manufacturer. As a general rule, use a 3 amp fuse for appliances up to 720 watts and a 13 amp for appliances from 720 watts to 3000 watts.
Fit the replacement fuse in the holder, check that all the conductors are securely held in their terminals with no stray strands of wire, check that the flex is held firmly in its clamp and replace the cover with its retaining screw.
When a fuse ‘blows’ on one of the circuits in your house, it is an indication something is wrong, so you will need to determine the cause and rectify it first. This is particularly important now that MCBs (miniature circuit breakers) are commonly used. The temptation is to simply reset it without identifying the cause.
Make sure the main switch is off before removing the cover of the consumer unit
Identify the type of fuse fitted. Hopefully, your unit will have been labelled to make identification of the individual circuits easy. If not, you will need to check each fuse. Fuses are labelled to show the rating in amps so you should be able to narrow down the possibilities by checking fuses of the appropriate rating for the circuit which has failed. These are set out on the continuation of this page.
Overloading of circuits
If you suspect overloading of the circuit,
make sure the main switch is still off at the consumer unit, remove the fuse and keep it with you to prevent the power being restored inadvertantly by others.
Unplug all appliances on the circuit which has blown. If the problem was overloading, once you have replaced the fuse or reset the MCB, the circuit should work. Otherwise, further investigation is needed.
Make sure the mains is still switched off and again, keep the fuse with you.
Check each fitting on the circuit by removing its cover to see if any of the wires have become loose or are damaged in any way. If this is the case, resecure or repair before refitting the covers of all fittings.
If you cannot identify the problem, seek the help of a qualified electrician.


International Conference on Virtual Systems and Multimedia
3D Virtual Worlds have the potential to expand the
 knowledge of a foreign culture by presenting the information in a
 visual context. In this paper we describe the design and evaluation
 of ICURA, a Serious Game that provides an opportunity to learn
 more about Japanese culture and etiquette. ICURA incorporates
 different game design and learning principles to effectively
 communicate knowledge. The main goal is to combine aspects
 of learning and fun in an immersive 3D Environment to make
 the communication of knowledge an entertaining experience. We
 evaluated the game through a user study with 20 participants.
 The comparison of pre- and post-test results highlights the
 positive learning effect of ICURA.
Information and Communication Technology
J. Froschauer, I. Seidel, M. Gärtner, H. Berger, W. Merkl


Most people understand that the electrical circuit is at the heart of the welding operation. What you might not be aware of, however, is how easy it is for disruptions in this circuit to interfere with productivity, weld quality and equipment service life.
|Understanding the role conductivity plays in the welding operation and how to troubleshoot problems that can reduce downtime, rework and unnecessary equipment costs.|
All of these factors are ultimately affected by conductivity: the ability of the electrical current to flow along the welding circuit. Conductivity can also be referred to through its inverse: resistance, or the interference of electricity to flow freely along the circuit. If the electrical current moves with very little resistance, the material is very conductive. Gold, for example, is one of the most conductive materials on earth (which is why it was used in early telephones and other electrical equipment), but its cost prevents its use in welding equipment.
Copper, aluminum and other metals are used in welding equipment because they strike a good balance between cost and conductivity. The copper used in welding equipment does a good job allowing the electrical current to flow. There is still a very small amount of resistance inherent in the properties of the material, but it is not enough to interfere with the welding operation. Excessive resistance along the circuit, however, can cause weld defects, reduce productivity and lead to premature equipment failure.
To understand exactly how conductivity impacts almost every aspect of your welding operation, it helps to think about the welding circuit like a garden hose. The water flowing through the hose is analogous to the electrical current in the circuit. If you squeeze the hose in one spot, it reduces the amount of water that is able to flow from the hose. Likewise, an area of electrical resistance, such as a worn out or dirty power pin connection, restricts electrical flow along the entire length of the circuit
When resistance prevents the electrons from continuing along the circuit, they convert their energy to heat, which is absorbed by the surrounding components. Heat causes plastic and metal components to expand and to contract when cooled, creating mechanical stress that can lead to premature equipment failure.
Interestingly, heat itself is a source of resistance, which is why high heat welding processes, such as with metal-cored wire, demand that the contact tip be recessed as far from the welding arc as practicable. As the contact tip absorbs the heat from the arc, it loses its ability to transfer the current to the wire, resulting in increasingly poor welding performance.
Excessive resistance anywhere along the circuit can result in a wide range of problems, including a sputtering or erratic arc, inconsistent weld appearance and frequent contact tip burn-back. These problems occur because resistance in the circuit reduces the amount of current that can flow to the welding arc. When the power source senses the reduced current at the arc, it sends a surge of voltage in order to overcome the restricted current flow. This increased voltage causes the popping and sputtering that leads to poor and inconsistent weld quality.
Being able to correctly identify and troubleshoot excessive electrical resistance is critical to reducing the equipment and rework costs.
|As seen in this schematic, there are many areas for interruptions in conductivity to occur. Routinely checking the mechanical connections between the components can avoid problems before they arise.|
The mechanical connections between the welding components account for most interruptions in conductivity. These include: the connection between the power source and the gun’s power cable plug; the fittings and connections between the gun’s power cable, neck, diffuser, contact tip and welding wire; and the connections between the work lead, welding table and power source. Routinely check these connections before problems arise in order to avoid compounded problems down the road.
|The neck, diffuser and contact tip are exposed to repeated mechanical stress as they absorb the heat from the arc and then cool down after welding is completed.|
There are three main types of power cable terminations: compression, set screw and crimped. Compression fittings typically provide the best combination of durability and reparability. Set screw fittings are easily repaired, but often come loose and require frequent tightening. Crimped fittings provide good contact between the cable and gun, but are also susceptible to overheating and gradual degradation. Loose cable, gun and power source connections should be tightened to manufacturer specifications or replaced if damaged.
Because the welding wire wears the bore over time, the contact tip should be one of the first areas checked during troubleshooting. A contact tip that doesn’t maintain constant connection to the welding wire should be replaced, regardless of whether it is the primary source of the conductivity problem.
Paint and other surface contaminants can reduce the conductivity of the work lead connection. To ensure maximum electrical flow, attach the work lead clamp to clean, unpainted metal and as close to the weld joint as possible. If using rotating work leads, such as turntables and positioners, conductive grease can help increase the conductive surface area between the moving and non-moving parts.
The other most frequent source of interruptions in conductivity is frayed copper stranding within the gun or, less frequently, in the work lead cables. These strands can fray and break due to repeated bending and twisting, particularly on guns that don’t contain strain relief components at the connection points with the gun and power source. Also, thermal stresses can cause the copper stranding to become brittle, increasing the likelihood of fatigue failure.
For this reason, the gun cable should only be bent or twisted if absolutely necessary. The resistive heat caused by frayed cable stranding, in addition to causing poor weld performance, can also accelerate the degradation of the remaining intact strands and cause the eventual failure of the cable.
|The power pin connection can become loose and cause increased resistance. The strain relief feature on this gun reduces the chances of the cable stranding breaking at the connection to the power pin.|
Unfortunately, it is difficult and often impractical to inspect the cable for damage as a preventative measure. Check the mechanical connections and fittings first if poor conductivity is the suspected source of a welding problem, and then proceed to check the condition of the cable.
It may be possible to cut and re-terminate the cable if the damage occurs near the connections to the power source or gun. Severe cable damage or damage near the middle of the cable may require replacement of the cable or the entire gun.
Welding technology has advanced substantially since the days of DC ‘buzz boxes,’ but one thing that has remained constant throughout the decades is the need to establish and maintain a robust electrical circuit. Resistance from loose fittings and connections will occur as a natural part of the wear and tear that welding equipment undergoes during normal use. However, knowing the common signs of poor conductivity and following a regular inspection routine will help ensure that built-up resistance doesn’t cause undue equipment and rework costs.
Bernard semi-automatic welding products, consumables and accessories combine quality and rugged durability to provide you with all the welding supplies your project requires. Whether it's a welding consumable, nozzle, MIG welding tip, welding tip, welding torch, welding cable, welding company, Centerfire, butt connector, wire feeder, splicer, self-shielded flux-cored gun, FCAW gun, GMAW gun, stick welding gun, manual gun, fume extraction gun, smoke gun, MIG gun, MIG welding gun, terminal lugs, MIG gun, Bernard welding gun, welding gun, MIG torch, or a Bernard MIG Gun, Bernard has it for you.


