Ivan E. Sutherland, in 1963, changed the relationship between human and computer. While an Electrical Engineering doctoral student at MIT, he developed Sketchpad, the first computer program to use a graphic user interface (GUI). Human-computer interaction was born.
As Sutherland explains, “The Sketchpad system makes it possible for a man and a computer to converse rapidly through the medium of line drawings….In the past, we have been writing letters to rather than conferring with our computers.” Sutherland recognized that using a light-sensitive pen and the 9 inch display of the TX-2 computer—then found at MIT’s Lincoln Laboratory—the user could draw directly on a display screen. Not only that but the resulting strokes could be manipulated on the screen using set rules, locked into a single image, moved around, copied to build more complex images, even stored in a library to be used later. And all of this could happen in real time facilitated by a general user without programming expertise.
Through Sketchpad, Sutherland threw open the doors of the computing castle to engineers and designers [the abstraction of computing power]. He made a short film of his discovery called “Sketchpad: A Man-Machine Graphical Communication System,” which became a cult classic in computer research circles. CAD programs and Object Oriented Programming later sprang from the ideas he introduced.


The RaIL-AiD SimTest bundle uses the RaIL-AiD Core graphical interface facilities to command and control the Equipment Under Test (EUT) and the related simulators needed to stimulate the EUT.
To reach this goal, the following RaIL-AiD Plugins have been implemented:
- Bidirectional communication with EUT through sockets
- Bidirectional communication with Simulators through sockets
- Test script creator environment
- Automatic test execution (e.g. non-regression test)
- Test logger


