Posts Tagged ‘HDMI 2.0’
There’s fast…and then there’s FAST.
- Published on Friday, 26 September 2014 16:42
- Pete Putman
- 0 Comments
There’s Fast…and then There’s FAST.
A little over a year ago, Silicon Image announced the latest version of HDMI – 2.0. Among the other enhancements to this interface was an increase in the clock rate to 600 MHz, allowing data rates as high as 18 gigabits per second (GB/s).
Good thing, too, with Ultra HD televisions coming to market. The previous iteration of HDMI (v1.4) had a capped data rate of 10.2 Gb/s, which was barely fast enough for Ultra HD signals (3840×2160 pixels) refreshed at 30 Hz, with color depth not to exceed 8 bits per pixel.
By boosting the speed to 18 Gb/s, HDMI 2.0 can now pass a 60 Hz Quad HD signal – but only with 8-bit RGB color. (If you’re willing to cut the color resolution in half, you can increase the bit depth.) To me, that’s not enough of an improvement: If you’ve seen what it takes to shoot, edit, and post 4K content, you’ll realize why 10-bit and even 12-bit encoding is the way to go. But HDMI 2.0 can’t handle that with high frame rates.
Earlier this month, the Video Electronics Standards Association “officially” announced what we knew was coming for some time – DisplayPort version 1.3, which will boost its data rates to a mind-boggling 32 Gb/s – almost twice as fast as HDMI 2.0 – and also employ for the first time a form of visually-lossless compression, known as Display Stream.
Unlike HDMI, DisplayPort is a pure digital transport, using packet-based communication. It transports video, audio, metadata, and even Ethernet, using four scalable “lanes” to carry signals. In the current version (1.2), the capped data rate for each lane is 5.4 Gb/s, but with version 1.3, it will rise to 8 Gb/s.
DisplayPort’s architecture is designed to be flexible. There are full-sized and mobile versions of the connector, along with wireless and optical fiber interface specifications. Users of Apple MacBooks are familiar with the Mini DisplayPort interface, and a mobile version (Mobility DisplayPort or SlimPort) is available for tablets and phones and uses a single lane for 1080p/60 playback.
The maximum data rate for all four lanes is 21.6 Gb/s, which can accommodate a 3840x2160p/60 signal encoded with 10 bits per pixel in the RGB format. That’s considerably faster than HDMI 1.4 and one reason why a handful of TV manufacturers are adding DP 1.2 connectors to their new 4K TVs. The other reason is the lack of royalties (for now) to use the interface.
At CES, VESA announced DockPort, a multiplexed signal format that blends USB 3.0 connectivity with display signals in the standard and mini DP connectors. Now, there has been a major announcement by the USB 3.0 Promoter Group and the Video Electronics Standards Association (VESA) of something called “USB Type-C Alternate Mode.”
Drilling deeper, we find that the USB 3.0 Group has introduced a new variation of their interface, known as the Type-C connector. Unlike other versions (Types A&B and their more commonly used “full-size” and “mini” designations); the type-C connector borrows a page from Apple’s playbook and is reversible. That is; it makes no difference which way you plug it in – there is no right side or wrong side up.
There’s more: The Type-C connector (about half as large as a conventional USB Type-A connector) can carry serial data at speeds up to 10.2 Gb/s (USB 3.1 Gen 2). It can also deliver up to 100 watts of power (20 volts DC at a maximum of 5 amperes) so that a connected device could be operated while its battery charges.
There are 12 pins on a Type-C connector arrayed along both edges of the blade. Viewed from the end, the top and bottom pins are reversed from left to right, which is how you can plug it in either way and it will still work. Two pins (1 and 12) are used for ground. Pins 2 and 3 are reserved for a high-speed transmit (TX) data path, while pins 10 and 11 are reserved for a receive data (RX) path.
Pins 4 and 9 provide bus power, and pin 5 (CC) is used to communicate with the connected device to determine operating mode. Finally, pins 6 and 7 function as a USB 2.0 interface. Needless to say, the host and connected device need a USB 3.0-compatible connector switch to determine the operating mode and enable data exchange in 2.0 or 3.0 formats.
What’s unique about Type-C cables is that so-called “full feature” passive cables will actually contain an internal ID chip that signals the source connection to turn on all USB 3.0 functions and enable high-speed data exchange. These cables will be able to transmit 10.2 Gb/s of data over 1 meter (3 feet) and 5 Gb/s over 2 meters (6 feet).
Using Alternate DisplayPort mode, a maximum of four DP “lanes” of display data can travel over that same tiny USB connector, providing all the resolution and bit depth of the full-size and mini DisplayPort connectors. Or, you can reserve two lanes for USB 3.1 operation and employ the other two for displays, something you might want to do in a docking station application. USB 2.0 data exchange is always available through the same connector.
As you can see, the USB connector has gotten a lot smaller. It’s also a lot faster, and is symmetrical (no more fumbling around trying to orient the plug the right way). And it can provide the primary display connection for any device while also sending and receiving high-speed data.
With this announcement, the USB 3.0 Group and VESA have shown that “less is more” when it comes to digital signal interfacing with Type-C Alternate operation. Oh, did I mention that you will be able to buy and use a cable with a Type-C USB connector on one end and a DisplayPort plug on the other? Can’t get any easier to use than that!
CES 2014 In The Rear-View Mirror
- Published on Tuesday, 21 January 2014 15:21
- Pete Putman
- 0 Comments
Once again, CES has come and gone. It sneaks up on us right after a relaxing Christmas / New Year holiday. We’re jolted out of a quiet reverie and it’s back to the rush to board at the airport gate, walking the serpentine lines for taxis at McCarran Airport, and “late to bed, early to rise” as we scramble to make our booth and off-site appointments in Las Vegas.
We don’t make them all on time. Some we miss completely. But there’s a serendipity angle to it all: We might find, in our haste to get from one meeting to another, some amazing new gadget we didn’t know about as we take shortcuts through booths in the North, South, and Central Halls.
Or a colleague sends us a text or leaves a voicemail, emphatically stating “you have to see this!” Or a chance meeting leads to an ad hoc meeting, often off-site or over a hasty lunch in the convention center.
My point is this: You “find” as many cool things at the show as you “lose.” For every must-see product that you don’t see, there’s another one you trip over. Granted; many “must-see” products are yawners – you’ve figured it out 30 seconds into your carefully-staged meeting with PR people and company executives, and you’re getting fidgety.
My best CES discoveries involve products or demos where I can observe them anonymously, without PR folks hovering at my side or staring at my badge before they pounce like hungry mountain lions.
Unlike most of my colleagues in the consumer electronics press, I don’t need to break stories the instant I hear about them. There are already too many people doing that. What’s missing is the filter of analysis – some time spent to digest the significance of a press release, product demo, or concept demo.
And that’s what I enjoy the most: Waiting a few days – or even a week – after the show to think about what I saw and ultimately explain the significance of it all. What follows is my analysis of the 2014 International CES (as we are instructed to call it) and which products and demos I thought had real significance, as opposed to those which served no apparent purpose beyond generating daily headlines and “buzz.”
Curved TV screens: OK, I had to start with this one, since every TV manufacturer at the show (save Panasonic and Toshiba) exhibited one or more curved-screen OLED and LCD televisions. Is there something to the curved-screen concept? On first blush, you’d think so, given all of the PR hype that accompanied these products.
The truth is; really big TV screens do benefit a little from a curved surface, particularly if they are UHDTV models and you are sitting close to them. The effect is not unlike Cinerama movie screens from the 1950s and 1960s. (That’s how I saw Dr. Zhivago and 2001: A Space Odyssey back in the day.)
Bear in mind I’m talking about BIG screens here – in the range of 80 inches and up. The super-widescreen (21:9 aspect ratio) LCD TVs shown by Samsung, LG, and Toshiba used the curve to great effect. But conventional 16:9 TVs didn’t seem to benefit as much, especially in side-by-side demos.
The facts show that worldwide TV shipments and sales have declined for two straight years, except in China where they grew by double digits each year. TV prices are also collapsing – you can buy a first-tier 55-inch “smart” 1080p LCD TV now for $600, and 60-inch “smart” sets are well under $800 – so manufacturers will try anything to stimulate sales.
Is that the reason why we’re seeing so many UHDTV (4K) TVs all of a sudden? Partially. Unfortunately, there’s just no money in manufacturing and selling 2K TVs anymore (ask the Japanese manufacturers how that’s been working for them), and the incremental cost to crank out 4K LCD panels isn’t that much.
Chinese panel and TV manufacturers have already figured this out and are shifting production to 4K in large panels while simultaneously dropping prices. You can already buy a 50-inch 4K LCD TV from TCL for $999. Vizio, who is a contract buyer much like Apple, announced at the show that they’d have a 55-inch 4K LCD TV for $1299 and a 65-inch model for well under $2,000.
Consider that the going price for a 55-inch 4K “smart” LCD TV from Samsung, LG, and Sony is sitting at $2,999 as of this writing and you can see where the industry is heading. My prediction is that all LCD TV screens 60 inches or larger will use 4K panels exclusively within three years. (4K scaling engines work much better than you might think!)
And don’t make the popular mistake of conflating 4K with 3D as ‘failed’ technologies. The latter was basically doomed from the start: Who wants to wear glasses to watch television? Not many people I know. Unfortunately, glasses-free (autostereo) TV is still not ready for prime time, so 3D (for now) is basically a freebie add-on to certain models of televisions.
4K, on the other hand, has legs. And those legs will get stronger and faster as the new High Efficiency Video Codec (HEVC) chips start showing up in televisions and video encoders. HEVC, or H.265 encoding, can cut the required bit rate for 2K content delivery in half. That means it can also deliver 4K at the old 2K rates, somewhere in the ballpark of 10 – 20 Mb/s.
While consumer demand for 4K is slowly ramping up, there is plenty of interest in UHDTV from the commercial AV sector. And Panasonic focused in on that sector almost exclusively in their CES booth. I’m not sure why – there are plenty of inferences here; most significantly, it would appear that Panasonic is exiting the money-losing television business entirely. (Ditto nearby Toshiba, which had similar 4K “applications” showcased and which also did not exhibit a line of 2014 televisions.)