The launch date of Poco X4 Pro 5G has been officially announced for India and the company is now going to launch its new 5G smartphone on March 28. Poco India has shared a poster regarding the launch of the phone on its official Twitter handle, in which the smartphone is scheduled to launch on March 28 at 12:00 pm IST. Poco X4 Pro 5G was launched globally at MWC this year and the price of the phone is EUR 299 (approx. Rs. 25,300) for the 6GB + 128GB RAM and storage model and for the 8GB RAM + 256GB storage model costs EUR 349 ( Approx. Rs. 29,500). Poco X4 Pro 5G Total will be available in 3 Laser Black, Laser Blue, and Poco Yellow color options.
Poco X4 Pro 5G Expected Specifications
1) 6.67-inch full-HD+ (1,080x2,400 pixels) AMOLED display with 120Hz refresh rate
2) Snapdragon 695 SoC under the hood, paired with 8GB of RAM
3) 64-megapixel triple AI-backed triple rear camera
4) 16-megapixel selfie camera
5) 5,000mAh battery that supports 67W fast charging
6) Dual-SIM (Nano) Poco X4 Pro 5G runs on Android 11 with the company's MIUI 13 skin on top


JMP (pronouncedjump ) is a computer program for statistics, developed by the JMP business unit of SAS Institute.
JMP is used in applications such as Six Sigma for quality control and technical planning, design of experiments (DOE) and scientific research.
The software has its focus in the exploratory analysis, data visually inspected at the user and erforschen.
An example of entering data in JMP is available here (month can be replaced by patient/subject if necessary).
R is a free programming language for statistical computing and statistical graphs. It was created based on the S programming language and largely compatible with this. In addition, the developers oriented to the Scheme language.
R is part of the GNU project and available on many platforms. R is increasingly seen as the statistical standard language both in the commercial as well as in the scientific field (though mainly in the commercial sector SAS is also very popular).


Nokia Lumia 800 vs. iPhone 4: The High-Tech Phones to Evaluate
The Nokia Lumia 800 vs. Apple iPhone 4 is a great comparison between the two main brands. You can experience a new level of internet and multitasking in both the phones. Lumia 800 and iPhone 4 are great to use for the official purpose as the phones have several built-in business applications that surely makes your work easier and faster. The good looks are another main additional point of these two most popular handsets.
• The Lumia 800 is also said to be the rocking musical device of Nokia, as it is bestowed with the FM Radio which is not present in the iPhone4 handset. But both these cell phones have a same 3.5 mm headphone jack to enjoy the music beats.
• The Nokia handset comes with 8 mega pixel camera and the other facilities of LED flash, video format of 720p@30fps and has no secondary camera. On the other hand, its competitor differs with a 5 mp of camera and 0.3 mp front facing camera.
• A huge variance can be seen in their display screens. Apple iPhone4 lead here just because of its powerful 3.5” screen which has a resolution of 960x640 and produces a sharp display of 329ppi, in comparison to that the Lumia 800 comes with a 3.7” screen which provide a resolution of 800x480 and 252ppi of pixel density.
• The Nokia has a battery of 1450mAh which is capable to provide a longer talk time of 13 hours and stand-by of 11 days, which is quite closer to the Apple iPhone 1420mAh battery which provide a talk time of 14 hours and stand by time of 12.5 days.
• On evaluating the phone memory space the favor goes to Apple iPhone4 which is enabled with a massive 64GB of internal memory space, which is comparatively higher than the Lumia 800 that comes with a very less memory space of 16GB. The 512 MB of RAM and no Card slot are some of the similar internal specifications of these two handsets.
• The processing speed and phone system is much improved in the Nokia Lumia 800, as it comes with the latest Microsoft Windows Phone 7.5 Mango OS and has a strong scorpion processor of 1.4 GHz, while the Apple iPhone slightly left behind with its iOS4 and 1GHz of processor.
Hence, both these phones are made up of the outstanding technology which is incomparable!


