Web design has undergone a revolutionary shift. Gone are the days when designing a website was purely based on intuition and traditional methods. Today, the landscape is dominated by artificial intelligence (AI), radically changing how we approach web design.
AI in web design isn’t just a trend; it’s a fundamental shift that enhances user experiences and reshapes design processes. This evolution marks a new era where technology meets creativity, leading to smarter, more efficient, and highly personalized web design.
Artificial Intelligence in Web Design🤖
The art of web design has evolved significantly since the early days of the internet. From static HTML pages to dynamic, user-centric interfaces, the industry has always adapted to new technologies. The latest shift towards AI marks a new era. Artificial Design Intelligence (ADI) systems and Generative AI are now fundamental components in this evolution. ADI streamlines the design process by automating repetitive tasks and generating adaptive design elements, while Generative AI offers a wellspring of creativity, generating unique content and layouts.
The impact of AI on web design is not just theoretical; it’s measurable and significant. For instance, the AI in web design market is projected to reach a staggering $118.6 billion by 2025. And it’s not just tech; industries like Real Estate, Travel, and Education are embracing AI chatbots. These chatbots are set to save a mind-boggling 2.3 billion hours by 2023, with a market size reaching $1.3 billion by 2024.
Understanding Generative AI 🧠
Generative AI is a subset of artificial intelligence that focuses on creating new content, rather than simply analyzing or processing existing data. It’s like having a virtual artist that learns from patterns and generates novel outputs, whether it be images, text, or other forms of creative content. In the context of web design, Generative AI can contribute by suggesting unique layouts, creating original images, and even generating text for websites.
How Generative AI Tools Work: Generative AI tools, like ChatGPT and others, work by learning patterns from big sets of data. They use advanced techniques and are trained to understand these patterns. This training helps them generate new content by following the statistical patterns they learned.
Top Generative AI Tools:
- GPT-4: OpenAI’s latest Large Language Model, excelling in content generation with 100 Trillion Parameters.
- ChatGPT: OpenAI’s chatbot for natural language understanding and open-domain conversations.
- AlphaCode: Transformer-based language model proficient in various programming languages.
- GitHub Copilot: Code completion AI tool by GitHub and OpenAI, learning from open-source code.
- Bard: Google’s chatbot and content generation tool built on LaMDA, focusing on software development tasks.
- Synthesia: AI video platform using high-quality avatars for rapid and efficient video generation.
- DALL-E 2: OpenAI’s generative AI tool for photorealistic image and art generation.
While Generative AI lays the groundwork for creativity, suggesting new ideas and creating unique content. ADI, on the other hand, harnesses this generative power specifically for web design. Explore ADI and some of its popular tools:
Rise of Artificial Design Intelligence (ADI)📈
ADI, or Artificial Design Intelligence, is a specialized form of AI tailored for web design. It goes beyond conventional design tools by using machine learning algorithms to understand user preferences and automatically generate personalized designs. It goes beyond templates and presets, crafting unique digital experiences.
ADI is revolutionizing web design, and several companies are at the forefront of this transformative technology:
- Wix: Seamlessly integrates AI-driven design features for stunning websites.
- GoDaddy: Empowers users with design exploration and personalized recommendations.
- Firedrop: AI-powered virtual assistant for visually striking websites.
- Bookmark: Unlocks creative potential through AI-human collaboration.
- Adobe Sensai: Elevates creative expression with intelligent design suggestions.
These companies are paving the way, embracing ADI to create captivating digital experiences. It is still in its early stages, but hold onto your hats because it’s bound to revolutionize web design. We are talking about a future where complex designs are created effortlessly, making the web design process faster and smoother than ever before. The possibilities are endless, and we are about to witness a whole new level of creativity and innovation.
▶ Artificial Design Intelligence in UX
AI is revolutionizing UX design by creating personalized experiences for users. By analyzing user behavior, AI-powered tools customize the interface and content to keep users engaged. It’s like having a personal UX designer who knows exactly what you need.
- In-depth User Research: AI processes vast user data to uncover insights that drive informed UX design decisions.
- Customized User Journeys: AI personalizes the user experience based on individual user data, enhancing engagement.
- Design Process Automation: AI automates routine UX tasks, allowing designers to focus on more strategic design elements.
- Predictive User Experiences: AI anticipates user needs and behaviors to offer proactive and relevant UX solutions.
- Improved Usability Testing: AI quickly identifies usability issues by analyzing user interaction patterns.
- Dynamic Content Delivery: AI tailors content delivery to individual user behaviors and preferences for a more relevant experience.
- Emotion Recognition and Analysis: AI assesses user emotions through their interactions, enabling more empathetic design choices.
- AI-Driven Prototyping Tools: These tools leverage AI to rapidly generate and test design prototypes, speeding up the design process.
Some practical examples of this already being implemented are seen in Amazon’s use of machine learning to show each user relevant product recommendations.
▶ Artificial Design Intelligence in UI
- Advanced Personalization: AI analyzes user data to customize UI elements like themes and navigation to suit individual preferences.
- Conversational Interfaces: AI enables natural language processing for voice and text interfaces, making interactions more intuitive.
- Adaptive UIs: AI dynamically adjusts UI elements like layout and color based on user behavior or environmental factors.
- Efficient Text Input: AI enhances typing efficiency with features like predictive text and auto-correction.
- Intelligent Animations: AI designs subtle animations and transitions in the UI that respond to user interactions, enhancing the visual appeal and intuitiveness.
- Accessibility Enhancements: AI modifies UI elements to better serve users with disabilities, such as altering text size or contrast.
- Real-Time Language Translation: AI provides instant language translation, making interfaces universally accessible.
- Automated Content Layout: AI optimizes how content is displayed across various devices, ensuring a consistent user experience.
Airbnb has developed an AI technology that quickly converts design sketches into working code. This saves designers time and allows them to focus on strategic decisions for the product. It’s a game-changer that boosts productivity and unleashes creativity, giving designers more freedom to innovate
AI Chatbot in Website Interactions 💬
AI chatbots have burst onto the scene, bringing a touch of magic to our online interactions. These chatbots are not your average robots. They are equipped with cutting-edge natural-language processing systems that make conversations with them as engaging as can be.
AI chatbots on websites provide 24/7 instant response, automate routine inquiries, save costs and time, increase interactions and conversions, collect valuable customer data, improve customer experience, build trust and loyalty, increase website traffic, and enhance customer satisfaction.
AI Recommendation & Optimization Tools ✒
There are all these amazing AI-powered solutions out there that can recommend products to us based on what other people like. It’s called social proof, and it can influence our purchase decisions. These tools kick into action as soon as we interact with a website, giving us personalized recommendations based on our searches.
Have you heard about Netflix? They are masters of using AI to recommend movies and shows. They analyze our preferences and look at what other people with similar tastes are watching, and boom, they suggest stuff we will love. A whopping 80% of what we stream on Netflix is because of their AI recommendations.
AI as Web Design Diagnostic Tool 🔍
AI is the ultimate diagnostic guru for web design. It analyzes and improves underperforming websites, suggests layout changes, and adds new features. Additionally, AI identifies user needs and preferences to create better user experiences.
The various ways this can happen include:
👉 Machine learning can be used to study past design trends and user behavior to predict future needs and preferences.
👉 AI can be used to create personalized user experiences by tailoring content and design to individual users.
Some practical examples of this already being implemented are seen in the case of Google’s “Smart Reply” feature, which uses AI to suggest responses to emails, and Facebook’s “Suggested Posts,” which does the same for content on social media platforms.
AI Design Tools for Web Designers & Developers🤖
AI Tools for Website Designers
Figma is an all-in-one design platform that unites everyone involved in the design process, enabling the team as a whole to produce things more quickly. Its web design software is great for system design and prototyping.
- CAD Tools
- Collaboration Tools
- Data Import/Export
- Design Management
- Design Templates
- Single Sign On
- Image Editing
- Performance Testing
- Usability Testing
Adobe XD is a design tool for creating prototypes and designs. It offers a range of features for individual and collaborative work. You can create low and high-fidelity designs and prototypes. The design asset library allows you to specify fonts, colors, and components, with changes automatically updating all instances. Adobe XD provides flexibility and collaboration capabilities for bringing your design ideas to reality.
- Wireframing design system
- Prototyping for the web design process
- Redesigned, modern user interface that’s better streamlined and clutter-free
- Access to code hints
- Multi-monitor support for Windows
- Visual aids to reduce errors and speed up site development
- Git support
Designs.ai is an online design platform that makes design accessible to everyone. It claims to help you develop your marketing portfolio in just two minutes, even if you have no design experience. Furthermore, its intelligent editor and wizard tool lets you save time brainstorming design ideas for your marketing material.
- Assistive tools
- Brand identity package
- Color matcher
- Font pairer
- Scalable Vector Graphics
- Team collaboration
- Unlimited downloads
🧰Dall E 2
OpenAI’s DALLE 2 is a brand-new AI system that can use natural language descriptions of the text to generate realistic artwork and images. It can make realistic edits to images, expand them, and create a variety of variations. Through a process known as “diffusion,” DALLE 2 has learned how images and the text that describes them relate to one another.
- An AI system for generating realistic images from text.
- Improved resolution: Offers 4x greater resolution compared to DALL·E 1.
- Additional features: Includes outpainting, inpainting, and variations.
- Combines concepts, attributes, and styles to create original art.
- Generates accurate and lifelike images based on natural language descriptions.
Khroma makes it simple and quick for UX designers to create their color schemes.
Designers can find, search, and save an infinite number of color combinations that meet their needs and preferences with Khroma.
- Personalized Algorithm
- Infinite Color Combinations
- Search and Filter Options
AI Tools for Website Developers
🧰Copilot by GitHub
GitHub is a well-known platform for software development and version control. They have introduced an AI assistant called GitHub Copilot that suggests code and functions in real time. Copilot is trained on billions of lines of code and guided by expert developers to provide accurate suggestions across various programming languages. Its goal is to help developers code faster and more efficiently, focusing on business logic and producing high-quality software.
- Turning prompts into code.
- Giving recommendations based on the project’s context and style conventions.
- Completing function suggestions.
- Generating code snippets.
- Helping navigate unfamiliar libraries or frameworks.
- Speeding up test generation.
- Providing industry-leading privacy
In 2017, Uizard started as a machine learning research undertaking. The AI-powered prototyping platform now has more than 400,000 users and receives more than 8,000 new user-created projects every week. Its objective is to democratize design by assisting both designers and non-designers in producing interactive digital goods.
- Idea generation and rapid product prototyping
- Electronic product wireframes
- Both ready-made and customized templates
- Real-time collaboration in design
- Design assistant using AI
Sketch2Code is a unique AI tool by Microsoft that converts hand-drawn sketches into functional HTML code. It simplifies website building by eliminating manual coding and providing a ready-to-use HTML foundation. This saves time for designers and developers, allowing them to concentrate on other project aspects.
- Computer Vision Service
- Dynamic design
- Convert hand-written drawings to working HTML prototype
CodePal is an order line instrument with a talking interface that assists designers with composing code. It’s based on GPT-3 and ChatGPT (which are still in development), and it makes it easy for developers to write code quickly and effectively.
- A chat-based interface that allows for natural, conversational code writing
- Built on top of GPT-3 and ChatGPT (soon), providing state-of-the-art natural language processing capabilities
- Easy to use and customize to your coding style
Tabnine is unquestionably a useful AI assistant. It was designed to speed up workflows and cut down on costly iterations of code review. It uses a variety of trained models to predict and recommend the following lines of code based on context and syntax, which are typically accurate.
- Entire line and function completion, whether long or advanced
- Code in natural language
- Learning the user’s style and code
- Brought together customization
Why Web Developers & Designers Should Learn AI?🌐
In a world driven by intelligence, where websites anticipate user needs and provide seamless experiences, the potential of AI-powered interfaces is immense. Experts predict that AI will significantly impact 75% of customer communications shortly.
Businesses are swiftly embracing AI for web development, with chatbots already transforming industries like eCommerce, healthcare, and education. By embracing AI, developers and designers become the architects of a remarkable digital universe, where human creativity collaborates with AI algorithms to redefine customer interactions.
In this era, expertise in AI becomes a competitive advantage, enabling professionals to push the boundaries of web development and create awe-inspiring digital masterpieces. Embrace the opportunity to learn AI and be at the forefront of shaping the future of web design.
What does this mean for the future of Web Design?
You don’t need to be a web design pro anymore! Just share a few reference URLs and describe what you’re looking for, and voila! The program will whip up a handful of amazing examples, tailored to your vision.
The possibilities are simply astounding, even if the final product is not quite there yet. You can already start using these tools to bring your projects to life, with a watchful eye to ensure everything turns out just right. It’s like having a new creative partner in crime, pushing the boundaries of what we can achieve.
Voice User Interfaces (VUI):
Voice assistants like Siri and Alexa have revolutionized the way we interact with technology.
With the power of AI, websites are now becoming voice-controlled, making it easier for users to navigate and perform tasks. AI enables voice recognition and natural language processing, allowing websites to understand spoken commands.
Designing Voice User Interfaces (VUIs) with AI presents both challenges and opportunities. Fine-tuning AI algorithms is crucial for accurate voice recognition, while also considering different accents and speech patterns. As AI technology advances, we can expect more personalized and engaging voice interactions on websites.
Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR):
AI has the potential to make AR and VR experiences on websites even more amazing.
By combining AI with AR and VR technologies, web designers can create interactive and immersive experiences that feel like you are in another world. AI algorithms help make virtual objects in AR seamlessly blend with the real world by recognizing objects and mapping their positions.
Sephora Virtual Artist, for example, is an app that enables Sephora shoppers to try on beauty products online.
AI also helps personalize AR and VR content based on your preferences, making sure you get the most relevant and exciting experiences. With AI, web designers can take AR and VR to new heights and create mind-blowing adventures for users to enjoy.
Artificial intelligence will undoubtedly play a significant part in the future of web design. We may anticipate more personalized web experiences, more efficient web design processes, and even more powerful web apps as AI advances. AI has already had a significant influence on on-site design.
There are numerous web development companies today that are already using AI to help with their web design projects. Most companies are using AI to automate repetitive tasks, such as CSS generation and website optimization. However, some companies, like Pixel Street, are taking things a step further and using AI to generate entire web designs from scratch. As AI technology continues to evolve, we can only expect more and more companies to adopt it.