Long story short; you may be buying 4K televisions in the near future whether you want ‘em or not. It’s a manufacturing and plant utilization issue, and if commercial demand for 4K picks up as expected, that will drive the changeover even faster.
As for sources of 4K content; Samsung announced a partnership with Paramount and Fox to get it into the home via the M-Go platform. Comcast had an Xfinity demo for connected set-top-boxes to stream 4K, and of course Netflix plans to roll out 4K delivery this year direct to subscribers.
I’m not sure how they’ll pull that off. My broadband speeds vary widely, depending on time of day: I’m writing this at noontime and according to CNET’s Broadband Speed Test, my downstream bit rate is about 22 megabits per second (Mb/s). Yet, I’ve seen that drop to as low as 2 – 3 Mb/s during late evening hours, when many neighbors are no doubt streaming Netflix movies.
Even so, HEVC will definitely help that problem. I spoke to a couple of Comcast folks on my flights out to and back from CES, and they’re all focused on the bandwidth and bit rate challenges of 2K streaming, let alone 4K. More 4K streaming interface products are needed, such as Nanotech’s $300 Nuvola NP-H1, which is about the size of an Apple TV box and ridiculously simple to connect and operate.
Oh, yeah. I should have mentioned organic light-emitting diode (OLED) displays earlier. There were lots of OLED displays at CES, ranging from the cool, curved 6-inch OLED screen used in the new LG G-Flex curved smartphone to prototype 30-inch OLED TVs and workstation monitors in the TCL booth and on to the 55-inch, 65-iunch, and even 77-inch OLED TVs seen around the floor. (LG’s 77-inch offering is current the world’s largest OLED TV, and of course, it’s curved.)
OLEDs are tricky beasts to manufacture. Yields are usually on the low side (less than 25% per manufacturing run) and that number goes down as screen sizes increase, which explains the high prices for these TVs.
And there’s the unresolved issue of differential color aging, most notably in dark blue emitters. With current OLED science, you can expect dark blue emitters to reach half-brightness at about 5,000 hours of operation with a maximum brightness of 200 nits. Samsung addresses this quandary by employing two blue emitters for every red and green pixel on their OLED TVs, while LG has the more difficult task of managing blue aging in their white OLED emitters.
Several studies over the past three years consistently show people hanging on to their flat screen TVs for 5 to 7 years, which is likely to be a lot longer than 5,000 hours of operation. Will differential color aging rear its ugly head as early adopters shell out close to $10K for a 55-inch OLED TV? Bet on it.
Turns out, there’s another way to get wide color gamuts and saturated colors: Quantum dots. QDs, as we call them, are inorganic compounds that exhibit piezoelectric behavior when bombarded with photons. They emit stable, narrow-bandwidth colors with no drift, and can do so for long periods of time – long enough to work in a consumer television.
QDs are manufactured by numerous companies, most notably Nanosys and QD Vision in the United States. The former company has partnered with 3M to manufacture an optical film that goes on the backside of LCD panels, while the latter offers Color IQ optical components that interface with the entire LED illumination system in edge-lit TVs.
Sony is already selling 55-inch and 65-inch 4K LCD TVs using the Color IQ technology, and I can tell you that the difference in color is remarkable. Red – perhaps the most difficult color to reproduce accurately in any flat-screen TV – really looks like red when viewed with a QD backlight. And it’s possible to show many subtle shades of red with this technology.
All you need is a QD film or emitter with arrays of red and green dots, plus a backlight made up of blue LEDs. The blue passes through, while the blue photons “tickle” the red and green dots, causing them to emit their respective colors. It’s also possible to build a direct-illumination display out of quantum dots that would rival OLED TVs.
How about 4K display interfaces? By now, you’ve probably heard that HDMI has “upgraded” to version 2.0 and can support a maximum data rate of 18 gigabits per second (GB/s). Practically speaking; because of the way display data is transmitted, only 16 Gb/s of that is really available for a display connection. Still, that’s fast enough to show 4K content (3840×2160, or Quad HD) with a 60 Hz frame rate, using 8-bit color.
Over at the DisplayPort booth, I heard stories of version 1.3 looming later this spring. DisplayPort 1.2, unlike HDMI, uses a packet structure to stream display, audio, and other data across four scalable lanes, and has a maximum rate of 21.6 Gb/s – much faster than HDMI. Applying the “20 percent” rule, that leaves about 17.3 Gb/s to actually carry 4K signals. And the extra bits over HDMI means that DP can transport 3840×2160 video with a frame rate of 60 Hz, but with 10-bit color.
Don’t underestimate the value of higher data rates: 4K could turn out to be a revolutionary shift in the way we watch TV, adding much wide color gamuts, higher frame rates, and high dynamic range (HDR) to the equation. HDMI clearly isn’t fast enough to play on that field; DP barely is. Both interfaces still have a long way to go.
So – why not make a wireless 4K connection? There were plenty of demos of wireless connectivity at the show, and I’m not just talking about Wi-Fi. Perhaps the most impressive was in the Silicon Image meeting room, all the way at the back of the lower South Hall, near the Arizona border.
SI, which bought out wireless manufacturer SiBEAM a few years ago, demonstrated super-compact 60 GHz wireless HDMI and MHL links using their UltraGig silicon. A variety of prototype cradles for phones and tablets were available for the demo: Simply plug in your handheld device and start streaming 1080p/60 video to a nearby 55-inch LCD TV screen.
Granted, the 60 GHz tech is a bit exotic. But it works quite well in small rooms and can take advantage of signal multipath “bounces” by using multiple, steerable antenna arrays built-in to each chip. And it can handle 4K, too – as long as the bit rate doesn’t exceed the HDMI 2.0 specification, the resolution, color bit depth, and frame rate are irrelevant.
This sort of product is a “holy grail” item for meeting rooms and education. Indeed; I field numerous questions every year during my InfoComm wireless AV classes along these lines: “Where can I buy a wireless tablet dongle?” Patience, my friends. Patience…
The decline in TV shipments and sales seems to be offset by a boom in connected personal lifestyle and health gadgets, most notably wristbands that monitor your pulse and workouts. There were plenty of these trinkets at the show and an entire booth in the lower South Hall devoted to “digital health.”
Of course, the big name brands had these products – LG’s LifeBand was a good example. But so did the Chinese and Taiwanese manufacturers. “Digital health” was like tablets a few years back – so many products were introduced at the show that they went from “wow!” to “ho-hum” in one day.
This boom in personal connectivity extends to appliances, beds (Sleep Number had a model that can elevate the head of the bed automatically with a voice command), cars (BMW’s i3 connected electric car was ubiquitous), and even your home. Combine it with short-range Bluetooth or ZigBee wireless connectivity and you can control and monitor just about anything on your smartphone and tablet.
Granted; there isn’t the money in these small products like there used to be in televisions. But consumers do want to connect, monitor, and control everything in their lives, and their refrigerators, cars, beds, televisions, percolators, and toasters will be able to comply. (And in 4K resolution, too!)
Obviously, I didn’t visit the subjects of gesture and voice control. There were several good demos at the show of each, and two of the leading companies I showcased last year – Omek and Prime Sense – have been subsequently acquired by Intel and Apple. Hillcrest Labs, PointGrab, and other had compelling demos of gesture control in Las Vegas – a subject for a later time.
Summing up, let’s first revisit my mantra: Hardware is cheap, and anyone can make it. Televisions and optical disc media storage are clearly on the decline, while streaming, 4K, health monitoring, and wireless are hot. The television manufacturing business is slowly and inexorably moving to China as prices continue their free-fall.
The consumer is shifting his and her focus to all the devices in the home they use every days; not just television. Connectivity is everything, and the television is evolving from an entertainment device into a control center or “hub” of connectivity. The more those connections are made with wireless, the better – and that includes high-definition video from tablets and phones.
It’s going to be an interesting year…
HDMI 2.0 Is Here…And It’s Not Fast Enough?
- Published on Wednesday, 04 September 2013 15:51
- Pete Putman
- 0 Comments
This morning, the HDMI Forum announced the release of HDMI 2.0, which was almost two years in the making. The impetus for this new standard was and continues to be 4K, which requires such increases in data rates that the older 1.4 version can’t support it, except at slow frame rates.
Now, HDMI 2.0 has a maximum data rate of 18 gigabits per second (Gb/s), slightly faster than DisplayPort’s 17.2 Gb/s. If you do the math, this should be fast enough to transport 3840×2160 video with frame rates of 50 and 60 Hz, using 8-bit and 10-bit color (at 60 Hz, the clock rate for 8-bit 4K is about 14.9 Gb/s; with 10-bit color, about 17.9 Gb/s).
Here are the highlights from the official press release:
“HDMI 2.0, which is backwards compatible with earlier versions of the HDMI specifications, significantly increases bandwidth up to 18Gb/s and adds key enhancements to support continuing market requirements for enhancing the consumer video and audio experience. New functionality includes:
– Support for 4k@50/60, (2160p: 4 times the clarity of 1080p/60 video resolution)
– Up to 32 audio channels for a multi-dimensional immersive audio experience
– Up to 1536kHz audio sample frequency for the highest audio fidelity
– Simultaneous delivery of dual video streams to multiple users on the same screen
– Simultaneous delivery of multi-stream audio to multiple users (up to 4)
– Support for the wide-angle theatrical 21:9 video aspect ratio
– Dynamic synchronization of video and audio streams
– CEC extensions provides expanded command and control of consumer electronics devices through a single control point
HDMI 2.0 does not define new cables or new connectors. Current High Speed cables (Category 2 cables) are capable of carrying the increased bandwidth.”
After reviewing the specifications, it appears to me that the HDMI Forum was trying to squeeze every last drop of speed out of the existing connector/interface architecture without having to re-engineer the standard. There’s no mention of locking connectors (a bugaboo of the broadcast and AV industries). Nor is there any discussion of speeding up HDCP key exchanges beyond what’s already been accomplished with InstaPort. But an HDMI 2.0 standard should eliminate the need for two or even four separate HDMI ports to playback 4K content (several TV and projector manufacturers currently use this approach).
