Why Is AI Image Recognition Important and How Does it Work?
Image-based plant identification has seen rapid development and is already used in research and nature management use cases. A recent research paper analyzed the identification accuracy of image identification to determine plant family, growth forms, lifeforms, and regional frequency. The tool performs image search recognition using the photo of a plant with image-matching software to query the results against an online database.
The success of AlexNet and VGGNet opened the floodgates of deep learning research. As architectures got larger and networks got deeper, however, problems started to arise during training. When networks got too deep, training could become unstable and break down completely.
Image detection involves finding various objects within an image without necessarily categorizing or classifying them. It focuses on locating instances of objects within an image using bounding boxes. You should remember that image recognition and image processing are not synonyms. Image processing means converting an image into a digital form and performing certain operations on it. As a result, it is possible to extract some information from such an image. This inference model detects people, objects, and vehicles in images.
In fact, in just a few years we might come to take the recognition pattern of AI for granted and not even consider it to be AI. As an offshoot of AI and Computer Vision, image recognition combines deep learning techniques to power many real-world use cases. Optical Character Recognition (OCR) is the process of converting scanned images of text or handwriting into machine-readable text. AI-based OCR algorithms use machine learning to enable the recognition of characters and words in images. The images are inserted into an artificial neural network, which acts as a large filter. Extracted images are then added to the input and the labels to the output side.
Process 1: Training Datasets
Image recognition benefits the retail industry in a variety of ways, particularly when it comes to task management. While it’s still a relatively new technology, the power or AI Image Recognition is hard to understate. Get in touch with our team and request a demo to see the key features. Explore our guide about the best applications of Computer Vision in Agriculture and Smart Farming.
TensorFlow knows different optimization techniques to translate the gradient information into actual parameter updates. Here we use a simple option called gradient descent which only looks at the model’s current state when determining the parameter updates and does not take past parameter values into account. All we’re telling TensorFlow in the two lines of code shown above is that there is a 3,072 x 10 matrix of weight parameters, which are all set to 0 in the beginning. In addition, we’re defining a second parameter, a 10-dimensional vector containing the bias.
The Jump Start Solutions are designed to be deployed and explored from the Google Cloud Console with packaged resources. They are built on Terraform, a tool for building, changing, and versioning infrastructure safely and efficiently, which can be modified as needed. While these solutions are not production-ready, they include examples, patterns, and recommended Google Cloud tools for designing your own architecture for AI/ML image-processing needs. This technology detects the skeletal structure and posture of the human body by recognizing information about the head, neck, hands, and other parts of the human body. Deep learning technology is used to detect not only parts of the human body, but also optimal connections between them. In the past, skeletal structure and posture detection required expensive cameras that could estimate depth, but advances in AI technology have made detection possible even with ordinary monocular cameras.
However, the significant resource cost to train these models and the greater accuracy of convolutional neural-network based methods precludes these representations from practical real-world applications in the vision domain. Fine-tuning image recognition models involves training them on diverse datasets, selecting appropriate model architectures like CNNs, and optimizing the training process for accurate results. In addition, by studying the vast number of available visual media, image recognition models will be able to predict the future. AI image recognition – part of Artificial Intelligence (AI) – is another popular trend gathering momentum nowadays. So now it is time for you to join the trend and learn what AI image recognition is and how it works. And we will also talk about artificial intelligence and machine learning.
- Segmentation finds its roots in earlier computer vision research carried out in the 1980s47, with continued refinement over the past decades.
- YOLO stands for You Only Look Once, and true to its name, the algorithm processes a frame only once using a fixed grid size and then determines whether a grid box contains an image or not.
- If images of cars often have a red first pixel, we want the score for car to increase.
- We’re defining a general mathematical model of how to get from input image to output label.
- Another remarkable advantage of AI-powered image recognition is its scalability.
The batch size (number of images in a single batch) tells us how frequent the parameter update step is performed. We first average the loss over all images in a batch, and then update the parameters via gradient descent. The process of categorizing input images, comparing the predicted results to the true results, calculating the loss and adjusting the parameter values is repeated many times.
In the case of single-class image recognition, we get a single prediction by choosing the label with the highest confidence score. In the case of multi-class recognition, final labels are assigned only if the confidence score for each label is over a particular threshold. With that in mind, AI image recognition works by utilizing artificial intelligence-based algorithms to interpret the patterns of these pixels, thereby recognizing the image. The quantification of digital whole-slide images of biopsy samples is vital in the accurate diagnosis of many types of cancers. With the large variation in imaging hardware, slide preparation, magnification and staining techniques, traditional AI methods often require considerable tuning to address this problem.
Many domains with big data components such as the analysis of DNA and RNA sequencing data8 are also expected to benefit from the use of AI. Medical fields that rely on imaging data, including radiology, pathology, dermatology9 and ophthalmology10, have already begun to benefit from the implementation of AI methods (Box 2). Within radiology, trained physicians visually assess medical images and report findings to detect, characterize and monitor diseases. Such assessment is often based on education and experience and can be, at times, subjective.
Furthermore, AI-generated images often exhibit the ability to adapt to new and unseen environments. This adaptability is a crucial aspect of AI image recognition, as it enables systems to generalize their understanding of visual data across different scenarios. For example, AI-powered cameras in smartphones can recognize various scenes and objects in real-time, regardless of lighting conditions or background clutter. This capability demonstrates AI’s versatility in recognizing images within dynamic and unpredictable settings.
One of the more promising applications of automated image recognition is in creating visual content that’s more accessible to individuals with visual impairments. Providing alternative sensory information (sound or touch, generally) is one way to create more accessible applications and experiences using image recognition. With ML-powered image recognition, photos and captured video can more easily and efficiently be organized into categories that can lead to better accessibility, improved search and discovery, seamless content sharing, and more. The MobileNet architectures were developed by Google with the explicit purpose of identifying neural networks suitable for mobile devices such as smartphones or tablets. They’re typically larger than SqueezeNet, but achieve higher accuracy.
The problems with stock images of AI has been discussed and analysed a number of times already and there are some great articles and papers about it that describe the issues better than we can. The workshop isn’t just about pictures though, it’s thinking through what we talk about when we talk about AI. We have run the workshop with BBC teams several times and earlier in the year we took it to the 2021 Mozilla Festival. We start our workshops by examining and discussing existing images that represent AI and ML.
In the variable definitions we specified initial values, which are now being assigned to the variables. The notation for multiplying the pixel values with weight values and summing up the results can be drastically simplified by using matrix notation. If we multiply this vector with a 3,072 x 10 matrix of weights, the result is a 10-dimensional vector containing exactly the weighted sums we are interested in. If images of cars often have a red first pixel, we want the score for car to increase. We achieve this by multiplying the pixel’s red color channel value with a positive number and adding that to the car-score. Accordingly, if horse images never or rarely have a red pixel at position 1, we want the horse-score to stay low or decrease.
After that, for image searches exceeding 1,000, prices are per detection and per action. For example, each text detection and face detection costs $1.50 apiece. It’s also worth noting that Google Cloud Vision API can identify objects, faces, and places. Fox News Digital then asked Gemini to show images celebrating the diversity and achievements of Native Americans.
So it can learn and recognize that a given box contains 12 cherry-flavored Pepsis. For example, there are multiple works regarding the identification of melanoma, a deadly skin cancer. Deep learning image recognition software allows tumor monitoring across time, for example, to detect abnormalities in breast cancer scans. To overcome those limits of pure-cloud solutions, recent image recognition trends focus on extending the cloud by leveraging Edge Computing with on-device machine learning. The most popular deep learning models, such as YOLO, SSD, and RCNN use convolution layers to parse a digital image or photo. During training, each layer of convolution acts like a filter that learns to recognize some aspect of the image before it is passed on to the next.
In our cartoon, they are spread out in space because people are creatures of time and space. At any rate, there are billions upon billions of potential trees, if you are willing to see trees. It’s possible to gather accurately labelled photos of cats, dogs, and much else. But most of the information produced by humanity hasn’t been labelled so cleanly and consistently, and perhaps can’t be.
Image Recognition Software (Top Picks for
Even the smallest network architecture discussed thus far still has millions of parameters and occupies dozens or hundreds of megabytes of space. SqueezeNet was designed to prioritize speed and size while, quite astoundingly, giving up little ground in accuracy. Image recognition is one of the most foundational and widely-applicable computer vision tasks.
You can foun additiona information about ai customer service and artificial intelligence and NLP. Isn’t the only field that’s like this; medicine and economics are similar. In such fields, we try things, and try again, and find techniques that work better. We don’t start with a master theory and then use it to calculate an ideal outcome.
We wouldn’t know how well our model is able to make generalizations if it was exposed to the same dataset for training and for testing. In the worst case, imagine a model which exactly memorizes all the training data it sees. If we were to use the same data for testing it, the model would perform perfectly by just looking up the correct solution in its memory. But it would have no idea what to do with inputs which it hasn’t seen before. How can we use the image dataset to get the computer to learn on its own? Even though the computer does the learning part by itself, we still have to tell it what to learn and how to do it.
Once the dataset is developed, they are input into the neural network algorithm. Using an image recognition algorithm makes it possible for neural networks to recognize classes of images. Once the deep learning datasets are developed accurately, image recognition algorithms work to draw patterns from the images. AI image recognition can be used to enable image captioning, which is the process of automatically generating a natural language description of an image. AI-based image captioning is used in a variety of applications, such as image search, visual storytelling, and assistive technologies for the visually impaired.
For example, a full 3% of images within the COCO dataset contains a toilet. Google Cloud Vision API uses machine learning technology and AI to recognize images and organize photos into thousands of categories. Developers can integrate its image recognition properties into their software. Finally, generative models can exhibit biases that are a consequence of the data they’ve been trained on. Many of these biases are useful, like assuming that a combination of brown and green pixels represents a branch covered in leaves, then using this bias to continue the image.
A convolutional neural network is right now assisting AI to recognize the images. But the question arises how varied images are made recognizable to AI. The answer is, these images are annotated with the right data labeling techniques to produce high-quality training datasets. Machines visualize and analyze the visual content in images differently from humans.
We find that, just as a large transformer model trained on language can generate coherent text, the same exact model trained on pixel sequences can generate coherent image completions and samples. By establishing a correlation between sample quality and image classification accuracy, we show that our best generative model also contains features competitive with top convolutional nets in the unsupervised setting. Aligning research methodologies is crucial in accurately assessing the impact of AI on patient outcome. It is also important to note that AI is unlike human intelligence in many ways; excelling in one task does not necessarily imply excellence in others. Therefore, the promise of up-and-coming AI methods should not be overstated.
Unlike humans, computers perceive a picture as a vector or raster image. So, after the constructs depicting objects and features of the image are created, the computer analyzes them. One of the typical applications of deep learning in artificial intelligence (AI) is image recognition. AI is expected to be used in various areas such as building management and the medical field. In this article, we will discuss the applications of AI in image recognition.
AI image recognition is a sophisticated technology that empowers machines to understand visual data, much like how our human eyes and brains do. In simple terms, it enables computers to “see” images and make sense of what’s in them, like identifying objects, patterns, or even emotions. Deep learning image recognition of different types of food is applied for computer-aided dietary assessment. Therefore, image recognition software applications have been developed to improve the accuracy of current measurements of dietary intake by analyzing the food images captured by mobile devices and shared on social media. Hence, an image recognizer app is used to perform online pattern recognition in images uploaded by students. Agricultural machine learning image recognition systems use novel techniques that have been trained to detect the type of animal and its actions.
Unlike ML, where the input data is analyzed using algorithms, deep learning uses a layered neural network. There are three types of layers involved – input, hidden, and output. The information input is received by the input layer, processed by the hidden layer, and results generated by the output layer. For the object detection technique to work, the model must first be trained on various image datasets using deep learning methods. Understanding the distinction between image processing and AI-powered image recognition is key to appreciating the depth of what artificial intelligence brings to the table. At its core, image processing is a methodology that involves applying various algorithms or mathematical operations to transform an image’s attributes.
This technology identifies diseased locations from medical images (CT or MRI), such as cerebral aneurysms. In recent years, it has become possible to obtain high-resolution CT how does ai recognize images and MRI data. By having AI learn from large amounts of stored high-resolution image data, the accuracy of the technology to identify diseases has also improved dramatically.
With AI-powered image recognition, engineers aim to minimize human error, prevent car accidents, and counteract loss of control on the road. Today’s vehicles are equipped with state-of-the-art image recognition technologies enabling them to perceive and analyze the surroundings (e.g. other vehicles, pedestrians, cyclists, or traffic signs) in real-time. Thanks to image recognition software, online shopping has never been as fast and simple as it is today. By enabling faster and more accurate product identification, image recognition quickly identifies the product and retrieves relevant information such as pricing or availability. Facial analysis with computer vision allows systems to analyze a video frame or photo to recognize identity, intentions, emotional and health states, age, or ethnicity. Some photo recognition tools for social media even aim to quantify levels of perceived attractiveness with a score.