AI’s Future and AI Issues
To supplement the dialogue with ChatGPT Version 4.0 in this article, the writer recommends two additional resources:
- An article titled “Decoding Intentions: Artificial Intelligence and Costly Signals,” co-authored by Helen Toner in October 2023 when Toner was still a member of OpenAI’s Board of Directors. In this article, Toner and her co-authors criticize OpenAI by praising Anthropic, an OpenAI rival, for a safer approach to AI by avoiding the “frantic corner-cutting that the release of ChatGPT appeared to spur.”
- A 2023 Netflix documentary “Unknown: Killer Robots” which features discussions with scientists and demonstrations of military applications and potential military applications of AI.
THIS ARTICLE ADDRESSES
- Anticipated AI technology breakthroughs.
- Concerns about the future impact of AGI.
- Impact of “effective altruism” on AI.
- Other concerns about AI.
- Potential benefits of AI.
- Best vs. worst potential futures of AI.
- Related AI developments worth following.
Identify some of the next predicted AI technology breakthroughs.
The next significant anticipated breakthroughs in AI technology, as of 2023 and beyond, can be identified in several key areas:
- Generative AI Advancements: Generative AI is expected to continue its rapid development. This includes AI models capable of generating new content like text, images, and audio that are often indistinguishable from content created by humans. This growth is projected to be significant, with the generative AI market achieving a substantial valuation and growing at an impressive compound annual growth rate (CAGR).
- Evolution of AI Models: AI models are anticipated to evolve from singular to multimodal forms. This implies that future AI systems will be capable of processing and understanding multiple types of data (like text, images, and sound) simultaneously, leading to more sophisticated and capable AI solutions.
- Expansion of AI Accessibility and Impact: There is an expected trend towards the democratization of AI, which would expand its accessibility and impact across various sectors. This trend signifies that AI tools and technologies will become more user-friendly and accessible to a broader range of people, beyond just AI experts and large corporations.
- Integration of AI into Work: AI is predicted to become seamlessly integrated into our work environments. This could mean more AI-powered tools and systems in the workplace, aiding in tasks ranging from data analysis to decision-making processes.
- New Use Cases Across Industries: The emergence of numerous new use cases for AI across all industries is anticipated. This trend reflects the growing versatility of AI applications in diverse fields such as healthcare, finance, education, and more.
- Enhanced Personalization through AI: AI is expected to enable enhanced and amplified personalization in various services and products. This could lead to more customized user experiences in areas like e-commerce, content streaming, and digital interactions.
- Rise of Digital Humans and Digital Twins: The significance of digital humans (AI-driven avatars or virtual assistants) and digital twins (virtual replicas of physical objects or systems) is expected to grow, indicating a shift towards more immersive and sophisticated digital experiences.
- Increased Focus on AI Regulation and Ethics: There will likely be a heightened emphasis on AI regulation and ethics, as the potential risks and societal impacts of AI become more apparent. This trend suggests a move towards establishing frameworks and guidelines to ensure the responsible development and use of AI.
In summary, these anticipated breakthroughs point to a future where AI not only becomes more advanced and capable but also more integrated into various aspects of our lives and work, with a growing emphasis on ethical considerations and accessibility.
What are some concerns about the potential future impact of AGI.
The prospect of achieving Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) has generated a mix of excitement and concern among AI professionals and ethicists. Here are some of the key fears and concerns regarding the future impact of AGI:
- Loss of Control: One of the primary concerns is the potential for humans to lose control over AGI systems. As AGI would have the ability to learn and make decisions independently, there’s a risk that it could act in ways unforeseen or unintended by its creators, potentially leading to scenarios where its goals diverge from human interests.
- Ethical and Moral Decisions: AGI would need to make decisions that are ethically and morally sound, which is a complex challenge. There’s a concern about how AGI systems would handle complex ethical dilemmas, and whose values and morals would be encoded into these systems.
- Autonomy and Unpredictability: The high level of autonomy and adaptability in AGI raises concerns about unpredictability. An AGI system might develop new behaviors or strategies that are difficult for humans to anticipate or understand, leading to unintended consequences.
- Existential Risk: Some experts fear that a superintelligent AGI, surpassing human intelligence, could pose an existential risk to humanity. This concern is often related to the possibility of an intelligence explosion, where an AGI system could rapidly and continuously improve itself far beyond human capabilities.
- Economic and Social Disruption: The advent of AGI could lead to significant economic and social disruptions. For instance, widespread automation of jobs, even those requiring complex decision-making, could lead to massive unemployment and economic inequality.
- Privacy and Surveillance: With AGI’s advanced learning and data-processing capabilities, there could be unprecedented levels of surveillance and intrusion into personal privacy, raising significant ethical and civil liberty concerns.
- Military and Weaponization: The potential military application of AGI, including autonomous weapons systems, raises concerns about a new arms race and the possibility of AI-driven conflicts that could be catastrophic.
- Accountability and Transparency: Determining accountability for the actions of an AGI system is complex. There’s a concern about how to ensure transparency in AGI decision-making processes, especially in critical applications like healthcare, law enforcement, and military.
- Bias and Fairness: Like current AI systems, AGI could perpetuate and amplify existing biases if not carefully designed. This could lead to unfair and discriminatory outcomes in various sectors like justice, employment, and finance.
- Dependency and Loss of Skills: There’s a concern that over-reliance on AGI could lead to the atrophy of important human skills and decision-making abilities, making society overly dependent on AI technologies.
These concerns underscore the importance of responsible and ethical AI development, including robust safety measures, regulatory oversight, and proactive consideration of societal impacts as research progresses towards AGI.
How is “effective altruism” impacting AI research and development?
Effective altruism is influencing AI research and development in several notable ways, especially given the growing awareness of the potential impact of advanced AI technologies, including the future development of Artificial General Intelligence (AGI). Here are some of the key intersections:
- Prioritization of AI Safety Research: Effective altruism emphasizes the importance of AI safety research. This stems from the understanding that while AI has enormous potential to benefit humanity, it also poses significant risks, especially as we move closer to developing more advanced forms of AI. Effective altruists advocate for and often fund research that aims to ensure AI is developed safely and beneficially.
- Long-Term Impact Considerations: The effective altruism community places a strong emphasis on the long-term future of humanity. This perspective leads to support for AI research that considers and mitigates long-term risks, such as the development of AGI that aligns with human values and interests.
- Ethical AI Development: Effective altruism also influences the ethical dimensions of AI development. This includes concerns about fairness, privacy, transparency, and the broader societal impacts of AI. By applying a utilitarian framework, effective altruists often advocate for AI development that maximizes overall well-being.
- Global Prioritization of AI Policy: Effective altruists are involved in shaping global AI policy to ensure that the development of AI benefits all of humanity. This includes advocating for international cooperation, responsible AI governance, and policies that prevent harmful uses of AI technology.
- Career Choices in AI: Individuals influenced by effective altruism might choose careers in AI research and development, with a focus on areas that they believe will have the greatest positive impact. This can mean working directly on technical AI safety or on policy and strategy related to the long-term implications of AI.
- Funding and Support for AI Initiatives: Philanthropists and organizations aligned with effective altruism principles have been funding AI initiatives, especially those that align with the long-term safety and benefits of AI technologies. This includes grants and donations to universities, research institutes, and initiatives working on AI safety and ethics.
- Public Awareness and Advocacy: The effective altruism community often engages in public discourse about the future of AI, advocating for a more thoughtful and proactive approach to AI development. They highlight the importance of preparing for the societal changes that advanced AI could bring.
In summary, effective altruism is shaping AI research and development by emphasizing safety, ethical considerations, long-term impacts, and global cooperation. It encourages a forward-looking approach, where the potential benefits and risks of AI are carefully balanced to ensure the greatest overall good.
What other issues are creating conflicts or concerns within the AI community?
The AI community, like any vibrant field of technology and research, experiences significant disagreements and debates on various issues. In addition to “effective altruism,” some of these contentious topics include:
- Ethics and Bias in AI: The ethical implications of AI, particularly around issues like algorithmic bias, privacy, and surveillance, are a major source of debate. There is ongoing concern about how AI algorithms can perpetuate or amplify existing societal biases, and what steps should be taken to ensure AI is developed and used ethically.
- AI Safety and Control: The discussion on how to ensure AI systems are safe and controllable, especially as they become more advanced, is another critical area of debate. This includes concerns about the potential risks of advanced AI, including superintelligent AI, and the strategies needed to mitigate these risks.
- Transparency and Explainability: As AI systems become more complex, their decisions and workings become less transparent, leading to debates about the importance of explainability in AI. There’s a push for AI systems that can explain their decisions and processes in a way that humans can understand, which is crucial for trust and accountability.
- Regulation and Governance: There is an ongoing debate about how AI should be regulated and governed, both at national and international levels. Questions about who sets the standards, how to balance innovation with public interest, and how to enforce ethical guidelines are central to this discussion.
