Our product platforms are easily adapted to any applications and market segments as long as we can provide added value through customization. At the core, we focus on the interaction between the power supply and the customer application.
By working closely with our customers, often within areas of highly demanding requirements, like harsh environment, specific EMC demands, space limitations and tough operating conditions, we are highly experienced in custom design and customization, to meet YOUR need!
At Abletec, we have substantial experience in designing innovative and reliable power supplies. Whether it be for maritime applications, applications with stringent EMC demands, applications with challenging environmental conditions, applications dealing with synchronization of switching frequency and tight voltage regulations.
Maritime applications powered by Abletec include:
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- Remote radio control systems
For years, we have been working with successful manufacturers in the various communications sectors; satellite communication, broadcasting and professional audio & video. At Abletec, we take pride in understanding our customers application and their specific needs, such as advanced cooling techniques, small size and even redundancy requirements.
Communications applications powered by Abletec include:
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At Abletec, we provide power supply solutions to world leading manufacturers of windmill control systems. In this industry, harsh environment is a common challenge, and overcoming this factor is a key design driver from the get-go.
Our power supplies are designed to meet the demanding requirements from state-of-the-art audio electronics designers. Typical applications include audio amplifiers, powered speakers, multi-room audio systems, docking stations and airplay speakers and projectors for home and professional use.
We provide a wide range of power supply solutions for the process industry, such as fuel dispensers, military equipment, intelligent house systems, radio remote control systems and more.


American physicist and inventor of the Van de Graaff generator, a type of high-voltage electrostatic generator that serves as a type of particle accelerator. This device has found widespread use not only in atomic research but also in medicine and industry.
Robert Jemison Van de Graaff was born on December 20, 1901 inTuscaloosa, Alabama. His mother was Minnie Cherokee Hargrove and his father was Adrian Sebastian Van de Graaff. Robert attended theTuscaloosa public schools and then attended the University of Alabama where he received a BS degree in 1922 and an MS degree in 1923. Both degrees were in mechanical engineering.
Van de Graaff
After graduating from college he worked for the Alabama Power Company for a year as a research assistant. He studied at the Sorbonne in Paris from 1924 to 1925 and while there, attended lectures by Marie Curie on radiation. In 1925 he went to Oxford University in England as a Rhodes Scholar. At Oxford he received a BS in physics in 1926 and a Ph.D. in physics in 1928.
While at Oxford, he became aware of the hope of nuclear experimenters such as Ernest Rutherford, that particles could someday be accelerated to speeds sufficient to disintegrate nuclei. By disintegrating atomic nuclei much could be learned about the nature of individual atoms. It is from these ideas that Robert Van de Graaff saw the need for a particle accelerator.
In 1929 Van de Graaff returned to the United States to join the Palmer Physics Laboratory at Princeton University as a National Research Fellow. In the fall of that year he constructed the first working model of his electrostatic accelerator which developed 80,000 volts. Improvements were made to the basic design and in November, 1931 at the inaugural dinner of the American Institute of Physics, a demonstration model was exhibited that produced over 1,000,000 volts. The invention was reported at a meeting of the American Physical Society in 1931.
In 1931, when Karl T. Compton became president of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Van de Graaff was invited to come to MIT as a research associate. In 1931 Van de Graaff constructed his first large machine in an unused aircraft hangar at Round Hill, the estate of Colonel E.H.R. Green, in South Dartmouth, Massachusetts. The machine used two polished aluminum spheres, each 15 feet in diameter mounted on 25 foot high insulating columns, which were 6 feet in diameter.
The columns were mounted on railway trucks that boosted the spheres to 43 feet above ground level. The machine had its debut on November 28, 1933 and was able to produce 7,000,000 volts. This accomplishment was reported in the New York Times for November 29, 1933 in a story titled “Man Hurls Bolt of 7,000,000 Volts”. In 1937 the machine was moved to a pressurized enclosure at MIT.
John D. Cockcroft and Ernest Walton of the Cavendish Laboratory in England had built a successful particle accelerator in 1932. This machine used voltage-multiplier circuits to produce the required high voltages for particle acceleration. It was bulky and complicated and limited in its voltage capability. In contrast to the Cockcroft-Walton machine, the Van de Graaff machine was simple and compact and was easier to regulate and capable of producing higher voltages and therefore higher accelerations.
Van de Graaff generators
The Van de Graaff generator is an impressive electrostatic generatorthat is capable of producing enormously large static electric potentials. In fact, giant Van de Graaff generators can produce miliions of volts leading to awesome displays of corona and lightning. More modest “class room” sized Van de Graaff generators typically produce 100,000 V to 500,000 V. Originally the generator was built using a pure silk ribbon driven by a small motor. The charges on the ribbon were collected on a terminal that actually was a tin can. His early devices were capable of developing 80,000 volts. Of course, this device was limited by the edge effects of the tin can.
However, his theory lead to Van de Graaff generators that have produced upwards to 10 million volts. Interestingly, Van de Graaff may not have been the first to develop a belt driven electrostatic generator. In 1893, Von Busch presented a device having two pulleys and a horizontal belt with a charge collector comb and an insulated sphere. Even earlier than this, Rouland invented an electrostatic generator in 1785 using a continuous silk ribbon running between two horizontal pulleys with a collector tube at the center. Regardless of its “true” inventor, Van de Graaff generators have been instrumental in a number of fields, including particle acceleration, electrostatics, ESD, as well as providing an awesome display of the power of electricity.
In Van de Graaff generators, electric charge is transported to the high-voltage terminal on a rapidly moving belt of insulating material driven by a pulley mounted on the grounded end of the structure; a second pulley is enclosed within the large, spherical high- voltage terminal, as shown at left. The belt is charged by a comb of sharp needles with the points close to the belt a short distance from the place at which it moves clear of the grounded pulley.
The comb is connected to a power supply that raises its potential to a few tens of kilovolts. The gas near the needle points is ionized by the intense electric field, and in the resulting corona discharge the ions are driven to the surface of the belt. The motion of the belt carries the charge into the high-voltage terminal and transfers it to another comb of needles, from which it passes to the outer surface of the terminal. A carefully designed Van de Graaff generator insulated by pressurized gas can be charged to a potential of about 20 megavolts. An ion source within the terminal then produces positive particles that are accelerated as they move downward to ground potential through an evacuated tube.
Two-stage tandem accelerator
In most constant-voltage accelerators, Van de Graaff generators are the source of high voltage, and most of the electrostatic proton accelerators still in use are two-stage tandem accelerators. These devices provide a beam with twice the energy that could be achieved by one application of the high voltage. Figure at left is a diagram of a tandem accelerator. An ion source yields a beam of protons, which are accelerated to a low energy by an auxiliary high-voltage supply.
This beam passes through a region containing a gas at low pressure, where some of the protons are converted to negative hydrogen ions by the addition of two electrons. As the mixture of charged particles moves through a magnetic field, those with negative charge are deflected into the accelerator tube, and those with positive charge are deflected away.
The beam of negative ions is then accelerated toward the positive high-voltage terminal. In this terminal, the particles pass through a thin carbon foil that strips off the two electrons, changing many of the negative ions back into positive ions (protons). These, now repelled by the positive terminal, are further accelerated through the second part of the tube. At the output end of the accelerator, the protons are magnetically separated, as before, from other particles in the beam and directed to the target.
In three- or four-stage tandem accelerators, two Van de Graaffgenerators are combined with the necessary additional provisions for changing the charge of the ions. Van de Graaff and Cockcroft-Walton generators also are utilized for accelerating electrons. The rates at which charge is transported in electron beams correspond to currents of several milliamperes; the beams deliver energy at rates best expressed in terms of kilowatts. These intense beams are used for sterilization, industrial radiography, cancer therapy, and polymerization of plastics.
In 1935 Van de Graaff received a patent for his invention (Patent US 1,991,236). He was guided in the preparation of the patent application by Karl T. Compton and Vannevar Bush who was vice president of MIT.Van de Graaff also worked with John G. Trump, a professor of electrical engineering at MIT and with William W. Buechner, a professor of physics at MIT in an effort to achieve higher voltages, more homogeneous particle beams, and more compact designs.
A medical Van de Graaff used to produce X rays for treating cancerous tumors with precisely penetrating radiation was first used clinically in 1937 at Harvard Medical School. In 1935 he was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. In 1936 Van de Graaff married Catherine Boyden. They had two sons, John and William.
During the 1937 Paris Universal Exhibition, an impressive Van de Graaff was installed in the newly opened Palais de la Decouverte, which was (and still is) located in the Grand Palais. This apparatus, built by A. Lazard under the direction of the famous French physicist Frederic Joliot (1900-1958), was supposed to be used atter the exhibition as a powerful source of radiolelements.
This machine was composed of two Van de Graaff generators accumulating charges of different polarity at a total tension of 5 Mvolt. The generators were 14 meters high and mounted on rails. The spheres at the top of them had a diameter of 3 metres. Each generator had three independent endless-belts driven by separate motors and charged by a 10,000 volts direct current source. The system was entirelv enclosed in a gigantic Faradav’s cage. This machine, which amazed visitors to the fair with its spark several metres long was on the front-page of many magazines, but had unfortunately a sad fate.
Because of World War Il it was forgotten in the Palais de la Decouverte and only in 1942 was it possible to undertake its removal to the Joliot’s laboratorv in Yvry near Paris. The machine had to be overhauled and a few mechanical pieces had to be substituted, but, due to the shortage and the critical wartime situation, nothing could be done. Therefore, this spectacular Van de Graaff was never used for any scientific research and it finally scraped.
During WW II Van de Graaff was director of the High Voltage Radiographic Project, sponsored by the Office of Scientific Research and Development. Along with William W. Buechner he directed the adaptation of the electrostatic generator to precision radiographic examination of U.S. Navy ordnance. After the war, in 1945, Van de Graaff received a Rockefeller Foundation grant for the development of an improved accelerator at MIT. On December 19, 1946 Van de Graaff and Trump formed the High Voltage Engineering Corporation (HVEC) in Burlington, Massachusetts.
HVEC was formed for the commercial production of particle accelerators. Denis M. Robinson, a professor of electrical engineering from England, became president of the new corporation. John G. Trump became technical director and Van de Graaff became chief physicist and a board member. HVEC became the leading supplier of electrostatic generators that were used in cancer therapy, industrial radiography and in the study of nuclear structure. In 1947 Van de Graaff received the Duddel Medal of the Physical Society of Great Britain.
In 1951 Luis W. Alvarez of the University of California at Berkeley rediscovered the tandem principle first developed by Willard Bennett in 1937. A tandem Van de Graaff machine accelerates a negatively charged particle (typically having a charge of -1 or having 1 extra electron) toward a positively charged terminal. As the particle passes through the terminal, electrons are removed from the particle.
This causes the particle to become positively charged and therefore accelerated away from the positively charged terminal. When heavy ions such as gold or uranium are used as many as 25 to 30 electrons may be removed. The high voltage terminal is thus used to accelerate the ion twice (tandem).
In the late 1950s Van de Graaff invented the insulating core transformer. The insulating core transformer generated high voltage direct current using magnetic flux rather than electrostatic charging. Van de Graaff also devised many methods of controlling particle beams during and after acceleration so they could be adapted to individual research requirements. Using Van de Graaff accelerators physicists accumulated vast quantities of information on nuclear disintegrations and reactions. This data led directly to sophisticated theories of nuclear structure.
Van de Graaff published many scientific papers and received numerous patents, including those of the high-voltage electrostatic generator and the insulating-core transformer. His work on electrostatic generators was widely recognized within the scientific community. Van de Graaff received several honorary degrees and awards,
Van de Graaff remained an associate professor of physics at MIT until 1960 when he resigned to devote himself to his increasing involvement with HVEC. In 1966 he was awarded the Tom W. Bonner Prize for his contribution and continued development of the electrostatic accelerator, “a device that has immeasurably advanced nuclear physics” by the American Physical Society. The prize was named for a scientist who had used the Van de Graaff particle accelerator to achieve the results of his fundamental research.
Robert J. Van de Graaff died on the morning of January 16, 1967 in Boston at the age of 65. At the time of his death there were over 500 Van de Graaff particle accelerators in use in more than 30 countries.


