The Design and Verification Tools (DVT) platform is a powerful and
modern, yet easy to use programming environment for the e language, SystemVerilog and VHDL. It enables
faster and smarter code development and simplifies legacy code
maintenance for novices and experts alike.
Being created on the integrated development environment (IDE)
concept, DVT is similar to well-known programming tools like Visual
Studio and IntelliJ. An intuitive graphical user interface (GUI)
integrates a smart code editor with a parser that runs in the
background and a complete suite of tools for code navigation and
In addition, the DVT IDE includes several domain-specific capabilities for design and verification,
such as structural browsing of design entities, verification
methodology support, and an innovative linting framework.
- Built on the Eclipse platform for easy integration within a large plug-in ecosystem.
- Includes an IEEE standard compliant parser (IEEE 1800 SystemVerilog, IEEE 1647 e Language, and IEEE 1076 VHDL).
- Integrates with all major simulators to enable simplified
- Works with revision control systems like CVS, Git, Subversion,
ClearCase and bug tracking systems such as Bugzilla.
- Incorporates advanced editing features such as: syntax and
semantic checks as you type, autocomplete, in-line reminders,
code templates, macro expansion, code formatting, and
refactoring for efficient code writting.
- Provides code and project navigation capabilities like
hyperlinks, semantic search, class and structural browsing,
and UML diagrams to simplify the maintenance of tens of
thousands of code lines.
- Includes support for the Universal Verification Methodology
(UVM), Open Verification Methodology (OVM), and Verification
Methodology Manual (VMM) and UVM/OVM compliance checking
- Enables automated documentation extraction.
10 REASONS TO CHOOSE DVT
- Use advanced code development features.
- Easily create and reuse code and project templates.
- Continuously improve the code using refactoring.
- Link the simulator output with the source code.
- Debug pre-processing macros.
- Automatically generate documentation.
- Track tasks and place reminders.
- Easily understand the project using high level structural views and hyperlinks.
- Inspect the architecture through dynamically created UML diagrams.
- Automatically check methodology compliance (UVM, OVM).


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Looking to convert your cart from Lead-Acid to Li-Ion?
We provide neat and professional conversions on carts from lead-acid to lithium. Each brand and model presents it's own challenges however by now we have learned the kinks and developed a straight forward process to our conversions whereby the end product is neat and professional and leaves you wondering why you didn't do it sooner. We can do a conversion on any golf cart make and brand.
There are multiple benefits to lithium LiFePO4 golf cart batteries when compared to conventional lead-acid batteries. With more than double the expected lifespan, at less than double the cost. RoyPow golf cart lithium batteries have an expected lifespan of 10 years or 3500 charge discharge cycles compared to 5 years for conventional lead acid batteries. Lithium batteries require no maintenence, so no more checking cells and topping up of fluids, terminal cleaning or acid residue in your cart. Life is busy and you just don't have the time. RoyPow lithium batteries are backed by a 5 year limited warranty, compared with the 1 year warranty for conventional lead-acid batteries. Being significantly lighter than their lead acid counterpart they allow for significantly enhanced efficiency! With rapid onboard charging, the lithium models will charge 2x faster.
View a few examples below of some of the conversions we've done in the past.
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In automotive technology, transponder keys have become a standard feature in modern vehicles. These electronic keys provide an additional layer of security and help prevent car theft. However, transponder keys are not immune to problems like any other electronic device. In this blog post, we will explore the question: “Can a transponder key go bad?” and discuss common issues that can arise with these keys and potential solutions.
Understanding Transponder Keys
A transponder or chip key is equipped with a small electronic chip or transponder. This chip communicates with the vehicle’s immobilizer system, allowing the engine to start only when the appropriate key is inserted into the ignition. The chip sends a non-identical code to the car’s immobilizer, verifying its authenticity before igniting it.
Can a Transponder Key Go Bad?
The short answer is yes; a transponder key can go bad over time. Let’s explore some of the common problems associated with transponder keys:
Battery Depletion: Transponder keys are powered by small batteries inside the key fob. Over time, these batteries may lose their charge, resulting in a weak or unresponsive signal from the key. If the battery dies completely, the key may stop working altogether.
Physical Damage: Transponder keys are subjected to regular wear and tear. Dropping the key, exposing it to moisture, or subjecting it to excessive force can lead to physical damage. Cracks or internal circuitry issues can disrupt the key’s ability to transmit the correct signal, rendering it ineffective.
Programming Errors: Transponder keys require proper programming to communicate effectively with the car’s immobilizer system. The key may not function correctly if errors occur during the programming process, such as incorrect coding or incomplete synchronization.
Faulty Transponder Chip: Sometimes, the transponder chip may develop a fault. It can occur due to manufacturing defects or damage sustained over time. A defective chip may not transmit the correct code or fail to communicate with the immobilizer system, rendering the key useless.
Solutions and Troubleshooting
If you encounter issues with a transponder key, there are several steps you can take to diagnose and resolve the problem:
Replace the Key Battery: If you notice a weak or unresponsive signal from your transponder key, try replacing the battery. Most key fobs have a small compartment that allows for easy battery replacement.
Inspect for Physical Damage: Examine the key for any visible signs of physical damage. If you find cracks, corrosion, or loose connections, replacing the key or repairing the damaged components may be necessary.
Reprogramming the Key: If the key has been programmed incorrectly or has lost synchronization with the immobilizer system, reprogramming may be necessary.
Seek Professional Assistance: If you have tried the above troubleshooting steps without success, it is advisable to seek professional assistance. Automotive locksmiths in Brooklyn and authorized dealers have the expertise and specialized tools to diagnose and resolve complex transponder key issues.
How Can a Professional Locksmith Help In Case a Transponder Key Goes Bad?
Here’s how a locksmith can help:
Key Duplication and Replacement: If your transponder key is damaged beyond repair or lost, a locksmith can create a duplicate or replacement key for your vehicle. They have the equipment and expertise to cut and program transponder keys to match your car’s immobilizer system.
Transponder Key Programming: A locksmith can handle the programming process when you obtain a new transponder key or your current key needs reprogramming. They have the specialized tools and software to synchronize the new key with your vehicle’s immobilizer system, ensuring proper communication and functionality.
Key Fob Battery Replacement: If your transponder key is experiencing battery issues, a locksmith can assist in replacing the key fob battery. They can identify the correct battery type and perform the replacement, ensuring your key functions properly.
Troubleshooting and Diagnostics: If you’re experiencing issues with your transponder key, a locksmith can perform diagnostic tests to identify the problem. They have the knowledge and experience to pinpoint the underlying issue, whether a programming error, a faulty transponder chip, or another related problem.
Emergency Lockout Assistance: A professional locksmith can provide emergency lockout services if you’re locked out of your vehicle due to a malfunctioning transponder key. They can quickly and safely approach your car, allowing you to retrieve your keys or assist in creating a replacement key on the spot.
General Maintenance and Advice: A locksmith can offer guidance on proper maintenance practices for your transponder key. They can provide tips on keeping the key in good condition, preventing damage, and maximizing its lifespan.
While transponder keys are generally reliable, they can experience problems over time. Issues such as battery depletion, physical damage, programming errors, and faulty transponder chips can cause a transponder key to go bad. However, most transponder key problems can be resolved with proper troubleshooting and professional assistance. If you encounter any issues with your transponder key, it’s best to consult an expert who can diagnose the problem and provide an appropriate solution. Remember to follow proper maintenance practices and handle your transponder key carefully to maximize its lifespan and ensure its continued functionality.
Contact Instalock Locksmith at (718) 557-9821. Our 24-hour professional team can help you with electronic locks, fingerprint locks, and key copying for homes & businesses.