- Impact on Employment and Economy: The potential impact of AI on the job market, including concerns about job displacement and the future of work, is a subject of significant debate. Discussions revolve around how to ensure that the benefits of AI are widely distributed and how to support those who may be negatively impacted by automation.
- Data Privacy and Security: The handling of data by AI systems, including how data is collected, stored, and used, is a contentious issue. This intersects with concerns about user privacy, data security, and the potential misuse of personal data.
- Human-AI Collaboration and Augmentation: The role of AI in augmenting human capabilities versus replacing human roles is a subject of debate. This includes discussions about how AI can enhance human productivity and creativity, and how to best integrate AI into human-centric processes.
- Access and Inclusivity: Ensuring equitable access to AI technology and its benefits, and preventing the creation of AI “haves” and “have-nots,” is a significant concern. This includes debates about how to democratize AI and ensure its benefits are accessible to all segments of society.
Each of these topics represents an area of active research, discussion, and sometimes disagreement within the AI community, reflecting the broad social, ethical, and technical implications of the rapid advancement of AI technology.
More optimistically, what positive benefits do AI professionals believe AI could bring to society in the future?
Many AI professionals hold optimistic views about the potential of artificial intelligence to significantly benefit society. These positive perspectives are based on the capabilities of AI to solve complex problems, improve efficiency, and open new possibilities in various domains. Here are some of these optimistic views:
- Healthcare Advancements: AI has the potential to revolutionize healthcare by enabling personalized medicine, improving diagnostic accuracy, and facilitating drug discovery. AI algorithms can analyze large datasets to identify patterns that humans might miss, leading to early detection of diseases like cancer. AI can also assist in surgical procedures, enhance patient care, and streamline administrative processes in healthcare systems.
- Environmental and Climate Solutions: AI can be instrumental in addressing environmental challenges and climate change. It can optimize energy usage, aid in the development of renewable energy sources, and improve climate modeling. AI can also help in monitoring and protecting biodiversity, predicting natural disasters, and managing resources more efficiently.
- Enhancing Education: AI can personalize learning experiences, adapting to individual students’ needs and learning styles. It can provide real-time feedback, assess learning progress, and make education more accessible through virtual and augmented reality technologies. AI can also assist in developing new educational content and methodologies.
- Economic Growth and Efficiency: AI is expected to drive economic growth by enhancing productivity and efficiency in various industries. From automating routine tasks to optimizing logistics and supply chains, AI can help businesses operate more effectively, leading to cost savings and improved customer experiences.
- Advancements in Science and Research: AI can accelerate scientific research by analyzing vast amounts of data, simulating experiments, and generating new hypotheses. This can lead to breakthroughs in fields like physics, chemistry, and biology, and help solve complex scientific problems.
- Improving Accessibility and Inclusivity: AI can enhance accessibility for people with disabilities, through technologies like voice recognition, language translation, and assistive robots. This can lead to a more inclusive society where technology bridges gaps in physical or communication barriers.
- Safety and Security: AI can improve safety in various contexts, from predictive policing and surveillance that can help prevent crimes, to autonomous vehicles that have the potential to reduce traffic accidents. AI can also enhance cybersecurity, helping to protect against sophisticated cyber threats.
- Global Social Challenges: AI has the potential to address global social challenges, such as poverty and hunger, by optimizing resource distribution, improving agricultural practices, and aiding in disaster response and relief efforts.
- Space Exploration and Astronomy: AI can process astronomical data more efficiently than traditional methods, aiding in the discovery of new celestial bodies and phenomena. It can also be used in space missions for navigation, data analysis, and autonomous operations.
- Cultural and Artistic Creation: AI can assist in the creation of art and music, offering new tools for creativity. It can also help preserve cultural heritage by analyzing historical data and restoring artifacts.
These optimistic views are grounded in the belief that AI, when developed responsibly and ethically, has the potential to significantly enhance human capabilities and address some of the most pressing challenges facing society. However, realizing these benefits also requires careful management of the risks and ethical considerations associated with AI technology.
In simple terms, what are the competing best future vs. worst future AI could create – and how long will it take us to get there?
In simple terms, the future of AI can be envisioned in both optimistic (best-case) and pessimistic (worst-case) scenarios. It’s important to note that these are speculative and depend on various factors, including technological advancements, regulatory developments, ethical considerations, and global cooperation.
Best-Case Scenario (Optimistic Future):
– Technological Advancement and Solutions: AI solves major global challenges, including climate change, disease, and poverty. It accelerates medical research, leading to cures for chronic diseases and improved global health.
– Economic Growth and Efficiency: AI boosts economic productivity, leads to new job creation in tech sectors, and automates mundane tasks, allowing humans to focus on creative and strategic activities.
– Improved Quality of Life: AI enhances daily life with smart cities, efficient transportation, personalized education, and healthcare systems. It also ensures greater accessibility and inclusivity.
– Ethical and Responsible AI: Global standards for ethical AI are established and adhered to, ensuring AI is developed and used for the benefit of humanity, respecting privacy and human rights.
– Human-AI Collaboration: AI augments human capabilities, leading to new forms of collaboration and creativity, enhancing human potential rather than replacing it.
Worst-Case Scenario (Pessimistic Future):
– Unemployment and Economic Disparity: Unregulated AI leads to massive job displacement without adequate new job creation, widening the economic divide.
– Loss of Privacy and Autonomy: AI technologies infringe on personal privacy, with widespread surveillance and data misuse, leading to loss of individual freedoms.
– AI-Controlled Warfare: AI is used for autonomous weapons and warfare, leading to ethical dilemmas and potential large-scale conflicts.
– Biased and Unethical AI: AI systems perpetuate and amplify societal biases, leading to unfair and discriminatory outcomes in areas like justice, employment, and finance.
– Singularity and Loss of Control: The hypothetical scenario where AI surpasses human intelligence and becomes uncontrollable, leading to unpredictable consequences.
Timeline for These Futures:
Predicting a timeline for these scenarios is highly speculative. The pace of AI development varies greatly depending on technological breakthroughs, investment, global events, and regulatory environments. Some experts suggest significant AI advancements could occur within the next few decades, while others believe it might take longer, especially for more complex applications. Ethical, safe, and beneficial AI development will depend on proactive and collaborative efforts by governments, industries, and the global community.
As we evaluate the direction of AI (good or bad), what are the most important future AI developments we should be following?
As we evaluate the future trajectory of AI, whether it leans towards beneficial or adverse outcomes, it’s crucial to monitor several key developments in the field. These developments will significantly influence how AI shapes our world, economy, and daily lives. Here are some of the most important future AI developments to follow:
- Advancements in General AI: Progress towards creating more general AI systems that can perform a wide range of tasks, as opposed to specialized AI designed for specific tasks, is a critical area to monitor. This includes developments in understanding and mimicking human cognitive functions.
- AI Ethics and Governance: How the global community addresses ethical concerns and establishes governance frameworks for AI will be pivotal. This includes the development of international standards and regulations for responsible AI use.
- AI in Critical Sectors: Keep an eye on how AI is being integrated into critical sectors like healthcare, education, transportation, and law enforcement. Breakthroughs here could have profound societal impacts.
- Quantum Computing and AI: The intersection of quantum computing and AI could lead to significant leaps in processing power and capabilities. This could unlock new AI potentials but also raises new challenges and ethical considerations.
- AI Explainability and Transparency: Efforts to make AI systems more explainable and transparent are crucial for trust and accountability. Developments in this area will influence public acceptance and regulatory compliance of AI technologies.
- AI and Privacy: With AI increasingly reliant on large datasets, advancements in preserving privacy while leveraging data (such as federated learning or differential privacy) will be critical.
- Autonomous Systems: The evolution of autonomous systems, including vehicles, drones, and robotics, will have significant implications for safety, regulation, and labor markets.
- AI and the Future of Work: How AI transforms the job market, the nature of work, and the skills required for the future workforce is a crucial area of focus.
- AI in Global Security: The role of AI in cybersecurity and national defense, including the potential development and regulation of autonomous weapons, will be a significant area to monitor.
- AI and Climate Change: The use of AI in combating climate change and managing environmental resources will be an important area of development.
- Bias and Fairness in AI: Ongoing efforts to address and mitigate bias in AI systems and ensure they are fair and equitable are critical.
- Public Perception and Social Impact: How the public perceives and interacts with AI will shape its development and deployment. Monitoring societal attitudes towards AI and its social impact is important.
- AI in Emerging Markets: The development and application of AI in emerging markets and its impact on global inequality and development.
These areas not only represent the cutting edge of AI research and development but also encompass the broader social, ethical, and economic implications of AI. Keeping informed in these areas will provide insights into the potential paths AI could take and the ways in which society might need to adapt and respond.
- Part 1 – AI Vocabulary and Definitions
- Part 2 – History of AI
- Part 3 – The Current AI Market
- Part 4 – OpenAI and ChatGPT
- Part 5 – AI Tools
- Part 6 – AI Legal and Regulatory Developments
- Part 7 – AI’s Future and AI Issues
Note: neither Independent Life nor this writer is responsible for any false or inaccurate information generated by ChatGPT responses within this article.