What is Amateur Radio ?
It is many different things to the individual, millions of people throughout the world who enjoy this very diverse communications hobby.
Below is a summary of how it began and has kept with the times to remain an enjoyable leisure time activity. In Canada an amateur radio licence (Certificate) is granted for life, there is no renewal requirement also there is no age requirement, radio operators can be of any age, and knowledge of Morse code is no longer required. There are three classes or levels of Certificate’s (No longer Licence) “Certificate of Proficiency of Amateur Radio” Basic, Basic with Honours, Advanced and also Morse Code 5 w.p.m endorsement, it is not required to have the Morse Code endorsement to operate using Morse Code.
Basic : The holder of an Amateur Radio Operator Certificate with Basic Qualification is limited to basically bands above 30mhz (Code endorsement with Basic allows you to operate below 30mhz) and a transmit limit of 250 Watts (DC)
Basic with Honours: To achieve “Basic with Honours” is receiving a mark of 80% or more on a Basic Exam, or you may chose to do a min 5 words per minute Morse code exam. (Note: Morse code is not a requirement for any class of Amateur Radio Licence in Canada.)
Advanced: Allows a more technical approach to Amateur Radio, where you are permitted to install and operate repeaters, run higher power design and build transmitters, along with more technical privileges.
Who are Amateur Radio Operators?
They are ordinary citizens, including some of your neighbours or work colleagues, and people all over the world. Are Amateur Radio Operators – also known as Ham Radio Operators.
One of the marvelous things about the hobby is that radio signals don’t stop at country borders – being a Amateur Radio Operator is like having an international passport.
You can visit the world on the airwaves, make casual acquaintances or life-long friendships, without even leaving home. Many long-time Amateur Radio Operators will tell you that some of their best friends are people they have never met in person.
Around the world Amateur Radio Operators have set up their own transmitting and receiving stations at home, in their cars, and even use hand-held radios to keep in touch while on foot. The friends they make could be someone across town, in a far-flung exotic country, or even astronauts on the International Space Station or Space Shuttle missions who are Amateur Radio Operators also!
How do Amateur Radio Operators contact each other?
When the hobby began around the turn of the 19th century the only form of communication radio amateurs (they were then known as amateur wireless experimenters) was Morse code, the same method used by the telegraph.
This form of communication has survived to still be in use today – and has become an international language enabling people who can’t speak the same language, to communicate.
Up until the 1920’s wireless telegraphy was the only way to transmit and receive information on the airwaves. But Amateur Radio Operators pioneered voice communications in the mid-1920s at the time when broadcast stations began.
Although the transmission and reception techniques have changed over the years with technical developments, voice communication remains the major method of communicating on the amateur bands.
In times of natural disasters, Amateur Radio Operators throughout the world provide support communications, and sometimes the only communications immediately after a disaster.
The radio systems of emergency services are also extremely busy, and additional or supplementary communication can be readily provided by radio amateurs using their own equipment, and skills.
The linking of computers to Amateur Radio has become popular. Often it is done using the sound card on a PC and software. There are several digital operating modes, each having its particular use. Mostly they provide keyboard communications.
If you would like to know more, do some research on FT8, PSK31, WSJT. The use of digitized voice via Amateur Radio is also expected to become common in the near future. The IRLP (internet radio linking project) and EchoLink are linking Amateur Radios and Repeaters through the internet.
The sending of pictures via radio was being done by Amateur Radio Operators long before television began.
This interesting aspect of Amateur Radio has several variations, from single-frame pictures through to full-colour real-time video that can be received on a domestic television receiver with UHF capabilities. There is also software available that permits fax to be sent over the radio.
Soon after the launch by the former Soviet Union of Sputnik 1, the world’s first man-made orbiting satellite, Amateur Radio Operators entered the space age with the OSCAR (Orbiting Spacecraft Carrying Amateur Radio) series of satellites.
The tradition of designing and building amateur satellites continues today. They are being launched as a piggyback load when major communications satellites are put into orbit. International contacts are possible by sending a signal to a satellite and having it relayed back to earth providing communications over many thousands of kilometers.
The method used to determine, at a distance, the source of a transmitted signal, are broadly as direction finding (DF), and have application in navigation systems.
But Amateur Radio Operators also effectively use DF when they take part in a popular activity called Foxhunting. This involves locating within a time limit a small hidden transmitter.
In some countries DFing is called Radio Sport, and involves a lot of footwork over reasonably lengthy courses, and is likened to a mix of DFing and another sport – orienteering.
Foxhunts can also be held over relatively short courses requiring Hounds to do all of their DFing while on foot.
Foxhunting basically uses a directional beam antenna, both vehicle mounted or out-the-window, and receiver to DF the general hiding spot of the Fox.
QRP (Low Power)
QRP is low power transmitting usually 5 watts or less, some Amateur Radio Operators challenge themselves or their equipment to make contact overseas with as little transmit power as possible, sometimes with less than 1 watt.
This is the world of “QRP” or Low Power Operation, where the goal is to reach as far as you can with as little transmitter power as possible.
Why? Yes, it seems strange when 100 watts is the norm, to want to transmit with five watts or much less – milliwatts. But it is the challenge of making your antenna as efficient a radiator as possible.
You may also like the challenge of making your own radios. QRP is a challenge to succeed with limited resources, and for many of its devotees it satisfies their desire to experiment, learn, and have fun.
And there’s much more!
Contests, awards, QSLing, eyeball-QSOs, Hamventions, special event stations, skills that can be used at work or school, and the list goes on, currently the production crew of the TV Show “Last Man Standing” (KA6LMS) operate and make contact with others with the actual Amateur Radio that is used on the set of the TV Show.