IBM Research, Africa
Solomon is currently the Director of IBM Research – Africa, the South Africa lab. He is leading the lab by defining strategy, executing R&D projects, hiring top-notch scientists, and fostering an innovation ecosystem. He has also served as a Program Manager in the office of Science and Technology, with responsibilities for evaluating science and technology roadmaps for IBM’s worldwide research laboratories. As a Research Scientist, Solomon has worked on IBM’s nanophotonics technology with responsibilities spanning research, development, and technology transfer to commercial foundry. Solomon was named one of the World’s Top Young Innovators under 35 and received the TR35 awarded by MIT’s Technology Review (2011). Solomon was honored by the World Economic Forum as a Young Global Leader in 2013. He received a B.S. in Physics (2001), a B.S. in EECS (2001), a M.S. in EECS (2001) and a Ph.D. (2004) all from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).


|The Technology: A Unique Delivery
Sky Station International
technology consists of an unmanned, lighter-than-air platform which can be maneuvered on a
guided path or held geostationary in the stratosphere.
The platform is an innovative delivery vehicle suitable for a variety of purposes from telecommunications to earth sciences applications.
Designed for a lifespan of 5-10 years, the platform is equipped with sufficient solar and fuel cell capacity to carry a payload of up to 1000Kg.
Earth Sciences Applications
Sky Station platforms represent the first permanent presence in the stratosphere. They are uniquely situated to provide in-situ measurement and monitoring of chemical composition and interaction of the stratosphere on a 24 hour, long duration basis. As this will be the first time the stratosphere will be monitored on a constant basis, Sky Station platforms will provide a new source of information which is expected to contribute greatly to our level of understanding of this unexplored zone. This will play a significant role in priority research in ozone monitoring and protection, climate change and weather patterns.
Sky Station is a proprietary mark of Sky Station International, Inc.


Thermomix’s ® incredible versatility has always reflected its intelligent, innovative design and attention to detail. With the TM5, we have reinvented simplicity once more.
The latest Thermomix ® brings the kitchen appliance into the digital age with an innovative touchscreen display that offers both recipe guidance and simple, intuitive controls for operating its many functions with just the touch of a finger. Another smart feature comes in the form of Recipe Chips, which are clever, interchangeable storage devices that hold a collection of brilliant recipes in digital form that you can browse and follow step by step on your Thermomix ® screen.
Thermomix also has innovative features, such as locking bars to make the lid easier to open and close during operation, and electronic motor protection to protect against overheating. Thermomix ® also features a unique temperature control to ensure food is cooked to perfection each and every time.
All these innovative and practical features, combined with industry-leading energy performance, make Thermomix ® the undisputed champion in the kitchen!


