Payment & Shipping Terms:
|Temperature:||6000K||Applications:||LED Fog Lamps|
|Life Time:||30000+ Hour||HS Code:||8512201000|
|Material:||Diecast Aluminum Housing||Application:||LED Fog Lamps|
automotive led bulbs,
toyota tacoma headlight bulb
2018 newly Square LED fog light with light ring, Car LED Fog Lighting, Auto LED fog light Twi-Fl-75
1.Perfect heat dissipation design,long life reaching up to 30000hours,good vibration resistance and stalble emitting.
2.Quite easily finished 100% non-destructive installation byeveryone.
3.Use high grade quality LED chip,real working brightness can ve over 2200LM.
4.The focal size according to the original lamp,so the light efect can reach the most perfect.
5.Newest intelligent LED drive and Lumileds CSP chip with outstanding technology,make sure the quality is highly stable.
6. +&- automatic conversion,no need to distinguish when installed.
7.All products will be done with strictly test(including 90mins high temperature aging test).
8. 360°adjustable socket to get better light pattern.
Product quick details
|Type||LED fog light|
|Other Name||Newly led fog lamp|
|Life Span||30000H LENS|
|Place of Origin||Jiangsu,China(mainland)|
|Size for production|
Auto LED Fog Light Car Fog Light (9005-015W3535)
1: Type: Car fog LED lamp
2: Socket: 9005, 9006, H8, H11, H4, H7
3: LED quantity: 15PCS SAMSUNG3535 LED
4: Voltage: AC10-30V
5: Power: 8.3W
6: Dimension: 66.7*18MM
7: View Angle: 360°
8:Packing:anti-static bag or blister card
9:Shipping style:DHL,TNT,Fedex,by sea.
1. PRO-environment, energy conservation;
2. Shockproof, impact-proof;
3. Pure color, beautiful appearance;
4. Longer life, The average life expectancy is 50000 hours;
5. High speed reaction, it can shine in microsecond;
6. High quality of light ray, no radiation
7. Easy for installation.
Usage: Used in car fog LED lamp, fog lamp, LED fog light, LED fog lamp, car LED lamp, Automotive LED light, automotive LED lighting, auto LED lamp, LED auto lamp, LED car bulb, LED car lamp, car LED bulb, car LED lighting, LED bulb light, LED car light, Car LED Light Bulb,led automobile light,led automobile lamp,led automobile bulb,led vehicle light,vehicle led light,led vehicle bulb,led vehicle lamp.led light,led lamp,led bulb,led light,led lighting.
Contact Person: Mr. Zhang


How Much Does GPS Fleet Tracking with a Camera Cost?
Tracking fleet vehicles and drivers can take work, especially with large fleets. Find out the benefits of using GPS fleet tracking with a car-mounted camera.
GPS fleet tracking with a mounted camera can make it easier to manage your large mobile fleet.
With this technology, you can protect your company and your employees in the event of an accident. You can also use the tech to protect your business from fraud. In addition, GPS tracking along with video proof hold drivers accountable for their actions.
For these reasons, it’s a worthwhile investment to equip your fleet with GPS tracking systems and software with one or more onboard cameras.
Why You Need GPS Fleet Tracking
Today, you can’t afford to not invest in GPS tracking and video surveillance if you operate a vehicle fleet. The video proof alone can provide your company with irrefutable evidence during a fraud attempt or accident.
Today, malicious actors target commercial vehicles frequently. These individuals are looking for a quick payday. With video proof, however, you can undermine their best effort.
Furthermore, you can use a fleet management system to make data-driven decisions. Ultimately, commercial GPS equipment can help your company to save time and money.
By choosing a GPS with a camera, you can maintain comprehensive records. You’ll have detailed insights into important facts, such as route reporting as well as driver speed and behavior.
You shouldn’t let a driver’s erratic behavior put your company at risk. Nor should you let idle time eat away at your profits.
GPS and dashcam equipment can help you to avoid these kinds of problems. They can also help you to make data-informed decisions. Most importantly, these technologies can help you to boost your bottom line.
A GPS and camera compel drivers to improve their driving behavior. With a dashcam, it’s like you’re driving along with your employees every mile of their routes.
Tracking Camera Recording Capabilities
For this reason, they’re better suited for commercial use. However, these systems also protect your equipment.
There are a few things that make commercial systems different from consumer devices. For instance, commercial GPS setups are a permanent installation. This feature is the biggest difference between consumer and commercial GPS and video recording systems.
Also, commercial GPS and camera systems come on automatically when the driver powers on the vehicle. Along with a hardwired installation, you’ll always have footage of driver activities with this feature. For this reason, there’s no need to worry about drivers forgetting to start recording.
These systems also log drivers’ movements automatically. Accordingly, you’ll also always have detailed information about your driver’s activities.
Commercial GPS and camera systems also feature loop recording. This feature stores video and logistics information continually.
At some point, the memory card will get full. When this happens, the system will start recording over the top of the oldest information. Resultantly, you’ll have logistics information and footage for every mile that your workers drive.
Choosing Tracking Camera Features
A commercial dashcam and camera are different from a consumer offering. This set up has certain features that make them appropriate for commercial use.
For example, it’s important to choose a GPS and cam system with a lockable memory card cover. With this feature, only you can unlock the memory card using the key.
With personal systems, the GPS typically draws 12 V power from a connection inside the cabin. With a commercial system, however, you should opt for a system with a built-in hardwire harness. This feature will keep unauthorized operators from disabling the power connection.
You should also look for a system with GPS logging when choosing a system for commercial use. A GPS logging system records vehicles’ speed and location. It will store the information along with the dashcam footage on the system memory card.
Finally, you’ll want to look for a GPS and video system that has a parking mode. In most cases, your staff members aren’t using your vehicles 24 hours a day. This feature will kick in if someone damages or attempts to burglarize one of your fleet vehicles while they’re unattended.
The following are a few of the top commercial GPS fleet tracking and video recording systems on the market.
AVIC Elite Professional GPS Dashcam
The AVIC Elite Professional GPS Dashcam is a cutting-edge, commercial-grade GPS and video recording solution. It’s ideal for commercial fleets and service professionals. The combo is a hardwired solution.
The system features a high-resolution camera. It also comes with a locking memory card cover.
You’ll also get a built-in antenna with the AVIC Elite Professional GPS Dashcam. The system is a reliable workhorse that can withstand the rigors of field operation.
You can purchase the AVIC Elite Professional GPS Dashcam for around $269.99.
BlackVue DR750S-1CH GPS Wi-Fi Dashcam
With the BlackVue DR750S-1CH GPS Wi-Fi Dashcam, you’ll have access to a high powered, commercial-grade GPS and camera combo. The system records in 1080 dpi resolution. The HD recording feature is rare among commercial GPS fleet video systems.
Furthermore, the camera records exceptionally well, even in low light conditions. Also, the system features overwrite protection. With this feature, you can prevent up to 50 events from getting overwritten.
In addition, the BlackVue DR750S-1CH GPS Wi-Fi Dashcam offers a scheduled reboot feature. With this feature, you can ensure that your GPS and dashcam system is always running smoothly.
The BlackVue DR750S-1CH GPS Wi-Fi Dashcam costs about $239.99.
BlackVue DR750S-2CH-Truck GPS Dashcam With Infrared Lens
The BlackVue DR750S-2CH-Truck GPS Dashcam with Infrared Lens is another great offering from BlackVue. However, this system comes with a two-camera setup.
Also, you can access the system using a remote Wi-Fi connection. Alternatively, you can connect with the system using cloud services or a third-party Wi-Fi hotspot.
With the BlackVue DR750S-2CH-Truck GPS Dashcam with Infrared Lens, you’ll always have access to up-to-date speed and log information. Furthermore, it’s a durable system. It comes with a waterproof rear camera with infrared LEDs.
The BlackVue DR750S-2CH-Truck GPS Dashcam with Infrared Lens is a great system for CDL drivers. You can purchase the system for your fleet for around $449.99 each.
SmartWitness CP2-LTE 2-Channel Fleet Dash Cam GPS
SmartWitness is another top commercial GPS and camera manufacturer. Their CP2-LTE 2-Channel Fleet Dash Cam GPS is one of the most advanced two-channel commercial systems around.
The system comes with 4G LTE video transmission capability. It also features a built-in data drive and GPS tracking.
With the CP2-LTE 2-Channel Fleet Dash Cam GPS, you can monitor driver’s activities easily. You can also purchase an extra camera to monitor activity inside the cabin.
The SmartWitness CP2-LTE 2-Channel Fleet Dash Cam GPS also provides advanced metrics. As an example, you can use the system to monitor and record vehicle location as well as the impact force during an accident.
The system also records in-cabin audio as well as details about employees’ driving style such as acceleration, braking, speed, and steering. The SmartWitness CP2-LTE 2-Channel Fleet Dash Cam GPS starts at around $564.99.
SmartWitness CRX 4G Fleet Video and Data Recording System
The CRX 4G Fleet Video and Data Recording System is another top commercial offering from SmartWitness. The system offers HD CCTV recording for up to eight cameras. It’s an effective way to monitor and manage your fleet remotely.
The SmartWitness CRX 4G Fleet Video and Data Recording System is a top-of-the-line GPS video recording system. For this reason, you’ll need to contact a retailer directly for a price quote.
Improved Asset Management With Fleet Tracking Software
It’s helpful to know the location of your vehicles. However, it’s even more beneficial to use data to get an overall view of your operation.
A commercial GPS and camera system can make keeping track of your fleet easy. It can also make the process of evaluating GPS data manageable.
With the right software, you can perform all fleet management activities using one convenient tool. Furthermore, you can use the system to make informed decisions using real-time data.
The cost of fleet tracking software varies depending on the size of your fleet. For example, you might pay $36 to $55 per month for each vehicle that you track.
Also, your set up fees can cost anywhere from free to $30 for each vehicle. Furthermore, the hardware costs for each vehicle could start at $269.99 and go higher depending on the equipment that you purchase.
However, the equipment will pay for itself over time. What you’ll save in fuel consumption alone is worth the investment.
Start Your Search Today!
Now you know more about the costs of GPS fleet tracking with a camera. What you need now is an easy way to compare equipment suppliers.
Price It Here is the business platform where everyone wins. Whether you need commercial GPS tracking or office equipment, you can find it on our website. We offer a wealth of categories to help you fulfill the needs of your business.
Browse our directory now to save up to 40% on equipment costs simply by filling out a single form.


