An IEEE specification for wireless networking that operates in the 5 GHz frequency range (5.15 GHz to 5.850 GHz) with a maximum of 54 Mbps data transfer rate. The 5 GHz frequency band is not as crowded as the 2.4 GHz band. In addition, the 802.11a has 12 non-overlapping channels, comparing to 802.11b/g's 3 non-overlapping channels. This means the possibility to build larger non-interfering networks. However, the 802.11a deliver shorter distance at the same output power when comparing to 802.11g.
802.11ac (also known as 11ac)
The IEEE wireless standard that was established in 2013. Also known as 11ac. Comparing to 802.11n, the 802.11ac increase the channel width from 40MHz to 80/160Mhz in the 5GHz spectrum. It also has a higher order of modulation up to 256QAM. For 11ac Wave 2, it increases the channel width to 160MHz and enables MU-MIMO(multi-user MIMO) capability. One stream of 11ac has 433Mbps / 450Mbps data rate. So for example, 2T2R 11ac has 2x150Mbps(11n)+2x450Mbps=1200Mbps throughput. The 11ac is backward compatible with 11a/b/g/n.
802.3ad is an IEEE standard for bonding or aggregating multiple Ethernet ports into one virtual port (also known as trunking) to increase the bandwidth.
This is the PoE (Power over Ethernet) standard by IEEE committee. 803.af uses 48V POE standard that can deliver up to a 100-meter distance over Ethernet cable. 802.3af can output a maximum of 15.4W per port
802.11an (also known as 11an)
An IEEE standard for an 802.11n standard that operates in the 5GHz frequency spectrum. Comparing to 802.11a, the 802.11an adds MIMO(multi-in multi-out) capability. The maximum throughput depends on the number of radio stream available. Each stream has approximately 150Mbps data rate. For example, a 3T3R MIMIO can reach maximum of 450Mbps.
802.3at (also known as POE+)
This is the PoE (Power over Ethernet) standard by IEEE committee. The 802.3at deliver both data and power through Ethernet cable. The 802.at can output a maximum of 30W per port(compare to 802.11af’s 15.4W) and is backward compatible with 802.11af.
802.11ax (also known as 11ax)
The 802.11ax is the upcoming WiFi standard which can increase the overall bandwidth up to 4X of 11ac. The modulation rate is increased to 1024QAM(compared to 256QAM of 11ac). The per stream data rate is up to 800Mbps. The biggest change is the introduction of OFDMA which can maintain performance and stability in a crowded environment. Making the 802.11ax a good solution for public WiFi.
802.11b (also know as 11b)
An international standard for wireless networking that operates in the 2.4 GHz frequency band (2.4 GHz to 2.4835 GHz) and provides a throughput up to 11 Mbps.
Spanning Tree Protocol. It is an algorithm to prevent a network loop from forming. The STP protocol allows the network to provide a redundant link in the event of a link failure. It is advisable to turn on this option for multi-link bridge network.
Also known as “Global Roaming”. 802.11d is a standard for use in countries where systems using other standards in the 802.11 families are not allowed to operate.
The IEEE QoS standard for prioritizing traffic of the VoIP and multimedia applications. The WMM is based on a subset of the 802.11e.
802.11g (also known as 11g)
A standard provides a throughput up to 54 Mbps using OFDM technology. It also operates in the 2.4 GHz frequency band as 802.11b. 802.11g devices are backward compatible with 802.11b devices.
This IEEE standard defines the TPC(transmission power control) and DFS(dynamic frequency selection) required to operate WiFi devices in 5GHz for EU.
The IEEE standard for wireless security. 802.11i standard includes TKIP, CCMP, and AES encryption to improve wireless security. It is also known as WPA2.
The 802.11k was an IEEE standard established in 2008 to facilitate the method of finding the information and condition about surrounding wireless network information. It is often used together with 802.11r protocol to facilitate fast wireless roaming. With 802.11k detecting and finding the next best AP to handover and 802.11r executes the actual handoff process. The result is uninterrupted voice or data transmission when a wireless client moves from one location to the other.
802.11n (also known as 11n)
The IEEE 802.11 standard improves network throughput over 802.11a and 802.11g with a significant increase in the maximum data rate from 54 Mbps to 600 Mbps. 802.11n standardized the support for multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) and frame aggregation, and security improvements. Unless specified, 802.11n typically operates in 2.4GHz only. The 802.11n that operates in 5GHz is called 802.11an.
802.1Q Tag VLAN
In 802.1Q VLAN, the VLAN information is written into the Ethernet packet itself. Each packet carries a VLAN ID(called Tag) as it traveled across the network. Therefore, the VLAN configuration can be configured across multiple switches. In 802.1Q spec, possible 4096 VLAN ID can be created. Although for some devices, they can only view in frames of 256 ID at a time.
802.11r is an IEEE standard that was published in 2008 which facilitates the method for fast roaming and handoff between wireless base stations. This will result in seamless roaming from one Access Point to the other. The standard is often coupled with the 802.11k standard. For example, AP with 802.11r/k standard can provide uninterrupted voice call when a WiFi phone move from one station to the other.
802.1x is a security standard for wired and wireless LANs. In the 802.1x parlance, there are usually supplicants (client), authenticator (switch or AP), and an authentication server (radius server) in the network. When a supplicants request a service, the authenticator will pass the request and wait for the authentication server to grant access and register accounting. The 802.1x is the most widely used method of authentication by WISP.
A Peer-to-Peer wireless network. An Adhoc wireless network does not use wireless AP or router as the central hub of the network. Instead, wireless clients are connected directly to each other. The disadvantage of an Adhoc network is the lack of wired interface to Internet connections. It is not recommended for networking more than 2 nodes.
Access Point (AP)
The central hub of a wireless LAN network. Access Points have one or more Ethernet ports that can connect devices (such as Internet connection) for sharing. Multi-function Access Point can also function as an Ethernet client, wireless bridge, or repeat signals from other AP. Access Points typically have more wireless functions comparing to wireless routers.
Acknowledgement Timeout Windows. When a packet is sent out from one wireless station to the other, it will wait for an Acknowledgement frame from the remote station. The station will only wait for a certain amount of time, this time is called the ACK timeout. If the ACK is NOT received within that timeout period then the packet will be re-transmitted resulting in reduced throughput. If the ACK setting is too high then throughput will be lost due to waiting for the Ack Window to timeout on lost packets. If the ACK setting is too low then the ACK window will have expired and the returning packet will be dropped, greatly lowering throughput. By having the ability to adjust the ACK setting we can effectively optimize the throughput over long distance links. This is especially true for 802.11a and 802.11g networks. Setting the correct ACK timeout value need to consider 3 factors: distance, AP response time, and interference. The AirMax5N provide ACK adjustment capability in form of either distance or direct input. When you enter the distance parameter, the AirMax5N will automatically calculate the correct ACK timeout value.
Band Steering is a method to distribute the wireless clients between 2.4Ghz and 5GHz. The AP can kick the wireless clients off one frequency band and redirect them to another band. Band Steering usually has 2 modes. “The 5GHz first” mode will allocate most of the client to 5GHz first until it is full. The “balanced mode” will try to evenly distribute between 5GHz and 2.4GHz
Bandwidth Management controls the transmission speed of a port, user, IP address, and application. A router can use bandwidth control to limit the Internet connection speed of individual IP or Application. It can also guarantee the speed of certain special application or privileged IP address - a crucial feature of QoS (Quality of Service) function. The AirMax5N’s features both “Per-user Bandwidth Control” and “Total Bandwidth Control”. “Per-user Bandwidth Control” allows the administrator to define the maximum bandwidth of each user by IP, IP Group, or MAC address. Total Bandwidth defines the maximum bandwidth of wireless or Ethernet interface.
A bootloader is the under layering program that will start at the power-up before the device loads firmware. It is similar to BIOS on a personal computer. When a firmware crashed, you might be able to recover your device from the bootloader.
A product that connects 2 different networks that use the same protocol. Wireless bridges are commonly used to link network across remote buildings. For a wireless application, there are 2 types of Bridges. WDS Bridge can be used in Point-to-Point or Point-to-Multipoint topology. Bridge Infrastructure works with AP mode to form a star topology.
Cable and Connector Loss
During wireless design and deployment, it is important to factor in the cable and connector loss. Cable and connector loss will reduce the output power and receiver sensitivity of the radio at the connector end. The longer the cable length is, the more the cable loss. Cable loss should be subtracted from the total output power during distance calculation. For example, if the cable and connector loss is 3dBm and the output power is 20dBm; the output power at the cable end is only 17dBm.
Captive Portal is usually used for guest access or other types of access control. For example, when a user is connected to a WiFi network with captive portal, a login page will pop-up asking user to enter username and password. Only after the correct information is entered, the user can gain access to the Internet.
Client means a network device or utility that receives service from host or server. A client device means end user device such as wireless cards or wireless CPE.
CPE stands for Customer Premises Equipment. A CPE is a device installed on the end user's side to receive network services. For example, on an ADSL network, the ADSL modem/router on the subscriber's home is the CPE device. Wireless CPE means a complete Wireless (usually an AP with built-in Antenna) that receive wireless broadband access from the WISP. The opposite of CPE is CO.
Clear To Send. A signal sent by a device to indicate that it is ready to receive data.
Dynamic Domain Name System. An algorithm that allows the use of dynamic IP address for hosting Internet Server. A DDNS service provides each user account with a domain name. A router with DDNS capability has a built-in DDNS client that updates the IP address information to DDNS service provider whenever there is a change. Therefore, users can build a website or other Internet servers even if they don't have fixed IP connection.
Dynamic Hosting Configuration Protocol. A protocol that enables a server to dynamically assign IP addresses. When DHCP is used, whenever a computer logs onto the network, it automatically gets an IP address assigned to it by DHCP server. A DHCP server can either be a designated PC on the network or another network device, such as a router.
DHCP Snooping is to prevent authorized installation of DHCP server or router on the network. An unauthorized DHCP server or router can seriously disrupt the network by providing false gateway information. A switch equipped with DHCP Snooping can allow DHCP packet only from selected ports.
Demilitarized Zone. When a router opens a DMZ port to an internal network device, it opens all the TCP/UDP service ports to this particular device. The feature is used commonly for setting up H.323 VoIP or Multi-Media servers.
A program that translates URLs to IP addresses by accessing a database maintained on a collection of Internet servers.
The unique name that identifies an Internet site. Domain Names always have 2 or more parts, separated by dots. In www.airlive.com, the "airlive.com" is the domain name.
Denial of Service. A type of network attack that floods the network with useless traffic. Many DoS attacks, such as the Ping of Death and Teardrop attacks, exploit limitations in the TCP/IP protocols.
An electronic map that can display location, coverage, a status of your devices. There are usually 2 types of E-MAP. One is Zone Plan which displays the floor plan of the building. The other is Google Map which displays the geographical location.
Encoding data to prevent it from being read by unauthorized people. The common wireless encryption schemes are WEP, WPA, and WPA2.
The identification name of an 802.11 wireless network. Since the wireless network has no physical boundary liked wired Ethernet network, wireless LAN needs an identifier to distinguish one network from the other. Wireless clients must know the SSID in order to associate with a WLAN network. Hide SSID feature disable SSID broadcast, so users must know the correct SSID in order to join a wireless network.
ERPS is an ITU-T standard to ensure there is no loop form and ensure fast recovery of less than 50ms when one path is broken. The concept is similar to STP(spanning tree) except it operates at much faster speed for recovery. ERPS will allow the ring to form and disable the path that will create loops. But when a path is broken, it will enable another path to ensure the continued connection between 2 points.
A system that secures a network and prevents access by unauthorized users. Firewalls can be software, router, or gateway. Firewalls can prevent unrestricted access to a network, as well as to restrict data from flowing out of a network.
The program that runs inside the embedded device such as router or AP. Many network devices are firmware upgradeable through a web interface or utility program.
File Transfer Protocol. A standard protocol for sending files between computers over a TCP/IP network and the Internet.
Frame Size larger than this will be divided into a smaller fragment. If there are interferences in your area, lower this value can improve the performance. If there are not, keep this parameter at a higher value. The default size is 2346. You can try 1500, 1000, or 500 when there is interference around your network.
The ability of a networking device to receive and transmit data simultaneously. In a wireless environment, this is usually done with 2 or more radios doing load balancing.
In the global Internet network, the gateways are core routers that connect networks in different IP subnet together. In a LAN environment with an IP sharing router, the gateway is the router. In an office environment, gateway typically is a multi-function device that integrates NAT, firewall, bandwidth management, and other security functions.
A place where you can access Wi-Fi service. The term hotspot has two meanings in wireless deployment. One is the wireless infrastructure deployment; the other is the Internet access billing system. In a hotspot system, a service provider typically needs an authentication and account system for billing purposes, and a wireless AP network to provide access for customers.
Internet Group Management Protocol(IGMP) is a Layer 3 protocol to report IP multicast memberships to neighboring multicast switches and routers. IGMP snooping is a feature that allows an Ethernet switch to "listen in" on the IGMP conversation between hosts and routers. A switch support IGMP snooping has the possibility to avoid multicast traffic being treated as broadcast traffic; therefore, reducing the overall traffic on the network.