Battery is one of the most important parts of the car that everyone should know about. Several accessories and the lights in the car are powered by this battery.
A battery can last up to five years, but you need to take good care of it in order to keep it functioning.
What does a car’s low voltage battery mean?
When you have a low voltage battery, it means that it needs to be charged or replaced.
An easy way to determine if a battery needs recharging is to check its voltage with a multimeter. A battery replacement may be necessary if the charge is continuously low.
According to AutoBatteries.com, a fully charged battery should measure over 12.6 volts. When the engine is running, this reading should be between 13.7 and 14.7 volts.
If the battery voltage is less than 12.45 volts, it is low (less than 75 percent charged) and needs to be recharged.
What causes a battery to have low voltage?
A low or weak battery in your car can be caused by a variety of factors. Sometimes weak batteries are caused by faulty alternators or parasitic drains.
Low battery voltage can also be caused by faulty battery connections. It is possible for loose or corroded connections to cause intermittent electrical problems.
1. Faulty Alternator
To make your car last longer, you need to charge the battery. The alternator of your car must be working properly and producing enough voltage and current to charge the battery.
The alternator converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. The motor consists of a rotor, stator, regulator (or voltage regulator), and an internal rectifier.
Your car’s battery is charged by an alternating current produced by the alternator.
Drive belts are rubber or fabric belts used to drive crankshafts and drive accessories. Alternator belts, fan belts, or accessory drive belts are examples of drive belts.
In the event of a broken, frayed or clogged serpentine belt, the electrical components won’t be able to spin at their maximum speed, leading to a loss of power to the system.
2. Corroded or Loose Connections
Power is supplied from the battery to the vehicle’s electrical system, including the starter, ignition coil(s), fuse box(es), and dashboard components. Low voltage may result from this problem.
In the event of corroded or loose connections, intermittent electrical issues may occur.
3. Faulty Voltage Regulator
Volatile voltage regulators can result from faulty alternator connections or shorted electric circuits within the regulator, causing an uncontrolled charging sequence that destroys batteries.
You may also encounter voltage regulator issues if your battery is weak or bad.
4. Faulty Battery
If you want to use the low voltage battery again, you will need to recharge it, or you will need to replace it entirely if the other reasons no longer apply in this case.
The first sign of a dead battery is when there is nothing left in your lights, and they dim when you turn on your car.
It is advisable to always have replacement batteries ready in case the battery of your vehicle dies completely. You can purchase a new battery at your local auto parts store.
At what voltage is a 12-volt battery considered dead?
An open-cell or resting battery voltage is what we refer to as “open-cell voltage”. A fully charged 12-volt battery rests at 12.8-12.9 volts, and a flat dead battery sits at 12.0 volts, so 12.4 volts represents about 50% charge on a resting battery.
According to BatteryStuff.com, a healthy 12-volt motorcycle battery should maintain 9.5 – 10.5 volts under load for at least 30 seconds.
How to measure a 12-volt battery?
There are several ways to check for a low voltage battery. You can use a multimeter with the testing probes attached to your ground and positive posts, respectively.
Voltmeters are the most reliable tool for checking whether a battery is still charged. Your battery is considered low if your voltmeter shows no reading or a reading of less than 12.4 volts.
If the voltmeter shows 12.4 volts or more, the battery is working properly and the problem lies elsewhere.
Low voltage on car battery?
Low voltage batteries range from 11.8 to 12 volts. If you need to drive for a long time, prepare for a battery replacement due to the low voltage.
In addition, a low voltage needs to be recharged before it can be used. However, it will have issues starting a car (headlights, horn, fuel gauge) and eventually won’t be able to start the vehicle.
Battery voltage is less than 11.8 volts when discharged. When the battery is fully discharged, the car cannot start. It can be recharged, but it must be replaced soon.
Fully discharged batteries take a short time to recharge, so you should use the car as soon as possible for safety reasons
In a discharged state, batteries should not be left for long periods of time. Don’t store your battery or make any changes to its voltage settings as this may cause irreversible damage to your car’s electrical components and permanently damage its battery.
How to fix low voltage car battery
Charge a car battery with a low voltage in several ways. When a battery is already fully charged, it’s a good idea to use a battery charger with a float mode.
You can jump start a car with low voltage by starting it from another vehicle and letting it run for at least half a minute while in the starting mode. You can then drive the car to a nearby shop for a replacement battery once the voltage has firmed up enough.
Despite the wide variety of battery chargers available, it is important to choose one that is suited to the needs of your 12-volt system as well as your vehicle.
From motorcycles to personal watercraft, universal types will work.
In addition, there are dual-purpose chargers that perform both functions, but these are only compatible with certain battery types and sizes.
You will need to bring the battery outside and connect the charger if the battery is in a car located indoors.
You might need one of the smaller portable chargers if you do not have room to work on your vehicle.
In order to fix low voltage car batteries, you need to learn how to use portable chargers.
Therefore, the best way to detect low voltage on a car battery is to use a voltmeter. If the voltage is over 12,4 volts, then you can continue driving without needing a tow truck.
If the voltmeter reading is below 12.4 volts, the battery is low and should be changed or replaced as soon as possible because a low voltage battery cannot provide enough power to run the car properly.
How helpful was this article to you? If you have any questions, please let me know. Leave a comment below!


Commercial Solar Products and Services
Integrelec offers RPEQ Certification, Commissioning and Testing services to Commercial Solar Installers
Designed to perform export control functionality in situations where that functionality is not available as part of the feature set of the inverter or accessories from the inverter manufacturer.
Supported inverter brands/protocols:
- ABB Trio
- Dimensions: 300mm (w) x 400mm (h) x 150mm (d)
- Ingress Protection: IP65


Data revolution and technology have been important players in redefining and revolutionizing healthcare in the recent years. This has been accelerated due to some catalysts. For instance, we’ve uncovered that a major chunk of the population is aging; and the workforce population is declining; fewer people are now able to afford or access healthcare as before. All of these factors contribute to certain transformations and predictions. Despite the fact that the prediction of future healthcare is an imperfect science, the forecasts made in the mid-80s, such as increase in the population of elderly people, increased in the number of people in managed care plans, newer technologies, increase in for-profit health care institutions, etc. have turned out to be spot on.
And so, here are the top 5 remarkable facts about the future of healthcare that have great chances of turning into reality:
1. Preventive Medication Will Rise
Since electronic information regarding medicines is available on Cloud, the healthcare activities are now transferring online. Thanks to the digitalization of diagnosis, predictive and preventive medication is expected to soar in the near future. In the coming years, sensors will help people detect even slight changes in the temperature or the presence of a virus, so that they can take adequate care to prevent the disease altogether. Today, this technology is in its preliminary stages, but with constant support of entrepreneurs, it can be turned into reality soon.
2. Healthcare Will Transit from General to Personal
In the future, the ‘internet of things’ will interlink devices that aid predictive medication and a patient’s wellness according to his/her lifestyle. This can shift a person’s luxury to a necessity. Since data will become more accessible and devices will become more efficient in the future, healthcare industry would be better able to connect these devices to a patient’s experience. So, to trigger this trend, it’s important to develop a good knowledge base around the data.
3. Robots Will Optimize Healthcare
Thanks to predictive data solutions, robots design will take place, taking healthcare to a whole new level. You might have heard about some of the prototypes functioning in various hospitals as well. For example, the robot, Eve, is programmed to deliver samples and supplies at the University of California, San Francisco Medical Center.
4. Silos Shall Be Destroyed
The healthcare industry will witness an escalated trend of collaboration, destroying silos. Entrepreneurs will collaborate with hospitals and researchers in order to fill in technological gaps and facilitate innovation. This collaborative power can be effectively reinforced by becoming well-versed with network of healthcare comprising of professionals and entrepreneurs encouraging new-life science projects.
5. Doctors Will Gain Access to More Data
Today, doctors are already making use of computers high-technology devices in order to optimize healthcare. In near future, if the same trend continues, doctors will be able to revolutionize the way they diagnose patients and treat them for multitude diseases by gaining more access to readily available data.
Play your role and contribute to the society by utilizing quality medical supplies at Matrix Medical Supplies.