Kisha Gulley was once kicked out of a Facebook group for mothers with autistic children after a c...Read More
In today’s today’s business world, the cyber attack surface is massive, and it’s just becoming worse. Because AI and machine learning can swiftly scan billions of data sets and hunt down a wide range of cyber dangers, from malware to shady behavior that could lead to a phishing attack, they are becoming increasingly essential in cyber security.
Artificial intelligence (AI) is an area of computer science that focuses on programming computers to perform activities that people do instinctively or through learning. It uses machine learning to implement cyber security, in which AI finds patterns in data that may be utilized to predict future attacks against a company. Artificial Intelligence, on the other hand, has been around for much longer than most people believe. Artificial intelligence (AI) is a branch of computer science that focuses on developing intelligent machines that function and behave like people, including learning, problem-solving, reasoning, and self-correction.
Artificial intelligence (AI) is altering the cyber security landscape. Companies and security analysts with limited resources in this area can use AI technology to address this threat with confidence and speed, allowing them to become more cyber-resilient.
Information theft, identity theft, and computer network paralysis are some of the most prevalent targets of malicious software in the business world. Companies are accumulating increasingly sensitive data in their hyper connected information systems, which work hand in hand with data from critical partners to propel the digital economy forward.
Artificial intelligence (AI) is assisting under-resourced security operations analysts in staying ahead of threats by curating threat intelligence from millions of academic papers, blogs, and news stories as cyber attacks expand in volume and complexity. Using complicated algorithms, AI systems are being trained to recognize malware, perform pattern recognition, and detect even the tiniest characteristics of malware or ransomware attacks before they reach the system. Large corporations have previously been victims of security breaches, but the digital transition has rendered businesses of all sizes vulnerable to cybercrime. As a result, every firm should think about and invest in Cyber Security to protect their data.
AI handles multiple cyber security procedures that could wheel down your cyber security worker, while replicating the best of human features and ignoring the shortcomings. It regularly assists in the detection and prevention of fundamental security risks.
Detecting threats is the first step in securing your company’s network. It would be fantastic if you could spot problems like skewed data right away. It will keep your network safe indefinitely. The best way to detect and respond to assaults in real time is to combine AI and cyber security.
Artificial intelligence (AI) on your network can assist you in identifying and prioritizing various threats, as well as preventing them. AI Investigations can help with vulnerability management by analyzing and assessing existing security measures. AI allows you to analyze systems faster than cyber security experts, significantly improving your problem-solving abilities.
Madman Technologies Pvt. Ltd. can help you with Vulnerability Assessment and Penetration Testing (VAPT), Network Device Configuration, DNS Filtering, Firewalls Antivirus, Payment Manipulation Testing, Server Infrastructure Testing, and Patching Vulnerabilities. The team operates solely on the basis of customer satisfaction and provides you with custom-tailored solutions, services, and products. We identify any ongoing dashboard vulnerabilities and provide complete proficiency to them. We have the tools, processes, methodologies, and other practices in place to protect your devices, data, networks, hardware, and programs from cyber threats. Contact the Madman Team for assistance in Cyber Security.


Finger Tip Pulse Oximeter:
- Integrated with SPO2 probe and processing display module.
- High accuracy and durability.
- Can be used in Hospital, home, community medical treatment, sports – healthcare, etc.
- Can Measure SPO2 and Pulse Rate accurately.
- SPO2 and Pulse Rate Display, Pulse rate waveform and bar graph display.
- Battery voltage low indication.
- Four directions and 6 modes.
- Four levels adjustable brightness.
- Low power consumption.
- Automatic Power-off Function – display format can be saved after power off.


Honeywell Sensors 8 SHOCK/ GLASSBREAK DETECTOR - ASC-SS1
Usually leaves our warehouse the same business day.
The ASC-SS1 shock sensor protects all types of glass: plate, wired, tempered, and laminated. The sensor will protect the glass within an 8 feet radius from the sensor for glass up to 1/ 4 inch thick. The ASC-SS1 mounts directly to the glass surface and is wired to a two wire powered protective loop.
- Color: White
- Height: 1.4"
- Width: 0.9"
- Depth: 0.3"
- Limited Warranty: 6 Year
- UPC: 781410181755


City & Guilds BPMA Competency
Electrical Course (3 Day)
25-27 May 2022
To be held at
Click HERE to Book
It is usual in many industries to find that companies have radically streamlined their maintenance and technical workforce departments. This puts pressure on company managers to use non-electrical personnel for routine electrical duties. This three-day course is specifically designed to assist non-electrical employees to prepare themselves for cross-trade working and to help companies comply with the requirements of current legislation regarding the use of such people for minor electrical tasks.
Subject to the successful completion of the multi-choice assessment the certificate gained at the end of the course is ‘City & Guilds Accredited Basic Electrical Skills’.
Course Objectives: After completing the course, students should be able to:
- Recognise safe working practices (related to electricity in the workplace)
- Work within the requirements of current electrical legislation (relating to topics covered)
- Understand the fundamental principles of electrical energy
- Perform routine electrical tasks at a basic level
- Perform safe isolation of electrical circuits
- Enhance their workplace skills
- Relate to electrical circuit diagrams
Who should attend:
The course is primarily aimed at mechanical or un-skilled tradespersons that are preparing themselves for work upon electrical systems. The course may be of great benefit to companies that intend to employ non-electrical personnel to perform routine electrical duties, such as, lamp replacement or portable appliance testing etc.
Basic numerical and literacy skills are required.
- Health and Safety legislation (related to electricity in the workplace)
- Basic electrical principles
- Electrical power and units of measurement
- Safe isolation of electrical circuits
- Safe working practices
- Electrical test instrumentation
- Conventional circuit layout
- Basic first aid (related to electrical hazards)
- Electrical diagrams
- Cable and wiring system


That was an open question that hadn’t been put to the “real-life” test, until now.
Watch The Latest Gaming News:
A new video directly compares how the PS Vita stacks up to the 3DS, and shows you the results in real-time. Naturally the video is sped up to 60 times, and eventually 100 times, so we aren’t actually waiting around for hours. Overall the video is only 9 minutes long.
Here were the specifics of the test, all of them are Japanese models (all set to highest brightness and volume):
– The PlayStation Vita test was done using the 3G model (which is the same as the Wi-Fi) and uses a standard 2210mAh battery, playing on an Uncharted: Golden Abyss PS Vita Card.
– The 3DS is a “Zelda 25th Anniversary” edition that runs on a standard 1300mAh battery, playing Monster Hunter 3G. The 3D is set to max.
– The PSP is a PSP-3000 Hunters Model using an expanded 2200mAh battery, playing a Monster Hunter Portable 3rd UMD that has been installed.
And the winner is!
1. PSP (9 hour battery life)
2. PS Vita (3 hour, 47 minutes battery life)
3. 3DS (2 hour, 35 minutes battery life)
Thanks to kurekureyon for the video.


Includes Factory Fitted Bluetooth System Fully Tested and working Bluetooth System 2 x High Definition Stereo Speakers Integrated Drop Down Sun Visor (DVS) Replaceable Anti Scratch Visor Improved Aerodydamic Venting System High Density Noise Reducing Lining ECE 22-05 ACU Gold Approved Sharp 3 star (93%) Approved as RS 121 Weight 1650 +/- 50g
Midland BTX2 Single Intercom
Midland BTX2 is the new Advanced Intercom Bluetooth Stereo
System of the Next Generation for Rider-to-Passenger and
Bike-to-Bike conversations involving up to 3 motorcyclists; with a range of action of up to 800 metres.
Midland BTX1 Twin Set Intercom
Midland BTX1 is the new Basic Intercom Bluetooth Stereo System
for Rider-to-Passenger conversations of the Next Generation; with a range of action of up to 10 m.


The PiCCO monitor: a review
Advanced haemodynamic monitoring remains a cornerstone in the management of the critically ill. While rates of pulmonary artery catheter use have been declining, there has been an increase in the number of alternatives for monitoring cardiac output as well as greater understanding of the methods and criteria with which to compare devices. The PiCCO (Pulse index Continuous Cardiac Output) device is one such alternative, integrating a wide array of both static and dynamic haemodynamic data through a combination of trans-cardiopulmonary thermodilution and pulse contour analysis. The requirement for intra-arterial and central venous catheterisation limits the use of PiCCO to those with evolving critical illness or at high risk of complex and severe haemodynamic derangement. While the accuracy of trans-cardiopulmonary thermodilution as a measure of cardiac output is well established, several other PiCCO measurements require further validation within the context of their intended clinical use. As with all advanced haemodynamic monitoring systems, efficacy in improving patient-centred outcomes has yet to be conclusively demonstrated. The challenge with PiCCO is in improving the understanding of the many variables that can be measured and integrating those that are clinically relevant and adequately validated with appropriate therapeutic interventions.


