This was a five weeks final project for the UCSC Mechatronics CMPE218 class. The purpose of this project was to provide an opportunity to apply all that we learned in CMPE‐118 to solve an open‐ended problem. The task was to build an autonomous robot capable to navigate the game field, locate and destroy the enemy ATM6’s (using ping pong ball ammo), and then shoot down Ren’s ship with a very well‐aimed shot.
The Background Briefing for the set up:
"The Rebel Alliance dealt a massive blow to the reconstituted Empire, the First Order, defeating their dreaded Starkiller Base, and giving rise to the voices of freedom throughout the galaxy. The First Order, however, has not been idle after this setback, and has massed forces ready to wipe out the Rebel Resistance.
First Order, led by the evil Kylo Ren, is preparing an assault on the Resistance Base on the planet Crait. A Resistance spy, Rey, aided by a sympathetic ex‐storm trooper, Finn, is leading the defense of Crait against a battalion of AT‐M6 armored walkers and Ren’s TAI Silencer ship.
The battle is critical to the survival of the Rebel forces. The Rebel Alliance has commissioned the CMPE‐118 class to game out possible solutions to the impending attack. Will you be able to help the Alliance survive the onslaught?"
The purpose of this project is to design and implement a machine capable of solving a particular task. There are two major considerations in building this device. The device must finish the task without any human interaction. This means the robot must use sensors and time to figure out its course of action. The other factor is that the task to be solved changes slightly on every iteration. This means that the device must be flexible enough to account for this.
We are tasked with placing a standard size ping pong ball through targets of different types in field that is pseudo-randomly generated. We have two types of targets the ATM6 and the Ren.
The field is a white, IR reflective, 4’ by 8’ surface. The boundaries are delimited by a 2 inch wide black tape that is not IR reflective. There is a T shaped figure with tape that points to the Ren and there is also small pieces of tape in the middle of the field.
The ATM6 is 8” wide and 12” tall. Our goal for this target is to get the ping pong inside a 4” diameter hole centered 8” above the field. There will be 3 ATM6’s placed randomly on the perimeter of the field. For ease of finding, they are marked with a trackwire that emits a magnetic field that oscillates at a frequency of 25kHz. Once the ATM6’s are down the robot can proceed to attack Ren.
The Ren is 12" wide and 16" tall . To complete the task the robot needs to place a ball inside the 2" hole 14" from the field. The Ren is always placed in the same position on the field, at the opposite side of the starting position of the robot.
As described before the robot completing the challenge must be completely autonomous. This means it will get no human help while performing the task. The task must be completed under two minutes. We have 5 weeks to design, implement and test our ideas in groups of 3. The budget for this project must be kept under \$150 to avoid arms races of who can afford the nicest components. Since there is a public demonstration of this robots they must also be designed to be reasonably safe. (no compressed air mechanisms). Last but not least we had to constrain the volume of our design when the round starts to a cube of side 11".
The following diagram is system level depiction of our system. We had to design it with the constraints of the battery a LiFe 9.9 V battery and the constraints of the micro-controller a UNO32. The value of this schematics to us, is ensure that the voltage values are compatible and that we have enough digital and analog pins on the micro-controller for our design.
The mechanical design of this project was developed on SolidWorks. The design is intended to be built using a laser cutter as a main tool for prototyping. We used the equations feature of Solidworks to make it possible to easily change the material used in the laser cutter with the main variable being the material thickness. To maintain our final robot within the budget we used MDF for the entire prototype but these can be changed to foam core, acrylic or other material by changing the material variable of the SolidWorks design.
The main idea for the mechanical design of our robot is based on a multiple layer structure that allow us to separate the main subsystems of our robot and work independently on each of them to perform the necessary adjustments during the development of the prototype.
The following images show the conceptual drawings of our design, these initial concepts changed during the design and the construction process as will be further detailed in the following sections of this report.
This layer consists of two main parts: The tape sensors layer and the motor layer. The Tape sensors layer is made out of Foam Core and was made by hand, so we did not used the laser cutter to build this layer in order to be able to modify it as fast as possible. The main concern during the design of this layer was the structural resistance of it as this layer has to be strong enough to support the other layers.
The following image show the CAD design of the Motor Layer, The actual prototype had minor modifications due to wiring and PCB board placement. Also is important to remark that the design consider accessibility to the wiring. The perforations in the walls of the chassis allow to inspect visually the connections but are also small enough to keep everything protected from the unavoidable bumps during operation.
The final design is displayed in the following images. The main components of this layer are marked in red. One of the biggest challenges during the development of this layer was the ball rollers as it was very hard to mount them with the optimal height. When the rollers were too low the wheels had not enough friction and slipped on the field. On the other hand when the ball rollers were to high, the robot rocked back and forward to much. The numerous adjustments that we had to perform to the rollers proved the useful of the modular design as we only had to disassemble the bottom layer and work on it separately, leaving the other layers intact.
The middle layer or UNO Layer is the part of the robot that carries the most part of the electronics, is in a way the core of the robot. The design also integrates the bumpers mechanism and the track wire sensors. We followed the same approach and designed this layer in a way that allowed us to separate it from the other modules of the bot. The SolidWorks Design is displayed in the following image.
One of the most remarkable parts of the design of the middle layer are the bumpers. They are designed by modelling first the switch that we were using. Then, using the switch model to consider the angles and distances for the on and off positions we designed the actual bumpers. An image detailing the bumper when the robot bumps on the left side is shown below.
The final results of the construction are displayed in the following images. For this layer we faced almost any issue during the actual building of the prototype. However during the operation of the robot the curved edges of the bumpers generated some stuck issues with the obstacles that we did not anticipate beforehand.
The top layer includes one of the most important mechanism, the shooter. Our approach to this consisted in an acceleration wheel for the actual shooting of the ping pong ball, a tilting mechanism to aim to the different targets, a cannon extension to improve our precision for the second target and the ball container with a rubber band mechanism to maintain the ball supply to the shooter. The following image shows the cad model of the top layer.
This was definitely the most difficult part of the prototype building, the trigger mechanism required a long stage of testing, adjustments and in certain point partial redesign. This will be further explained in the next sections. The final result is shown in the following pictures.
The trigger mechanism consist in a cylindrical metal bar that is activated by a servo motor and springs. This cylinder push the balls towards the acceleration wheel. The following images show the detail of the mechanism.
The loading mechanism is operated by a modified servo motor for continuous turning. This motor by the means of a cam mechanism pushes the cylinder base and the energy accumulated by the springs provide the impulse to the ping pong ball to reach the acceleration wheel. The limit switch is to stop the motor just when the maximum extension of the springs is reached and the mechanism have been released.
As mentioned before this part was the more challenging to make it work, the initial design is shown in the following image.
In this first design the placement of the servomotor was different. During our tests we find out that when the motor was in this position the energy of the springs was not completely release because the motor was not fast enough and in some point the cam interfered with the cylinder support regression. This problem was solved by changing the motor position in a way that allowed the complete regression of the cylinder base without interference.
For the tilting mechanism we used a timing pulley attached to a servo motor to control the angle of the cannon. The design and final result is shown in the pictures below.
The main issue with this design was the adjustment of the belt, that is why we had to add an extra axis to increase the tension of the belt and avoid slipping.
The extension mechanism was designed and built to improve the precision of our robot. As the Ren target is so small during testing we found that a consistent shooting to the Ren target only with the shooter was extremely hard to accomplish, that is why we had to thing in a way to improve our chances to finish the task at the highest rate possible.
To save space and time we decided that the best way to implement this idea was to just drive the motor in one direction, so the extension of the cannon will be drive by our state machine, but the retraction will be performed manually. That is why we implement a spring mechanism that hold the motor an the gear in its position , but had the flexibility to “unplug” the rack and pinion mechanism.
The telescope is made out of paper and we used straws to build a retractil riel to provide more stability and resistance to the mechanism.
The ball accelerator consists in a foam wheel that spins at a high rpm rate. The friction between this wheel and the ping pong balls is what allows this mechanism to shoot. The image below shows the detail of the entire shooting mechanism.
We can see the interior of the acceleration wheel component. This off the shelf solution was very useful for the prototyping process. To mount this component we used springs that allowed to a fine adjustment of the contact between the acceleration wheel and the ping pong ball. In the back we can see the trigger mechanism that pushes the ball to the wheel and also controls the ball supply.