Apple’s Steve Jobs officially unveiled the iPad this week. It’s a tablet-style device that according to Jobs is “so much more intimate than a laptop and so much more capable than a smart phone.” It’s essentially a moderately-sized 9.7 inch touch-screen device with the functionality of an iPhone and more.
Tablet computers are certainly nothing revolutionary, having been on the market for years. However, Apple hopes to revive the unsuccessful tablet concept and market it to a new audience. The device is only 0.5 inches thick and will come in various models ranging in price from $499 - $829, all with Wi-Fi and Bluetooth connectivity built-in. Apple’s website bills it as “The best way to experience the web, email, photos and video. Hands down.” Plus with e-Book functionality, the Kindle and Nook may have serious competition. The standard models will ship in late April with the 3G models shipping in May.
Here’s my take on it:
At first glance, it’s impressive and has a nice “wow” factor with it’s touch-screen and custom designed 1GHz Apple A4 processor. However, for me it’s a little lacking and a little disappointing.
When I heard weeks ago that Apple was going to launch a moderately-priced tablet computer, I had high hopes. However, this week I was a little shocked when I found out that’s it’s really just a huge iPhone! It’s not a true tablet computer at all. it won’t run native Mac OS apps like Photoshop, for instance. Plus the most storage space you can get is 64GB.
Here’s what I don’t get…
Let’s say I want to get a portable Apple computing device for under $1000. I can get the G3 iPad for $829 with it’s 9.7″ display and 64GB capacity. Then maybe I want a “real” keyboard, so I add on the Apple iPad Keyboard Doc ($69) accessory, for a grand total of $898. Or better yet, I can shell out a mere $101 more and get the base model Apple Macbook laptop with 13.3″ display and 250 GB hard drive (Just $999.)
So why exactly would I opt for the iPad? If I wanted to look cool hanging out at Starbucks surfing the net on my touch-screen device, then the iPad would be perfect. However, for the price point there are much more powerful options.
Apple’s certainly got their work cut out for them, trying to convince people why they need a giant iPhone for $500 and up. I think the iPad (especially the higher tier 3G version) won’t be an easy sell in our current economic climate. It’s shiny and new, but does it have the staying power of the iPhone and iPod? We’ll have to see what the future holds for Apple’s latest gadget.


At VSFITS, we understand the importance of monitoring a server and keeping a tab on all its network connections. With the latest software systems in place, we are able to monitor the performance of each individual component involved in the network architecture.
Not only does this cut down on the manual monitoring efforts on our part, but it also enables us to detect potential network flaws at the initial stage and rectify them before they cause any network hindrance.
For any business, having a good uptime plays a crucial role in catering to customers. To ensure that our clients have a 99.99% uptime, we at VSFITS invest in keeping up with the advancements in the latest monitoring software. We ensure that the migration to the latest technology is seamless and that our clients do not face any business disruption because of any form of technical issue. The usage of the latest tools allows us to continuously monitor the entire network and ensure uninterrupted high-quality service to our clients.


- Posted by: ina
- Category: News
Why “Airplane mode” during the flight?
Before takeoff and shortly before landing, flight attendants ask passengers to switch their electronic devices to flight mode. However, far from everyone complies because we just don’t understand how our small smartphones can interfere with the operation of a high-tech aircraft.
In flight mode, your gadget disables all data services (Wi-Fi, GSM, Bluetooth, etc). Simply put, your phone or tablet ceases to function as a radio receiver. If your smartphone has not been switched to flight mode, then the signals emanating from it may interfere with the highly sensitive electronic devices of the aircraft.
When a smartphone is simply locked and you’re not using it, it is still searching for a network, and its frequency may overlap with the frequency of aircraft devices. Even if you think a “sleeping” gadget does not pose a threat, switch it to flight mode.
If your device doesn’t have this functionality, just turn it off.


Qualcomm will buy one of the most venerable British technology companies, the chip design firm CSR, once known as Cambridge Silicon Radio.
[company]CSR[/company] was one of the pioneers in Bluetooth technology, and these days – having sold off its mobile business to Samsung a couple years back – it is again concentrating on the technology, in particular Bluetooth LE/Smart, the low-power variant designed for connecting internet of things devices.
The company recently rejected a takeover bid, rumored to be worth as much as $3 billion, from U.S. firm Microchip, on the basis that the price was insufficient. [company]Qualcomm[/company] said late Tuesday that it will pay around $2.5 billion for CSR, so perhaps those rumors were somewhat overenthusiastic.
Qualcomm said the buy will give it more “products, channels and customers” in the internet of things — an area where it is already intensely active — and in automotive infotainment, another…
View original post 305 more words
Samsung’s Galaxy Note 4 comes out this Friday. It’s the fourth generation of the phone that first defined the “phablet” — the trend of phones with big screens that seems to have eaten the smartphone market.
But it’s not just screen size that defines the Galaxy Note, it’s also the S Pen: A stylus and software combo that is now more mature than those offered by any other mobile device maker. I’ve been using the Note 4 for the past week, and it’s a very nice phone, easily one of the most polished and powerful available. But now that almost all smartphones have caught up to the big screen, does the Note have enough to stand out anymore?
Hardware: The new aluminum construction is great
Let’s face it: The Galaxy Note 4 is large. It’s about the same size as its predecessor, which means it’s a little over 6…
View original post 1,412 more words


Fibroscan (ultrasound-based transient elastography) is a safe, accessible, inexpensive and non-invasive technology used to assess liver fibrosis (scarring). An ultrasound probe is used to pulse the liver with low frequency sound waves (50mHz). The velocity (speed) of the wave travels through the liver reflects the ‘stiffness’ or scarring present. It is an accurate test for detecting fibrosis and even scarring of the liver (cirrhosis) and may be used to monitor patients with known fibrosis to predict complications associated with significant liver disease. It is a standard component of the general liver assessment in most of the University of Calgary Liver clinics.


Did you know vRad cloud radiology is now powered by our pioneering AI technology? …and delivering exciting results for our clients and their patients?
After years of preparation, we’re helping patients today with artificial intelligence on a very large scale with over 20,000 studies processed on the vRad Imaging Platform daily. Over 6,500 studies pass through our AI models on a typical day to identify critical pathologies for escalation to our radiologists.
But we’re just getting started.
Visit our AI in Radiology page learn more and to:


If you want to write letters on a computer, you're going to need some word-processing software like Microsoft Word. In a similar fashion, if want to use a computer as a communication aid, you're going to need communication software.
What the software does is add all the functionality that helps the communication process - it will contain all the settings and adjustments you need if, for example,you want to use switches as an access method; it will allow you to choose which artificial voice, language, vocabulary and symbol set you want; it will enable you to select and refine any word or phrase prediction that's available - in short, it's the software that makes the computer capable of being an effective communication aid.
The communication software is usually also the 'container' for the third range of products that Speechbubble looks at - the vocabularies, ie the actual on-screen grids of words and symbols.
giving the gift of communication


You understand already that it’s nearly impossible to do with a normal camera. Get that additional important part you’re missing using your normal smartphone camera. It isn’t simple to discover smartphone cameras that do this. The Fujifilm W3 Finepix 3D camera may be the ideal option for teenagers who seek ideal superior 3D camera, with a fair price (Around $350).
The One Thing to Do for Smartphone Camera Lens
Mobile phones nowadays pack quite a punch with regard to superior audio output and other enhancements. Obviously, tapping on the place you are interested in getting the phone to focus on will offer you a sharper focus about it. It fits with the majority of the intelligent phones. Although various phones have various settings, most should have the ability to allow you to control the focus, exposure, white balance and ISO. It is a great flagship phone with fantastic battery life, a lovely display, and quite a strong processor.
Whatever They Told You About Smartphone Camera Lens Is Dead Wrong…And Here’s Why
While smartphones are often employed as remote triggers for different cameras, in addition, there are a range of alternatives available for triggering smartphone cameras too. The smartphone isn’t a whole lot larger than its rivals. However much power your smartphone could be packing, should it not own a screen to match up to it, it’s just not good enough. It fits most smartphones and tablets, and therefore you don’t need to be worried about compatibility. More and more smartphones have begun to boast built-in photography features like the ability to create time-lapse videos. The Lenovo K910 Smartphone is one of the kinds which are located on the market.
Not all Lenses must be practically useful, needless to say. Furthermore, the lenses are quite little and can be flimsy. In case you go searching for a telephone lens at a retail shop, you’re just getting commercial-grade lenses. In addition, the lenses are created from aluminum so that it’s last long. Moreover, they screw easily in to the lens holder, so it won’t damage your phone. Therefore, the smartphone camera lens plays an important role during buying smartphones by consumers.
Characteristics of Smartphone Camera Lens
Cameras are now running at the very low price of $224.99. It is how cameras ought to be in this time! A micro four thirds camera is an incredible compromise between both worlds. Unless you’re very picky, you are going to be very content with an excellent micro four thirds camera in this aspect.
At times, it is better to settle on a camera that is now trending among smartphone camera users. It is significantly more than only a camera. These cameras prove you don’t need to purchase a camera that takes interchangeable lenses to acquire excellent shots. You don’t need to purchase a thousand-dollar camera merely to find the shots you desire. Your common camera will go on to blindly head off in 1 direction and see whether it gets any better. Fifthly, upgraded dual cameras give the great shooting experience. Otherwise, continue reading to figure out which are the finest compact cameras in the marketplace at the moment, and why.