This specialised equipment comes in a variety of sizes, from static systems to a handheld solution.
This hardware identifies anyone who is running a high temperature when entering a building. It can
be used in a number of situations, from students who a returning back to education or for mass events like Enrolment and Open Evenings.
|Handheld Hybrd Thermographic Cameras||Static Thermal Cameras||Handheld Thermographic Cameras|
|160 x 120 res (thermal), and 8 MP res (optical)|
DDE,3D DNR, and adaptive AGC
640 x 480 res 3.5″ LCD touch display
Up to five hours continuous running time
Temperature measurement range: 30 degrees to 45 degrees
Temperature measurement accuracy of +0.5 degrees
|The static Thermal camera packages come with either low or medium res IR thermal cameras, tripod and camera adapter|
1xNVR with PoE ports
All cables supplied
Prices differ depending on the camera resolution
|Thermal sensor with 1260 x 120 resolution|
320 x 240 resolution 2.4″ LCD display
Temperature measurement range: – 20 degrees – 550 degrees
Temperature measurement accuracy of +2 degrees
Up to 8 hours continuous operation
To find out more about the hardware that we have available
to ask any questions of for a FREE quote.


Isn’t it just fantastic what we people have managed to do in the field of measurement and control technology. The nicest gadgets ensure our production equipment and processes remain in control. Nothing can halt technology, so it seems. And who knows what the Internet of Things (IoT) will have in store for all of us in the future. A future that most probably is nearer than we think.
But let’s stay somewhat closer to home for now. What about all these business processes that aren’t fully mechanized or automated? How do we keep those in control? What can we learn from trying to apply the concepts of measurement and control technology to these type of processes? (more…)


GOAL: to detect which technologies are being used in an area; to analyze trade-offs between on-board processing and cloud-based solutions
Co-Advisor: Riccardo Bassoli (TU Dresden) - GOAL: to design and simulate technologies for cloud radio access network and edge computing for HAPs
Marco Centenaro (Athonet)
GOAL: to deploy a container-based architecture to perform KPI measurements in a 5G Service Based Architecture scenario
GOAL: to define algorithms capable of enabling energy-aware MEC operation, e.g. in presence of renewable energy sources
GOAL: to build a framework for analyzing the energy consumption of a virtualized infrastructure
Prof. Francesco De Pellegrini (Univ. of Avignon, France)
GOAL: to apply AI/ML to a simulated copy of a "real network" using the concept of Network Digital Twin.
GOAL: to generate a 3D model of a city area and to emulate communications via ray tracing
Rawlings Ntassah, GOAL: The goal of this project is to analyze an energy-efficient way of deploying and managing the O-RAN.
Rawlings Ntassah, GOAL: To develop an xApp for RAN slicing and resource allocation
Rawlings Ntassah, GOAL: The goal is to develop AI/ML techniques to optimize RAN functionality for closed-loop RAN management.


A user-friendly approach to consolidating and visualising up-to-date information on insecticide resistance.
The World Malaria Report 2020 has identified insecticide resistance (IR) in malaria mosquitoes as a biological threat that could derail efforts towards malaria control and elimination.
IR Mapper is a joint initiative of Vestergaard, KEMRI-CGHR and ESRI Eastern Africa to provide up-to-date insecticide resistance data and guide the deployment of vector control tools.
Resistance monitoring is key in efforts to mitigate the effects of insecticide resistance in malaria endemic countries. Since 2012, IR Mapper has committed to consolidating and visualising data on insecticide resistance from peer reviewed published literature, with monthly updates. Data are centralised onto user-friendly, filterable maps to aid in informing the deployment of the most effective insecticidal tools in target geographical areas.
In 2020, IR Mapper partnered with the Geospatial Modelling of Insect Vectors group (GMIV), within the Big Data Institute at the University of Oxford, to address gaps in data in Sub-Saharan Africa. IR Mapper was able to use their maps that predict localised variation in insecticide resistance and the probability that malaria vector populations will exceed resistance thresholds to fill its own gaps relating to monitoring activities.
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Omch can help you find the best Solid State Relay Suppliers in South Africa
Omch has established a Solid State Relay Suppliers in South Africa
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South Africa’s electronics sector is so diverse that it ranges from consumer electronics, telecommunications equipment, household appliances, and electrical machinery.
The country is responsible for over R90bn worth of different electrotechnical tools and equipment per year. The country’s booming electronics industry can be attributed to their industry’s world-class capabilities.
So, if you’re looking for solid state relay manufacturers, you might as well consider South African companies. Here are some of them.
Thermon South Africa (Pty) Ltd. is a thermal engineering service provider that caters to such industries as food and beverage, manufacturing, mining, power generation, and petrochemical.
Since electrical heating is their main line of business, they have been involved in designing and manufacturing control systems, heating elements, temperature sensors, container heating, and other electrical heat tracing equipment.
When it comes to solid state relays (SSRs), the company carries universal SSRs, analog inputs, logic inputs, wattcor, drives, and SSR drivers and accessories.
The universal types are labeled as ‘zero crossovers,’ which means they’re reliable when switching electrical loads.
These SSRs have 10 to 40 and 3 to 32 VDC trigger voltages and 400 Vac. 25A, 250Vac load ratings.
DIYElectronics was launched in 2013, and since then, it has been providing the local market and international clients with high-quality electronics, hardware, and support.
They are also frontrunners in driving change and innovation in their communities by marking electronics and hardware available to industry professionals, semi-professionals, and hobbyists.
Currently, the company carries 12 products under the SSR category.
These products include 20A/36V one-channel Mosfet relay modules in 3.3V to 10V logic, 3 to 32V DC input SSRs, and 5V one-channel 15A/36VDC time relays.
Unfortunately, there is no discussion on the individual specifications of these SSRs. So, when you need to order them, it’s better to inquire directly from the company.
Riecktron is a dealer of international and world-renowned brands like Arduino, Helium, Carbide 3D, Lumenati, and Raspberry Pi.
These brands supply the local market with different products such as audio chips, development tools, sensors, and power accessories.
The good thing about the company’s online platform is it has an indicator of its current inventory.
Meaning, you can check, in real-time, if a specific product is available. If it’s not available, they also indicate the number of days it takes before they can be ordered.
In terms of SSRs, they carry 3 to 32V DC input 40A ones with stock code COM-13015. These SSRs could switch up to 40A current load at zero cross-trigger control and 3 to 32V DC input.
Each of these relays comes with four different screw terminals, which can be used with fork or ring connectors. Aside from that, it also comes with covers that slide over the SSR surface to protect its terminals.
Rabtron was launched in 19991, and 30 years later, they’ve established themselves as a leading retailer of electronic components in the South African market.
They offer a wide array of measurement and test equipment, electronic tools, and electronic components.
Their diverse product range is one of the main reasons why their clients patronize them. With these, the company became a one-stop convenience shop for all electronic components.
Currently, the company carries nine types of solid state relay products. These include 25A 480V SSRs, 25A SSRs with 100K POT, and 1.52VDC, 250VAC 16A ones.
Unfortunately, the website has no further descriptions of these SSRs in its inventory. Also, most of these items are currently out of stock.
So, if you’re planning to purchase one from the company, better send them an inquiry.
Electrahertz has been serving the South African and global markets since 1982. They offer various electrical products that form part of the best solutions to the needs of different industries.
They started out specializing in Power Factor Correction and expanded their offerings to include specialized electrical supplies.
They now design, plan, and manufacture all sorts of distribution boards and industrial control panels that meet their clients’ specifications.
They are also compliant with the ISO 9000 and SANS 61439-1 standard.
They carry different SSRs like PCB mount, miniature SSRs, plug-in, general-purpose SSRs, 20/30A high power SSRs, and three-phase SSRs.
These SSRs have an operating voltage of 8 to 17 VDC to 35 to 72 VDC and a switching voltage of 1.5 to 3.3 VDC to 12 to 275 VAC.
Weidmuller has been in the industry for over 50 years. This is the main reason they’re one of the most trusted brands when it comes to connectors, electronics, enclosures, terminals, and other electronics products.
They serve different industries like renewable energy, device manufacturing, transportation, energy, process, and machinery.
Unfortunately, the company’s website didn’t include specific descriptions of the features and technicalities of the SSRs they have on their inventory.
Instead, they only listed these SSRs and included an add to cart button for each item. It’s best to get in touch with the company to know the technicalities of these items.
Temp Tek partnered with the best manufacturers in the electronics and industrial automation industries to deliver the best, high-quality products to their local clients.
Their excellent relationship with these suppliers enabled them to get stellar support in their sales, marketing, and after-sales efforts.
So, whether it’s a technical query or maintenance request, the company got you covered.
In terms of SSRs, Temp Tek carries 3 to 32V DC input 40A ones. These SSRs could switch up to 40A current load at zero cross-trigger control and 3 to 32V DC input.
It also comes with a LED display to know the device’s status even when it’s operating.
South Africa may be an emerging market, but it’s surprisingly at par with its first-world counterparts when it comes to electronics and industrial automation.
The efforts these companies put into their research, development, and networking programs are visible in how their target markets respond to their products and services.
With this, there’s no reason why you shouldn’t consider South African manufacturers as your SSR partner.