A wireless network that is built around one or more access points to provide wireless clients access to wired LAN / Internet service. The opposite of Infrastructure mode is Adhoc mode.
IP(Internet Protocol) is a layer-3 network protocol that is the basis of all Internet communication. An IP address is a 32-bit number that identifies each sender or receiver of information that is sent across the Internet. An IP address has two parts: an identifier of a particular network on the Internet and an identifier of the particular device (which can be a server or a workstation) within that network. The new IPv6 specification supports 128-bit IP address format.
IP Security. A set of protocols developed by the IETF to support secure exchange of packets at the IP layer. IPsec has been deployed widely to implement Virtual Private Networks (VPNs). IPsec supports two encryption modes: Transport and Tunnel. Transport mode encrypts only the data of each packet but leaves the header untouched. The more secure Tunnel mode encrypts both the header and the payload. On the receiving side, an IPSec-compliant device decrypts each packet.
LACP (802.3ad) Trunking
The 802.3ad Link Aggregation standard defines how to combine the several Ethernet ports into one high-bandwidth port to increase the transmission speed. It is also known as port trunking. Both devices must set the trunking feature to work.
Media Access Control. MAC address provides layer-2 identification for Networking Devices. Each Ethernet device has its own unique address. The first 6 digits are unique for each manufacturer. When a network device has MAC access control feature, only the devices with the approved MAC address can connect to the network.
Megabits Per Second. One million bits per second; a unit of measurement for data transmission
Mesh is an outdoor wireless technology that uses Spanning Tree Protocol(STP) and Wireless Distribution system to achieve self-forming, self-healing, and self-configuring outdoor network. MESH network are able to take the shortest path to a destination that does not have to be in the line of site.
Multi In Multi Out. A Smart Antenna technology designed to increase the coverage and performance of a WLAN network. In a MIMO device, 2 or more antennas are used to increase the receiver sensitivity and to focus available power at intended Rx.
Multi-user MIMO. It is part of 11ac wave 2’s feature. Traditionally, MIMO only works with one user at the time. When one user is using it, the other user can’t get the benefit of MIMO. MU-MIMO allows multiple users to have MIMO access at the same time.
Network Address Translation. A network algorithm used by Routers to enables several PCs to share single IP address provided by the ISP. The IP that a router gets from the ISP side is called Real IP, the IP assigned to PC under the NAT environment is called Private IP.
NMS stands for Network Management System. A software or hardware controller is presented on the network to manage or configure other network devices such as AP or Switch.
Some Edimax AP models have AP Controller mode(NMS mode) built inside. When enabled, it can manage other access points
A network connection endpoint, typically a computer or a network device.
A unit of data sent over a network.
Used much like a password, a passphrase simplifies the WEP encryption process by automatically generating the WEP encryption keys for the company products.
PD Alive Check (also known as Ping Watchdog)
This is a function in PoE switch that will periodically ping the device. When a device fails to respond multiple time, the PoE switch will cut OFF then ON the power and let the device repower itself. Most of the time, this can solve the issue.
A private Cloud is usually a software that runs on cloud server service such as Amazon AWS. Its access is restricted to the administrator. Private Cloud does not open to the public to access.
PM 2.5 is a particle that is smaller than 2.5 micron in diameter. Particle this small can penetrate the lungs and remain in our body. It can cause series damage to our respiratory system if it has been inhaled over a long period of time.
Power over Ethernet. A standard to deliver both power and data through one single Ethernet cable (UTP/STP). It allows a network device to be installed far away from power source. A POE system typically composes of 2 main component: DC Injector (Base Unit) and Splitter (Terminal Unit). The DC injector combines the power and data, and the splitter separates the data and power back. A PoE Access Point or CPE has the splitter built-in to the device. The IEEE 802.3af is a POE spec that uses 48 volts to deliver power up to a 100-meter distance.
This word has 2 different meaning for networking.
- The hardware connection point on a computer or networking device used for plugging in a cable or an adapter.
- The virtual connection point through which a computer uses a specific application on a server.
Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet. PPPoE relies on two widely accepted standards: PPP and Ethernet. PPPoE is a specification for connecting the users on an Ethernet to the Internet through a common broadband medium, such as a single DSL line, wireless device or cable modem.
Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol: A VPN protocol developed by PPTP Forum. With PPTP, users can dial into their corporate network via the Internet. If users require data encryption when using the Windows PPTP client, the remote VPN server must support MPPE(Microsoft Point-To-Point Encryption Protocol) encryption. PPTP is also used by some ISPs for user authentication, particularly when pairing with legacy Alcatel / Thomson ADSL modem.
Public cloud usually is a software management program that runs on cloud service such as Amazon AWS. Compare to the private cloud which is only open to one administrator, the public cloud is open to multiple administrator accounts. Usually, the administrator will subscribe to the public cloud service and then has his/her own access to device management.
A preamble is sent with each wireless packet transmitted for transmission status. Use the long preamble type for better compatibility. Use the short preamble type for better performance
Ethernet switches' function to control the upstream and downstream speed of an individual port. Rate Control management uses "Flow Control" to limit the speed of a port. Therefore, the Ethernet adapter must also have the flow control enabled. One way to force the adapter's flow control on is to set a port to half-duplex mode.
Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service. An authentication and accounting system used by many Internet Service Providers(ISPs). When you dial into the ISP, you must enter your username and password. This information is passed to a RADIUS server, which checks that the information is correct, and then authorizes access to the ISP system. RADIUS typically uses port 1812 and port 1813 for authentication and accounting port. Though not an official standard, the RADIUS specification is maintained by a working group of the IETF.
Receiver sensitivity means how sensitive is the radio for receiving signal. In general; the slower the transmission speed, the more sensitive the radio is. The unit for Receiver Sensitivity is in dB; the lower the absolute value is, the higher the signal strength. For example, -50dB is higher than -80dB.
It is also known as a wireless extender. The function is to extend the coverage of your wireless router or AP. It will receive the signal from the wireless router/AP then re-broadcast it. When some corner of your home, office, or hotel cannot receive signal, adding a wireless repeater is the simplest solution.
Standard connectors for Twisted Pair copper cable used in Ethernet networks. Although they look similar to standard RJ-11 telephone connectors, RJ-45 connectors can have up to eight wires, whereas telephone connectors have only four.
Roaming for WiFi means the process when a wireless client moves from one Access Point to the other. It defines how the AP will handoff and transfers to another client. The typical standard for seamless or fast roaming for WiFi devices is the 802.11r/k standard.
An IP sharing router is a device that allows multiple PCs to share one single broadband connection using NAT technology. A wireless router is a device that combines the functions of a wireless Access Point and the IP sharing router.
Receiver Sensitivity Index. RSSI is a value to show the Receiver Sensitivity of the remote wireless device. In general, remote APs with the stronger signal will display higher RSSI values. For RSSI value, the smaller the absolute value is, the stronger the signal. For example, “-50db” has a stronger signal than “-80dB”. For outdoor connection, signal stronger than -60dB is considered as a good connection.
Request To Send. A packet sent when a computer has data to transmit. The computer will wait for a CTS(Clear To Send) message before sending data.
RTS(Request to Send). The RTS/CTS(clear to send) packet will be sent before a frame if the packet frame is larger than this value. Lower this value can improve the performance if there are many clients in your network. You can try 1500, 1000 or 500 when there are many clients in your AP’s network.
This is Edimax Pro’s SMB Public cloud service in development. Users will be able to register an account then manage their Edimax Pro APs or switches from a remote site.
This is Edimax Pro’s Software NMS and Private Cloud. It requires Windows-based PC to run. When installed on a PC, it can manage up to 250 APs locally. When installed on Cloud service such as Amazon AWS, it can manage all these devices remotely.
Simple Network Management Protocol. A set of protocols for managing complex networks. The SNMP network contains 3 key elements: managed devices, agents, and network-management systems(NMSs). Managed devices are network devices that content SNMP agents. SNMP agents are programs that reside SNMP capable device's firmware to provide SNMP configuration service. The NMS typically is a PC based software such as HP OpenView that can view and manage SNMP network devices remotely. SNMP uses private MIB of the device to learn how to write the configuration to the device.
Developed by SSH Communications Security Ltd., Secure Shell is a program to log into another computer over a network, to execute commands in a remote machine, and to move files from one machine to another. It provides strong authentication and secure communications over insecure channels. It is a replacement for rlogin, rsh, rcp, and rdist.
Secure Sockets Layer. It is a popular encryption scheme used by many online retail and banking sites to protect the financial integrity of transactions. When an SSL session begins, the server sends its public key to the browser. The browser then sends a randomly generated secret key back to the server in order to have a secret key exchange for that session. SSL VPN is also known as Web VPN. The HTTPS and SSH management interface use SSL for data encryption.
Spanning Tree Protocol. Spanning Tree Protocol ensure there is only one path in between 2 points. When the path is broken, STP will enable another path to recover the connection. This is also known as "Ring" topology. In 2001, the IEEE introduced the 802.1w RSTP(Rapid Spanning Tree) with faster recovery time.
An address code mask that determines the size of the network. An IP subnet is determined by performing a BIT-wise AND operation between the IP address and the subnet mask. By changing the subnet mask, you can change the scope and size of a network.
Subnetwork or Subnet
Found in larger networks, these smaller networks are used to simplify addressing between numerous computers. Subnets connect to the central network through a router, hub or gateway. Each individual wireless LAN will probably use the same subnet for all the local computers it talks to.
A layer-4 protocol used along with the IP to send data between computers over the Internet. While IP takes care of handling the actual delivery of the data, TCP takes care of keeping track of the packets that a message is divided into for efficient routing through the Internet.
TDMA is a method of transmitting the data by Time Division Multiplexing. Comparing to the Frequency Division used by WiFi standards, TDMA offers lower throughput in short distance environment. However, for long distance and point-to-multipoint outdoor application, TDMA offers better performance and stability.
TX Output Power
Transmit Output Power. The TX output power means the transmission output power of the radio. Normally, the TX output power level limit for 2.4GHz 802.11b/g is 20dBm at the antenna end. The output power limit for 5GHz 802.11a is 30dBm at the antenna end.
User Datagram Protocol. A layer-4 network protocol for transmitting data that does not require acknowledgment from the recipient of the data.
To replace existing software or firmware with a newer version.
To send a file to the Internet or network device.
Uniform Resource Locator. The address of a file located on the Internet.
VLAN is a virtual network which can separate one network from the other. VLAN can be deployed in both wired and wireless network. There are commonly 2 types of VLAN. One is port-based VLAN which is used on Ethernet switches to separate one port group to the other. Another type is 802.1Q tag-based VLAN. Tag-based VLAN puts a tag on each packet with an identity which VLAN group it belongs to. Therefore, it is possible to build a virtual network across both wired and wireless network.
Virtual Private Network. A type of technology designed to increase the security of information transferred over the Internet. VPN creates a private encrypted tunnel from the end user's computer, through the local wireless network, through the Internet, all the way to the corporate network.
On the Internet, a walled garden refers to a browsing environment that controls the information and Web sites the user is able to access. This is a popular method used by ISPs in order to keep the user navigating only specific areas of the Web
Wide Area Network. A communication system of connecting PCs and other computing devices across a large local, regional, national or international geographic area. A WAN port on the network device means the port (or wireless connection) that is connected to the Internet side of the network topology.
Wired Equivalent Privacy. A wireless encryption protocol. WEP is available in 40-bit (64-bit), 108-bit (128-bit) or 152-bit (Atheros proprietary) encryption modes.
Wireless Fidelity. An interoperability certification for wireless local area network(LAN) products based on the IEEE 802.11 standards. The governing body for Wi-Fi is called Wi-Fi Alliance (also known as WECA).
Wireless Distribution System. WDS defines how multiple wireless Access Point or Wireless Router can connect together to form one single wireless network without using wired uplinks. WDS associate each other with MAC address of each device.
Wireless Local Area Network. A type of local-area network that uses high-frequency radio waves rather than wires to communicate between nodes. The most popular standard for WLAN is the 802.11 standards.
Wi-Fi Multimedia(WMM) is a standard to prioritize traffic for multimedia applications. The WMM prioritizes traffic on Voice-over-IP(VoIP), audio, video, and streaming media as well as traditional IP data over the AP.
Wireless Management System. A utility program to manage multiple wireless AP/Bridges.
Wi-Fi Protected Access. It is an encryption standard proposed by WiFi for advance protection by utilizing a password key (TKIP) or certificate. It is more secure than WEP encryption. The WPA-PSK utilizes a pre-shared key for encryption/authentication.
Wi-Fi Protected Access 2. WPA2 is also known as 802.11i. It improves on the WPA security with CCMP and AES encryption. The WPA2 is backward compatible with WPA. WPA2-PSK utilizes a pre-shared key for encryption/authentication.