The conference was aimed at promoting contacts between scientists involved in solar-terrestrial physics, space physics, astroparticle physics and cosmology both from the theoretical and the experimental approach. The conference was devoted to physics and physics requirements, survey of theoretical models and performances of detectors employed (or to be employed) in experiments for fundamental physics, astroparticle physics, astrophysics research and space environment - including Earth magnetosphere and heliosphere and solar-terrestrial physics. Furthermore, cosmic rays have been used to extend the scientific research experience to teachers and students with air shower arrays and other techniques. Presentations included the following subjects: advances in physics from present and next generation ground and space experiments, dark matter, double beta decay, high-energy astrophysics, space environment, trapped particles, propagation of cosmic rays in the Earth atmosphere, Heliosphere, Galaxy and broader impact activities in cosmic rays science.
The open and flexible format of the Conference was conducive to fruitful exchanges of points of view among participants and permitted the evaluation of the progresses made and indicated future research directions. The participants were experienced researchers but also graduate students (MSc and PhD) and recent postdoctoral fellows.


Power Supply & LED Wiring Fundamentals
Let’s face it, low voltage LEDs and Power Supplies are pretty high tec. Those larger signs with tons of LEDs and power supplies may seem complicated, but in reality they are more simple than you think! We are here to help simplify the wiring fundamentals so that you can meet the product specifications and UL requirements to build your sign up to code.
At HanleyLED, we are all about “High Efficiency Everything”. Understanding the intricacies of wiring up your LEDs and Power Supplies will help your team create the most efficient wiring plan ahead of time. Here are a few notes to help you better understand:
Below are some important terms and topics that every Installer, Estimator, Service Technician and Production Manager at a sign company should understand to reach what we call “2e Status” - Effective & Efficient.
Cascade Limit: (Daisy-chain Limit or Mods in a Series) Simply the number of modules that you can daisy-chain in a single string off the end of the power supply, without the voltage drop affecting the brightness of the LEDs at the end of your string/run. It does NOT refer to the quantity of modules that you can attach to a power supply, but simply how many modules you can run off the power supply before having to run the rest of your LEDs back to your power supply.
Two major factors impact the cascade limit:
- Constant Current (CC) v Constant Voltage (CV) LEDs: Constant Current modules help boost the current in your LED line as the voltage drops. This allows longer cascades off the end of the power supply compared to Constant Voltage LEDs.
- LED Voltage: Voltage impacts how many LEDs you can cascade in a daisy chain off the end of a power supply. 24V electricity is stronger and therefore can carry the current further, allowing longer cascades.
For example: Our PhoenixNRG Family has both a 12V and 24V version of the same module.
12v PhoenixNRG 2 (PE-2): You can run (96) modules on a 60W power supply. But the “Cascade Limit” is (40) modules. So you have to break your (96) modules into (3) runs and connect each run to the power supply.
24v PhoenixNRG 2 (PN-2): You can run the same amount of modules of PN-2 (96) on a 60W power supply as HanleyLED’s 12v PE-2, however the Cascade Limit is (80), meaning you can daisy chain more LEDs off the end of the power supply. So, where as the 12v PE-2 suggests that you break up your (96) modules into (3) runs, the 24v PN-2 only needs to be broken up into (2) runs.
The Cascade Limit for each brand of modules and each model number within a brand is different. You can find the specific Cascade Limit on your preferred LED brand’s spec sheets.
Class2: A safety rating required by UL for power supplies to be used in LED illuminated signage. In order to have a Class 2 rating, each output on a power supply cannot provide more than 5amps.
For example: a 60W 12v power supply has (1) output. A 100W 12v power supply has (2) outputs because 100W/12v = 8.33A (more than 5A). However, a 100W 24v power supply has (1) output because 100W/24v = 4.16A
Power Factor: Ratio of real power to the apparent power flowing in the circuit. Low power factors draw more current, therefore decreasing the amount of power supplies that you can run on a circuit. On the other hand, power supplies with HIGH power factors pull less amps, allowing you to put more power supplies on a circuit.
Input Current: Maximum power input for a single power supply. A lower number allows more power supplies per circuit.
IP Rating: The dust and waterproof rating for products. The first number listed refers to the dust rating (1-6, 6 being the highest) and the second number listed refers to the water rating (1-8, 8 being the highest).
UL iq Database
It is important to make sure that the products you are using in your signs are UL Recognized, to ensure that your sign passes your UL inspection. UL iq is UL’s online database for sign manufacturers to learn if their products are not just “UL Recognized”, but UL Recognized for use in LED signs. HanleyLED’s UL Number is E350828. If you search for that within the database, you’ll see the list of all of our UL Recognized products under that e-file number.
Additionally, this is where you can find out what the “Conditions of Use” are for your LED products. For example, if the Conditions of Use say that your power supply requires an electrical enclosure then you need to take additional consideration into the cost of your sign for the labor and materials needed to enclose your power supply. You can find our Conditions of Use on the database when a power supply is chosen.
Common Wiring Methods
There are three common wiring methods that will help you achieve the illumination and high-quality signage desired. For further information, watch this full video about Wiring Guidelines, including incorrect methods.
- Single-Ended Power Feed: Running a single string of LED modules off the output of your power supply. One end is connected to your power supply, while the other is simply capped off with wire nuts.
- Parallel Wiring: This is like a “single-ended power feed”, but with multiple runs of LEDs attached to the same power supply. Multiple strings of LEDs are independently running back to the power supply.
Note: This is used most often with larger power supplies - 100W, 150W or 250W - when the number of modules attached exceeds the Cascade Limit spec of your LED module.
- Home Run Loop: This is where you have two long runs of LED strings tied together on one end and both connected to the power supply at the other, forming one giant loop.
Note: This is also used when the number of modules attached exceeds the Cascade Limit. It reduces brightness differences between the first and last LED, while also reducing the number of times an installer might daisy-chain too many LEDs together.
There you have it! Now that you've learned about the terminology, UL iq database, and common wiring methods of LEDs and power supplies, you should be ready to build your signs up to code with ease.
If you have additional questions or comments, feel free to reach out to our HanleyLED team. With 60+ locations nationwide, Grimco has the help and answers you need!
P: 800.542.9941 | E: firstname.lastname@example.org
Kyle Moore & Michael Kerber


Sentinel-2 is an Earth observation mission developed by ESA as part of the Copernicus Programme to perform terrestrial observations in support of services such as forest monitoring, land cover changes detection, and natural disaster management. It consists of two identical satellites, Sentinel-2A and Sentinel-2B.
This is the description of Sentinel-2 from the respective page in Wikipedia. This mission will be a great alternative to Landsat or the paid SPOT images, providing images in a great detail and frequency, for most parts of the Earth.
Coming down to some technical details, both of the satellites, Sentinel 2A and 2B will provide multi-spectral images, within the latitude of -56 to +83 degrees (whole Earth, excluding Antarctica), in a resolution of 10m, 20m and 60m and a FoV (Field of View) of 290km. There will be 13 spectral bands that will be covered, including 3 for atmospheric corrections.
Sentinel-2A was launched in June 2015, while Sentinel-2B is expected to launch within mid to late 2016. There are some images that can be downloaded from the website of European Space Agency or directly from the awesome semi-automatic classification plugin for QGis, which was updated to be able to download data directly for analysis.