The ball container mechanism is designed to provide a minimum of six consistent shots. During testing we notice that the shooter was more reliable and had lower jamming rate when a little pressure was placed on the ball to be shot. With this observation we came up with the idea of a ball container that had that constant pressure to the balls. We used rubber bands to provide this constant pressure to the balls, also this mechanism allow to save space and carry a very good amount of ammunition.
Besides the several advantages that this ball loading method had, there were also several challenges to made it work. One of the most difficult things was to avoid jams due to friction on the rail, to solve this problem we used a polished metal bar with a diameter much smaller than the rail with a glued washers in each side to keep it in its position.
We are supplying our circuit with 3.3 Volts, and using a split rail buffer to supply 1.65 Volts to give our tank circuit and gain stage an offset so that it could generate a sine wave. In addition, the unity buffer is impedance isolated from the output shown in Figure 19.
This is a LC oscillator that resonates at 25 kHz, shown in Figure 20. Since the track-wire is around 24 - 25 kHz, it will induce a large oscillations in the tank, which we could use to detect voltage.
Shown in Figure 21 is a 3 stage cascaded non-inverting gain stage, to amplify the tank circuit signal enough so we can receive it from 3.5inches to 4.5 inches away.
Once we have the signal from the gain stage, we would feed that analog output to our Uno32 microcontroller, so that we could use that value to locate and aim at our AT-M6 targets
We are designing a 2 kHz beacon detector circuit to help our robot orientate itself at the start of the attack. In addition, it is also used to see indicate when to attack the final target, Kylo Ren’s ship. Figure 22 shows the Beacon Detector top level block diagram.
Same as the circuit in trackwire, we are using it to provide an offset of 1.65V, and it also provides impedance isolation for all the other circuit that uses this source.
We designed a sourcing configuration of trans-resistive circuit, shown in Figure 23. because there is more collector current flow when incident light increases, and the output could be amplified using the feedback resistor.
Shown in Figure 24 is a 3 stage cascaded non-inverting gain stage, to amplify the phototransistor signal so it could be detected from at least 6 feet away. The reason we need this much gain is because at the start of the attack, the beacon detector will be 6 feet apart from our starting position.
This analog comparator is used to rail all the signal to 3.3V before feeding it to a filter. The reason to rail all the signal is because the filter will cut off all the unwanted signal so that we can see a distinct voltage difference between 2 kHz signal and other signals from 2 feet away or 6 feet away.
We implemented a 2nd Order Butterworth Bandpass Filter to cut off 1.5 kHz, 2.5 kHz signal and pass 2 kHz signal, shown in Figure 26. The reason we choose a Butterworth filter is because it is optimized for constancy of amplitude response in the pass-band.
We are using the peak detector to hold the output of the filter high at different frequencies. The peak detector stores charge on the negative input using a capacitor. The diode prevents discharging, so the op-amp can only raise the voltage on the capacitor, but cannot lower it. In addition, a simple resistor can be used to make the peak detector “leak” charge off of the capacitor. The voltage output of the filter will be different at 1.5 kHz, 2 kHz and 2.5 kHz, which can be used to generate a high or low signal for the micro-controller.
From the above peak detector, we can find two threshold for 2 kHz signal to create a hysteresis bound so that our beacon detector will only generate a high signal when it detects 2 kHz. In order to do this, we used another analog comparator shown in Figure 28.
Using the output from comparator 2, we can feet this signal to a digital input of the microcontroller, so that when the beacon is on, our detector will generate a high signal to the microcontroller to help us navigate the field and attack Ren’s ship.
We designed a sourcing configuration of the phototransistor to detect black tape, circuit is shown in Figure 29. Since our microcontroller can not supply 20mA, therefore we are using a darlington transistor to provide 20mA to drive each LED. The voltage across the LED is 1.25V, in order to drive 20mA, we needed (3.3V - 1.25V - 0.4V) / 20m = 82 ohms, and the closest standard resistor is 68 ohms. Our microcontroller can supply about 7mA of current, therefore, the base resistor is (3.3V - 1.4V)/7mA is about 330 ohms, where 3.3V is Vcc, and 1.4V is the base to emitter voltage.
We choose 5 tape sensors to help our robot to stay in bound and tape follow. Figure 31 shows the placement of our sensor. In the Software Architecture section, we will be going into more detail of how we are using these tape sensor to navigate the course.
We implemented the bumper circuit with a pull down resistor, so that when the bumper is pressed, the output is high and when the bumper is unpressed, the output is drive to ground.
There are a lot of different circuit components, and wires can easily become tangled, making them difficult to work with, sometimes resulting in unplugged wires as one attempts to move a cable. Any kind of problem diagnosis and future updates to such enclosures could be very difficult. Therefore, we made all the circuits ribbon cable compatible to keep wires untangled and organized.
In order to drive the motor, we are using the H-Bridge to sink current so that our power distribution could drive enough current for the motor to spin. In addition, the H-Bridge can provide bi-direction for the motor through logical high and low.
Since our microcontroller can only provide about 7mA, therefore, to drive other servos and shooting motor, we are using TIP-122 transistor to drive enough current for motors and servos to operate.
We implemented our system using the pattern of state machines. This design was a good fit to the problem because we required fast response to events that may come at unpredictable times. To help us achieve this task we used the provided ES Framework. It provides an easy means of getting timed events. The framework is also flexible enough to expand and create new events and event checkers.
We implemented the state machine in two layers. We used the concept of hierarchical state machines to encapsulate the complexity of doing certain tasks repeatedly.
The Top state machine is responsible of handling the transitions between the sub-state machines.
This substate is responsible for finding a line and positioning the robot so that it can follow it. This state transitions into Line Follower state as soon as it senses that the robot is aligned with the tape.
After the robot has been positioned properly, in this state it will move forwards and follow the line. It will exit this state if the bumpers are pressed or if a track wire is detected.
In the case that the robot encounters an obstacle which is detected by the bumpers. It will go into this state which is responsible for going around the obstacle and finding the tape again. This state may also exit if it finds the beacon after it has hit at least one ATM6.
The role of this state machine is to align the shooting mechanism with the ATM6. The robot enters this state from the Line Follower and it detects a trackwire. This state turns around and enters the Shoot state.
The Shoot state is responsible of setting of the series of events required for a successful shot. We are using a complicated system that requires precise timing. We start a motor that has a rubber wheel attached and it needs to reach a certain minimum speed before a ping pong will successfully go through it with the necessary speed. If we are shooting the Ren, we have the extra step of extending the barrel. After this we need to run a servo to release a ball and push it to the accelerator wheel.
The robot goes into this state after each shot to the ATM6 and it takes care of aligning back with the tape and ensuring that the shot was successful. Once a shot is successful the trackwire goes off.
In this state the robot aligns with Ren until it finds the tape T. Once it finds it it transitions to the Shoot state with the Ren flag on.
We needed to infrastructure to generate events when physical changes occurred. Some of this changes were detected by event checkers others by services. We used event checkers to run as fast as possible the code to check for changes in our surroundings. We used services for event checkers that could be run at a slower rate or required a delay.
We implemented the checker for the tape sensors using a service. We decided to use a service because we needed to guarantee a delay. For our tape sensors we implemented synchronous sampling as a means of getting rid of room noise. We also implemented a moving average as well to account for imperfection in the field. (black dots or white letters on the tape). The service would generate two types of events. TAPE_FOUND and TAPE_LOST. The parameter would specify which tape sensor it refers to.
We also used a service to check the status of the bumpers. We sampled the bumpers at a slower rate to debounce them. We also added a voting system to avoid noise on our system. This service generated two types of events. A BUMPER_PRESSED and BUMPER_RELEASED events. The parameter would specify which bumper the event refers to.
The Beacon detector was implemented as an event checker since we took great care with noise measure in hardware. As soon as the digital pin goes high a BEACON_FOUND event is generated. As soon as the digital pin goes low it would send a BEACON_LOST event.
We developed and tested the code for the different sensors and actuators independently. We used different main programs to test every component individually. This way diagnosing problems with a particular component meant just swapping to a different main.
We struggled to get our shooting mechanism to shoot the Ren reliably. We revised our design and added an extender to the cannon which greatly improved our chances.
We used a motor that was barely strong enough to move our bot. This introduced great variability in our timed turns. To reduce the impact of this we used turns that relied on looking for tape whenever possible.
As the quarter progressed we started to feel the pressure of the deadline and we responded by spending more and more time in lab. This created other problems because we would write code while somewhat sleep deprived.
We successfully built a machine capable of finishing the task. The robot we built managed to complete the task under two minutes. Even though we designed our robot to be robust, there was still great variability in its performance. We partially attribute this variability to change battery levels, slipping/stalling of the wheels on the field and our algorithm for line following. If we were to redo this project we would chose motors with more torque and an algorithm that follows the line more closely.