We want to reinvent the way you communicate with your pet
Our priority is that your pet remains healthy and safe, and you stress-free. That's why we integrate the latest GPS technology together with a daily activity monitor. All this, through a simple and intuitive mobile app.
Technical Specifications:-Weight: 55 g.
-Communications: Bluetooth 4.2 LE, ISM Communication Band
-Battery: 560 mAh rechargeable LiPo. Duration up to 40 days.
-Charging: Wireless, Qi ™ compatible, charging base included.
-Sensors: GPS / GNNS positioning, 3-axis accelerometer, battery level, ambient temperature.
-Material: ABS / HIPS / UHMW-PE / TPU
-Protection: IP67, watertight and submersible.
*subject to change. Delivery not included.


Abstract: In this talk we present current and ongoing work about how to learn the Lego-like building blocks of real world networks in order to gain insights into the mechanisms that underlie network growth and evolution. We recently discovered a relationship between graph theory and formal language theory that thinks like a context free grammar (CFG), but for graphs. The extracted hyperedge replacement grammar (HRG) contains the precise building blocks of the network as well as the instructions by which these building blocks ought to be pieced together to make predictions about the data. In a second project, we present work on how humans create networks of information and how we can leverage some of those networks pursuit of knowledge. At a time when information seekers first turn to digital sources for news and information, it is critical that we understand the role that social media plays in the creation of digital artifacts. This is especially true when information consumers also act as information producers and editors through their online activity. In order to better understand the effects that editorial ratings have on online human behavior, we report the results of a two large-scale experiments in social media.
Bio: Tim Weninger is an Assistant Professor at the University of Notre Dame where he directs the Data Science Group and is a member of the Interdisciplinary Center for Networks Science and Applications (ICENSA). His research interests are in data mining, machine learning and network science. The key application of his research is to identify how humans generate, curate and search for information in the pursuit of knowledge. He uses properties of these emergent networks to reason about the nature of relatedness, membership and other abstract and physical phenomena.


The Digi development kit for Android embedded solutions interface with the manufacturer's Wi-i.MX53 calculator.
Android is an ideal software platform to create professional products by deploying a minimum of effort in a minimum of development time.
The development kit, based on the solid foundations of Android software and its rich ecosystem, is ideal for meeting the specific needs of embedded system developers.
The Android Application kit (ref CC-WMX53-ANDRD) includes :
- Quick start guide
- CD/ DVD Digi Application Development Kit for Android
- Documentations and diagrams of the development map
- Digi ConnectCore Wi-i.MX53 calculator: 1 GHz i.MX53, 512 MB NAND Flash, 512 MB DDR2, -20 to 70 C
- 7" WVGA LCD screen with touch slab
- Digi JumpStart Kit Development Card:
3 series ports (1 x RS-232/422/485, 1 x RS-232 Tx/Rx, 1 x TTL), VGA, HDMI 1.3, Ethernet (RJ-45), WLAN with antenna connectors, slot SD/MMC, MicroSD slot, USB OTG, 4 x USB Host, I2C/SPI connectors, 1-Wire connector, audio: line in/out and microphone in (3.5 mm), XBee radio module connector (separately sold module), screw-bound for digital E/S, user push buttons, user LEDs, battery, 802.3af (PoE) module support (separately sold), LCD/external touch connectors, external camera connectors, user/application connector, power sector / 9-30VDC with switch
- Power and accessories: External wall adapter with international plug set, Ethernet cable, antennas, cable series
To download all the documentation (CD for implementation and manuals), Click here


Throughout history, the inventions of new technology have led to many great discoveries and advancement of our species – but at what cost? The pollution and waste created by some of these marvels of science have led to less potable drinking water, less fresh air to breathe, and many other alarming facts. Electrical energy rates continue to climb, homeowners are looking to find different ways to cut their costs while still obtaining the electricity they need to actually completely power their houses. If you live in Australia, one of the popular options there in the pursuit of greener energy would be hiring solar panel installation Adelaide services have to offer. Another particular choice which is available will be the using of homemade solar panels. This article explores the positive effects of utilizing solar energy for a greener future:
How do solar panels work?
Solar electric panels, also known as PV or photovoltaic modules, are a great way to go green. Although they are not the cheapest alternative to consider, your investment in the panels can not only save you money in the long run but once the initial investment has been paid, the panels can earn you money as well. Such individual solar panels capture the sun’s rays and consequently convert to useful electricity. There are several many advantages to this idea, essentially, this sort of electrical power is free of charge and it’s helpful to the environment.
How is the electricity generated?
Let’s first begin by reviewing high school science. As some of you may know, light is a form of energy. This energy is formed out of protons and neutrons, which form the electrons. These electrons, when connected into a circuit, create basic electricity. Now, there are two types of electricity, Direct Current (DC) where the electricity flows in only one direction, and Alternating Current (AC) which flows both ways, similar to a tide on the ocean. With solar electric panels, two thin sheets of positively and negatively charged silicon are placed between glass plates. Sandwiched inside the silicon is a series of small wires. When the sun’s light hits the panel, the electrons are separated in a process where the positive neutrons are repelled, while the negative neutrons get trapped in the magnetic field caused by the two silicon sheets. Next, the negative neutrons are attracted to the small wires and begin to form a complete circuit, which in turn creates electricity. Finally, the solar electric panels are fitted with a power inverter. This is so that the newly harvested DC electricity may be formed into AC, which is what our houses require.
- Cheaper electricity, of course!
- Solar panels run silently.
- Solar panels just lay upon your roof working 12 hours a day without complaint making and storing your energy.
- Your attic area will become much cooler and more enjoyable due to the panels blocking the sun’s immense heat.
Most of Australia’s most prominent solar energy company and solar energy providers such as Sunterra can do the works for you, but this very simple process for capturing a renewable energy source is also used for homemade solar panels. Both these options are wise investments for those of us who wish to go green.


With rapid advancements underway in the field of robotic materials, robotic surgeries, self-adjusting camouflage and prosthetic limbs that can give people back their sense of touch could all be a reality in a few years.
What if a prosthetic limb could impart a sense of touch, allowing a patient to once again feel with the hand they may have lost? Or, what if military vehicles and uniforms could perfectly camouflage themselves with any environment they find themselves in? All of these and more could become reality in just a few short years with rapid advancements underway in the field of robotic materials.
Robotic materials are a type of composite material that incorporate computation, communication, sensing, or actuation within the material itself. They are a type of metamaterial – a macroscopic composite which is man-made and designed to optimize a response to a specific excitation which is not found in nature. Robotic materials are known as computational metamaterials because they are fully programmable. Instead of producing a response to an excitation through purely physical or mechanical means, robotic materials produce that response through sensing, actuation, and computer logic.
In 1991, Toffoli and Margolus coined the term programmable matter, a closely related predecessor to robotic materials. Programmable matter describes dense arrays of computing elements that can solve complex computational problems such as material system simulations. Later, the term evolved to describe materials made of building blocks (or catoms) which were fully reconfigurable, meaning that the materials’ physical properties could be changed arbitrarily. More recently, robotic materials have built upon that concept, but are more focused on structural properties that can be obtained from the embedding polymers and less on the ability to universally change the properties of the material.
Robotic materials are currently used in real-world applications such as camouflage, robotic skins, load balancing, and increasing the autonomy of robots by moving some of the computational functions into the material of the robot. In the research world, robotic materials are used in many different fields like composite materials, swarm intelligence, sensor networks, and distributed algorithms. Unlike any of these fields alone, robotic materials combine many complex elements including sensors, actuators, communication and structural design, and distributed algorithms. Because there are so many systems present, interdisciplinary research teams are required in most cases to delicately balance the effects of so many variables.
In the future, robotic materials can be expanded for nearly any application. The benefits of these materials lie largely in their versatility and ability to accomplish any task that conventional materials can achieve, usually with much fewer parts and less material. This leads to things like phone cases that change colors or tabletops that can either heat or cool your food depending on your needs at the time.