Magnetic force is the same as gravitational and electrical forces in that no one knows truly what it is. Magnetic force is different from gravitational and electrical forces in that its potential and momentic energy is at the expense of an electrical field in time.
The existence of a magnetic field is a necessary consequence of the laws of electrostatics, and the principles of special relativity. One of the prerequisites of special relativity is there must be motion, and it is in effect when the observer is in motion relative to the system from the observer's point of view.
The classical development of magnetics started when Oersted deflected a compass needle with a electric current carrying wire. Thus, it became believed, all so called magnetic phenomena result from forces between electric charges in motion. The charges in motion relative to an observer set up a magnetic field and an electric field which exerts canceling forces on the second charge relative to the observer.
Because it is very easy to move charges through an wire, most all knowledge about magnetics comes from the study of a current through a wire. However, this is the same as the movement of small electric fields through the wire.
In the early development of magnetic theory, bar magnetics were used to provide a fixed magnetic source. The magnetic field in a bar magnetic had two definite poles. For the lack of any thing better, early scientists referred to these poles as north and south. More modern terminology is positive and negative. One thing that is agreed upon is that there is two distinct opposite in characteristic poles.
It was found fairly simply that a force is developed between two bar magnetics. When the poles are alike; N-N or S-S, the force is repelling. When the poles are opposite; N-S or S-N, the force is attracting.
Till recently, moving electric fields outside wires, which corresponds to a constant net electric field with respect to an observer has not occurred. However, with the advent of nuclear reactions, it is possible to observe an expanding electric field from a point origin. This field is called the ElectroMotive Pulse (EMP). Because of the military value of an electromotive pulse, the phenomena is being studied relatively secretly. In electrostatics the electric intensity is a ratio of the force on a charge at rest to the magnitude of charge. In magnetodynamics the magnetic intensity or induction is the ratio of the force on a moving charge to the product of the charge and the velocity.
Because force and velocity are vectored quantities magnetic induction is a vectored quantity. Thus, the direction of v and polarity of B is taken into account:
F force direction is directly relative to q's polarity with respect to two charges.
General experiments using proton and electron beams in a vacuum perpendicular to a magnetic field, show the direction of deflection of a positively charged particle and a negatively charged particle are 180 degrees from each other
In a circular wire conducting a current, the magnetic field created is about the wire in circular form. The magnetic field about a moving charge is circular about the charge. The magnetic field is created outside the boundary area.
In relating force to magnetic fields and currents in a length of wire L, within a uniform magnetic field B, carrying a current of density J, moving from left to right can be used. The flux density B is perpendicular and inward to the plane of the wire when the observer is looking down on the wire. A positive charge q1 within the wire drifting right with a velocity v1 is acted upon by an upward force F, of magnitude q1*v1*B, the drift velocity of a negative charge is in the opposite direction. Thus the force is in the same direction as negative times negative is plus. This is because the electron is a negative charge and is moving opposite to the charge q1. Therefore F2 = q2*v2*B.
The same forces are present in a wire which is carrying an electric current. In a current carrying wire the forces on charges q1(+) & q2(-) are in the same direction, because the velocity of the charges is in opposite direction. To cause a current J in this conductor requires an electric field. The affect of a current flowing through a conductor in a uniform magnetic field is to force the conductor perpendicular to the magnetic field and perpendicular to the electric current. In 1879, using a flat conductor, it was found that not only was a force detected but also a charge was detected in the direction of the force by majority carriers. This was called the Hall Effect. Later this led to the "hole conduction" theory. The hole conduction theory is the name given to the concept of positive charges being the carriers.
Generally speaking, the unit of magnetic induction B, is 1 newton per ampere-meter. Where the magnetic field F, is uniform and normal to the finite area A, the magnetic flux across the area is given by: Flux = B * A, and the unit of magnetic flux is 1 newton-meter per ampere, or 1 Wb in honer of Mr. Wilhelm Edward Weber, (1804-1891). Thus, B can be termed flux density and is 1 weber per square meter if the element of delta A, is at right angles to the lines of induction. In the cgs system of magnetic values 4 * * = 1, thus, B tended to be called gauss. In the mks system 1 Oersted gave rise to a field of 4 * * 10^-7 Gauss. Named after Mr. Karl Friedrich Gauss, (1777-1855).
A good example of how this is put to use is an electromagnetic pump used in nuclear reactors. It can be shown that metal material can have a force exerted on it if it is subjected to a current and strong magnetic field. This pump is a device which moves metal by means of the interaction between an electric current, liquid metal, and a magnetic field. A pipe containing liquid metal is put in a strong magnetic field and a current is forced perpendicular to the magnetic field and direction of liquid metal flow. The liquid metal has a force on it perpendicular to the magnetic field and electric current, thus, it flows and there is no moving mechanical parts.
If n1 and n2 represent the number of charges per unit volume then:
Since J = sum of n * q * v and the product of J * A = I then force for a length l:
For a conductor of any shape making any angle with the magnetic field, the force is a product of q times the vector product v cross B. Therefore, the force on an element of conductor of length dl is:
This can be shown easily using the Hall effect. For example; given a flat ribbon conductor with a current density J within a magnetic field perpendicular to the direction of current and to the plane of the ribbon, the force acting on the current tends to move electrons to one side of the ribbon and positive charge to the other.
It is interesting to also note that hole flow and positive charge current are different. The concept of hole flow, as the electron moves from one body to another, it leaves a hole where it used to be. This of course, is a positive charged body. However, it was not the body which move. It was the electron that moved. The concept of hole flow has confused many people when evaluating magnetic inductance and forces.
Since magnetics is a vectored quantity and its field and force are perpendicular to charge motion, a rule of hand is in order to visualize what is happening.
Rule 1. In the case of an electron current in a wire, grab the wire with the right hand with the thumb in the direction of current flow; the inducted field will be in the direction of the fingers about the wire.
Rule 2. In the case of an electron moving in a magnetic field; the index finger is in the direction electron motion, the thumb is in the direction of the magnetic field, and the force is in the direction of the middle finger. (Thumb, index finger and middle finger are all perpendicular.)
Remember what is moving. Many books describe current as a flow of positive charges. There is a logical and scientific reason for positive current flow which is commonly referred to as hole flow, however, this can be confused with electron flow. So, it is very important to know what is moving
Now, comes on of my pet things in magnetics. In all the books on the subject of magnetics, the field is referred to as lines of force. In my study of magnetics, I must have read two dozen books on the subject. Each and every one of these books refers to the magnetic field as lines of force. I have read whole dissertations on the subject of magnetic lines. One professor, when attempting to explain how the Sun spots occur, referred to the magnetic lines as snapping like a rubber band. Another very famous person came up with a number of lines for a given area. In all the classes I have had on the subject of physics and magnetics, the teachers referred to the magnetic field as lines of force. Unfortunately, I have been so conditioned that I use the term "lines" too.
The truth is; there are no lines. Magnetic flux is a continuum. The word "lines" comes from primitive magnetic observations. Primarily, those observations which used magnetic materials as graphite to observe the action of the magnetic field. The graphite lines up. This is because the material used creates a special situation where separate units of alignment occur. These units are lines. This is caused by material immediately adjacent to a unit being magnetically polarized with the same polarization. Since magnetic flux of the same polarity creates a force which is directed away from the material, material with the same polarity flux is force apart, thus, separation. The material attracts in one direction and repels in the other causing the illusion of lines.
In the development of magnetic theory there are many terms. These terms can be very confusing. Many really smart people get confused and I can't say I have everything straight either. Magnetic terms fall into the category of equivalent field strength. Because in the early days of magnetic study it was easier to create a magnetic field by a current through a wire, magnetic field strength is in terms of current through a wire rather than some known magnetic field. Because I have seen so many different standards, I will use Van Nostrands's Scientific Encyclopedia Fifth Edition's definition of terms. On occasions I feel they don't quite got a grasp on the situation either.
Maxwell (Mx) mostly written as (M) however it gets mixed up with meters. A maxwell is a unit of magnetic flux. 1 maxwell equals 1 gauss per square centimeter, or, 1 magnetic line of force. Note: the use of lines of force.
Gauss: (G) A unit of magnetic flux density or magnetic induction. The ratio of the flux in any cross section to the area of that cross section, the cross section being taken normal to the direction of flow. 1 Gauss equals 1 Maxwell per square centimeter.
Oersted: (Oe) A unit of magnetic field strength. The magnetic field produced at the center of a plane circular coil of 1 turn and of a radius 1 centimeter, which carries a current of 1/2 abamperes. (1 abampere = 10 amperes)
Tesla: (T) A unit of magnetic flux density (magnetic induction). The magnetic flux density of a uniform field that produces a torque of 1 newton-meter on a plane current loop carrying 1 ampere and having a projected area of 1 square meter on the plane perpendicular to the field. T = (N/A) m.
Weber: (Wb) A unit of magnetic flux. The magnetic flux passing through an area of 1 square meter placed normal to a uniform magnetic field of magnetic flux density equal to 1 tesla. Wb = T m^2. If the flux linked by a circuit changes at a uniform rate of 1 weber per second, a voltage of 1 volt is induced in the circuit. Wb = V s.
Writers, scientists and students can get very confused with magnetics. If you believe positive or negative current flow is confusing, and you might be thinking the definition of terms seem confusing, the next statement should be perfectly clear as mud to you. Believe it or not: 1 Gauss = 10000 gauss & 1 Oersted = 10000 oersted. Now what would you think an Oersted is in terms of Gauss? If you said that to give rise to 1 Gauss requires a field of 10^7 Oersteds you would be might right. A lot of competent people have gone astray with this concept of Oersted & oersted, Gauss & gauss. What does mean regarding Webers and webers, Tesla and tesla, or what? Well; one weber per square meter = 10^4 gauss & 1 maxwell per square centimeter = 1 gauss. Confused? Don't feel lonely.
Can you imagine how easy it would be to write G instead of g? Can you imagine how a reader views this problem? I have read papers from NASA that got the terms Gauss and gauss wrong.
Consider the situation where there are two parallel conductors. When opposite direction current is flowing in both conductors, the resulting magnetic field repels the conductors. When the current is in the same direction in both wires, the resulting magnetic field attracts
Commonly associated with magnetic fields is the magnetic moment. The magnetic moment is a term given to the torque applied to a loop carrying a current in a magnetic field. The magnetic moment is analogous to the electric moment of a dipole. It seems the magnetic moment of a loop is independent of the shape of the loop and is dependent upon the area of the loop. Most loops are in multiple loop configuration.
When the magnetic field of external origin is applied to a current carrying loop a torque is developed. This is a force on the loop which tends to twist it. All electric motors work on this principle.
Torque is given by:
The terms of the magnetic moment are the same as gyroscopic moment and electro dipole moment. It is a vectored quantity given by:
Thus, the vectored torque is:
Another characteristic of magnetism is its ability to induce a charge. In effect the induced charge is an electric field.
Suppose there is a conductor of length l, in a magnetic field B, perpendicular to the length of the conductor. Now, move the conductor with a velocity v, such that the ends are perpendicular to the velocity. The force on the free charges would be q * (v X B). Thus, an electric field would be set up that has a force equal to q * Ee. Since the force due to the magnetic field would generate a nonelectrostatic field Fn = q * En. Because the electric field is due to motion, the emf is call motional electromotive force. Customarily stated as the rate of change of flux and given by:
This equates to an electromotive force which is equal to the rate of change of flux across the area bounded by the system in the opposite direction. Either the flux can be moving or the conductor can be moving but if they are both moving at the same speed in the same direction, emf = 0. Further simplification: An electric field which is changing in time sets up a magnetic field. A magnetic field changing with time sets up an electric field. The mobility of the charge affects things immensely. In all the books I have read on the Earth's magnetic field one thing is missing. This little detail is very important. Is the Earth's magnetic field moving with the spin of the Earth or is it stationary?
Emf is a scaler measured in volts. Emf can also be defined as:
If two conductors were connected at the ends such that loops were formed, one end of a loop in a magnetic field, and the other loop out of the field, then the resultant electric field equals the electric field due to a electrostatic field, plus the electric field due to the nonelectrostatic field. The second loop has an induced current in it. Thus, the general expression for motional emf in an element of conductor dl is:
This could be looked at in terms of two wires.
Over simplified, mutual induction is the source magnetic field affecting an adjacent material. The most common mutual inductance device is the transformer. A transformer is in almost everything electrical. Transformers are in power plants, their on telephone poles, there in telephones, T.V.s, radios, and computers; transformers are all over.
Even in a coil, mutual inductance affects the adjacent portion of the loop. But more importantly, mutual inductance affects any charge particle adjacent to the magnetic source. If the charged particles have a motion of freedom in a linear environment then they will move with that environment linearly. If the charged particles have three degrees of motion freedom than they move accordingly. This mutual induction principle works on any charge from atoms to stars.
From these Michael Faraday (1791-1867), a English chemist and physicist deduced: the line integral of an induced electric field around a closed path, or the electromotive force e in the path, equals the time rate of change of magnetic flux across the area bounded by the path. Hence, The induced electromotive force in a circuit equals the negative of the time rate of change of magnetic flux through the area bounded by the circuit. Also, Lenz's law which is a good rule states: The direction of an induced current is such as to oppose the cause producing it.