Author: William Johnson
A keen tech enthusiast who loves to keep a tab on the tech scene, with special emphasis on things like smartphones, tablets, laptops, convertibles and such. Cars happen to be his other passion, not to mention the recent trend here comprising of electric cars and autonomous cars. Off late, he has also started tinkering a bit with stuff like electronic circuits, electric motors a bit though he's just a novice there.
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This firmware allows you to create a Zigbee switch device with a flexible configuration of inputs and outputs. I’ve created a base firmware for CC2530, CC2530 + CC2590 , CC2530 + CC2591 and CC2530 + CC2592 chips. The attached configurator for Windows can write your device configuration to the selected base firmware. Then you can save the customized version to a separate HEX file and upload to your device.
Inputs and outputs can work independently. So you may create a switch without a control button, or a simple button only.
The device with this firmware also works as a router.
Note: the firmware is designed for constantly powered devices.
Remember state – The firmware saves the output state to NVRAM and restores it after power off/on.
Link – The input immediately controls the state of the corresponding output. The device sends the on/off state of the output to a coordinator. Otherwise, the input is independent.
Long – The firmware detects and reports to the coordinator a long click (2000 ms).
Double – The firmware detects and reports double click (max 500 ms between clicks).
Triple – The firmware detects and reports triple-click (max 500 ms between clicks).
The firmware creates a separate endpoint (1..5) for every configured output and/or input (max 5 endpoints).
The firmware reports the state of an independent button via the “ZCL_CLUSTER_ID_GEN_MULTISTATE_INPUT_BASIC” cluster and the “PRESENT_VALUE” attribute. 1 – single click. 2 – double click. 3 – triple-click. 4 – long click.
The firmware does not send a separate report for the linked button. Otherwise, it sends reports about the output state via the “ZCL_CLUSTER_ID_GEN_ON_OFF” cluster and the “ON_OFF” attribute.
You may control the output state via the “ZCL_CLUSTER_ID_GEN_ON_OFF” cluster and the “ON_OFF” attribute.
The “ZCL_CLUSTER_ID_GEN_ON_OFF” cluster also accepts the “read”, “configure” and “onOffWithTimedOff” commands: “read” – returns the current state on the specified endpoint. “configure” – set the periodic reporting interval for the output. The “minReportInt” attribute specifies the reporting interval in seconds. If “minReportInt” is 65535, the firmware disables periodic reports. “onOffWithTimedOff” – sets the output state to “HIGH” for “onTime” milliseconds, and automatically resets to “LOW”.
2019-08-14: Fixed bug with 3rd and 4th inputs. 2019-06-27: First release.
Nowadays, some manufacturers offer boards with additional power amplifiers for the radio signal. These boards may cover a rather large area than the regular CC2530. The standard router firmware does not work with these boards.
Ebay and Aliexpress offer several boards with the CC2530 chip (keyword: CC2530). You may select any board, but use the following criteria:
The board must have the CC2530F256 chip (fig. 3). The key number here is 256 and it means 256 KB of flash memory. Most firmware was compiled for 256K memory.
The board may have many pins or contacts. If you do not have a soldering iron then select a board with headers. I would suggest to select a board where each pin has the corresponding label. The label may slightly different on different boards: P0.2, P02, P0_2 are the same pin. The board must have at least the following pins:
Po.2, Po.3, P2.0 – used for a UART interface. If you plan to use this board instead CC2531 and connect to your SBC like Raspberry Pi, then you need these pins. If you’ll upload a router firmware to this board then these pins are optional.
P2.1, P2.2, RST – used for uploading firmware.
GND – ground.
Power source (VCC) – it may be 3.3V, 5V or both. This pin can be marked by VCC only. Internally, the CC2530 chip uses the 3.3V voltage, but a manufacturer may add a voltage regulator on the board and you may use any supported voltage (3.3V or 5V, no difference). Please, read a description for this board carefully about the voltage.
The board may include an additional small chip (fig.5). Most likely, this is a wireless signal amplifier. Usually these boards contain “Long range”, “RF front-end”, “RF amplifier”, “CC2591”, “RXF2401” in a description. These boards require a special firmware. I would suggest to select this board if you really have a firmware for this combination of the main chip (CC2530) and the RF front-end chip.
The board may contain an antenna on-board (fig.2, 3, 6) or a connector for an external antenna (fig. 1, 3, 4, 5). The board with an external antenna will work better in most cases.
Some boards may have a metallic shield over the main chip and/or the RF front-end. This shield protects the board from radio noises (good). But I would suggest to buy this board from a trusted vendors only because you cannot be sure about chips under this cover.
Rare CC2530 based boards may include an USB interface (fig. 6). CC2530 does not have native USB support apart from CC2531. Therefore a manufacturer adds an additional chip on the board. The additional chip implements the USB interface and the CC debugger. Therefore you can upload a firmware to this board without a special debugger (CC debugger or SmartRF04EB). Therefore it holds small space on your work table. It can be useful for developers. If you need only one CC2530 or CC2531 for a coordinator role you may save money. Please, read a description for a board carefully because this USB interface and chip may be used for another purpose. Therefore I cannot recommend this board for beginners.
My smart home infrastructure contains several Xiaomi humidity/temperature and door sensors. I’ve used these sensors with the corresponding Xiaomi gateway. The gateway was connected with my BananaPi M2U and Pimatic. But my home is long and tall. One gateway does not cover all rooms and therefore far sensors disappear periodically.
I’ve googled and found I can use Xiaomi sockets (Zigbee edition) like Zigbee routers. This socket is less expensive than a new gateway and it has a smaller size. I’ve purchased tow sockets and used it about a month. This socket has a big problem (from my point of view). It can go into the deep sleep mode and cannot forward data packets from sensors.
Python has the pretty good library “WiringPi-Python“, but it depends on WiringPi2 for Raspberry Pi and cannot be installed automatically through pip. Here is a solution.
In my project I want to control a battery voltage and a charging state for my LiPo battery. Therefore I’ve added the ADS1115 board.
I’ve installed WiringPi2 for BPi and tried to read analog inputs through the gpio command line utility.
$ gpio -x ads1115:200:0x48 aread 200
The main disadvantage of this method for me is the default analog reading settings: 128 samples per second and +/-4.096V range (my battery voltage is 4.2V). You cannot change these setting in the command line utility.
In my home automation system I need to send alarms and events via SMS to my mobile number because an internet connection is not stable and may absent on power loss. Therefore I’ve purchased a compact board with the SIM900 chipset.
Note: SIM900A – this is an Asian version of this chip and does work in Europe. I’ve flashed the “1137B02SIM900M64” firmware and now it works well with my SIM cards. Here is the blog with many firmwares, flashing tools and instructions.
I’m using Pimatic and it does not have a ready-to-use plugin for this GSM modem. I’ve found a python code on the web that easily allows to send SMS using both ASCII and Unicode modes. My work is to create a daemon that will route MQTT messages to a SMS messages and vice versa. Pimatic has the very powerful MQTT plugin and I can send SMS messages using built-in rules.
Additionally I can process incoming SMS messages and execute commands from SMS messages by subscribing to a selected topic.
Banana Pi BPI-M2U has the Allwinner R40 chip. This chip does not include a hardware 1-wire interface. But we can implement this data exchange protocol at the software level using the bit bang method. The default Linux kernel (Raspbian Jiessie, 3.10.107) does not include the w1-gpio kernel module. I’ve tried to compile it, but it has many dependencies. I’ve found w1-gpio-cl. This is a Linux kernel-mode driver substitutes w1-gpio 1-wire bus master driver. Contrary to the standard driver, w1-gpio-cl doesn’t need many other kernel modules. Also you may configure this kernel module using command line parameters.
Using BPi for kernel (re)compilation is quite painful because it is very slow for this task. So I configured a virtual machine (VMWare in my case). Now, the kernel can be compiled in 50-80 seconds on my i7-4770. The configuration is easy if you read the following tutorial. I’ve tried several options before and selected this one.


SZ Lossy Compression
SZ is a modular parametrizable lossy compressor framework for scientific data (floating point and integers). It has applications in simulations, AI and instruments. It is a production quality software and a research platform for lossy compression. SZ is open and transparent. Open because all interested researchers and students can study or contribute to it. Transparent because all performance improvements are detailed in publications.
SZ can be used for classic use-cases: visualization, accelerating I/O, reducing memory and storage footprint and more advanced use-cases like compression of DNN models and training sets, acceleration of computation, checkpoint/restart, reducing streaming intensity and running efficiently large problems that cannot fit in memory. Other use-cases will augment this list as users find new opportunities to benefit from lossy compression of scientific data.
SZ has implementations on CPU, GPU, and FPGA and is integrated in the main I/O libraries: HFD5, ADIOS, PnetCDF.
The current structure of the SZ framework is represented by the following hierarchy. This figure should help users to select the configuration of SZ corresponding to their needs.


04.03.2013 The new Jovy Systems Jetronix-Eco - a long-awaited new product on ToolBoom! We added a new powerful infrared BGA rework station Jovy Systems Jetronix-Eco which is already available for purchase. 05.04.2013 Jovy Systems – Quality Soldering at an Affordable Price Things you need to know about Jovy Systems: company history, product range, quality, advantages.
13.09.2012 New Arrival of Lukey Products A wide range of Lukey soldering equipment is already in our stock. 03.04.2013 Tools and Equipment for Setting up a Service Center In this article we will try to help you establish a workshop for servicing electronics from the very beginning.
11.07.2012 Stock Replenishment with Goot Products A wide range of Goot soldering equipment has arrived in our stock. 10.12.2012 Thermal Imaging Cameras: Seeing the Invisible The introduction into thermal imaging and main thermal imaging cameras characteristics and applications.
18.06.2012 UNI-T Products Arrival A wide range of measuring equipment from UNI-T manufacturer is already in our stock. 29.11.2012 Rigol – the Way to Success We would like to introduce one of the leading brands on measuring equipment market – Rigol, which is already well recognized all over the world and is still very promising and fast developing.
05.06.2012 More new products from RIGOL Technologies! We are glad to introduce a new device series – RIGOL DS2000 oscilloscopes. 13.11.2012 FLIR T400 Series Thermal Imaging Cameras Video Review FLIR T400 series high-performance infrared thermal imaging cameras provide innovative visualization possibilities, that help professionals to easily detect and document the problems, as well as to get more bright and vivid thermal images.


Earlier this week there was the often shared article in Scientific American that discussed the use of laptops in (higher) education. This new study looks further than the effect on learning, but also looks at the possibilities and the cost.
What did they find – in short?
- Accessing and producing reading resources are increasingly shifting from print to digital options that can be viewed on electronic devices, such as computers. In education in particular, research studies have shown that providing digital content on computers has lower marginal costs but higher fixed costs in comparison to textbooks for schools.
- Information and communication technologies (ICTs), such as computers and laptops, provide users with computational tools, information storage and communication opportunities. However, these devices may also pose as distractors that tamper with the learning process.
- Using a randomized controlled trial in elementary schools in Honduras, we show that at the end of one…
View original post 525 more words