GPRS is an acronym for General Packet Radio Service. It is the widely used wireless data service which is available with almost GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) and cellular networks. A vehicle tracking device uses these networks to track.
ServiceJoy is a software development company providing vehicle tracking system, working on GPS Based Software Product development. We provide GPS-based Solutions for all kind of Industries. We develop an application that runs on operating systems like
Using a mobile phone or tablet can calculate the location while it can receive a radio signal from GPS satellites in space. This software can be used to record locations at regular intervals and sync them onto the internet when an internet connection is available.
These recorded locations can be viewed later on a map from the desktop, laptop, or even a mobile device.
It is best suitable to track employees who go for field work, courier deliveries, safety purpose, sharing your holiday trips and other personal use.
© Copyright 2014 - 2017 By Brainstuff Software Solutions Pvt. Ltd.
All Rights Reserved. Various Trademarks are Held By Their Respective Owners.


Improvement of the customer experience and hotels operational management
Intelligent device management and monitoring, focused on data capture and analysis for the improvement of facility management cost-efficiency and the development of unique and personalized experiences for the customer.
- Smart Room (personalized experience).
- Smart Mirror.
- Active communication during trips.
- Geolocation systems for security.
- Energy efficiency and monitoring.
- Water resource management optimization.
- Predictive maintenance.
- Smart Stock.
Puede ampliar la información descargando el brochure del área: Internet of Things (IoT) Solutions.