A home theatre system is a great addition to any house. They can add a lot of value and make the house feel better. If you plan on getting soundbars in general, you should know that they will cut your costs in half or less compared to a regular hi-fi system.
Sounds are important for movies, but it is also partially responsible for how much people enjoy music in their living rooms. The only thing that might be even more important than sound itself is sound quality. It can cost thousands of dollars to get high-quality speakers and amplifiers, so the goal here is to find something good enough without spending too much money. We’ll go through what components you need and give some examples of models from different price ranges – because there is no reason to get a super expensive sound system when you can buy something that satisfies your needs for less money.
Let’s start by describing the most important parts of a home theatre system:
The amplifier is perhaps the single most important component in a sound system. It amplifies the weak electric signals from the audio input and sends them to your speakers. The better an amplifier is, the more powerful your speakers will be. Without one, you wouldn’t even hear any noise coming out of your speakers – just that annoying hissing sound that comes with cheap radios or TVs without an external connection that boosts volume levels. Amplifiers need to be paired with appropriate speakers – they are not created equal. Micro-speakers (inside most smartphones and computers) need a lot less power than full-sized ones and will not be driven as hard by your amplifier.
A receiver is a thing that broadcasts sound from your antenna to speakers. It also has an AM/FM radio tuner, which gives you access to free music on the go (which is why some people still like it). The sound quality of such receivers is typically worse than any other component in a system – they are cheaper for a reason. Not only do they mostly lack noise-canceling functionality, but their amplifiers will also be less powerful. If you can afford to buy them separately, do so and pair them with a separate set of speakers to enjoy better sound quality and more volume. Receivers broadcast sound through the air, and it’s the thing that sits between your antenna and speakers in most cases. If you can’t find a receiver separately in good condition for low prices, go with buying an amplifier paired with speaker(s).
WiFi is another way to connect your home theatre components using the air instead of cables. It’s commonly found in receivers (if they weren’t bought separately), but there are also separate transmitters for sound, like Bluetooth adapters. Unfortunately, they cannot be relied upon when it comes to offering high-quality sound because they use lossy compression algorithms, which affect sound quality negatively. A few people might not notice this very much, but if you’re listening closely and playing around with EQ settings on your smartphone or computer, you will.
To transmit audio over the air, you need an amplifier to boost the signal from a speaker and a transmitter with its own built-in AM/FM tuner. You can buy it separately or as a set, but keep in mind that you will only be able to move around freely within the range of your WiFi network. Such systems are typically found among wireless speakers for smartphones, tablets, and computers. They look elegant because they lack cables, but the sound quality is often disappointing, as well as their price tags. If it’s worth getting one at all – that depends on what you’re using it for. Some people use them outside the house too, so they carry extra battery packs to power them up when needed. Wireless home theatres are convenient but not necessarily high quality.
Wireless speakers are perfect if you want to get rid of cables because they don’t need any extra hardware to connect them with your TV or other sound sources. You can buy them in sets and couple them with an amplifier which is either separate or comes built-in in the speaker set itself. This way, you only have one box sitting under or next to your TV for convenience – it’s also great if you plan on moving around your house listening to music. Beware that wireless speakers use lossy compression algorithms too when sending their signal through the air. They reduce the file size by throwing out crucial information that cannot be recovered later at the receiving end where speakers are connected. The thing that makes all modern wireless speakers sound “good enough” is called digital signal processing (DSP), and it’s also the thing that makes them so convenient.
WiFi, Bluetooth, and wireless speakers will be more common in the future, but AM/FM tuners currently offer better sound quality than most wireless systems. It’s a matter of getting used to this new technology since it does require pat ience at first. Some exceptions apply for Sonos Play:5, which uses WiFi instead of FM radio for its main connection. However, its lossy compression algorithm sounds very harsh compared to a decent old-fashioned amp paired with a separate set of speakers. As long as you keep your expectations realistic about what they can deliver sonically compared to wired solutions, you won’t be disappointed.
Finally, keep in mind that devices such as smartphones or laptops can be used for listening to music, too – what matters here is their auxiliary output, which boosts the audio signal from your device headphone jack! Look around on the internet for more information.