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The Electrical Plug Socket is compatible with all types of plugs and wires, making it versatile and easy to work with. It's also designed to save energy, with smart features that allow you to conserve electricity. With our product, you can trust that you're getting a safe and durable electrical solution that meets your needs.
In conclusion, Foshan Zhuos Hardware Co., Ltd.'s Electrical Plug Socket delivers high reliability, energy efficiency, and superior quality you can trust. Whether you are a DIY-er, an electrician, or a homeowner, our product is an excellent investment for your electrical needs.
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When I dove into memory management and tried to optimize the different data structures that we use in the engine, I found that memory management is really important and makes a huge difference in performance. Then I discovered the String.h C library with many raw memory functions that would allow me to micro-manage the memory myself through a data structure. This would allow the CPU to more easily predict what part of the memory to cache when iterating over many elements in memory. Another benefit of managing raw byte offsets is that you can in a very trivial way make it threadsafe. That gave me more opportunities to thread the other systems in the engine easier.
It is a very trivial solution, ask the system for x bytes of memory and it will return a start address followed with enough space to cover the byte size you asked for. But you probably don't want to work in bytes, more so interact and store different data structures or native types. Every native
type or data structure has a byte size, ints are 4 bytes large, doubles are 8 bytes large and the list goes on.
Let's say you want to store 16 ints in the memory, each int is 4 bytes in size. To calculate the size of how much memory we need to allocate to store 16 ints we just need to take the number of items and multiply it with the size of the item. So in our case 16 * 4 which equals 64 bytes.
Then we ask the system for 64 bytes of memory and it will return a pointer that points to the start of this memory block.
Now we have a block of memory 64 bytes big, the memory is nulled or just garbage. The next step in the sequence is to allocate our individual elements. Then we need a way to keep track of where we currently are in the memory from the pointer that marks the start of our memory block. We can call this variable "Current byte offset". We also need a safeguard to make sure we don't exceed the bounds of the memory block, in our case we don't write more than 64 bytes.
This one is called "Max byte offset" and are equal to the start added with our total size (64 bytes). You can see an illustration of this in the image below this paragraph.
Creation Of An Element
We have all the pieces in place to start storing data in the memory block. The process of just adding an element into the memory block is very simple.
Step one, use the max size variable and check if the current element count + 1 is more or equal to the max size of the memory block. If it exceeds the max size return null or assert.
Step two, calculate the byte offset for the new element we want to store. You get the byte offset by multiplying the number of items currently stored in the memory block with the size of the element (in bytes).
Step three, call the overloaded "new" operator and in the function arguments, you want to tell it at which address it should allocate the element. Using the byte offset we calculated in step two we can just add it to our start pointer and use it as the argument for the "new" function.
As the last step, we just increment the element count by one and return the pointer to the element we just allocated in the memory block.
Removing Of An Element
Removing an element is a bit more tricky for several reasons. For one, we do not want fragmented memory. Fragmented memory forces the CPU to jump further in the memory and will cause the CPU to cache nulled memory. There is also the problem that if we remove an element further back in the memory block we have no idea of what addresses of the memory block are deleted elements and still active elements.
There are plenty of solutions to this problem, we could use the same system as the computer does, almost like a double linked list with memory addresses. Perhaps using a restful system to keep track of what is marked as dirty memory and not.
I did not have the time to implement a complex system for the memory pool, so I went with a more simple solution which is a queue system. The queue stores the address of the object on removal.
So in a more step by step explanation, decrease the element count, add the memory address to the queue, call the destructor of the element we are removing, as the last step we use memset to clear all the data located at the memory address of the item we are removing.
While this won't fix the issue at hand. The issue lies when we are calling the Create function. It will exclusively increment the counter and add an element to the next index. The fix to the issue is easy when we have implemented a queue. You just need to check "Is the queue empty?". If not then use the first value of the queue as the new address of the element we are assembling, then pop the front object.
Making It Threadsafe
One of the goals with the data structure was to be able to write to the same part of the memory from numerous threads simultaneously. This sounds like a complex problem but it is not. We just have integers as counters for our elements in the memory block right now.
Let's make them atomic instead. The atomic part of the variable will ensure the value will be identical across the threads and synced between them as well.
We do need to change one more thing when writing to the memory queue because the queue is not threadsafe. Therefore we need a mutex to use as a lock around the queue. With these few changes, we now have a threadsafe memory pool.
Now we have a very capable and optimized data structure that can store and remove data. I added some more features like being able to iterate over elements in the memory block, storing a copy of an element. I won't cover it in this post but I will publish the entire data structure on Github.
The use case for this kind of data structure is in any data management-intensive application. When you need to write to a list from multiple threads and then iterate over the elements added.
There are a few things I could do to make it a more versatile data structure, adding the support for it to grow if the element count exceeds the max element count, writing a custom memory queue that is by default threadsafe. But in its current state, it is still a very capable data structure that fills its purpose very well. I would not have been able to thread as many systems as I have without this data structure.
You can find the full memory pool here.


The Current Research Information System in Norway (CRIStin) is a tool for monitoring the publication rates of researchers and research institutions in Norway. Researchers at University of Nordland register their scientific publications, projects and dissemination work in CRIStin. CRIStin is aimed at recording and promoting publication data, projects, units and competency profiles. The system is also used for reporting publication points. CRIStin provides a platform for researchers to increase the visibility and improve dissemination of their work. Data published in CRIStin is indexed and searchable in Google Scholar.
You can find the Norwegian register of scientific journals, series and publishers here.
Researchers can use the their Feide username and password to log in.
For CRIStin support, contact Marianne Hatlestad, email@example.com, phone: 755 17209


Saratoga CONTACT CLEANSER quickly and completely removes dust, coats of rust, layers of grease and welding flux from electric and electronic machinery. It eliminates current loss and restores circuits’ original characteristics. Do not use on electric machinery which generate sparks while in operation. Does not corrode metal or rubber, and can be used on most plastic materials and paints. Evaporates quickly without leaving residues; does not affect conductivity. Ideal for electric and electronic machinery, electric motors, panels and printed circuits, PCs, stereos, precision optical tools, video cameras and other similar objects.
INSTRUCTIONS FOR USE: spray onto the piece of machinery to be cleaned. Let the solvents evaporate. Repeat the operation as necessary.
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Securing Mobile Data from the Device to the Network
The Samsung Knox platform and Asavie's network layer security complement each other to protect mobile data from the device up. While Samsung Knox provides a workspace environment to protect apps and their data on the device, Asavie brings full visibility, security and control of data in transit, thus creating a secure internet experience for business.
Completely Mobile, Completely Secure with Samsung Dex & Asavie Moda
The Samsung Dex platform introduces a new dimension to mobile computing. Already integrated into all of Samsung's flagship devices since 2017, it transforms your tablet or smartphone into a desktop computing experience. All you need is a monitor, a HDMI cable and Asavie Moda to deliver a secure and seamless working experience wherever you are.


Turn off ps3 updating 2 month old baby carbon dating
If you choose to turn this setting OFF, you will have to manually check if updates are available for your TV.
Follow the below procedure to change the Automatic software download setting.
This means that as soon as an update is available for your device, if it is connected to a network with Internet access, it will start downloading automatically.
Perhaps in the future, the PS4 will do this as well. It turns it on, but not off, but then the TV turns it's self off after a while of no signal.
This is a great feature, if i just turn on my PS3 or PS4 it cascades through my home theater turning on the amp and tv to the correct input ready to play with one button.
If i turn off my TV it cascades the other way, turning off my amp and console(s).
It's possible additional features could be added over time.
My Apple TV, for instance, will pause a video automatically if the input is changed.
This article was co-authored by our trained team of editors and researchers who validated it for accuracy and comprehensiveness.