Frequently Asked Questions
Why am I getting a warning that says "Data is over one hour old!"?
If your unit loses its internet connection temporarily, it will store a backlog of updates that it will send over time when the connection is reestablished. If a unit's last reported timestamp is more than an hour behind the current time, we show a warning on the unit's summary page next to the timestamp. If the unit is updating properly and this warning still appears, check that the unit's clock is set correctly and that the right timezone is selected in your unit's settings on WeatherElement.
How do you know if data is current or not?
When a unit reports its timestamp along with a set of sensor readings, we check the reported time against the time on our servers. If the difference in times is more than two minutes in either direction, we report this on the unit's Indoors & Stats page. If the data is old, it could mean the clock is set wrong, the unit is set to the wrong timezone on WeatherElement, or that the unit is having issues connecting to the internet. If the data is from the future, the clock or the timezone is probably set incorrectly.


The technology and science available to those who preserve agrobiodiversity
CAPFITOGEN has focused on innovative scientific strategies for conservation and efficient use of agricultural biodiversity. Particularly in recent years several techniques and methodologies have emerged that incorporate ecogeography and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for the collection, conservation, characterization and efficient use of plant genetic resources, which has aroused great interest among curators and technicians. These methodologies include simplicity, scientifically proven efficiency and low cost. However, their daily use has been restricted by the lack of practical ways that allow its use. For this reason, the CAPFITOGEN programme defined as its main objective the development and subsequent transfer of practical tools necessary to implement the concepts of ecogeography and GIS utilities, adapted to the conditions of the National Conservation Programs for Plant Genetic Resources in Latin America. The tools are developed by the same research team that has published many of the methodologies and the transfer is done through classroom-based technical workshops (theoretical/practical).
To use CAPFITOGEN tools, a given user must install the application on the computer (Windows system) and then enter the passport data in a format previously established (FAO / Bioversity 2012 format with minor modifications). The tools are available through a simple interface where certain parameters are defined. The interface load these parameters in an R programming software (R Core Team, 2012) where the analysis is performed, and the results are then saved in a folder determined by the user. The results are mainly composed of maps, charts and graphs, which can be displayed in other free software like DIVA-GIS. The design and development of CAPFITOGEN tools allow a given user without knowledge of R to use these tools efficiently.
The tools are access- and use-free, and are available via online download or via USB drives (on demand). When a user accesses the tools, not only accesses the technical material but can also download all the eco-geographical information (GIS layers), specifically designed to interact with the tools. This eco-geographical information is designed and prepared for countries and regions (global coverage, continents and sub-continents). Initially the tools were available only for Latin America but due to the demand arising for other regions, extended coverage for up to more than 160 countries and/or regions.
Finally, the tools are available in Spanish, Portuguese and English language, which can be changed at any time in the control panel of the tool interface.


Grofia™ All-in-One LED Wireless Charger and Speaker
Dhs. 84.99Dhs. 130.00
Unit price/ per
Introducing our All-in-One LED Wireless Charger and Speaker – a fusion of innovation and entertainment. Immerse yourself in a world of enhanced audio and convenient charging, seamlessly blended into one sleek device.
Wireless Charging Convenience: Effortlessly power up your devices with the convenience of wireless charging. The integrated charging pad ensures a clutter-free and efficient charging experience.
Immersive Sound Experience: Elevate your audio enjoyment with the powerful built-in speaker. Experience rich, high-quality sound that complements your music, podcasts, and calls, delivering an immersive listening experience.
LED Ambient Lighting: Set the mood with customizable LED ambient lighting. Create a vibrant atmosphere or a calming ambiance with adjustable lighting options, adding a touch of style to your surroundings.
Versatile Connectivity: Connect seamlessly to your devices via Bluetooth for a wire-free experience. The All-in-One LED Wireless Charger and Speaker effortlessly syncs with smartphones, tablets, and other Bluetooth-enabled gadgets.
Compact and Stylish Design: Designed with modern aesthetics in mind, this device complements any space. The sleek and compact build enhances your workspace or home while offering versatile functionality.
Space-Saving Elegance: Combine the functionality of a wireless charger and a speaker in one compact unit. Save space and declutter your surroundings with this all-in-one solution.
Efficient Multi-Tasking: Charge your device while enjoying your favorite music or taking calls. The All-in-One LED Wireless Charger and Speaker is designed for seamless multitasking, enhancing your productivity and leisure time.
Customizable Ambiance: Personalize your environment with LED lighting that suits your mood or activity. Whether it's a work session or relaxation time, set the perfect ambiance with ease.
On-the-Go Entertainment: With wireless connectivity, enjoy entertainment wherever you go. The portable design ensures that your favorite tunes are just a connection away, whether at home or on the move.
Innovative Lifestyle Integration: Embrace a lifestyle where convenience meets entertainment. The All-in-One LED Wireless Charger and Speaker seamlessly integrates into your daily routine, providing a sophisticated and enjoyable experience.
Immerse yourself in the perfect blend of style, functionality, and entertainment with our All-in-One LED Wireless Charger and Speaker. Elevate your surroundings and simplify your life with this innovative device. Upgrade today!


The new iProven DMT-511 Forehead and Ear Thermometer has it all. It's equipped with the latest technology, measuring your temperature with unprecedented accuracy. The forehead thermometer includes a built-in fever warning system, a backlight display, and the option to measure the temperature of objects.
Having the right tools at home to combat the flu or a cold is the first step. The next step is checking your temperature. Easier said than done. When certain steps are overlooked, the results are inaccurate. Here are the 5 mistakes people make when using a forehead thermometer and how to avoid them.


Ok, so I finally got back online.
You see, we changed our ISP to Virgin Media, which is a cable service, but our wireless networking hardware was for an ADSL line only, so I had to wait until I got back from Spain to buy a new WiFi router that was compatible with a cable line.
Luckily, I was able to get hold of a Belkin box which will work with either connection type as it’s not a DSL modem \ router.
What this means is that if I move back to an ADSL line in the future, the router will still work, and since the connection I’m now using is slightly faster than the old one (ok, so going from 3mbps to 10mbps isn’t slight), things should be better for me as well.
Also, my 360 downloads a lot faster on this connection, which is nice.


Using the latest innovations for health & wellbeing
Technology, specifically artificial intelligence and wearable technology (such as Apple watches and Fitbits) provides great opportunity to better support employee health and wellbeing. Yet only 9% of organisations currently offer the use of wearable technology to their employees1.
At this year’s EB Connect, in February, we hosted three roundtable sessions to talk about how AI and wearable technology can enhance wellbeing support. We were delighted to be joined by HR professionals from a wide range of industries, representing a diverse set of businesses. Together we discussed thoughts around how employers can leverage technology for wellbeing in their business, collecting and analysing health data from employees, and the moral implications of doing so.
Some highlights from these sessions include:
- How AI can inform and change behaviours by helping improve health awareness.
- The need for better understanding of how technology and data tracking can support wellbeing.
- Translating the opportunities technology provides into the workplace.
- Crafting a narrative to clearly explain how and why analysing data can benefit employee health.
Download the full roundtable report below:
1. CIPD/Simplyhealth Health and Well-being at Work report, May 2018


FME Lighting is a Stocking Manufacture of Hazardous Location, Explosion Proof LED Lighting, Class 1 Division 1, Class 1 Division 2, Class 2 Division 1, Class 2 Division 2 LED Lighting for the Oil and Gas, Chemical, Pulp and Paper, Food and Beverage markets. We also stock Food Safe and non-food safe NSF, NSF/ANSI2, IP66, IP67, IP69, IP69K, BAA, 1500PSI, and Nema 4x products. Our High Temperature LED High Bay/low bay and high temperature LED Linear LED fixtures reach 65C to 90C.
We also stock Explosion proof, Hazardous location Exit, Combination and Emergency products. Industrial LED Flood Lights, Industrial LED Wall Packs, Canopy lights, LED vapor tight and Industrial led area lights top off our product offering. Typical Industrial LED high bay, low bay applications include Poultry, Cold Storage, Steel Mill, Cranes, Tunnels, Nuclear plants, Marine, Water Treatment, Ports and Terminals, and Concrete factories. We supplement our product line with commercial LED lighting products.