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COMPUTER SYSTEM OVERHEATING
Computer system overheating is a computer hardware term given to system symptom that causes the computer system to restart or completely trip-off immediately before the system loads the operating system.
Computer system overheating occurs when the processor heats beyond its fixed temperature limit. And this occurs when the cooling system is not properly fixed on the processor. The function of the cooling system is regulating the temperature of the processor by absorbing heat that is being produced by the processor during operation and dissipating them outside. So, when the cooling system is not properly fixed, the processor overheats and thereby trips off or restarts.
Also, in some laptops, if the paste on the processor has been exhausted, overheating can occur.
To correct overheating, what is to be done it to fix the cooling system tightly to its seat. Also, in laptops, the pastes should be put accordingly on the processor.
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As a market leader in automated ultrasound reprocessing systems, Nanosonics’ trophon® technology helps protect patients by delivering consistent high level disinfection (HLD) of ultrasound probes with every automated cycle.
The trophon®2 device is manufactured in Australia and with an expanding global network of offices in major markets including USA, Canada, UK, France, Germany, Ireland, Japan and Australia along with an expanding distributor base across the world, Nanosonics has an established global supply chain to continue to provide unparalleled service and supply.
The global trophon device installed base has now increased to over 25,000 units worldwide with more and more facilities continuing to trust the trophon technology to deliver reliable, automated HLD.
The fully enclosed trophon technology generates a 'sonically activated' hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) mist which accesses all surfaces of the suspended probe, ensuring all crevices and imperfections of the probe surface are high level disinfected. The only by-products of the HLD cycle are oxygen and water. The trophon devices therefore effectively delivers HLD without damaging the sensitive probe surface, whilst reducing patients, staff and the environment to harmful chemicals.*
As a fully automated reprocessing system designed with the user in mind, trophon2 technology offers advanced workflow efficiencies. With traceability across the operator, probe and cycle parameters, trophon devices help demonstrate user compliance for survey and audit reporting.
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Calibration & Testing Services
Epsilon Instrumentation has a fully equipped calibration laboratory accredited to ISO 9001:2015 and NATA (Accredited No. 14283), with all primary references traceable to the National Measurement Institute.
- Nata Pressure gauges, Pressure Transducers, Pressure Transmitters.
- Gas Detectors
- Torque Wrenches
- Electrical Calibration
- Air/Gas Flow measurement
- Humidity, Dew point and Temperature
- Time, Frequency.
- pH, conductivity.
- Dimensional measurement.
- Hire of Equipment
- Onsite Calibrations
NATA Pressure Gauges, Pressure Transducers, Pressure Transmitters.
Epsilon Instrumentation has a NATA accredited laboratory to ISO/IEC 17025, (Laboratory no: 14283), that is accredited for pressure measurement calibration. We have the capability to calibrate and test pressure gauges, pressure transducers, pressure recorders, pressure transmitters and manometers, vacuum gauges and transducers. Please refer to the NATA web site for accreditation details. (nata.com.au )
Epsilon Instrumentation has an efficient and accurate service for the certification of multi-gas detectors used in industry for safe confined entry situations. Epsilon also has the capability to check any style of gas detector including CO, CO2 and other gases. We also have calibrated gas detectors for hire.
Epsilon Instrumentation can certify torque wrenches up to 1500 Nm. We can also certify rattle guns and torque calibrators.
Epsilon Instrumentation has the capability to test and certify electrical measuring equipment in the fields of current, voltage, and resistance. All measurements are directly traceable to National and international standards. Calibration certificates can be issued for all portable and fixed electrical measurement equipment.
Air/Gas Flow Measurement
Epsilon Instrumentation has the facilities to accurately test and certify portable and fixed equipment that measures Air or gas flow. All of our equipment is certified against National or international standards and can measure gases of any molecular composition.
Humidity, Dew Point and Temperature
Epsilon Instrumentation has the facilities to test and certify humidity, dew point and temperature measuring equipment, including infra-red thermometers. All of our standards are directly traceable to national or international standards.
Epsilon Instrumentation has frequency standards directly traceable to national or international standards that are used to certify frequency generators, frequency measuring devices, stop watches, clocks and other time measuring devices.
Epsilon Instrumentation can test and certify pH and conductivity measurement devices using certified standard solutions. Whether the units are portable or fixed.
If you require any dimensional measurement devices certified, Epsilon Instrumentation has dimensional test equipment to certify your equipment, whether it is micro-meters, verniers or test gauge blocks. All measurements are directly traceable to national or international standards.
Epsilon Instrumentation has the capability to certify laboratory scales and industrial scales, including pallet scales or check weighers used in the packaging industries. We can carry the testing at our laboratory or on site.


I have a wind of the news of the to be released Flagship Flashgun from Nissin, specially made for Nikon users. The All new Nissin Di866. At around 300USD and maybe adjusted lower in the future this is a to be waited on Flashgun from Nissin.
The Di866 Professional Speedlight features an external auto-exposure sensor with eight f-stops from f/2 to f/22 with compensation potential. It has additional features specially designed for professional dSLR users. The recycling time is around 3.5s and supposed to offer up to 150 full-power flashes per set of batteries.
The flash is supposed to synchronize to sync speeds higher than 1/250s. Additional features of a fill in sub-flash, activated by the main flash while bounced. It has self-changeable TTL light level feature and can be allegedly fired wireless by Nikon DSLR’s cameras. Nissin Di866 firmware can be updated via a built-in USB port, finally a flash with a USB port.
- Exclusive for Nikon Digital SLR’s Cameras
- The Di866 Professional Speedlight features an external auto-exposure sensor with eight f-stops from f/2 to f/22 with compensation potential
- Self changeable TTL light production level feature and can be fired by wireless means from Nikon DSLR’s cameras
- The unit is designed for use with DSLRs and boasts many features particularly designed for professional and advanced photographers
- It has recycling time of 3.5s and be able to offer up to 150 full-power flashes per set of batteries.
- It features a fill in sub-flash, which is activated while the main flash is bounced
- The flash synchronizes to high board up speeds of above 1/250s
- Its firmware can be updated via an incorporated USB port
|| – Main flash 60(ISO 100, m) or 84(ISO 200, m) at 105mm lens angle coverage
– Sub flash 12(ISO 100, m) or 17(ISO 200, m) for 35mm lens angle coverage
|| Nikon digital SLR cameras and Coolpix hotshoe cameras
| Power Source
|| – Battery magazine – 4 x LR6, (Lithium, NiMH and Oxiride are usable)
– Power Pack – Nissin Power Pack Pro 300 (NiMH exclusive battery cluster)
| Recycling time
|| – 3.5 sec. by Battery Magazine with 4 x NiMH
– 0.5 sec. by Nissin Power Pack Pro 300
| Number of flashes
|| – 150 full power flashes per set of NiMH batteries
– 300 full power flashes by Nissin Power Pack Pro 300
| Camera Synch.
|| – TTL hotshoe (on camera flash)
– PC cord service connector (off camera flash)
– Wireless TTL, and Slave synchronization (off camera flash)