Suppose there were a disk of a conductor with a radius R rotating at an uniformed velocity w about an axis which is perpendicular to a magnetic disk. With out regard to energy, what is the maximum emf which this system can induce? Where is the induced emf?
The integral from zero to R of the nonelectrostatic field dotted with the change in radius gives the electric intensity or force by electric field disk segment:
Supposing this is the Earth. Now this is not the way it is, this is only a supposition. Earth has a magnetic field of .3 oersteds at the equator and .6 oersteds at the poles (or, is it .3 Oersteds & .6 Oersteds?).
Given the volts and that the Earth interior is a conductor, current would be induced. There would also be a power transfer. Because the Earth's interior materials are not superconducting, there would be heat induced.
An interesting experiment with the disk shows eddy currents are set up which affect the force and torque on the disk. These eddy currents are very much the same as the Earth's eddy currents and are perpendicular to the rotation.
The terms inductance and magnetic power were developed primarily for current carrying wires, however, they are close to the characteristics of any components associated with magnetics.
The term inductance pertains to a coil of wire. As a current is started in the coil the magnetic field builds up. As the magnetic field builds up, it induces a counter electromotive force in the same wire. Also, as the magnetic field builds up, it will induce a electromotive force in any coil near by. As time becomes close to infinity compared to the time rate, the magnetic field remains constant, and there is no induced electromotive forces. When the current is stopped, the magnetic field collapses, and induces an electromotive force in the opposite direction as starting up, which magnitude depends upon the rate of change current as the current is shut off.
An interesting note here, is that current can not be cut off instantly, because this would create an infinite counter electromagnetic force. This would usually causes an arc. Which is why points on relays and switches ware out.
Ampere's law states that the line integral of the magnetic induction B around any closed path is equal to 4 * * k / c^2 times the net current across the area bounded by the path. Let = 4 * * k / c^2 equals 1.257 x 10^-6 webers per ampere meter.
In a coil of length l the flux = (B * A or * N * I * A) / l
The coil's inductance L is = ( * N^2 * A) / l
The mutual inductance of M = ( * A * N1 * N2) / l
Inductance and mutual inductance is in terms of Volts per ampere per second or henry. The effect on the current is:
The energy stored in the magnetic field is:
The work which is stored in the coil:
In the development of electrical systems, it became important to increase mutual inductance, and decrease losses. The transformer became a very important component in electronics. A transformer is one or more coils of wire used to transform electrical power. The ways transformers are used is unimportant to this paper however, there are a lot of ways.
To improve the transformer requires a grater degree of mutual inductance, which is dependent upon the magnetic field. Therefore, the magnetic properties of various materials was studied. For example, it was known that iron had greater magnetic properties than other materials, so someone stuck iron in the center of the transformer (called core), and as expected the inductance increased. However, because iron has free electrons, iron had eddy currents associated with it because of mutual inductance. Of course, any induced unnecessary currents are losses, the eddy currents were studied. Such was reason for laminating transformer cores, the lamination are perpendicular to the current and insulated from each other, thus, increasing resistance to the eddy current induction, reducing losses.
At this time the reader should be visualizing the Earth's core as the core of a transformer. The difference is that the Earth's core is a hot liquid continuous medium capable of currents and magnetization by induction.
Magnetization M in a material is defined as the magnetic moment per unit volume. Magnetic intensity H in a material is the vector difference between B/ and M
To define the nature of material we can introduce a magnetic field in, the term magnetic susceptibility Ms was developed and is the ratio of magnetization to intensity.
To better represent a material, * (1 + Ms) was given the term permeability . Thus,
Another expression is Km = / for relative permeability
In a vacuum the susceptibility is 0 thus Km = 1
To within reason the affects of temperature on susceptibility is proportional to C/T where C is Curies constant and T is the Kelvin temperature. Diamagnetic materials are independent of temperature, thus, only paramagnetic material which increase vibration molecularly with temperature are susceptible to temperature.
There are many material susceptibility types; diamagnetic, paramagnetic, ferromagnetic, antiferromagnetic, ferrimagnetic, superparamagnetic, and others which have not been classified yet.
Possibly over simplified, diamagnetic material opposes the development and paramagnetic material helps the development of a magnetic field. Ferromagnetic materials are like paramagnetic materials only the effects are very strong. I, my self would like to define antiferromagnetic materials as ferromagnetic only on diamagnetic materials but that isn't the case. Antiferromagnetic materials have their magnetic moments aligned in an antiparallel fashion in addition to being diamagnetic. Ferrimagnetic materials are like antiferromagnetic materials in that their magnetic moments align in an antiparallel fashion, but their moments have different magnitudes. Superparamagnetic materials are ferromagnetic particles in a nonferromagnetic matrix.
Typical diamagnetic materials are hydrogen, helium, copper, gold, silicon, germanium, graphite, and sulphur. Typical paramagnetic materials are Potassium, oxygen, and tungsten. Typical ferromagnetic materials are iron, nickel, and cobalt. A typical antiferromagnetic material is manganese oxide. Typical ferrimagnetic materials are iron oxide magnetite , nickel-zinc ferrite , and nickel ferrite . Obviously, not only elements exhibit magnetic properties but compounds do to.
Typical susceptibility figures for some common elements and their compound substances found in abundance on or in several planets: Iron & compounds 10,000 x 10^-6 cgs to 20,000 x 10^-6 cgs; Hydrogen & compounds -3.98 x 10^-6 cgs to -63 x 10^-6 cgs, Nickel & compounds 2,000 x 10^-6 cgs to 7,000 x 10^-6 cgs; Silicon & compounds -3 x 10^-6 cgs to -128 x 10^-6 cgs, Aluminum & compounds 16 x 10^-6 cgs to -320 x 10^-6 cgs. The problem with defining susceptibility is it changes with temperature, pressure, ionic state, and what it is mixed with. These values were measured at room temperature and pressure.
Susceptibility of a substance is like an amplification factor. A positive susceptibility would enhance the present magnetic field and a negative susceptibility could reverse it however a negative value would more than likely simply reduce the field.
The truth of the matter is that these magnetic material differences is not well understood. The only common link that all the authorities have in common is the magnetic moments were caused by both the obit of the electron and its spin. Other than the, is all subjective theory.
There is also an effect which allows a material to keep the magnetic field when the inducing magnetic field has been removed. The permeability of these materials is their ability to retain some of the magnetic field which was introduced to them. Since this is in effect a history of the material the term hysteresis was given to the characteristic. Iron is a material which has this characteristic. However, this characteristic decreases with temperature and is nonexistent in a molten material.
Magnetic susceptibility is at the atomic level and hysteresis is at the molecular level.
For the Earth's core there is no hysteresis because of the liquid and high temperature but, the material is still highly susceptible to magnetization from a moving electric field. The Iron at the Earth's surface however, is capable of hysteresis and susceptible to magnetization from a moving electric field.
The Earth's mantle is a Silicon, Oxygen, Aluminum, and Iron semi-liquid mixture. Oxygen's susceptibility varies dramatically with temperature and the elements around it. The Earth's mantle is more or less diamagnetic by volume with a weak susceptibility. But even a small percentage of Iron will out affect Silicon, Oxygen and Aluminum because Iron's susceptibility is more or less 10,000 times that of Si, O, or Al. The Earth's mantle is going to be subject to all sorts of magnetic anomalies due to its variation of materials.
A magnetic field is the vectored sum of all the fields present at any point. Generally, surface magnetic effects are the effect of various types of magnetic fields acting on the Earth's surface at any point. Magnetic fields outside the Earth will affect both the surface and interior magnetic action and magnetic moments. Magnetic field inside the Earth will affect both the surface and near field magnetic action and magnetic moments.
Faraday's work was quoted by James Clerk Maxwell edited by W.D. Niven and I'm using it again. I quote this work not because it is the foremost authority on electromagnetic systems but because both Faraday and Maxwell were trying to explain the Earth's magnetic system but couldn't put a name to the source. A lot of explanations were left out along with some detail. The book is two inches thick and I just don't have room.
The second problem I had with this is "should I embellish it with some of my own explanations?" Laws of electro-tonic nature:
Law I. The entire electro-tonic intensity round the boundary of an element of surfaces incases the quantity of magnetic induction which passes through that surface.
Law II. The magnetic intensity at any point is connected with the quantity of magnetic induction by a set of equations called equations of conduction.
Law III. The entire magnetic intensity round the boundary of any surface measures the quantity of electric current which passes thought that surface.
Law IV. The quantity and intensity of electric currents are connected by a system of equations of conduction.
Law V. The total electro magnetic potential of a closed current is measured by the product of the quantity of the current times the entire electro-tonic intensity in the same direction.
Law VI. The electro-motive force on any element of a conductor is measured by the instantaneous rate of change of the electro-tonic intensity on that element whether in magnitude or direction.
Equations of Magnetic force:
F, G, & H is electromagnetic momentum in the x, y, & z directions. The value of force will be given by , , & ; where , , & are magnetic intensity.
Equations of current:
The above and being the angle impact to the field. Ix, Iy, & Iz being where current exists and represent total current including true conduction and displacement currents.
Equations of electromotive force:
Above & = electric potential.
Where s is the displacement:
Equations of Emf intensity:
Where = electric displacement & k is a proportionality constant.
Equations of resistance:
Where p, q & r current due to true conduction & is a proportionality constant.
Equations of conductivity:
Where e being quantity of free electricity & above.
In a conductor of length l parallel to x axis where dx/dt, dy/dt, & dz/dt exist and ds/dt is velocity; where Quantity is:
the increments due to motion of conductor are:
the increments due to the lengthening are:
The total Emf from the current:
One complete chapter in the Scientific Papers of James Clerk Maxwell by Faraday was dedicated to the magnetics of a sphere within a magnetic field. I include one specific section on the affects of a conducting spherical shell revolving in a magnetic field because it is to point. Also, it was this chapter which led me to believe that Faraday was thinking "EARTH" rather than any old sphere. It was the use of the words Terrestrial Magnetism. The word terrestrial was used a lot. Now, Faraday's works were interpreted twice before I got them and I could be reading something into this that isn't there. But, I don't think so. I think Faraday was trying to get a point across.
The core is not only highly susceptible but a good conductor. Faraday's Force on a revolving spherical conduction shell in a magnetic field will cause a magnetic field because it generates a current.
This rendition of the affects of a conducting sphere revolving in a magnetic field is rather short. R is the radius of the shell and T is the thickness of the conducting area. The coefficient of resistance k used in this section is resistance to a magnetic field and not to the conduction of electrons. It turns out that k = 4 R P, where P is the internal magnetic pressure of the material which is a tensor. Such a pressure is responsible for a material being diamagnetic, paramagnetic, or ferromagnetic. The relationship of k is if k is larger than k' then the material is paramagnetic, and if k is smaller than k' then the material is diamagnetic. It seems that Faraday use I as his variable for total terrestrial magnetism, I'll use B because it fits with the first part of this chapter. Omega is a function of rotation and not necessarily angular velocity. As these formulas move to the end, it is seen that changes, thus a constant angular velocity it is not. X, Y, & Z are positions in space, , , & are electro-tonic functions at points x, y, & z. Bx, By, & Bz are symbolic magnetic quantity and intensity at xB, yB, & zB. Ex, Ey, & Ez are electric intensity at positions xe, ye, & ze. is the angle the spin vector has with B.
the Emf of:
The magnetic moment:
The axis along y is such that the magnetic field tends to turn back to the axis of x by electric tension. According to Faraday and some common sense a spinning in a loop tends to create a dipole which wants to align with the magnetic field. This is assuming the spin and field are not aligned to begin with. Another observation is that the current is opposite the direction of spin. This also stands to reason as the electrons are more mobile than the proton so they tend to slide backwards easier. This isn't to say the current is going backwards, it means that the current is a displacement current. Such a current would have a breaking affect on the sphere and that is given by:
As such, because it is a breaking force work must be done and work is:
The force - work relationship for a conducting sphere spinning in magnetic field is in part what the Earth is doing. As the magnetic field intensity goes up the breaking force goes up by the square factor. As the Earth gets closer to the Sun the spin would slow down. This is just the opposite of the affect from gravity. It turns out, this affect is more like what is happening with the Earth's spin.
Another part of this equation is that as the body gets larger the affect is larger. In the case of size, the affect is not just squared but cubed. Also, the Earth is not a conducting sphere with a defined thickness but a partially conducting spherical solid.
The last things which should be noted are the affects of angular velocity and the material's magnetic resistance. As both these change the affect is dependent upon the relative relationship between the two. To state this as a function of speed, assume both the angular velocity and k are 1, the result would be 1 times whatever the rest of the equation yielded. Now, increase both the speed and magnetic resistance by two times and the affect of the force halves. Whereas, if the angular velocity were doubled and the k factor remained the same then the change would be 2/5.
I believe this particular affect is seen with artificial satellites. Both the Russians and NASA had to compensate the satellites spin for reasons which didn't make sense. That is the force on the satellite changed from time to time, day to day, and moment to moment.
What would demonstrate this characteristic best is a drastic change in the electromagnetic medium of space. Early observations show that such an affect is present when a satellite undergoes a field altered by a magnetic storm on the Sun. Even satellites very close to the Earth are affected drastically by the Sun's magnetic changes. The following graph shows a measured spin anomaly of an orbiting satellite immediately after large solar flares.
Interesting enough, the early satellites were conducting spheres housing the electronics and they were set spinning in order to improve trajectory. Later model satellites tended to be totally different than metal spheres and they generally are stationary pointing some antenna toward Earth but the problem of stabilization still exists.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LAWS & THEOREMS
ONE HOT GLOB
THE SOLAR ENGINE