QED- renomowany producent kabli, którego historia sięga 1973 roku, opublikował wyniki swoich wieloletnich badań nad wpływem okablowania na brzmienie pełnego systemu audio w artykule „The Sound of Science”. Poniżej przedstawiam tę publikację, w wersji bardziej przyjaznej niż oryginał, dla ewentualnego poddania go procesowi tłumaczenia. Zdaję sobie sprawę z tego, że obszerność publikacji może być zniechęcająca do uważnej lektury, więc same wnioski wysnute przez firmę QED (tu oznaczone kolorem niebieskim), wraz z moimi komentarzami przeniosłem, do strony następnej- „QED- o wpływie kabli (2)„.
We have always believed that the most sophisticated sound receiving device of all time is the truly incredible human ear, and we both acknowledge and are challenged by how this wonderful instrument can detect the most minute of sonic differences that we currently struggle to measure. Exhaustive listening tests therefore remain an essential element in turning a very good cable in to an exceptional one. But to create a very good cable in the first place, requires an understanding of the science of cable design. It was for this reason that in 1995 we published our very first ‘white paper’ on speaker cable design titled ’The Genesis Report’. This established design principles that still hold true today, some 22 years after its original publication Over the years, we published additional white papers covering HDMI & digital audio and this new report ’The Sound of Science’ consolidates all of this research in to one publication. I believe it makes fascinating reading.
Bob Abraham Co-founder QED July 2017
Around the world, debate continues among both audiophiles and videophiles as to which cable designs offer the best performance. QED, an established market leader in this field, has won many awards for its high-performance audio and A/V cable products. Key to this success has been the application of strong engineering principles, coupled with extensive test and measurement of both our own and competitors’ products. Listening tests are vital: QED engineers are all too aware that measurements alone don’t tell the whole story. But if any cable introduces measurable errors and distortions it obviously cannot convey the signal accurately. QED believes that cables should be as accurate, transparent and neutral as possible, and it is with this credo that our cable development is undertaken, based on measurement and guided by exhaustive listening evaluations. Here we re-visit some of the areas covered in previous QED cable reports and add three new sections, one about biwiring loudspeakers, one about HDMI cables, and one about digital audio optical cables.
Ideally every cable should transfer a signal between two items of equipment with zero loss and distortion. In the real world this is not possible because subtle changes occur in the signal and these may result in readily perceived changes to sound or video quality. The degree of signal degradation is determined directly by the design of the cable. Maximising real world cable performance requires an understanding of the signal transmission process and the engineering tools available, to ensure that the signal arrives in the best possible condition.
Some theory and interesting facts
Cables appear at first sight to be very simple components in both their construction and operation. Once you look at them in detail, though, they become more complex and a lot more interesting.
Conductors: Metal conductors such as copper work very well. These provide free electrons which are not locked into the metal’s atomic structure and can therefore move. There are an incredibly high number of free electrons available: in just one cubiccentimetre of copper there are approximately 8.5×1022 – almost 100,000 million million million. The movement of free electrons is random, normally with the net effect of zero current flow. But when a potential difference – a voltage – exists across the conductor, an electrical current flows in response. Copper is an excellent conductor because its unbound electrons have a large mean free path of about 100 atomic spacings between collisions. The electrical resistivity of a conductor is inversely related to this mean free path, so copper’s resistivity (its resistance to current flow) is low. Silver has lower resistivity still – the lowest of all the metals – but copper is far more abundant, and therefore cheaper, and almost as good, so it is used more extensively. Unfortunately all metal conductors possess finite resistance which opposes the movement of electrons and causes some of the electrical energy to be dissipated as heat. Only superconductors have zero resistance, but a superconductor that works at room temperature has yet to be discovered.
How does the signal travel and how fast?
Scottish mathematician and theoretical physicist James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879) provided the answer. Signals in fact travel down cables as an electromagnetic wave, and this wave travels at a very high velocity – close to the speed of light. If the metal conductor was perfect virtually all the energy would be transferred from one end of the cable to the other by this means.
The electromagnetic wave consists of electric and magnetic fields that are spatially at right angles to each other and to the energy flux or power flow along the axis of the cable (Figure 1). Electromagnetic wave theory further shows that when conductor pairs are used, the majority of the energy propagates in the space between the conductors (Figure 2)
These fundamental principles apply to all types of signal transmission, whether low frequency audio or high frequency video, digital or analogue. Free electrons are required for the electrical conduction of signals but signal energy travels principally in the fields in and around the conductor.
The importance of dielectrics: Since the space around the conductor carries signal energy, it’s obvious that the material in that space is an important component of cable design. The dielectric space around the conductor has a direct effect on the propagation of the electromagnetic wave along the cable, particularly in terms of its speed, energy storage and energy loss. Dielectric loss increases linearly with frequency. In the non-conducting dielectric, the electrons are bound to the atoms but when an electric field is present, the orbit of the electrons becomes distorted as the negatively charged electrons become attracted to the positive conductor. Displacement of these electrons requires energy, which is drawn from the signal and ultimately dissipated as heat within the dielectric. The better the dielectric, the lower the loss.
We know that electromagnetic fields around the conductor radiate for some distance, rising to a maximum at the conductor-dielectric boundary (Figure 3). This means that objects and materials (other than the dielectric) which are present within the electric and magnetic fields will also have a direct effect on the propagation and power loss of the signal.
The importance of characteristic impedance: This area is often misunderstood. For audio signals (20Hz to 20kHz) travelling over a short distance (some metres), the characteristic impedance of the cable has virtually no impact on the energy transfer between the transmitter (amplifier) and receiver (loudspeaker), and therefore is not a consideration in speaker cable design. This changes once the wavelength of the electromagnetic wave traveling down the cable becomes shorter than the cable length. Designing a high performance cable that carries a radio frequency (RF) video signal consequently requires considerable care to ensure that signal energy is not lost. At low frequencies the characteristic impedance – which is determined by the physical dimensions of the cable’s conductors, their spacing and the relative permittivity of the dielectric – is a complex quantity but at high frequencies it becomes a resistance. Ideally the cable should transfer all the electromagnetic wave energy into the receiver, without any energy being reflected back. If the wave is partly reflected, the reflection will interfere with the incoming signal. To prevent this and ensure reflection-free signal transmission it is necessary for the transmitter output impedance and receiver input impedance to have the same value as the cable’s characteristic impedance. The effect of having mismatched impedances is readily observed using Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) in which a very short pulse is sent down the cable. Any mismatch in terminating impedance causes some of the electromagnetic wave energy to be reflected back after a short delay. If the cable is unterminated then virtually all the energy is reflected back. Using TDR we can establish how well a cable is manufactured and how well-engineered (matched in impedance) its connectors are (see Figure 4).
When designing cables for carrying high frequency signals the connector impedance is critical. When we developed QED’s TTV range of aerial cables, TDR analysis showed that many so-called ‘high end’ connectors did not have the correct impedance, causing a significant fraction of the signal energy to be reflected back to the source. When signal levels are particularly low, as is the case with antenna feeds, the outcome is poor picture quality and fewer stations in the channel listing.
Conductor Chemistry: A conductor’s chemical composition is very important – the presence of trace elements such as silicon, magnesium and phosphorus decreases electrical conductivity. The most widely used copper for cables is electrolytic tough pitch (ETP) copper, which consists of extremely high purity metal plus oxygen in the range of 100-650ppm (parts per million) concentration. Oxygen is used as an alloying element and also as a scavenger as it reacts with most of the impurities in the copper. Adding around 0.02% oxygen to ETP copper increases its conductivity. Oxygen-free copper (OFC) is produced primarily for its ability to be heat treated without embrittlement, for ease of use when welding and brazing. The acronym for oxygen-free high thermal conductivity copper, OFHC, is a registered trademark of Phelps Dodge Specialty Copper Products. OFHC is a highly refined grade of copper that contains almost no oxygen or other impurities and this is the grade employed exclusively in all QED cable products. Certified oxygen-free high thermal conductivity copper contains a minimum of 99.99% copper making it the purest metal in common use. If the temperature and time constants are carefully controlled in an oxygenfree environment while the copper is manufactured the grain structures in the material can be reduced so that the purity of the copper increases to as much as 99.999% (termed ‘five nines’). The vast majority of QED cables, both in our speaker cable and interconnect ranges, utilise five nines copper. The IACS (International Annealed Copper Standard) gives a percentage ranking for conductivity of OFHC at around 102.4% whereas ETP coppers fall typically within the range 100-101.5% IACS. Although linear crystal coppers approaching a purity of six nines have been made in small quantities by various continuous casting or Czochralski processes, it remains prohibitively expensive for use in commercial products and, in the absence of any official IACS designation, at ambient temperatures has no conductivity advantage over its five nines counterpart. OFHC is particularly well suited to cryogenic treatment, in which the copper’s temperature is slowly reduced to below −190°C and then gradually returned to ambient, and QED takes advantage of this property by cryogenically pre-treating its high-end cable range. It is thought that the improvement in physical properties that occurs when copper is cryogenically treated results from the elimination of dislocations in the material’s microstructure which might otherwise impede the free movement of electrons throughout the crystal lattice.
In the digital world – jitter and crosstalk: Jitter is a term used to describe time variation in the arrival of a digital signal at the receiver. All metal cable links have a finite bandwidth which attenuates the high frequency components of the digital signal. A transition delay (that is, delay in the receiver detecting a 1 or 0) occurs which varies depending on the pattern of the digital signal. Digital equipment normally has engineered-in tolerance to jitter but it is not always effective, depending on the frequency of the incoming jitter. In such cases cable-induced jitter is transferred to the recovered clock signal, as is the case with an S/PDIF digital audio signal. For long cable lengths the digital signal ‘eye pattern’ closes and reduces in size, ultimately resulting in a failure of the link (Figure 5).
When more than one signal channel is transmitted down a single cable, as is the case with digital video, ‘crosstalk’ – the unwanted transfer of energy from one channel to another via inductive or capacitive coupling – must also be considered. Individual screening of signal pairs can improve crosstalk performance, but this can cause a reduction in the available bandwidth. The effect of this is a reduction in the pulse rate time or slew rate, which degrades signal transfer. Various design techniques can be used to improve performance, such as increasing the conductor pair twist rates, ensuring that conductor pairs have different twist rates to minimise coupling, and using better-performing dielectric materials.
Examining the geometry of each cable sample revealed that the majority of the multi-stranded cables tested were inherently inductive. The inductance of a cable depends on the area of the conductors, their relative spacing and the permeability of the surrounding media. (High permeability materials, such as iron and ferrite, are used to increase inductance, in wound inductors for instance.) In cables, the wider the conductor spacing, the greater the inductance. Many of the multi-strand loudspeaker cables on sale feature conductors that are widely spaced, some by more than three times the conductor diameter, resulting in higher values of inductance. Averaging the inductive effect across our sample cables gave an effective phase shift of 0.42 degrees per metre. So for a 10 metre cable length there would be 4.2 degrees of phase shift. At present, the audibility of nonlinear frequency-dependent phase shift is uncertain, although amplifiers that exhibit poor phase response are often criticised as being ‘grainy’.
Response peaking due to inductance and capacitance: Another effect of inductance is high frequency amplitude loss due to increased cable impedance (inductive reactance increases with frequency). High cable inductance can also be responsible for a rise in voltage at the loudspeaker terminals caused by interaction between inductive and capacitive reactances resulting in a damped resonance. This can be a problem with electrostatic loudspeakers, which present a higher capacitance load than conventional moving coil loudspeakers. An example of resonant peaking is shown in Figure 12, the two response traces having been measured at either end of the cable (amplifier output and loudspeaker input). Here the increased impedance of the cable at frequencies above the response peak results in considerable loss of signal level when combined with the amplifier’s own roll-off.
Capacitance is also governed by the spacing and diameter of the conductors. The greater the gap between any two conductors in a given dielectric, the lower the capacitance (the reverse being true of inductance). Designing a cable with low inductance and low capacitance is particularly difficult when poor quality dielectrics are used. The majority of lower-priced cables and many we tested, use PVC dielectrics, which cause inherently greater capacitance and dielectric losses. Whatever is done with the conductor spacing and diameter, such cables are at a distinct disadvantage, having greater capacitance or inductance or both.
Effects of Capacitance: In theory, the capacitance of loudspeaker cable should have little effect on system performance because the cable is driven by a very low source impedance, typically fractions of an ohm for most power amplifiers. Although the capacitance forms a low-pass filter when connected to this impedance, its effect on frequency response within the audible range is typically minuscule. More insidiously, unduly high cable capacitance in a speaker cable may indicate poor dielectric quality and high dielectric losses.
Some esoteric cables employ a number of separately insulated paralleled wires to form the two conductors. With certain geometries and lower-grade materials, this can cause capacitance to rise to a high level. One cable we tested had a capacitance of 1375 pF compared to the average sample capacitance of 500 pF for a 10 metre length. Another factor to be considered with speaker cables is amplifier stability. In some cases a little extra capacitance on the output of an amplifier can make it oscillate, overheat and even self-destruct. More usually the amplifier may oscillate momentarily at a frequency above the audible range during operation and show no obvious symptoms. Well-designed feedback amplifiers normally have a good gain/phase margin, which ensures that small extra phase shifts due to increased load capacitance do not cause such problems. But some commercial designs do not have sufficient gain/phase margin for unconditional stability and it is these
which can cause problems with long lengths of higher-capacitance cables. Additionally, inductance is likely to be low for high-capacitance cables, leading to a further reduction in the stability margin. Even if the amplifier is not outwardly unstable, sound quality can still suffer, with harsh and forward-sounding results as the amplifier operates on the edge of instability. Figure 14 shows an example of instability due to high-capacitance cable, visible as ‘ringing’ on a square wave signal.
Multi-strand vs single-core distortion: It has been claimed that multi-strand cables introduce ‘diode’ effects due to current jumping between strands within the cable and thereby crossing very many metal/oxide/metal junctions. This is sometimes said to be caused or worsened by skin effect as a result of it pushing the current towards the conductor surface at high frequencies. Making the assumption that the current does ‘jump’ as suggested, we put signal in via one strand of a multi-strand cable and measured the signal from a different strand. Even using the Audio Precision AP1 test set to its maximum capability, no increase in distortion compared to using all the strands could be found, as shown in Figure 22. This graph overlays curves for the two cases – they are so close that they could as easily be repeat tests of the same measurement. It seems that interstrand diodes do not exist, or if they do they are shorted out by the many good conductors pressed together over the cable’s length.
- DC resistance– Low cable resistance is of paramount importance if high sonic performance is to be attained, but it should not be achieved at the expense of other crucial parameters. High cable resistance results in several undesirable consequences: frequency response aberrations, impaired transient response, increased distortion at the loudspeaker terminals and reduced inter-channel separation. All cables exhibiting high resistance measure badly in these areas and subjectively their performance is highly dependent on the partnering loudspeakers. The forward midrange presented by these cables correlates closely with their effects on frequency response. High cable resistance also reduces dynamic impact with heavily-scored music.
- Inductance– Cable inductance is a prime cause of high-frequency attenuation and phase shift in loudspeaker cables. Inductance causes cable impedance to rise with frequency, reducing output in the very upper frequency range, sometimes preceded by response peaking. In addition, inductance increases distortion at the loudspeaker terminals and degrades the loudspeaker’s overall transient behaviour. Low inductance is required to achieve a flat frequency and phase characteristic, low distortion and good transient response.
- Skin effect– These are of minor significance in loudspeaker cables of moderate cross-sectional area but become important in cables with larger conductors where, together with greater inductance, they result in greater high-frequency signal loss.
- Insulation quality– Dielectric dissipation factor has proved to be a very strong indicator of sound quality in our listening tests. Most of the better-sounding cables we have tried use superior dielectric materials whereas PVC-insulated cables give the worst sound quality. Cables which measure badly for dielectric loss appear less able to reveal subtle detail, losing some of the atmosphere revealed by cables with superior dielectrics.
- Consistency of performance– Speaker cables interact both with the amplifier and the loudspeakers. Consequently, some cables give varied results in different systems. Those which have proved to perform most consistently are those with minimal inductance, capacitance and resistance. Unless an amplifier relies on inductance to maintain stability, keeping the speaker cables as short as practically possible optimises performance. High cable capacitance is best avoided because it can result in amplifier instability, which can degrade sound quality and negatively impact amplifier reliability.
- Directionality– Despite many manufacturers marking cables directionally, we have found no evidence under controlled conditions that speaker cables are directional. But we have found that merely constructing a cable differently can affect its inductance and capacitance, which may have an impact on sound quality.
- Solid-core vs stranded cables– Solid-core conductors have been introduced on the basis that, if made thin enough, a solid conductor will show less variation in loss at high and low frequencies than a thicker, stranded conductor. Our research suggests that it is more likely to be the insulation and geometry of many solid-core cables which are responsible for their generally higher performance than stranded conductors. In any case, paralleling up conductors, whether solid or stranded, reduces inductance, which has a far greater influence than skin effect. The stranded cables we’ve tested tend to have higher inductance and dielectric loss than many solid-core counterparts which generally use separately-insulated wires (resulting in lower inductance) and higher-quality dielectrics (resulting in lower leakage losses). We have found no evidence to support the contention that stranded cables suffer from distortion due to diode effects between strands.
- Metallurgy– Electrical conductivity is slightly superior for cables utilising high-purity copper. Greater improvements to conductivity can be achieved with silver-plated copper or pure silver conductors. Generally we have found that a cable’s geometry and dielectric material are more significant than conductor metallurgy in determining its sonic performance.
Conclusion: All our research confirms that the most accurate and consistent-sounding loudspeaker cable will have minimal DC resistance, inductance and capacitance combined with low loss dielectrics. Cables having a small cross-sectional area in an attempt to avoid the skin effect have higher DC resistance, with sonically obvious harmful consequences. QED’s engineers have shown that the ‘rule’ relating high inductance to lowcapacitance, and vice-versa, is oversimplified. Capacitance and dielectric losses can be reduced by using high-quality insulation material (low-density polyethylene) and by minimising insulation wall thickness and designing narrow webs (consistent with mechanical integrity), thereby increasing the ratio of air to solid dielectric. By optimally orientating multiple parallel stranded conductors around a central non-conductive core , e.g Aircore™ and X-Tube™ Technology, QED has been able to reduce both inductance and capacitance below that of a single conductor pair of the same DC resistance. Use of stranded conductors of sufficient cross-section keeps DC resistance low. The result is a range of low-loss, transparent-sounding loudspeaker cables of superior performance. The correlation between insulation and sound quality has also influenced the design of QED’s interconnect cables, where the use of foamed LDPE insulation to increase the air/solid ratio in the dielectric helps maximise sound quality.