Fenix AM Partners with UBCO through MITACS
Fenix Advanced Materials, located in Trail, is partnering with a team of researchers from UBC Okanagan to develop a new kind of lithium battery which is smaller and more powerful than current battery technology. This partnership will go beyond Fenix and UBCO to include other local industry firms such as Retriev Technologies, Eagle Graphite, and Teck Metals. The need for new battery technology is the result of increasingly small electronic devices, especially those used in the medical field. These new batteries will combine lithium and tellerium, a metal which Fenix processes to be ultra-high purity. All companies involved are partners in Metal Tech Alley, and Don Freschi, CEO of Fenix, writes that using local materials will be crucial in stimulating the economy within Metal Tech Alley and it’s another step towards the circular economy! This research project is made possible through MITACS Acceleration Grant and Rural Dividend Fund.
Read the full press release here!


- Environmental ABS material made headphones band
- Stereo Headphone with soft and comfortable foam ear pads
- Surround sound effect for a great gaming experience
- 1.8 meters long cord to easily reach a desktop computer or a notebook
- Adjustable microphone with soft foam cover
Model: Lapcare HP-130 Horn Diameter : 40mm Horn Sensitivity : 103db±3db Impedance: 32 ohm Rated Power : 20mW Working Voltage : 5V Frequency range: 20Hz-20KHz Headset interface: USB 2.0 Cable length: 1.8m Color: Black 1. Stereo sound PC computer gaming headphone with strong bass; 2. Adjustable headband and comfortable ear muff; 3. High quality USB gaming headphone computer/laptop/portable media player; 4. Over the ear, closed earcup design; 5. Cool LED light with integrated chip...
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Time has come to rewire my car in a most professional way and thus i got back to an old project I never completed. I have a rotrex supercharged which runs on its own oil so it has a separate oil circuit. I added a thermostatic switch set for 80° which is the oil temperature limit set from Rotrex. Since I could not have a specific function for rotrex, I came to the conlclusion I could use a DPI (my DSI is already used as Datalog activation through a switch) to call the "Generic Timer Switch" and use a DPO to light a led alarm light in the dash.
My thermostatic swich is wired to chassis ground, so first question is "can I wire my DPI to ground"? In the first place I wanted it to light a bulb in my dash, obviously I can rewire it too. Second question is "can I use a DPO to direcly light a 12v led alarm light or should i trigger a relay to light it?"
Questions about the Platinum Sport series ECU settings or features? Ask here.
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Our lab is investigating the use of novel materials, like cubic silicon carbide (3C-SiC), to produce a long-term (75+ years), bi-directional, implantable neural prosthetic for brain machine interface systems. The NLML has a multdisciplanary group working to achieve this goal. Dr. Stephen Saddow has pioneered the use of 3C-SiC as a biocompatible material, has extensive experience the growth and processing 3C-SiC, and is known internationally as a quality leader. His former graduate student, Chris Frewin, Ph.D., has joined the NLML as a postdoctoral fellow. Our partner, Dr. Iyad Obeid from Temple University, brings extensive knowledge and experience in neural instrumentation and techniques to interpret the signals from the brain.
Damage to the CNS and PNS caused by disease or trauma reduces the ability to process sensory information, control muscles and hinders learning and memory. The ancient Greeks were among the earliest to employ exogenous electrical impulses as a therapy (electrical impulses generated from fish were used to manage pain) and in the 18th century, the idea of generating the electrical signal artificially by a man-made device was pioneered by Benjamin Franklin. Our understanding of electrical activity and the materials that support that activity has lead to the electronic/ computer age, and the devices used for CNS therapeutics have also benefited from these advances resulting in the brain machine interface (BMI) system.
The BMI system uses an interface to receive electrical signals from the body, transfers the signals to a processing system which then can control the activities of electronics or a machine actuator. Optimally, there would be a method of generating or receiving feedback from the environment and delivering this information back into the brain.The system is illustrated below.
Current BMI systems have shown success in providing relief for some CNS and PNS problems, and have restored hearing, sight, and allowed mental control of limb prosthetics. Unfortunately, widespread utility has been hampered by challenges associated with the neuronal interface of the BMI.
Non-invasive external receivers have many difficulties steaming from large impedance from the skin and skull, crosstalk, noise, and low specificity. The alternative is using an implantable neuronal prosthetic which allows direct interaction with specific neurons within the brain. This direct contact not only increases signal selectivity, but allows controlled stimulation of the neurons and thereby creates bi-directional signaling.
Apart from the surgery that is required to implant these interface devices, they eventually stop receiving signals in vivo after only a few years. As shown in the cartoon below, much of the device failure has been attributed to increased negative activity from the glia (support/ immune) cells as well as decreased axon/ dendritic activity and population of nearby neurons. The potential of BMI devices is limited currently due to the failure of the implantable neural interface.
Our current efforts are as follows:
This work is funded by:
A grant from the USF Neuroscience Collaborative (NSC),
National Institutes of Health Ruth L. Kirschstein National Research Service Award (NRSA) to C. Frewin, and
A grant from the
Florida Center of Excellence for Biomolecular Identification and Targeted Therapeutics (Now CDDI).


You must baseline and reset your System Management Controller (SMC) and your Parameter RAM (PRAM) device. Both of these components are minor cogs in the wheel, but once they get corrupted, things slow down. If your Macbook slow after sierra update, you should reset SMC and PRam. This is what you do:
SMC Reset on MacBook, MacBook Pro or MacBook Air:
You do not risk the loss of data or any other catastrophic event, so let out a sigh of relief. Power down the Mac. Unplug power cable and wait at least 15 seconds. Plug the power cord back in. Now hold down these four keys simultaneously; Left Shift +Option + Control + Power Button for at least 10 seconds. Release all the keys and power that baby back up like a regular start.
SMC Reset on iMac, Mac Pro, Mac Mini or Xserve:
Power down the Mac and Unplug power cable, wait at least 15 seconds. Plug the power cord back in and wait at least 5 seconds. Turn on your Mac.


Digital Communication 3rd Edition By Barryzip: A Must-Read for Professionals and Students
If you are looking for a comprehensive and up-to-date book on digital communication, you should check out Digital Communication 3rd Edition By Barryzip. This book covers the fundamentals and applications of digital communication systems, with an emphasis on wireless and advanced techniques. You will learn about the theory and practice of digital modulation, coding, channel modeling, detection, estimation, synchronization, multiple access, and MIMO systems. You will also gain insights into the latest developments and challenges in the field of digital communication.
Digital Communication 3rd Edition By Barryzip is written by John R. Barry, Edward A. Lee, and David G. Messerschmitt, who are experts and renowned researchers in the field. They have updated and revised the previous edition to reflect the current state of the art and the latest standards. The book is suitable for both undergraduate and graduate students, as well as designers and engineers who want to deepen their knowledge and skills in digital communication.
In this article, we will give you an overview of the main topics and features of Digital Communication 3rd Edition By Barryzip. We will also show you how you can get a copy of this book and access its online resources.
The Main Topics of Digital Communication 3rd Edition By Barryzip
Digital Communication 3rd Edition By Barryzip covers a wide range of topics that are essential for understanding and designing digital communication systems. The book is divided into four parts:
- Part I: Introduction and Background. This part provides an overview of the basic concepts and principles of digital communication, such as signals, systems, modulation, coding, and information theory.
- Part II: Baseband Transmission. This part focuses on the transmission and reception of digital signals over baseband channels, such as wire pairs and optical fibers. It covers topics such as pulse shaping, intersymbol interference, equalization, detection, estimation, and synchronization.
- Part III: Bandpass Transmission. This part deals with the transmission and reception of digital signals over bandpass channels, such as radio and satellite. It covers topics such as carrier modulation, demodulation, fading, diversity, channel coding, and error control.
- Part IV: Advanced Topics. This part explores some of the advanced techniques and applications of digital communication, such as multiple access, spread spectrum, orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), and multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems.
The book also includes appendices that review some of the mathematical tools and techniques used in digital communication, such as complex analysis, Fourier transform, random processes, and linear algebra.
The Features of Digital Communication 3rd Edition By Barryzip
Digital Communication 3rd Edition By Barryzip is not only a comprehensive and up-to-date book on digital communication, but also a user-friendly and pedagogical one. The book has many features that make it easy to read and learn from, such as:
- Clear and concise explanations of the concepts and theories, with examples and illustrations.
- Numerous exercises and problems at the end of each chapter, with solutions available online.
- Practical applications and case studies that show how the theories are applied in real-world scenarios.
- Historical notes and biographies that highlight the contributions and achievements of the pioneers and leaders in the field.
- A companion website that provides additional resources, such as lecture slides, MATLAB codes, simulation tools, and supplementary materials.
The book is also compatible with various standards and technologies that are widely used in digital communication, such as GSM, CDMA, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, LTE, 5G, and more.


If you’re a Mac power user like myself but were let down by lack of more memory options in recent MacBook Pro laptops, or you want a computing solution in an iMac form factor, the good news is that Apple is finally working on a new version that will be available in late 2017.
No touchscreen for the new iMacs, though. Personally, my experience is that a vertical screen is bad for touchscreen experience. Unless Apple comes up with a new form factor (for them) with a large touchscreen that can be adjusted, like the Microsoft Surface Pro, there’s no point in a touchscreen.
As for other hardware in Apple’s lineup, the bad news is that a new Mac Pro and pro-level displays (no touchscreen there, either) are scheduled for next year. Which, of course, is a long time to wait, given how long we’ve already waited. Also, no word on a Mac Mini update.