CB Motor Management Program is designed to help industry create significant energy and cost savings by increasing motor system efficiency. Our strategy is to support plant managers in implementing a systems approach to identifying motor systems specifications, purchasing, and managing electric motors and related machines so as to minimize the power required to achieve production goals. In addition, the CB MMP is designed to identify cost savings opportunities through lighting retrofit project, electric drive application, condition monitoring, and power factor correction.
We offer drives to control speed, torque, acceleration, positioning, synchronization and overall performance. Our reliable and innovative drives will support any automation application and provide major energy savings.
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Hey! I'm Krut Patel. Welcome to my little corner of the internet!
I am currently pursuing a MS CS degree from UIUC. Prior to this, I was a Research Fellow at Microsoft Research India, building a native query execution engine for accelerating Big Data queries using Just-In-Time compilation. Previously, I interned with the DIAS Lab at EPFL, Switzerland, where I developed a scalable CSV Parser in a JIT-compiled OLAP database system.
I love pushing the boundaries of computing performance, and am exploring the fields of Compilers, Databases and Computer Systems.


The Higgs Boson aka the “God Particle” is the talk of the popular science community now because billions and billions of Euros were spend on the LHC (Large Hadron Collider) so that it might be discovered. But maybe more elusive in a way is the search for the source of dark matter. Dark matter is the “missing” matter that is theorized to account for 80% of the extra gravitational effects physicists observe in the universe. One class of particles that is thought to impart these massive gravitational effects are called WIMPS (Weakly Interactive Massive Particles). The problem is that while these particles are theorized to be relatively large they interact very little with other forms of matter, for example they have no electromagnetic interaction with other particles, that they cannot be detected directly.
Experiments to find these WIMPS all occur deep under ground to minimize the effect of other types of radiation. WIMPs even they they are relatively large are thought to pass right through the earth without any resistance but physicists have developed exotic detectors to discern the presence of WIMPs.
Physicists think they might have kind of detected these WIMPS in an ongoing experiment.
by Ron Cowen
Analyzing results of an experiment in a northern Minnesota mine, physicists report the possible detection of particles of dark matter — the proposed invisible material believed to account for about 80 percent of the mass of the universe. The physicists caution, however, that there’s about a one in four chance that ordinary subatomic particles, rather than dark matter, could account for the signals.
The experiment, called the Cryogenic Dark Matter Search, relies on 30 detectors made of germanium and silicon crystals cooled to just above absolute zero. The detectors record tiny vibrations imparted by a proposed type of dark matter called weakly interacting massive particles, or WIMPs. WIMPs streaming in from space would very rarely jostle the germanium nuclei, some 800 meters underground in the Soudan mine, generating a tiny amount of heat and slightly altering the charge on the detectors in a characteristic pattern.
About the only thing I promised myself this New Year is that I would spend more time going back to my scientific roots. So expect at least one article a week that is science related.


Our Magic Glass Partition is a revolutionary smart product that presents you the flexibility of choosing between openness and privacy, with just the flick of a switch.
THE SCIENCE BEHIND IT
When you switch it on, an electrical current is passed through a layer of smart film within the glass. This causes the liquid crystal molecules in the film to align, allowing light to shine through the glass panes, revealing a clear glass panel.
When you switch it off, the liquid crystal molecules are randomly distributed. This results in the scattering of light and the glass panel becomes opaque.
As it can switch from a clear to opaque mode, our Magic Glass collection is often used in upmarket hotels and hospitals, where it can either provide surgeons privacy or offer medical students an opportunity for viewing the surgery taking place.
Our Curved Glass Partition provides a sleek and unique look for any space. If you are looking for a more affordable alternative, our Faceted Glass collection gives the illusion of curves, without compromising on cost-efficiency.


interesting facts about Michael Faraday
September 6, 2010 | In: Science facts
When Michael Faraday (1791-1867) built the first simple electrical generator and then the first electrical motor, is it possible he could have imagined how his inventions would change the world?
Without electric motors and generators, the world would be nothing like it is today. For example, you wouldn’t be reading this on a computer since computers use motors for their disk drives and fans and draw electricity from power stations using generators.
Faraday, born in 1791 in Northern England, was one of 10 children of a working class family. He began his career in a book shop, which was a great place to start for a boy with a hunger for knowledge. As he read he became drawn to science and finally won a position as an assistant to the renowned scientist Humphry Davy, then went on to become one of the world’s finest experimental scientists.
Not only did he discover how to induce an electrical current using magnetism (the generator) and how to use electrical current to produce physical motion (the motor), but Faraday — who had broad interests — also instituted a popular series of Christmas-time science lectures for children (which are still given), liquefied gases, investigated the properties of steel, developed superior glass, discovered the chemical benzene, discovered the laws of electrolysis (the process of causing chemical changes to a material by passing an electrical current through it), and found that magnetism has an effect on polarized light.
This last discovery led him to believe that magnetism and light are two forms of electromagnetic radiation, a view that was soon supported by Scottish mathematician James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879).
Though Faraday’s accomplishments made him famous and might have made him wealthy, he and his wife were devout members of a small Protestant sect called the Sandemanians, which encouraged its members to live modestly and not accumulate money, so Faraday turned down a knighthood and an offer to become president of the British Royal Society, and gave away much of what he earned.
While Faraday was brilliant, he was not a mathematician. His theories of electromagnetism and light were based on experimentation, not calculation.
But in 1855 Maxwell showed mathematically that Faraday was right. By reducing Faraday’s theories to equations, Maxwell — a shy genius who submitted his first paper to the Edinburgh Royal Society at age 15 — developed a tool that could be used to make predictions. And by determining that the velocity of electromagnetic radiation is about the same as light, he gave weight to the argument that they are the essentially same thing.


In today’s interconnected world, where communication and data exchange play a vital role in various industries, a reliable and efficient routing infrastructure is essential. Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) stands as the cornerstone of the internet, enabling the seamless transmission of information across networks worldwide. In this blog, we will explore BGP, its significance in routing, and how it helps connect the world.
Border Gateway Protocol, commonly referred to as BGP, is an exterior gateway protocol that facilitates the exchange of routing and reachability information between different autonomous systems (AS) on the internet. AS are individual networks or organizations that have control over their routing policies.
BGP operates at the Internet Layer (Layer 3) of the TCP/IP protocol suite and uses a sophisticated routing algorithm to determine the best path for data packets to reach their destination. It establishes and maintains connections with neighboring routers, exchanging routing information and network reachability updates.
Key Features of BGP:
1. Path Vector Protocol:
BGP utilizes a path vector algorithm, which considers various attributes to determine the optimal path for routing. These attributes include the length of the AS path, the quality of network links, and other policy-related factors.
2. Autonomous System (AS) Border Gateway Protocol:
BGP is designed to operate within and between autonomous systems, providing control over routing policies within individual networks while enabling communication between them. This hierarchical structure allows for scalability and efficient routing on a global scale.
3. Policy-Based Routing:
BGP enables network administrators to implement policies that influence the flow of traffic. This flexibility allows organizations to prioritize certain paths or avoid congested links, ensuring efficient utilization of network resources.
BGP’s Role in Routing the World:
1. Global Network Reachability:
Before the advent of BGP, networks were largely isolated entities with limited connectivity. BGP changed this landscape by introducing a scalable and flexible framework for interconnecting autonomous systems. It allowed disparate networks to exchange routing information, paving the way for seamless global reachability.
2. Interconnecting Autonomous Systems:
BGP serves as the glue that connects various autonomous systems, enabling seamless communication between networks operated by different organizations, Internet Service Providers (ISPs), and content providers. This interconnectedness forms the foundation of the global internet.
3. Dynamic Routing Updates:
continuously monitors the state of networks and dynamically adjusts routing tables in response to changes in network topology, link failures, or new paths becoming available. This adaptability ensures that data packets are always routed along the most optimal and reliable paths.
4. Load Balancing and Traffic Engineering:
With BGP, network administrators can influence traffic flow by implementing policies that distribute the load across multiple network links. This allows for efficient utilization of available bandwidth, avoids congestion, and improves overall network performance.
5. Path Redundancy and Fault Tolerance:
BGP enables the creation of redundant paths between networks, offering fault tolerance and resilience. In the event of a link failure or congestion, BGP automatically reroutes traffic along alternative paths, ensuring continuity of service.
6. Internet Service Provider (ISP) Connectivity:
BGP is essential for ISPs to establish connectivity with each other, exchanging routing information and ensuring that internet traffic is properly routed between different networks. This connectivity forms the backbone of the internet and enables global communication.
Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) has revolutionized global interconnectivity by transforming the way networks communicate and exchange data. Its dynamic routing, policy-based control, and collaborative framework have paved the way for a seamlessly interconnected world. BGP’s impact can be seen in the exponential growth of the internet, the establishment of reliable connections between autonomous systems, and the efficient utilization of network resources. As we navigate the complexities of an increasingly interconnected world, BGP continues to serve as a foundational pillar, enabling global communication, collaboration, and progress.