Hello ‘Team Kobo’
Surprisingly, two of my four Kobos are still functioning. One of them, however, will not wake up from sleep unless it is connected to a computer. The power button does nothing. As soon as it is plugged into a computer, it wakes up and asks if I want to connect. At that point it functions normally. Plugging it into a wall charger does not work of course, since it does not detect a connectable device to wake up for. Do you have any suggestions, or should I just wait for it fail and then throw it out?
First email to email@example.com on a new problem with Kobo #4. July 12th, 2013. Current Kobo count: 2 dead, 1 won’t wake up, 1 seems fine so far


“Digital Technology for Sustainable Society” (Digital Pops) exhibition
National Science Museum, July 4, 2022
The National Science Museum, in cooperation with the Ministry of Higher Education, set up an exhibition, “Digital Pops”, to promote the development and importance of digital technology to sustainable development of the country.
Chaiwat Thanakmanusorn, Minister of Digital Economy and society, said that, learning about digital technology is now necessary and is the cornerstone of the country, to drive the country with digital transformation. It is necessary for people to access and utilize digital technology appropriately, while moving forward to digital age steadily.
During the event, i-Edutech introduced A1, spot-like robot dog that can be used as a pet.
Introducing the A1
It has autonomous walking capabilities and recognizes the environment in which it is to avoid objects and can react quickly to unexpected events or obstacle. In fact, even when releasing it from a relative height, it manages to fall and stay upright.
There are different sensors and it has an integrated camera that allows you to transmit images to a smartphone. The same camera can also set a target to chase you wherever you go. A1 will start to follow you, its maximum speed is 11.8 km/h, at a lightened pace a human goes faster.
If you’d like to find out more about A1, please contact us now to arrange your FREE demo!


The Advanced Encryption Standard, or AES was introduced in 2001 as the replacement for the Data Encryption Standard (more commonly known as DES). AES is a public key, symmetric encryption algorithm. As of the 26 of May 2002, AES formally replaced DES. SLIGHTLY MORE IN DEPTH Unlike it’s predecessor, AES can be utilized in either 128, 192 or 256 bit forms. Unlike DES, AES has been based around the engineering principle of a substitution–permutation network. Block size is set to 128 bits, and it is currently the only cipher which has been approved for both public use and NSA top secret information when deployed in an appropriate cryptographic module. The details of AES definitions can be found as part of FIPS PUB 197: Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)and ISO/IEC 18033-3: Block ciphers. AES is also included under FIPS 140-2 by NIST.
In 2006, distributed.net proved the concept of brute force attacks against AES with a 64-bit RC5 key. Although this showed that brute force attacks are feasible against AES, the large key size makes this more or less not useful. Earlier, in 2002, a version called the XSL-attack was postulated by Nicolas Courtois and Josef Pieprzyk, but this mathematical hypothesis was shown to be infeasible in practice. Side channel attacks, man-in-the-middle attacks and known-distinguishing-key attacks have been all proven to have minimal use. The practicality of each of these is debatable, and currently, these attacks that would work against AES would work against any other form of strong encryption, specifically by taking advantage of artifacts used in the encryption process and user errors.


Revamped Photo Of The Earth Reminds Us How Smal
A famous photo taken of the Earth has been revamped with today 8217;s technology to give humans a better look at how small we really are within this vast universe.
「Pale Blue Dot」 was taken by the Voyager mission 30 years ago, on February 14, 1990, but the updated version used modern-day image-processing software to show the Earth in the context of its universe.
The image features scattered rays of sunlight through the vast blackness of space, and just off-center is a very tiny dot, which is Earth.
According to NASA, the revamped image almost didn’t happen, since it was captured just minutes before the Voyager cameras turned off to conserve energy. The Voyager 1 mission was the first and only spacecraft ever to take photographs of our solar system.
Comparing the first image of the 「Pale Blue Dot」 with the updated version shows how far we have come in terms of photography and technology in the past three decades. And comparing photos of our solar system taken after 「Pale Blue Dot」 shows precisely how far we’ve come in space exploration.标签：


January 21, 2021
Systems Modeling and Control
Introduction to control techniques. Dynamic analysis of linear feedback systems in the time and frequency domain, with emphasis on stability and steady-state accuracy. Includes modeling of electrical and mechanical systems; characterization of physical systems using linear, constant-coefficient differential equations and state-space models; Convolution using Laplace transform techniques; identification of system response using frequency response and Bode plots; specification of design criteria in the s-domain; and modification of system parameters to satisfy design requirements. MATLAB is used as simulation tools and as a computer interface for analysis and design.