Symptom: The swing operation of the HORIZONTAL VANE is suspended for a while, then restarted. If there’s something stuck in the air conditioner fan that prevents it from spinning. Can also be caused by 49C (comp inner thermostat or external Klixon ) tripping, Inverter heat sink temperature too high (TH8) - check for lack of air flow around heat sink, no silicone paste, faulty thermistor (temperature can be read from service tool (or PAR21 on power inverter model)), Compressor over current - carry out inverter output test and electrical checks to the compressor, Low discharge superheat - check TH4 reading is correct. Indoor unit and outdoor unit do not operate. Sanitary water heating has suitable applications in: hotels and motels, apartments, commercial kitchens and laundries, office buildings, food processing industry, heat recovery from air conditioning systems into sanitary water storage, and direct sanitary water heating is also possible. The day hat it died on me, the car was running very rough, I could... CarGurus has thousands of nationwide listings and the tools to find you a great deal. This category only includes cookies that ensures basic functionalities and security features of the website. Your email address will not be published. -Remote controller wire short. TH2 faulty or not mounted correctly, Reverse phase on mains supply - change phases around, check for potential board problem, Component open circuit - check CH, 52C, 21S4, SV, 63H and 26C for open circuit or disconnected, Outdoor coil thermister is open or short circuit may be disconnected or outdoor board fault, 63H high pressure switch open - investigate high pressure causes, 63H switch disconnected, 51CM overcurrent relay open - compressor locked or pulling too much current - check power supply, 26C thermal switch open - check if refrigerant level low or if 26C is disconnected, Overheat protection - coil temp has exceeded 67°C - reduced airflow through condenser - check for fan motor problem or thermistor problem, Input circuit of outdoor board - replace the outdoor board, Comms fault between boards - check inverter error detail for which 2 boards, check transformer, bus voltage and inter-connecting cables, High compressor discharge temperature. My total out-of-pocket cost for replacing the fo… Pity Mitsubishi shops do not read their own manuals. If the system’s temperature drop is lower than 18 degrees for old systems, you might be facing a problem with the level of the refrigerant. Transmit the setting information of the weekly timer to the indoor unit again. It is possible to try and fix this on your own if it is only a minor problem. This would indicate a blockage as well. Operation Led: No lit. Mr. Please change fan speed to High or Super High. Your email address will not be published. by | Jan 20, 2021 | Uncategorized | 0 comments | Jan 20, 2021 | Uncategorized | 0 comments As a safety function, the system will cut power to the compressor clutch to disable the AC if it sees any one of several conditions met: AC pressure gets too high AC … Check the blinking pattern of the LED on the inverter P.C. due to change in temperature. ), Indoor/outdoor unit communication error (Transmitting error) (Outdoor unit), Compressor overcurrent interruption (When compressor locked), Abnormal high discharging temperature/49C operated/ insufficient refrigerant, Abnormal high pressure (63H operated)/Overheating protection operation, Compressor overcurrent interruption/Abnormal of power module, Abnormality of super heat due to low discharge temperature, Abnormality such as overvoltage or voltage shortage and abnormal synchronous signal to main circuit/Current sensor error, Low pressure switch failure - check connection on the board and continuity of switch, High pressure switch failure - check connection onto board and continuity of switch, Both pressure switch contacts are open at the same time - check connection onto board and continuity of switch and for a potential board failure, Mis-wiring fault between FTC and Ecodan - check S1,S2,S3 also check voltages and comms, Mis-wiring fault between FTC and Ecodan - Check S1,S2,S3 also check voltages and comms, Unit cannot finish start up process - generally caused by a comms fault, Ecodan high pressure fault - mainly caused by incorrect water flow rates - check with flow setter, Ecodan high compressor discharge temperature - mainly caused by refrigerant shortage or dirty condenser, Ecodan discharge thermistor problem - mainly caused by TH4 discharge thermistor - open/close circuit, Open or close circuit Ecodan thermistors (TH3, TH32, TH33, TH6, TH7, TH8) - open or close circuit or disconnected from main board, Inverter heat sink overheat protection (W50 and W85 models 77°C, HW140 model 95°C - reduced air flow through Ecodan - faulty fan motor, Inverter/Compressor over current - system indicates possible IPM error, Ecodan fan motor problem - mainly caused by DC fan motor being disconnected, connected or obstructed with the power on or possible main board fault, Over voltage or under voltage - mainly caused by either CN2 or CN5 loose or disconnected or decrease of mains power supply, Overheat protection TH3 ≥ 70°C or 63HS ≥ 70°C saturation temperature, Compressor over current/Compressor lock - occurs within 30 seconds of compressor start, Abnormal running current - < 1A or > 40A detected during operation - check CN5 connections, Over current detected after 30 seconds of operation - do an inverter test to determine outputs balanced, Transmitting Error PAR W21 - check refrigerant address on SW1 of Ecodan, Transmitting Error (PAR W21) - check refrigerant address on SW1 of Ecodan, Receiving Error (PAR W21) - check refrigerant address of SW1 on Ecodan, Indoor/Outdoor communication error - mainly due to Ecodan being powered up before FTC(2), Non-defined error code - noise interference - power down Ecodan for 30 seconds then switch back on, Serial communication fault between Ecodan main board and Ecodan inverter board - mainly due to loose CN2 or CN5 cable, Flow temp sensor fault - TH1 not connected, short or open circuit, Over heating at heat exchanger - lack of water flow, air in the system, flow rate incorrectly set, blockage or pump problem, No temp change at plate heat exchanger - problem with flow rate (too high) - incorrect sizing of system, TH5 Fault - TH5 not connected, short or open circuit, FTC not configured for heating only, Inlet water temp fault - TH32 is below 10°C whilst compressor is in operation - possible thermistor out of range, short of gas, incorrect sizing of radiator or problem in the water circuit (blockage, pump failure etc), Comms fault between boards - check between control board an inverter board, Comms fault between boards - check between control board an fan board, High compressor discharge temperature - discharge temp has exceeded 115°C or more - check if short of refrigerant or discharge thermistor, Low pressure fault - low pressure sensor sensing less than 1 bar immediately before starting, High pressure fault - check system pressure exceded 32.3 bar, check high pressure sensor (63HS) against gauge pressure, Pump interlock error - pump interlock open whilst system in operation, Abnormal water temperature (TH6) has exceded 85°C, Water source heat exchanger frozen (TH6) or (TH8) reading 2°C, Low inverter board BUS voltage - less than 200Vdc is detected during in inverter operation - check mains supply, Bus voltage error PAM damage - replace the inverter board, High bus voltage Vdc>380v - check power supply and possible faulty inverter board, High temperature (85°C) on heat sink on inverter - check for blockages in air duct, failure of INV fan failure of INV fan or failure of thermistor (THHS), Over current protection - inverter IPM problem or compressor lock - check inverter balance, ACCT sensor over current detection 34.5A peak or 16A rms is detected - check the compressor for failure, or possible inverter board failure, High pressure sensor fault - check the system pressure is >1 bar, check the operation of 63HS high pressure transducer, Low output current <1.5A rms whilst the inverter is in operation, Water supply cut-off (flow switch has been triggered) - check flow switch and wiring, High pressure fault - check water flow, possible high pressure sensor fault LEV fault, Compressor crank case temperature of 10°C or less for 40 minutes while compressor in operation - check for possible failure of fan motor, low pressure sensor, compressor shell thermistor, high pressure sensor, discharge thermistor (TH1 TH5), LEV or SV2, Low pressure protection low pressure below 6 bar within 30 sec of start up - possible failure of LP sensor, air inlet thermistor fault (TH4 TH8), suction temperature (TH2 TH6), LEV bypass check valve, Compressor shell bottom temperature exceeded 80°C detected whilst compressor running, Compressor shell thermistor faulty (TH3 TH6), LEV failure, Outside temperature thermistor fault - check TH9, Water inlet temperature - check TH10 main circuit, Water inlet temperature - check TH12 sub circuit, Outlet water temperature - check TH11 main circuit, Outlet water temperature - check TH12 sub circuit, Compressor shell temperature - check TH3 main circuit, Compressor shell temperature - check TH7 sub circuit, Discharge temperature - check TH1 main circuit, Discharge temperature - check TH5 sub circuit, Inlet temperature - check TH2 main circuit, Inlet temperature - check TH6 sub circuit, Air to refrigerant heat exchanger inlet temperature - check TH4 main circuit, Air to refrigerant heat exchanger inlet temperature - check TH8 sub circuit, Common return water when using multiple outdoors - check TH14, Common return water when using multiple outdoors - check TH15, High pressure sensor or high pressure fault - check 63HS sensor or 63H (hp switch), Low pressure sensor low or low pressure fault - check 63LS, Model setting error 2 - faulty Z21 resistor, Power supply frequency fault - power supply frequency is not 50Hz or 60Hz, Discharge temperature fault - 120°C detected during compressor operation - check water flow, pump, high pressure sensor fault or LEV fault, Power supply fault - check transmission power supply or if PCB faulty. the ac was working and now the green light is blinking ,but then you push the botton and it stay green and it sounds that the compressue coms on and then in about 4 min the light starts blinking again ... 2003 Mitsubishi Outlander: air conditioner..blowing cold air. Abnormality of power module. In the heating operation, if the airfl ow temperature is too low or when defrosting is being done, the horizontal vane is automatically set to horizontal position. board. - check mains supply, Low DC voltage on Vdc on fan inverter - check CNVdc for 300Vdc on diode stack and check mains power supply to outdoor unit, High temperature on heat sink on inverter - check for blockages in air duct, failure of INV fan or failure of thermistor, Fan inverter heat sink overheat protection. OK, so my 95 Magna wasn't sparking from the Coil, so I went and replaced it. It may take a certain time to reach the setting temperature or may not reach that dependingon the size of the room, the ambient temperature, and the like. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. Could u list some of the parts that have been replaced. my 2000 Magna has just died -- i think maybe it's the coil? Open/short of outdoor thermistors (TH3, TH6, TH7 and TH8). Still not sparking. Are the horizontal vane and the vertical vane installed correctly? Can be combined to max. Reduced airflow through heat sink. Less than 289VdcDC is detected. found it guys -bad connection on wire into compressor (speed sensor?) Ensure information is successfully received. Compressor and inverter, Low inverter board BUS voltage. In the heating operation, the defrosting operation makes ice forming on the outdoor unit melt and drip down. error details, Temperature sensor fault - check CN30 for humidity sensor, Loose float switch connector - check switch, check CN4F on indoor unit, TB7 transmission line communication error - check for voltage abnormality/short, Transmission processor hardware error - check for noise/short on M-Net cable, Repeat address fault - two or more units are assigned the same address - correct the repeated address, Polarity setting error - no voltage or short circuit on the m-net transmission line, Hardware error of transmission processor. Out door control system. If within range for at least 30 minutes and problem persists, replace Remote Controller. Since this is completed in max.10 minutes, please wait. Get the pressures checked. indoor then outdoor, 51CM connector open - check thermal relay for disconnection or contact failure. Slim P-Series ductless heat pumps and air conditioners are compact yet powerful, offering unrivaled energy efficiency and design flexibility. How To Solve Aircon Light Blinking Problem ... Air Conditioner Light Blinking And Problem Solving Techniques All rights reserved. Room temperature thermistor. Outdoor unit does not operate. Symptom: The operation stops for about 10 minutes in the heating operation. Reduced airflow through heat sink. If your air conditioning unit has shut off and is blowing hot air, you can try to switch the circuit breaker off. Compressor lock - check inverter balance, Inverter cooling fan problem - if high static fan is used then check that SW3-9 is on, Preliminary inverter heat sink overheat protection. Is the fan or heat exchanger of the indoor unit clean? Slim ductless system will run more efficiently than a conventional unit, saving you from rising energy costs. Symptom: When heating operation is selected, operation does not start right away. One of the key reasons that your air conditioner start displaying the flashing green light blinking is because there’s something issue with the outside system. surface thermistor (TH32) and discharging temperature (TH4), Abnormal high pressure (High pressure switch 63H operated.). The same is true in the emergency cooling operation. Pity Mitsubishi shops do not read their own manuals. Any help appreciated! The unit has failed to initialise after power up. Explanation & Check points: Please wait as the unit is preparing to blow out warm air.