An intriguing phenomenon is unfolding in the realm of technology and artificial intelligence—a new breed of entities known as “digital humans.” These lifelike virtual beings, created through AI, computer graphics, and natural language processing, challenge our perceptions of reality and reshape how we interact with digital environments. In this article, we’ll delve into the fascinating world of digital humans, exploring their emergence, applications, and their profound impact on various aspects of our lives.
The Emergence of Digital Humans
Digital humans are the culmination of AI, machine learning, and computer graphics advancements. These entities are designed to mimic human appearance, behaviour, and interaction patterns. They can be integrated into virtual environments, video games, customer service platforms, and social media.
How Digital Humans Work
Creating a digital human involves several key components:
- Realistic Avatars: Digital humans are represented by realistic avatars that closely resemble human beings. These avatars can be customized to have specific appearances, expressions, and characteristics.
- Natural Language Processing (NLP): Digital humans have advanced NLP capabilities, allowing them to understand and respond to human language conversationally.
- Emotional Intelligence: Some digital humans are designed to recognize and respond to human emotions, making interactions more empathetic and relatable.
- Machine Learning: Digital humans learn and adapt from their interactions, becoming better at understanding and engaging with users over time.
Applications of Digital Humans
Digital humans are finding applications in diverse fields:
- Customer Service: Digital humans serve as virtual agents, offering 24/7 support and addressing customer inquiries with a human touch.
- Entertainment: They are featured in video games, virtual reality experiences, and interactive storytelling, enhancing immersion and engagement.
- Healthcare: Digital humans are used in medical training simulations, providing a realistic environment for healthcare professionals to practice and improve their skills.
- Education: In the educational sector, digital humans act as virtual tutors, offering students personalized learning experiences and assistance.
- Marketing: Some companies use digital humans to create relatable brand ambassadors for marketing and advertising campaigns.
- Therapy and Counseling: Digital humans offer a novel approach to treatment and counselling, providing a non-judgmental and accessible outlet for individuals seeking emotional support.
The Impact on Society
The rise of digital humans is having a profound impact on society:
- Human-Machine Interaction: Digital humans are blurring the lines between human and machine interactions, making technology feel more human and approachable.
- Accessibility: They are making technology more accessible to a broader audience, including individuals with disabilities who may benefit from personalized virtual assistance.
- Entertainment Evolution: In the entertainment industry, digital humans transform storytelling and gaming, offering more immersive and interactive experiences.
- Emotional Connection: Some users report feeling emotionally connected to digital humans, raising questions about the ethical implications of these relationships.
- New Career Opportunities: The emergence of digital humans creates new job roles in design, development, and maintenance, as well as functions that involve managing and interacting with these virtual entities.
Challenges and Ethical Considerations
As with any emerging technology, digital humans raise important challenges and ethical considerations:
- Data Privacy: Interactions with digital humans can involve sharing personal information. Ensuring data privacy and security is essential.
- Ethical Use: Responsible and ethical use of digital humans is crucial. They should not be used to deceive or manipulate users.
- Identity and Authenticity: The ability to create highly convincing digital humans raises concerns about identity theft and misinformation.
- Emotional Manipulation: Digital humans can influence emotions and perceptions, which may have unintended consequences.
- Regulation: The development and deployment of digital humans may require regulatory oversight to ensure transparency and accountability.
The Future of Digital Humans
The future of digital humans is full of possibilities:
- Hyper-Personalization: They will offer increasingly personalized experiences tailored to individual preferences and needs.
- Cross-Platform Integration: Digital humans will seamlessly integrate into various digital platforms, from social media to e-commerce.
- Emotional Companionship: They may evolve to provide emotional companionship, offering support in various life situations.
- Education and Training: Digital humans will play a more significant role in education and professional training, providing lifelike simulations and guidance.
Conclusion: Bridging the Real and Virtual Worlds
Digital humans are bridging the gap between the real and virtual worlds, redefining the way we interact with technology and each other. As they continue to evolve, they have the potential to enhance our lives in numerous ways, from providing support and companionship to offering immersive entertainment and learning experiences. However, this technology’s ethical and societal implications must be carefully considered as we navigate the uncharted territory of digital human interactions. The future holds exciting possibilities, challenging us to balance innovation, responsibility, and the human touch in our increasingly digital world.


Project Name: advanced all Solid stAte saFE LIthium Metal technology tOwards Vehicle Electrification
SAFELiMOVE aims at developing a new, safer, cost-effective (< 100 € /kWh from a high volume production perspective towards 2030), long cycle life and room temperature operating all-solid-state battery technology to increase the energy density (450 Wh/kg and 1200 Wh/L), safety and affordability of EVs, to meet the requirements of driving autonomy, cycle life, charge time and power at discharge required by EV users. Thus, contributing to the decarbonisation of transport.
Reason for applying to HSbooster.eu services
Following the identification within the framework of the project of the difference between the criteria specified in the standards and the characteristics of new all-solid-state battery technologies. We would like to know how to communicate these results and lead to the evolution of the standards.
Main Standardisation Interests
Development of new battery designs may require revision of testing procedures for next generation automotive regulations. In SAFELiMOVE project, CEA will make a critical analysis of existing standards for automotive applications focused on battery safety. The goal is to identify the actual limits of tests defined in UN38.3 (Recommendations on the transport of dangerous goods - Lithium metal and lithium ion batteries) and IEC 62660-2 (Secondary lithium-ion cells for the propulsion of electric road vehicles - Part 2: Reliability and abuse testing) considering new solid-state batteries specifications.
Project Acronym: SAFELiMOVE
Grant Agreement Id: 875189
Programme: H2020-EU.2.1.3. - INDUSTRIAL LEADERSHIP - Leadership in enabling and industrial technologies - Advanced materials
Call for proposal: H2020-LC-BAT-2019-2020
Funding Scheme: RIA - Research and Innovation action


Fingerprint IP Access Terminal
SUPREMA BIOSTATION – Standard
Model : BST-OC
Package Contains : 1x BioStation Fingerprint Terminal, 1x Wall mounting metal bracket, 3ea wall mounting screws and holder, 1x USB cable, 1x CD Software, 1ea 5pin, 3pin, 6pin, 4pin, 7pin cable
Incorporating Suprema’s industry-leading fingerprint recognition algorithm, BioStation offers a perfect solution for time attendance and access control. With a color LCD and high quality sound, BioStation provides a different level of user interaction using multimedia information. Versatile interface options including wireless LAN and USB memory slot enable easy network integration and data transfer without any wiring.
Dual CPU System-Fast, Accurate, Precise
Powered by sophisticated Dual CPU System, the BioStation delivers fast matching speed, rapid response and exceptionally low error rate. The powerful 400MHz DSP is dedicated to fingerprint matching process for fast and accurate performance, and the 200MHz RISC processor ensures uninterrupted device operation.
2.5” Color LCD with Intuitive GUI
With its 2.5” QVGA color LCD, BioStation’s intuitive graphic user interface has been designed to offer clear communication with users in access control and time attendance applications. When in operation, it also provides voice and sound instruction with built-in speaker, and on-device navigation keys makes even easier device control for both users and administrators.
TCP/IP Connectivity with WiFi
Featuring IP-based system topology and WiFi, BioStation’s IP access control system offers extra flexibility in designing your security system while reducing cost on installation & maintenance. Compare to conventional access control system, IP access control provides lower cost per door with less wiring and utilization of existing network infrastructure. The concept also simplifies installation of systems with multiple sites since it only requires basic internet link to remote locations.
At the core of every Suprema access control device, the world’s most powerful fingerprint algorithm assures unrivaled speed and accuracy. Recognized by FVC¹ and NIST MINEX Test², Suprema Algorithm has been proven to be one of the most sophisticated technology in biometrics industry.
Contact Supplier :
PT. Hayes Indonesia : telp : 021-71442656 hp : 081316770888
cp : tohari


Hardware and networking: courses include the study of external devices, which make up a network that helps in the data processing and transfer. These courses impart knowledge about how data can be linked, supplied, and transferred with the help of hardware such as network interface cards, cables, switches, hubs, etc. Those who study hardware, learn about the maintenance of devices such as computers, modems, and CPUs. On the other hand, networking students study the process required to connect more than two computers.
The course(s) focus on the practical knowledge required in the industry so that professionals are well-equipped to deal with real-life challenges. Since computers and laptops are widely nowadays, the demand for hardware and networking professionals in this sector is increasing with each passing day.
GTEC Certified Computer Hardware Course: This course supported with a wide range of hands-on practical’s, will provide beginners with the support of essentials of installing and troubleshooting all types of PC hardware. It is the foundation course for newcomers to PC support and will provide participants with the necessary training and skills to ensure proficiency in PC installation and troubleshooting.
Oracle Database developers have a choice of languages for developing applications—C, C++, Java, COBOL, PL/SQL, and Visual Basic. The entire functionality of the database is available in all the languages. All language-specific standards are supported. Developers can choose the languages in which they are most proficient or one that is most suitable for a specific task. For example an application might use Java on the server side to create dynamic Web pages, PL/SQL to implement stored procedures in the database, and C++ to implement computationally intensive logic in the middle tier.