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Mcb specification are done on maximum current flow in circuit. What is excitation? Excitation is applying an external voltage to DC shunt coil in DC motors. In three pin plug 6 Amp. Because Current flow in the conductor is inversely proportional to the conductor diameter.
So if any short circuits occur in the system first high currents bypassed in the Earthling terminal. What are Motor Generator Sets and explain the different ways the motor generator set can be used Answer: Motor Generator Sets are a combination of an electrical generator and an engine mounted together to form a single piece of equipment. Motor generator set is also referred to as a genset, or more commonly, a generatorThe motor generator set can used in the following different ways: Alternating current AC to direct current DC 2.
Electrical Interview Questions answers
DC to AC 3. DC at one voltage to DC at another voltage 4. AC at one frequency to AC at another harmonically-related frequency What is power quality meter? Power Quality meters are common in many industrial environment. Small units are now available for home use as well. They give operators the ability to monitor the both perturbations on the power supply, as well as power used within a building, or by a single machine or appliance.
In some situations, equipment function and operation is monitored and controlled from a remote location where communication is via modem, or high-speed communication lines. So we can understand the importance of power measurement through power quality meters. What is the different between digital phase converter and ordinary phase converter? Digital phase converter are a recent development in phase converter technology that utilizes proprietary software in a powerful microprocessor to control solid state power switching components.
This microprocessor, called a digital signal processor DSP , monitors the phase conversion process, continually adjusting the input and output modules of the converter to maintain perfectly balanced three-phase power under all load conditions. Explain the operation of variable frequency transformer? A variable frequency transformer is used to transmit electricity between two asynchronous alternating current domains.
A variable frequency transformer is a doubly-fed electric machine resembling a vertical shaft hydroelectric generator with a three-phase wound rotor, connected by slip rings to one external ac power circuit. A direct-current torque motor is mounted on the same shaft. Changing the direction of torque applied to the shaft changes the direction of power flow; with no.
The variable frequency transformer behaves as a continuously adjustable phaseshifting transformer. It allows control of the power flow between two networks. What is the main use of rotary phase converter? Rotary phase converter will be converting single phase power into true balanced 3 phase power,so it is often called as single phase to three phase converter.
Often the advantages of 3 phase motors, and other 3 phase equipment, make it worthwhile to convert single phase to 3 phase so that small and large consumers need not want to pay for the extra cost of a 3 phase service but may still wish to use 3 phase equipment.
The reason that 4ma is chosen instead of 0 mA is for fail safe operation. For example- a pressure instrument gives output 4mA to indicate 0 psi, up to 20 mA to indicate psi, or full scale. Due to any problem in instrument i. So if range is mA then we can differentiate whether it is due to broken wire or due to 0 psi.
Two bulbs of w and 40w respectively connected in series across a v supply which bulb will glow bright and why? What is meant by knee point voltage? Knee point voltage is calculated for electrical Current transformers and is very important factor to choose a CT. It is the voltage at which a CT gets saturated. CT-current transformer. What is reverse power relay? Reverse Power flow relay are used in generating stations's protection.
A generating stations is supposed to fed power to the grid and in case generating units are off,there is no generation in the plant then plant may take power from grid. To stop the flow of power from grid to generator we use reverse power relay. What will happen if DC supply is given on the primary of a transformer? Mainly transformer has high inductance and low resistance.
In case of DC supply there is no inductance ,only resistance will act in the electrical circuit.
So high electrical current will flow through primary side of the transformer. So for this reason coil and insulation will burn out. What is the difference between isolators and electrical circuit breakers?
What is bus-bar? Isolators are mainly for switching purpose under normal conditions but they cannot operate in fault conditions. Actually they used for isolating the CBs for maintenance. Whereas CB gets activated under fault conditions according to the fault detected. Bus bar is nothing but a junction where the power is getting distributed for independent loads. What are the advantage of free wheeling diode in a Full Wave rectifier? It reduces the harmonics and it also reduces sparking and arching across the mechanical switch so that it reduces the voltage spike seen in a inductive load At first calculate the electrical current of the load, after that derate the electrical current considering derating factor depending on site condition and laying of cable after choose the cable size from cable catalog considering derating electrical current.
After that measure the length of cable required from supply point of load to load poin. What are HRC fuses and where it is used?
HRC stand for "high rupturing capacity" fuse and it is used in distribution system for electrical transformers. Which power plant has high load factor? All base load power plants have a high load factor.
If we use high efficiency power plants to supply the base load,we can reduce the cost of generation. Mention the methods for starting an induction motor? The different methods of starting an induction motor DOL: What is the difference between earth resistance and earth electrode resistance?
Only one of the terminals is evident in the earth resistance. In order to find the second terminal we should recourse to its definition: Earth Resistance is the resistance existing between the electrically accessible part of a buried electrode and another point of the earth, which is far away.
The resistance of the electrode has the following components: A the resistance of the metal and that of the connection to it. B the contact resistance of the surrounding earth to the electrode. What is use of lockout relay in ht voltage? A lock-out relay is generally placed in line before or after the e-stop switch so the power can be shut off at one central location.
This relay is powered by the same electrical source as the control power and is operated by a key lock switch. The relay itself may have up to 24 contact points within the unit itself. This allows the control power for multiple machines to be locked out by the turn of a single key switch.
What is the power factor of an alternator at no load? At no load Synchronous Impedance of the alternator is responsible for creating angle difference. So it should be zero lagging like inductor.
How electrical power is generated by an A. C Generator?
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For the generation of elect power we need a prime mover which supplies mechanical power input to the alternator, can be steam turbines,or hydro turbines. When poles of the rotor moves under the armature conductors which are placed on the stator ,field flux cut the armature conductor ,therefore voltage is generated and is of sinusoidal in nature Why an ac solenoid valve attract the plunger even though we interchanges the terminal? Will the poles changes?
Yes because the poles changes for every half-cycle of ac voltage so the polarity of AC voltage is continuously changing for every half cycle. That's why the ac solenoid attract the plunger even though it's terminals are interchanged. What is derating? The current currying of cables will change depending upon the site temperature location of site , type of run it will run through duct, trench, buried etc.
Considering this condition actual current currying capacity of cable reduce than current currying capacity which given to cable Catalogue this is called derating. Why temperature rise is conducted in bus bars and isolators? Bus bars and isolators are rated for continuous power flow, that means they carry heavy currents which rises their temperature.
When voltage increases then current also increases then what is the need of over voltage relay and over current relay? Can we measure over voltage and over current by measuring current only? We can't sense the over voltage by just measuring the current only because the current increases not only for over voltages but also for under voltage As most of the loads are non-linear in nature. So, for a better protection of the system. If one lamp connects between two phases it will glow or not?
If the voltage between the two phase is equal to the lamp voltage then the lamp will glow. When the voltage difference is big it will damage the lamp and when the difference is smaller the lamp will glow depending on the type of lamp.
What is meant by regenerative braking? When the supply is cutt off for a running motor, it still continue running due to inertia. In order to stop it quickly we place a load resitor across the armature winding and the motor should have maintained continuous field supply.
This type of breaking is called as "Regenerative Breaking". Why is the starting current high in a DC motor? At starting, Eb is zero. What are the advantages of star-delta starter with induction motor? The main advantage of using the star delta starter is reduction of current during the starting of the motor. Starting current is reduced to times Of current of Direct online starting.
Hence the starting current is reduced , the voltage drops during the starting of motor in systems are reduced. For lighting loads, neutral conductor is must and hence the secondary must be star winding. To minimize the current unbalance in the primary we use delta winding in the primary. Why in a three pin plug the earth pin is thicker and longer than the other pins?
It is longer because the The First to make the connection and Last to disconnnect should be earth Pin.
This assures Safety for the person who uses the electrical instrument. Why series motor cannot be started on no-load? Series motor cannot be started without load because of high starting torque.
Series motor are used in Trains, Crane etc. ELCB is used to detect earth leakage fault. Once the phase and neutral are connected in an ELCB, the current will flow through phase and that much current will have to return neutral so resultant current is zero.
Once there is a ground fault in the load side, current from phase will directly pass through earth and it will not return through neutral through ELCB.
That means once side current is going and not returning and hence because of this difference in current ELCB wil trip and it will safe guard the other circuits from faulty loads.
If the neutral is not grounded, fault current will definitely high and that full fault current will come back through ELCB, and there will be no difference in current.
Why we do 2 types of earthing on transformer ie: The two types of earthing are Familiar as Equipment earthing and system earthing. In Equipment earthing: In this neutral of the supply source Transformer or Generator should be grounded. With this,in case of unbalanced loading neutral will not be shifted. We can protect the equipment also. With size of the equipment transformer or alternator and selection of relying system earthing will be further classified into directly earthed,Impedance earthing, resistive NGRs earthing.
MCB is miniature circuit breaker which is thermal operated and use for short circuit protection in small current rating circuit. MCCB moulded case circuit breaker and is thermal operated for over load current and magnetic operation for instant trip in short circuit condition. Normally it is used where normal current is more than A.
What is the difference between Isolator and Circuit Breaker? Isolator is a off load device which is used for isolating the downstream circuits from upstream circuits for the reason of any maintenance on downstream circuits. But circuit breaker is onload automatic device used for breaking the circuit in case of abnormal conditions like short circuit, overload etc. Boucholz relay is a device which is used for the protection of transformer from its internal faults, it is a gas based relay. What is SF6 Circuit Breaker?
SF6 is Sulpher hexa Flouride gas.. Output voltage is greater than the input voltage or receiving end voltage is greater than the sending end voltage. It is the property of a cable by virtue of it can withstand the applied voltage without rupturing it is known as insulation level of the cable. Tell me in detail about c. The term C. T means current transformer,and the term P. T means potential transformer.
In circuit where measurements of high voltage and high current is involved they are used there. Particularly when a measuring device like voltmeter or ammeter is not able to measure such high value of quantity because of large value of torque due to such high value it can damage the measuring device.
Electrician Interview Questions & Answers
They work on the same principle of transformer, which is based on. They work on the ratio to they are designed. There are a Transformer and an induction machine. Those two have the same supply. For which device the load current will be maximum?
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The motor has max load current compare to that of transformer because the motor consumes real power.. Power factor should be high in order to get smooth operation of the system. Low power factor means losses will be more. What happens if i connect a capacitor to a generator load? You can join the red wire to another red wire or to a black wire Blue and Yellow wire: These wires are also used to carry power but are not wiring the outlets for common plug-in electrical devices.
They are used for the live wire pulled through the conduct. You will see yellow wire in the fan, structure lights, and switched outlets. White and Gray: This color wire is used as a neutral wire.
It carries the current unbalanced load to the ground. You can join white and gray only to other white and gray wires Green: It is connected to the grounding terminal in an outlet box and run from the outlet box to the ground bus bar within an electric panel 7 Explain RLC circuit? An RLC circuit carries an electrical circuit consisting of a resistor R and inductor L and a capacitor C , connected in parallel or series.
This circuit is called a second order circuit as any voltage or current in the circuit can be described by a second order differential equation. Wire is sized by American Wire Gauge system. Your installation of conductors will depend on a few factors like gauge of the wire, wire capacity, etc. For wires, smaller the wire gauge larger the ampacity or capacity of the wire to handle current. For example, low voltage lighting and lamp cords will have 18 gauge, electric furnaces or large electric heaters are of 6 gauge.
There are two types of semi-conductors intrinsic and extrinsic. Again in extrinsic semi-conductors you will have N-type semiconductors and P-type semiconductors. Transistors are comprised of several combination of n-type and p-type semi-conductors. Transistor has the ability to amplify the current, due to the reason that output power can be higher than the input power. If the resistance total in a series circuit doubles the current will reduce to half. If the series current gets double then, the resistance is halved.
When a string of resistors in a series will divide the source voltage into proportion to their values. Reverse polarity is referred in a condition where one or more of your receptacles are connected incorrectly. To fix the reverse polarity, check the wire connection at the outlet and inspect your receptacle.Strengthen rotary kiln daily maintenance data analysis of the pack; be helpful for equipment management work.
At the time of motor taking normal current rated current the speed of the motor is called rated speed. Would be grateful if u may fwd the pdf on my email id vhabhi gmail.
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Lotus Paperwork RAID technology is a very essential feature of this venerable app. It allows you to restore info from a failed hard drive. You must know that it can take up to hours to repair a single storage device, and times to restore all information right from left over hard disks. This technology is useful if you have a business with several hard drives.
Making use of the RAID technology, a file product is constructed by simply linking multiple hard disk drives. The main benefit of the technology is the fact it provides a solid file system as well as the security of redundant data storage.
Although not certain, the technology does a great job safeguarding your essential computer info. Using the variety of of RAID system, you can increase your memory space while offering high uptime. Using the RAID technology, you can also make sure that the information kept on your hard disk drives is safeguarded in the event of a hard drive failing.
One of the best elements of the Lotus Notes REZZOU technology is that it is available and typical. This makes it less complicated for coders to build complicated do the job applications quicker. With the right equipment, even first-timers can develop big quality function applications.
Another characteristic of the Lotus Notes REZZOU technology is a RAID control mechanism. This system enables the application to quickly merge recurring information around all of the hard disks. As a result, your information is more successfully restored in the event that vdrs a difficult drive fails.