|Place of Origin:||CHINA|
|Minimum Order Quantity:||100 Pieces|
|Packaging Details:||CARTON BOX WITH FOAM|
|Delivery Time:||3 - 30 Days|
|Payment Terms:||L/C, T/T, Western Union|
|Supply Ability:||100000 Pieces/Month|
|Name:||Ceramic Sheet||Material:||96% Al2O3 Alumina|
96% Al2O3 Alumina Ceramic Sheet 0.5mm 0.635mm 0.8mm 1.0mm 1.5mm 2.0mm
UNIPRETEC applied the casting-tape process for the manufacturing of alumina substrate. With good thermal conductivity, insulation, thermal shock resistance, well resistance and anti-acid and alkali etc., our Al2O3 ceramic substrates can be used in thick-film hybrid integrated circuits (HIC), LED ceramic radiating base, power module, semiconductor devices and other fields.
UNIPRETEC is in providing solutions to difficult problems using the most high-tech advanced ceramics precision components and products. We develop, manufacture and supply precision products which required hard wearing, lightweight, non-contaminating, with excellent chemical resistance, good thermal shock and offer enhanced electrical and thermal insulation properties.
With many years of experience in research and development in advanced technical ceramic materials, process development, manufacturing of precision components and small assemblies for the various niche applications for the automotive, aerospace, oil & gas industries, foundries, industrials, food, medical, chemical etc. and also consulting & working with most advanced ceramics manufacturing companies around the world.


Cygolite Hotshot Micro Tail Light (2 Watt)
Packed with features for safe cycling, this micro sized Hotshot™ combines a powerful 30 lumens of flashing red with 5 road-proven modes and an Enhanced Cycling Optic™ that scatters light at a wider angle for maximum distance and extra wide visibility during night and day use. Its Versatite™ flexible mount lets you attach the Hotshot Micro 30™ tail light to most seat posts and seat stays, including aero styles.
- Powerful 30 lumens flashing, 2 watt LED
- Low profile, compact size
- USB rechargeable Li-ion battery
- Enhanced Cycling Optics™ scatters the beam to maximize your visual presence from a wider angle
- Low battery indicator
- Water resistant design
- 2:30 ~ 100 hr run time
- Weight 35g
Please drop us an email at firstname.lastname@example.org or FB msg us at https://www.facebook.com/YellowCycling to confirm availability of the light before purchasing.


Two-in-one tablets are taking over the markets. The idea of having one product serve as both a tablet and a laptop is to save money, enhance portability and increase convenience. With so many out there competing, it can be difficult to narrow down your search. Well, you needn’t search much longer.
What is it?
The 2-in-1 tablet is different than a 2-in-1 laptop. The former is more of a tablet that can also conveniently be used as a laptop. The latter is more of a laptop but can also be used as a tablet if needed. This list focuses on the former.
What does it do?
The ideal 2-in-1 tablet will perform tremendously as a tablet and as a laptop. Accessories will either be inexpensive or included in the base price. Also, it should have the ability to switch back and forth between tablet and laptop with ease.
Where can I buy it?
You can find them at large department stores and online.
This list is the result of a tremendous amount of thorough research. In order to provide quality, accurate and unbiased reviews, both consumer and expert opinions are considered when coming to conclusions. This list focuses on hybrid tablets rather than hybrid laptops, so only detachable keyboard options have been considered.
Top 8 2-in-1 Tablets
In order to simplify your search, here are the best 2-in-1 tablets to choose from.
- Processor: Intel Core i5 Processor.
- Memory: 4GB RAM.
- Storage Capacity: 128GB SSD.
- Display: 12.3-inch PixelSense Screen.
- Operating System: Windows 10 Pro.
This Microsoft tablet takes the crown. It has more affordable options to suit your performance desires and stellar performance. Disappointingly, the Surface pen is no longer a part of the package as it was in previous models.
- 6th Generation Intel Core i5-6200U Processor 2.3GHz (Up to 2.8GHz)
- 12" QHD Touchscreen (2160 x 1440), Intel HD Graphics 520
- 8GB LPDDR3 Memory, 256GB SSD, No Optical Drive
- USB 3.1 (Type-C) port
- Windows 10 Home, Up to 8-hours Battery Life
The Acer Switch can be considered the budget Surface Pro. It performs well for what it costs. It does come with a lot of bloatware, however, meaning it has unwanted manufacturer software that takes up disk space.
- Confidently take on your workday with our durable and highly High reliability HP ZBook 15 that has gone through 120,000...
- Designed for demanding workloads, our HP ZBook 15 is engineered with the latest Intel Xeon processors, 3D graphics,...
- Made for the most demanding workloads, the HP ZBook 15 is used by NASA to help push the boundaries of science and...
The Zbook is a splurge 2-in-1 for creatives. It’s more than a tablet; it’s an entire workstation designed for those who want more of a creative touch.
- Microsoft Surface Book 2 Features a 8th generation Intel Quad Core i7 Processor, 512 GB of storage, 16 GB RAM, and up to...
- Enhanced Graphics performance with NVIDIA GeForce GTX 1060 discrete GPU w/6GB GDDR5 Graphics Memory
- The fastest Surface Book yet, with 4x more power
- Vibrant PixelSense Display: now available with a new 15" touchscreen. Weight : Starting at 4.2 pounds including keyboard
- Four versatile modes of use and new USB-C port
Out of all tablets on this list, the Surface Book 2 is the one that feels the most like a laptop rather than a tablet. It also has the longest battery life of all the tablets that were reviewed. For those who want more of a laptop and less of a tablet, this will be your top choice.
It comes with a keyboard and stylus, which is always a plus. It sports a high battery capacity and a great display. However, for what it costs, the design isn’t as great as expected.
- Get reliable performance from the Intel Core m7-6Y75 processor 1.2GHz (Burst up to 3.1GHz) 4MG Cache
- 8GB 1866MHz LPDDR3 (on-board) memory, with a microSD card slot that supports up to 64GB, 256GB M.2 Solid State Drive
- Enjoy a 12” Screen with Portable Entertainment with a Stunning Display: Whether for work or leisure, the high...
- ThinkPad Keyboard Perfection: The X1 Tablet features the detachable keyboard with the legendary ThinkPad design. The...
- With the detachable keyboard snapped into place, the X1 Tablet is only 1.1 kg / 2.4 lbs.
The Lenovo X1 has one of the best keyboards in the game. It has several different port options to suit your needs. It’s geared towards professionals, but the overall performance is uninspiring for the price tag.
- This Certified Refurbished product is tested and certified to look and work like new. The refurbishing process includes...
- Intel Core i5-7300U 2.6GHz (up to 3.5GHz, 3M Cache) Processor
- 8GB DDR3 SDRAM - 256GB M.2 Solid State Drive
- 12.3" FHD Touchscreen Display (1920 x 1280) with Microphone/Camera + Wi-Fi and Bluetooth Connectivity
- No Keyboard | Microsoft Windows 10 Professional (64-Bit)
A great laptop replacement from dell for basic computing. However, the more high-end options are very expensive.
- High res 10 inch PixelSense: Display designed to be viewed, touched, and written on
- Lightest surface yet, starting at 1.15 pounds. Touch: 10 point multi touch
- All day battery life, with upto 9 hours of unplugged power. Ambient light sensor
- Runs Windows 10 Home in S Mode, streamlined for security and superior performance
- Includes multi tasking USB C, fast charging surface connect, and headphone jack. Use it in Laptop, Tablet or Studio Mode
Though it attempts to be a smaller, cheaper Surface Pro, it doesn’t quite live up to expectations. However, it’s a solid, affordable tablet for basic computing and browsing.
Microsoft has been at the lead of the pack with 2-in-1 tablets for many years with their Surface series, and the Surface Pro doesn’t disappoint. For the best overall choice, the Microsoft Surface wins. However, the HP Elite X2 1012 G2 is an excellent choice as well. The professional design of the Elite X2 is sure to appeal to those in the business world. It feels luxurious to the touch and performs incredibly well but with a slightly disappointing battery. Nevertheless, it is an excellent overall choice for its stunning display, port availability and the fact that it comes with a keyboard and stylus. It performs just slightly less than the Surface Pro with matching features, but it is thinner in design. If you’re shopping on a budget, the Acer Switch Alpha 12 or the Microsoft Surface Go will be your best choices.