Biwiring: an exploration of the benefits
Biwireable loudspeakers have been available since at least the late 1980s. (You can easily tell if a speaker is biwireable because it will have four connection terminals on the back rather than two.) The idea is that instead of using just one run of cable to each speaker, a separate cable is used for each of the two pairs of terminals, once you have removed the shorting wires or plates that normally connect them. This means that you will use twice as much speaker cable than if you used the normal single-wire method, which has prompted cynics to use the phrase ‘buy wire’ to mock the idea. If you have not biwired speakers before, you might be tempted to try because of what you have read in the hi-fi press or online – but you may also wonder if the extra outlay is well spent. Proponents of biwiring point to the obvious sonic benefits they hear and cite the fact that speaker manufacturers fit the extra terminals as proof that there must be something in it. Detractors argue that manufacturers are merely maximising the marketability of their products and point out that there is little published evidence to prove that biwiring makes any audible difference. Biwire enthusiasts, meanwhile, theorise that separating the low- and high-frequency signal currents can eliminate distortions caused by interactions between them. Biwiring, then, is a controversial subject. Is it a worthwhile sonic upgrade or just a clever marketing ploy by the cable companies to encourage you to buy twice as much cable? We decided to do some research to see if an authoritative answer can be given to this question.
How are normal loudspeakers connected to an amplifier?– In Figure 23 a single speaker cable is shown connecting the output terminals of one channel of an amplifier to a loudspeaker. The speaker is a non-biwireable two-way type, having a woofer to reproduce low frequencies (LF) and a tweeter to reproduce high frequencies (HF). A passive electrical circuit (represented by the two boxes labelled ‘HF network’ and ‘LF network’) is used to filter the signal from the amplifier so that only the low frequencies are passed to the woofer and only the high frequencies to the tweeter.
The filter networks cannot create sharp cut-off points at the chosen ‘crossover’ frequency but instead apply more gradual attenuation with considerable overlap. In Figure 24 you can see the point where the two response curves cross (green for the woofer, red for the tweeter) is at about 2kHz, at which frequency the two drivers contribute equally to the acoustic output. If the LF and HF networks are correctly designed then the combined output of the two drivers (black curve) remains essentially flat through the crossover region.
How are biwired speakers connected to an amplifier?– Figure 25 shows how a typical biwired speaker is connected to an amplifier. It has four terminals instead of two, one pair for the HF network and one pair for the LF network. Two speaker cables are used to connect the HF terminals and the LF terminals separately to the amplifier output terminals.
How does signal current flow in single-wired and biwired speakers?– With a single-wire connection, signal current for both the drive units flows along the same cable. With a biwire connection, the low frequency and high frequency signal currents are separated. At high frequencies the impedance of the LF network is high and so the HF current is low; at low frequencies the impedance of the HF network is high and so the LF current is low. It’s not a matter of the low and high frequencies ‘knowing which way to go’ – it is just a natural consequence of the biwire connection.
What are the benefits of separating low- and highfrequency signal currents?– Wherever there is nonlinearity in a system – and loudspeaker drive units are nonlinear – there will be intermodulation distortion introduced in the form of sum and difference frequencies. Unlike some types of harmonic distortion, intermodulation distortion is by nature audibly objectionable. If separating low and high frequency signal current by biwiring reduces the loudspeaker’s intermodulation distortion then we can expect it to have an audibly beneficial effect.
If intermodulation distortion is reduced by biwiring, how can we measure it?– Now we are close to proving that biwiring has some genuine sonic benefit. We have accepted that the two cables carry different signal currents and that by keeping LF and HF currents separate we may have prevented the generation of intermodulation distortion. If it was possible to measure intermodulation distortion in a single-wired speaker connection and to demonstrate a reduction of that distortion in the same speaker when biwired, we could make a really good case for the audible benefit of biwiring being real. Some work on this subject has been published by Jon Risch1. He used a split-band test signal comprising 10 tones divided into two frequency bands, one low and one high, starting at 100Hz and 5kHz respectively. The frequencies of the tones were carefully chosen so that any intermodulation components which are added are minimally masked by harmonic distortion. Using the same methodology, we generated a similar test signal and conducted our own investigation to see if we could measure any differences between single-wired and biwired speaker connections. First we created the multitone test signal and burned it to a CD. Figure 26 shows a spectral analysis of the CD player’s output when playing the test CD. The high frequency tones can be seen as five distinct peaks in the graph from 5kHz to about 9kHz at around −10dB; the low frequency tones appear as five clear peaks from 100Hz to a little less than 200Hz, also at around −10dB. Note the low level of noise and distortion between the two bands.
Then we used a current probe to measure the spectra of the signal currents in a single-wired connection and in each cable of a biwired connection (woofer cable and tweeter cable). Results for the single-wire connection (blue trace) are shown in Figure 27, overlaid on the black trace of the test signal from Figure 26. Intermodulation products have significantly raised the distortion level, at some frequencies to only 40B below the level of the test tones.
Compare this with the measurement taken from the tweeter cable in the biwired connection, tested under the same conditions, shown as the red trace in Figure 28. First, note that the LF tones have been attenuated by over 30dB which proves that low- and high-frequency currents have indeed been separated in the biwired connection. Second, see how intermodulation distortion has been significantly reduced below the upper set of tones but still within the passband of the tweeter.
Now let’s look at the spectrum for the woofer cable (green trace in Figure 29). The high frequency components have been attenuated this time, again proving that the LF and HF signal currents are separated in a biwire connection. There has been a less dramatic reduction in the level of the intermodulation products but there is still some improvement.
If your speakers have four binding posts then you can biwire them but you will need twice as much cable. Low-frequency and high-frequency signal currents will then travel in separate cables. Our measurements show that this reduces intermodulation distortion caused by nonlinearity in the speaker system. In light of this evidence it’s sensible to conclude that where the opportunity exists and funds allow, biwiring should be explored as a means of improving the performance of any suitable high fidelity loudspeaker system.
Reference: Risch, Jon M, “A New Class of In-band Multitone Test Signals”, Paper 4803, Audio Engineering Society 105th Convention, September 1998
Notes: The test signal CD was played using an all-in-one CD player/amplifier set at half volume, into a pair of floorstanding speakers. Current probe measurements were recorded using a Tascam US144 USB audio interface and analysed using TrueRTA. The single-wire measurements were taken with two runs of speaker cable connected in parallel (speaker terminal shorting connectors in place); the biwired measurements used the same arrangement but with the shorting connectors removed.
Some writers in the general press and on the internet suggest that it’s not worth upgrading to high-quality digital audio and HDMI cables. As a leading manufacturer of cables and accessories for more than 40 years, we have a wealth of experience in this area and, at our cable assessment and design facility, we own some of the world’s most advanced HDMI digital measurement equipment. As well as using this to develop QED cables, we also use it to evaluate other HDMI cables on the market. So here’s our (well-informed!) contribution to this debate.
We agree: a lot of HDMI cables are the same!– We are shocked by some of the cables we measure, particularly when premium cables prove to offer little or no measurable improvement over lesser models from the same manufacturer. On these occasions we find ourselves in agreement with our more sceptical journalist friends. Just because a cable looks flashier or is priced higher than another cable, it is not necessarily better. It may just be standard cordage disguised with some ‘bling’.
Misconceptions: There is a common misconception that digital data transfer in HDMI is perfect, that noise immunity and error correction work together to ensure that data received by the sink equipment (the receiver) and subsequently shown as a picture on the TV screen is always the best it can be. In fact there is no such error correction in an HDMI link. Rather, errors that creep in due to logic level transitions in the physical layer (the cable) are minimised by encoding the data stream so as to minimise those transitions. At the sink (TV) a simple test is used to verify the stream and it is then converted into a viewable picture, complete with any cable-induced timing errors. These timing errors, known as jitter, can affect the perceived quality of the picture so it is important to keep them to a minimum. This requires that the cable introduces as little ‘skew and slew’ (clock skew and slew rate limitation) into the signal as possible, which can only be achieved by the use of carefully controlled cable geometry and top-quality materials.
Just ones and zeroes? Yes, but there is more to it than that: “Digital signals are either on or off and immune to noise – so as long as there is a signal the other end of an HDMI cable that can still be read by the TV then the received signal is perfect, isn’t it? How can the type of cable make any difference to the received signal– expensive HDMI cables are a waste of money, right?” You’ll often see this argument deployed but it relies on the erroneous assumption that any errors or noise introduced by the transmission of digital signals along a cable are masked by the natural noise immunity of the signal’s discrete logic levels or repaired by error correction algorithms in the receiving equipment. The true situation turns out to be much more of a grey area.
What is inside an HDMI cable and what signals does it have to carry?– HDMI stands for High Definition Multimedia Interface. It is a way of conveying encrypted digital video and audio signals from a source (eg a DVD or BD player) to a sink (a TV or AV amplifier) and is capable of bandwidths that far exceed that of standard definition TV signals. The High Speed standard, which is the maximum bandwidth described in the HDMI 1.4 specification, uses 10.2 Gigabits per second transmission for a deep colour picture resolution of 48-bit 1080p60 (1080-line progressive scan at 60 frames per second). This requires the HDMI cable to convey 10.2 billion discrete logic levels every second in order to meet the High Speed HDMI standard.
An HDMI cable incorporates four twisted pair cables (two insulated wires twisted into a helix) to carry four data channels used for Transmission Minimised Differential Signalling . Figure 30 shows the internal construction of a typical HDMI cable with the TMDS lines (label 4 and its equivalents) and several other conductors that are used for communication between the source and sink, transmission of remote control signals and video encryption in the form of High Definition Content Protection, all of which work at much lower data rates then the TMDS lines. There are also conductors for power and ground.
TMDS: There is a limit to how quickly the signal can be switched from logic level 1 at 0.6V to logic level 0 at −0.6V due to cable capacitance. The twisted pair conductors act like the two plates of a capacitor and when the signal changes from a low to a high voltage or vice-versa this capacitance must be charged or discharged before the required voltage level can be attained. This takes a finite time and has the effect of rounding off the square edges of a perfect digital signal. If the data rate is too fast, the cable can still be charging up from a zero to a one when it’s time to discharge form a one to a zero again, and the receiving equipment may not see any logic
transition at all. In order to prevent this, the serial data stream that makes up the HDMI signal is split into three parallel signals that are sent down three separate twisted pairs within the HDMI cable. This reduces the maximum data rate each conductor must be able to carry to a third, so the bandwidth requirement is reduced to 3.4 Gb/s for a High Speed cable. These twisted pairs are known as TMDS lines. TMDS stands for Transition Minimised Differential Signalling, the mechanism of which is explained in more detail in the next section. Because it is the logic level transitions that cause errors in digital signalling, these are minimised using a simple algorithm. The ‘differential’ part of the interface description comes from the fact that the transmission line is made up of a twisted pair and separate ground wire. This hot, cold and screen geometry is used in analogue signalling too, where it is known as a balanced line and used to cancel the effect of external electrical interference Figure 31 shows the signal that appears at the output of the HDMI source equipment on each of the three TMDS lines. This signal is assumed to be perfect and is, as yet, unaffected by the electrical characteristics of the HDMI cable. Known as an eye diagram, this measurement is used to test the HDMI cable for compatibility with the HDMI standard. It is a composite density map of a million samples taken over a few seconds of a random bit pattern running at the 3.4 Gb/s data rate defined by HDMI.org. There are three such data lines which add up to 10.2 Gb/s altogether – the maximum data rate for HDMI and that defined as “High Speed” by the HDMI standard. The width of the graticule (or window) represents a time period of just 571ps (571 millionths of a millionth of a second), enough to encompass two logic level transitions or three bits of data. All the possible transition combinations are present: signal sections which remain at logic one across the whole graticule; signal sections that stay at logic zero across the whole graticule; and signal sections where one or more high/low or low/high transitions occur.
The colours in the diagram represent the density of the sample points, with blue representing only a few samples and red the most. It can be seen that the signal is very rarely caught in the transition between zero and one, with most of the samples being found in the discrete levels of either logic one or logic zero. The purple area top and bottom and in the middle are the “don’t know” areas where the receiving equipment would not be able to interpret the incoming signal as a one or a zero. If any of the samples fall into this area then there is an error in the data. In addition to the three data lines within an HDMI cable there is a fourth similar shielded twisted pair which carries the master clock signal. In HDMI the data is split up into chunks of 10 bits and because of this the master clock only has to run at a tenth of the data rate, i.e. a maximum of 340MHz in a High Speed HDMI cable. This helps to keep the clock accurate because the lower its frequency, the less its waveform is affected by cable parameters. In order for the sink device to read the digital data from all three of the data channels, it must be told when to look at the incoming signal. This is the purpose of the master clock but because it runs at one-tenth of the data rate, the TV must multiply the clock frequency by 10 and then realign it with the data window in each of the three TMDS data lines. This reproduced bit rate clock does not have a guaranteed phase relationship with any of the three data lines. In addition the HDMI specification allows a certain amount of skew between any two data lines. Because of this the clock phase must be adjusted individually for each data line to sample the incoming serial bits correctly. This involves aligning the clock rising edge to the middle sampling window of each data line. This is done by delaying the data by varying amounts based on the incoming data stream and how much it is skewed or jittered from the ideal ×10 data clock that has been recovered. If the jitter is too large then errors can creep through.
Display Data Channel: The Display Data Channel or DDC (Figure 30) uses two single conductors within the cable. It forms an I2 C communications bus for the Enhanced Extended Display Identification Data (EDID) protocol which is a way that the source and the sink can communicate with each other and negotiate the data rate for the video signal. For instance, a DVD player set to output 1080p will announce this to the TV which will tell the DVD player to go ahead and set itself to receive 1080p.
Consumer Electronics Control: The Consumer Electronics Control or CEC (Figure 30) uses a single conductor and common ground within the cable. CEC allows the user to control up to 10 different devices over the HDMI link using only one remote control. For instance, it can be used to control the volume of an AV amplifier using the TV remote handset codes.
How is the video signal transmitted by HDMI and how are errors dealt with?– The TMDS signal transmission method used by HDMI is the same as that found in the DVI standard, with which it is backwards compatible. The idea is that errors are minimised, rather than corrected, by encoding the signal in such a way that transitions between logic high and low are kept to a minimum. This is achieved by performing a simple XNOR or XOR operation on each successive bit of the pixel data and its predecessor. Two control bits are then added to each pixel data byte to form a 10-bit video character. One of these extra bits is added to indicate which of the two logic functions was used. Additionally, if the previous character contained a lot of ones and the next character will also, the system can invert that character to maintain a mean zero DC offset in the signal, so a second control bit is added to the signal to indicate whether the character has been inverted or not. In this way the 10-bit pixel data character will contain a maximum of five transitions. Each pixel data character is bookended by a control data or blanking character of 10 bits which is used to indicate the boundaries of the pixel data character. There are three such channels in the HDMI signal. All this is clocked out on a fourth differential transmission line at between 74.25 – 340MHz depending on the video standard, with one clock pulse per data character so that the clock rate is one tenth of the bit rate. When the signal is decoded the other end there will be no picture until the receiver has synchronised with all three video data streams and this is achieved by detecting the blanking periods and synchronising them with the one-tenth-bit-rate clock signal. The blanking signals are only distinguishable from the video data because the number of transitions in the 10 bit character is higher (therefore once the video signal has been corrupted enough that the pixel data is indistinguishable from the blanking data synchronisation is lost and the video will cease or not even start). If the incoming signals can be synchronised, the data is then decoded according to the settings of the two control bits to restore the correct number of data transitions.
discrete logic levels that it needs to detect. In HDMI, a voltage is decoded as binary 1 as long as it lies between 70mV and 780mV. Unfortunately, as noted earlier, the master clock must be recovered from the data and is only corrected every tenth bit. A data signal displaying 120ps of jitter will cause a corresponding variance in the recovered clock. This means that it is possible that the TV will get its clock signal up to 60ps early or late which is enough to make it see data that is at a “don’t know” level and thus cause a bit error. The HDMI spec says this is OK as long as the bit error rate is below 10−9, or up to four bit errors per second in a Full HD (1080p60) picture. Noticeable pixel errors will start to creep in before sync and eventually the entire picture, is lost. Timing errors are caused by this mechanism too and the signal can also be affected by crosstalk from adjacent signal carriers. Within the HDMI cable there are three differential signalling lines plus a master clock signal, so there is plenty of scope for this kind of crosstalk to take place. Finally, because the transmission lines utilise differential signalling there can be slight differences between the two conductors in each twisted pair that introduce timing errors known as intra-pair skew. This can be caused because the two conductors are slightly different lengths or because the dielectric (insulation) is inconsistent or the twist rate varies. All these geometrical and electrical parameters must be carefully controlled within the cable if jitter is to be minimised. Some manufacturers have recognized this problem and incorporate upsampling and local master clocks in their equipment to try to reduce or eliminate jitter, but there is inconsistency between manufacturers so it is important to try to preserve the signal integrity along the cable as a first line of defence, before any post-transmission recovery is added or required. Jitter can also affect picture quality perception way before any bad pixels start to appear, a phenomenon investigated in ‘The Effects of Jitter on the Perceptual Quality of Video’, Claypool & Tanner, Worcester Polytechnic Institute USA 1999.
In this paper the authors report “we found that jitter degrades perceptual (video) quality… and that perceptual quality degrades sharply even with low levels of jitter as compared to perceptual quality for perfect video.” What does this degraded perceptual quality look like? Here is an extract from some research carried out at QED HDMI Labs in 2012: “In an effort to try to characterise this problem we artificially jittered a standard colour bar video signal until we could see a change in the video output from a TV. It was significant that errors in the picture were visible even though the HDMI link was still up and the cable was
able to maintain a steady picture.” The two eye diagrams in Figure 32 show the amount of timing error we were able to add to the cable before problems became apparent. The trace on the left
Digital audio optical cables
Ciąg dalszy: QED- o wpływie kabli (2)