This boombox includes Bluetooth, FM radio, LED light up, dancing speakers, stereo sound, aux input, SD and USB input, remote control, and rechargeable battery and charger.
The mini boombox boasts powerful stereo sound features, a carrying handle, retractable antenna, and full volume control. It’s convenient to carry around and use.
Perfect for parties, this item is a perfect way to entertain friends and family. Boys and girls, whether they’re a kid, teen, or adult, will be a fan of this retro boombox!
• Bluetooth 5.0
• FM Radio
• LED Light up Dancing Speakers
• Stereo Sound
• Aux Input
• SD/USB Input
• Remote Control
• Rechargeable battery & Charger Cable included


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This is a private studio which can cover 25 to 30KM radius in ideal environment . It’s for factory,preaching,college,city studio and so on.
The packege including:
1*1000W FM transmitter
1*30M coaxial cable
1* aduio processor
2* BOP covers
* Professional stereo sound with excellent separation
* Standard 19″ 2H rack, clean design and high quality
* Low distortion and good Signal/Noise ratio
* Built-in CPU system for controlling and monitoring
* Advanced TEMP and SWR protection
* Frequency range: 87.5-108 MHz, 10 KHz/Step
* RF output impedance: 50 Ω
* RF output connector: L29 type -female
* Audio input connector: XLR-female
* MPX and AUX input connector: BNC-female
* Pre-emphasis: 0 / 50 / 75 us
* Mains power supply requirements: 90~264VAC;127~370VDC
* Operating temperature range: -10 to 45‘C
* Weight: 13Kg
* Frequency Range: 87.5Mhz-108Mhz
* VSWR:<1.35:1 MAX
* Weight:4kg with hardware mounting
* Max handle power:1KW
* 1/2″ 30meters N-J-N-J feeder cable
FMUSER FU802 8-way mixer
* Ultra-Low Noise Design 8-Input 2-Bus Mixer
* Ultra-low noise design, highest possible headroom, ultra-transparent audio
* 2 state-of-the-art, studio-grade IMP “Invisible” Mic Preamp with 130 dB dynamic range for 24-bit, 192 kHz sampling rate inputs
* Effective, extremely musical 3-band EQ on all channels
* 6 balanced high-headroom line inputs
* One post fader FX send per channel for external FX devices
* One stereo aux return for FX applications or as separate stereo input
* Reference-Class 2-Channel Expander/Gate/Compressor/Peak Limiter with Integrated Dynamic Enhancer, De-Esser and Low Contour Filter.
* Switchable IKA (Interactive Knee Adaptation) program-adaptive compression circuitry combines the advantages of hard-knee and soft-knee characteristics.
* Adjustable dynamic Enhancer with level meter for brilliant, lively audio even with heavy compression.
* IGC (Interactive Gain Control) peak limiting circuitry combines clipper and program limiter for reliable and inaudible protection against signal peaks.
* Switchable De-esser removes excessive sibilance from your vocal tracks.
* IRC (Interactive Ratio Control) expander/gate circuitry for virtually inaudible noise suppression.
* Automatically or manually adjustable attack and release times.
Monitor Speakers FMUSER FU200MKIII
* Bass is 5.25 inch magnetic steel tape
* 1-inch tweeter with magnetic
* Power 50w
* Peak power 70w
* Physical divider
* Treble independent regulation
* Bass independent regulation
* All wooden box 9mm thick planks
* Rated voltage 220v or 110V
FU44 Monitor headphone
* Wear mode: wearing ear
* Headphones Type: Wired
* Whether the microphone: No
* Headset service: Genius
* Frequency response 18-20000Hz
* impedance of 32 Ohms
* SPL 115 dB SPL / V
* harmonic distortion: <1%, maximum
* input power of 200mW
* leather earmuffs, automatic adjustableand comfortable headset
* lightweight form factor
* Back retractable headphones
* excellent cost performance
* Brand: FMUSER
* Tuner Type: Dynamic
* Wireless: Wired
* Channel: 1
* Pointing characteristics: Cardioid
* Four external springs
* Cantilever fastening knob
* Upper two tubes, the lower three tubes, increase stability
* Can be used for horizontal and vertical installation
* Hollow stent may be passing through the cable from the boom
* Chassis Mount Standard accessories
* Large double filter
* Broadcast Recording
* Microphone BOP cover
How far(long) the transmitter cover?
The transmission range depends on many factors. The true distance is based on the antenna installing height , antenna gain, using environment like building and other obstructions , sensitivity of the receiver, antenna of the receiver . Installing antenna more high and using in the countryside , the distance will much more far.
EXAMPLE 5W FM Transmitter use in the city and hometown:
I have a USA customer use 5W fm transmitter with GP antenna in his hometown ,and he test it with a car, it cover 10km(6.21mile).
I test the 5W fm transmitter with GP antenna in my hometown ,it cover about 2km(1.24mile).
I test the 5W fm transmitter with GP antenna in Guangzhou city ,it cover about only 300meter(984ft).
Below are the approximate range of different power FM Transmitters. ( The range is diameter )
0.1W ~ 5W FM Transmitter :100M ~1KM
5W ~15W FM Ttransmitter : 1KM ~ 3KM
15W ~ 80W FM Transmitter : 3KM ~15KM
80W ~500W FM Transmitter : 10KM ~30KM
500W ~1000W FM Transmitter : 30KM ~ 50KM
1KW ~ 2KW FM Transmitter : 50KM ~100KM
2KW ~5KW FM Transmitter : 100KM ~150KM
5KW ~10KW FM Transmitter : 150KM ~200KM
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Digital radiography is a form of X-ray imaging, where digital X-ray sensors are used instead of traditional photographic film.
Digital Radiography is Better than Traditional Film X-Rays
- Digital radiography typically reduces radiation exposure by 75% or more.
- Digital X-ray equipment provides image quality that can surpass traditional film, enabling earlier detection of decay and other problems that might have been missed on film.
- Digital radiography eliminates the need for automatic film processors, taking with it the odor, and wait times.
- Reduce the long processing time of conventional radiography to seconds.
How is it done?
Hamamoto Dentistry uses the DEXIS™ Platinum Digital Radiography System. The DEXIS sensor produces the highest quality diagnostic images and is the most comfortable system available. Four beveled corners, a slim profile, and a smooth rounded casing assuring there are no sharp edges against the palate or soft tissue.


Bitlocker was prompting me fro the recovery each time I booted. The solution to this is the following:
manage-bde -protectors c: -disable
manage-bde -protectors c: -ENABLE
However I was then told that the device was not ready when enabling it. The solution is to fire up disk management, assign a drive letter to the hidden partition and then give it a go. This worked for me and I was able to enable it fine. I then removed the drive letter.


报告题目：Extreme Sub-cycle Optical Waveform
摘要：Extreme Sub-Cycle Waveform aims to study and control the nonlinear interactions of matter with custom-tailored sub-optical-cycle waveforms. In this regime, the time-evolution of the optical electric field deviates strongly from a sinusoidal carrier-wave oscillation with in a single cycle of light. Such custom-sculpted intense optical waveforms open up new horizons for controlling strong-field interactions in atoms, molecules, solids and nanostructures, and novel applications in life sciences.
报告人简介：FANG received the Ph.D. degree from Hokkaido University, Sapporo Japan. From 2007 to 2011, he was an Assistant Research Scientist of the Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency. Since 2011, he has been a Research Scientist in the framework of the Helmholtz Association Young Scientist Program at DESY/CFEL, Hamburg Germany. He joined the Key Laboratory of Optical Physics as Associate Professor at Institute of Physics (IOP), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) in 2015. His research interests include novel sub-cycle waveform synthesis for attosecond science and compact X-ray sources.