It is envisioned that the Internet of Things (IoT) will allow people and things to be connected anytime, anyplace using any path/network and any service. The vision leads IoT information systems to be ubiquitous accessible. However, the common cloud-centric IoT information systems face challenges in their quality of service (QoS) to support ubiquitous applications.
Emerging fog computing architecture moves the IoT information system from the centralised model to the distributed model in which information processes are disseminated to different levels of edge networks in IoT systems. This paradigm improves the agility of information processes of IoT and brings the resources closer to the data sources and end-users. Fog-driven IoT, enhances ubiquitous IoT information system in terms of performance improvement and increasing the quality of experience. However, while applying fog computing in IoT, many engineering challenges have arisen.
The First International Workshop on Fog Computing in Internet of Things and Ubiquitous Systems Engineering (FiUSE 2018), co-located with the 30th International Conference on Advanced Information Systems Engineering (CAiSE’2018), aims to establish a forum for the researchers and participants of fog computing, for discussing the state-of-the-art in fog-driven ubiquitous IoT system engineering, novel solutions and applications.
Suggested topics are listed below but are not limited to:
Papers should be submitted in PDF format. The results described must be unpublished and must not be under review elsewhere. Submissions must conform to Springer’s LNCS format and should not exceed 12 pages, including all text, figures, references and appendices. Submissions not conforming to the LNCS format, exceeding 12 pages, or being obviously out of the scope of the workshop, will be rejected without review. A small number of short papers (not exceeding 6 pages) will also be accepted based on their novelty, quality and relevance to the workshop. Information about the Springer LNCS format can be found at
Three to five keywords characterizing the paper should be listed at the end of the abstract.
Please submit manuscript to EasyChair.
Accepted papers will be published in Springer Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing.


You need to know how to protect yourself, since your security department or
any consultant may not be truly aware of these threats and therefore not
dependable. Since September 11th, a number of businesses entered the security field with little to no knowledge of the trade itself; only of its profit potential. Even outfits that have been around for some time and well-established have not been able to stay current with the latest innovations.
Realistically, viewing your threat level has to be considered since everyone
should expect some sort of impending privacy issue no matter how small. Thanks
largely to the Internet you can arm yourself with much of the knowledge and
equipment that the so-called experts use. If a respected agent of computer crimes
for the Secret Service in NYC had his T-Mobile Sidekick hacked, who knows what else
happens out there to others in any business.
We’ll start acoustic ducting evaluation is the inspection of air ducts, baseboard
heaters, coffee rooms, lounges, bathrooms or any way the architecture of a building
can transfer sound. A simple example is to put your ear to a wall and listen.
Basically anything that requires the use of the naked ear is called an acoustic
bug. Softer surfaces can help muffle sounds but there are more efficient means out
there. So be aware that the way an office site is designed can act as a conduit for
conversations. Also, be aware of any changes can have adverse affects. Simply
playing music can do wonders for masking conversations.
Inspection of telephone equipment and wiring is called line analysis. This is
trickier than it seems since sometimes a possible weakness has an actual purpose to
the telecommunication system. Especially if it requires constant maintenance and
All instruments should be opened and inspected. Ideally they should be
compared with a known safe phone or device. If you’re not sure, just remove that
piece of loose components and wiring and see if the phone still works. The wiring
can be modified in a switch within the handset that essentially turns it into a
microphone. If you bypass this hook switch, you can listen in from anywhere on the
equipment won’t be able to detect this. Time Domain Reflectometry is the sending
of a pulse down a telephone line. If there is some sort of disruption; a wall outlet or
wiretap; a portion of the pulse will be
sent back to the device called a Time Domain Reflectometer (TDR). Then the time
difference between the reflection and the continuous run is measured. This helps in
determining the distance to the anomaly.
These devices can perform all sorts of diagnostics including mapping a wire
network. That can be useful in locating a hidden phone. Hidden phones have several
obvious uses such as making long distance phone calls to being placed in an office
across the street to receive betting requests by bookies; a practice called back
strapping. If you open up the modular jacks where you connect your phone, you’ll
usually see four wires. In most cases only two wires are connected; commonly
known as ring and tip. If you see all four connected, be aware that is not usually
consistent for most wiring situations, especially in homes. The other two wires
could be used for a bugging device.
For instance, the microphone you use in a voice recorder can be cut in half.
Connect the mike head to one set of unused wires anywhere on the phone wire.
Then, so long as there are no breaks in the wire, connect the other end to the jack
that connects to your recorder. Now place your recorder to be VOX (voice) activated
and now you have an extremely reliable bug. By the way, this should be manually
inspected for since using a specialized bug detector may see nothing wrong or
inconsistent. A bug such as this that connects to a wire is called a direct tap.
The other general type is called an inductive tap. This is when an instrument is
outside a wire but can still distinguish what’s transacting over a wire. They are
harder to detect since they don’t draw power from the line such a standard
telephone would. These are referred to as snuffle bugs. A simple probe used in
hunting wire signals has a speaker, which can display sounds. By
accident one day I was working on an apartment intercom system while using a
probe. I could hear conversations throughout the building quite clearly just
through the intercom boxes mounted on walls from the master unit in the
If you’re using wireless headsets or cordless phones, the radio signals can be
intercepted. A cordless phone acts like a radio, but depending on the frequency and
a few other factors, can make interception extremely difficult. With some
manufacturers, you can buy the same model as your neighbors or the office and
have it join their phone system. Double check Caller ID boxes to see if they also
record numbers dialed besides obviously those being received. If you’re using VOIP
(Voice Over IP), remember that calls can be recorded in a fashion identical to
intercepting data between two computers.
These packets of data can reassemble an audio file. Obviously electronic
devices possess semiconductor components such as diodes, resistors and such. The
method to hunt for these components is called Non-Linear Junction Detection
(NLJD). The NLJD unit emits a radio signal while listening for the return signal from
an electronic device. This becomes very useful when a bug is embedded in a picture
frame or wall. The eavesdropping device doesn’t have to be active for it to be
discovered. If a device is active and transmitting wirelessly (or even on a wire), you
can detect it with a Radio Frequency Spectrum Analyzer. Depending on the detection
device used, you can determine whether voice, data or video is being sent, and
possibly listen to the data. Try to use different size antennas or buy one that
collapses. Different frequencies can be detected more efficiently by using various
sizes. The use of filters with antennas can also help pinpoint devices on specific
Electronics such as computers, FAX machines and especially CRT monitors can
radiate electromagnetic signals or pulses that can be received by other equipment.
This is known TEMPEST. One way to complicate the surveillance of this is to use
certain fonts and line walls or equipment with different gauges of copper mesh wire.
You can further enhance this posture by using special paints, which block radio
Radio waves will look for a leak or break, so be careful of defensive
applications. One-way window tints can help in blocking signals. Since an
electronic device could generate some heat they can be detected in another way.
The use of a thermal imagery device can detect and actually see minute amounts of
heat radiated for your viewing. You can hide the heat signatures by using creams or
neoprene. Technology exists to collect information from blinking LEDs of modems,
routers, print servers and similar devices. You can only see some general blinking
but with the use of properly tuned optics, filters, oscilloscopes and good timing you
can discern much more. One of the LEDs on your keyboard can be altered to blink
while you are typing in a fashion similar to Morse Code. You can also use a tap in
the keyboard that sends out radio waves again similar to Morse Code and no anti-
virus software will ever be able to find it. Even when a CRT computer monitor is
facing a wall the light can be in a sense read by its flickering emanations from some
distance. A good defensive measure is to buy new LCD flat panel types.
Another approach to attacking FAX machines is to simply record the noises it
makes and play it back to another machine. I used to do this for a client so they
could keep a record of all the faxes they made and received. There are creative and
potentially illegal defenses against wiretappers and Peeping Toms. One is to
transmit an extremely high pitch down the wire, thereby rupturing the listener’s
eardrums. I knew someone who once sent a powerful electrical spike down his
phone wire thereby destroying his divorced wife’s recorder.
By the way, this leads to another topic-expect the device to be discovered
someday. Don’t leave your fingerprints on it. He found it and had it dusted, thereby
producing some prints. My friend used this as leverage against the Private
Investigator that planted it. Advice to Private Investigators, a word to the wise: if you
do this part-time, hire someone who does this full-time. This P.I. lost his license
and almost went to jail. The lawyer who recommended him got into a lot of trouble
as well. He received some unwanted attention from the Feds because of his
telephone dealings went across state lines and also happened to involve the Post
There is another budding field related to this topic called Protective
Intelligence. Currently there are only a few experts who do this kind of work.
A laser or an infrared beam can be used at a considerable distance from a
target building. Conversational sounds can vibrate unto solid objects such as
windows. The beam’s reflection varies in relation to the movement to the window,
which is received and converted back into something audible. To mask the sounds,
you could attach a vibrating device (basically an altered electric razor) to the
Of course if the window is open, then a laser can target another object instead
of the window. A beam of light or laser can be directed to go through a window
onto a solid object thereby nullifying such defensive measures again. Generally you
really can’t detect such attacks unless the laser, infrared or light beam is being used
that moment. Certain materials can be used to detect IR emissions, as well as the
use of passive night vision gear. Certain fabrics or even a curtain may actually show
the spot where a beam of light or laser is being focused. Unless the room is dusty or
you have an artificial can smoke, you can follow the beam up to a point and
guesstimate it’s location. One type of optical bug is an infrared transmitter. When
placed in the area of interest for transmission of the conversation to an infrared
receiver which will then translate the conversation into an audible format.
Many of these same procedures used can be applied to locating hidden
cameras. A relatively new device uses a series of lasers to seek out optics. This was
originally intended to locate snipers by bodyguards.
I have listed the techniques, counter-measures and then the counter to the
counter-measures to prevent any false sense of security. Usually constant vigilance
is your best weapon besides knowing what to look for. Even if you find a “bug
sweeper” with good credentials, certifications and experience, ask them detailed
questions. Not just to test them but also for your own peace-of-mind. This makes
our job easier and we appreciate greatly when dealing with knowledgeable


Using the internet, find a product description and datasheet for a digital processing device which is mentioned in your text (ADC, DAC, PLC, or DAS). Discuss the functionality of the device, the main features or specifications, how it is mounted and connected in a system, cost if available, manufacturer, and types of applications. Be sure to provide a link to the product page. Your product should be different than that of other students.
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Enertalk is an energy platform. We gather energy data from our end users via Enertalk devices. It’s a smart-meter which collects usage data and uploads it to our cloud server on a real-time basis. And Enertalk API allows you to those collected energy data (under user consent) such as real-time usage, past usage, or even forecasted usage.
Our API is RESTful with resource-oriented URLs, and we strongly recommend using Enertalk API 2.0. Please check out our app showcase which makes use of Enertalk APIs.