200 Mbps Multi-Segmented Network Emulator
iTrinegy Network Emulator-Stratus (INE Stratus) is a high specification, yet low cost, mid-range network emulator that enables you to create highly realistic replications of multi-segmented network paths in which to test application performance. It is supplied on either a 1U short depth rack-mount or fanless bookform chassis
Path Segmentation Adds Greater Realism
INE-Stratus uses the concept of virtual interfaces (VIs) or “network links” to represent an emulated network segment. You can configure a number of parameters that affect the traffic flows to emulate a specific network segment. The setting for network path can be saved for easy retrieval later.
Traffic entering any of INE-Stratus’s physical interfaces passes through, and is influenced by, each network link defined in a route before finally exiting another physical interface.
Asynchronous links can be created by adjusting network link parameters with each network direction having different characteristics applied to it, in order to create a realistic network environment.
It is also possible to have network characteristics dynamically change over time to more closely emulate real world conditions.
Reporting, Graphing and Data Export
Graphical and tabular reports are available and INE-Stratus can produce log files of the dataflow through each interface of the Emulator in CSV format, for importing into other applications such as spreadsheets.
INE Stratus can emulate a wide range of networks including:
- WAN Circuits (T1, E1, T3 etc...)
- Cloud Networks
- Satellite Networks
- Mobile/Wireless networks (LTE, 3G, GPRS, Edge, WiFi, WiMax)
- (A)DSL, (S)DSL
- Point-to-Point e.g ATM or Leased Line
- Routed networks (including MPLS)
- Wireless LANs
Other Network Emulator Products
iTrinegy now offers one of the most comprehensive ranges of network emulation products to help you simulate realistic network environments. Please visit our network emulator products overview page to see what other solutions are available.