Adding multiple channels of audio and increasing the sampling frequency is relatively simple stuff, as the bit rates for audio are a small fraction of those needed for 2K and 4K video. And you can already deliver two separate video streams through one HDMI connector – it’s only a bandwidth issue; the new standard just establishes a protocol for doing so. Supporting 21:9 isn’t all that big a deal, either.
I’m not sure what “dynamic synchronization of video and audio streams” means yet and will have to talk to the folks at HDMI Licensing to get a better explanation. As for CEC, it appears that control functionality has been souped-up beyond the basic command sets used to operate AV receivers and Blu-ray players.
What’s clear now is that HDMI 2.0 is NOT going to be the big breakthrough many of us analysts and writers expected, and that it will NOT be able to transport 10-bit and 12-bit 4K video running at higher frame rates (>60 Hz). Both of these specifications are necessary to develop high dynamic range (HDR) video and movie content.
Nor is there any indication of supporting a high-speed data bus overlay like Thunderbolt, which is becoming more important with the growth in popularity of tablets and smart phones, not to mention ultrabooks. These devices are leading the industry changeover to single, dense, multifunction interfaces across all sorts of CE products.
In contrast; over at VESA, they’ve already commenced development of Display Stream, a new interface that will use “light” JPEG compression to push data rates up to 25 Gb/s and beyond over conventional DisplayPort connections. This is a more “future-proof” approach to display connectivity and reflects the current state of 4K and UHDTV product and content development, what with all of the 4K television announcements that have been made this year.
But the reality is that HDMI dominates the CE marketplace and is making major inroads to commercial AV and broadcast installations. The market has largely ignored DisplayPort, despite the facts that (a) there are currently no royalties associated with its use, (b) its connectors come in many different flavors, including support for mobile and fiber optic interfaces, and (c) it already supports a high-speed data bus overlay – the 20 Gb/s Thunderbolt layer.
Maybe they’ll get it right next time..
4K: HDTV Redux?
- Published on Tuesday, 20 November 2012 12:18
- Pete Putman
- 0 Comments
4K acquisition and display was the topic of a panel discussion I participated in during last week’s CCW / SATCON show at the Javits Center in New York City. My fellow panelists were technology guru and veteran video engineer Mark Schubin, and Larry Thorpe, senior fellow at Canon’s Imaging Technologies Group, and we gave attendees some useful perspective on what may be the next “gold rush” for television manufacturers.
Schubin’s comments pertained to just how much detail the human eye can perceive, and how contrast is often more important than viewing distance and screen sizes. (Did you know the average viewer sits about nine feet away from a TV, which measures most often between 40 and 49 inches in diagonal screen size? So much for 42-inch 4K televisions…)
He went on to add that perhaps the greatest benefit of 4K digital film and video production would be higher quality 2K HDTV delivered to the home, as 4K imaging sensors can capture far more detail than native 2K sensors because they have 4x the number of photosites.
Thorpe talked about the challenges of designing lenses for 4K cameras and illustrated that there are no lenses for 4K cameras with equivalent zoom ratios to today’s 2K camera optics – not an insurmountable obstacle, but a challenge nonetheless for camera manufacturers.
He also provided details about a live 4K broadcast earlier this of a baseball game in Japan via satellite links, using a nominal data rate of 120 Mb/s, and discussed how Fox Sports has used a pair of 4K Sony F65 cameras this season to assist NFL referees when they review challenged plays.
My comments were focused on the availability of 4K projection and direct-view displays, the majority of which are very large screens that present logistical challenges in the average home. I also gave the audience an idea of the bit rates involved in moving 4K content at high frame rates from source to display (how does 6 Gb/s per color channel at 3840×2160/60Hz with 10-bit color grab you?) and why this will be a headache for current implementations of HDMI and DisplayPort.
At the 2012 SMPTE Fall Technical Conference last month in Hollywood, I chaired a session on UHDTV, and the three papers presented detailed an 8K camera/projection system developed by NHK; a compact, 25-megapixel 70mm (4K) Panavision camera with flash memory, and an update on SMPTE standards for transporting ever-greater amounts of data as we move to higher resolution imaging and workflows.
Interestingly, the last presentation, made by John Hudson of Semtech Corporation, showed quite clearly that copper isn’t quite dead yet when it comes to high data rates, and that reaching speed as high as 96 Gb/s is clearly possible over short lengths of coaxial cable. (To be sure; there’s still plenty of work for optical fiber interfaces in broadcast and film production environments.)
Hudson talked about the SMPTE 32NF40 Multi-Link 3G Ad Hoc Group that is currently working to standardize doubling and even quadrupling of 3G HD-SDI interfaces towards the goal of achieving 6 Gb/s and 12 Gb/s uncompressed data rates, suitable for 10-bit and 12-bit 4K production workflows. He also pointed out that telecom switches capable of handling 6, 12, and even 24 Gb/s data rates are readily accessible and not cost-prohibitive.
In the consumer world, Hisense made some news when it announced three new 4K (3840×2160) edge-lit LCD TVs would launch at CES 2013. This new line, known as the XT-880 series, will be available in 50-inch, 58-inch, and 65-inch screen sizes. All three models will support active shutter 3D, come with Internet access (built-in WiFi), and are equipped with an ARM dual-core microprocessor running on Android’s Ice Cream Sandwich OS. (They even support gesture recognition and voice control!) No retail prices have been announced yet.
At CES, we’re likely to see a larger 4K TV from Toshiba, who is apparently going to source the 84-inch IPS glass that LG Display is selling to LG and Sony. Not so JVC, who confirmed to me that they have no interest in selling their 84-inch version of the LGD glass (PS-840UD) to consumers, save for high-end home theater installations. It’s more of a general-purpose 4K monitor for professional work. And we know Samsung will put the spotlight on their 85-inch 4K PVA LCD TV, which was announced two weeks ago but has yet to make its appearance in any kind of an “official’ press release photo.
Finally, I was asked by a friend in the TV industry regarding rumors that we’d hear about an updated version of HDMI, to be announced in Las Vegas. This version, which will allegedly be v1.5, will supposedly address the data transfer speed limitations of HDMI (currently capped at 8 Gb/s with overhead and 10.2 Gb/s with all overhead removed). Presently, HDMI is hard-pressed to show 4K content at frame rates higher than 30 Hz, which requires about 2.5 Gb/s per color channel for a 3840×2160 video stream).
If you hadn’t heard, there is a group of manufacturers working with Silicon Image on a specification for HDMI 2.0, which is intended to address a whole host of problems with the currently interface – not the least of which is its speed limit. One motivator for the upgrade to 2.0 is clearly DisplayPort, a competitive digital display interface targeted at notebooks and ultrabooks and which, at 17.2 Gb/s, is clearly fast enough to carry a 4K signal at 60 Hz with 10-bit color (about 6 Gb/s per channel). So a short-term ‘jump’ to HDMI 1.5 seems more like a Band-Aid right now, but you never know what the marketing guys at the big TV brands are yelling for.
And speaking of DisplayPort, the Wireless Gigabit (WiGig) Alliance announced last Friday that it is now collaborating with the Video Electronics Standards Association (VESA) to define and refine a specification for 60 GHz wireless DisplayPort, using 2.6 GHz-wide channels available in many countries. So it’s entirely possible that we’ll be able to connect 4K displays without any cables at all by the time 4K content becomes widely available.
If you’ve spotted parallels between these developments and the early days of the transition to HDTV, you’re not alone. At present, there are (a) questions about what a “true” 4K resolution specification should be, (b) scarcities in cameras and production equipment, (c) bandwidth challenges to overcome, (d) high-priced displays that we know will become affordable quickly enough, and € competing interface standards.
The only thing missing is an optical disc format war, but with the Blu-ray format currently limited to 8-bit color, don’t be surprised if that conflagration breaks once again. Just like the good old days of HDTV…


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- Ability to Make and Recieve Phone Calls and Text Messages
- OS version: Android 4.0
- CPU: MT6575
- Processor Speed: 1GHz
- RAM: 512MB
- Wi-Fi: 802.11 b/g/n
- 2G: GSM 900/950/1800/1900 MHz
- 3G: WCDMA 850/2100 MHz
- GPS + Gallileo GNSS
- Google Play
- Adobe Flash
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- 2 Megapixel Rear Camera + 0.3 Megapixel Front-Facing Camera
- Battery Size: 4000mAh
- Usage Time: 5 Hours
- Battery Standby: 10 Hours
- Languages: Afrikaans, Bahasa Indonesian, Bahasa Melayu, Czech, Dansk, German, English, Spanish, French, Italian, Dutch, Polish, Portuguese, Romania, Vietnamese, Turkish, Russian, Greek, Persian, Arab, Hindi, Thai, Korea, Chinese (simp), Chinese(trad), Japanese
- Display Size: 7 Inch
- Display Resolution: 1024x600
- 5 Point Multi Touch Display
- Internal: 4GB
- Micro SD Card Slot Supports up to 32GB
- 2 Gsm SIM Card Slots
- Micro SD Card Slot
- Mini USB Port
- HDMI Port
- 3.5 mm Audio Out Port
- Accelerometer Sensor
- Gravity Sensor
- Main product dimensions: 190x12x9mm (L x W x D)
- Main product weight: 300g
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- The Android OS version on this device cannot be upgraded or flashed and any attempts to modify the default OS will void the warranty. As a wholesaler, OnceAll provides no software support, advice, or training regarding the Android operating system and software.