2 Part Edge DIN 41612
2 PART EDGE DIN 41612 connectors from Lane Electronics are manufactured by ITW McMurdo, ITW Pancon and AVX-ELCO. Products are available approved to BS9525 F0011 and BS9525 F0004 and meeting the requirements of BT222 and BT222T.
Lane Electronics can supply connectors in standard DIN styles, with selective loading and a variety of contacts including pc solder, wire wrap, crimp, IDC, hand solder, press fit, coaxial and power.
ITW Pancon’s DIN41612 HICON series meets BS9525 F0004 and features high performance CuSn contacts and a wide range of termination lengths and termination methods.


GO Discover is TomTom’s smartest, fastest, and most advanced satellite navigation device ever. If you’re tired of using Google Maps for navigation and staring at your smartphone’s tiny screen, TomTom offers you an alternative. GO Discover makes life more convenient and makes living easier.
GPS, compass, and antennas on the device are more reliable than those on smartphones. It also has perfectly prepared software, and the advanced connectivity we expect from such a device. Currently, the TomTom Go Discover comes in three sizes 5-inch, 6-inch, and 7-inch model.
But is it worth buying? In this article, I’m going to review the 7-inch TomTom GO Discover GPS device, which is the newest and largest model.
- Simple and easy to use
- High-quality screen display
- Lifetime traffic and maps
- Effective guidance
- 1-year Live Speed Camera, fuel price, & off-street parking info
- There is no built-in SIM
- Screen Size: 7-inch (LCD touchscreen)
- Resolution: 1280×800 pixels HD
- Memory: 2 GB RAM
- Total Storage Capacity: 32 GB
- Connectivity: Bluetooth v5, Wi-Fi 5 dual-band, & USB
- Dimensions: 18.7 x 2 x 12.2 cm
- 3D Buildings: Yes
In all respects, the TomTom GO Discover (the 7-inch model) is better than its predecessors, but it is still very heavy, chubby, and big.
The 7-inch Go Discover comes with a 1,280 x 800 resolution screen. However, it still isn’t as bright or as sharp as a smartphone, but it has excellent contrast and an anti-reflection coating. It is one of the best satnav screens I have used for navigating by turn-by-turn instructions, maps, and selecting items.
On the front, we’ll get just the screen and the TomTom logo while on the back, we find the on/off button on the upper side. In the lower central part is the USB connector, as well as a bracket for mounting the USB adapter.
Overall, the Go Discover is very well built. With the magnetic mount, you can easily snap the device in and out of the suction cup.
TomTom GO Discover is easy to set up and has basic features. With the easy setup, you can easily connect to WiFi, connect to your smartphone, and set up your preferences.
In the device, there is an information feature for parking and fuel prices that lets you see which car parks are available and which are filling up before you arrive. By clicking on the options tab in the search box, you can also access more categories, such as hotels, shopping centers, cash machines, and tourist attractions.
This app does an excellent job of helping you discover what’s around you if its point is to help you discover what’s around you.
If you want to control your satnav with your voice, then using a smartphone may make more sense. You just have to make sure you have a cellular connection in order to use all the features and stay on track.
The device also has a built-in 5GHz WiFi band, which TomTom claims boosts map updates by three times faster. The device comes with other features, including speed camera alerts and TomTom traffic, which are pretty self-explanatory.
TomTom Go Discover 7-inch offers great screen quality, clear sound, and a simple but effective user interface. The voice instructions and visual maps work well together and it’s fast and responsive. GO Discover is available on Amazon – BUY NOW


Fabian Lienert, Ph.D, Chairman and climate forecaster, Clima Futura GmbH
04/2007 – Masters of Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
06/2011 – Doctor of Philosophy, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada.
During his PhD in the Canadian Global Ocean-Atmosphere Prediction and Predictability research network (GOAPP) at the Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis (CCCMA) in Victoria, Canada, Fabian Lienert learned first-hand how William Merryfield’s, Slava Kharin’s and George Boer’s group set up the Canadian seasonal to interannual climate prediction system (CanSIP). He attended their meetings, where they discussed the progress of initializing the ocean, atmosphere, land-surface and sea ice model components of the global coupled climate model. This system is now operational at the Canadian metservice – producing monthly and seasonal weather and climate forecasts in a probabilistic manner. He worked with Slava Kharin, the statistical expert, on the verification of the hindcasts of CanSIP in the Pacific. In this way, He learned the statistical tools to judge the quality of weather and climate forecasts (published in his PhD thesis and in Merryfield et al., 2016). He also assessed the simulation of the response of North Pacific SSTs to ENSO in CMIP 3 models (Lienert et al., 2011). SSTs are the result of complex air-sea feedbacks.
As a post-doc in Francisco Doblas-Reyes’ group at IC3 in Barcelona, Spain, he continued working on seasonal climate prediction. This time based on hindcasts from ECMWF S4, the operational European system. He produced a set of global forecast maps including probabilistic skill maps (CRPSS) of wind speed and solar radiation for seasonal hindcasts of the system. He prepared seasonal and monthly probabilistic forecasts of wind speed and solar radiation for the renewable energy sector in Spain and met with the renewable power generation forecast group at the Spanish National Center for Renewable Energy (CENER) in Pamplona. Also as a post-doc, he started working on interannual climate prediction – verifying CMIP5 decadal hindcasts in the Pacific (Lienert et al., 2013)
and Atlantic including Europe and the Sahel (Lienert et al., 2016). A colleague from Argentina who visited us to learn about decadal climate prediction, took the R code of my North Pacific paper in order to apply it to the South Pacific. Also at IC3, he ran decadal prediction experiments with the EC-Earth 2.3 climate model after modifying the volcanic aerosol code in collaboration with Klaus Wyser (EC-Earth developer at SHMI, Sweden) and Tim Stockdale (ECMWF, UK). The model captures the AMOC response to volcanic eruptions such as Pinatubo, etc., which could turn out to be a source of decadal skill.
Fabian Lienert’s literature is found here: http://lienert.org/


Exploring Quantum Physics – Week 1 Lecture 1
- Photo electric effect: beam of light hitting charged plates with a potential across them creates current.
- Expected: amount of current is independent of frequency of the light, dependent on the intensity.
- Actual: current depends on frequency of light (no current below frequency threshold), independent of intensity.
- Einstein proposed photons (nobel prize)
- Electron diffraction: (Davisson-Germer experiment)
- Crystalline structure acts as a diffraction grating, electron beam demonstrates wave interference like light.
- Experiment supports DeBroglie hypothesis:
- For a derivation of the DeBroglie wave length, see
Where k is the wave number
Where c is the wave velocity
We can represent particles as a wave (but not the other way around) via the Fourier transform:
Where is the “fourier harmonics” (amplitudes)
Represent a particle as a Gaussian wave with a sharp peak:
The Schrödinger wave equation
Where is the wave function, and is the constant of proportionality, ignore for now.
Since and , can write as:
Taking the derivative:
(or for a momentum vector: )
For a free particle (not in a potential field), , so:
Giving the free schrödinger equation:
Using the Hamiltonian for energy gives the fundamental equation of quantum physics:
Take a Gaussian wave-packet
Solve schrödinger with this gives
where delocalization time
Recognize the Gaussian integral:
Gives wave-function in momentum space:
Notice the uncertainty , but . This is a manifestation of the Heisenberg uncertainty principle:


The International Academy of Astronautics, IAA is the international public organization, which unites leading scientists and engineers from the field of space exploration.
Yuzhnoye State Design Office
Yangel Yuzhnoye State Design Office is one of the world’s recognized scientific design enterprises to develop the rocket and space technology.
STATE SPACE AGENCY OF UKRAINE (SSAU)
State Space Agency of Ukraine (SSAU) is the central government body of Ukraine to realize the state policy in the field of space activity and is in charge of the state enterprises of the Ukraine’s space exploration industry.