Schalmont Middle School took part in the Hour of Code this week, a worldwide initiative to introduce students to computer science through 1-hour coding activities.
Students completed fun coding activities throughout the week during library and Digital Literacy classes. The self-guided activities challenged students’ problem-solving skills, logic and creativity while exposing them to coding concepts.
The Hour of Code takes place each year during Computer Science Education Week to show students that anyone can learn the basics of computer coding. Part of the goal is to introduce students to technology career paths, a field that is growing and has a high-demand for employees.


The overall objective of the PHArA-ON project is to provide support for Europe’s ageing population by integrating digital services, devices, and tools into open platforms that can be readily deployed while maintaining the dignity of older adults and enhancing their independence, safety, and capabilities. The project will utilise a range of digital tools including connected devices (e.g., the Internet of Things, IoT), artificial intelligence, robotics, cloud and edge computing, smart wearables, big data, and intelligent analytics that will be integrated to provide personalised and optimised health care delivery.
The Slovenian pilot aims at improving well-being through passive monitoring using a variety of sensing devices like wearables, sensors embedded in furniture, and environmental sensors.
During the pre-validation phase, a number of Pharaon technologies were used to monitor physiological indicators of residents directly (wearables, imbedded sensors), as well as to monitor their environment (environmental sensors, embedded sensors): SmartHabits (ENT), InvisibleCare, IoChat, IoTool (Senlab), Amicare (CETEM), MOX wearable (MAIN), Wearables (CORO), Discovery (Ascora). Furthermore, a system was tested to easily browse events, register, and potentially arrange transit using a familiar system, like a television with remote control using the following Pharaon technologies: IoChat, IoTool, SeniorsPhone, InvisibleCare (Senlab), Sentab system (SenTab). The communication support tools are centered on an easy to use, television-based communication tool (Daisy, SenLab) and a smartphone interface designed specifically with older adults in mind, with chat and other communication tools supported as well.
Source: National Institute of Public Health of Republic of Slovenia
Access date: 01.03.2022
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CR800 Recumbent Bike
Type: Residential, Light Commercial
- Generator power system allows for cordless operation
- Contact and wireless heart rate monitoring
- 30 lb flywheel with 40 levels of resistance
- Oversized foot pedals with fast-latching system
- Adjustable cooling fan and dual storage trays
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The CR800 Semi-Recumbent Bike is the perfect bike for the commercial environment. The step-through design and easy-adjust seat makes it easy for your clients to get on the bike and quickly find the most comfortable seat position. The intuitive console offers multiple program options and up to 40 levels of resistance to keep your clients interested and motivated. The extra smooth ride comes from the perfected gearing and the integrated generator/flywheel system.
The electronics in the CR800 are designed to provide intuitive operation. The console features a large easy-to-read display with a variety of program options for users of all fitness levels, an integrated fan to keep clients cool, and a USB port to help keep their devices charged. The convenient seat-mounted hand pulse grip sensors provide heart rate monitoring on demand.
HEART RATE MONITORING
Wireless chest strap heart rate transmitter compatible and hand pulse sensors help keep your workouts safe and effective.
Console features an adjustable fan, cell phone ledge, and USB charging port, while the seat comes equipped with a dual storage tray that can be used for a water bottle and other accessories.
Convenient cordless generator power system eliminates the need for plug-ins.
COMFORT MOLDED SEAT
A high durometer foam seat and back pad keeps users comfortable throughout their workout, while a quick release lever beneath the seat moves it forward/aft.
Versatile Pedal Position Adjustments
The device allows for 10 incremental pedal position adjustments, ranging from 15 degrees to the full range, thanks to its passive attachment arm that enables passive ranging.