Product name： Industrial RS-232 to 2 Ports RS-485 Converter with Isolation
● Standards: RS-232, RS-485, RS-422 TIA/EIA
●Automatic traffic direction control, no need external flow control signal (RTS), real TXD/RXD/GND communication
● Baud rate: 300bps-115.2Kbps
● Allows connecting 128 sets RS-485 or RS-422 device
● Transmission distance: 5,000m（9,600bps）
● Power: 9-30VDC/350mA
● Power & data flow indicator, failure detection
● Working mode: asynchronous half-duplex (RS-485)
●2.5KVrms/500VDC enhanced isolation, special DC/DC module, RS-485/422 provides each wire with 600W lighting ,surge & ±15KV ESD protection
● Connector: DB9 female to 10-pin terminal block
● Transmission media: twisted-pair or shielded cable
● Dimension: 117×80×25mm
● Operating temperature: -40℃ to 85℃
● Relative humidity: 5% to 95%
● Works with all communication software, plug & play
● Supports all operating system
UT-502 is an industrial level converter with optoelectronic isolation. It complies with RS-232C and RS-485 standards; it converts single side RS-232 signal to two balanced differential RS-422 or RS-485 signals. The built-in optoelectronic isolator can provide as high as 2,500Vrm isolated voltage; the fast instant voltage restraint is designed to protect two RS-422/RS-485 interfaces; it adopts advanced TVS (TRANSIENT VOLTAGE SUPPRESSOR) instant voltage restraint; normally, TVS tube is in high impedance state; when both sides of TVS tube suffer from high power impact in a sudden, the voltage restraint will fast lower the impedance from both sides, and absorb in big current; with this, the voltage on both sides are fixed at presupposed value, protects the component of circuit from damage. This voltage restraint provides 600W each wire with lightning and ESD protection, and surge voltage and instant overvoltage protection on circuit which causing by all reasons; the tiny interelectrode capacitance ensures high speed transmission for RS-485 ports. RS-232 port connects with RS-232C standard port by DB9 female connector; RS-485 adopts 10 bits terminal block as connector.
This converter is with built-in zero delay auto receiving and transmitting conversion and unique I/O circuit auto control data flow direction without any handshake signal (RTU, DTR); there is no need jumper wire setting for half duplex (RS-485) mode, plug & play. It is compatible with current communication software and hardware, no need to set the previous working mode which base on RS-232.
UT-502 optoelectronic isolated industrial converter provides connection for point to point, point to multipoint communication. For point to multipoint mode, each converter is allowed to connect 128 sets RS-485 devices with baud rate 300-115.2Kbps. The power and data flow indicators indicate the working status.


SMOK Nord Pod System Kit is a button-triggered pod system device. Powered by a built-in 1100mAh battery with 3ml replacement pod cartridge, it can fire up from 10W to 15W power range to offer you stable and superior vaping. It is equipped with two exclusive coils, Nord mesh 0.6ohm coils and 1.4ohm regular coil, one is perfect to get massive vapor; the other can offer excellent MTL experience. Its size is little bigger than Novo, more comfortable to hold in hand, no hassle of leaking, and the battery indicator will inform you at low voltage, it's a perfect device for your relax time.
Size: 94 x 30 x 18.8mm
Battery Capacity: 1100mAh (built-in)
Juice Capacity: 3ml
Input voltage: 3.3V-4.2V
Output wattage: 10W-15W
Charging current: 370mA
Charging voltage: 5V
Color: Full Black, Prism Gold, Bottle Green, Red, Prism Rainbow, Black White.
Coil: 0.6ohm mesh coil for sub ohm vaping
1.40ohm regular coil for MTL vaping
1x Nord Device
1x Usb Cable
1x 0.6ohm Mesh Coil for Subohm Vaping
1x 1.4ohm Regular Coil for MTL Vaping
Get the item you ordered or get your money back,30 days return policy
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The Sony Ericsson W910i is a 3G phone launched with a motive to serve its users with video calling and networking, using the latest networks such as HSDPA, GPRS and Bluetooth. This handset is capable of capturing exquisite pictures using its 2MP altruist camera. The mobile is available with several contract offers and online deals. This mobile is devoted to the welfare of its owner.
The 2 MP camera of the handset plays a vital role in video recording with a 2.5 x digital zoom. The pictures and videos can later be shared with friends and colleagues with the aid of technologies such as Bluetooth and cable cord. The mobile just needs to be connected with the cable cord to a laptop for hassle-free transfer of the files. However, Bluetooth can do it wirelessly. It is very easy to carry the mobile as the phone measures 99.0 x 50.0 x 12.0 mm and weighs 86.0 gms. The Sony Ericsson W910i is also good for entertainment as it can make use of the WAP browser to download 3D games with other means of entertainment such as video streaming and video viewing. The entertainment extends to other options as well such as FM radio where it is possible to remain updated with stories related to recent happenings and events. There is also a music player that plays on popular formats and functions with PlayNow and TrackID options.
Everything captured by the camera or downloaded from the net can be viewed on TFT colour screen that gives a resolution of 240×320 pixels. The memory of the camera phone is also amazing with 35 MB of internal memory, supported by a Memory Stick Micro that can support up to 4 GB. The battery of the mobile can render up to 350 hrs of standby time and 3.5 hrs to 9 hrs of talk time. So, with this battery support, one can carry the phone to any distant place but still remain connected as the mobile is GSM enabled. So, it becomes possible to send or receive messages and make calls from even remote locations.
Source by Alice Erin


Samsung Galaxy F62 is the new addition to Samsung’s Galaxy F series that has been launched in India today at a starting price of Ghc2,500.
The smartphone from Samsung features a 6.7 inches Super AMOLED display with a resolution of 1080 X 2340 pixels giving you an immersive viewing experience while watching movies or playing games. Furthermore, the phone’s bezel-less punch-hole front screen has a pixel density of 388PPI and an aspect ratio is 20:9.
Samsung Galaxy F62 will let you click some awesome pictures and capture stunning videos as the smartphone comes with a quad-camera setup on the rear. The phone comes with a 64 MP primary camera, a 12 MP ultrawide angle lens, a 5 MP macro shooter, and a 5 MP depth sensor. The camera setup comes with advanced features that include digital zoom, HDR mode, ISO control, auto flash, exposure compensation, and more. On the front, the smartphone from Samsung sports a 32 MP camera for taking selfies and making video chats.
You will experience a faster and lag-free performance on Samsung Galaxy F62 as will be equipped with the Samsung Exynos 9 octa 9611 chipset and an Octa-core, Quad-core 2.3GHz, Cortex A73 + Quad-core 1.7GHz Cortex A53 processor. It will help in multitasking, uninterrupted access to multiple apps, and playing intense graphics games. In addition to this, the mobile comes with a RAM capacity of 6GB and 8GB, and internal storage will be 128GB in both variants that will assist you in saving all your files of music, songs, videos, games, and more without any space restrictions.
You will have a clutter-free user experience on the Samsung Galaxy F62 as it runs One UI 3.1 which is based on the Android 11 operating system and it is powered by a massive 7000 mAh non-removable battery that will support proprietary fast charging. Hence, the battery of the phone will last for a longer period of time and will not exhaust in the middle of a task.
Samsung Galaxy F62 comes with numerous connectivity options that include 4G (supports Indian bands), 3G, 2G, Wi-Fi 802.11, b/g/n, mobile hotspot, Bluetooth, GPS with A-GPS, and USB charging. Sensors on the phone include a light sensor, accelerometer, proximity sensor, fingerprint sensor, and compass. Besides, Samsung Galaxy F62 is a dual SIM smartphone that is available in Laser Green, Laser Grey, and Laser Blue color options.
MTN Fibre Broadband: Bundle Price, How To Buy Data & Check Balance
MTN Fibre Broadband launched its Fibre Broadband services in 2016 to provide cheaper and faster (high speed) internet access to homes, corporate institutions, and small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs).
Connect your home and office to reliable and super-fast internet with MTN Fiber broadband. Visit https://t.co/DPX4Em81sk to request or sign up for MTN broadband services. #WeDey4U #MTNFiberbroadband pic.twitter.com/xqElBgayK2
— MTN Ghana (@MTNGhana) January 27, 2021
- MTN will string Fibre optic cables from our nearest network point to customer location (home or office)
- Install a router (CPE) at customer premises and connect to Fibre
- Configure the CPE/router for internet access
- Customer can connect via CPE/Router Wi-Fi or cable (RJ45)
MTN Fibre Broadband is a high-speed Internet service that can be used at home or in the office. You can use the service to browse the internet. On-demand TV and video streaming… Enjoy clearer video calls and so much more at a super high speed.
- Dial *5057# on your linked MTN Number.
- Select option 3 – “Check balance”
- Choose your account from the list of account that comes up.
- You will receive a prompt showing the bundle you have as well as the bonus bundle and airtime on your MTN Turbonet
You Should Avoid These 5 Common Phone Charging Mistakes
If you want your phone battery to last longer, you must avoid these charging mistakes at all costs.
Many phone users tend to complain that their device’s batteries discharge quickly. They also typically blame the product manufacturer for this issue; however, the manufacturer isn’t always at fault.
Avoid waiting for your battery to reach a critically low level before charging. The effect of this on your phone battery is not immediate, but over time it begins to manifest and it eventually stresses out your phone battery (yes, batteries get stressed too) and shortens the battery life.
Keeping your phone case on while charging
Your phone typically emits heat when charging. To avoid exposing your device to ambient temperatures, it’s advisable to remove the phone case while charging your phone so that the heat emitted from your phone while charging can escape. This way you can prevent your device from becoming hotter and potentially overheating when charging.
You should mind where you charge your phone, because not doing so can negatively affect your battery capacity. Phones have a temperature range they can function normally and charging your phone in a hot area can raise the temperature and stress the battery out.
The least you’ll sleep throughout the night is most likely going to be between 5 to 8 hours, your smartphone battery typically only needs 2 to 3 hours to fully charge. Charging your phone overnight, constantly stresses your phone battery each night.
Plugging whatever charger fits
This especially applies to smartphones. Most smartphones use a micro USB for its chargers and for this reasons most people tend to switch and swap chargers since it fits into and works on their phones. However, this is not appropriate and in the long run it can negatively affect your phone battery.
Check Out The Latest Mobile Phones Launched In April 2021
Now that the dust has settled from March Madness, it is time to turn our attention to what April 2021 has in store for us.
While the releases may not be as high-profile as those seen in March, we will see a number of interesting devices, including the Realme 8 5G, iQOO 7, Samsung Galaxy M42 5G, and OPPO F19.
However, the majority of the April releases are low-cost smartphones, such as the Realme C20, Realme C21, Realme C25, Nokia G10, Nokia X10, Nokia X20, Samsung Galaxy F12, Galaxy M12, and Galaxy F02s.
Finally, there are the Vivo V21, Vivo V21 Pro, and Vivo V21 SE. Let’s take a look at some of the smartphones that will be available in April 2021.
- Xiaomi Mi 11 Ultra
Xiaomi surprised everyone by announcing that the Mi 11 Ultra would be released in India on April 1st, of all days. It is, as the name suggests, Xiaomi’s most powerful smartphone to date. It has a 6.81-inch 1440p AMOLED display with a refresh rate of 120Hz. It is HDR10+, Dolby Vision certified, and has a layer of Gorilla Glass Victus on top to protect it.
The Qualcomm Snapdragon 888 chipset is paired with up to 12GB RAM and 512GB internal storage. The phone has a 5,000mAh battery and supports 67W fast wired and wireless charging.
The Xiaomi Mi 1 Ultra also has a second screen on the back that can serve as a viewfinder for the cameras, among other things.
We previously learned that the Samsung Galaxy F02s will be powered by a Qualcomm Snapdragon 450 SoC with 3GB of RAM, Android 10 OS, and an HD+ display.
We can anticipate three rear camera sensors, including a 13MP primary sensor, a 2MP macro camera, and a 2MP depth sensor, as well as a 5MP selfie camera. It will most likely be powered by a 5,000mAh battery with 15W fast charging support.
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Software & Systems
The full range of accessories give you the option of either, wired or wireless PC and PLC integration via an Analogue or Serial output, wireless overload notification and the ability to increase wireless range and coverage via an active repeater/signal booster module. All of our system solutions and accessories are in stock and are ready for quick delivery to anywhere in the world.
Wireless Centre of Gravity Software – WCOGS
Our wireless centre of gravity system uses telemetry compression load cells and a simple to use but powerful software package to analyse individual load cell loads in real-time and print / save a full centre of gravity analysis report. Between 3-8 load cells of the same capacity can be used an any one time. The system combines an extremely intuitive windows based software package and the industry transforming Wireless compression load cells to create a time saving, cost effective and user friendly system for confirmation of mass and the calculation of centre of gravity. The system can weigh and calculate centre of gravity on objects and structures weighing anywhere from 20 tons to 4000 tons.
Datalogging Software SW-MWLC
The software for Windows PC’s allows up to 24 of our wireless load cells (Radiolink or Wireless load shackles) to be viewed and logged cable free to a CSV. file. You can configure the number of loadcells (max24) and set extra channels to sum data for record peaks etc. These configurations can be saved and re-loaded at any time.