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Arabic - 7 ???? 4.0 ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? GPS ?????? ?????? 3g ???????? ???; Chinese Simplified - 7 寸 Android 4.0 手机平板电脑与 GPS、 3g 和双 sim 卡; Czech - Tablet 7 inch Android 4.0 telefon s GPS a 3 G Dual SIM; Danish - 7 Tommer Android 4.0 Telefon Tablet med GPS, 3 G og Dual SIM; Dutch - 7 Inch Android 4.0 telefoon Tablet met GPS, 3 G en Dual SIM-; French - 7 Pouces Android 4.0 Téléphone Tablet avec GPS, 3 G et Dual SIM; German - 7 Zoll Android 4.0 Telefon-Tablet mit GPS, 3G und Dual-SIM; Greek - 7 Inch 4.0 ανδροειδ?ν τηλ?φωνο Tablet με GPS, 3 G και Dual SIM; Hindi - ??????, 3 ?? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??? 7 ??? Android 4.0 ??? ????; Indonesian - 7 Inci Android 4.0 Tablet telepon dengan GPS, 3 G dan Dual SIM; Italian - Tablet Phone 7 pollici Android 4.0 con GPS, 3G e Dual SIM; Japanese - GPS、3 G、デュアル SIM の 7 インチのアンドロイド 4.0 電話タブレット; Korean - GPS, 3g? ?? SIM 7 ?? ? ? ??? ?? ???; Norwegian - 7-Tommers Android 4.0 telefon bord med GPS, 3 G og dobbelt SIM; Polish - 7-Calowy Android 4.0 Tablet telefon z GPS, 3 G i Dual SIM; Portuguese - Tablet de 7 polegadas Android 4.0 telefone com GPS, 3G e Dual SIM; Russian - 7-Дюймовый Android 4.0 планшетный телефон с GPS, 3 G и двойной SIM; Spanish - Tablet de 7 pulgadas Android 4.0 teléfono con GPS, 3 G y Dual SIM; Thai - ???????? 7 ???? Android 4.0 ???????? GPS, 3 G ?????? Dual SIM
tag: Android 4.0 GPS Tablet "Compass" - 7 Inch, 3G, GPS + Galileo, Dual SIM product model: OA1883 product code: CVAK-7432


5W LED SMD Ring Fill Light With Tripod Selfie Stick Dimmable LED Camera Light Phone Photo Studio Lamp For Live Makeup Lighting
Dimmable 13″ LED SMD Ring Light with a wide dimming range from 1%-100%.
Special LED SMD design, lightweight and portable. Constant current drive, low power loss.
NO ultraviolet and infrared light radiation, low heat output, safety and environmental protection.
Long service life of more than 50000hrs.
With reinforced flexible arm which will move freely and never droop.
Extra Long Cord and Heavy Duty Thumb Screws.
With plastic color filter set: Orange+ White
It is widely applied to outdoor photo light, filling light indoors, portrait, fashion, wedding art, advertisement photography, shooting video, etc.
Light Source: LED SMD
LED Bulbs: 64 pcs
Outer Diameter: 16 cm
Total Power: 5W
Color Temperature: 5500K
Dimming range: 1%-100%
Total illumination: 3600LM
CRI (Color Rendering Index): >83
Photo Studio Light Stands for Video, Portrait, and Product Photography
Max Heigh: 127cm(Black) 123cm(Pink)
Min Heigh: 51cm(Black) 58cm(Pink)
Max Tube: 16mm
1x LED SMD Ring Fill Light
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For Sony For Olympus For Canon For Samsung For Panasoinc For FUJIFILM
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From the list of applications below, click on any application to display possible solutions and product recommendations that may meet your needs. To filter the list of applications, begin typing a keyword in the search box below.
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The ability to detect exposure to water can be useful for warranty claims processing and electronics repair applications.
Water Detection Labels for Electronic Devices
Our water detection labels change color when exposed to liquid water, but not when exposed to high humidity. These labels are constructed of a paper base which is laminated with clear film. The moisture-indicative color change begins within 5 seconds of water contact, progressing from the perimeter of the label and moving inward. The color change remains even after prolonged submersion in water.
These labels are ideal for electronic devices which might be returned for warranty issues.
We manufacture two types of water detection labels. Our regular label indicates water exposure on the outside (film) surface of the the label, which is suitable for most applications. We also manufacture labels that indicate moisture on the adhesive surface, which is called for is the label is affixed to the inside surface of a transparent material such as glass.


I am an Assistant Professor at the ECE Department in NIT Calicut. Prior to this, I was a postdoctoral researcher and Emirates-Oxford Data Science Fellow in the Machine learning group at the University of Oxford, during the period June 2018 - Mar 2020. I received my Ph.D. in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 2018 from the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. I hold an M.E. in Signal Processing from Indian Institute of Science Bangalore, and a B.Tech in Electronics and Communication Engineering from College of Engineering Trivandrum (University of Kerala).
My research interests are broadly in statistical signal processing, stochastic decision making and Bayesian machine learning, with applications to sensor networks (during my Masters), social media and networks (during my Ph.D) and multi-agent systems (during my postdoc).
Open Research Positions
Looking for a highly motivated Ph.D. student with strong background in linear algebra, probability theory and signal processing. If you are interested in working with me, please send me an email along with your CV.
One undergraduate project on deep convolutional neural network with application to image fusion.


Is the idea of that’s impossible an outdated idea?
In a recent article in Wired magazine a quadriplegic lady named Jan Scheurmann controlled a jet fighter using nothing but her thoughts.
Science fiction you might say?
You see Jan who was quadriplegic due to an hereditary genetic disease was the ‘guinea pig’ so to speak of DARPA (the Pentagon’s advanced research arm).
At first the scientists implanted electrodes in her left motor cortex so she could control a robotic arm.
With practice Jan could do this.
Fast-forward a few years and ‘Instead of connecting Sheuermann’s brain interface to a robotic arm, they connected her to a flight simulator.
She’d use the same neural connections to pilot an F-35 Joint Strike Fighter—the military’s next-gen attack jet’.
Admittedly in the flight simulator she was a bit shaky but who cares?
Something that was considered impossible just a few years ago has now been achieved – a quadriplegic person has been able to navigate a fighter jet using her mind only.
Think of the implications if this could be rolled out to thousands of people who also have spinal disease or damage?
They could lead more independent and perhaps fulfilling lives.
The key message?
Impossible is more and more a state of mind.
With advances in technology combined with imagination and motivation – anything might be possible.


- third-person singular of radar
- Plural of radar
Radar is a system that uses electromagnetic waves to identify the range, altitude, direction, or speed of both moving and fixed objects such as aircraft, ships, motor vehicles, weather formations, and terrain. The term RADAR was coined in 1941 as an acronym for Radio Detection and Ranging. The term has since entered the English language as a standard word, radar, losing the capitalization. Radar was originally called RDF (Radio Direction Finder) in the United Kingdom.
A radar system has a transmitter that emits either radio waves or (more usually these days) microwaves that are reflected by the target and detected by a receiver, typically in the same location as the transmitter. Although the signal returned is usually very weak, the signal can be amplified. This enables radar to detect objects at ranges where other emissions, such as sound or visible light, would be too weak to detect. Radar is used in many contexts, including meteorological detection of precipitation, measuring ocean surface waves, air traffic control, police detection of speeding traffic, and by the military.
Several inventors, scientists, and engineers contributed to the development of radar. The first to use radio waves to detect "the presence of distant metallic objects" was Christian Hülsmeyer, who in 1904 demonstrated the feasibility of detecting the presence of a ship in dense fog, but not its distance. He received Reichspatent Nr. 165546 for his pre-radar device in April 1904, and later patent 169154 for a related amendment for ranging. He also received a patent in England for his telemobiloscope on September 22 1904.
Nikola Tesla, in August 1917, first established principles regarding frequency and power level for the first primitive radar units. He stated, "[...] by their [standing electromagnetic waves] use we may produce at will, from a sending station, an electrical effect in any particular region of the globe; [with which] we may determine the relative position or course of a moving object, such as a vessel at sea, the distance traversed by the same, or its speed."
Before the Second World War, developments by the Americans (Dr. Robert M. Page tested the first monopulse radar in 1934), the Germans, the French (French Patent n° 788795 in 1934) and mainly the British who were the first to fully exploit it as a defense against aircraft attack (British Patent GB593017 by Robert Watson-Watt in 1935) led to the first real radars. Hungarian Zoltán Bay produced a working model by 1936 at the Tungsram laboratory in the same vein. In 1934, Émile Girardeau, working with the first French radar systems, stated he was building radar systems "conceived according to the principles stated by Tesla". http://www.teslasociety.com/time.jpg
The war precipitated research to find better resolution, more portability and more features for the new defense technology. Post-war years have seen the use of radar in fields as diverse as air traffic control, weather monitoring, astrometry and road speed control.
Clutter may also originate from multipath echoes from valid targets due to ground reflection, atmospheric ducting or ionospheric reflection/refraction. This specific clutter type is especially bothersome, since it appears to move and behave like other normal (point) targets of interest, thereby creating a ghost. In a typical scenario, an aircraft echo is multipath-reflected from the ground below, appearing to the receiver as an identical target below the correct one. The radar may try to unify the targets, reporting the target at an incorrect height, or - worse - eliminating it on the basis of jitter or a physical impossibility. These problems can be overcome by incorporating a ground map of the radar's surroundings and eliminating all echoes which appear to originate below ground or above a certain height. In newer ATC radar equipment algorithms are used to identify the false targets by comparing the current pulse returns, to those adjacent, as well as calculating return improbabilities due to calculated height, distance, and radar timing.
JammingRadar jamming refers to radio frequency signals originating from sources outside the radar, transmitting in the radar's frequency and thereby masking targets of interest. Jamming may be intentional, as with an electronic warfare (EW) tactic, or unintentional, as with friendly forces operating equipment that transmits using the same frequency range. Jamming is considered an active interference source, since it is initiated by elements outside the radar and in general unrelated to the radar signals.
Jamming is problematic to radar since the jamming signal only needs to travel one-way (from the jammer to the radar receiver) whereas the radar echoes travel two-ways (radar-target-radar) and are therefore significantly reduced in power by the time they return to the radar receiver. Jammers therefore can be much less powerful than their jammed radars and still effectively mask targets along the line of sight from the jammer to the radar (Mainlobe Jamming). Jammers have an added effect of affecting radars along other line-of-sights, due to the radar receiver's sidelobes (Sidelobe Jamming).
Mainlobe jamming can generally only be reduced by narrowing the mainlobe solid angle, and can never fully be eliminated when directly facing a jammer which uses the same frequency and polarization as the radar. Sidelobe jamming can be overcome by reducing receiving sidelobes in the radar antenna design and by using an omnidirectional antenna to detect and disregard non-mainlobe signals. Other anti-jamming techniques are frequency hopping and polarization. See Electronic counter-counter-measures for details.