AI and manufacturing are two industries that work as cohesive partners and can go hand in hand with both robots or machines working with humans to innovate the manufacturing process.
All manufacturers strive to find innovative ways to save money and improve efficiency, as this is becoming crucial for their survival within the industry. AI is widely talked about within the business and tech world, with many businesses starting to discover how AI can add value to their business.
AI is a collective term for learning system capabilities that are perceived as representing intelligence, including image and video recognition, smart automation, advanced simulation, and complex analytics.
The most common uses of AI:
- Machine learning: This is the process of using data to help a computer learn without taking direct instruction from a human. This enables it to continue learning and improving on its own.
- Deep learning: A subset of machine learning that uses neural networks to analyse things like images and videos.
- Autonomous objects: AI agents that manage tasks on their own, such as robotics, vehicles, drones, smart home devices, and autonomous software.
- Short production times
- High revenue volatility
- Need to find cost savings
- Increased regulations and inspections
- Detect defects throughout the production process
- Predict maintenance work needed to reduce downtime
- Respond to real-time changes in demand across supply chains
- Improve employee satisfaction by taking on mundane tasks.
- 30-50% decrease in machine downtime
- 15-30% increase in labor productivity
- 10-30% improvement in throughput
- 10-20% reduction in quality-related costs
Manufacturers are increasingly turning to AI solutions like machine learning and deep learning neural networks to better analyse data and make more informed decisions.
What’s driving the urgency to adopt AI?
The manufacturing industry is fast-paced and ever adapting. Companies are keen to integrate AI into their business plan for:
What will future factories using AI look like?
By incorporating AI into their strategies, companies will be able to:
AI and manufacturing examplesBMW
Car manufacturers BMW use automated image recognition AI to perform quality checks, inspections, and to eliminate pseudo-defects. As a result of using this AI technology, they’ve achieved high levels of precision in manufacturing.Porsche
Porsche, the luxury car manufacturers use autonomous guided vehicles ( AGVs) to automate significant portions of automotive manufacturing. The AGVs transport the body parts from one station to the next, this eliminates human intervention, reduces risk, and improves productivity.Boeing
Uses AI technology to scan various parts of an airplane via an augmented reality headset and send it to a processing platform to detect certain abnormalities.
With regulations and standards changing frequently, manufacturers are finding it difficult to maintain high standards whilst meeting short market deadlines. Artificial intelligence is reducing these difficulties and making it possible for several businesses in today's challenging landscape to adapt to these changes.
You can also take a look at our success stories page for more example
How will AI change manufacturing?
A survey from McKinsey studying companies embracing digital transformation in manufacturing recorded several benefits in terms of manufacturing efficiency, productivity, and costs.
Companies that have already started using AI within their business have started to gain a competitive advantage, lowering their operating costs, improving time-to-market, and optimising performance.
The benefits of AI in manufacturing will increase in the future, and companies that have not discovered the value of AI are at risk of falling behind. Take a look at some of our current success stories working with manufacturing companies.Book a free discovery call to start your AI journey with Red-Fern and visit our manufacturing website to find out more


Variable Phase Power PlantSubmitted by admin on Tue, 06/02/2015 - 15:29
Variable Phase power Plant
Variable phase power plant is a technology developed by BITCOE-IIT Kanpur .This innovation increases the overall long-term running cost efficiency of power plants, in telecom exchanges situated in rural areas , by optimizing the usage of diesel generators and battery. This power plant works with one-two-or-three phase grid inputs depending on availability. The choice of active phase/phases for the operation of the power plant is automatic without any manual intervention. The objective behind this technology was to come up with an AC to DC power plant that works under variable phase conditions. In this way this is better than existing technologies because it produces a regulated DC output without any manual intervention and all the required features of a telecom power plant, eg, isolated output, manual variability ,etc, are intact in the power design .The striking feature of this approach lies in the fact that unregulated and irregular power supply is never a problem for developed countries .
Rural Power Plant
With rapid development, India, has seen a surge in telecommunication and mobile infrastructure all across the landscape. All the telecom exchanges use some form of power supply to provide -48 V DC power to its equipments. Generally, grid is used to provide this power to the exchanges. Battery and Diesel Generators (DGs) are used as back-ups. Due to heavy shortage of grid power, rural India sees long hours of power outages. This necessitates the running the exchanges on DGs or batteries, which increases the operational cost of the exchange.
Telecom exchanges are powered from a three-phase or single-phase AC grid depending on the installed capacity. A telecom power plant takes this grid input and generates DC power for the telecom equipments. Thus, a power plant is essentially an AC to DC rectifier with isolated DC outputs. Currently used power plants work with either single phase or three phase grid inputs depending on the installed capacity of the exchange.
A conventional telecom power plant designed for a three-phase grid input stops working unless all the three phases of the grid are active. This creates operational issues in rural exchanges where grid supply is unreliable and intermittent in nature. In fact, in rural parts of India, a three-phase grid may be partially down with only one or two phases active at a time. Therefore, the use of diesel generators in these exchanges becomes eminent even during partial grid failure, which results in increased carbon footprint and cost of operation.
To solve this problem, a new power plant is designed and commercialized to meet the requirements of rural India. This power plant works with one-two-or-three phase grid inputs depending on availability. The choice of active phase/phases for the operation of the power plant is automatic without any manual intervention. Utmost care is taken to integrate this new design to currently used topologies of power plants so that the integration into existing system can be eased. The development of the power plant was carried out in various stages over the last five years.
In the first stage of the project a proof-of-concept prototype was designed and developed. This prototype exhibited satisfactory operation under universal-phase input conditions. All the operational modes of the power plant were verified in the laboratory.
In the second stage of the project, its commercialization effort was carried out. VMC Systems Ltd., was approached for commercialization of the power plant. With engineering help from IIT Kanpur, VMC systems, developed a commercial prototype by integrating one of their existing designs with IITK design.
In the third stage of the project, the commercial prototype was tested in the field to validate its on-site operation. A field trail of the power plant was conducted at DUDEDA AN-RAX Exchange in SIDDIPET SDCA of MEDAK SSA under Andhra Pradesh Circle. The operation of the power plant was satisfactory under universal-phase input condition up to 50 A loading with good efficiency. Based on this field trail several design up-gradations were recommended by BSNL. In the fourth stage, the design up-gradations were implemented in the prototype.
Power plant Specs:
- Input Voltage: 90 V-270 VAC (single phase) 320 V-480 V AC (two and three phase)
- Output Voltage: -44 V to -56 V DC (fully regulated)
- Output Current: 50 A (two and three phase) 25 A (single phase)
- Battery Charging: Satisfies all the battery charging specs as per TEC-GR.
Commercialization Specs: As released by VMC Systems Ltd.
1. Prof Santanu Mishra-09005211114
2. Prof A. K Chaturvedi-Coordinator,
Dept. of Electrical Engineering ,


The scope of Mitsubishi Electric systems and solutions helping to improve peoples' quality of life is impressively broad. From superconducting magnets to public administration systems, large-scale visual information systems and water systems for the social infrastructure, our innovative technologies are providing benefits in wide-ranging areas of society.
NOTE: This website introduces products and systems sold in Japan; some products may not be available in certain markets outside Japan.
Applied Superconductor Systems
Superconductivity is characterized by zero electrical resistance at very low temperatures. It enables efficient energy use in numerous fields by preventing energy loss, by producing a high magnetic field, and by facilitating the downsizing of equipment. Mitsubishi Electric manufactures various types of electric magnets that apply the superconductivity phenomenon, and strives to meet every customer's needs.
Superconducting Magnet for Scientific Research
Photo: RIKEN An SRC (superconducting ring cyclotron) employing a powerful superconducting magnet manufactured by Mitsubishi Electric.
A superconducting magnet for generating a powerful magnetic field. Mitsubishi Electric has a successful track record gained from experience in many large research accelerator projects. We are applying our innovative, high-performance superconducting magnets to contribute to the world of scientific research into experimental high-energy physics and nuclear fusion.
Water Treatment Systems
Mitsubishi Electric produces cost-efficient ozone generation water treatment systems of various sizes and capacities for industrial applications and municipal government use. These systems generate ozone more efficiently using less electricity. The ozone is used to purify river water or waste water, eliminating bacteria that cause odour and colour, and creating safe, clean water for reuse.