Developing a Mobile Strategy
When considering a mobile strategy for your organization, your team needs to be concerned about security to ensure that your business-critical data is not exposed or stolen by employees or hackers. You need to think about security at two levels: the hardware level (the mobile device itself), and the application level (the software that runs on the device).
Security at the Hardware Level
At the hardware level, most mobile device manufacturers provide multiple levels of built-in security. For example, fingerprint and facial recognition security measures are becoming more common, which help to ensure that access to the device is limited to the unique user. Additionally, most devices automatically encrypt data stored on them with 256-bit AES encryption when they are. A recent article claimed a brute force attack utilizing over fifty supercomputers that could check a billion, billion (1018) AES keys per second would require about 3 × 1051 years to exhaust the 256-bit keyspace to expose data. Considering this, it would be a herculean effort for an attacker to expose data on a locked and encrypted device.
Security of Mobile Applications
Mobile applications can be vulnerable, but reputable business application vendors are also aware of the threats and incorporate additional levels of security to prevent data breaches on mobile devices. For example, access to critical applications is typically secured using minimum password requirements and other methods such as Two-Factor (2FA) or Multi-Factor authentication (MFA). Data transmitted to and from servers is encrypted using 256-bit AES transport layer security (i.e. HTTPS). Some vendors will also provide their own layer of encryption for application data so that, even if the hardware level encryption were to be breached, application data would be protected. For the most part, mobile data security is pretty solid and there have been no recent reports of data breaches from smartphone users using a business-based application.
Mobile Security Education for Users
At a recent roundtable discussion, a federal cybersecurity agent explained that the biggest threat to a data breach or access to confidential information on a mobile device is the user. You can lock down your data with the best security in the world and use mobile device management (MDM) tools to prevent users from installing unauthorized apps, but you can’t stop a user from human error. Users that are not educated on security can inadvertently expose data by not using passwords, 2FA/MFA security, writing their password down in an unprotected space, or unlocking their device and letting someone else use it. They can even expose information by using non-business-related apps.
Can apps access other apps’ data?
Apps may not be able to directly access other apps’ data, but they can expose information about the user’s behavior that could be used for other clandestine purposes. This can be best illustrated by the recent report in late January from the US military regarding the use of a health app or health tracking bracelets. Military personnel that were using these apps and devices to track their running progress were exposing GPS data that mapped their running routes. Although this data seemed harmless, it was later made publicly available on the web and revealed several hidden military locations and movement patterns of personnel. Fortunately, this was addressed quickly, and staff were educated on the risks of non-secure mobile applications and devices, and new policies were put in place to reduce future threats.
Keep your Company Safe
Understanding security is an important issue to consider when moving to mobile data collection. You need to ensure that you are working with your vendor to understand their security architecture, threat detection, data breach, and security enforcement. Most importantly you need to formalize processes and training for your users to ensure that they fully understand the threats, risks and best practices to ensure that they don’t inadvertently put your company or staff at risk.
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Distributed Cyber Attack Simulator (DCAS)
We have developed a simulation framework for distributed cyber attack modelling based on high-level architecture (HLA), which is de facto standard for distributed interactive simulation (DIS). The proposed framework and the corresponding simulator, which is called distributed cyber attack simulator (DCAS), help administrators to model and evaluate the security measures of networks. We have developed a distributed cyber attack simulation engine based on Portico, which is an open source HLA run-time infrastructure.
The simulator works in two modes:
1. Interactive, and
The simulator provides features for:
· Graphical design of networks and their elements
· Animated traffic simulation
· Data collection, statistical analysis.
· Different consoles for attackers and defending elements (e.g., IDSs or IPSs).
To increase the fidelity of the simulator outputs, real-world payloads are used by the simulator. All the exploit information and parameters of network elements can be extracted from open source vulnerability database (OSVDB). Also, the snort rule set is used as the signature database of IDSs and IPSs.
The HLA-based architecture of the proposed distributed cyber attack simulator (DCAS) is shown below. The architecture consists of three kinds of federates: network federates, attacker federates, and defender federates. These federates have inter process communication (IPC) with the help of the HLA runtime infrastructure (RTI).
The general architecture of the simulator consists of the following three layers:
· The first layer is the HLA middleware (we use Portico RTI).
· The second layer consists of federates in the simulation.
· The third layer is the applications developed for each federates.
Also, in the third layer, specific applications use different databases. For example, defender applications use Snort rule set database for the exploit signatures. The role of the cyber attack simulation engine is to create a mapping between the state of federates and entities in the upper layer. Because every entity in SimJava is a separate thread, our simulator is a multi-threaded application running on a distributed infrastructure.
Network federate is the main federate that starts the simulation. This federate provides a network designer, an animated simulator and a bunch of statistical data collectors. The simulation engine is responsible for the following:
· Synchronizing the time between entities and their respective federates,
· Entity management, and
· Event management.
3. How to Work with DCAS?
Working with DCAS is really simple. you can build your network in the graphical user interface by drag and dropping network elements such as :
2. servers ( DNS, FTP, Mail, Http)
3. firewalls, IDSs, IPSs
4. routing devices (Routers, HUBS)
below you can see an example of a constructed network.
after you built your network, you can place the attackers in your network and get a console specific to that attacker in his own system. after the simulation ended you can see the results and effects on your network.
4. How to Obtain DCAS?
In order to obtain DCAS executables, please contact by email:
· Dr. Mohammad Abdollahi Azgomi: firstname.lastname@example.org, or
· Mr. Mehrdad Ashtiani: email@example.com


Sparklike Laser Integrated™ leaflet
By filling in the form you will receive the leaflet for Sparklike Laser Integrated™ in printable format.
Sparklike's new measurement system allows IG-line integrated and non-destructive insulating gas measurement on triple and double glazed units. Sparklike Laser Integrated™ is a turnkey solution that is integrated directly into the insulating glass line. This innovative system is based on Sparklike’s patented and proprietary technology. With Sparklike Laser Integrated™, the IG manufacturers are able to confirm the proper functioning of the gas press, in an automated way.
The leaflet contains:
- benefits of IG-line integrated and non-destructive measurement by Sparklike Laser Integrated™
- technical specifications
- device's weight and dimensions


Today we will learn how Google Cloud Message (GCM) works. To understand complete process flow see below image
This image explains the complete process flow of how GCM works for sending notification to mobile devices. There are total 6 steps, where steps 1 to 4 are performed only once in initial and step 5 and 6 are performed for sending message each time.
- Register app with GCM – This step is performed on mobile device. In this step app sends a request to GCM server with needed app and device information.
- Receive registration id from GCM – In response to the request sent in first step GCM sends a registration id which can be used further for sending messages from server to mobile
- Send registration id to app server – After getting registration id from GCM, app sends this registration id to the app server from where all app notification will be sent
- Save Registration id – App server can store this registration id anywhere like database or file system etc.
- Send message to GCM with registration ids – When ever app server need to send notification to the mobile device, it send a request to GCM server with message details and registration ids where this message need to be delivered.
- GCM delivers message to devices related to registration ids – When GCM receives the request it sends notification to mobile device related to registration id and mobile app can catch that message and show a notification.


The Pro comes complete with the new X5 camera with a Micro Four Thirds camera which is 8x larger than the vast majority of drone cameras that are currently in the skies. With an impressive 12.8 steps of dynamic range, increased ISO, aperture and 16MP capabilities its premium grade footage is ideal for professional projects where quality is of the utmost importance.
The camera Zenmuse X3 series.
This compact camera shoots video at up to 4Kp30 or 1080p60 and takes crisp, clear 12 megapixel stills. The rectilinear, curved lens design eliminates distortion, and the 20mm focal length opens up your shots to a remarkably wide angle without that fish-eye look.
The NDVI X3 Camera Unit is a custom NDVI camera for the Inspire 1


These days, video surveillance technology is indisputably one of the most effectual ways to augment the security of your houses. Since its very advent, it has adeptly mitigated the various security concerns of the people and this is also one of the chief reasons behind its colossal popularity. However, opting for this up to date technology is not at all a trivial issue and hence it is very important that you must take the assistance of some of the veteran and well-known home security solutions providers, such as, ADT.
A Brief Introduction on ADT Video Surveillance System:
ADT video surveillance system is a part of the ADT home security solutions. ADT trained personnel tactically places the cameras in every single corner of your residence and in this way defends the same from all sorts of dangers and misfortunes.
What are ADT Safewatch VideoView home security camera systems?
In addition, with ADT Safewatch VideoView home security camera systems, you can even watch video from any room in the house from any of the connected television or monitor. ADT Safewatch VideoView even allows the users to keep an eye on every single portion of their house through any smart phone or iPad, even while they are traveling abroad.
Diverse Features of ADT Safewatch VideoView:
Secure Viewing: With the advanced data encryption and security features of ADT Safewatch VideoView, now you no longer need to get concerned regarding the protection of your privacy.
ADT Remote Server: ADT remote server competently obtains the video footage from the ADT cameras, which are located in every single corner of your domicile.