* Responsible for developing Microcontroller software for electrical appliance application, Design microcontroller software from the given requirement and follow up other tasks up to assignment.
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Arc Fault Circuit Interrupter (AFCI)
Arc Fault Circuit Interrupter (AFCI) is a device intended to mitigate high current arcing faults in the complete circuit. High current arcing faults occur from line-to-neutral or line-to-ground. These arcing faults are in parallel with the load.
Enlarge Key Features and Benefits Detects arcing faults that standard circuit breakers are unable to detect. Intended to mitigate the effects of parallel arcs (line-to-ground or line-to-neutral) by de-energizing the circuit when an arc-fault is detected. Industry exclusive LED light to indicate type of trip.
Key Features and Benefits of AFCI 2nd Generation New and improved electronics 1/4” more wiring bend space than our previous design Both lugs at the same angle - for easier wiring Available with interrupting rating of 65kA
Published on 2017-03-23


Greff, Klaus, et al. "LSTM: A search space odyssey." IEEE transactions on neural networks and learning systems (2016).
He, Kaiming, et al. "Deep residual learning for image recognition." Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition. 2016.
He, Kaiming, et al. "Identity mappings in deep residual networks." European Conference on Computer Vision. Springer International Publishing, 2016.
Hochreiter, Sepp, and Jürgen Schmidhuber. "Long short-term memory." Neural computation 9.8 (1997): 1735-1780.
Jozefowicz, Rafal, Wojciech Zaremba, and Ilya Sutskever. "An empirical exploration of recurrent network architectures." Proceedings of the 32nd International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML-15). 2015.
Li, Fei-Fei, Justin Johnson, and Serena Yeung. CS231n: Convolutional Neural Networks for Visual Recognition. Stanford. 2017.
Lipton, Zachary C., John Berkowitz, and Charles Elkan. "A critical review of recurrent neural networks for sequence learning." arXiv preprint arXiv:1506.00019 (2015).
Manning, Chris and Richard Socher. CS224n: Natural Language Processing with Deep Learning. Stanford. 2017.
Pascanu, Razvan, Tomas Mikolov, and Yoshua Bengio. "On the difficulty of training recurrent neural networks." International Conference on Machine Learning. 2013.
Srivastava, Rupesh Kumar, Klaus Greff, and Jürgen Schmidhuber. "Highway networks." arXiv preprint arXiv:1505.00387 (2015).
Williams, D. R. G. H. R., and Geoffrey Hinton. "Learning representations by back-propagating errors." Nature 323.6088 (1986): 533-538.
Zhou, Guo-Bing, et al. "Minimal gated unit for recurrent neural networks." International Journal of Automation and Computing 13.3 (2016): 226-234.


You may have often seen movie depictions of hackers and been wondering how they get into computer systems, steal stuff and compromise security everywhere. While movie depictions are over-dramatized, the reality often looks more like the typical office job, with hackers using various scripts to find and break into known vulnerabilities of systems and often using the very same people working within an organization as its weakest link, in so-called phishing attacks, that exploit people’s misplaced sense of trust and lack of security awareness to get valid logins, passwords, and so on which are then used to break into more systems from the inside. Often, the people involved remain completely unaware of what is going on, acting unwittingly as accomplices to help hackers gain access, often via seemingly completely legitimate credentials. Security is an area where AI can really help to increase the overall security of modern electronic systems.
I’m going to briefly discuss three different types of security: commercial, home and personal.
In a commercial setting, it is important and obvious to protect your corporate assets. This is because the information and data that a business collects, and all the IT systems that are needed to run the business obviously need to be protected. Security breaches often involve either attempts from the outside — but in many cases, attacks come from the inside.
AI systems nowadays learn how to identify and adapt to possibly malicious attacks that are coming for the outside together with security breaches from the inside. Insider attacks are notoriously more difficult to ward off. By having intelligent monitoring of employee behaviour, insider attacks can be flagged with the minimum compromise to privacy, enabling a good balance of safety against privacy, and by having an AI system doing the monitoring, ensuring impartiality and also reducing the risk of data leaks by people who would otherwise be responsible for such monitoring.
Internal attempts are generally more damaging because they can cause much more economic hardship and problems than external attacks. AI systems can help reduce the risk involved in insider type of attacks by constantly monitoring activities such as failed logins, file copying, emailing, and so on, and assessing the risk involved. Insider attempts may be very subtle and difficult to detect — this is an area where AI can excel over human administrators.
At home we are increasingly seeing the adoption of better security systems that have inbuilt AI, for example, wireless routers that check the connection safety of the router itself and those of your devices. It would be great to know that no one is compromising the security of your future smart fridge or snooping on you via your smart television. AI can also ensure that smart systems like smart CCTV cameras, smart alarms and home automation systems are all integrated into one package and securely adapt to your lifestyle. AI can learn to detect when you are away, know how to turn on different patterns of lights at home when you are away and maintain a place in optimal condition, to deter burglars and make sure that the overall security and safety of its users is increased. Intelligent camera monitoring systems using AI powered video analytics can also detect unauthorised attempts such as theft attempts, or even accidents such as someone accidentally falling down the stairs at home, and may automatically call for help or flag up an incident for human assistance where appropriate. There are even companies that are training AI systems to detect different types of baby cries or dog barks!
Apart from home and office, an increasing AI security application area is personal security. Smartphone security, having an intelligent AI system that will detect malicious attempts and malware that is running on your phone is an increasingly important area. Apart from smartphone security, a lot of companies track and monitor different things about their users, often largely unknown by such users either by design or by being buried under obscure legal language (who actually reads long terms and conditions documents in smartphone apps and does not merely click accept?) and having an AI system that automatically knows what is going on and knows the level of what you want to share and what you want to keep private from these companies will help you automatically cover your tracks.
A personal AI security system will also automatically stop any other AI services from monitoring things that you do not want to be monitored, and in some cases obfuscate and anonymise your data to ensure that there is no hidden algorithmic bias working against you. I think this is going to be a very important aspect in the future as people start valuing their privacy more and more, while AI needs to achieve more trust by clearly explaining the basis of its decision making. Obviously, this needs to be done by striking a balance between the public need with the need for individual privacy.
I think that AI can help us achieve a higher level of security in an ethical way, and with the agreement of how society perceives its trade-off between security and privacy without compromising on the quality of the overall sophisticated safety net afforded by the AI security system.