About this Game
The goal of Bendy Bob is to guide a broken robot through the level using a custom simplified programming language which allows you to interact with the World and solve simple puzzles.
He woke up this morning broken in a scrapyard, with no memory of how to do basic robot things. He can sort of move but his hard drive is broken and he has limited storage space.
It’s your job to help him regain his memory by using high level code and items to navigate through his messy environment.
Help Bob search the junkyard for USBs, batteries and a new hard drive, while trying to avoid the dangers of the scrapyard!”


In the world of IT, a ‘switch’ can refer to two completely different pieces of technology; it can mean either a network switch or a telecoms switch. This article talks about the key characteristics and differences between these two types of switches.
What is a Network Switch?
In networking, a switch is a piece of hardware that allows devices on a computer network to communicate with each other using a technique known as ‘packet switching’. The switch receives, processes, and then forwards incoming data packets to the appropriate destination at Layer 2 (Data Link Layer) of the 7-layer OSI model. Some switches also process data at Layer 3 (Network Layer). These are known as multi-layer switches.
Network switches include multiple data ports. A 24-port switch, for example, can connect to 24 different network devices via data cables plugged into each port. Unlike repeater hubs, switches only forward data to specific devices, rather than broadcasting data to every port. Each connected device is identified by its network address, which enables the switch to control the flow of traffic between appropriate devices, improving the efficiency and security of the network.
Switches play a key role in modern networks, and they come in many shapes and sizes including rack-mounted switches, standalone switches, and desktop units for home office use. Ethernet switches are the most common type, although switches also exist for other networks like ATM and Fibre Channel.
Telephone Exchange Switches
In telephony, a switch is a telephone exchange that connects two or more digital voice circuits based on dialed numbers or other criteria. There are various types of switches including PSTN Exchanges (Public Switched Telephone Network Exchanges), PBX (Private Branch Exchanges) and Key Systems. PBXs are used in large enterprises or corporate environments to switch internal calls and enable access to the PSTN, while Key Systems are used for the same purpose in smaller organizations.
Early switches were manually operated. Callers lifted the receiver and asked an operator to connect the call to a specified number. The operator would make the connection by physically plugging the line into a jack on the switchboard that corresponded to the destination number. If the destination was non-local, then the operator would connect the call to a trunk connected to a remote switchboard, and ask the far-end operator to connect the call.
Modern digital telecoms switches use computer processing and electronics to establish phone calls automatically across telephone circuits. This is this is typically controlled using the SS7 (Signalling System 7) protocol, or the SIP protocol in the case of VoIP networks. TDM (Time-Division Multiplexing) technology allows multiple simultaneous calls to be transmitted over a single circuit, dramatically increasing the capacity of the network.
The components of a digital telecoms switch generally include cabinets, logic cards, control cards, power cards, backup batteries, handsets, and trunk connections to remote networks. The latest switches offer a wide range of features such as auto attendant, automatic call distribution, call forwarding, call park, conference calling, direct inward dialing, interactive voice response, music on hold, voicemail and more.
Switch to SpectrumVoIP
With the rise of Internet telephony, IP PBX is becoming increasingly common, and many telecommunications providers like SpectrumVoIP now offer advanced Voice over IP solutions in which the customer’s handsets are connected to a hosted IP PBX over the Internet. These feature-rich solutions are highly cost-effective, with fixed monthly pricing and no upfront costs or hidden charges.


USB Voltage Tester Current Meters Charger Doctor Detector Battery Capacity Voltmeter Ammeter
|45 days Money back Returns accepted if product not as described, buyer pays return shipping; or keep the product & agree refund with seller.|
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New Dual USB Current Voltage Charger Detector Battery Tester Voltmeter Ammeter
Product details: Usb voltage tester Condition: New Measurement range: 3 V dc-9 v, current: 0-3a (error: ± 1%), the largest support 5a 5a today (if more than 3a, the error would be greater than 3%) Colors are displayed as images Pls note that due to lighting effects, monitor’s brightness / contrass settings etc, there may be some slight differences in thecolor tone of the picture and the actual item! Package includes: 1 x usb voltage tester
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N.B.: If the seller provides the "Longer Protection" service on this product, you may ask for refund up to 15 days after order completion.
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Battery Tester USB Charger Doctor Mobile Power Detector Voltage Meter Voltmeter Testers
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LHLL-KW-202 Digital Display USB portable tension tester voltmeter battery tester for Power Bank Cell Mobile Phone Transparent
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USB voltage ammeter power capacity mobile power test detector charging treasure capacity tester
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2pcs 20A Alligator Clips PVC Charging Batteries Double-Ended Crocodile Clips for Electrical Jumper Wire voltage testers
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Digital Display USB Charger Doctor Capacity Current Voltage Detector Meter Battery Tester
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online shopping, buying directly from manufacturers?
- Go to Alibaba.com and enter the wanted item into search field.
- Having made your choice, click "Contact supplier" button on the right
- On the next page enter your request and click "Send" button.
- Upon clicking you will be asked to get registered. Do it and wait for the reply.


Transmitting data over the internet with cloud based solutions is a necessity. At Financial Apps, we ensure that data remains safe and secure. Whenever our system sends transmissions via the internet, end-to-end encryption using SSL/TLS (Currently TLS1.2) is required. In addition, data is also encrypted at rest governed by encryption rotation schedules. SSL certificates are updated on a regular basis or in the event of a security advisory from external security centers.
Industry-leading solutions are utilized to restrict access to systems from external networks and between systems internally. All network traffic is internally routed, with each system assigned firewall security groups in addition to host-based firewalls to limit inbound and outbound connections. Our infrastructure provides the latest techniques to mitigate DDoS attacks with managed firewalls to prevent spoofing, sniffing and port scanning.
24/7 Physical Security
Data center facilities are housed in nondescript locations and are monitored 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. Physical access is strictly controlled both at the perimeter and at building ingress points by a professional security staff utilizing video surveillance, intrusion detection systems, and other electronic means.
All of our systems undergo regular, independant security audits by security experts to ensure that our platform, applications and infrastructure adheres to industry best practices and compliances. System components undergo penetration tests and vulnerability assessments to assess the security of our applications and platform. Any recommendations or improvements are promptly implemented.


In February, we announced the first publication of the HMT project’s archival data. Today, we are releasing the first published version of hmt-digital, a java servlet providing digital services for working with the project archive.
Version 1.0 is now installed at http://www.homermultitext.org/hmt-digital, where you can routinely expect to find the currently published services using the currently published version of the data archive. We continue to run a test site at http://beta.hpcc.uh.edu/tomcat/hmt-digital/. The test set normally runs in-progress versions of hmt-digital, and uses unpublished versions of our data archive.
Our software, like all the data in our archive, is openly licensed. If you’d prefer to run a local installation of the hmt-digital services, you’ll find instructions on the README for the project’s github repository.