How To Setup Surround Sound To TV
Modified: January 22, 2024
Learn how to properly set up surround sound to your TV and enjoy immersive audio experience. Enhance your viewing with the best surround sound system.
(Many of the links in this article redirect to a specific reviewed product. Your purchase of these products through affiliate links helps to generate commission for AudioLover.com, at no extra cost. Learn more)
Table of Contents
Surround sound is a technology that brings a cinematic audio experience right into the comfort of your home. Whether you love watching movies, playing video games, or listening to music, setting up surround sound can elevate your entertainment to a whole new level. With the right equipment and proper configuration, you can recreate the immersive sound experience typically found in movie theaters.
In this article, we will guide you through the process of setting up surround sound to your TV. Whether you’re a seasoned tech enthusiast or a beginner, we’ll provide you with easy-to-follow steps to ensure that you can enjoy the full potential of your surround sound system.
Before we dive into the setup process, it’s important to understand the basic concepts of surround sound. Surround sound refers to a system that uses multiple speakers placed strategically around the room to create a three-dimensional audio experience. By placing speakers at different locations, surround sound systems reproduce audio that reflects the direction and movement of sounds in movies, TV shows, and games. This allows you to feel like you’re right in the middle of the action.
Now that you have a basic understanding of what surround sound is, let’s move on to the step-by-step guide on how to set it up to your TV. We will cover everything from gathering the necessary equipment to configuring the audio settings on your TV. By following these steps, you’ll be able to immerse yourself in a world of sound like never before.
Step 1: Gather the necessary equipment
Before you can begin setting up surround sound to your TV, you’ll need to gather the necessary equipment. Here’s a list of items you’ll need:
- AV Receiver: The AV receiver is the central hub of your surround sound system. It receives the audio signals from your TV and other devices and distributes them to the speakers. Make sure to choose a receiver that supports the number of speakers you plan to use.
- Speakers: To create the surround sound experience, you’ll need multiple speakers. The most common setup includes a center speaker, left and right front speakers, left and right surround speakers, and a subwoofer for low-frequency effects. Depending on your preferences, you can opt for additional speakers, such as height speakers for overhead audio.
- Subwoofer: A subwoofer is a specialized speaker designed to reproduce deep bass frequencies. It adds impact and depth to movie soundtracks and enhances the overall audio experience.
- Speaker Wire: You’ll need speaker wire to connect the speakers to the AV receiver. Ensure that you have enough wire to reach from the receiver to each speaker location.
- HDMI Cables: HDMI cables are used to connect the AV receiver to your TV and other devices. Make sure to get high-quality HDMI cables that support the latest audio and video formats.
- TV: Of course, you’ll need a TV to connect your surround sound system to. Ensure that your TV has HDMI ARC (Audio Return Channel) capability for seamless audio transmission between the TV and receiver.
- Optional Equipment: Depending on your setup and preferences, you may also require additional equipment such as wall brackets, speaker stands, or a sound meter for precise speaker calibration.
Once you have gathered all the necessary equipment, you’ll be ready to move on to the next step: determining the best speaker placement.
Step 2: Determine the best speaker placement
Proper speaker placement is essential for getting the most out of your surround sound system. The position of each speaker will impact the sound quality and the overall immersive experience. Here are some guidelines to help you determine the best speaker placement:
- Center Speaker: The center speaker is responsible for delivering dialogue and other central audio elements. It should be placed directly above or below your TV, pointing towards the listening area. Ensure that it is at ear level when seated.
- Front Speakers: The left and right front speakers should be placed on either side of your TV, slightly angled towards the seating area. They should be positioned at an equal distance from the center speaker and facing forward.
- Surround Speakers: The surround speakers create the effect of sounds coming from behind or on the sides of the viewers. Ideally, they should be placed slightly above ear level and to the left and right sides of the seating area. Aim to position them at an angle of 90 to 110 degrees from the center speaker.
- Subwoofer: The subwoofer can be placed anywhere in the room since low-frequency sounds are omnidirectional. Experiment with different locations to find the spot that offers the best bass response. Avoid placing it in a corner, as it can cause excessive boomy bass.
- Optional Speakers: If you have additional speakers, such as height speakers for Dolby Atmos or DTS:X, refer to the manufacturer’s guidelines for optimal placement. These speakers are typically positioned above the front left and right speakers or mounted on the ceiling for an overhead audio experience.
Keep in mind that every room is different, and the specific layout and acoustics of your space may require some adjustments in speaker placement. Take the time to experiment and fine-tune the positions to achieve optimal audio performance.
Once you have determined the best speaker placement, you are ready to move on to the next step: connecting the speakers to the AV receiver.
Step 3: Connect the speakers to the receiver
Now that you have determined the optimal speaker placement, it’s time to connect your speakers to the AV receiver. Here’s a step-by-step guide to help you with the process:
- Identify the speaker terminals: Locate the speaker terminals on the back of your AV receiver. They are usually labeled with letters or numbers corresponding to each speaker channel.
- Prepare the speaker wire: Strip off a small portion of insulation from the ends of the speaker wire, around half an inch should be sufficient. This will expose the bare wire ends for proper connection.
- Connect the speaker wire to the receiver: For each speaker, insert the bare wire ends into the corresponding speaker terminals on the receiver. Ensure that the polarity is correct, with the positive (+) wire connected to the positive terminal and the negative (-) wire connected to the negative terminal. Most terminals have color coding or markings to indicate the polarity.
- Connect the other end of the speaker wire to the speakers: Follow the same process to connect the other end of the speaker wire to the respective speakers. Again, make sure to match the polarity correctly.
- Secure the connections: After connecting the wires, tighten any binding posts or connectors to ensure a secure connection. Loose connections can result in poor audio performance or even damage to the speakers or receiver.
- Repeat for each speaker: Repeat the above steps for each speaker in your surround sound system, including the center speaker, front speakers, surround speakers, and subwoofer.
Remember to double-check all the connections to ensure they are properly secured and matched in polarity. Loose or reversed connections can disrupt the sound quality and balance of your surround sound system.
Once all the speakers are connected to the AV receiver, you’re ready to move on to the next step: connecting the receiver to the TV.
Step 4: Connect the receiver to the TV