Interference has recently become a problem for C-band (5.66 GHz) meteorological radars with the proliferation of 5.4 GHz band WiFi equipment.
Radar signal processing
One way to measure the distance to an object is to transmit a short pulse of radio signal (electromagnetic radiation), and measure the time it takes for the reflection to return. The distance is one-half the product of round trip time (because the signal has to travel to the target and then back to the receiver) and the speed of the signal. Since radio waves travel at the speed of light (186,000 miles per second or 300,000,000 meters per second), accurate distance measurement requires high-performance electronics.
In most cases, the receiver does not detect the return while the signal is being transmitted. Through the use of a device called a duplexer, the radar switches between transmitting and receiving at a predetermined rate. The minimum range is calculated by measuring the length of the pulse multiplied by the speed of light, divided by two. In order to detect closer targets one must use a shorter pulse length.
A similar effect imposes a maximum range as well. If the return from the target comes in when the next pulse is being sent out, once again the receiver cannot tell the difference. In order to maximize range, one wants to use longer times between pulses, or commonly referred to as a pulse repetition time (PRT).
These two effects tend to be at odds with each other, and it is not easy to combine both good short range and good long range in a single radar. This is because the short pulses needed for a good minimum range broadcast have less total energy, making the returns much smaller and the target harder to detect. This could be offset by using more pulses, but this would shorten the maximum range again. So each radar uses a particular type of signal. Long-range radars tend to use long pulses with long delays between them, and short range radars use smaller pulses with less time between them. This pattern of pulses and pauses is known as the pulse repetition frequency (or PRF), and is one of the main ways to characterize a radar. As electronics have improved many radars now can change their PRF thereby changing their range. The newest radars actually fire 2 pulses during one cell, one for short range (~6 miles) and a separate signal for longer ranges (~60 miles).
The distance resolution and the characteristics of the received signal as compared to noise depends heavily on the shape of the pulse. The pulse is often modulated to achieve better performance thanks to a technique known as pulse compression.
Distance may also be measured as a function of time. The Radar Mile is the amount of time it takes for a radar pulse to travel one Nautical Mile, reflect off a target, and return to the radar antenna. Since a Nautical Mile is defined as exactly 1,852 meters, then dividing this distance by the speed of light (exactly 299,792,458 meters per second), and then multiplying the result by 2 (round trip = twice the distance), yields a result of approximately 12.36 microseconds in duration.
Frequency modulationAnother form of distance measuring radar is based on frequency modulation. Frequency comparison between two signals is considerably more accurate, even with older electronics, than timing the signal. By changing the frequency of the returned signal and comparing that with the original, the difference can be easily measured.
This technique can be used in continuous wave radar, and is often found in aircraft radar altimeters. In these systems a "carrier" radar signal is frequency modulated in a predictable way, typically varying up and down with a sine wave or sawtooth pattern at audio frequencies. The signal is then sent out from one antenna and received on another, typically located on the bottom of the aircraft, and the signal can be continuously compared using a simple beat frequency modulator that produces an audio frequency tone from the returned signal and a portion of the transmitted signal.
Since the signal frequency is changing, by the time the signal returns to the aircraft the broadcast has shifted to some other frequency. The amount of that shift is greater over longer times, so greater frequency differences mean a longer distance, the exact amount being the "ramp speed" selected by the electronics. The amount of shift is therefore directly related to the distance traveled, and can be displayed on an instrument. This signal processing is similar to that used in speed detecting Doppler radar. Example systems using this approach are AZUSA, MISTRAM, and UDOP.
A further advantage is that the radar can operate effectively at relatively low frequencies, comparable to that used by UHF television. This was important in the early development of this type when high frequency signal generation was difficult or expensive.
Speed measurementSpeed is the change in distance to an object with respect to time. Thus the existing system for measuring distance, combined with a memory capacity to see where the target last was, is enough to measure speed. At one time the memory consisted of a user making grease-pencil marks on the radar screen, and then calculating the speed using a slide rule. Modern radar systems perform the equivalent operation faster and more accurately using computers.
However, if the transmitter's output is coherent (phase synchronized), there is another effect that can be used to make almost instant speed measurements (no memory is required), known as the Doppler effect. Most modern radar systems use this principle in the pulse-doppler radar system. Return signals from targets are shifted away from this base frequency via the Doppler effect enabling the calculation of the speed of the object relative to the radar. The Doppler effect is only able to determine the relative speed of the target along the line of sight from the radar to the target. Any component of target velocity perpendicular to the line of sight cannot be determined by using the Doppler effect alone, but it can be determined by tracking the target's azimuth over time. Additional information of the nature of the Doppler returns may be found in the radar signal characteristics article.
It is also possible to make a radar without any pulsing, known as a continuous-wave radar (CW radar), by sending out a very pure signal of a known frequency. CW radar is ideal for determining the radial component of a target's velocity, but it cannot determine the target's range. CW radar is typically used by traffic enforcement to measure vehicle speed quickly and accurately where range is not important.
Reduction of interference effectsSignal processing is employed in radar systems to reduce the radar interference effects. Signal processing techniques include moving target indication (MTI), pulse doppler, moving target detection (MTD) processors, correlation with secondary surveillance radar (SSR) targets, space-time adaptive processing (STAP), and track-before-detect (TBD). Constant false alarm rate (CFAR) and digital terrain model (DTM) processing are also used in clutter environments.
Plot And Track ExtractionRadar video returns on aircraft can be subjected to a plot extraction process whereby spurious and interfering signals are discarded. A sequence of target returns can be monitored through a device known as a plot extractor. The non relevant real time returns can be removed from the displayed information and a single plot displayed. A sequence of plots can then be monitored and a 'track' formed, thus easing the identification of a genuine aircraft target through unwanted and non relevant radar returns.
Radar engineeringA radar has different components:
- A transmitter that generates the radio signal with an oscillator such as a klystron or a magnetron and controls its duration by a modulator.
- A waveguide that links the transmitter and the antenna.
- A duplexer that serves as a switch between the antenna and the transmitter or the receiver for the signal when the antenna is used in both situations.
- A receiver. Knowing the shape of the desired received signal (a pulse), an optimal receiver can be designed using a matched filter.
- An electronic section that controls all those devices and the antenna to perform the radar scan ordered by a software.
- A link to end users.
Antenna designRadio signals broadcast from a single antenna will spread out in all directions, and likewise a single antenna will receive signals equally from all directions. This leaves the radar with the problem of deciding where the target object is located.
Early systems tended to use omni-directional broadcast antennas, with directional receiver antennas which were pointed in various directions. For instance the first system to be deployed, Chain Home, used two straight antennas at right angles for reception, each on a different display. The maximum return would be detected with an antenna at right angles to the target, and a minimum with the antenna pointed directly at it (end on). The operator could determine the direction to a target by rotating the antenna so one display showed a maximum while the other shows a minimum.
One serious limitation with this type of solution is that the broadcast is sent out in all directions, so the amount of energy in the direction being examined is a small part of that transmitted. To get a reasonable amount of power on the "target", the transmitting aerial should also be directional.
Parabolic reflectorMore modern systems use a steerable parabolic "dish" to create a tight broadcast beam, typically using the same dish as the receiver. Such systems often combine two radar frequencies in the same antenna in order to allow automatic steering, or radar lock.
Types of scan
- Primary Scan: A scanning technique where the main antenna aerial is moved to produce a scanning beam, examples include circular scan, sector scan etc
- Secondary Scan: A scanning technique where the antenna feed is moved to produce a scanning beam, example include conical scan, unidirectional sector scan, lobe switching etc.
- Palmer Scan: A scanning technique that produces a scanning beam by moving the main antenna and its feed. A Palmer Scan is a combination of a Primary Scan and a Secondary Scan.
Applied similarly to the parabolic reflector the slotted waveguide is moved mechanically to scan and is particularly suitable for non-tracking surface scan systems, where the vertical pattern may remain constant. Owing to lower cost and less wind exposure, shipboard, airport surface, and harbour surveillance radars now use this in preference to the parabolic antenna.
Phased arrayAnother method of steering is used in a phased array radar. This uses an array of similar aerials suitably spaced, the phase of the signal to each individual aerial being controlled so that the signal is reinforced in the desired direction and cancels in other directions. If the individual aerials are in one plane and the signal is fed to each aerial in phase with all others then the signal will reinforce in a direction perpendicular to that plane. By altering the relative phase of the signal fed to each aerial the direction of the beam can be moved because the direction of constructive interference will move. Because phased array radars require no physical movement the beam can scan at thousands of degrees per second, fast enough to irradiate and track many individual targets, and still run a wide-ranging search periodically. By simply turning some of the antennas on or off, the beam can be spread for searching, narrowed for tracking, or even split into two or more virtual radars. However, the beam cannot be effectively steered at small angles to the plane of the array, so for full coverage multiple arrays are required, typically disposed on the faces of a triangular pyramid (see picture).
Phased array radars have been in use since the earliest years of radar use in World War II, but limitations of the electronics led to fairly poor accuracy. Phased array radars were originally used for missile defense. They are the heart of the ship-borne Aegis combat system, and the Patriot Missile System, and are increasingly used in other areas because the lack of moving parts makes them more reliable, and sometimes permits a much larger effective antenna, useful in fighter aircraft applications that offer only confined space for mechanical scanning.
As the price of electronics has fallen, phased array radars have become more and more common. Almost all modern military radar systems are based on phased arrays, where the small additional cost is far offset by the improved reliability of a system with no moving parts. Traditional moving-antenna designs are still widely used in roles where cost is a significant factor such as air traffic surveillance, weather radars and similar systems.