Chuanyi Ji’s current and past research focuses on interdisciplinary areas and their interfaces: large-scale data analytics and machine learning for networks. Her research objectives are to seek originality, fundamental understanding, and real-world applications important to our society. With her students and collaborators, Ji started anomaly detection using (small) data from campus networks in the 1990s.
Over time, the research efforts on data science have extended to a non-traditional area – the resilient energy grid. Granular data have been studied from large geographical regions in the United States with five regional service territories, in collaboration with service providers, students, and colleagues. “We hope to unleash the potential of data science to this relatively uncharted area, improving how services are provided and how people are served,” Ji said.
“I enjoy working with students. I hope what we do can add something positive to those most informative years of their lives,” Ji said about graduate and undergraduate education.


Our own plant produces high quality, customized temperature detectors; the functionality of every single switch is multiple tested and thus 100% reliability is guaranteed. The switches are VDE or UL certified.
We offer a wide range of commercial goods for standard solutions.
Area of application
Our temperature detectors are used wherever protection against overtemperatures is required/necessary.
Typical applications include:
- protection of primary windings in transformers
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The temperature detectors operate independent from any current supply. Temperature detection is effected by means of a bimetal disc which is dimensioned in accordance with the required cut-off temperature. When this fixed cut-off temperature is reached, the switch opens (type P) or closes (type O) the electric circuit of the device.
After cooling down at reset temperature, the contact system returns to its original position.


The International STEM Association’s goal is to establish a robust STEM community in Vietnam, and we aim to achieve this by adopting a “teacher-centered” approach. We provide training materials to teachers so that they can enhance their abilities and teaching techniques, allowing them to implement STEM programs that will benefit millions of students across Vietnam.
BUILDING STEM CAPACITY VIET NAM
With the cooperation and support from STEM.org, the International STEM Association will be the bridge between US STEM education and Vietnam’s STEM education to build up international standard STEM teaching human resources as well as programs quality for students, contributing to Vietnamese education in general and STEM education in particular.
STEM.org is the longest continually-operating, privately-held STEM education research and credentialing organization in America. Since 2001, its leadership has assisted with key initiatives that have been critical to the overall growth and proliferation of the movement, including early work on the 2005 STEM Congressional Caucus. Its team demonstrates the best in pedagogics / andragogics, supporting the world’s top brands, organizations and thousands of educators globally.
iGroup is a multinational company registered in Hongkong with representative offices in 15 counrtries in Asia – Pacific. iGroup is a leading provider in field of technology and information solutions for schools and businesses focusing on providing a variety of advanced and professional digital solutions in our digital age. iGroup focusses on knowledge management and information industry which meet the demands of customers for libraries, students, schools, educators, scientists and researchers.
Kidscode Education Development Joint Stock Company focusses on the mission of developing STEM thinking and Programming for students of all ages. Kidscode provides solutions to develop STEM-Robotics Education for educational institutions, schools (training, establishing STEM clubs in schools, consulting on building Lab Makerspace, organizing STEM Robot competitions, STEM System – STEM Alliance); STEM courses for students and STEM products (STEM equipments, educational robots, STEM books and toys).


Wireless Infrastructure, Mobile Devices and Printing Solutions for Mission Critical Applications
Manufacturing and Distribution facilities are inherently complex environments to operate and run a successful wireless networks. They require mission critical, enterprise-level WLAN networks and supporting mobile devices to operate efficiently.
At HarborTech Mobility, we understand the business reasons driving our manufacturing and distribution customers to update their mission critical wireless networks and mobility solutions. Your wireless network needs to provide consistent performance and up time to support your mission critical business applications. We look at all of the applications and technology requirements and provide a complete end – end solution to optimize performance, lower costs and ensure project success.


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iPad Air, Model: A1474 / A1475 / A1476
The iPad Air has the same 9.7″ Retina display as the earlier iPad 3 and 4, but are 20 percent thinner and 28% lighter and have a narrower bezel around the display. This makes the iPad Air “feel” smaller than its predecessors.
iPad Mini 3, Model: A1599 / A1600
The iPad Mini 3 model features a 7.9 2048x1536 (326 ppi) LED-backlit IPS touch-sensitive display, a dual core 1.3 GHz Apple A7 processor, 1 GB of RAM, and 16 GB, 64 GB, or 128 GB of flash memory storage. They have white and gold colored housing option (in addition to white and silver and black and space gray) and include a "Touch ID" fingerprint sensor.
iPad Mini 2, Model: A1489 / A1490
The iPad Mini 2 use practically identical housings as the original iPad mini, but have a much higher resolution Retina display, a faster processor and faster Wi-Fi. The colors are thin white and silver or black and medium colored gunmetal space gray cases. Other notable features include dual cameras.
iPad Mini 1, Model: A1432 / A1454 / A1455
The iPad mini model features a 7.9 1024x768 (163 ppi) LED-backlit IPS touch-sensitive display. A dual core 1 GHz Apple A5 processor, 512 MB of RAM, 16 GB, 32 GB or 64 GB of flash memory storage, and dual cameras.
iPad 4, Model: A1458 / A1459 / A1460
The iPad 4 is the fourth generation of the iPad. The screen is a retina display. It has a rear and front-facing camera and the colors are white or black. The screen is a “retina” display. The new iPad ranges in size from 16GB-64GB.
iPad 3, Model: A1474 / A1475 / A1476
The iPad 3 is the third generation of the iPad. The screen is a retina display. It has a rear and front-facing camera and the colors are white or black. The iPad 3 ranges in size from 16GB-64GB.
iPad 2, Model: A1474 / A1475 / A1476
The iPad 2 is the second generation of the iPad. It has a rear and front-facing camera and the colors are white or black. It ranges in size from 16GB-64GB.


Hong Kong - December 16, 2011 - Hurricane Electric, the world’s largest IPv6-native Internet backbone and colocation provider, today announced that Owen DeLong will be collaborating with Internet Society Hong Kong’s (ISOC) Sang Young to teach Hong Kong’s first IPv6 certification and training program. The program, which will be conducted in both English and Cantonese, will be held on December 20 and 21 in Cyberport Training Rooms 1-3 at 100 Cyberport Road, Hong Kong.
Attendees who complete the IPv6 program will be certified to plan, test and roll out IPv6 support across a variety of network devices and topologies and will be able to meet international compliance standards for IPv6 deployment. The course is ideal for system administrators, IT operation managers, and network and system engineers.
During the two-day certification program, attendees will receive comprehensive IPv6 training in a number of specific areas, including:
“Hurricane Electric is excited to collaborate with ISOC on this two-day course, which will allow attendees to deploy and operate IPv6 on their networks,” said Owen Delong, IPv6 Evangelist and Director of Professional Services at Hurricane Electric. “This course will also support the effort of the Hong Kong government to ensure IPv6 readiness.”
The IPv6 protocol is designed to replace IPv4, the Internet protocol used since the late 1970s and whose 32-bit address space is insufficient to support anticipated growth in the number of devices connected to the Internet. This course is timely because in April of 2011 the Asia Pacific Network Information Center (APNIC) allocated its last blocks of IPv4 addresses – hastening the importance of migrating to IPv6.
Additional information and registration can be found at http://www.ipv6world.asia/event.php.
About Hurricane Electric
An IPv6 leader for over a decade, Hurricane Electric first deployed IPv6 on its global backbone in 2001. Hurricane Electric’s global Internet backbone is one of the few that is IPv6-native and does not rely on internal tunnels for IPv6 connectivity. IPv6 is offered as a core service and every customer is provided IPv6 connectivity, as well as classic IPv4 connectivity. Hurricane Electric connects to more than 1,200 associated IPv6 backbones.
Additional information can be found at http://he.net.