If you decide to buy the latest smartphone, it means that you are looking for something that will last you for years without having to worry about it. Some people are willing to use a lot of money just to have the latest smartphone in their hands. majestic slots club online casino games can be played using these latest smartphones.
Therefore, this is the reason why we have picked some of the latest smartphones to buy in 2021.
Apple iPhone 12
The Apple iPhone 12 has got different layouts which include 64GB, 128GB, and 256GB. You can buy this phone in different colors like black, white, red, green, and blue. This phone has a bigger battery as compared with other iPhones.
It also makes reading and watching videos comfortable because of its big screen. The Apple iPhone 12 takes good quality videos and photos.
Samsung Galaxy S21
This is another latest smartphone in 2021. The phone is packed with a powerful chip and a powerful camera setup. It has got a display with a lower FHD+ resolution. It also saves battery for a long period.
On the other hand, this phone produces high-quality audio, captures amazing photographs, and takes good quality video clips. The phone can be bought in different colors which include violet, Grey and Pink.
Apple iPhone 12 Pro Max
This phone has the best for photography and taking videos. There is a difference between the 12 Pro Max and the other iPhone 12 which is the main camera sensor. Apple iPhone 12 Pro Max produces quality images even when it’s dark than the other iPhone 12, and playing casino francais online game .
Samsung Galaxy Note 20 Ultra
It has got a triple rear camera which is one of the most advanced smartphones you can get. It has got a pen that can be used to write on the instead of using your finger. Samsung Galaxy Note 21 Ultra has a memory of 12GB of Random Access Memory.
This phone offers great performance with a fas 65W wired charging. It has good camera features and it can keep subjects looking sharp. It is suitable for those people that like to take their photos in groups.
Google Pixel 4A
This phone has a clean version of Android and it does not have the largest screen. The phone is mostly good at taking night pictures and it has a 5.8-inch screen and enough RAM.
Samsung Galaxy Z Fold 2
It is created like other smartphones that fit in your pocket but the only difference it has from other smartphones is that it can be folded.
Samsung Galaxy A52 5G
The phone’s best feature is that it is affordable and the camera is good. This phone includes a 6.5-inch screen with fast 120Hz and an IP67 water resistance rating.


Residents of both the USA and the UK can expect to be dealing with the digital switchover within the next couple of years. What this means is that region by region, analog signals (also known as terrestrial TV) will stop being broadcast and viewers will need to buy an HDTV (High Definition Television) in order to watch the new digital signals being broadcast.
The differences between analog signals and digital signals are quite stark. On a basic level, analog television screens fire a picture onto the screen a whole frame at a time. Digital television, on the other hand, either fires all the odd lines at one time followed by all the even lines (interlaced scan mode at a screen resolution of 1920 x 1080 pixels), or one line at a time (progressive scan mode at a screen resolution of 1280 x 720 pixels). To an untrained eye digital interlaced and analog scan modes have little differences. However, progressive scan modes do improve the quality and smoothness of motion.
The most commonly used digital television standard in the UK is Freeview, which provides a number of free digital channels with a set top box, though most new televisions now have Freeview built in. The latest development is Freesat, which provides Freeview via a satellite dish and additionally will provide a number of HD channels.
One of the main advantages of Digital TV for viewers is that broadcasters are able to embed digital data into the streams, such as program information and interactive channel menus (eg Press the red button now). This data is read and executed by a computer system in the television and made interactive via infra red on the viewer's remote control pad.
Another huge advantage of digital television is that digital data takes up less bandwidth, meaning more channels can be broadcast at the same time. This gives viewers much more choice in what they watch and allows for follow up channels which broadcast the same programs as their namesake, just an hour later.
With all television signals comes the issue of reception. The most common way to receive digital signals is through Digital Terrestrial Television, or DTT, where the binary code data is picked up via an aerial. Aerial signals, however, are subject to poor reception which results in a poorer quality picture and audio (eg blockiness) which is why there are alternative ways of receiving Digital signals such as through an optical / DSL cable (IPTV), via P2P internet connection , or via digital satellite. The main advantage with IPTV, P2P connection and digital satellite are that the signal is likely to be stronger, the binary code complete and therefore the picture and sound quality much better.
It is widely agreed that the audio and picture quality of Digital TV is a great improvement on Analogue TV, but this is not where the differences end. Viewers receiving Digital signals have the opportunity to receive more channels, interact with them and get a lot more out of their viewing. While it might seem that the team driving the Digital Switchover are giving the public little choice over how they watch television, it cannot be denied that the advantages of Digital TV hugely outweigh those of analogue and that the switch will benefit everyone involved.


Two-photon "depolymerization" enables a flexible patterning of positive-tone photoresists on a broad range of opaque and transparent substrates. High-resolution 2D patterns with finest features can directly be structured into the photoresist without the need of expensive masks.
This bridges the gap between electron beam lithography and direct laser writing systems based on 1-photon absorption. The photoresist patterns can then be transfered to the substrate by means of etching of material deposition and subsequent lift-off process.
By using galvanization processes it is also possible to use the 2D structures as molds to shape metal parts.


The Latvian Information and Communications Technology Association (LIKTA) is a professional association, founded in 1998, that regroups over 85 organisational members from ICT industry, research and educational institutions, as well as about 100 individual professional members of the ICT industry sector in Latvia, namely in computer hardware and software, electronics, and telecommunications infrastructure and service providers.
LIKTA is a spokesman on behalf of the ICT industry in Latvia.The principal objective of LIKTA is to promote and further the development of Information Society and E-services in Latvia, so that all citizens may be given the opportunity to benefit from ICT and contribute to the Knowledge based economy. LIKTA works toward increasing e-awareness in society by organising conferences and educational endeavours and takes an active part in preparing both professional study programs for IT specialists and E-skills programs for citizens. It also provides expert advice to governmental institutions on legislative and other matters related to ICT, and maintains close links to other more specific ICT industry associations, as well as to corresponding organisations abroad.
An important aim of LIKTA is to encourage the growth of a vigorous ICT industry in Latvia and to lend support to the selling of ICT products and services abroad. LIKTA hosts the Information Technology Cluster, regrouping close to twenty export oriented ICT enterprises.
Stabu Str. 47-1, Riga, LV-1011, Latvia


Mini Camera SQ8®
Micro DV Camcorder Action Night Vision Digital Sport DV Wireless Mini Voice Video TV Out Camera HD 1080P 720P
1. Mini size for convenience and portability. Use it anywhere – at home, in the office, at live events, in meetings, etc.
2. High-def: 1080P and 720P
3. Use day or night with IR night vision
4. Adjustable 360 degrees
5. Motion detection automatically begins recording when it detects motion.
6. Connect to your TV to view footage.
7. 200mAh battery only takes about 1 hour to fully charge
Material: Zinc alloy
Dimensions: Approx. 2 x 2 x 1.6 cm (0.7 x 0.7 x 0.6 in)
Charging voltage: DC 5V
Memory: TF card, up to 32 GB (not included)
Interface: Mini 8 pin USB
Video coding: M-JPG
Video FPS: 30fps
Battery: 200mAh (included)
PC camera resolution: 320 x 240
Video resolution: 1920 x 1080/1280 x720
Video (compression) format: AVI
Image scale: 4:3
Player: Comes with operating system or mainstream player
Continuous video recording time: 60 Minutes
Compatibility: Windows ME/2000/XP/2003/Vista, Mac OS, Linux
Weight: Approx. 75g
1 Mini camera
1 User manual
1 USB data cable
1 Camera mount
Please note that this product does NOT include memory card.
This product does not support network settings, it is connected via USB.


What would you like to see in Freeciv? Do you have a good idea what should be improved or how?
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My monitor has a high resolution (2560x1440) screen. Consequently the set-up screen gets truncated. The set-up screen can be expanded, but that has to be done each time. Two possible approaches to fix. One, make the set-up screen larger horizontally. Two, have the computer remember the dimension.