Phased array radars are also valued for use in aircraft, since they can track multiple targets. The first aircraft to use a phased array radar is the B-1B Lancer. The first aircraft fighter to use phased array radar was the Mikoyan MiG-31. The MiG-31M's SBI-16 Zaslon phased array radar is considered to be the world's most powerful fighter radar http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/russia/mig-31.htm. Phased-array interferometry or, aperture synthesis techniques, using an array of separate dishes that are phased into a single effective aperture, are not typically used for radar applications, although they are widely used in radio astronomy. Because of the Thinned array curse, such arrays of multiple apertures, when used in transmitters, result in narrow beams at the expense of reducing the total power transmitted to the target. In principle, such techniques used could increase the spatial resolution, but the lower power means that this is generally not effective. Aperture synthesis by post-processing of motion data from a single moving source, on the other hand, is widely used in space and airborne radar systems (see Synthetic aperture radar).
Frequency bandsThe traditional band names originated as code-names during World War II and are still in military and aviation use throughout the world in the 21st century. They have been adopted in the United States by the IEEE, and internationally by the ITU. Most countries have additional regulations to control which parts of each band are available for civilian or military use.
Other users of the radio spectrum, such as the broadcasting and electronic countermeasures (ECM) industries, have replaced the traditional military designations with their own systems.
Radar modulatorsModulators, also called pulse forming networks or line (PFNs) act to provide the short pulses of power to the magnetron. This technology is known as Pulsed power. In this way, the transmitted pulse of RF radiation is kept to a defined, and usually, very short duration. Modulators consist of a high voltage pulse generator formed from an HV supply, and a high voltage switch such as a thyratron.
A klystron tube may also be used as a modulator because it is an amplifier, so it can be modulated by its low power input signal.
Radar coolantCoolanol and PAO (poly-alpha olefin) are the two main coolants used to cool airborne radar equipment today.
The U.S. Navy has instituted a program named Pollution Prevention (P2) to reduce or eliminate the volume and toxicity of waste, air emissions, and effluent discharges. Because of this Coolanol is used less often today.
PAO is a synthetic lubricant composition is a blend of a polyol ester admixed with effective amounts of an antioxidant, yellow metal pacifier and rust inhibitors. The polyol ester blend includes a major proportion of poly (neopentyl polyol) ester blend formed by reacting poly(pentaerythritol) partial esters with at least one C7 to C12 carboxylic acid mixed with an ester formed by reacting a polyol having at least two hydroxyl groups and at least one C8-C10 carboxylic acid. Preferably, the acids are linear and avoid those which can cause odours during use. Effective additives include secondary arylamine antioxidants, triazole derivative yellow metal pacifier and an amino acid derivative and substituted primary and secondary amine and/or diamine rust inhibitor.
A synthetic coolant/lubricant composition, comprising an ester mixture of 50 to 80 weight percent of poly (neopentyl polyol) ester formed by reacting a poly (neopentyl polyol) partial ester and at least one linear monocarboxylic acid having from 6 to 12 carbon atoms, and 20 to 50 weight percent of a polyol ester formed by reacting a polyol having 5 to 8 carbon atoms and at least two hydroxyl groups with at least one linear monocarboxylic acid having from 7 to 12 carbon atoms, the weight percents based on the total weight of the composition.
Radar functions and roles
- Over-the-Horizon (OTH) Radar
- Target Acquisition (TA) Radar Systems
- Surface Search (SS) Radar Systems
- Surface Search Radar
- Coastal Surveillance Radar
- Harbour Surveillance Radar
- Antisubmarine Warfare (ASW) Radar
- Height Finder (HF) Radar Systems
- Gap Filler Radar Systems
- Target Tracking (TT) Systems
- Multi-Function Systems
Missile guidance systems
- Air-to-Air Missile (AAM)
- Air-to-Surface Missile (ASM)
- SAM Systems
- Surface-to-Surface Missiles (SSM) Systems
Battlefield and reconnaissance radar
Air Traffic Control and navigation
- Air Traffic Control Systems
- Distance Measuring Equipment (DME)
- Radio Beacons
- Radar Altimeter (RA) Systems
- Terrain-Following Radar (TFR) Systems
Space and range instrumentation radar systems
- Space (SP) Tracking Systems
- Range Instrumentation (RI) Systems
- Video Relay/Downlink Systems
- Space-Based Radar
Radars for biological research
Through The Wall Radar Systems
Radar systems which operate using Ultra Wideband technology can sense a human behind walls. This is possible since the reflective characteristics of humans are generally greater than those of the typical materials used in construction. However, since humans reflect far less radar energy than metal does, these systems require sophisticated technology to isolate human targets and moreover to process any sort of detailed image.
- Crossed-field amplifier
- Gallium arsenide
- Klystron tube
- List of radars
- Cavity magnetron
- Over-the-horizon radar
- Radar History
- Similar detection and ranging methods
- Traveling wave tube (TWT)
Types and uses of radar
- 3D radar
- Active Electronically Scanned Array (AESA)
- Automatic Radar Plotting Aid
- Bistatic radar
- Continuous-wave radar
- Doppler radar
- Fm-cw radar
- Imaging radar
- Incoherent scatter
- Low probability of intercept
- Millimetre cloud radar
- Monopulse radar
- Passive radar
- Planar array radar
- Precision Approach Radar
- Radar gun, for traffic policing and as used in some sports
- SCR-270 radar
- X-band radar
- H2S radar
- Chain Home
- Man portable radar
- Barrett, Dick, "All you ever wanted to know about British air defence radar". The Radar Pages. (History and details of various British radar systems)
- Buderi, "Telephone History: Radar History". Privateline.com. (Anecdotal account of the carriage of the world's first high power cavity magnetron from Britain to the US during WW2.)
- Ekco Radar WW2 Shadow Factory The secret development of British Radar.
- ES310 "Introduction to Naval Weapons Engineering.". (Radar fundamentals section)
- Hollmann, Martin, "Radar Family Tree". Radar World.
- Penley, Bill, and Jonathan Penley, "Early Radar History - an Introduction". 2002.
- Buderi, Robert, The invention that changed the world: the story of radar from war to peace, Simon & Schuster, 1996. ISBN 0-349-11068-9 ISBN 0-316-90715-4
- Hall, P.S., T.K. Garland-Collins, R.S. Picton and R.G. Lee, Radar, Brassey's (UK) Ltd., 1991, Land Warfare Series: Vol 9, ISBN 0-08-037711-4.
- Kaiser, Gerald, Chapter 10 in "A Friendly Guide to Wavelets", Birkhauser, Boston, 1994.
- Jones, R.V., Most Secret War, ISBN 1-85326-699-X. R.V. Jones' account of his part in British Scientific Intelligence between 1939 and 1945, working to anticipate the German's radar, radio navigation and V1/V2 developments.
- Le Chevalier, François, Principles of Radar and Sonar Signal Processing, Artech House, Boston, London, 2002. ISBN 1-58053-338-8.
- Skolnik, Merrill I., Introduction to Radar Systems, McGraw-Hill (1st ed., 1962; 2nd ed., 1980; 3rd ed., 2001), ISBN 0-07-066572-9. The de-facto radar introduction bible.
- Skolnik, Merrill I., Radar Handbook. ISBN 0-07-057913-X widely used in the US since the 1970s. New 3rd Edition, February 2008, ISBN 0-07-148547-3; 978-0-07-148547-0
- Stimson, George W., Introduction to Airborne Radar, SciTech Publishing (2nd edition, 1998), ISBN 1-891121-01-4. Written for the non-specialist. The first half of the book on radar fundamentals is also applicable to ground- and sea-based radar.
- Bragg, Michael., RDF1 The Location of Aircraft by Radio Methods 1935–1945, Hawkhead Publishing, Paisley 1988 ISBN 0-9531544-0-8 The history of ground radar in the UK during World War II
- Latham, Colin & Stobbs, Anne., Radar A Wartime Miracle, Sutton Publishing Ltd, Stroud 1996 ISBN 0-7509-1643-5 A history of radar in the UK during World War II told by the men and women who worked on it.
- Pritchard, David., The Radar War Germany's Pioneering Achievement 1904–1945 Patrick Stephens Ltd, Wellingborough 1989., ISBN 1-85260-246-5
- Zimmerman, David., Britain's Shield Radar and the Defeat of the Luftwaffe, Sutton Publishing Ltd, Stroud, 2001., ISBN 0-7509-1799-7
- Brown, Louis., A Radar History of World War II, Institute of Physics Publishing, Bristol, 1999., ISBN 0-7503-0659-9
- Bowen, E.G., Radar Days, Institute of Physics Publishing, Bristol, 1987., ISBN 0-7503-0586-X
- Howse, Derek, Radar At Sea The Royal Navy in World War 2, Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, Maryland, USA, 1993, ISBN 1-55750-704-X
- Christian Hülsmeyer and about the early days of radar inventions
- Radar: The Canadian History of Radar - Canadian War Museum
- Radar technology principles
- The first operational radar in France 1934
- Historic Radar Archive
- Radar and RF related eBooks
- History of Radar
- Radar Invisibility with Metamaterials
- Radar Research Center-Italy
- Early radar development in the UK
- Principles of radar target acquisition and weapon guidance systems
- Cloaking and radar invisibility
- The Secrets of Radar Museum
- 84th Radar Evaluation Squadron
- Radar on Skybrary
- EKCO WW II ASV radar units
radars in Arabic: رادار
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radars in Bulgarian: Радиолокатор
radars in Catalan: Radar
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radars in Modern Greek (1453-): Ραντάρ
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radars in Malay (macrolanguage): Radar
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radars in Norwegian Nynorsk: Radar
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radars in Russian: Радиолокационная станция
radars in Simple English: Radar
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A computer network, often simply referred to as a network, is a collection of hardware components and computers
Starting from the strategy of the data center which is the most important
Computer data storage, often called storage or memory, refers to computer components and recording media
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This switch-mode power supply transforms an input voltage of 220 to 240 AC into 12V DC at the output. The intensity of current goes up to 5 amperes - 60 W maximum, which allows powering several electrical or electromagnetic locking devices and / or access control.
The nominal voltage is furthermore adjustable by +/- 15% thanks to the potentiometer integrated in the DIN rail power supply, which leaves a margin of maneuver to the installers according to the configuration. As for the input voltage, it goes from 220V to 240V AC, and is transformed into 12V DC.