Simultaneous Wireless-N Dual-Band Support
- The Apple Airport Extreme is based on the Wireless-N (IEEE 802.11n) specification and it uses multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) to transmit multiple data streams simultaneously--resulting in data transfer speeds up to five times those of 802.11g wireless networks while also providing up to twice the range. It's compatible with Mac computers, PCs, and wireless devices such as iPad, iPhone, and iPod touch that use 802.11a, 802.11b, or 802.11g technologies.
- Mac + PC
- Additionally, some Wi-Fi devices use the 2.4 GHz wireless band (such as the iPhone, iPod touch, and other devices using 802.11b/g). And other devices can use both the 2.4 GHz spectrum as well as the higher speed 5 GHz spectrum--such as 802.11n-based Mac computers and Apple TV.
- The Airport Extreme operates simultaneously on both bands, without you having to choose one spectrum over the other--enabling your Wi-Fi devices to receive optimal performance in speed and range. Plus, devices that can connect to the Airport Extreme on either band will automatically use the best available band.
- See how the Airport Extreme delivers fast wireless networking to any home or small business.
- In addition to Wi-Fi networking, the AirPort Extreme Base Station includes three Gigabit Ethernet ports for fast wired connectivity with desktop computers, network drives, and more.
- Airport Utility
- Airport Utility on the Mac.
Launch AirPort Utility and you're just a few short steps away from creating the ultimate Wi-Fi environment. Mac users can access the AirPort Utility located in the Utilities folder in the Applications folder, while Windows users can access AirPort Utility by selecting Start > All Programs > AirPort.
Guest Networking Capabilities
Allow guests to use your Internet connection without sharing your password or giving them access to the rest of your network. Simply enable the guest networking feature using the AirPort Utility application and create a separate Wi-Fi network just for your friends. You can set up this guest network with a different password or with none at all. Your primary network--including your printer, attached drives, or other devices--remains secure.
Sharing a Hard Drive
- The AirPort Extreme can turn an external USB hard drive into a drive you can share with all the users on your network and access securely over the Internet. This feature--AirPort Disk--is a simple and convenient way to share files among everyone in your family, office, or class.
- Just connect the external hard drive to the USB port on the back of your AirPort Extreme and all the documents, videos, photos, and other files on the drive instantly become available to anyone on the secure network--whether they use a Mac or a PC.
With its wireless printing capabilities, you can plug a printer into the AirPort Extreme, add it to the printer list on your Mac or PC, and start printing--all without a cable tethered to a computer. AirPort Extreme uses the Mac- and PC-compatible Bonjour networking technology to let everyone on the network take advantage of one centrally available printer.
If you want to share a hard drive as well as share a printer across a network, you can connect a USB hub to the AirPort Extreme and attach your devices to the hub. Share both a printer and a hard drive, multiple printers, multiple hard drives, or a combination.
- One Gigabit Ethernet WAN port for connecting a DSL or cable modem
- Three Gigabit Ethernet LAN ports for connecting computers or network devices
- USB 2.0 port for connecting a USB printer or USB external hard drive
- 802.11n wireless
- Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA/WPA2)
- Wireless security (WEP) configurable for 40-bit and 128-bit encryption
- MAC address filtering
- NAT firewall
- Support for RADIUS authentication
- 802.1X, PEAP, LEAP, TTLS, TLS, FAST
- Time-based access control
- 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz simultaneously
- Interoperable with Wi-Fi Certified 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11g, or 802.11n enabled Mac computers, iPad, iPhone, iPod touch, and Windows-based PCs
- NAT, DHCP, PPPoE, VPN Passthrough (IPSec, PPTP, and L2TP), DNS Proxy, SNMP, IPv6 (6to4 and manual tunnels)
Size and Weight
6.5 x 6.5 x 1.3 inches (LxWxH)
What's in the Box ?
AirPort Extreme Base Station, power supply with cord, printed documentation
Price : $1700.00


Empower Playgrounds, a non-profit organization, created a way to use the energy of kids playing in order to provide electricity to students in poor rural neighborhoods in Africa. This is made possible by using onboard kinetic energy harvesters which store energy in batteries to be used at a later time. A healthy 8-to-12-year-old generates about 150 watts of energy per hour while vigorously playing. The energy is stored within battery packs which power advanced LED lanterns donated by Energizer. In Ghana, Africa, students then split into lantern groups and study at night (where before they could not study past sunset). To install a system, it costs about $10,000 which supplies 200 students a year with electricity for at least five years. This breaks down to about $10 per year in order to give a child light to study by at night.
You can click here to read the full story from Treehugger.


Written in EnglishRead online
Includes bibliographical references and index.
|Other titles||Semiconductor materials and devices.|
|LC Classifications||TK7871.85 .T93 1991|
|The Physical Object|
|Pagination||xvii, 669 p. :|
|Number of Pages||669|
|LC Control Number||89024852|
Download Introduction to semiconductor materials and devices
The author has deep insight into semiconductor device physics and is able to explain many subtle and often confusing ideas with clarity.
I highly recommend this book if you want to do more than skim the surface of this fascinating by: From the Publisher This comprehensive introduction to the elementary theory and properties of semiconductors describes the basic physics of semiconductor materials and technologies for fabrication of semiconductor devices.
Addresses approaches to modeling and provides details of measurement by: This comprehensive introduction to the elementary theory and properties of semiconductors describes the basic physics of semiconductor materials and technologies for fabrication of semiconductor devices.
Addresses approaches to modeling and provides details of measurement techniques. Includes numerous illustrative examples and graded problems/5(33).
Rather, the main purpose of this book is to provide an introductory perspective on the basic principles of semiconductor materials and their applications that are described in a relatively concise format in a single volume.
About The Book: This comprehensive introduction to the elementary theory and properties of semiconductors describes the basic physics of semiconductor materials and technologies for /5(2). This ability to selectively move the Fermi level relative to the undoped level in the intrinsic material is the key to making semiconductor devices.
Materials which are doped so that the dominant conduction is by electrons are called n-type (n for negative), and those doped by holes p-type (Figure ). f(E)N(E) Size: KB. Semiconductor Materials, Devices, and Fabrication and the associated media content in the DVDs provide an understanding of the materials, devices, and processing techniques used in the current microelectronics industry.
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•Semiconductor materials are a sub-class of materials distinguished by the existence of a range of disallowed energies between the energies of the valence electrons (outermost core electrons) and the energies of electrons free to move throughout the Size: 7MB.
Semiconductor Device Fundamentals by Robert F. Pierret This is an excellent introduction to both, semiconductor physics and charge transport, as well as electronic devices for undergraduates. This book primarily covers silicon devices like p-n diodes, bipolar junction transistors (BJTs) and MOSFETs.
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18s. THIS is. 2D Semiconductor Materials and Devices reviews the basic science and state-of-art technology of 2D semiconductor materials and devices. Chapters discuss the basic structure and properties of 2D semiconductor materials, including both elemental (silicene, phosphorene) and compound semiconductors (transition metal dichalcogenide), the current.
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Addresses approaches to modeling and provides details of measurement techniques. Includes numerous illustrative examples and graded problems/5(4). Book Abstract: This Third Edition updates a landmark text with the latest findings The Third Edition of the internationally lauded Semiconductor Material and Device Characterization brings the text fully up-to-date with the latest developments in the field and includes new pedagogical tools to assist readers.
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Introduction to Electronic Devices, FallDr. Dietmar Knipp Fundamentals of Semicondutors Semiconductors General Information The purpose of this part of the lecture is to introduce the solid state physics concepts, which are needed to understand semiconductor materials and semiconductor devices.
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Fundamentals of Semiconductors. In this chapter we have introduced the wide class of materials referred to as semiconductors and we have. Definition of Semiconductor: A semiconductor is a material whose electrical conductivity (and even resistivity) lies between that of conductors and example: silicon, Germenium.
Thinking at atomic level, semiconductors are those materials having four electrons in their outermost shell. An invaluable introduction to nanomaterials and their applications.
Offering the unique approach of applying traditional physics concepts to explain new phenomena, Introduction to Nanomaterials and Devices provides readers with a solid foundation on the subject of quantum mechanics and introduces the basic concepts of nanomaterials and the devices fabricated.
Introduction to semiconductor materials and devices. New York: Wiley, © (DLC) (OCoLC) Material Type: Document, Internet resource: Document Type: Internet Resource, Computer File: All Authors / Contributors: M S Tyagi.
IntroductIon to 1 SemIconductorS CHAPTER OUTLINE 1–1 The Atom 1–2 Materials Used in Electronic Devices 1–3 Current in Semiconductors 1–4 N-Type and P-Type Semiconductors 1–5 The PN Junction CHAPTER OBJECTIVES Describe the structure of an atom Discuss insulators, conductors, and semiconductors and how they differ Describe how current is produced in a semiconductor.
Introduction to semiconductor materials 1. Introduction toSemiconductor Materials By yam Kumar Singh 2. Prerequisites• To understand this presentation, you should have the following prior knowledge: – Draw the structure of an atom, including electrons, protons, and neutrons.
Semiconductor Materials is a relatively compact book containing vast information on semiconductor material properties. Readers can compare results of the property measurements that have been reported by different authors and critically compare the data using the reference information contained in the book.
Optoelectronic Devices and Materials 3 Light-Emitting Diodes and Semiconductor Lasers P a r tD|. keep the thickness of each layer below h c.A s t h es t r a i n. Tyagi wrote one internationally acclaimed book Introduction to Semiconductor Materials and Devices, which is widely used in Electrical Engineering, semiconductor devices and material science undergraduate and postgraduate courses.
It Education: MSc, Dr. -Ing. Home» Courses» Materials Science and Engineering» Introduction to Solid State Chemistry» Electronic Materials» band gaps in metals, semiconductors, and insulators, thermal excitation, photoexcitation, the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution, intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors, doped materials, compound semiconductors.
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An Introduction to Electronic Materials for Engineers aims to give a basic understanding and comprehensive overview of a wide range of materials, such as conducting materials, semiconductors, magnetic materials, optical materials, dielectric materials, superconductors, thermoelectric materials and ionic materials.
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AGICO offers two types of electric control system in order to improve the production capacity and low energy consumption.
PLC control system
PlC automatic control system is designed to lower energy consumption, improve the productivity, and make sure the maintenance of the biomass pellet plant. The system can control the pellet mill operation automatically according to the working conditions, to a large extent, this can increases the work efficiency and productivity and save energy. Moreover, it can provide runtime history checks, timely maintenance reminders etc.
PLC automatic control system adopts SIEMENS PLC controller, including motherboard, input & output module, software.
MCC for Wood Pellet Machine adopt Touch Panel, Simulation Control Screen or Computer Control Screen and they are optional.
1.Operators with different identities can log in the system. The operator just need choose an identity on the landing interface, as shown in the picture.
2.After logging in the system, operators can control the entire production process by clicking on the different functional buttons on the interface in order that real time monitoring can come true. Refer to the picture below.
3.As long as the production line runs normally, operators can realize flexible switch between manual & automatic by click the remote button, they can supervise the whole production process from the feeding of raw materials to the final Pelletization.
4.Operators can press the “remote hand control” button under some certain circumstance, just like to start or stop of a specific section of or the whole production line. Consult the following picture.
5.If the on-site technicians need data support, operators can click on the “alarm check” button, the system will automatically switch into the alarm recording interface.
6.After clicking on the “trend analysis” button, the trend analysis interface will be presented. Thus operators can refer to the operational parameters in visualized diagrams and it can be observed clearly.
General electrical control system
The working status of the main motor, such as the status of the current, voltage and power consumption of each hour can be displayed by the advanced electrical apparatus elements together with the speed controller.