The security environment in the UK is evolving with technology taking over. As the crimes are now more organised, the security professionals need to stay a step ahead. Tech-savvy security mechanisms and tools are being adopted to make security operations more efficient. Things like Artificial Intelligence (AI) and machine learning are changing the game. They’re making our security smarter and helping keep things under control.
AI and Machine Learning: The Game Changers
Artificial intelligence and machine learning are leading this change in security technology environment. Integration of these in the security operation has turned the traditional CCTV systems into super smart surveillance stars. These technologies enable cameras to go beyond just recording; they can now analyze video content in real-time, recognize patterns, and predict potential security breaches before they occur. This new way of keeping an eye on things is a big step forward, breaking away from the slow traditional surveillance systems.
Here’s a CCTV simulator that puts you right in the heart of a real control room environment.
CCTV Operator Licence and Security Training: Ensuring Expertise
As surveillance systems are becoming more advance and complex, the role of the CCTV operator is evolving. To work in this domain, having CCTV operator licence issued by SIA is mandatory by law. An important aspect of getting CCTV licence is to get accredited CCTV training. This training ensures that operators are proficient in managing advanced surveillance equipment. Also, candidates with proper CCTV training are knowledgeable about privacy laws, ethical considerations, and effective response strategies, when it comes to security operations.
CCTV Training: A Closer Look
CCTV training programs now encompass a broader curriculum, covering aspects of AI and machine learning applications in surveillance. Trainees learn about facial recognition technologies, anomaly detection, and the use of analytics to enhance security measures. This comprehensive approach ensures that CCTV operators are well-equipped to handle the complexities of modern surveillance systems.
Here is what you will in our CCTV training course:
Beyond Surveillance: Additional Applications
Modern surveillance systems, powered by AI, are finding applications beyond traditional security. They’re being used for crowd management, traffic control, and in retail environments to understand customer behaviors and improve service. This versatility highlights further benefits of advanced surveillance technologies.
Privacy and Ethical Considerations
As surveillance technologies advance, so do concerns about privacy and ethics. The use of AI in CCTV operations raises important questions about surveillance scope and the potential for intrusive monitoring. It’s crucial that the deployment of these systems is accompanied by strict guidelines and transparency to balance security needs with individual privacy rights.
Future Trends: What’s on the Horizon?
Looking ahead, we can expect surveillance technologies to become even more integrated with other security systems, such as drones and automated defense mechanisms. The use of big data and the Internet of Things (IoT) in conjunction with AI will further enhance the capabilities of surveillance systems, making security operations more efficient and far-reaching.
Conclusion: Navigating the Future of Surveillance
The landscape of security technology is undergoing a remarkable transformation, driven by the advent of AI and machine learning. As modern surveillance systems become more sophisticated, the need for specialized training and a deep understanding of ethical considerations becomes paramount. By embracing these advancements while maintaining a commitment to privacy and ethical standards, we can harness the full potential of these technologies to create safer, more secure environments.
Q: How is AI changing CCTV surveillance?
A: AI is revolutionizing CCTV surveillance by enabling real-time video analysis, pattern recognition, and predictive security, transforming passive monitoring into proactive threat detection.
Q: Why is a CCTV operator licence important?
A: SIA CCTV licence is a legal requirement for working as CCTV operator in the UK. it signifies that the operator has undergone specialized training, ensuring they are capable of effectively managing advanced surveillance systems and adhering to legal and ethical standards.
Q: What does modern CCTV training involve?
A: Modern CCTV training includes learning about AI and machine learning applications, facial recognition, anomaly detection, and analytics, preparing operators to manage and interpret data from advanced surveillance systems.
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As multiple operating systems on a PC become more common, students more prepared for jobs
[caption id="attachment_12500" align="alignright" width="180" caption="Ryan Donham with one of the new computers"][/caption]
SANTA ROSA - Information technology students at Empire College have been brought into the future with the addition of virtual computers to the classroom.
The college just switched its information technology department equipment over from single workstations to a fully functioning virtual network at each computer. The project cost $200,000.
This means that a single machine can run up to 10 operating systems at once. One machine can run Linux, Windows and the Mac OS at once and files can be transferred between operating systems.
Ryan Donham, the head of the information technology department at Empire College, said what would once have taken 10 computers now takes only one. The machine allocates processing and memory to each specific operating system.
Virtual machines allow the user to share the physical machine resources between computers, each running its own operating system. Other than the advantage of being able to run multiple operating systems on the same computer, the different platforms are partitioned so if, for example, one of the operating systems got a virus the partition could be reset.
[caption id="attachment_12502" align="alignleft" width="216" caption="Screenshot of a virtual machine simultaneously running Windows 7, WindowsXP, Windows Server 2003, Windows Server 2000 and SUSE Enterprise"][/caption]
The user simply takes a snapshot of the original system and at any time, the machine can be put back to that place.
For the classroom this is useful so a virus can be installed and a student can have the chance to remove it. When the lesson is over, the computer can be reset to the snapshot and it is good as new.
Chairman, chief executive officer and president of the college Roy Hurd, said being able to share files and folders between operating systems is a huge advantage when teaching information technology.
And, he continued, students can get more familiar with the different operating systems, which will help them with future employers.
Outside the classroom there are very practical uses for this technology.
For businesses, using a virtual machine or a multi-boot system can save energy, performance and money.
For a company with 100 employees where each employee has a computer, having to purchase 100 additional computers to be able to run a different operating system could be a crippling cost.
Russell Tammany, president and senior systems engineer of Xponentia, a small business network specialist in the North Bay, said the virtual systems technology is becoming more and more prevalent in small and large businesses.
"It is something that is coming of age in the industry," he said.
Large companies often already have the technology. Now he said many of his clients are making the shift to virtual machines for cost, energy savings and safety.
"It is something everybody getting into the field should know," he said.


Sensor Plug Kit – 18mm – o2 Bungs
These are valid for late model bikes running EFI modules that do not utilize the o2 sensors (such as the dynojet power commander III) so you can remove the o2 sensors and the cables to them completely from the bike and block the o2 sensor ports entirely for a cleaner look.
They are also valid on older bikes that do not utilize o2 sensors at all. For example, if you have a 2003 model fatboy and put a set of 26029 vance and hines pipes on it, you would buy a set of these as well to block the o2 sensor port holes in the exhaust system as the bike has no o2 sensors at all from factory and hence you need to block the o2 sensor port holes that come in the exhaust since the part number 26003 (which was specifically made for 86-06 models) has since been discontinued.
A lot of guys buy these even for late model softails with power commanders on them etc etc just so they can achieve a cleaner look without the o2 sensors plugged in and so there are no cables running to the exhaust either.
Feel free to call us on 0409 240660 if you are not sure whether you need to buy these or not.


That's the Node Voltage Method, and we're going to go through the rest of this, we've done the first two steps. Write down Kirchoff's Current Law for each node.
This one is already Is. Whenever you talk about node voltages, there's always an assumption that one of the nodes is a reference node.
Nodal analysis examples and solutions pdf
From these nodal voltages the currents in the various branches of the circuit are easily determined. In this case the voltage difference across the resistance must be volts greater than the difference V1 - V2. This means we have now completed Step Four. The only unknown voltage in this circuit is V1. That's Step Three. Note that if a branch contains no voltage sources or loads then that entire branch can be considered to be one node. That's a common way. I'll show you what that means in a second. Let me give some names to these currents just to be clear. There are three connections to this node and consequently three currents to consider.
A good choice for the reference node is usually one that's connected to the terminals of the power sources, or it's the node that's connected to a lot of branches, a lot of elements, and node three here is a good choice for a reference node.
And here's Step Three.
Nodal analysis tutorial
This resistor's going to be R1, and we'll give it a value of 4kohms. This one is already Is. If the voltage is already known, it is not necessary to assign a variable. Number the nodes N1, N2,. We're going to use these node voltages in the Node Voltage Method. This is still a voltage, it's not anything strange, but if we go over to our circuit here, and we label the nodes. In this chapter, let us discuss about the Nodal analysis method. Before we start talking about what this method is, we're going to talk about a new term called a node voltage. Example 1: Use nodal analysis to find the voltage at each node of this circuit. We'll call this one I1 because it goes through R1. Thus the downward current is as shown. That's a voltage that's associated with a particular element. That's the Node Voltage Method, and we're going to go through the rest of this, we've done the first two steps.
There's another node that's these two resistors connected to this current source, and that's a single distributed node, so we'll call that node two. We'll call this one here, I2 because it goes through R2. We already did that.
This is the same circuit that we analyzed when we did application of the fundamental laws in another video. The equations are of this form: where G11, G12.
based on 117 review