After connecting the speakers to the AV receiver, the next step is to establish the connection between the receiver and your TV. This will allow the audio and video signals to pass through the receiver and be displayed on your TV. Here’s how you can connect the receiver to your TV:
- Locate the HDMI ports: Identify the HDMI ports on both your AV receiver and your TV. HDMI ports are typically labeled with numbers or names such as “HDMI 1,” “HDMI 2,” etc.
- Connect the HDMI cable: Take one end of the HDMI cable and plug it into the HDMI output port on the AV receiver. Then, connect the other end of the HDMI cable to the HDMI input port on your TV. Make sure to take note of the port numbers used.
- Enable HDMI ARC (Audio Return Channel): If your TV and AV receiver both support HDMI ARC, enable this feature in the settings menu of both devices. HDMI ARC allows for two-way audio transmission over a single HDMI cable, eliminating the need for a separate audio connection between the TV and receiver.
- Choose the correct HDMI input: On your TV, use the input/source selector to choose the HDMI input that corresponds to the connected AV receiver. This will ensure that the audio and video signals from your devices are routed through the receiver.
- Configure CEC (Consumer Electronics Control): If your TV and AV receiver support CEC, also known as HDMI-CEC or by different manufacturer-specific names (e.g., Samsung Anynet+, Sony Bravia Sync), enable this feature. CEC allows you to control multiple devices connected via HDMI with a single remote control.
By connecting the AV receiver to your TV through HDMI, you can enjoy seamless audio and video transmission between your devices. This ensures that the surround sound system processes the audio signal and delivers it to the appropriate speakers while the TV handles the video display.
Once the receiver is successfully connected to the TV, you’re ready to move on to the next step: configuring the audio settings on the TV.
Step 5: Configure the audio settings on the TV
After connecting the AV receiver to your TV, it’s important to configure the audio settings on your TV to ensure that the surround sound system functions correctly. Here are the steps to configure the audio settings:
- Access the TV’s settings: Using the remote control, navigate to the settings menu on your TV. The location and layout of the settings menu may vary depending on the brand and model of your TV.
- Select the audio settings: Within the settings menu, look for the audio or sound options. This is where you can adjust the audio settings specific to your TV.
- Choose the audio output: Look for an option to select the audio output. Choose the option that corresponds to the connected AV receiver or HDMI ARC. This ensures that the TV sends the audio signal to the surround sound system instead of the TV speakers.
- Enable surround sound or audio mode: Look for an audio mode or surround sound option. Choose the appropriate mode that matches your surround sound system setup, such as “Dolby Digital” or “DTS.” This enables the TV to output audio in the correct format for your surround sound system to decode.
- Configure audio settings: Depending on your TV, you may have additional audio settings to adjust, such as speaker levels, equalizer settings, or virtual surround sound options. Experiment with these settings to find the optimal audio experience based on your preferences and room acoustics.
- Test the audio: Play a movie or music with surround sound content to test the audio. Ensure that the sound is coming from the correct speakers and that the audio is properly balanced.
During the configuration process, refer to the user manual or online resources specific to your TV model for detailed instructions on adjusting the audio settings.
Once you have configured the audio settings on your TV, you’re ready for the final step: testing the surround sound setup.
Step 6: Test the surround sound setup
After setting up and configuring your surround sound system, it’s essential to test and ensure that everything is functioning correctly. Here’s how you can test your surround sound setup:
- Play surround sound content: Choose a movie or video that features surround sound audio. This could be a Blu-ray disc, a streaming service, or a video game known for its immersive audio.
- Verify speaker output: Pay attention to each speaker in your surround sound system. Ensure that the audio is coming from the correct speakers and that they are properly balanced. For example, dialogue should come from the center speaker, while background sounds and effects are distributed across the surround speakers.
- Check audio synchronization: Observe the synchronization between audio and video. Ensure that there is no noticeable delay or mismatch between what you see on the screen and what you hear from the speakers. Adjust any audio synchronization settings in the AV receiver or TV if necessary.
- Test surround sound effects: Listen for surround sound effects that move or pan across speakers. This will test the immersive quality of your surround sound system. For example, you should be able to hear sounds moving from left to right or front to back as intended by the content.
- Adjust speaker settings if needed: If you notice any issues or imbalances in the audio quality, you can go back to your AV receiver settings and make adjustments. This includes tweaking speaker levels, changing crossover settings, or applying equalizer settings to fine-tune the audio performance.
- Consult the user manual or seek professional help: If you encounter any difficulties or feel overwhelmed during the testing process, refer to the user manual for troubleshooting tips or consider consulting a professional for further assistance. They can help optimize your surround sound setup for the best audio experience.
By thoroughly testing your surround sound setup, you can ensure that everything is working as intended and that you’re getting the most out of your system. Enjoy the immersive audio experience that surround sound brings to your entertainment.
Congratulations! You have successfully completed the setup of your surround sound system. Now sit back, relax, and immerse yourself in the rich, powerful sound that surrounds you.
Setting up surround sound to your TV can transform your home entertainment experience, bringing the immersive audio quality of a movie theater right into your living room. By following the step-by-step guide outlined in this article, you can successfully set up and configure your surround sound system.
Throughout the process, we covered the essential steps, including gathering the necessary equipment, determining the best speaker placement, connecting the speakers to the receiver, connecting the receiver to the TV, configuring the audio settings on the TV, and testing the surround sound setup.
Remember, proper speaker placement is crucial for achieving the best audio performance. Take the time to experiment and fine-tune the positions to ensure optimal sound distribution and balance. Additionally, configuring the audio settings on your TV correctly is vital to ensure that the audio is routed through the surround sound system and properly decoded.
Once your surround sound setup is complete, sit back, relax, and get ready to be immersed in a world of rich, detailed, and dynamic sound. Whether you’re watching movies, playing video games, or listening to music, your surround sound system will elevate your entertainment to new heights.
If you encounter any difficulties or have specific questions about your equipment or setup, referring to the user manuals or seeking professional assistance can provide further guidance.
Now, grab your favorite movie, turn up the volume, and enjoy the immersive surround sound experience that you’ve worked hard to set up!