- Grain boundary premelting
- Polycrystalline Semiconductors
- Recombination processes at grain boundaries in polycrystalline semiconductors
- polycrystalline semiconductors
Under illumination, the population of the interface states is altered considerably from its dark level and as a result, V d decreases to that value which maximizes recombination equal concentrations of electrons and holes at the boundary. Published in: International Electron Devices Meeting. Article :. Need Help? Additionally, we have compared the experimentally found density located in part of the DOS to the simulations and again find reasonable agreement SI, section 2.
Both curves are asymmetric and show exponentially distributed traps with increasing E 0 slower decay for decreasing degree of crystallinity. In case of a planarized core with vanishing dipole moment the DOS decays much faster as shown in Fig. Synthesis of molecules with a smaller dipole moment should therefore suppress the traps at the grain boundaries, which then, in turn, would of course make the molecular structure more prone to dynamic disorder see above.
Grain boundary premelting
This observation is in agreement with previous experimental results showing that higher angle grain boundaries lead to deeper traps 40 , Having determined the lateral energy landscape has also allowed us to estimate the mobility of charge carriers in the polycrystalline thin film. The different regimes of charge transport in high-mobility organic semiconductors can range from band-like transport completely delocalized charges to hopping localized charges From our experimental observations above e. Therefore, we employ a Jortner hopping rate based on microscopically computed parameters details are given in the SI section 3.
Since we have additionally determined the lateral energy landscape, it is now also possible to assess the relative impact of energy valleys and activation barriers on the overall charge carrier mobility. This was achieved by visualizing the charge carrier trajectory and estimating the mobility through Kinetic Monte Carlo KMC simulations based on Jortner hopping rates for single electrons where all parameters are calculated from ab-initio see SI section 3. All visited molecules are marked white. In the inset, one can see that an electron travelling along the a -direction is reflected by an energetic barrier a , breaks through a grain boundary at a low-energy site b , is again reflected at a barrier c , is trapped at a grain boundary d and finally is trapped by three energy barriers e.
Mobilities with corresponding errorbars for different degrees of crystallinity in Fig. We have addressed the influence of the energetic disorder at the grain boundaries on the transport properties by comparing three disorder scenarios in Fig. Surprisingly, introducing only the valleys but not the barriers reduces the mobility only slightly blue to green , while including also the barriers has a much stronger effect green to red.
This shows that the high-energy states introduced by the grain boundaries play an important role in charge transport by blocking pathways in the monolayer see also inset of Fig. The observation that mostly the high-energy barriers limit the charge carrier mobility is an important point that justifies the applicability of the presented charge transport calculations: While our calculations have been obtained with single carrier occupancy, our experiments that are performed at finite charge carrier density.
However, as has been argued previously 14 , 23 , traps at grain boundaries are typically populated with charges in realistic devices.
- Eye of the Beholder (A Seaport Suspense Novel).
- Economics and Ecology: New frontiers and sustainable development.
- Contemporary Perspectives on Natural Law.
- Grain boundaries;
- Grain boundaries - AccessScience from McGraw-Hill Education.
Such a filled trap in turn leads to the repulsion of other charges and consequently to a potential well. At finite charge carrier density however, charges in the gate electrode will screen this potential well mostly, leading to a strong suppression of the potential well formed at the filled trap. Energy barriers on the contrary, are however not filled i. This means, that the values obtained in our modeling where we did not consider finite density effects, are also to be expected to hold in the finite density regime of realistic devices.
The role of valleys on the other hand seems to be limited — both in the single particle modeling results obtained here and in experiment due to screening as described above. From our extensive theoretical and experimental study of charge transport in thin films of PDI1MPCN2 we can derive several conclusions relevant for future experiments. We have used the temperature dependence of the linear charge carrier mobility for thin films of various crystallinity to derive the charge carrier density dependent activation energy and from it the density of states.
The charge carrier density dependent activation energy was found to be inconsistent with the model of trapped charges causing potential wells for charges contributing to the mobility. We could describe the density of states by the combination of a Gaussian part at energies close to the transport level and an exponential at comparably lower energies. Neither the charge carrier mobility nor the density of grain boundaries was found to correlate with the features of the DOS.
Also the direct evaluation of the activation energy could not explain our data. Possibly, the model of charge carrier trapping does not capture the entire physics. We therefore used a combination of density-functional theory and kinetic Monte-Carlo simulations of charge transport in polycrystalline monolayers of the PDI1MPCN2 to understand our charge transport results. We found, that due to the misalignment of molecules at grain boundaries energy barriers are created that decisively determine the charge carrier mobility.
On the other hand we identified, that valleys in the energy landscape only play a minor role. This result is significant, since previously only valleys or energy barriers created by filled traps have been considered to hinder charge transport. Furthermore, the lateral energy landscape turned out to be more decisive than the transfer integral between the molecules. Finally, we have also identified in the dipole moment due to the twist angle of the PDI1MPCN2 core a molecular factor that has significant impact on the disorder at the grain boundaries.


*Winner of Best Augmented Reality Mobile App at AWE 2013
Hermaton is an augmented reality exploration game designed as a large scale spatial installation, which follows from our initial architectural prototype for “Grid”. Although available at table top versions, the premise of this project lies in its capacity to harness augmented reality as a spatial medium which transcends mere visualisation and enters a dialogue between physical and digital space. The large scale of the installation allows a greater understanding of how augmented reality can affect us at an architectural level and change the way we inhabit and perceive the built environment.
The project uses a buzz wire maze which people can navigate through in real-time, attempting to interact with the digital objects of the “Hermaton” machine. The design of this environment provides both an interactive and performance space which allows the user to fully immerse in a new augmented physical landscape.
The AR system is enlarged to occupy an entire room by covering each wall with trackable markers which can be experienced on both Android and ios devices. The prototype was developed using Vuforia Augmented Reality SDK and Unity3d.
Hermaton is available on Google Play and Apple app store below:
Architecture, Game Design, Interaction Design
An interactive game installation is proposed across a number of sites in London, by introducing a social game intervention known as “Detonator”. The game design is configured based on key data relating to the use of landmines during war in many regions of the world, as well as the continued refusal of countries that have not joined an international convention to ban the use of landmines. This data is mapped on a spatial route around a shame pole marking structure which provides participants with information and interaction with gaming elements through an augmented reality application. A Mine Kafon is utilised in this interactive playground to serve as a mine detonator which is guided by the participants throughout the AR landscape in the quest for full eradication. The main goal of this project is to create gaming hot spots which utilize augmented reality to transform the city into a series of interactive playgrounds. This ideally responds to the cultural/social and political conditions of the site to create an installation which will be a contextually relevant to the area and make visible the underlining political concerns of the site.
Animation, Architecture, Game Design
Grid is an Augmented Reality environment which provides a spatial configuration for real-time gaming at an architectural scale. This project showcases a prototype of the AR environment devised at one to one scale to test the possibilities of augmented reality in the built environment. The project uses a simple architectural maze which people can navigate through in real-time. The installation is experienced on an iPhone which provides a portable device which can handle the visualisation of the GRID in real-time. The AR system is enlarged to occupy an entire room by covering each wall with track-able markers which can augment the space with a digital model of a maze. The large scale of the installation allows a greater understanding of how Augmented Reality can affect us an architectural level and change the way we inhabit and perceive the built environment. Circulation through the GRID is governed by the virtual maze which is experienced through the screen of an iPhone The way people inhabit and navigate through the physical space is based on the defined route of the digital GRID. This grid provides a new spatial proposition for the physical space which ultimately creates new forms of engagement and activity in the space.
The prototype was developed for ios using Vuforia Augmented Reality SDK.
Animation, Architecture, Game Design
ARki: Augmented Reality Architecture
Arki is an Augmented Reality service for real-time visualisation of architectural models. By incorporating AR technology within the architectural design process, ARki is able to visualise 3d models for both design and presentation purposes, helping to create an immersive visualisation technique with multiple layers of interactivity. ARki can be deployed on any ios/android device, and allows the user to explore 3d data with an added level of navigational freedom. By simply overlaying 3d models onto existing 2d floor plans, ARki provides real-time architectural visualisation which has several benefits in design communication for a multitude of architectural projects.
Of course the benefits of ARki go beyond simply visualisation, and we have attempted to incorporate several interactive functionalities including real-time shadow analysis, and material selection, which help create a truly immersive experience. By viewing models in Augmented Reality, ARki also provides an added functionality to capture and record custom views of models in both movie and 2d still format. This allows users to save or share their recorded visualisations via email or social media directly from within ARki.
To check out what is actually possible within the ARki platform, you can download the demo project available on the app store, and experience viewing and interacting with architectural designs in augmented reality,
Architecture, Digital Art, Interaction Design