This year was the first year I had Christmas “at home” for a long time – probably over 10 years – without having to go to one set of parents or the other for the holidays. As a result, this was the first year we have had a proper tree, decorations and friends around for Christmas day since I got back into hardware.
Clearly this combination meant I was going to have to do something that used arduino and interacted with something online. Inspired by the Tweetmas Tree made by Alpha One labs a couple of years ago I wanted to do something similar – especially given twitter is my social network of choice, had hundreds of LEDs laying around as well as some spare arduinos and a Raspberry Pi.
As with many things that are going to be situated in the family room there needs to be some discussion about “acceptable technology use”. To that end everything had to be tidy, no power supplies, no bare wires (due to little fingers on Christmas Day), the decorations had to be “tasteful” and once emplaced I had to be able to remotely administer it if needed (as other things would be around the tree – like presents).
I opted for some internally lit baubles that would have graphical icons on them representing different things (presents, Santa, family, love etc) which would activated via twitter keywords. An arduino or two would control the individual baubles by PWMing LEDs (to create a fade in, fade out effect rather than a harsh blink) and they in turn could be controlled via a Raspberry Pi over USB Serial to pass messages.
All designs have constraints leading to compromises – I had plenty of power to the tree (for the normal lights) but not much network connectivity due to where it was in the room. As such rather than running networked Arduinos (would have to run CAT5 = unsightly) or creating a mesh network or something with XBees (more fragile, more “moving” code parts) I opted for a more simple solution – use a Raspberry Pi for essentially networking and processing tweets and then use serially connected Arduinos for the light control. Each piece plays to its respective strengths and given how tiny they all are, they could be packaged under the tree very tidily with the RPi using WiFi for network connectivity.
In the design I wanted to get a sense of tweet volume so each bauble has a decay period. Thus one tweet wouldn’t individually light a bauble for very long but they would add up cumulatively so as you get closer to Christmas Day the baubles would stay lit for longer and longer periods as the tweet volume increased and then gradually die off again as we left Christmas towards New Year.
Getting hold of plain old baubles was a royal pain; I couldn’t source them anywhere in Australia so had to turn to Ali Express to see what could be had. Thankfully a very helpful supplier in China came to the rescue once she found out what I was doing – which meant I didn’t need to buy a thousand baubles!
Once I had them, the problem with the baubles was that they were totally clear acrylic – they are so well made in fact that they look just like hard soap bubbles – which meant that any electronics inside would be totally visible and you would just get spotlights from the LED. Time for some experimentation.
After trying different ways of sanding, spraying and etching to diffuse the light, we arrived at the following method to create a nice looking bauble (big thanks to my ever suffering wife for her contribution to this):
Using an eggbot, the design was drawn on the bauble. This had its own challenge as the hook on the bauble meant you had to test the design to not include a path where the bauble would rotate and hit the pen on the hook during travel. This was as simple as just running the eggbot with no pen and running it at a higher drawing speed to test.
Once the design was drawn on the surface I then used an engraving tool to etch the design on the internal, concave face of the bauble. This allowed the light to catch an edge and diffract, highlighting the design in the diffused bauble more strongly. Doing this by hand gave me a good excuse to get an engraving head for my EggBot for next Christmas.
Next up we sanded the outside face of the bauble with varying grades of sandpaper / wet and dry. Starting from about 200 through to 800 grit. The rough starting point removed the original design, leaving the etch and really scratched up the surface of the bauble. The finer grades smoothed out the scratch marks and left a surface that nicely diffused and made the whole bauble illuminate when hit by light.
A tiny notch (3mm) was put in the bauble edges near the eyelet in order to allow the LEDs wires to pass in. This was purposefully kept a very tight fit as it helped with keeping the LEDs in place. A knot in the wire on the internal side and then passing the wire through the eyelet (before attaching a ribbon for hanging) provided some strain relief as well as holding the LEDs in a nice spot for light.
Finally, the internally etched design was inked using a Sharpie to make the design stand out when lit internally.
I had a large number of super bright white LEDs left over from another project so I decided to use those. Warm white LEDs would have looked a little nicer as plain white LEDs are quite cold but they do look icy and contrast nicely to the warm white lights we had on the rest of the tree.
The LEDs were run off a pair of 9V supplies that were lying around – one for each of the arduinos. The arduinos would be run from the 5V USB supply so we only needed to worry about powering the LEDs.
Two LEDs were more than enough to light the baubles however being water clear they were too focussed. Out with the sandpaper again and after a minute or so each you have nicely diffused LEDs.
I had some concerns that at full tilt the LEDs would be drawing too much current through the arduino as there were 4 baubles attached to each one, and I wanted to use 9V in order to be able to power two LEDs in series (5V will only power one due to the voltage drop). Using a simple NPN transistor switching circuit was a simple solution for this. Now there were a few too many bits per bauble to simply wire together, I’d need to make a shield.
The shield is dead simple. A screw terminal for each bauble for easy connection and removal, through a transistor and connected to the 9V power supply which was set up as an alternative input and rail on the shield. Each bauble’s transistor is switched off an arduino PWM IO pin.
With the shield done and tested the code to control the lights was done next. The arduino would receive a message over the serial connection using a simple protocol:
<Channel Number> <msecs>\n
To turn a light on, all that was needed was to send a channel number and the time to turn it on for. If the light is off it will fade it up and then stay lit for more or less the number of milliseconds sent through. If the light is already on then the time will simply be added to the number currently left for that light to display – this is how multiple tweets in a short period can “stack” and keep a light illuminated.
The code is a bit long for here but you can see it in the gist.
The code was designed to run in parallel using a state machine so the state of each light was maintained and managed in the loop so no instruction would block the others if it was fading or checking the serial connection for incoming messages. This is a technique I use a lot and is similar to coding the animation of multiple sprites with different forces being applied to them so I can use the same concepts when designing a physical interaction.
An additional concern was that I wanted each of the Arduinos to not have any config code as I didn’t want to have to reflash them at any point. As such each arduino was given a “LIGHTNODE” value (0 or 1 in this case as there were only 2) and some code to identify itself (sending “n\n” over the serial connection). This meant that if an arduino reset for any reason and came up on a different serial device, the Raspberry Pi would still understand which one it was talking to. With a bit more time I should have probably put that in the EEPROM of the arduino itself (and having come across this multiple times before, I’m convinced arduino makers should burn UUIDs into each device to solve this).
At this stage we’ve now got baubles that can be lit via serial commands from a PC based on any input we decide to throw at it. Time to give it one.
Twitter stream processing
Twitter processing in Python is trivially simple to do using Tweepy. The hardest part is really getting all your OAuth creds set up properly. The easiest way to do this is to go to dev.twitter.com and set up developer access. From there create an application and on the application details page you’ll have the crucial pieces – Consumer Secret, Consumer Key, Access Token and Access Token Key.
Again, for space I won’t repeat the code but the script can be found in the gist.
Once authenticated the code is really just watching the twitter streming API for a bunch of keywords defined in the config.py file. When one is found it gets pushed into the callback listener class for processing which determines which keyword fired and which bauble should be lit. This results in a serial command to the relevant arduino and channel to do it.
As part of the stream class you have to implement handlers for error and timeout. In this case we don’t really care about them, we’ll just log them to StdErr so they can be viewed if needed but I don’t want the application dying as a result.
The only exception to this is a rate limited message from twitter – which essentially tells you you’re hitting the API too hard. At this point I just sleep the script for 5 seconds to slow things up a bit. If you get to this point the baubles will probably all be lit anyway so you’re not missing much.
All of this is run from a virtualenv on the Raspberry Pi which is the usual way most people work with python in order to manage varying dependencies (which in this case is Tweepy and PySerial). The script is then run in a screened terminal instance so it can be detached and still run. I could have used supervisord to have it fully daemonized but it wasn’t really worth it given this was all that was running on the RPi and it was trivial to restart via a quick SSH command if it was necessary (it wasn’t).
Gotchas, lessons and changes
The biggest issue that came out of this project was the instability of the Raspberry Pi seemingly due to power supply issues. I had the arduinos running off a laptop doing the processing for about a week without any restarts or issues at all. The Raspberry Pi had a string of issues however. This may be my Pi in particular but reading reports of general power supply issues makes me think it is not. Even running everything through a powered USB hub for the arduinos and WiFi adapter didn’t help particularly.
In the end I removed the WiFi adapter and the stability improved markedly. To get network connectivity I resorted to using PowerLine Ethernet which worked extremely well.
There were still stability issues when there was a lot of network activity and messages going to the serial connections at the same time which never seemed to resolve fully with different power adapters.
I understand why the RPi team chose to use 5V power adapters over MicroUSB given the ubiquity of mobile phone chargers, however the variability in output voltage stability across adapters is immense. I used everything from iPod adapters (apparently capable of 2A) to Galaxy phone charger (only capable of 0.7A but extremely stable voltage under load) to sony and Asus chargers (0.8A and 1.2A respectively but terrible stability under load with wild swings). Even different USB cables could provide a difference by up to 0.2V on the same charger. In the end I settled for the Samsung charger at 0.7A with a powered USB hub to smooth out the drops but it still resulted in an occasional crash.
Phone chargers, whilst ubiquitous, are designed to trickle charge a battery, not to power a device (if you’ve ever tried to USE your phone when it’s nearly empty and it’s on charge you’ll have seen this first hand) so the vagaries you wouldn’t notice on a charger are very noticeable on a Pi doing some processing.
Given this and the crashing I experienced as a result, were I doing this again I’d probably use a more “serious” 5V power supply designed for truly powering a device and then run it in via the Vin pins or make up a micro USB connector.
As an aside, overclocking did seem to help with this – I’m not sure why but it almost doubled the time between failures.
Twitter rate limiting
Initially I designed the twitter code to run in threads, one for each bauble, tracking keywords independently. It was a nice bit of code that worked well until I scaled it out to the eight baubles and started getting HTTP 420s back from twitter. This was because I was running too many authenticated streams at once. This was annoying as it meant I ran all my keywords in one stream instead (one connection but 8x the work) and had to do processing on the RPi side to pull the tweets apart and route to the appropriate bauble. Unfortunately there’s nothing you can do with twitter’s rate limiting policy but a couple of dummy accounts could have probably solved that.
I am quite pleased with the finished result. The effect was “tasteful” enough to pass the family and friend test, I got to actually build something that was in use the entire Christmas period and whilst I probably overstressed the problems I had with power for the RPi it didn’t affect things short of a quick power cycle once every several hours (and with more time I could have resolved properly).
The code, the shield design and the baubles are all reusable so I can use this again next year with little effort (or extend it) and it’s all available in GitHub (if anyone wants the shield design let me know and I’ll post one) free for anyone to use.
Many in the arduino / maker community are exposed to this sort of thing a lot and connecting lights to twitter is pretty easy so the effort to reward ratio of a project like this is very high (and allows you to concentrate on the design of the outward expression of the visualisation). Other than my wife and child, none of the other twenty friends around on Christmas Day get exposed to this type of display so the novelty value was really good and there was heaps of interest as a result.
In the words of a friend of ours, “It makes me feel as though there are people all over the world celebrating with their family and friends just like we are, and you’ve brought them all into the room with us” – and if that’s not what doing this sort of technology is all about then I don’t know what is.


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