User outputs +/- doubled
The connection of these switching power supplies is facilitated by its doubled outputs, and moreover placed at the bottom of the facade for optimal accessibility. The maximum conductor section is 2.5 mm2.
A 5-module DIN rail format power supply
This ADD1260 without battery backup installs on a DIN rail and occupies five modules. With a maximum current of 5 A - 60 W, these modular power supplies have the ability to provide power to several products such as electromagnetic locks and handles, electric strikes, or code keyboards and proximity readers.
Overvoltage and short-circuit protection
Designed by Sewosy, the DIN rail power supply includes an electronic fuse. The reset is done automatically as soon as the fault is restored.


An automatic multi-charge system can get an extended time battery life. The estimated time taken to charge a battery using solar is equal to the sunshine hours for a location when you use the solar panel watts provided by the calculator. qty2 SLR100 AGM Solar Panel Smart Charger Deep Cycle VRLA 200 AH SLA 12v Battery 5 out of 5 stars (1) 1 product ratings - qty2 SLR100 AGM Solar Panel Smart Charger Deep Cycle VRLA 200 AH SLA 12v Battery Hence a proper charging method can increase the lifetime of a battery reasonably. 48V 200AH standard 9.6KWH lifepo4 solar storage wall battery Looking for a lightweight, non-toxic, and maintenance-free energy storage solution? Inbuilt BMS: The Enerdrive ePOWER B-TEC 200Ah Lithium Battery comes with an internal battery management system (BMS), with a restart button for easy recovery. These Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO4) batteries, produced by GeePower here in China, are rated at more than 2000 recharge cycles, can be assembled in series and parallels with a battery management system (BMS). The 200AH battery can feed 200 Amps for 1 hour, or 100 Amps for 2 hours, or 10 amp for 20 hours. Therefore, for a fast charging opportunity, the deep cycle battery is much appreciable. Convert Watts to Amps . Fast charging improves the charge efficiency. GeePower®3.2V LiFePO4 200AH Prismatic Lithium Battery can be used to Electric vehicles and other energy storage areas. At 1C charge rate, the efficiency of a standard NiCd is 91 percent and the charge time is about an hour (66 minutes at 91 percent). if the battery has Wh information on it, convert it to mAh. ... To Calculate how much time You'll need to charge the battery with a 15 Watt solar charger You'll need: Calculate the Ampere per hour of the charger: 15 Watts /12 Volts = 1,25 Amperes. Using the example above, 600W of solar panels will charge a 200Ah battery in about 5 hours The BMS will monitor each cell within the battery and is designed to protect the battery from over-charge, over-discharge, over-heating and short circuiting. Buy Beleeb Battery Charger Automotive Maintainer 12V 24V 36V 48V 60V 72V Volt Current Manually Adjusted for 40-200Ah Car Batteries with Clips Ammeter for Golf Cart Truck RV Yacht Mower AGM SLA ATV C30: Battery Chargers - Amazon.com FREE DELIVERY possible on eligible purchases When using a portable charger disconnect your Deep Cycle Marine Battery from your â¦ Letâs say a 12V 100Ah solar lithium battery to be used for a 12V 30A device the battery run time calculation would be 100Ah/30A=3.3 Hours Calculate charge time: Battery Capacity + 10% divided by charger output = charge time (2500 mAh + 250 = 2750 divided by 2500 mA = 1.1 hours (2.5 A charge rate is 2500 mA) Values Defined: Cell Size is the size physical size of the cells that make up a battery pack. It depends on your location. Here's how to use a portable deep cycle marine battery charger. Youth Power deep-cycle Lithium Ferro Phosphate (LFP) batteries are optimized with proprietary cell architecture, power electronics, BMS and assembly methods. Some customers asks for 12v battery run time calculator, Actully the formula works for all volts. 2. Always before charging a battery in using the charger is best to refer to the manual that came with both the battery and the charger. Additionally, how many solar panels does it take to charge a 200ah battery? However, a deep cycle battery doesnât work without charge. It needs regular charging to keep it active. Well, add about 50% for things like charging losses and clouds. A typical panel can put out 120 watts, so it would take about 20 hours of sunlight to charge the battery. 1. AAA, AA, C and D On a slow charger, the efficiency drops to 71 percent, prolonging the charge time to about 14 hours at 0.1C.


Background on Electric Vehicle Charging
Electric vehicles run on Direct Current (DC) power. The fastest way to charge an electric vehicle is with DC fast charging stations. These are expensive bowser like installations designed to supply power on a commercial basis on a first come basis. Home charging and destination charging is facilitated by Alternating Current (AC) wall units that require the car itself to transform the AC into DC. The wall units, plugs and componentry are referred to as Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment (EVSE). There are different EVSE standards that define the protocols for charging to ensure, for example, that no current flows until the plug is inserted and that the correct amount of current flows into the on-board car charger.
The more current, the faster the charge. Home installations are typically limited to 32 amps single phase delivering 7 kW. Plug selection depends on the vehicle, but the emerging choice is between the European IEC 62196 Mennekes plug (used by Tesla in Australia) or the American SAE J1772 plug (used by Nissan & Mitsubishi). The other differentiator between wall units is the level of communications. Some are standalone (e.g. Tesla) whilst others require a RFID token for activation so that the usage record is networked back to a central data base for billing purposes (e.g ChargePoint).
The way forward for apartments.
The ideal would be for the constructing builder to run 40 amps circuits from the apartment electricity meter to the relevant basement car park. This is not realistic.
Through Next Gen Utilities, WINconnect offer a solution that daisy chains and load balances up to 10 car parks onto the one circuit. Typically, this would be a common area circuit. Use of each wall unit to charge cars is measured in kWHrs, and the consumption is communicated back to a central data base for monthly billing. WINconnect bill for the energy consumed to recover costs for the Owners Corporation at the common area energy tariff. Capital costs for the installation is funded by an administration fee applied to the monthly bills.


Growing Up: 5 Reasons Why Many Companies Are Still in the “Adolescence of AI”
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Here’s what businesses can learn from the small group of organizations already using artificial intelligence (AI) for their competitive advantage.
If the biggest companies in the world were people, most would be in their teens when it comes to using artificial intelligence (AI).
According new search Accenture AI Maturity Survey, 63% of the 1,200 companies were identified as “experimenters,” or companies stuck in the experimentation phase of their AI life. They have yet to harness the full potential of technology to innovate and transform their business, and they risk leaving money on the table.
This is money that the most mature AI organizations are already making. While “AI adults” (dubbed Achievers in research) are just a small group – representing 12% of companies – they reap big rewards: by outperforming their peers on AI, they increase growth of their income by 50% on average. How? Because they master key capabilities in the right mix by mastering the technology itself – including data, AI and cloud – as well as their organizational strategy, responsible use of AI, sponsorship of the C suite, talent and culture.
MetaBeat will bring together thought leaders to advise on how metaverse technology will transform the way all industries communicate and do business on October 4 in San Francisco, California.
Unlike people, companies do not necessarily grow and reach adulthood in a relatively fixed period. Instead, they hold their development in their own hands. It is therefore crucial to understand what is preventing adolescent AI users from reaching maturity. They generally share the following five characteristics:
1. Their C-suite didn’t buy AI’s ability to drive growth
Only 56% of experimenters have a CEO and senior sponsorship, compared to 83% of achievers, indicating that AI maturity starts with leadership buy-in. Additionally, Achievers are four times more likely than Experimenters to set up platforms that encourage the sharing of ideas and easily ask questions internally. In one example of innovation driven by leadership, a global digital platform is harnessing AI and generative design to create self-contained buildings that fit together like the pieces of a LEGO set.
2. They don’t invest in their team members
Experimenters are hampered by a shortage of skilled AI workers. Moreover, they have not yet invested in training that helps their employees acquire AI knowledge. While more than three-quarters of Achievers (78%) have mandatory AI training for their engineers up to C-suite executives, the same can be said for only 51% of Experimenters.
To be successful with AI, experimenters must retrain current team members in the technology. For example, a large oil and gas company in Southeast Asia built a gaming platform to develop the digital literacy of its employees. He then created a cloud-based performance reviewer that assessed a decade of employee data to make recommendations for filling various digital roles. This has reduced the time it takes to fill vacancies and has helped close the digital skills gap.
3. Their use of AI is not integrated across the business
While 75% of all companies analyzed have integrated AI into their business strategies and cloud plans, they lack a foundational AI core. To achieve AI maturity, they need to embed AI across the enterprise while knowing when to leverage external resources.
Achievers are 32% more likely than Experimenters to develop custom machine learning applications or work with a partner to extract value from their data. For example, a major US credit card company created an innovative AI ecosystem by partnering with a technical university to create a dedicated analytics lab. The lab helped him stay on top of scientific and technical breakthroughs.
4. They design AI without considering its implications
Scaling AI does indeed rely on building responsibly from the start. With an increase in AI regulation, organizations that can demonstrate reliable, high-quality technology systems that are “regulation-ready” will have a significant market advantage. In fact, Achievers are already 53% more likely than their peers to develop and deploy AI responsibly.
Otherwise, companies risk destroying trust with customers, employees, businesses and society. To combat this, a European-based pharmaceutical company has created accountability mechanisms and risk management controls to ensure its AI-powered operations and services are aligned with its core values.
5. They mistakenly believe that AI has already reached a plateau
Companies that do not aggressively increase their AI spending risk being left behind. To successfully drive business value with AI, leaders know it’s just the beginning, which is why in the last year alone, 46% of CEOs mentioned the technology in their earnings calls .
By 2024, we predict that nearly half of enterprises (49%) will spend at least 30% of their technology budgets on AI, up from 19% in 2021. These organizations know that the quality of their investments matters just as much than quantity, and they are dedicated to simultaneously expanding the reach of AI while better integrating its solutions.
AI stands for lifelong learning
Environments shape people, especially in adolescence. It is not so different with the companies and industries in which they are embedded. Tech companies with little legacy technology have a natural advantage over AI. Most insurance companies, on the other hand, are both hampered by this legacy and faced with a much higher degree of regulation. Unsurprisingly, these are the sectors where AI maturity is highest and lowest respectively. Still, most industries have their Achievers, and overall, all are expected to mature further. By 2024, the overall share of Achievers will increase from the current rate of 12% to 27%.