Article ip telephony and voice over ip (voip) are identical
The “Adding Nonstandard Softkey Templates” section on page 52-4 for configuration information. In contrast to packet switched telephone systems (those based on IP protocol), conventional telephone systems apply the logic of direct connection between the two communicating voice parties through a dedicated circuit reserved exclusively for each contact. In addition, the section on Design Considerations for Section 508 Conformance, presents guidelines for designing you IP telephony network to provide accessibility to users with disabilities, in conformance with U.S. Engineers must provide on-call operational level support for all facets of Cisco VOIP hardware and software. You will find that dealing with customers. Voice over IP (VoIP). By clicking the button above, you consent to receiving calls and emails from RingCentral. Provides call control that registers Cisco TelePresence video endpoints in SIP or H323 mode.
Management of enterprise IPT environment. Below we will discuss software products to be set up as communications service portals accordingly. Cisco TelePresence System MXP Series: integrates multiple-party video calls using a Cisco TelePresence MCU and Cisco VCS. Even though IP Telephony and VoIP are terms that are used interchangeably, they are actually different; IP telephony has to do with digital telephony systems that use IP protocols for voice communication while VoIP is actually a subset of IP Telephony. We will direct you to our Order Page at WriteEdu. Lower operational expenses: When a call is routed through a public-switched telephone network (aka. Costs for mobile/ PSTN break out?.Direct inward dialing makes it easy to add more lines for new employees.
What Is VoIP?
1PPL Specify the Percentage Packet Loss (PPL) threshold to be configured. They all underscore the fact the Internet is the primary conduit to digitally transmit the voice signal to another telephone or endpoint. Figure 3 shows the layered architecture of Cisco Unified Communications System. Cisco Prime Collaboration Manager is a web-based application used to manage. This equipment is known as a Private Branch Exchange (PBX). Speaking of which, our business companies especially the big enterprises require seamless and secure communication infrastructure to operate properly. A major deliverable of the System Release and Cisco Unified Communications System testing is a recommendation of compatible software releases that have been verified by the testing teams. Cisco TelePresence MCU MSE Series: delivers chassis-based, multimedia conferencing bridges that support SIP and H.323 endpoints.
This document focuses on the IP telephony components of Cisco Unified Communications System testing. Cisco TelePresence System MXP Series: integrates multiple-party video calls using a Cisco TelePresence MCU and Cisco VCS. Figure 2-2 illustrates a typical distributed call processing deployment, featuring an IP WAN interconnection and a backup PSTN connection. In four steps, here’s how VoIP works. “The Big Breakfast is an event that is held, every year in November. The process of compression and decompression is made possible by special algorithms called codecs (COder-DECoder). VoIP and older ISDN phones are both compatible with local call forwarding. The ATA (analog telephone adaptor) is an analog-to-digital converter.
Troubleshoot end-to-end video collaboration over a borderless network. Registers natively to Cisco Unified Communications Manager as video adhoc bridge. In contrast, IP technology can transfer voice, fax and messaging and other data traffic. Our IP telephony service helps you to opt for multiple IP addresses from a single telephone. Connections (call control, signalling) are established and terminated using a protocol that is separate from voice communication. Use the following checklist to be sure that you have the proper documentation on your network topology. Using phone cards is easy since you can use it anytime.
Amid Tight Budgets, Districts Are Using IT Investments To Boost The Bottom Line
In this model, calls beyond the LAN use the PSTN. Voice mail. Customers that call the company outside business hours, on weekends or holidays, can leave a message. Experience in remote monitoring. In addition, IP telephony is an umbrella term for all real-time applications over IP, including voice over instant messaging (IM) and videoconferencing. Bell repeated the now-famous utterance as delivered in that first call: ‘Mr Watson, come here. Our business communications are demanding more and more by days. The ATA device is usually supplied by the service provider when the user signs up for finlock solutions. In fact, this technology is often referred to as an international calling service, although it is just as likely to be used for local calls, cheap international calls.
While it was virtually unknown with traditional telephony, today’s attacker can aim to disrupt the communications infrastructure at the desktop level by swamping or crashing phones — or at the gateway level by taking out the network nodes that interface an enterprise VoIP installation with the outside world. FCC Decision on Petition for Declaratory Ruling that AT&T’s Phone-to-Phone IP Telephony Services are Exempt from Access Charges. VoIP Apps also allow businesses to incorporate several other features such as video conferencing, sales tracking, appointment reminders, IT help desk software, web collaboration and remote PC access. As you can see there is really no such thing as SIP vs VoIP. In order for users and networks such as PSTN 19 and private network 21 to participate in IP telephony sessions, a gateway to an IP network must be provided. These savings add up quickly for a business, especially at 7 cents per minute for a landline phone. Placing calls using address book dialing from the application. Which product key should I enter when I install https://waitucall.com/ the operating system?
From this window, you configure the gateway analog phone ports (doing this takes you to the Phone Configuration window). A gatekeeper is an H.323 device that provides call admission control and E.164 dial plan resolution. Oh, and RTP has a secure version too: secure real-time transport protocol (SRTP). IP telephone technologies work in the place of traditional landline phone networks and telephone systems. These VoIP packets are transmitted over the internet and converted back to analog voice signals (or “decompression”) for the person on the other end to understand. Oh, and RTP has a secure version too: secure real-time transport protocol (SRTP). Calls can easily go to and from landlines as well, but this process involves the additional step of using a PSTN (public switched telephone network) to connect.
Sign up for free. The difference between the two is subtle and may sometimes get mixed up, it’s easily done. End-to-end IP telephony: Using end-to-end IP telephony between sites where IP connectivity is already established. What does it do?.These VoIP packets are transmitted over the internet and converted back to analog voice signals (or “decompression”) for the person on the other end to understand. Cisco IP Video Phone E20: merges voice, video, and collaboration into a highly scalable solution suitable for enterprise mass deployment. The PBX is a device physically located on-site and controls inbound and outbound calls.