Years ago, a computer science level was viewed as something that generated generally maths as well as computer system nerds. Thanks to the reality that computers have actually created so swiftly as well as are now being made use of in every area, grads of these computer programs have a reputation as well as coolness element that merely did not exist previously.
A computer technology level, at its simplest, is any degree that studies computers
and also their systems comprehensive. Pupils in the computer technology research study topics such as algorithms, setting languages, equipment, software application, program design, as well as various other subjects. Undoubtedly, degrees vary commonly. Some students concentrate on academic or mathematical work, while others focus on study studies that will certainly enable them to develop sensible systems and software application for organizations.
A trainee with a computer technology level has great deals of profession alternatives, a variety of them extremely imaginative as well as interesting. Advertising agencies, electronic musicians, and internet site style companies need grads to help change creative concepts into imaginative software, graphics, and multimedia. Rock stars and also songs market execs trust pupils with computer technology abilities to create modern video, unique multimedia influences for shows, and other electronic FIFA555 outcomes.
Today, as animated films as well as movies with unique influences are a lot more prominent, computer technology students remain in need by movie studio. Trainees not only help fix and develop computer system systems, they are likewise regularly associated with creating several of the most preferred social items nowadays. From flicks to music to television and Net patterns, trainees from the computer technology are accountable for a lot of the residence amusement options we appreciate.
Trainees with a computer science degree may similarly build systems or software application that is utilized by business, by NASA or by computer users. The opportunities are virtually limitless. Since a great deal of individuals make use of computer systems, the work of individuals with computer system capabilities is essential.
The work news for trainees with a computer technology degree is furthermore wonderful. The U.S. Division of Labor, Bureau of Labor Stats, in the Computer Developers area of the 2002-03 Occupational Expectation Handbook, mentions that computer system systems researchers are prepared for to be the amongst the best growing professions via the year 2010. Service whatsoever levels require staff members with exceptional computer capabilities. Today, also little companies deal with specialists to establish customized computer systems or tailored software components for a business.
Major corporations such as NASA, IBM, and also considerable animation studio, employ students from the computer technology. Often, students graduating with this kind of level can expect terrific profession choices, a well-paying task, as well as exceptional benefits. Students with these abilities continue to be popular, and also business have really reacted with attractive work deals.
Students who are familiar with computer system systems and desire to seek among the much more imaginative computer system profession options have plenty of alternatives. Great deals of companies, also in extravagant fields, are actively seeking computer experts. Great deals of institutions that use superb computer system programs have occupation.
Years back, a computer system science degree was seen as something
that attracted generally math and computer nerds. A computer system science level, at its easiest, is any degree that researches computer systems and their systems comprehensive. Trainees in the computer technology research topics such as algorithms, configuring languages, computer system equipment, software application, program style, as well as other subjects. Pupils with a computer technology level may additionally build systems or software program that is made use of by business, by NASA or by home computer system customers. Students that recognize with computer systems as well as need to go after among the a lot more cutting-edge computer system job alternatives have lots of options.


If your digital camera connects by a wire, plug it into your machine. It'll detect the device automatically, you may need to configure or modify the settings according to your preference.
Please follow the steps below to add a digital camera.
1. Click the Start button in the lower left corner of the screen.
2. Navigate to System Settings > Hardware> Digital Camera
3. Press on Add and a list of brands & models will appear in a prompt box.
4. Choose the right model and click on USB and hit the OK button.
5. The Added device will be displayed on the Digital Camera pane.
6. You may modify the camera settings by pressing Configure and Apply to confirm changes.
7. Remove a device by choosing the device to be removed and pressing Remove to confirm.


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The first step in compressing an image is to segregate
the image data into different classes. Depending on the
importance of the data it contains, each class is
allocated a portion of the total bit budget, such that
the compressed image has the minimum possible distortion.
This procedure is called Bit Allocation.
The Rate-Distortion theory is often used for solving
the problem of allocating bits to a set of classes, or
for bitrate control in general. The theory aims at
reducing the distortion for a given target bitrate, by
optimally allocating bits to the various classes of data.
One approach to solve the problem of Optimal Bit
Allocation using the Rate-Distortion theory is given in
, which is explained below.
- Initially, all classes are allocated a predefined
maximum number of bits.
- For each class, one bit is reduced from its quota
of allocated bits, and the distortion due to the
reduction of that 1 bit is calculated.
- Of all the classes, the class with mininum
distortion for a reduction of 1 bit is noted, and
1 bit is reduced from its quota of bits.
- The total distortion for all classes D is
- The total rate for all the classes is calculated
as R = p(i) * B(i), where p is the probability
and B is the bit allocation for each class.
- Compare the target rate and distortion
specifications with the values obtained above. If
not optimal, go to step 2.
In the approach explained above, we keep on reducing
one bit at a time till we achieve optimality either in
distortion or target rate, or both. An alternate approach
which is also mentioned in  is to initially start with
zero bits allocated for all classes, and to find the
class which is most 'benefitted' by getting an additional
bit. The 'benefit' of a class is defined as the decrease
in distortion for that class.
Fig 1. 'Benefit' of a bit is the
decrease in distortion due to receiving that bit.
As shown above, the benefit of a bit is a decreasing
function of the number of bits allocated previously to
the same class. Both approaches mentioned above can be
used to the Bit Allocation problem.
Resources related to Bit Allocation
- E. A. Riskin, "Optimum bit allocation via
the generalized BFOS algorithm,''
IEEE Transactions on Information Theory,
vol. 37, pp. 400-402, Mar. 1991
- Liang-jin Lin, Antonio Ortega, "Bit-Rate
Control Using Piecewise Approximated
IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for
Video Technology, vol. 8, No. 4, pp. 446-459
, Aug. 1998
- A. Ortega, "Optimal rate allocation under
multiple rate constraints'',
Data Compression Conference'96, Snowbird, UT,
Copyright (c) Satish Kumar. S 2001-2003. Last Modified - 22 Oct 2001
Suggestions/Broken links/queries? Write to firstname.lastname@example.org