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The “Boot Device Not Found” error typically indicates that the computer’s BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) cannot locate a bootable device from which to load the operating system.
In the boot process of a computer, the boot device holds the essential files and instructions necessary to load the operating system and initiate the user interface. This boot device is typically a hard drive, SSD (Solid State Drive), or USB drive containing the operating system’s files.
When you power your computer, the BIOS is critical in initializing hardware components and locating the boot device to start the operating system. However, when the BIOS fails to find a suitable boot device, it triggers the “Boot Device Not Found” error, leaving the user unable to access their system.
Boot device not found error codes
Some manufacturers can specify when the boot device is not found with error codes instead of only displaying a message. Here are some manufacturers with their codes:
- HP: Hard Disk 3F0
- Dell: No bootable devices found
- Lenovo: Default Boot Device Missing or Boot Failed
- Acer: No bootable device
- Asus: Reboot and select proper boot device
How to fix the boot device not found error message
To fix the boot device not found error, you can follow the next solution steps on your own. However, if you are not confident about how to perform a task, contacting an expert is the best way to fix the issue and prevent data loss.
Here are 8 solutions you can try to solve the issue:
Checking hard drive connections
Hard drive connections play a critical role in ensuring that your computer can boot properly. If the SATA or power cables connecting the hard drive to the motherboard or power supply are loose or improperly connected, the hard drive may not be detected by the computer during the boot process. This can result in the “boot device not found” error.
Physical damage to the SATA or power cables, such as fraying or bending, can also interfere with the proper connection between the hard drive and the motherboard or power supply.
- Shut down your computer completely and disconnect the power cord from the power outlet to prevent any electrical accidents. If possible, remove the battery.
- Open the computer or laptop to access the internal components.
- Ensure that both the SATA data cable and the power cable are securely connected to the hard drive and the motherboard.
- Examine the SATA and power cables for any signs of damage, such as fraying, bending, or broken connectors. If you notice any damage, replace the cables with new ones.
- Close the computer or laptop reconnect the power cord to the power outlet and power on your computer.
- Turn the device on and check if the “boot device not found” error persists during startup.
Verifying BIOS settings and boot order
Verifying BIOS settings and boot order is crucial in fixing the “boot device not found” error. That’s because the BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) controls the initial startup process of your computer and determines which device to boot from. If the BIOS settings or boot order are incorrect, your computer may attempt to boot from the wrong device, leading to the error message.
The boot order in BIOS determines the sequence in which your computer attempts to boot from different devices. By verifying the boot order, you can ensure that the hard drive is listed as the first boot device. Sometimes, changes in BIOS settings or firmware updates can inadvertently alter the boot order or settings, causing boot-related issues.
- Restart your computer and access the BIOS setup utility during the startup process. The key or key combination to enter BIOS varies depending on your computer’s manufacturer but is commonly Esc, F2, F10, or Del.
- Once in the BIOS setup utility, navigate to the “Boot” or “Boot Order” section using the arrow keys on your keyboard.
- Review the boot device order list to ensure that the hard drive containing the operating system is listed as the first boot device. If it’s not, use the appropriate key (usually F5 or F6) to move the hard drive to the top of the boot order list.
- After verifying and adjusting the boot order, save the changes by selecting the option to “Save and Exit” or pressing the corresponding key (often F10). Confirm the changes and exit the BIOS setup utility.
- Allow the computer to restart and boot up normally. Check if the “boot device not found” error persists.
Running hardware diagnostics
Hardware diagnostics tests various components of your computer, including the hard drive, memory (RAM), processor, and other essential hardware components, to check for any failures or issues.
Running hardware diagnostics can help fix the “no boot device found” issue by identifying any underlying hardware problems that may be causing the error.
Refer to your computer’s user manual or visit the manufacturer’s website to find instructions on how to run hardware diagnostics specific to your computer model. Some manufacturers provide built-in diagnostics tools accessible during startup or through specialized software.
Pay close attention to any error messages or codes provided by the diagnostics tool, as these can help pinpoint the specific hardware component that may be causing the issue.
If the diagnostics tool detects any hardware failures or errors, take appropriate action to address the issues. This may involve replacing faulty hardware components, such as a failing hard drive or defective memory module.
Performing a system restore
If the issue started recently after a software change or update, consider performing a system restore to revert the system to a previous working state.
Performing a system restore can help resolve issues by reverting your computer’s system files and settings to a previous point in time when everything was functioning correctly.
- Open the Start menu and type “System Restore” in the search bar.
- Select “Create a restore point” from the search results.
Alternatively, you can access System Restore by navigating to Control Panel > System and Security > System > System Protection > System Restore.
- In the System Properties window, click on the “System Restore” button. This will launch the System Restore wizard.
- You’ll see a list of available restore points with dates and times. Select a restore point from a time when your system was working correctly.
- After selecting a restore point, click “Next” to proceed.
- Review the details of the selected restore point to ensure it’s the correct one.
Important: System Restore will not affect your files, but it will uninstall recently installed programs and drivers.
- Click “Finish” to confirm. Your computer will restart and begin the restoration process. This may take some time, so be patient and allow the process to complete.
Windows will display a message indicating whether the system restore was successful. Review your system to ensure that the issue you were experiencing has been resolved.
Booting in safe mode
Booting in safe mode allows you to access your system with minimal drivers and software, which can help isolate the cause of boot-related issues.
If Windows boots successfully in safe mode but not in normal mode, it suggests that a third-party driver or software may be causing the problem. You can then proceed to uninstall or update the problematic drivers or software to resolve the issue.
- If your computer is currently turned on, restart it.
- During the startup process, continuously press the F8 key (or Shift + F8 on some systems) until you see the Advanced Boot Options menu.
Alternatively, if you’re unable to access the F8 menu, you can use a Windows installation or recovery drive to access the Advanced Startup Options.
- In the Advanced Boot Options menu, use the arrow keys to select “Safe Mode” or “Safe Mode with Networking,” depending on your needs.
- Windows will start loading in safe mode. This process may take longer than usual as Windows loads only essential drivers and services.
- Once Windows has loaded, you may be prompted to log in. Enter your username and password to access the system.
- While in safe mode, you can perform various troubleshooting steps to diagnose and fix the “no boot device found” problem, such as:
- Check hard drive connections
- Verify BIOS settings
- Run diagnostics
- Repair the boot sector
- Uninstall recently installed programs or drivers that may be causing conflicts.
- Use System Restore to revert your system to a previous state before the issue occurred.
- Run antivirus or anti-malware scans to check for and remove any malicious software that may be interfering with the boot process.
- After troubleshooting in safe mode, restart your computer to see if the issue has been resolved.
Repairing the boot sector or MBR
The boot sector and MBR are responsible for loading the operating system, and if they are damaged or missing, the system may be unable to locate the boot device, resulting in the error message.
Repairing the boot sector or Master Boot Record (MBR) can resolve the “boot device not found” issue by fixing any corruption or damage in these critical components of the boot process.
- Restart your computer and access the Advanced Startup Options menu. You can do this by repeatedly pressing a specific key during startup, such as F8 or F12, or by using a Windows installation or recovery drive.
- In the Advanced Startup Options menu, select “Troubleshoot” and then “Advanced options.”
- Choose “Command Prompt” from the list of advanced options. This will open a Command Prompt window where you can execute commands to repair the boot sector or MBR.
- Once the Command Prompt window is open, you need to determine the drive letter assigned to the system drive where Windows is installed. You can use the `diskpart` command followed by the `list volume` command to view a list of available volumes and their drive letters.
- In the Command Prompt window, type the following commands one by one and press Enter after each command:
These commands perform various tasks to repair the MBR, fix boot configuration data, and rebuild the Boot Configuration Data (BCD) store.
- After executing the bootrec commands, type `exit` and press Enter to close the Command Prompt window.
Reinstalling the operating system (OS)
As a last resort, reinstalling the operating system can resolve persistent boot device issues. This will erase all data on the system drive, so ensure you have backups before proceeding.
To reinstall the OS you’ll need installation media for the operating system you intend to reinstall. This could be a USB flash drive, DVD, or a downloaded ISO file.
- Insert the installation media into the appropriate drive (USB port or DVD drive) on your computer.
- Restart the computer and access the BIOS setup menu. You typically do this by pressing a key like F2, Del, or Esc during boot.
- Look for an option to boot from the installation media.
- Select the option to boot from the installation media. This will initiate the installation process for the operating system.
- Select the drive to install the operating system. Choose the appropriate drive and follow any additional prompts to format the drive if necessary.
- Follow the on-screen prompts and instructions provided by the installation wizard to set your preferences.
- Once the installation is complete, the computer will restart. Remove the installation media from the drive to prevent the system from booting back into the installer.
- After that, restore any backed-up data from the backup you created.
Contacting professional assistance for hardware repairs or data recovery
If the troubleshooting steps fail to resolve the issue, consider seeking professional assistance from hardware repair technicians or data recovery specialists, especially if there are signs of physical damage to the storage device.
SalvageData experts in Canada are ready to assist you in safely retrieving your computer files 24/07/365 and ensure you can continue your work regardless of what happened to your device.
Why do you get the error “boot device not found”
The boot device not found error can stem from a variety of hardware and software-related issues. It ranges from failed hard drives and loose connections to corrupted operating system files and BIOS settings.
Once you identify and address the specific cause of the error, you can fix the issue and restore normal boot functionality to the computer.
Hardware are physical components of a computer system that can be touched, seen, and manipulated.
These components include devices such as the central processing unit (CPU), memory modules (RAM), hard disk drives (HDD) or solid-state drives (SSD), graphics cards, motherboards, power supplies, and peripherals like keyboards, mice, and monitors.
Hardware interacts with software to execute tasks and perform operations, forming the backbone of computing devices. When hardware is not working properly or failing, it can cause the boot device not found issue.
- Failed hard drive. One of the primary hardware-related causes of the boot device not found error is a malfunctioning or failed hard drive. This can occur due to physical damage, mechanical failure, or wear and tear over time.
- Loose or faulty connections: Loose or faulty connections between the hard drive and the motherboard can also prevent the computer from booting. If the SATA/IDE cable connecting the hard drive is loose or damaged, the BIOS may not be able to detect the bootable device.
- BIOS settings: If the BIOS is set to boot from an incorrect device, such as a CD/DVD drive or USB drive, instead of the hard drive, the error may occur.
Software is a collection of programs, instructions, and data that enable a computer system to perform specific tasks or functions. It encompasses everything from operating systems (OS) and application software to device drivers and utilities. Software provides instructions that tell the hardware how to operate and interact with users.
A software error, also known as a software bug or glitch, occurs when there is an unexpected or unintended behaviour in a program or system due to mistakes in coding, design flaws, or compatibility issues.
These computer errors can range from minor issues like application crashes or freezes to more severe problems such as data corruption or system instability. It can also prevent the system from booting.
- Corrupted operating system files: Corruption of critical operating system files required for booting can lead to the boot device not found error. This can happen due to malware infections, improper shutdowns, or software conflicts.
- Driver issues: Incompatible or outdated device drivers can prevent the operating system from starting up.
- Operating system updates: Issues may arise if the update process is interrupted or if the updates are incompatible with existing system configurations.
- Partition table corruption: Corruption of the partition table on the hard drive can render the disk unreadable by the BIOS, resulting in the boot device not found error. This can occur due to disk management errors, disk formatting issues, or disk partitioning software failures.
Resolving the “Boot Device Not Found” error promptly can prevent further complications and expedite the restoration of normal computer functionality. By diagnosing and addressing the root cause of the error, whether it be a faulty hard drive, corrupted boot sector, or misconfigured BIOS settings, users can minimize downtime and resume using their computers without interruptions.