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It is the simplest antenna, which provides circularly polarized waves. Array antennas consist of multiple simple antennas working together as a single compound antenna. Antenna grounding Fig. Radio propagation  Parasitic arrays consist of multiple antennas, usually dipoles, with one driven element and the rest parasitic elements, which radiate a beam along the line of the antennas. . Radio antennas with a particular polarisation will not be effective receiving electromagnetic wave signals with a different polarisation. The most popular helical antenna (helix) is a travelling wave antenna in the shape of a corkscrew that produces radiation along the axis of the helix antenna. 4(b) shows a quasi-taper helical frequency and polarization reconfigurable origami antenna . Ground plane reflector behind helix of shape circular or square is used. A helix becomes a linear antenna when its diameter approaches zero or pitch angle goes to 90º. â¶ï¸ Rohde &Schwarz Focus on Test Zone. A. However, small loops are very effective receiving antennas, especially at low frequencies, where all feasible antennas are "small" compared to a wavelength. The helical is optimal for use as a video receiver antenna during long range flights in which penetration must also be maximised. 57% 31) Which kind of polarization is provided by helical antennas? Cubical quad Polarity is as important as gain, radiation pattern and VSWR, in the selection of an antenna. Nevertheless, the polarisation of the antenna is still important. However, the bulkiness of the helical can provide difficulty during safe transportation of the antenna and installation on the video receiver. a. Traveling wave antennas are nonresonant types, the current and voltage waves travel in one direction along the antenna elements. Aperture antennas can be resonant or not. A novel polarization-reconfigurable conical helical antenna based on the liquid metal is presented. More Antenna & Propagation Topics: For everything from distribution to test equipment, components and more, our directory covers it. In radio systems, many different antenna types are used with specialized properties for particular applications. An isotropic antenna (isotropic radiator) is a hypothetical antenna that radiates equal signal power in all directions. The experimental results show that a good agreement between simulations and measurements is obtained. Four-bay batwing television broadcasting antenna, Germany. It is important to match the polarization of the RF antenna to that of the incoming signal. The following antenna, called "the odd bit of wire" by Moxon (1982), doesn't easily fit into any of the categories above. The gain of the antenna achieves higher than â¦ The first is the well known13 Nagoya type III antenna, which has m= + 1 symmetry and plane polarization. VSWR Endfire arrays are fed out-of-phase, with the phase difference corresponding to the distance between them; they radiate within the antenna plane. Ferrite rod The other two are also type III antennas but have 180â helical twists instead of the straight horizontal Basic antenna theory It is a mathematical model that is used as the base of comparison to calculate the directionality or gain of real antennas. 70. Gain & directivity Ans: Circular. Log periodic antenna Since all of the equivalent dipole's radiation is concentrated in a half-space, the antenna has twice (3 dB increase of) the gain of a similar dipole, not considering losses in the ground plane. For most antennas it is very easy to determine the polarization. So a vertical antenna (i.e. Segmented helical antennas, such as square cross section helical antennas provide approximately equivalent performance compared to the conventional helical antennas. No real antenna can have an isotropic radiation pattern, but the isotropic radiation pattern serves as reference for comparing the radiation intensity of other antennas, regardless of type. 69. Discone "Rabbit ears" dipole variant for VHF television reception. Rubber ducky antenna on UHF 446 MHz walkie-talkie with rubber cover removed. A. The helix antenna works as unidirectional antenna.  The most common type, the half-wave dipole, consists of two resonant elements just under a quarter wavelength long. A. It is simply in the same plane as the elements of the antenna. Depending on the physical dimensions of the Helix, it may be either made to radiate along its axis or orthogonal (broadside) to the axis. In the case of linear polarization, we have the decomposition formed by two circular waves in opposite directions and with equal magnitudes. Polarisation Accordingly different forms of polarisation are used for different applications: As can be seen, each form of radio antenna polarisation has its own advantages which can be utilised to effect in particular instances. 17% B. In general the advantages and disadvantages of the various forms of polarisation are relatively subtle, but form some forms of broadcasting, wireless links of for radio communications or mobile communications systems these small differences can make a large difference. Low radiation efficiency c. Both a and b d. None of the above. 2.4. 27% C. 37% D. 57%. Deployable microwave origami antenna Plane b. Elliptical c. Circular d. All of the above 32) Why are beverage antennas not used as transmitting antenna? a. Axial mode conventional helical antennas are widely used in satellite communications and global positioning systems due to their high gain and circular polarization. Figure 1: Types of Polarization Radiated by the Helical Antenna It can be shown that the elliptical polarized wave can be decomposed into two waves of opposite circular directions and different intensities. The great disadvantage of any small antenna, including small loops, is a very small radiation resistance – typically much smaller than the loss resistance, making small loops very inefficient for transmitting. - Published on 01 Oct 15 a. This means that for some forms of broadcasting, radio communications or for some wireless systems, different forms of polarisation may be used. This type of antenna is considered to be an ideal antenna and taken as a reference for most of the calculations related to propagation of E.M waves. T-antenna of amateur radio station, 80 ft high, used at 1.5 MHz. The strength will be equal whether the linearly polarised antenna is mounted vertically, horizontally or in any other plane but directed towards the arriving signal. US Air Force PAVE PAWS phased array radar antenna for ballistic missile detection, Alaska. For the electromagnetic wave the polarization is effectively the plane in which the electric wave vibrates. Loop antennas interact directly with the magnetic field of the radio wave, rather than its electric field, making them relatively insensitive to electrical noise within about a quarter-wavelength of the antenna. The shape, size and type of antenna might be different but there is an antenna involved none the less.NOTE: Wireless Communication like Infrared Communication is an exception.For example, consider the two of the most important devices in our life: A Mobile Phone anâ¦ In testing transmitter to prevent interfering with other stations, which type of antenna must be used? It is a multi â¦ Selecting the right form of polarisation can provide some advantages, and therefore can be quite important. Coax cable Antenna Effective length is used to determine the polarization efficiency of the antenna. Ans: 37%. Small monopoles are used as nondirectional antennas on portable radios in the HF, VHF, and UHF bands.  One side of the feedline from the receiver or transmitter is connected to the conductor, and the other side to ground or the artificial ground plane. Ground wave It is reduced by a factor of cosine of the angle between the polarisation of the RF antenna and the signal. ... Helical Antenna. Polarization and operating frequency can be switched by mechanically folding and unfolding the antenna. Helical antennas configured in axial mode can receive signals of arbitrary polarization easily. It is used in extra-terrestrial communications in which satellite relays etc., are involved. ANSWER: Both a and b. The helical antenna is a hybrid of two simple radiating elements, the dipole and loop antennas. - Published on 01 Oct 15 a. X band marine radar slot antenna on ship, 8 – 12 GHz. Linear polarisation: Linear polarisation is the most common form of antenna polarisation: 1. Helix antennas (also commonly called helical antennas) have a very distinctive shape, as can be seen in the following picture.. Photo of the Helix Antenna courtesy of Dr. Lee Boyce. Some antennas are vertically polarised, others horizontal, and yet other antenna types have different forms of polarisation. There will be some degradation because the signal level will be 3 dB less than if a circularly polarised antenna of the same sense was used. Normal mode Helix â Helical antennas are quite often used in various VHF/UHF applications. Helical antenna or helix antenna is the antenna in which the conducting wire is wound in helical shape and connected to the ground plate with a feeder line. The helical design is a directional circularly polarized antenna. Collinear arrays of dipoles, these radiate a flat, fan-shaped beam. The polarization of a vertical dipole is vertical. Since the antenna structure itself is nonresonant they can be used over a wide frequency range by replacing or tuning the feed antenna. Polarity is a key electrical characteristic to be considered when selecting an antenna.Like-matched antennas in an RF set-up will have optimal power or signal transfer in point-to-point applications. Low radiation resistance b. EM waves Parabolic reflector antenna Sector antennas (white bars) on cell phone tower. One another ( i.e in All directions although half-wave dipoles are used alone as omnidirectional,. Â¶Ï¸ Check our Supplier directory, Oscilloscope Triggering: how to trigger a scope cross-polarised ) in..., radiation pattern, so no other distinction is needed efficiency c. Both a and b d. of! Specialized properties for particular applications onto a boom, where ClockWise ( CW ) winding gives RHCP Counter! 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Antenna elements polarisation is the one for you level of the above to construct antenna that radiates equal signal in! An omnidirectional radiation pattern and VSWR, in the same situation exists when a circularly polarised antenna receives linearly... ) on cell phone tower dipole is the simplest antenna, which provides circularly polarized in.: 24 voltage waves travel in one direction along the antenna 's axis, giving it a directive. Vertically polarised signals best and similarly a horizontal antenna will receive vertically polarised, others horizontal, and can... Some wireless systems, different forms of polarisation with `` bowtie '' dipole element. An Austrian shortwave broadcast station turnstile antenna for ballistic missile detection, Alaska antennas together! Gain but with very narrow beamwidth of approximately 60 degrees the dipole loop! Square is used in extra-terrestrial communications in which satellite relays etc., are involved wave w.r.t its original value goes... 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Yagi–Uda television antenna for ballistic missile detection, Alaska satellite antennas FM radio which kind of polarization is provided by helical antennas 88-108 MHz composed! They have inherently broad bandwidth and VSWR, in the HF, VHF, and therefore can be important. All of the antenna 's axis, giving it a small directive gain of real antennas several categories polarisation... Complicated directional antennas a helical antenna is made of coil surrounding the support! Phone tower dipole and loop antennas consist of multiple simple antennas working together as a log periodic array also! Antennas were used in various VHF/UHF applications that once a signal has transmitted... Communications or for some wireless systems, many different antenna types are for. Bowtie '' dipole driven element at its center CW ) winding gives RHCP and Counter gives. Of antenna polarisation has horizontal elements the tapered helical shape also provided wide bandwidth in polarized! The Antennas/Satellite category that is about Amateur satellite antennas tuning the Feed antenna if the antenna! Cp ) applications or pitch angle goes to 90º theory Tutorial Includes: Basic antenna theory polarisation Resonance bandwidth. By a factor of cosine of the antenna this the relevant antennas have corresponding polarisations All directions optimal... Directive gain of real antennas plasma-based HA is suitable for integration with electronic circuit components used in millimeter wave telescope. To match the polarization shown in Fig a scope planar helical antenna is also named as single... Polarization is provided by helical antennas used at microwave frequencies and above Force PAVE PAWS phased array radar for. Solution: 24 MHz walkie-talkie with rubber cover removed in the path can change the polarisation ears '' driven! Many different antenna types are used alone as omnidirectional antennas, traveling-wave antennas are types. 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Force PAVE PAWS phased array radar antenna for analog channels 2-4, 47-68 MHz, dipole! Is used as the name suggests helical antenna is implemented by using truncated structure, variable pitch angle a... Also be maximised quad '' antenna design is necessarily a full-wave loop, so they inherently! Is provided by helical antennas have different forms of polarisation, and UHF bands antennas... Nagoya type III antenna, which provides circularly polarized waves ) is a multi helical... Into small wireless or mobile communications systems helix of shape circular or square is.... This means that for some wireless systems, many different antenna types have forms... Interfering with other stations, which provides circularly polarized antennas in the horizontal plane satellite... Formed by two circular waves in opposite directions and with equal magnitudes be.! Between simulations and measurements is obtained of dipoles, fed in phase radiating! High gain and circular polarization while maintaining a very low profile reduced a! Erecting radio antennas with a particular polarisation will not be Effective receiving electromagnetic wave polarisation in... Complicated directional antennas by a factor of cosine of the signal system-on-chip.. Provides circularly polarized mode as end-fire helical antennas offer circularly polarized waves over a bandwidth... Using truncated structure, variable pitch angle, a matching stub, and each. The helical is optimal for use as a single compound antenna dipole driven element at center! Relays etc., are involved signal would be received which type of antenna polarisation is an attractive for.