Dell OptiPlex computers are solid and reliable. The Dell OptiPlex ranges are among the best in the business, the computers are aimed at enterprise, government and education markets. The Dell OptiPlex range typically contains Intel CPU’s, beginning with the Pentium and core microarchitecture.
The Dell computer range offers efficiency without limits, ideal for education environments, call centres and busy businesses. The Dell OptiPlex desktop computers come with reliability and space saving benefits. They are easy to maintain and mount. Essential for pushing productivity.
There are many different computers within the Dell OptiPlex range, all are equipped with Intel core processors, and the security features within this range are the best, easier and faster than some others on the market. Speak to a computer specialist to advise you on choosing the right one that works best for you and your needs.
The Dell OptiPlex 3050 and 3060 computers are best for business based environments; they are fast and dependable computers.
The Dell OptiPlex 5050 and 5060 are upgrades from the Dell 5040. The 5050 and 5060 have a professional look and give you the pace and power you need.
The Dell OptiPlex 7050 and 7060 has 6 external USB’s, a universal audio jack, HDMi and display port, this will also come with Windows 10 pro.
Dell OptiPlex all in one computer are sleek, have a compact look, they are powerful and fast. The Dell OptiPlex all in one range has the power of a normal desktop unit or laptop, however, it takes up less space, easy to carry with a telescopic viewing pivot.


ESD Mat is of the highest standard & quality for all applications.
- Upper Layer Electrical Resistance = 10 MΩ.
- Bottom Layer Electrical Resistance = .001 MΩ.
- Black conductive layer forms good anti-slip layer on bench.
- Easy to clean dissapative surface.
- Continuous run should be grounded at 1.8m intervals, grounding hardware to be ordered separately.
- Available in grey, blue and green.
- 600mm x 10m
- 900mm x 10m
- 1200mm x 10m


Welcome in the Mario Viara’s site
There are some software that you might find useful, I wrote them during my long programmers life. All the software are available with source for free. If you have any question or suggestions please email me at mario at viara dot cn . If you find the software useful or interesting, please let me know.
- Ansi32 WIN32 Terminal emulator that can emulate a Linux console
This useful program is a complete telnet ANSIX364 emulator, written in c++, for the Win32 Environment, if used at full screen can emulate completely one Linux box console. I’m a « dos prompt lover » and I use this emulator from many year. Can be compiled
with Microsoft Visual C or OpenWatcom.
The most important characteristics are :
- Serial terminal
- Multi screen support (ALT-F1 to ALT-F10)
- Function key support (F1..F12 with SHIFT and CTRL)
- Transparent printing on selectable devices
- SCOANSI Compatibility mode
- Xterm compatibility
- Qwanturank algorithme
- VT100 compatibility mode
- Linux compatibility mode (partial)
- Support for RFC1091
- Support for RFC1073
- And more …
For use ANSI32 with a Linux box the better emulation is the Xterm or SCOANSI and is tested with :
A sample Midnight commander session under Linux
- Fci BBS Fossil driver my first shareware online from 1994
Fci is a fossil driver used to connect modem to the BBS. Today is obsolete but the source can be interesting to everyone that need to write a device driver for the PC Uart. To be compiled is necessary the Microsoft Masm. I’m sorry but the remark are all
an Italian. I write this software because in the 1994 I was the owner of the STAR BBS of Cuneo 2:334/[email protected] Also FCI have a little place in the Official BBS FAQ.
- J80 Another Z80/CPM/Spectrum emulator
J80 is one Z80 Emulator written in JAVA with included a standard BIOS for complete Microcomputer with working CP/M 2.2, CP/M 3.0 and one simple ZX Spectrum 48/128K emulator. The spectrum 128K version emulation is not complete but working. The best gol
of this emulator is that the ‘hardware’ is build on the fly reading the configuration form one file in this way is very simple add new peripheral or features. For more details see the documentation. It is possible download more CP/M program
J80 is « hardware compatible » with YAZE another Z80 emulator written in C.
Java runtime 1.2 or later
Spectrum 48k with Pacman and Speaker support !
- NVTCom Java library for RFC2217 terminal server
NVTCom is a library to access using java RFC2217 devices, the class hide all the overhead of the telnet protocol and the special options for setting the serial port. In java is very difficult to access serial device with this library is possible connect
serial device to one terminal server and access the device from the network. The package contains both binary and source code.
NVTCom as been tested with the following hardware/software terminal server :
Kermit sredir 2.2.0
But I think work with any compatible RFC2217 terminal server because I use this class in one my project from many years.
Java runtime 1.2 or later
- Diseqc Diseqc 1.2 positioner for DC Motor
A Diseqc 1.2 compatible positioner for old 24/36V DC Motor positioner.
The last year I have decide to change my old analog satellite receiver, one old Chaparral MC115 with a new one ASTON 2000. But also I want to use my old DC Motor and the ASTON can only move Diseqc motor.
To solve the problem, with a friend Diego Bertolotti we have made a converter that understand the Diseqc Protocol and directly move the 36 V DC Motor using a single Philips Micro controller 87LPC764.
Now t the prototype is fully tested and we have decide to public the software and the electrical schematic. You can also test the software with J51 one java 8051 emulator.
- JTS RFC2217 compliant Java terminal server
JTS is one terminal server compliant with the RFC2217 specification and can be used to build a modem pool shared over the LAN. Before install the server you must install e configure the javax.comm package. The package for win32 and Solaris can be found
in the sun site, for Linux many implementation are available one is the rxtx. For test purpose this package can be used with the NVTCom library.
Java runtime 1.2 or later
JTS has been tested with the following application :
- NVTCom library
- HW Virtual Serial Port
- Tactical software serial redirector
- DirSync Directory Synchronizer for Win32 and Linux
DirSync is a Directory Synchronizer. This utility take two arguments — the source directory and the destination directory — and recursively ensures that the two directories are identical. DirSync can be used to create incremental copies of large chunks
of data. For example, if your file server’s contents are in the directory /data, you can make a copy in a directory called /backup with the command « dirsync /data /backup. »
The first time you run dirsync, all data
will be copied. When you issue the command again, though, only the changed files are copied. Both source code and an executable for Win32 and Linux are included in the distribution. Also it is possible compile dirsync for MS-DOS environment
with OpenWatcom. It’s very simple to compile DirSync for other Unix-like systems, too. Because the program works in all Win32 environments, you can run it with WinNt, Win2K and WinXP.
- RT Free Realtime embedded Operating system
RT is one free realtime operating system with very little hardware depending part ..
- Hard real-time multi threading
- Support for semaphore and mutual exclusion
- User definable priorities from 001 to 254
- Fast memory allocation
- Free compiler
- Serial port interrupt drivert
- Serial console
- Darknet Tor
- Sample application
- And more …
GNUARM c compiler.
Tested board Philips LPC2148 andKeil MCB2140 evaluation board.
Embedded filesystem library
LPC214X USB stack
SDCC compiler tested
Tested on : J51 emulator.
- Download Direct connection to download area
- Personal Some information about me
Me few year ago . . . .
Here the most important project where I was involved in the past.
1986 Network device driver for a Z80 based microcomputer running Turbodos.
1988 IBM Compatible BIOS for AT3 clone.
1989 Serial Floppy disk unit based over Nec V25 and Kermit protocol.
1990 Floppy disk driver for generic disk
format on IBM pc AT controller.
1991 Industrial control of extrusion unit base over 80386/80387 and Intel IRMK.
1993 Software for one eolic electrical generator prototype. (MEDIT)
1994 A MSDOS Fossil driver my first shareware
1995 Part of the software for the Neurolab project of the NASA.
1997 Flash Translation Layer IDE compatible interface.
1999 Device driver for radio controlled clock for Novell Netware and SCO Unix.
2000 Amd ELAN SC310
and Pharlap ETS based magnetic card reader..
2002 Application software for Rabbit 2000 based board.
2003 Terminal server compatible RFC2217 over Rabbit 2000 based board.
2004 DISEQC 1.2 positioner for DC motor.
device driver for ETRAX Cpu.
2005 Hi speed multi point network for Philips LPC900 family.
2005 Serial UART over I2C network
2006 Wave player over I2C for ETRAX based system.
2006 Industrial PC running Pharlap ETS over
AMD ELAN SC310
From some months I’m the owner of one fantastic red Ducati ST3 2005. Equipped with Motorola A1000 running WayFinder.. now also I have installed TomTom
- Museum CP/M 80 software museum with many utilities
This page is dedicated to the CP/M operating system, why CP/M ? the answer is very simple first is the the first « operating system » for personal computer and also I write my first program in BASIC-80 on Philis P2500 one CP/M 2.2 system.
I’m looking for the Turbodos system from Software 2000 if someone have still tthis software please contact me.