(ThySistas.com) Many retail outlets nowadays started using video analytics software, which is basically intelligent software that brings in great solutions for various possible retail operations. This does include increased safety, reduced shrinkage, proper compliance guarantee when referring to employee procedures, an improvement of customer service and much more.
Video Analytics Advantages
We can highlight that real time video analytics has been around for years and is highly effective in analyzing pixels in video feeds. All is done in a real time environment so objects can easily be identified. Systems can even identify people. We even have access to powerful title loans in Tampa that are capable of performing full facial recognition. Computers can basically perform video analysis
Software will identify facts that are suspicious or unusual. Then, a notification is sent to the suitable personnel or alarms are set off. Obviously, the entire surveillance system will become more effective, allowing a huge saving of money, energy and time.
To make matters even more interesting, the software used is intelligent and offers. Video analytics systems will normally be browser based so it does not matter where you are as you can access feeds. High power encryption is included and password systems are advanced so just the authorized personnel would have access.
Examples Of Real World Applications
Retail operations can so easily use the systems in order to. For instance, we can talk about convenience stores as they have been using video cameras for years now. Because of high traffic volume and easy access for people, a convenience store is normally a target for the petty criminal. Using real time video analytics software will increase effectiveness for new or existing surveillance systems.
Gas stations can also gain a lot from the use of such software. They can take a real time high quality image of the license plates of all the cars that buy gas. That offers protection as the software would capture images that would be used as photographic evidence.
Let’s also think about the regular grocery store, which is another retail operator that would benefit from using the software. We are faced with constant loss of goods in such stores so the technology can help identify spoilage and theft. The real time analytics software would be able to help in various situations, ranging from identifying suspicious people to identifying items that are out of place.
We can also look at the common fast food restaurant. Video analytics helps prevent fraud in all the fast food and quick service establishments by performing various actions like cross referencing video with transactions, highlighting the person that was responsible.
We can say that the use of such a system is definitely something that can be considered whenever there is a need to optimize the security in a location with security cameras. The advantages mentioned above are great for all retail operations but there are many other real life applications where we can see these benefits and others.
Staff Writer; Latasha Williams


The LHC is a truly amazing machine, and there are many surprising facts about it. Here are 10 of the best:
The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is the world's largest and most powerful particle accelerator. It is located at CERN, near Geneva, Switzerland, and is used to study the fundamental building blocks of matter and the forces that hold them together.
The LHC is the coldest place on Earth. The magnets that guide the protons around the ring are cooled to -271.3 degrees Celsius, which is colder than outer space.
The LHC is the largest and most powerful machine ever built. It is 27 kilometers long and 100 meters underground, and it can accelerate protons to energies of 13 trillion electronvolts.
The LHC is a very safe machine. Despite its immense power, the LHC is very safe to operate. There have been no accidents involving the LHC since it began operating in 2009.
The LHC is a global collaboration. Scientists from over 100 countries work together to operate the LHC and to analyze the data it produces.
The LHC has made many important discoveries. The LHC has helped scientists to learn more about the Higgs boson, dark matter, and other fundamental aspects of physics.
The LHC generates enough data to fill a library of 200 million books each year. The LHC uses more electricity than a small town.
The LHC is so powerful that it could create a miniature black hole. However, this is not a danger to the Earth, as the black hole would be too small and unstable to last for more than a fraction of a second.
The LHC is used to study more than just protons. The LHC can also accelerate other types of particles, such as lead ions and helium nuclei.
The LHC is not the only particle accelerator in the world. There are many other particle accelerators around the world, but the LHC is the largest and most powerful.