Addition of a High-Performance Compute Capacity to Support UWCCC and ICTR Cores in Bioinformatics and Biostatistics
The Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics (BMI) operates multiple research cores as part of its mission-critical task to support biostatistics, bioinformatics and other biomedical data science activity throughout the School of Medicine and Public Health (SMPH) and the UW more broadly. These cores respond to the longstanding and ever-present demand for expertise in study design and data analysis. These cores also share computational infrastructure that is maintained and operated by the BMI Biomedical Computing Group (BCG).
This project will deliver increased computational speed for the analysis of large biomedical data sets. It leverages the file-server/compute-server organization of existing infrastructure and provides specific ways to increase the storage capacity and throughput of computations on data. Modern datasets can be very large, and keep getting larger over time, and therefore require a compute infrastructure with increasingly powerful equipment.
This project helps fund file server replacement and upgrading of file server drives which are nearing the end of their useful lives. This significantly expands storage capacity and throughput without having to make more substantial infrastructure changes. The project also updates the compute file server to solid-state drives (SSDs) that are much faster than conventional hard drives. This will be especially useful for genomics projects that must process enormous datasets quickly. Finally, the project will replace and update the existing dedicated compute servers to high-speed dedicated compute servers, which will allow for the high-speed data processing required by faculty and staff for their compute-intensive work with large, complex data sets.
Michael Newton, professor of biostatistics and medical informatics
William Annis, director of the biomedical computing group
Irene Ong, assistant professor of obstetrics and gynecology, and biostatistics and medical informatics
Menggang Yu, professor of biostatistics and medical informatics
Roxana Alexandridis, senior scientist in biostatistics and medical informatics
Colin Dewey, professor of biostatistics and medical informatics
Biostatistics and Medical Informatics Shared Research Cores and BMI Biomedical Computing Group


Melilites, with the general formula A2XZ2O7, are a series of significant compounds expected as excellent hosts for luminescent materials. Recently, the luminescent properties of Sm3+-doped Bi2ZnB2O7 were investigated, Eu3+ and Dy3+ ion-activated Bi2ZnB2O7 were prepared by a solid-state reaction and the structural character and photoluminescent properties of these phosphors were studied.
The new phosphors Bi2ZnB2O7: Ln3+ (Ln3+ = Eu3+, Dy3+) were synthesized by solid-state reaction technique. The obtained phosphors were investigated by means of X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), photoluminescence excitation and emission spectra with the aim of enhancing the fundamental knowledge about the luminescent properties of Eu3+ and Dy3+ ions in the Bi2ZnB2O7 host lattice. XRD analysis shows that all these compounds are of a single phase of Bi2ZnB2O7.
The photoluminescent emission spectra of Bi2ZnB2O7:Eu3+ phosphor exhibit a well-known characteristic Eu3+ emission and the dominant photoluminescent excitation line is around 465 nm due to the 7F0→5D2 transition. The emission spectra of Bi2ZnB2O7:Dy3+ phosphor show three bands centered at 482, 576 and 667 nm that originate from the transitions of 4F9/2→6H15/2, 4F9/2→6H13/2 and 4F9/2→6H11/2 of Dy3+, respectively. The excitation spectra have several sharp lines in the range of 250~520 nm corresponding to the transitions from the ground state of Dy3+ (6H15/2) to different excitation levels
The excitation and emission spectra of Bi2ZnB2O7: Ln3+ (Ln3+ = Eu3+, Dy3+) at room temperature show the typical 4f-4f transitions of Eu3+ and Dy3+, respectively. The hypersensitive transitions of 5D0→7F2 (Eu3+) and 4F9/2→ 6H13/2
(Dy3+) are relatively higher than those of the insensitive transitions in Bi2ZnB2O7. It is conceivable that the Bi2ZnB2O7 structure provides asymmetry sites for activators (Eu3+, Dy3+). The optimum concentrations of Eu3+ and Dy3+ ions in
Bi2ZnB2O7 phosphors are both x =0.05.
Emission spectrum of (Bi1-xEux)2ZnB2O7 (x = 0.01, 0.03, 0.05, 0.07, 0.09) under 465 nm excitation
Zhang, Q., Wang, J., Ni, H. Wang, L.(2012) Synthesis and luminescent properties of Ln3+ (Ln3+ = Eu3+, Dy3+) –doped Bi2ZnB2O7 phosphors Rare Metals. 1001-052. Vol. 31. P.35.


ProClockers has a growing library of audio hardware reviews covering the latest in computer audio hardware, computer audio accessories, and mobile audio accessories. Whether you are looking for information on a new gaming headset, a new sound card, or a newly released set of bluetooth speakers for your mobile phone, our experienced review team has you covered.
PC setups doesn't really have the best audio quality compared to what's available out there today. Even more true with notebooks and macbooks. Although motherboard manufacturers try to improve audio quality with better audio processors each year, it is simply incomparable to the audio quality of dedicated audiophile-grade hardware. You might know Silverstone for their quality PC cases like their popular RAVEN and Temjin series or their Strider series PSUs. Silverstone happens to be offering Audiophile-grade audio hardware for PCs as well with their Ensemble series. Today we will be looking at the Silverstone EB01-E Digital Analog Converter and the EB03 Headphone Amplifier.
Smartphones and iPhones naturally come with a headset which works but not really on the higher end of things when it comes to audio quality. Most of the time, end-users would purchase a different headset for better audio quality whether you use your phone for music or for communication. Either way, there are a lot of options out there and we would be looking at one from a brand named SoundMAGIC. Follow us today as we check out the SoundMAGIC E80S In-Ear Isolating Earphones with microphone.
Last week, we were very impressed with the iClever IC-BTH01 Bluetooth Sports Earphones. Will iClever continue to impress us with their 5W Portable Wireless Bluetooth 4.0 Speaker? Let's find that out today.
When you're listening to music or watching a movie and you don't want to be disturbed by outside sounds you need to get yourself a nice set of noise-cancelling headphones. Noise-cancelling headsets come in two varieties - passive and active. Our friends over at NoiseHush kindly sent us two of their latest active noise cancelling headsets to review - the i7 Aviator and the i9 BT Wireless. Both feature battery-powered active noise cancelling that's sure to enhance your audio experience. Are the $99.95 and $149.95 price tags worth it? Let's check them out now and find out.
Wireless connectivity comes with a lot of benefits. There are wireless speakers, wireless peripherals and so on that you can find available in the market today. Today we will be looking at a pair of wireless headphones from a brand named iClever. Let us check out their IC-BTH01 Bluetooth 4.0 Sports Headphones today.
Good quality audio gear is crucial in gaming. When the stakes are high, you would want to ensure good communication between your teammates. While gaming headsets in the appearance of headphones, some may not like wearing something around 200 grams of more on their head while playing intensely. Good thing Tt eSports, a division of Thermaltake Technology, has an answer; the Isurus Pro Gaming In-ear headset and we will be taking a look at it today.
Sennheiser is perhaps one of the most popular brand when it comes to audio gears from headphones to microphones and others in between. Today we will be looking at one of their top-end gaming headsets, the PC 363D Gaming headset. This gaming headset has a 7.1 virtual surround sound developed by Dolby Digital. Read on and find out how well the PC 363D can help you in gaming and more.


Choice of Red or Green Laser & with or w/o batteries. Use selector above!
Gain the upper edge in low light or night time situations with this Picatinny Handguard Rail Tactical LED Light with Red or Green Laser Combo and Quick Release System. Powered by 2 x CR123A Batteries (not included unless selected), this terrific flashlight system will give about 3 hours of continuous time. Push-button spring loaded quick disconnect feature allows for easy attachment or removal. Selector switch offers 3 modes of operation: Light Only, Laser Only and Both Light & Laser on. On board push button on/off switch activates mode. Also comes with an optional corded pressure switch panel for remote momentary use.
- 180 Lumen LED Light
- Choice of red or green laser (use selector above)
- Laser adjustable for windage and elevation
- Modes: Off / Laser On / Light On / Light+Laser On
- Quick disconnect spring loaded attachment point
- Fits most picatinny rail systems
- Uses 2 CR123A Batteries (not included unless selected)
- 1 x LED Light / Laser Combo
- 1 x Optional Corded Remote Pressure Switch Panel
- 1 x Allen Wrench for adjusting laser
- 2 x CR123A Batteries (optional – use selector above)


An asteroid crept into the picture as Hubble took a picture of the Crab Nebula and its green and yellow patterns. To take a picture of an area the size of a nebula, Hubble must use the long exposure technique that allows other astronomical objects to move through the image. In this case, Hubble focused on the Crab Nebula, which is 6,500 light-years from Earth, and saw an asteroid roam the sky.
With a 10-light-year Crab Nebula, the asteroid on a voyage was a breathtaking 94,607,304,725,800 kilometers.
The asteroid was first discovered by Germany's amateur astronomer Melina Thévenot, who volunteered for the Hubble Asteroid Hunter Project of the European Space Agency (ESA). The project is already paying off, as Ms. Thévenot discovers the asteroid and a breathtaking gleam of light through the Crab Nebula, where the original image was taken back in 2005.
ESA stated, "Hubble Asteroid Hunter was a Citizen Science project for identifying random observations of asteroids in images from the Hubble Space Telescope (HST). [1
"For example, by identifying asteroids in the images and marking the locations of their tracks, valuable updates can be made to the IAU Minor Planet Center and improved object characterization."
The Crab Nebula is a remnant of a supernova that was first observed in 1054 when Chinese astronomers saw a new point in the sky.
READ MORE: NASA Astronauts Swap Amazing Pictures from First All-Woman Walk
The infrared machine is so powerful that it goes back to the farthest reaches and earliest moments in the universe.
And the JWST can search thousands of planets for extraterrestrial life – even though these planets are thousands of light-years away.
One of the main differences between Hubble and JWST will be how far back in time it can look.
Hubble can see far into space and is essentially looking into the past as the light travels to the ship.
Experts were able to use Hubble to observe the formation of the first galaxies about a billion years after the Big Bang.
JWST, however, is much more It will be visible only 0.3 billion years after the Big Bang until visible light began to form.