But even these “adults” will have to keep learning as technology transforms every part of a business, sometimes leading to total business reinvention. There is plenty of room for growth around AI for everyone.
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Traditionally in September, the Apple conference, during which three new iPhone smartphones: Xs, Xs Max and Xr were presented, took place. The producer has announced a real revolution in smartphone photography. Let's see how true that is.
One thing should be said directly - there is no equipment revolution in photography and new iPhones do not significantly differ in this matter compared to their predecessors. iPhone Xs and Xs Max are equipped with a pair of 12MP cameras with 28mm and 56mm lenses with the brightness of f/1.8 and f/2.4. The cameras have optical stabilization. The Xr model has only one camera with the resolution of 12MP, with the f/1.8 lens. The sensor of the camera is of 1/2.6" size and an individual pixel's size of 1,4μm. Such a construction should bring an opportunity of taking much better photos in low light. In the cases of a lack of light, we have an improved flash at our disposal.
1). iPhone Xs Max Camera
The main novelty concerning taking photographs with the use of new iPhones seems to be the Smart HDR mode in which the camera takes eight photographs and then creates one balanced frame. Another improvement is the "portrait mode" in which background blurring has been significantly improved in comparison to older iPhones. The level of background blurring can be regulated after taking a photograph.
On the front of the smartphones, we will find a well-known set of detectors thanks to which we can unlock our smartphone by showing our face. The "selfie" camera has the resolution of 7MP and the lens' brightness is f2/2. The background blurring effective can be achieved also with the use of the photographs taken by the front camera.
Video registered with the use of the new iPhone Xs and Xs Max is maximally of 4K resolution and can be recorded with the speed of 60f/s. - so there's no breakthrough here. Still, the producer has announced that thanks to better image processing the recorded films are to be characterized by better colors and a wider dynamic range - unfortunately, we can achieve this only by recording videos with the speed lower than 30f/s. Full HD films can be registered with the speed of 240f/s. Four microphones in the device are responsible for good sound quality.
2). iPhone Xs
All three presented smartphones are "framelds" constructions. In Xs and Xs Max models, OLED screens with the dimensions of, respectively: 5,8" (2436 × 1125 px) and 6,5" (2688 × 1242px) are used. Pixel density is 458ppi, contrast - 1.000.000:1 and brightness - 625cd/m2. The screens support HDR technology. The screen of iPhone Xr is a bit poorer since it is a classic 6,1" IPS LCD with the resolution of 1792 × 828px, which results in the pixel density of 326ppi.
The latest equipment novelty is a new A12 Bionic processor, based on neuron networks. The main processor has six cores. Four cores have a graphic arrangement od smartphones, thanks to which the general speed of work is to increase by 50% and the applications are to load 30% raster. All of this is achieved with the electricity demand decreased by 50%.
New iPhones are more sealed (IP68 class) and they can be immersed by 2 meters for 30 minutes. The phones support handling two SIM cards (nano SIM and sSIM) and their speakers have also been improved. Demand for energy has decreased, thanks to which iPhone Xs is supposed to work 30 minutes later and iPhone Xs Max - 90 minutes longer than iPhone X.
New Apple smartphones are already available and their prices are as follows:
Apple iPhone Xr - $748.
Apple iPhone Xs - $999.
Apple iPhone Xs Max - $1099


Customize iPhone Camera Modes
Don't want to read? Video version below. OR search for podcast under 'Gregory Schmidt'.
Apple offers up to seven different camera modes on their devices.
To switch between modes, users swipe left or right. Unfortunately the sequence of these modes is unmodifiable.
1 - TIME-LAPSE
2 - SLO-MO
3 - VIDEO
4 - PHOTO (standard mode)
5 - PORTRAIT
6 - SQUARE
PHOTO (mode 4) is the standard mode. In my case, the second most used mode is PANO (mode 7). In order to get there I have to swipe three times - through PORTRAIT and through SQUARE.
Ideally, users could re-sequence the camera modes and remove unwanted modes. This improves usability by making it faster to shift camera modes.
Also, in current state, in order to get from mode 7 (PANO) to mode 1 (TIME-LAPSE) the user has to swipe backwards seven times. Ideally, mode 7 could cycle to mode 1 via a long swipe or double swipe. Same for mode 1 to mode 7.
Camera Mode: Proposed Upgrades
Under Settings, users should be able to:
1. Re-sequence the camera modes: permit the user to cluster their most used camera modes adjacent to each other. For me: portrait - video - photo - panorama is the right order.
2. Remove Unused Modes: I have never used, and will not use, SQUARE mode. However, the setting panel doesn't allow users to remove unwanted modes.
Camera Settings Panel: Mockup
Quick mockup showing how to incorporate ability to re-order and inactivate camera modes.
The movable camera mode list, with option to turn on/off each item draws on the pre-existing iOS user interface language. See 'Accessibility Shortcut' for a similar design
Why is it like this?
I suspect the current camera mode sequence has been developed with input based on usage data from the billion iPhones out there. Perhaps the sequence is designed to highlight new camera modes and increase familiarity and usage of them. Perhaps there is a technical limitation that requires the lens system to shift between modes in a particular sequence.
Regardless, the camera is an important part of the OS, and an area further camera customization is always appreciated.
May be interested in: post on watchOS timer app suggestion.


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Fully customized graphics on touch panels allows personalized and exclusive user interface with easy incorporation of pictures and logos. Backed by a comprehensive warrantee and prompt after sales service, Raylogic also offers design assistance, training and support.
At Raylogic, we build products to make your life easier, greener and more energy efficient. It’s your world. Control it.


Design of a human centric approach of artificial intelligence
Date & duration: 2020 – 5 months
Skills: Cartography – Workshop conception – Adobe suit
Brief: Conception of a workshop oriented toward a human centric approach of artificial intelligence
Nowadays innovation incentives often find an answer in artificial intelligence-based products. Engineering firms like Thales are eagle to develop more complex products augmented by artificial intelligence. Therefore, in the innovation process, understanding artificial intelligence in a human centric way is becoming crucial.
Understanding IA examples to design a human centric IA.
Part of Thales’s program “Design for AI”, I conceived a workshop as well as an interactive tool, to enable this human centric understanding of artificial intelligence.
The project involves a hundred examples of artificial intelligence-based products, all analyzed and explained. The way of interacting with the product determined its typology. The discovering of the examples and their typology is the first step of the workshop. Afterward participants can share their thoughts. The innovation process follows, as explained in the workshop timeline.


Built on current military training area, the key features of SAFTI City are:
a) Realistic and Challenging Training Environment. An integrated Transport Hub comprising a bus interchange, an MRT station with multiple surface exits, high-rise interconnected buildings, dense building clusters, multiple road networks, as well as other public amenities such as shopping centres, will allow for a realistic and challenging training environment.
b) Configurable Buildings and Changeable Road Networks. Built-in swing panels allow traffic flow and buildings to be configured to training needs. This will allow soldiers to encounter a different layout of buildings and street landscape each time they train in SAFTI City.
c) Smart Technology. SAFTI City will also be a smart city, leveraging smart technologies to enhance training effectiveness and soldiers' learning experience. Smart technologies include:
(1) Targets with Shoot-back Capability. Soldiers and smart targets will be equipped with sensors for monitoring and data capturing. When smart targets are engaged, they can respond by shooting back and retreating from the location.
(2) Battlefield Effects. Battlefield effects, which include the use of smoke and blast simulators, will be used to enhance training realism.
(3) Data Analytics. Battlefield instrumentations and video cameras will be employed to track the troops' real-time actions. Furthermore, training performance will be collated and processed by a data analytics system to provide accurate feedback to the troops on their individual and team performances. With gamification integrated into the training and detailed individual feedback, individual soldiers and teams can benchmark their scores against each other, motivating them to improve further. These technological improvements enable the SAF to train more efficiently and effectively.
Phase 1 of SAFTI City will have over 70 buildings, including three 12-storey blocks, simulated underground facilities, and urban training structures. With a total estimated gross floor area of 107,000 m2, phase 1 of SAFTI City will be able to accommodate brigade-level training.


The Power of data, visualized.
Data Visualization is reinterpreted by SiMTEK and representation of data became 3D and animated and are natural fit. Display of information, communicate complex data relationships and data-driven insights in a way that we represent is easy to understand. Management also leverages it to convey organizational structure and hierarchy while data analysts and data scientists use it to discover and explain patterns and trends.
Data visualization is important for almost every career. It can be used by teachers to display student test results, by manufacturers exploring advancements in product line or by executives looking to share information with stakeholders. They needed a way to get an overview of their data quickly and easily. Visualizations of complex algorithms are generally easier to interpret than numerical outputs.
Data visualization provides a quick and effective way to communicate information in a universal manner using visual information. The practice can also help businesses identify which factors affect behavior; pinpoint areas that need to be improved or need more attention; make data more memorable.


LAS VEGAS -- Hyundai Mobis, the car parts-making wing of Hyundai auto group, has unveiled its demonstration electric vehicle, "MOBION," at the Consumer Electronics Show (CES), the world's largest annual electronics exhibition in Las Vegas.
This marks the first global introduction of MOBION by the car parts maker, featuring an innovative "e-Corner System." This system allows for unique motion techniques, such as crab-walking for sideways movement and executing a 180-degree turn, achieved through advanced in-wheel drive systems. The test vehicle was showcased on January 9 (local time) on the first day of the three-day global event.
Unlike traditional electric vehicles (EVs) with a single motor or dual motors, Hyundai's in-wheel drive system, initially showcased in 2023, integrates a motorized drive system inside each vehicle wheel. This enables individual wheel control, facilitating movements previously impossible for conventional cars.
"The MOBION represents the embodiment of Hyundai Mobis' core technologies, all of which are ready for immediate mass production," said Lee Seung-hwan, the head of Hyundai Mobis' Advanced Engineering Division. "Always striving to shift the mobility paradigm with vehicles, Mobis created MOBION to showcase our key products and capabilities," Lee added.