Notes on Satellites, Rockets, and Launch Vehicles
Are you curious about what’s up in space? If so, then this essay is for you. Let’s get started!
Satellites are an important part of our world today. They play a vital role in telecommunications, weather monitoring, navigation, reconnaissance (spying), and studying our planet’s environment from space.
Types of Satellites?
There are two different types of satellites: natural and human-made. Natural satellites are bodies that orbit around another body in space. The Earth is a natural satellite that orbits around the Sun and the Moon orbits around the Earth. Human-made satellites are machines that are launched into space and orbit around a body in space. The first human-made satellite was called Sputnik 1, which was launched by Russia on October 4, 1957. Since then, there have been over 5,000 other human-made satellites put into orbit
Why Are Satellites Important?
Satellites play an important role in our everyday lives – we use them to watch TV shows or movies from anywhere in the world; make phone calls; get directions while driving; track severe weather conditions like hurricanes or tornadoes; and even surf the internet. Without satellites we would be unable to do any of these things because they help us communicate with people all over the globe instantaneously and gather information about what is happening on earth without having to be there ourselves. There are many reasons why satellites are important. Here we will mention just a few:
Communication - One primary use for artificial or human-made satellites is communication. By placing telecommunications equipment on board spacecrafts, countries can establish or maintain communications links between remote areas on earth or between ground stations located at very high latitudes where line-of-sight radio transmission would not be possible due to obstructions. This is especially important during times of war or natural disasters when normal communication methods may not be available. For example, SpaceX’s Starlink satellites constellation aims to provide high-speed internet throughout the world - and is currently being used in Ukraine during the war. This technology has already had a significant impact in terms of helping people stay connected and informed during times of crisis.
Weather Monitoring - Another important task carried out by many weather monitoring satellites today is the collection of data pertaining to global weather conditions. For example, The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) polar-orbiting satellites are used for weather forecasting. These satellites takes pictures of the Earth’s atmosphere and helps meteorologists predict the weather.
Navigation - Satellite navigation systems make use of GPS (Global Positioning System) signals transmitted from orbiting spacecrafts to help pinpoint locations on earth. For example, GPS receivers allow us to find our way around without having to stop and ask for directions.
Military Purposes - Satellites play an integral role militarily as well; they can provide intelligence information as well as support other operations such as missile defense systems. For example, military forces also use reconnaissance satellites to spy on other countries. These types of satellite can take high-resolution pictures of an area and even track vehicles or people from space. So far, satellite images have been used to track Russian military movements during the war in Ukraine.
Scientific Research - Finally, one other major application area for satellites is for science research and technology demonstration. For example, satellites can be used to study the Earth’s climate and environment, monitor natural disasters like earthquakes and volcanoes, and track changes in the Earth’s surface features. In addition, satellites can also be used for space research, such as studying the universe or testing new spacecraft technologies.
So overall, there is no doubt that human-made satellites play a very important role in our society today, and is likely to continue playing a significant role in our future.
There are three main types of satellites according to their mass: large, medium-sized, and small. Large satellites are more than 1,000 kg in weight, while medium-sized satellites weigh between 500 and 1,000 kg. Small satellites typically weigh less than 500 kg. Each type of satellite has its own advantages and disadvantages. Large satellites have the most capabilities due to their size and power; however, they are also the most expensive to launch into orbit. Medium-sized satellites offer a good balance between cost and capability; they are not as powerful as large satellites but they are cheaper to launch into orbit. Smaller satellites have the advantage of being cheaper both to build and launch; however, they often have fewer capabilities than larger or medium-sized spacecrafts.
Ultimately, which type of satellite is best for a particular application depends on a variety of factors including cost, capability requirements, and schedule constraints.
Introduction to Rockets, Space Launch Vehicles, and Human Spaceflight
The history behind rockets has been long with vast improvements along the way. There’s no doubt about it - rockets fascinate everyone from all walks of life for many reasons: whether its for scientific curiosity or simply because witnessing something blast off into space never gets old. To provide some background information on what exactly constitutes as a “rocket” or “launch vehicle” let’s explore these concepts in further detail below:
A rocket is a vehicle or device that uses thrust to propel itself through the air or space.
A launch vehicle is a rocket-powered spacecraft that provides the thrust to lift payloads from Earth into space. The payload can be anything from a satellite to people or supplies.
It should also be noted that rocket technology has not only been used for space travel but also weaponry including ICBMs (Inter Continental Ballistic Missile) such as Soviet Union’s R-36M “Satan” missile which had an operational range of 10,200 – 16,000 kilometers.
Human spaceflight is an activity that has been ongoing for centuries. The first successful launch of a human-rated launch vehicle occurred on April 12, 1961, when Russian Cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin was sent into orbit aboard the Vostok 1 spacecraft. However, less than a decade later on January 27 1968 U.S Astronauts Gus Grissom, Edward White II and Roger Chaffee died in a fire during testing for Apollo 1 mission. Despite this setback NASA continued to press forward leading to Neil Armstrong becoming first human to walk on the moon on July 20 1969. Since then there have been many other accomplishments in human spaceflight such as Sally Ride becoming America’s first woman in space or Gennady Ivanovich Padalka spending 879 days aboard Mir (Russian space station) and the International Space Station (ISS).
Technical History of Rockets and Space Launch Vehicles
The history of rockets and launch vehicles is fascinating and spans many countries and technologies. There is no single inventor of rockets and space launch vehicles. Instead, it is a culmination of many different technologies and ideas that have been developed over centuries. The first recorded attempt to launch something into space was by Chinese scientist, Wan Hu, who built a rocket powered by 47 gunpowder-filled rockets strapped to a chair in the 4th century BC. Unfortunately, Wan Hu’s invention failed miserably and he was killed in the explosion. However, it was not until the early 1900s that any real progress was made in terms of developing successful launch vehicles that could reach beyond Earth’s atmosphere. Here is a brief overview of the technical history of launch vehicles:
In 1903, Russian scientist Konstantin Tsiolkovsky published his theory on rocket propulsion: “Exploration of Outer Space by Means of Rocket Devices”, which formed the basis for many future developments in rocketry and spaceflight.
In 1926, American engineer Robert H. Goddard successfully launched a liquid-fueled rocket made up of a rocket engine and two fuel tanks from Massachusetts – marking one of the first steps towards making space travel possible. Over time, various other countries (including Germany and America) began developing their own launch vehicles – each with its own unique design and capabilities.
In 1931, German scientists Hermann Oberth, Wernher von Braun and other members of Verein für Raumschiffahrt developed a liquid-fueled rocket. This rocket was used during World War II to power Germany’s V-2 missile (World’s first long-range ballistic missile). After the war, von Braun and his team surrendered to American forces and were brought to America as part of Operation Paperclip. In America, they helped develop early missile programs like Project Mercury and Apollo 11 program, which eventually led to NASA’s human moon landing.
Current Rockets and Space Launch Vehicles Development
Today there are many different types of launch vehicles available, each with its own advantages and disadvantages depending on the payload size, orbit desired, etc. Launch vehicles are classed by NASA according to their low Earth orbit payload capability — for example a small lift launch vehicle can carry up to 2,000 kilograms while a super heavy-lift launch vehicle is capable of carrying over 50,000 kilograms.
But regardless of their specific design or purpose, all modern launch vehicles owe their existence to those early pioneers who first dared to dream about exploring beyond our planet’s boundaries. Today’s launch vehicles are more advanced than ever before, thanks to new technologies like 3D printing and composites materials. They are also becoming increasingly reliable; according to NASA, only one out of every 100 launches results in failure nowadays compared to one out every three launches 50 years ago. This makes it possible for us not only to explore our own solar system but also embark on deep-space missions that were once considered impossible dream.
Launch Vehicles System
There are many different types of launch vehicles currently in use or under development today. In fact, dozens of countries have developed and are currently developing their own launch vehicles in order to put satellites and other payloads into orbit around Earth. The most common type is the expendable launch vehicle (ELV), which is designed to be used once and then discarded. Expendable launch vehicles typically use solid propellant rockets for lift-off and liquid propellant rockets for upper stage propulsion. A newer type of launch vehicle called the reusable launch vehicle (RLV) is being developed with the goal of reducing costs by making multiple launches with each vehicle. Reusable launch vehicles typically use liquid hydrogen/liquid oxygen engines for both lift-off and upper stage propulsion.
Some launch vehicles may be better suited for launching people into space while others may be better equipped for sending satellites or other scientific equipment into orbit around Earth. It is important to understand the differences between these types of launch vehicles so that the right one can be chosen for each individual mission. For example, a satellite launcher needs only enough velocity to place its payload into orbit around Earth, while a human mission requires much higher velocities in order to escape Earth’s gravity well. In addition, factors such as atmospheric drag, gravitational losses from planetary bodies, and thrust efficiency must all be taken into account when designing a launch vehicle.
The power and size of a launch vehicle is also an important factor to consider when planning a space mission. A smaller, less powerful launch vehicle may not be able to carry as much cargo as a larger one, but it will require less fuel making it cheaper overall. Conversely, a larger more powerful launch vehicle will be able to carry more cargo but will cost more money to operate due to the amount of fuel needed.
Propellant and Rocket Propulsion Systems
There are many different types of launch vehicles, but the most common ones use either liquid or solid propellants. Liquid propellants include things like hydrogen and oxygen, while solid propellants consist of materials like ammonium perchlorate. Both types have their own advantages and disadvantages – for example, liquid propellants can generate more power than solid ones, but they’re also more difficult to store and handle.
Liquid propulsion systems are currently used on most launch vehicles due to their high efficiency and reliability. However, solid propellants have some advantages over liquids including lower cost per pound of propellant mass delivered. And while hybrid systems combining elements of both liquid and solid propellants offer some potential benefits they also introduce additional complexity and risk. Hybrid engines can offer better performance than either pure liquid or pure solid engine cycles but at added cost. So there is no clear consensus among experts about which system type will eventually dominate future launches.
Solid propulsion systems are also used on some launch vehicles due to their simplicity and low cost relative to liquid systems; however they are less efficient than liquids so they are typically only used for smaller payloads or lower orbits where efficiency isn’t as important.
Hybrid propulsion systems combine elements of both liquid and solid systems by using a liquid fuel source with a solid engine system. This offers the benefits of both types of engines while avoiding some of their drawbacks.
Liquid Rocket Engine
Liquid engines use gas such as hydrogen or oxygen to create combustion in a combustion chamber located within the engine nozzle. This gas is then forced out of the nozzle at high speed to provide thrust for lift-off.
Engine cycles can be broadly classified into two categories: staged combustion cycles (SCC), which have been used on almost all large rockets since Wernher von Braun’s Aggregat 4 design in 1942; and nonstaged combustion cycles (NSC) which were first demonstrated by SpaceX with its Falcon 1 rocket in 2006.
System performance can be quantified by looking at three main parameters: specific impulse (Isp), exhaust velocity (Vex), and propellant mass fraction (PMF). These parameters determine how much payload can be delivered to orbit versus how much mass must be dedicated to propellant tanks. Critical parameters related specifically to SCC include chamber pressure, ignition delay, burn time, mixture ratio, and turbopump speed.
Ways to Launch Payloads to Orbit
There are different ways to launch things to space, but all share the same goal: to send payloads and spacecraft into orbit. The following are three of the most common types of launching payloads and spacecraft to orbit:
Rocket Launches (Vertical) - A rocket launch is a type of space launch using a rocket to carry a payload into space. Rockets are the oldest and most reliable form of space transportation, and can be used for launches into Earth orbit or beyond. Most rockets in use today are fueled by liquid propellants, such as kerosene and liquid hydrogen.
Balloon Launches - Balloon launches use large helium-filled balloons to lift payloads into the stratosphere or near-space environment. Balloons offer an inexpensive way to place small satellites or other payloads in orbit, and can be used for both manned and unmanned missions.
Aircraft Launches (Horizontal) - Aircraft launches use conventional aircraft such as jets or helicopters to carry payloads aloft before launching them into space. This type of launch is often used for smaller satellites that do not require the power or speed offered by traditional rockets
Common Types of Satellite Orbit
There are many different types of orbits a satellite can travel in, but for the sake of this essay, we will focus on the four most common: Low Earth Orbit (LEO), Polar Orbit, Medium Earth Orbit (MEO), High Elliptical Orbit, and Geosynchronous Orbit (GEO).
Low Earth Orbit is by far the most popular orbit for satellites due to its proximity to our planet. Satellites in LEO orbit at an altitude between 160 and 2,000 kilometers above Earth’s surface. This makes it ideal for telecommunications and weather monitoring because it allows satellites to move quickly across the globe.
Polar Orbits are also popular among satellites because they offer great views of both poles. These orbits travel from north to south or south to north along a polar axis and typically have an altitude of 800-1,200 kilometers.
Medium Earth Orbits are used mainly for navigation purposes as they provide accurate positioning information thanks to their higher altitudes (usually around 20,000 kilometers).
Highly Elliptical Orbits are used when a satellite’s primary objective is not staying in one place over earth but rather collecting data from various locations at different times during its orbit around earth. These orbits have very high altitudes - up to 35,786 kilometers - and elliptical paths that take them far away from our planet before bringing them back close again.
Lastly, there are Geosynchronous or Geostationary orbits which keep satellites stationary relative to a fixed point on Earth’s surface. These orbits require an altitude of 36,000 Kilometers and must be located above the equator so that they remain aligned with our planet’s rotation. The main benefit of these types of orbits is that ground controllers can communicate with satellites without having shift their antennas all over the place.
Since the launch of Sputnik 1 from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in 1957, 28 spaceports around the world have been used to launch satellites into orbit. These spaceports, similar to airports or seaports, are physical sites encompassing a launchpad and/or runway with support facilities for launching space vehicles. There are currently 22 active spaceports globally, including five locations in the United States that carried out at least one (non-experimental) orbital launch attempt in 2020. Some of these spaceports support reentries for reusable launch vehicles.
The most common type of launch site is a government-run spaceport. These facilities are typically operated by a national space agency or military branch, and they have extensive infrastructure to support launches as well as ongoing operations in orbit. Government spaceports usually offer access to restricted airspace and other benefits that make them attractive for certain missions. However, their high costs and bureaucratic procedures can be prohibitive for some applicants.
Commercial spaceports are privately-owned facilities that cater to customers who need access to space but don’t want or need the capabilities offered by a government spaceport. These sites often have less stringent regulations than their public counterparts, which can speed up the approval process for launches. They also tend to be much cheaper than government-run facilities; however, commercial spaceports may not have all the amenities you need in order to prepare for your mission.
Finally, there are also so-called “open” or “unmanned” launch sites which allow anyone with proper authorization to conduct launches from their property (assuming they meet safety requirements). While these locations lack some of the features found at other types of launch sites, they can be useful if you’re looking for an isolated area with few restrictions on where you can go.
Horizontal vs Vertical Launch Sites
There are different types of launch sites, but all have the same goal: to send payloads and launch vehicles into space. The type of launch site that is best for your mission depends on a variety of factors, including the size and weight of your payload, the location and availability of resources, and regulatory requirements.
Horizontal launch presents several benefits, including responsiveness and flexible inclination angles, but there are currently only two operational air-launched systems, Northrop’s Pegasus and Virgin Orbit’s LauncherOne, both of which are capable of carrying relatively small payloads (433 kg and 300 kg respectively) into orbit. In contrast to the plethora of horizontal launch sites, there are only five FAA-licensed vertical launch sites located in the United States: Cape Canaveral Air Force Station (CCAFS), Vandenberg Air Force Base (VAFB), Wallops Flight Facility (WFF), Reagan Test Site - Kwajalein Atoll (RTS-KWAJ), and Pacific Spaceport Complex – Alaska . All other vertical launches take place outside U.S. jurisdiction; Russia has six licensed vertical launch sites, China has four, France three, Japan two, and India one.
$ Rough notes on small satellites, rockets, and launch vehicles. $ This is based on my understanding from studying different materials.
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It has the double precision (15 decimal digits of precision). It usually occupies 64 bits in computer memory and represents fractional values. double occupies twice the memory occupied by float.
Double precision may be chosen when the range or precision of single precision would be insufficient.
One of the first programming languages to provide single- and double-precision floating-point data types was Fortran.
Double takes 8 bytes for storage.
It has single precision (7 decimal digits of precision). It usually occupies 32 bits in computer memory and represents a wide dynamic range of numeric values.
Float takes 4 bytes for storage.
NOTE: Here's how the number of digits are calculated:
double has 52 mantissa bits + 1 hidden bit = 53 bits: (53*log(2))/log(10) = 15.95 digits
float has 23 mantissa bits + 1 hidden bit = 24 bits: (24*log(2))/log(10) = 7.22 digits
difference double float