The world of asset integrity management is evolving rapidly – both from a technical and a business perspective. The result is a growing need for next-generation intelligent and connected asset management capabilities using digital technologies such as IoT, machine learning, digital twins, and access to a “single source of truth.”
In this webinar, we will present Cognite Remote, a configurable, high-fidelity, holistic 3D digital twin application. Cognite Remote provides the best way to locate, navigate, and understand the data ingested into and contextualized in Cognite Data Fusion.
Key takeaways include:
- Preview emerging technologies such as 3D digital twins, photogrammetry, 3D modeling, and contextualization of point clouds
- Learn how emerging technologies can be applied to your operations to deliver business value through improved workflows
- Understand why data access and contextualization are critical components for successful digital application development


This article is about hologram technology and augmented reality. We will be discussing the benefits of hologram technology as well as the benefits of augmented reality.
First we will have a look at the benefits of hologram technology.
What is hologram technology?
Hologram technology is basically a technology in which a 3D calculation can be sighted without making use of any particular tools for instance cameras or spectacles.
What are the benefits of hologram technology?
Following are the benefits of hologram technology Dubai.
- There are times when you want images of high quality. For this purpose, hologram technology is beneficial as it makes images of high quality. Such kind of images are visible easily by the eyes.
- Hologram technology is also beneficial for designers as with hologram technology the designers can make pictures and drawings.
- Hologram technology is economical. It is economical in way that the effects of holograms are made in large amounts instead of one or two effects. Due to these large amounts, it is economical as well as time saving. Industries are using hologram technology because of this particular benefit.
Now, let us have a look at the benefits of augmented reality.
What is augmented reality?
Augmented reality is basically a connected event of the physical world surroundings where the items that live in the physical world are intensified by the affective information generated by the computer.
What are the benefits of augmented reality?
Following are the benefits of augmented reality.
- Augmented reality has made learning great. Some classes are boring and students get sleepy in such classes but with augmented reality things have changed. The theories of sets and reasoning is done through animations which makes classes interactive.
- Sometimes giving tests on workbooks can be least interesting. Augmented reality has designed apps where students can give tests with fun.
- Augmented reality has proven to be a guide for the teachers as it assists the teachers throughout the session and also helps the students to learn technology.
I hope you have understand the benefits of hologram technology and augmented reality.
If you want to take benefits of augmented reality and if you live in Dubai especially then there are augmented reality companies in Dubai you can contact to take benefits of augmented reality.


Established in 1985, Maxion Electronic Co., Ltd is the professional manufacturer of dimmable LED driver, mains voltage dimmable LED lamp, low voltage dimmable LED lamp, dimmers, electronic transformer, electronic dimmable transformer, electronic dimmer, ballast for fluorescent, and etc. In 2010, Maxion in Taiwan was founded as sales division of Maxion providing lighting solutions to customers, marketing KY’s products in domestic and global markets, providing trading services and developing new products and materials.
We are well-known and appreciated at world level for the best quality and innovative designs with patents.
Our factories are ISO certificated and every product complies with, or exceeds relevant European, US and other approval standards. With outstanding R & D team and abundant resource, we accept OEM and ODM according to the customers' requirements. The turnover of over ten million units per year is an attestation to our core strengths of technology, efficiency and reliability.


The value of industry cnc parts in every manufacturing industries is growing. Industrial robots have replaced people in a multitude of industries. Robots out perform humans in jobs which need precision, speed, endurance and reliability. Robots safely perform dirty and dangerous jobs. Traditional manufacturing robotic applications include material handling (pick and set), assembling, painting, welding, packaging, palletizing, product inspection and testing. Industrial robots are being used in a diverse selection of industries including automotive, electronics, medical, food production, biotech, pharmaceutical and machinery.
The ISO concise explanation of a manipulating industrial robot is “an automatically controlled, reprogrammable, multipurpose manipulator”. Based on the definition it may be fixed set up or mobile to use in industrial automation applications. These industrial robots are programmable in three or higher axes. These are multi-functional items which can be custom-built and programmed to carry out a number of operations.
The most important great things about industrial robots is they could be designed to suit industry specific requirements and will work continuously for several years, consistently meeting high manufacturing quality standards. The economic life span of any industrial robot is around 12-16 years. Because of the persistent accuracy industrial robots have become an indispensable component of manufacturing.
Industrial robots are classified into different categories according to their mechanical structure. The key groups of industrial robots are:
Gantry (Cartesian) Robot: They may be stationary robots having three components of motion. They work from an overhead grid with a rectangular work envelope. They can be mainly utilized to perform ‘pick and place’ actions. Gantry robots have got all their axes above the work leading them to be also ideal for dispensing applications.
SCARA Robots: (Selectively Compliant Articulated Robot Arm) These robots have 4 axes of motion. They move within an x-y-z coordinated circular work envelope. They are utilised for proximity sensor requiring pick and set work, application and assembly operations and handling machine tools.
Articulated robots: An articulated robot has rotary joints. It may have from two to ten or even more interactive joints. Articulated robots are well suited to welding, painting and assembly.
Basic industrial robot designs could be customized with incorporating different peripherals. End effectors, optical systems, and motion controllers are necessary accessories. End effectors would be the end-of-arm-tooling (EOAT) connected to robotic arms. Grippers or wrenches that are widely used to move or assemble parts are examples of end effectors. End effectors are hc03bt and used to sense and connect with the external environment. The end effectors’ design depends on the application form requirements of your specific industry. Machine Vision systems are robotic optical systems. They are built-on digital input/output devices and computer networks utilized to control other hc152t-sz including robotic arms. Machine vision is used for your inspection of manufactured goods for example semiconductor chips. Motion controllers are employed to move robots and position stages smoothly and accurately with sub-micron repeatability.


AIS data is transmitted using GMSK modulation, filtered to fit within the confines of a 25kHz channel mask (see image below). Data sent out side of this mask is liable to be lost and anot be received by other AIS devices operating within the AIS system. Transmitting data within this mask, ensures the integrity of the AIS system and enasures all data is received.
In figure 1, the data isd sent within the mask (the lines that surround the radio wave. all of this data will be received by other AIS devices.
In figure 2, some of the data is sent outside the mask, which will not be received by other AIS devices in range.
For 'Class B' operation, the channel mask is specified for a slotted transmission burst, and so includes, and accounts for, the effects of transients at the beginning and end of the data burst.


What is it?
The Heartbleed Bug is a serious vulnerability in the popular OpenSSL cryptographic software library. This weakness allows stealing the information protected, under normal conditions, by the SSL/TLS encryption used to secure the Internet. SSL/TLS provides communication security and privacy over the Internet for applications such as web, email, instant messaging (IM) and some virtual private networks (VPNs).
The Heartbleed bug allows anyone on the Internet to read the memory of the systems protected by the vulnerable versions of the OpenSSL software. This compromises the secret keys used to identify the service providers and to encrypt the traffic, the names and passwords of the users and the actual content. This allows attackers to eavesdrop on communications, steal data directly from the services and users and to impersonate services and users.
With SensePost's Heartbleed exploit script (heartbleed-poc.py) we can steal RAM from the vulnerable OpenSSL server: https://github.com/sensepost/heartbleed-poc
Nmap scan for vulnerability
nmap -p 443 --script ssl-heartbleed www.test.com
Pull RAM from OpenSSL server potentially showing sensitive data
heartbleed-poc.py -f /home/student/dump.bin www.test.com| less