Self-organising feature maps are a way of making computers classify input data according to arbitrary features of that data, with little input from human beings.
Also known as Kohonen networks, the maps are created by a form of neural network. This consists of a series of input neurons, connected to an array of output neurons. Each output neuron stores a vector, corresponding to a point in space. The vectors are initially assigned at random, but eventually they arrange themselves into a representation of the input space; neurons corresponding to related or similar inputs are clustered together in this resulting map.
This is useful firstly because the map that is produced can often bring out some of the order in the inputs which may not be obvious by a simple examination of the inputs themselves (which may in some cases have many dimensions); it can also be used to classify fresh inputs in terms of inputs already received. The algorithm has been applied, for example, in speech and handwriting recognition systems, and has also proven its worth in retrieving other images which resemble any given input image.
The self-organisation of the feature map works by repeatedly finding which of the neurons currently matches a given input most closely; the vector associated with this neuron is then updated to bring it closer to the input which it matched, and crucially the vectors of neighbouring neurons are similarly updated, but to a lesser degree. It is this updating of neighbouring neurons which leads to similar features being clustered together in the final map.
Usually, in the early stages of running the algorithm, many neurons are updated by a large factor to bring them closer to the input vector; later on, the size of the ‘neighbourhood’ of neurons slowly shrinks, and so does the size of each update. This allows the map to initally arrange itself into roughly the same sort of shape as the input space, followed by closer matching of any fine details.


Recently, more and more Malaysia SMEs started to devise innovative strategies in storing their accounting and financial information.
Businesses are rapidly switching from traditional on-premise accounting method to cloud accounting, with the aim to improve their financial departments’ accountability and transparency.
By taking advantage of cloud-based accounting software, businesses are less dependent on in-house hard drives when managing their accounting and finances. Leveraging the security of cloud-accounting, financial data’s security and accessibility are enhanced.
Traditional and cloud accounting comes with vastly different features. This post will discuss the key differences between these two different methods of recording, processing and storing financial data of a business.
Cloud vs. Traditional Accounting
Traditional accounting involves a dedicated in-house computer hard drive to store data and host the software. The on-premise accounting software is installed onto a desktop computer and is accessible through a desktop application. It does not require an internet connection, which is allow users without internet access to use it offline.
Cloud accounting has the same functionality as on-premise accounting software. Both function as software that records, processes, and stores financial details of a business.
However, with cloud accounting software, data is recorded, processed and stored on a remote server, eliminating the need for in-house computer hard drives. Users will need internet access and devices to operate and access the data.
On-premise software usually requires bigger upfront purchase, known as capital expenditure (CapEx) to a business. It involves up-front investment, responsibility and expertise to operate and maintain in-house computer hardware. When data size grows extensively, the initial invested storage system will need to be replaced or upgraded to accommodate more data. This will have a significant increase in business operations costs.
Conversely, cloud accounting does not require the investment of in-house computer hardware to store financial data. Cloud-based accounting software enables businesses to store data in the cloud and can be easily accessed via any mobile device. Although users have to pay a monthly or annual subscription, it is usually a cheaper option than adopting a traditional on-premise accounting software.
The financial data of the traditional accounting software are vulnerable to theft or physical damage, such as fires. It is a risk when data is stored on a computer’s hardware as it may be stolen or tampered by hackers.
Cloud accounting gives SMEs the accessibility of their financial data regardless of any situations that might affect the business. Virtual platform of cloud data storage is less vulnerable to physical damage.
The additional security levels making it difficult for a hacker to gain access to the data. In the case of any suspicious activity, a cloud accounting provider will be able to quickly detect and prevent a data breach.
Traditional accounting is deployed and maintained in-house at a physical office. Users can only gain access remotely with third-party support to access the solution and a mobile device. Cloud accounting software provides real-time data that can be accessed via the Internet anywhere at any time.
In other words, with a web-based interface device, your Finance personnel can access the software from home, while travelling, and from any location of their choice. The cloud keeps information updated in real-time,in a secure site, making it readily accessible.
As businesses grow, so does financial data size. SMEs using traditional accounting software will need to expand its in-house IT investment to meet the increasing storage size demand regularly. Each time the data size surpasses the limit, you will need to act fast and upgrade the hardware to accommodate the growth.
On the contrary, cloud accounting software is flexible and scalable such that it can accommodate business growth and needs.
5. Environment Friendliness
Traditional accounting requires users to print out financial information on paper, which is not environmentally friendly. Users can go paperless with cloud accounting since the data can be accessed electronically with a mobile device and internet access.
This makes the distribution of accounting information simple, efficient, and more economical compare to the traditional accounting method.
6. Cloud or Traditional Accounting the Future of Finance?
There is a growing trend for the adoption of cloud-based accounting software. Organisations that aims to implement a secure, cost-effective and scalable accounting software should consider adopting a cloud accounting solution.
As technology evolves rapidly to accommodate the ever-growing needs of businesses, even the Finance personnel needs to keep up with the technology trend and reap the benefits of adopting cloud-based software over traditional on-premise solutions.
For more information, feel free to get in touch with us.


Design and manufacturing in France
The digital audiometer 9910 helps to establish a precise screening of the hearing thresholds.
Headphones, battery power version and patient response hand switch can be modulated, according to the needs of the health professional using it.
· Very easy to be operated and to be used especially for its lightweight and size.
· Display of “frequency” and “level” on 2 large backlit LCD screens ;
Display of the answer of the patient through the response hand switch button.
· Level and frequency ranges through silent and embossed keys
· Range of 11 frequencies, variables from 125 Hz to 8000 Hz (up/-1%)
· Type 4 – screening and control (according to EN 60645-1)
· Adjustable sound level from 10 dB to 100 dB in HLdB in 5 dB increments
· Viewing “sound” and “frequency” levels on 2 large backlit LCD displays
· Emission of sound in “continuous” or “pulsed” tone
· Silent and embossed keys
· CA Release – Air Conduction
· CE Medical Marking (G-MED / CE0459)
Comes in a carrying case including :
· Response hand switch button (optional)
· Power block sector 230 / 15V – 500 mA
· User manual (English, German, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, Hungarian, Rumanian, French)
- – Power : Sector or Sector + battery (10 hours in autonomy)


The winners of this year's Nobel Prize in Physics were announced today, and while the award hasn't gone to my first choice, Vera Rubin (or any astrophysicist for that matter), it has gone to a trio of very worthy winners. The winners are Isamu Akasaki, Hiroshi Amano, and Shuji Nakamura for their work in the development of blue LEDs (light emitting diodes).
Why is this so important? Well, it is thought that about 20-30% of the electricity in the world is consumed in electrical lighting, and since LEDs are about 10 times more energy efficient and last about 100 times longer than traditional incandescent light bulbs, the worldwide adoption of LEDs will significantly reduce the world's energy consumption (and therefore its carbon dioxide emission).
So while this wasn't my first choice for the Nobel Prize, it is surely a deserved award!
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Digital is all pervasive. While it can be easily misconstrued as a technology project, digital transformation has a larger purpose.
The Digital Twins concept is entering mainstream. The core principle is, for a physical entity or an asset, a digital equivalent exists in the virtual world. To duplicate our real-world into a virtual copy, multiple technologies—3D simulation, IoT, 4G/5G, Big Data, blockchain, Edge and cloud computing, and artificial intelligence—are required to come together. As we Read more about The Path to Digital Twins[…]
“Digital Twins”, as a concept, has been around for a while. Michael Grieves at the University of Michigan in the US wrote about it in a whitepaper in 2002. NASA’s been long using Digital Twins for its space mission, as they (obviously)don’t have physical access to the equipment, once it leaves our planet. Simulation and Read more about Why Executives Need to Take Note of ‘Digital Twins’[…]
When the first humans set their foot out of Africa, the transition from an insulated to an interconnected world begun. Backed by continuous innovation, humanity moved from one dominant socio-economic state to the other— hunter-gatherers to agricultural, agricultural to industrial and industrial to the current knowledge and information-driven society. From one revolution to another, a Read more about Three Stars of the Next Technology Revolution[…]