Part Number: WISERAIR10WHTUS
White Wiser Air Wi-Fi Smart Programmable Thermostat with Comfort Boost and Touch Screen Display is a complete home energy management solution that gives you peace of mind through effortless control of comfort and savings. Wiser Air works with most heating and cooling systems low voltage systems. It connects to your home Wi-Fi to allow you to see your energy use remotely using a smart phone, tablet or laptop. Wiser Air is easy to install and has a sleek, intuitive design with familiar touch screen display to keep you informed; Enjoy features like comfort boost that deliver quick comfort in no time flat with just the touch of a button, helps you use energy more efficiently and save money; See how your system is running from a distance with wiser pulse that glows a different color depending different modes; Control and manage your home energy use from anywhere with your smart phone, tablet or laptop; Works with forced air, radiant, heat pump (including geothermal), oil, gas and electric; Up to 3 stages of heating; Up to 2 stages of cooling.
APC WISERAIR10WHTUS Wiser Air Smart Wi-Fi Thermostat (White) - B01M32EFHB


The SAGES’ Resident and Postgraduate Education Committees observed that there has been a dramatic rise in the number and complexity of energy devices for procedural applications, including radio-frequency based systems (eg, bipolar devices, argon beam, radiofrequency-ablation) and ultrasonic energy systems. These devices often facilitate or even enable complex procedures. They are at the core of many innovations in the field of minimally invasive surgery, general surgery, hepatobiliary surgery, urologic and gynecologic surgery as well as endoscopic and image-guided interventions. It is difficult to imagine modern surgery without energy devices, yet despite their frequent use, they remain poorly understood. The combination of electrical current, heat generation, the wide variety of devices and the complex environments in which they are used can result in complications.
The FUSE didactic materials and exam were designed to inform and promote best practice for the use of electrosurgical, ultrasonic and other energy sources in the OR. Any health care professional who has ever used an energy device in the OR will better understand how it works, when to apply it, and what possible hazards and errors can occur.


A Beginner’s Guide to Machine Learning: Learn the Basics and Beyond
Machine learning is a rapidly growing field that has revolutionized various industries and has become an essential skill for many professionals. From self-driving cars to virtual assistants, machine learning brings immense possibilities to build intelligent systems that can analyze and understand complex data. If you are a beginner who is just stepping into the world of machine learning, this guide will walk you through the basics and help you dive deeper into this fascinating field.
1. Understanding the Basics:
Machine learning is a subset of artificial intelligence that empowers computers to learn and improve from experience without being explicitly programmed. At its core, machine learning aims to develop algorithms that can automatically learn patterns and make predictions or decisions based on data.
2. Essential Concepts:
To start with machine learning, you must familiarize yourself with some key concepts. Supervised learning is a common machine learning approach where the algorithm learns from labeled examples by finding patterns and making predictions. Unsupervised learning involves algorithms that learn from unlabeled data, where the goal is to discover patterns or groupings within the data. Reinforcement learning is another approach that focuses on how agents can take actions in an environment to maximize a reward signal.
3. Data: The Key Ingredient:
Data is the fuel that powers machine learning algorithms. In order to train your models, you need a reliable and diverse dataset. It’s important to collect and preprocess your data, ensuring it’s labeled correctly and free from biases or inconsistencies. There are various techniques for data preprocessing, including cleaning, normalization, and feature engineering, which involve transforming raw data into a suitable format for training models.
4. Choosing the Right Algorithm:
There is a wide range of machine learning algorithms available, each designed to solve specific types of problems. Linear regression, for example, is used for regression tasks where the goal is to predict continuous values. Decision trees are suitable for classification tasks where the focus is on predicting discrete values. Neural networks, on the other hand, are powerful algorithms that can solve complex problems such as image recognition and natural language processing.
5. Evaluating and Tuning Models:
Once you have trained your model, it’s important to evaluate its performance. Metrics like accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score can help you assess how well your model is performing. It’s crucial to fine-tune your models by adjusting hyperparameters and using techniques like cross-validation to ensure your model generalizes well on unseen data.
6. Going Beyond the Basics:
As you gain proficiency in the fundamentals, it’s time to explore more advanced topics in machine learning. Deep learning, a subset of machine learning, focuses on training artificial neural networks with multiple layers to learn hierarchies of representations. Natural Language Processing (NLP) enables machines to understand and generate human language, leading to applications like chatbots and language translation. Transfer learning allows you to leverage pre-trained models to solve new problems quickly.
7. Applying Machine Learning:
Machine learning can be applied to various fields including healthcare, finance, marketing, and cybersecurity. Healthcare professionals can use machine learning algorithms to analyze medical images for early disease detection, while marketers can personalize customer experiences using recommendation systems. The applications are endless, and your creativity is the only limit.
In conclusion, machine learning is an exciting and transformative field that is reshaping industries and solving complex problems. By understanding the basics, exploring different algorithms, and continuously learning and adapting, you can become a proficient machine learning practitioner. So, take this beginner’s guide as a starting point and embark on your journey to unlock the potential of machine learning.
machine learning tutorial
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How Do Wireless Game Cams Function?
Cellular trail cameras are a popular choice among hunters and wildlife watchers for capturing images and video of wildlife in their native environments. These cameras can send and receive cellular data by connecting to a cellular network via a SIM card. Images and videos shot by the camera can be viewed with this information.
If your camera's maker has an app, you can have your photos sent directly to your mobile device. In order to conserve bandwidth, some models send a lower-resolution thumbnail image first and give users the option to download the full-resolution version later.
One major perk of wireless cameras is that you won't have to check or change SD cards, which can leave your scent in the woods and scare away any wildlife you might be trying to photograph.
Does It Cost Anything To Use A Trail Camera That Has A Cellular Connection?
The typical monthly cost of a cellular camera plan is $10. The monthly fee for sending the images via the SIM card for cameras is this. Ensure that your camera is compatible with your data plan. The expense of the camera itself is not included. This article provides a comparison of different data plans for cellular cameras.
Are Cellular Service Subscriptions Necessary for Cellular Trail Cameras?
After installation, cellular cameras still need a cellular signal (from a provider like Verizon) and periodic service to swap out the batteries.
Here's another piece that does the same thing for cellular data plans from the most popular brands: it compares and contrasts them.
How Do Wireless Cameras Differ From Cellular Game Cams?
There are many applications for cellular cameras and their wireless counterparts. The primary function of cellular game cameras is to record wildlife, while the primary function of wireless cameras is for security. These two varieties of cameras differ in several significant ways. A more in-depth explanation of how cellular game cams function can be found here.
Wireless cameras use a Wi-Fi connection to send and receive data, while cellular game cams use a cellular signal. This means that cellular game cameras, unlike wireless cameras, can be used in areas with poor or no Wi-Fi reception. Wireless game cameras require constant connection to a power source, so cellular game cameras typically have a longer battery life.
What Are the Advantages of Cellular Cameras Over Conventional Trail Cameras?
Trail cameras are a great way to keep an eye on your property and see what kind of wildlife is passing through. But how do cellular trail cameras differ from the more conventional variety?
Common SD cards can be used in traditional trail cameras. You have to physically retrieve the images from the camera, which can be inconvenient if the camera is in a far-flung location.
Cellular trail cameras connect to cellular networks via SIM cards. You can view the footage from afar and get notifications whenever the camera is activated via phone or computer. Despite being more costly, cellular trail cameras are becoming increasingly popular due to the increased convenience and security they provide.


The Domain Name System (DNS) is a layer of critical infrastructure for how the internet works. So, it’s not surprising that 97% of advanced malware use DNS as part of the attack.
Unfortunately, most security practitioners do not filter DNS traffic for malicious internet connections, leaving a major blind spot in their security infrastructure. As the pioneer in DNS-layer security, Cisco Cloud Security Expert, Dan Hubbard, explains why it’s critical to monitor DNS and examine it in forensic investigations.
In this webinar, you will:
- See why nearly every internet connection initiated by malware starts with a DNS request
- Learn how DNS helps reveal where malicious infrastructures are staged for future attacks
- Find out how the majority of attacks today can be prevented or contained using DNS