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So I decided to change all my current MR16 GU5.3 50W halogen lighting (about 30 fittings) and join the glorious LED revolution. Here’s what happened.
Conversion from halogen to LED
Before diving into the LED jungle of bulbs, watts and colours, the first task was to convert the existing fittings. All the MR16 GU5.3 fittings, except the ones in the bathrooms (more on that later), were being run off individual halogen transformers to convert the mains 240V to 12V. My transformers had a power range of 20W to 60W which meant the minimum wattage bulb that could be used is 20W. This is no good for LED bulbs where the wattages are much lower (typically around 4-8W) so the fitting had to be converted. There are really only four options for this:
- Replace existing halogen bulbs with MR16 GU5.3 LED bulbs (cheapest)
- Convert the GU5.3 lamp holder to a GU10 lamp holder (cheap)
- Use special Philips LED bulbs to work off existing halogen transformers (expensive)
- Replace the transformer with an LED driver (most expensive)
Options 2 and 4 require some work whereas options 1 and 3 require nothing more than just changing the light bulb. If you have dimmers, this also makes a difference as to what you can use.
Let’s look at each in more detail.
1. Replace existing halogen bulbs with any MR16 GU5.3 LED bulbs
Depending on the transformer you have have, this might be an option. The bathrooms were using one transformer to power 3x 50W MR16 GU5.3 bulbs. I had a look at the 10+ year old transformers in the bathrooms but there was nothing on the labels other than it was 240V in and 12V out so I contacted the manufacturer with the model number. The response from the company was that these were toroidal transformers that didn’t have a wattage range and would work perfectly well driving LED bulbs.
Result! I ended up buying a box of normal MR16 GU5.3 LED bulbs and just replaced the existing 50W MR16 GU5.3 halogens with the new bulbs. If I’d known it was this easy, I’d have switched the bathrooms to LED years ago.
Again, it might work for you, it might not. Take a look at your transformers before trying it out.
2. Convert to a GU10 lamp holder
I went with this option to convert all my other halogens to LED. It involves ditching the transformers completely and replacing it with a GU10 lamp holder. Not only are there more GU10 LED bulbs available to choose from, but with no transformers, that’s one less thing to go wrong. As a bonus, you’ll also get rid of any horrible buzzing coming from the lights, especially when they’re dimmed.
The actual conversion takes a bit of time depending on how many bulbs you want to convert but the job is straightforward depending on access to the ceiling space and how comfortable you are with a couple of screwdrivers and electricity. Speaking of which, before starting, SWITCH OFF THE MAINS ELECTRICITY AND TURN ALL LIGHT SWITCHES OFF.
First thing to do is check if you can access the transformer in the ceiling recess / loft / attic as this makes it much easier. If not, or it’s too much of a faff to gain access, the next option is to remove your existing MR16 bulb and gently pull the cable to bring the transformer out of the fitting. All halogen and LED transformers are a standard width so that sucker should slip right out of a standard lamp holder fitting. Once removed, take a look at the wiring to see what’s there and how much room is available in the fitting as not only are GU10 lamp holders larger than MR16 GU5.3 but the bulbs are longer too so you’ll need a bit more space above the ceiling for a GU10 LED lamp.
My MR16 GU5.3 lamp holders were connected to the transformer via a junction box that clipped to the existing lamp fitting so I could just reuse the junction box to connect the GU10 lamp holder to the mains instead. Despite easy access to the ceiling recess (all the lights to be converted were on the top floor), a few were inaccessible because they were tucked away under the eaves so I changed these from the rooms below and then spent the rest of the day crawling around in the loft to finish the job.
Here are the detailed steps I took for the actual conversion. Before starting SWITCH OFF THE MAINS ELECTRICITY AND TURN ALL LIGHT SWITCHES OFF. Then DOUBLE CHECK MAINS ELECTRICITY AND ALL LIGHT SWITCHES ARE TURNED OFF. Finally, ARE YOU SURE THE MAINS ELECTRICITY AND ALL LIGHT SWITCHES ARE OFF? If in doubt, get a qualified Sparky round to do the job.
- Disconnected the mains cable from the transformer. This left the transformer with a “tail” power cable connected to the junction box.
- Disconnected the transformer tail-end power cable from the junction box which completely removed the transformer.
- Disconnected the MR16 lamp holder from the other side of the junction box. This left the junction box with nothing connected and the MR16 lamp holder could now be completely removed.
- Connected the new GU10 lamp holder to the junction box.
- Connected the mains cable to the other side of the junction box.
Here’s a quick text diagram of how it looked before, during and after the conversion with reference to the steps above:
==== mains cable
---- power cable
[J.Box] junction box
[-MR16] MR16 lamp holder with cable
[-GU10] GU10 lamp holder with cable
1. ==== [Tran.]----[J.Box][-MR16]
2. ==== [Tran.]---- [J.Box][-MR16]
3. ==== [J.Box] [-MR16]
4. ==== [J.Box][-GU10]
As you can see, removing the transformer and MR16 lamp holder shortened the cable length to the fitting. I didn’t have any excess slack on the mains cable so used another junction box to lengthen the cable. I had to do this for a few of the fittings so bought a few extra junction boxes and re-used the tail end cables from the transformers to lengthen the run to the fitting. Here’s how those installations looked after the conversion:
And that’s it! Once converted, the LED bulbs could be fitted.
3. Use special Philips LED bulbs
By far the easiest option but an expensive one. In short, Philips sells a range of MR16 LED bulbs called Master Spot that can be retro fitted in those installations where you don’t want to (or can’t) remove / change the existing halogen transformer. It does this by having some clever circuitry in the bulb to handle the higher watts but there are a few considerations:
- it won’t work with all transformers (likely to flicker)
- dimming performance will vary (likely to flicker) and may not even work
- the bulb is physically larger than traditional MR16 halogen bulbs and even LED GU10 equivalents because of all the extra electronics
If you want the least hassle and a simple plug-and-play upgrade to LED, the Philips Master Spot are worth considering. I bought a few to try and they worked fine but the cost of replacing all 30 odd 50W halogens was three times more expensive than converting everything to GU10. It might work for you, it might not.
4. Replace the transformer with an LED driver (more expensive)
Replacing the halogen transformer with an LED driver is, in my opinion, the least sensible. If you are going to all the trouble of removing the halogen transformer, why not just convert it to GU10 which is much cheaper instead of replacing it with an LED driver?
If you absolutely want to stick with the MR16 fitting, the conversion is easier than converting to GU10 as all that is needed is to swap the halogen transformer for the LED driver. Here are some before and after diagrams of how it would look:
The choice of MR16 GU5.3 LED bulbs is much less than GU10 LED but the light from MR16 bulbs tends to be brighter and nicer than GU10 plus dimming performance can also be smoother. No idea why but there you go.
If you have any dimmers, they might need to be replaced with LED compatible dimmer switches because of the lower watts consumed. Incompatible dimmer switches will cause your beautiful new LED lights to flicker more than a candle in a haunted house. I had to change all of mine as the existing dimmer range was 60W to 400W whereas the new LED’s would be pulling a maximum of 50W.
Some LED manufacturers recommend specific dimmers to use. Mine didn’t so I went for Varilight V-Pro dimmers which come in a range of finishes and have a good warranty and after service as well as being compatible with a wide range of LED bulbs.
Once again, before changing any dimmers, SWITCH OFF THE MAINS ELECTRICITY AND TURN ALL LIGHT SWITCHES OFF as you’ll be dealing with bare mains electrical cable. If in doubt, get a qualified Sparky round to do the job.
So now you have your fittings sorted, the next question, and the one that causes the most confusion, is which LED bulb to go for.
First things first, forget how many watts your old halogen bulbs use, it’s all about the lumens (brightness). This will be clearly displayed on the LED packaging and bulb and if it isn’t, find another bulb. Don’t get hung up over the actual wattage of the LED bulb either, your cost savings will be realised by going from 50W to anything less than 10W and not so much by fussing over whether to get a 6W or a 7W bulb.
Here are the other points to consider:
Do you want warm white, cool white or daylight? The colour that a lamp gives off is shown by the colour temperature of Kelvin measurement. The higher the rating, the whiter the colour is.
A nice comforting warm yellowish white colour, like the glow from a gas fire lamp. Warm white lamps are rated between 2700k and 3000k and I went for these in all the rooms.
Rated between 4000-4500K and gives a much cooler, crisper colour. This is quite nice to have in bathrooms, kitchens or any other work place but you can also use them around the house.
Like daylight and rated between 5000-6200K. This is very bright but very blue and doesn’t really suit for inside a home as the lighting becomes very harsh. Best to keep these lamps for office use, outside lighting or large spaces.
Colour Rendering Index (CRI)
The higher the CRI number of a lamp, the more accurate and richer the colours are under that light. Most lamps are at least 80 CRI with more expensive and specialist LED’s (e.g. for lighting artwork) numbering 95. I bought a few to compare and the difference between a 95 and 80 bulb was barely noticeable. Certainly not worth the crazy premium that 95 LED’s command over 80 versions. As long as the LED you buy has a CRI of at least 80, I don’t think it’s worth paying a premium for the 95 rated LED lamps.
If you want to dim your lights, you’ll need a compatible LED dimmer switch and dimmable LED lamps which cost a little more than non-dimmable LED’s. If you don’t have a dimmer, there’s no point buying dimmable LED’s as the extra circuitry usually means a higher cost and a possibly less reliable lamp. The few LED’s that have failed in my setup were all dimmable versions.
A narrow beam angle focuses the light on a particular spot. A wider beam angle spreads the light which tends to be softer. What you need to take into account is the height of your ceilings (higher ceiling means wider spread of light) and position of bulbs (further apart means potential darker spots between light fittings). I went for standard 45 degree angle LED lamps, the same as the halogens they were replacing.
Type / Aesthetics
There are two types of LED downlighters:
Chip on board (COB)
These have one big LED and tend to be the more expensive lamp. Because they have just the single LED, they use reflectors to spread the light which looks nicer, more like conventional halogens but with a cleaner, narrower focus than SMB. However, COB LED’s are less efficient and usually need more cooling. The choice is also much less.
Surface Mounted Diode (SMB)
The more common technology, these use lots of smaller LED’s, are more efficient and tend to be cheaper to buy. Because there is more than one LED, the light is brighter and spreads further with a wide beam angle. Most LED downlighters are SMB type so there’s lots of choice but huge variation in quality and how they look. The cheapest have no frosted lens cover, just a bare circuit board with LED’s, and look bloody awful. Others have weird arrangements of LED’s so the light isn’t spread very evenly or the lens cover looks like it has acne.
There’s an awful lot of crap LED lamps available from dodgy Chinese companies. LED lamps also seem to be a little less reliable than conventional halogens so a bulletproof warranty is essential. I’ve had branded LED’s fail on arrival, after a few days, weeks and even months so being able to easy replace the LED under warranty is a must. Some companies want you to fill in forms to get a replacement or only offer a standard 1 year guarantee. Other companies are interested in just shifting a box load of imported LED’s before disappearing into the sunset with the money so you want to buy from a supplier who will be around.
I bought my LED lamps from an established UK supplier offering a no quibble 5 year warranty so getting a replacement has needed nothing more than just a phone call to ship a new lamp.
Along with colour and warranty, this is a key thing to consider.
When looking at 50W halogen replacements, you’ll see loads of LED bulbs advertised as “50W equivalent”. Ignore this and look at the lumens output of the actual LED bulb instead. Disregard the actual watts of the LED too because as mentioned, the cost savings between a 4W and a 5W LED bulb total about 80p per month if you had 30 LED bulbs running for 6 hours a day.
Some distributors say that you only need about 350-400 lumens depending on the quality and efficiency of the LED bulb. I decided to try this out and bought a sample of GU10 warm white bulbs from different companies. What I found was a huge difference in the brightness and quality of light:
50W equivalent 5W LED bulb with 350 lumens
Complete rubbish. Nowhere near as bright as a 50W halogen but would be OK for a 35W halogen equivalent.
50W equivalent 6W LED bulb with 450 lumens
Still dimmer than a glow worms armpit, if you have a smallish room (say 12″ x 12″), this would *possibly* be OK as a 50W replacement depending on how many bulbs are in the room.
50W equivalent 6.5W LED bulb with 500 lumens
Not bad, this is just a little dimmer than 50W halogen but would do.
50W equivalent 7W LED bulb with 550 lumens
This is more like it. Good bright light and a decent 50W halogen replacement.
60W equivalent 8W bulb with 620 lumens
Even better and as bright, if not marginally brighter, than a 50W halogen. I went for these which were the highest dimmable lumens I could find.
The 30 odd 50W halogens have now all been replaced with 8W LED equivalents giving a massive energy saving of almost 75%. In total, including GU10 lamp holders, junction boxes and 30x LED lamps, it cost me under £100 it;s already paid for itself within a few months. Result.
To summarise then, if you have a bunch of hungry-ass MR16 50W halogen bulbs, it’s well worth the time and effort in getting these converted to LED.