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Since the motor cannot produce synchronous torque if it falls out of synchronization, practical synchronous motors have a partial or complete squirrel-cage damper amortisseur winding to stabilize operation and facilitate starting.
Induction motors do not require any additional power source. This causes a demagnetizing effect due to armature reaction. Once the rotor locks in with the rotating magnetic field, the motor is said to be The synchronous motor synchronization.
An asynchronous motor is popularly called as Induction motor. With increasing field current armature current at first decreases, then reaches a minimum, then increases.
Induction The synchronous motor always runs at a speed which is less than the synchronous speed. Both the types are quite different from each other. No starting mechanism is required in induction motors. Synchronous motors are costlier.
Ex- Reciprocating pump, compressor, rolling mills etc. We apply three phase supply to the stator and DC supply to the rotor. Because this winding is smaller than that of an equivalent induction motor and can overheat on long operation, and because large slip-frequency voltages are induced in the rotor excitation winding, synchronous motor protection devices sense this condition and interrupt the power supply out of step protection.
In some machines or when a large number of poles are needed, a salient pole rotor is used. Synchronous motors are mechanically coupled with another motor.
Synchronous motor finds application where operating speed is less around rpm and high power is required. Generally a salient pole rotor is used on which rotor winding is mounted. Its stator winding, which consists of a 3 phase winding, is provided with a 3 phase supply, and the rotor is provided with a DC supply.
At a particular instant rotor and stator poles might be of the same polarity N-N or S-S causing a repulsive force on the rotor and the very next instant it will be N-S causing attractive force.
Synchronous motors are generally more efficient than induction motors. On achieving synchronous speed, magnetic locking occurs, and the synchronous motor continues to rotate even after removal of external mechanical means. Synchronous motor Induction motor: Considering the 50 Hz power frequency, from the above relation we can see that the 3 phase rotating flux rotates about revolutions in 1 min or 50 revolutions in 1 sec.
A single-phase or two-phase derived from single phase stator winding is possible, but in this case the direction of rotation is not defined and the machine may start in either direction unless prevented from doing so by the starting arrangements.
The power factor of a synchronous motor can be adjusted to lagging, unity or leading by varying the excitation, whereas, an induction motor always runs at lagging power factor.
The minimum point is also the point at which power factor is unity. It could be either 3 phase induction motor or DC shunt motor. Very large motor systems may include a "pony" motor that accelerates the unloaded synchronous machine before load is applied.
Synchronous motor always runs at a speed equal to its synchronous speed. Here, we do not apply DC excitation initially. This makes it being used in electrical power factor improvement. Excitation at which the power factor is unity is termed normal excitation voltage. A rotor with permanent magnets can also be used.
After some time when magnetic locking takes place supply to the external motor is cut off. It rotates at speed very close to its synchronous speed, and then we give the DC excitation.
Major differences between a synchronous motor and an induction motor are discussed below. Synchronous condenser V-curve of a synchronous machine By varying the excitation of a synchronous motor, it can be made to operate at lagging, leading and unity power factor. For power requirement from 35 kW to KW, the size, weight and cost of the corresponding three phase induction motor is very high.
Here we use some mechanical means which initially rotates the rotor in the same direction as the magnetic field to speed very close to synchronous speed.Synchronous Motor Working Principle Posted by Sibasish Ghosh on 22/7/ & Updated on 19/8/ Electrical motor in general is an electro-mechanical device that converts energy from electrical domain to mechanical domain/5(22).
A synchronous electric motor is an AC motor in which, at steady state, the rotation of the shaft is synchronized with the frequency of the supply current; the rotation period is exactly equal to an integral number of AC cycles. Synchronous motors contain multiphase AC electromagnets on the stator of the motor that create a magnetic field which rotates.
Induction motor: Stator winding is similar to that of a synchronous mint-body.com is wound for a specific number of poles. A squirrel cage rotor or a wound rotor can be used. In squirrel cage rotor, the rotor bars are permanently short-circuited with end rings.
The self-excited synchronous motor, also called a switched-reluctance motor, contains a rotor cast of steel that includes notches or teeth.
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Excellent question, one that is asked frequently. Often hearing test results indicate that a patient’s two ears are not always equally impaired. However, perceptually a patient may feel that the impairment sounds equal. When we program hearing devices the computerized software individually programs each ear to give the optimal prescription for the patient. This difference programmed by the software can have an effect on the battery life of each hearing aid. That being said, in general, the discharge of voltage from the battery cells is fairly equal. If a patient notices rapid drainage, that should be noted to the audiologist whereby they can send the instruments to your manufacturer to be evaluated for excessive battery drainage.


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