The MindWave Mobile safely measures and outputs the EEG power spectrums (alpha waves, beta waves, etc), NeuroSky eSense meters (attention and meditation) and eye blinks.
The device consists of a headset, an ear-clip, and a sensor arm. The headset’s reference and ground electrodes are on the ear clip and the EEG electrode is on the sensor arm, resting on the forehead above the eye (FP1 position).
Brainwave Starter Kit
Brainwave Starter Kit takes decades of laboratory EEG technology research and puts it in your hands. Simply slip on the headset and see your brainwaves change in real time. Monitor your levels of attention and relaxation, and learn about how your brain responds to your favorite music.
With more than 100 brain training games and educational apps available, there are plenty of options to choose from based on your age and personal interests. It’s an excellent introduction to the world of brain-computer interfaces!
The MindWave Mobile headset transfers data via Bluetooth™ to wirelessly communicate with your computer and mobile devices (iOS and Android).
- Safe passive biosensors
- Supports Android and iOS (iPhone & iPad)
- Supports Windows XP / Vista / 7
- Supports Mac OS X 10.5.8, 10.6.x, and 10.7.x
- Processing and output of EEG power spectrums
(Alpha, Beta, etc.)
- NeuroSky eSense meter for Attention
- NeuroSky eSense meter for Meditation
- NeuroSky eSense Blink Detection
- EEG/ECG signal quality analysis
- Uses the TGAM1 module
- Automatic wireless pairing
- Single AAA Battery (Not included)
- 8-hours battery run time
- Bluetooth v2.1 Class 2 (10 meters range). Bluetooth dongle not included.
- If you do not have Bluetooth on your PC/Mac, here are details on recommended Bluetooth dongles.
- Static Headset ID (headsets have a unique ID for pairing purposes)
- iOS and Android support
MindWave Mobile Specifications
- Weight: 90g
- Sensor arm up: height: 225mm x width: 155mm x depth: 92mm
- Sensor Arm down: height: 225mm x width: 155mm x depth: 165mm
- BT Version: 2.1
- BT Output Power: Class 2
- BT Minimum Voltage: 1.0V
- BT Range: 10m range
- BT Power Consumption: 80mA (when connected and transmitting)
- Low Battery Indicator 1.1V
- UART(Serial): VCC, GNC, TX, RX
- UART Baudrate: 57,600 Baud additional
Separate PC, Mac, iOS and Android Games and Apps are available in online App Stores, including the GainPlay Store.
PC / Mac / iOS / Android


As an Ubuntu lover, I am so excited to see the arrival of Ubuntu for Phone.
Android will ship with a set of core applications including an email client, SMS program, calendar, maps, browser, contacts, and others. All applications are written using the Java programming language.
By providing an open development platform, Android offers developers the ability to build extremely rich and innovative applications. Developers are free to take advantage of the device hardware, access location information, run background services, set alarms, add notifications to the status bar, and much, much more.
Developers have full access to the same framework APIs used by the core applications. The application architecture is designed to simplify the reuse of components; any application can publish its capabilities and any other application may then make use of those capabilities (subject to security constraints enforced by the framework). This same mechanism allows components to be replaced by the user.
Underlying all applications is a set of services and systems, including:
- A rich and extensible set of Views that can be used to build an application, including lists, grids, text boxes, buttons, and even an embeddable web browser
- Content Providers that enable applications to access data from other applications (such as Contacts), or to share their own data
- A Resource Manager, providing access to non-code resources such as localized strings, graphics, and layout files
Notification Managerthat enables all applications to display custom alerts in the status bar
Activity Managerthat manages the lifecycle of applications and provides a common navigation backstack
For more details and a walkthrough of an application, see the Notepad Tutorial.
Android includes a set of C/C++ libraries used by various components of the Android system. These capabilities are exposed to developers through the Android application framework. Some of the core libraries are listed below:
- System C library – a BSD-derived implementation of the standard C system library (libc), tuned for embedded Linux-based devices
- Media Libraries – based on PacketVideo’s OpenCORE; the libraries support playback and recording of many popular audio and video formats, as well as static image files, including MPEG4, H.264, MP3, AAC, AMR, JPG, and PNG
- Surface Manager – manages access to the display subsystem and seamlessly composites 2D and 3D graphic layers from multiple applications
- LibWebCore – a modern web browser engine which powers both the Android browser and an embeddable web view
- SGL – the underlying 2D graphics engine
- 3D libraries – an implementation based on OpenGL ES 1.0 APIs; the libraries use either hardware 3D acceleration (where available) or the included, highly optimized 3D software rasterizer
- FreeType – bitmap and vector font rendering
- SQLite – a powerful and lightweight relational database engine available to all applications
Android includes a set of core libraries that provides most of the functionality available in the core libraries of the Java programming language.
Every Android application runs in its own process, with its own instance of the Dalvik virtual machine. Dalvik has been written so that a device can run multiple VMs efficiently. The Dalvik VM executes files in the Dalvik Executable (.dex) format which is optimized for minimal memory footprint. The VM is register-based, and runs classes compiled by a Java language compiler that have been transformed into the .dex format by the included “dx” tool.
The Dalvik VM relies on the Linux kernel for underlying functionality such as threading and low-level memory management.
Android relies on Linux version 2.6 for core system services such as security, memory management, process management, network stack, and driver model. The kernel also acts as an abstraction layer between the hardware and the rest of the software stack.
In my sandbox environment, there are no Internet connection or wireless LAN. I thought I won’t be able to test the Lync Mobility service (How to deploy Lync Mobility Serivce) until I found ‘Virtual Router Manager’.
It turns my laptop into a Ad-hoc for my iPhone to access the sandbox environment. It is really awesome!! Start the Virtual Router, and you can see my iPhone has been connected.
With this great tool, I was able to login into the Lync from my iPhone.
I used to take X-lite as my VOIP softphone client on my Windows 7 machine. Personally speaking, it is just OK. Someone recommended Express Talk VOIP softphone to me couple weeks ago, and I have been using it since then. I think it is much better than X-lite in terms of UI and stability.
With Express Talk business version, you can use up to 6 VOIP phone lines. If you just want to use it at home, you can choose the free version which supports 1 line only.


While there are a lot of commercially available electronics prototyping platforms, such as Raspberry Pi’s and Arduinos, the best solution is a custom circuit board, optimised for power consumption, size and shape, that contains all your sensors, power management and processing in one board.
Think Engineer can select suitable electronic components for your prototype, create electronics schematics, multi-layer Printed Circuit Board (PCB) designs, industry standard manufacturing files and produce an initial run of your custom PCB, whether you want 5 for in house testing of 500 for larger scale user trials, we can produce them for you any a variety of sizes shapes and colours!
Contact us to discuss a custom PCB for you project using the form on the right.
Or call us on 0118 327 2430 to talk it over
We don’t offer high volume production services, but we are happy to introduce you to our manufacturing partners or assist in handing over all required design files and test procedures to your manufacturers after we've created and tested the design.


The Ward lab utilizes the broad resolving power of the electron microscope (EM) to footprint novel sites of vulnerability on the trimeric HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) and investigate the mechanism of neutralization of by broadly neutralizing antibodies. Using EM and molecular modeling we can rapidly observe interactions between broadly neutralizing antibodies and HIV-1 Env. We observe these interactions using various constructs of Env, including soluble, detergent solubilized, and membrane embedded viral surface Env. Our goal is to support all ongoing research at the Scripps CHAVI-ID and provide evaluation of novel vaccine candidates using EM and a variety of biophysical techniques. This approach will allow us to correlate molecular level details with immunogenicity results, thereby enabling rational vaccine design efforts and a cure for HIV-1.


Archive for 'AJAX'
One of the newest technology, you may say, to hit the world of web applications is Ajax. However, Ajax is not really a technology but rather more of a fusion of technologies merging together in functional and powerful ways to produce web applications. Some of the technologies that are incorporated with Ajax are standard based [...]
The continuous development technology gives birth to new approach in Web Applications One of them is Ajax. Ajax is not actually a technology. It is really several technologies, each flourishing in its own right, coming together in powerful new ways. Ajax incorporates standards-based presentation using XHTML and CSS; dynamic display and interaction using the Document [...]


If you are looking for a new smartphone that is super stylish and updated with the latest trends in technology, shop online at Amazon India for the new Xiaomi Redmi Note 8 and experience great features like 6.3-inch FHD+ display, 48MP AI quad-camera array, 4000 mAh long-lasting battery, Qualcomm Snapdragon 665 processor, Aura Fluid design, superlinear speakers, up to 512GB of expandable storage, and more at an attractive price.
Redmi Note 8 Features :
Do you want to know Xiaomi’s new launching Redmi Note 8 smartphone comes are two variants, like 4GB RAM + 64GB Storage and 6GB RAM + 128GB Storage that is different between two models?
- 4GB and 6GB RAM
- 64GB and 128GB Storages
- Expandable up to 512GB
- 48MP Al Quad camera array
- 400mAh battery two-day long life
- 6.3 inch Full HD Display
- Qualcomm Snapdragon 665 processor
- Type-C 18W first charger
- Dual coming gorilla glass 5
- Aura fluid design
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Know More Full information on Redmi Note 8
Design: The Redmi Note 8 comes with a new Aura Fluid Design new style phone, that is modishly crafted to suit the modern Indian customer. The Redmi Note 8 gives on 2.5D reflective glass back is distinct and gives it a bold finish. the all-new range of colors includes space black, Neptune blue, and moonlight white colors.
Camera: The Redmi Note 8 camera comes on 48MP Quad camera Array, 8Mp Ultra-wide 120′ angle lance, 2MP microlens, 2MP Depth sensor all beck camera. and a 13MP selfie camera.
Battery: The Redmi Note 8 included 4000 mAh battery + 18W fast charge just full charge in 2 hours and battery long-life up to 2 day
Display: The Redmi Note 8 comes on a 6.3-inch full HD+ (High-Definition) TUV Rheinland certified display with Gorilla Glass 5 and eyes protected.
Processor: Redmi Note 8 comes on the 3rd Gen Qualcomm Snapdragon 665 octa-core processor up to 2.0GHz.
With a 48MP quad-camera array and 13MP selfie camera, you will be able to click crystal clear images with all the details. Get exclusive sales to offer like before with the new Redmi Note 8 by buying it at the best price on Amazon India.
How to buy Redmi Note 8 at Amazon
1. Step – Simply click the special link and visit Redmi Note 8 buying page in amazon
2. Step – Choice your Redmi Note 8 variant and add to cart or click on buy now
3. Step – Fill your order delivery place information
4. Step – Complete your payment method (that’s it)
I hope you understand how to buy Redmi Note 8 in amazon, and if you have a few many questions this smartphone relates so don’t west your time or let me ask your question on below comment box here.
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