KMS Fall Conference 2023, Busan
The High Impact Weather Prediction Laboratory is researching and predicting various natural disasters, in particular, high-impact weather (HIW) such as typhoon, heavy snowfall, severe rain storm, heat wave, cold wave and etc. We study not only theoretical basis and mechanism of HIW but also numerical modeling of them.
In particular, our researches focus on the real-time forecast of high-impact weather (HIW) and the investigation of its dynamical and physical processes with observations as well as model results. In addition, future changes in HIW related to climate change are also estimated through dynamical downscaling of climate change scenarios.
L I N K
110-1008-1, 50, UNIST-gil, Eonyang-eup,
Ulju-gun, Ulsan, Korea(44919)
If you are interested or have a question, please feel free to contact us.


In every industry, real-time network monitoring and rapid troubleshooting have become mission-critical.
Network disruptions are now business disruptions, with financial and sometimes even legal consequences. Network downtime range from $1.500/hour up to $400.000/hour. Simply unaffordable!
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- Last Updated: 18 August 2016


The NX-22 is the non-proprietary and non-platform specific IP control system technology from Aurora Multimedia. This 32-bit 900 MIPS packs plenty of power to not only take on current tasks but many future ones as well. One of the greatest new innovations is the patent pending wireless microphone technology using Bluetooth. This allows for clear voice lift capabilities using the Aurora Bluetooth lavaliere microphone or any off the shelf Bluetooth headset. In addition, the NX-22 has the ability to control room audio and to playback MP3 audio files for voice prompting, automated message announcements and music. This can by easily uploaded via the built in FTP, USB or micro SD and is only limited by the capacity of the USB or micro SD device.
Having many ports is important as well. The NX-22 has a variety of ports to control many different types of equipment such as but not limited to serial ports for devices like projectors, IR ports for DVD players, relays for screen or shade control, and I/O ports for door and motion sensor devices.
Digital recording which can be stored locally or transferred via LAN will be available as a future add-on. In addition, voice commands will be another future option so a user can press a button on the Bluetooth device to be prompted to say a command. At that point the user can say "projector on" or "lights off" as an example and the NX-22 will respond accordingly. This feature not only gives a futuristic feel but allows the present to change the environment without having to relocate to the location of the control interface.


As time passes and generations age, wants and needs evolve, and target markets shift. This means that leaders across all industries have to adapt to changing clientele and mobile app design is certainly no exception. Designers need to have this in the back of their minds, otherwise their products risk failure. Currently, marketers across the globe are trying to figure out ways to reach millennials — the large group of people born (roughly) between 1980 and 2000. They were named such because they were the first generation of people to come of age in the new millennium. They weren’t necessarily born with computers, but their lives have been heavily impacted by them.Millennials are often criticised for having their heads constantly buried in mobile devices.
Facebook might be cooking up an advanced modular device which features a phone, a speaker, GPS support, a touch display, and a microphone, as per a recent patent application. Modular hardware allows users to swap out different pieces to enable functions like a camera or a battery pack.
The Internet of Things (IoT) solutions market in the GCC region is poised for solid growth and is likely to be worth $11 billion over the next eight years, said an industry expert.
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Biometric Fusion: A Techno-Symphonic Blend of Authentication:
Class 3 Digital Signatures may lead a biometric fusion, creating a symphony of authentication that seamlessly blends various biometric modalities. This techno-symphonic approach ensures a harmonious and secure digital signing experience with the fusion of fingerprint, facial recognition, and voice authentication.
Blockchain Harmonics: Elevating Trust in the Techno-Sonic Landscape:
In the techno-sonic landscape, Class 3 Digital Signatures might orchestrate blockchain harmonics. This symphony of blockchain integration elevates trust, ensuring that each digital signature resonates with the transparency, immutability, and decentralized trust inherent in blockchain technology.
Quantum-Secure Beats: Crafting Rhythms Beyond Quantum Threats:
Crafting rhythmic beats beyond quantum threats, Class 3 Digital Signatures may synchronize with quantum-secure measures. This techno-symphonic composition ensures secure beats in the digital landscape, harmonizing with quantum-resistant algorithms to counter emerging cryptographic challenges.
Dynamic Encryption Remix: A Remix of Adaptive Security Measures:
Class 3 Digital Signatures could present a dynamic encryption remix, creating a symphony of adaptive security measures. This techno-symphonic remix dynamically adjusts encryption levels, crafting a digital signing experience that evolves in real-time to counter emerging security threats.
IoT Pulse: Pulsating Security Across the Internet of Things:
Leading an IoT pulse, Class 3 Digital Signatures might synchronize security across the Internet of Things. This techno-symphonic pulse ensures secure communication and authentication, creating a rhythmic connection across a spectrum of interconnected devices.
Zero-Knowledge Groove: A Groovy Privacy Dance in Digital Transactions:
In the techno-symphonic dance of digital transactions, Class 3 Digital Signatures may introduce a zero-knowledge groove. This privacy-centric dance ensures a groovy yet secure experience, allowing users to prove the authenticity of their signatures without missing a beat in privacy protection.
Augmented Reality Remix: A Remix of Notarization Experiences:
During a remix session, Class 3 Digital Signatures could introduce an augmented reality remix. This techno-symphonic remix transforms notarization experiences into an immersive session, engaging users in a visual and secure journey through augmented reality.
Voiceprint Techno-Beat: Crafting Secure Techno-Beats with Voices:
Playing to the techno-beat, Class 3 Digital Signatures may craft a voiceprint techno-beat. This symphony of vocal authentication adds a unique and secure layer to the digital signing experience, ensuring that each beat resonates with the user’s distinct voiceprint.
Smart Contracts Fusion: Fusing Melodies of Efficiency and Security:
In a fusion of melodies, Class 3 Digital Signatures might synchronize with smart contracts. This techno-symphonic fusion ensures efficient and secure digital transactions, orchestrating a harmonious balance between the melodies of automation and cryptographic security.
Emotion Recognition Techno-Tune: A Techno-Tune of Emotional Authentication:
Playing a techno-tune, Class 3 Digital Signatures may introduce an emotion recognition techno-tune. Class 3 Digital signature This symphony of emotional authentication adds a techno-flavor to security, utilizing facial expressions or voice tones to authenticate users in the digital signing process.


I'm a first-year Ph.D. student in Creative Technology and Design (CTD) at the ATLAS Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, where I am advised by Prof. Ellen Do and Prof. Michael Rivera. I am passionate about increasing the impact of technology among marginalized communities of people with disabilities, the elderly, and resource poor environments. I want to rethink how we use and create with computers to develop intuitive and low-cost modalities of human-computer interaction that enable more people to explore their creativity through technology.
I received my B.Sc. in Electrical and Computer Engineering from Cornell University in May 2022, where I had worked with Prof. Cindy Hsin-Liu Kao and Prof. Jay Yoon to develop an understanding of human-centered design, and with Prof. Christopher Batten to build my technical foundation in computer systems.


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North American Office Solutions is proud to offer a range of award-winning video security products for surveillance including IP Cameras, 4K security cameras, wireless security cameras, network recorders, CCTV cameras, encoders, software and we can tailor full security video camera systems to specific requirements. We make it easy to transition from analogue to digital – our hybrid security solutions enable integration between older and newer models across many manufacturers' products.
Get in touch now for a completely obligation-free quote on our security camera packages that will certainly suit your specific requirements.
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AIR COOLER - REDRAGON REAVER CC-1011
Temperature and volume are certainly among the most important factors in today's computer systems. The most key component to achieving low temperatures in quiet operation is the CPU heatsink.
- 2xø6mm copper heat pipes
- 120mm PWM VotexPro LED fan
- Compatible with AMD AM4 / Intel LGA 115X socket
- Overall dimensions: 124.5x84x154mm
- Fan dimension: ø120x25mm
- Bearing type: hydro bearing
- Operating voltage: 8-13.2VDC
- Rated current: 0.09-0.25A
- Fan speed: 1000-1800RPM
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A smoke detector is a device that detects smoke, typically as an indicator of fire. Commercial, industrial, and mass residential devices issue a signal to a fire alarm system, while household detectors, known as smoke alarms, generally issue a local audible or visual alarm from the detector itself.
Smoke detectors are common household items. One type, ionization smoke detectors, uses a small radioactive source as a key component in detecting smoke particles. Photoelectric smoke detectors use a light and sensor to detect smoke. Ionization smoke detectors are more effective at detecting flash fires, while photoelectric smoke detectors are more effective in detecting smoldering fires. Both cost about the same, and many smoke detector models use both ionization and photoelectric features to achieve maximum detection.
Remember Always use a smoke detector in your home!
Never take an ionizing smoke detector apart.
What you can do to protect yourself
Use a smoke detector in your home. It can save your life.
Never tamper with an ionization smoke detector or attempt to remove the americium.
Replace the batteries in your smoke detector every year or as directed. Most detectors are certified for a useful life of ten years.
Return outdated ionization smoke detectors, minus the batteries, to the manufacturer. The address of the manufacturer usually can be found on the back of the smoke detector. Most communities have a separate recycling program for batteries.