Is Glass A Heat Conductor Or Insulator? Glass is a heat conductor.
Is glass a good conductor? Glass is a good conductor of electricity. This is because it is made of materials that allow electrons to move freely.
Is glass is a good conductor of heat? Glass is a poor conductor of heat.
What is a glass insulator? A glass insulator is a material that does not allow electricity to flow through it.
Frequently Asked Questions
Is Glass An Insulator?
Glass is not an insulator.
Is Glass A Heat Conductor Or Insulator?
Glass is an insulator.
What Is Glass Conductor Or Insulator?
Glass is a conductor of electricity when it is melted, but it is an insulator when it is in a solid state.
What Is Insulator And Conductor?
An insulator is a material that does not allow an electric current through it, while a conductor allows electric current through it.
Is Glass A Heat Conductor Or Heat Insulator?
Glass is both a conductor and an insulator of heat.
Why Is Glass An Insulator Of Heat?
Glass is an insulator of heat because it has a low thermal conductivity.
What Are Insulators?
Insulators are materials that do not allow electricity to flow freely through them. This makes them perfect for use in electrical wiring, as they prevent the electricity from leaking out and potentially causing a dangerous situation. Some common insulators include rubber, plastic, and glass.
I believe that glass is a heat conductor because it is a type of metal.


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As an extension to our core business of PV modules, Photovoltaic solar also provides solar inverters, energy storage solutions, pre-designed solar solutions, and other components relating to the installation of solar PV power plants.
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The specific impact of solar on commercial property value largely depends on the answer to each of the following questions:
Does the organization installing solar power own the building/property for the project?
How does a leased property deliver the benefits of commercial solar?
What is the added value for property owners who provide solar energy for tenants?


About the Role
Join us to build and safely deploy aligned, superhuman AI. For decades, technology was "just a tool" - could it be a colleague?
For decades, technology was “just a tool.” Soon, it will be a partner. We are building an AI pair programmer that feels like a full colleague inside your computer - capable, conversational, and reliable across domains. If this isn't AGI, then what is? Join us if you want to build and safely deploy aligned AGI in products that matter.
As a Research Engineer, you’ll work on training, evaluating, and serving large AI models, internet-scale dataset building, and help prototype new research and product ideas.
• Excellent programming skills in Python and familiarity with frameworks like TensorFlow or PyTorch
• Deep expertise of deep learning techniques
• Strong background in distributed systems and experience with distributed training across large GPU clusters
• Deep understanding of reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms and experience with continual learning to train AI models on user feedback
• Background in data scraping and web crawling techniques for large-scale data acquisition
• Proficiency in data preprocessing, cleaning, and analysis to handle internet-scale data
• Any expertise in designing, testing, and optimizing novel neural net architectures
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• Knowledge of GPU optimization techniques to enhance model training and inference speed
• Familiarity with distributed storage systems, such as Hadoop or Spark
• Understanding of parallel computing frameworks, such as MPI or CUDA
• Experience with graph neural networks and knowledge graph representation
About the Company
Company is a public benefit corporation dedicated to building and safely deploying aligned, superhuman AGI.
Automation has led humanity from subsistence farming to becoming a globally connected society. AGI is the ultimate chapter of the story of human tool-building, presenting the potential to decouple productivity and ingenuity from human labor. What if the last 50 years of technological progress happened in 2 days? We want to make this a possibility.


Understanding Biophysical Health
Natural fields regulate our sensation, digestion, circulation and movement.
Four decades after Nikola Tesla suggested that the we are made entirely of energy and waves, quantum mechanics confirmed what was going on inside the atom, namely vibrations inside emptiness. Today we know that all matter – both organic and inorganic – vibrates with electromagnetic frequencies.
The human body, cells, organs and micro-organisms generate specific electrical currents that flow through the tissues and therefore operate magnetic fields both within and around us.
We refer to these biophysical fields as vital fields.
Both biochemistry (nutrients, chemicals) and biophysics (currents, fields) are critical to life, with an important difference. Think of biochemistry as the central heater and biophysics as the electronic thermostat. Responding to a change in temperature outside, the thermostat sends a signal to the boiler at lightspeed, which then takes minutes or hours to heat up in response. Life depends on the same principle, using instant waves to coordinate slow chemical synthesis. This is how we are able to process over 400 billion actions per second between trillions of cells, organs and micro-organisms to maintain life.
All biophysical events operate under the laws of physics, where signals create interference patterns just like ripples in a pond, transferring and sharing energy and information from one object to another. The efficiency of this communication is measured by resonance.
“We know today that man, essentially, is a being of light.”
The latest science of epigenetics confirms the importance of vital fields on life. In the new biology, DNA is merely the blueprint for protein structures, whereas behavior itself is guided by environmental signals that are received by the cell’s membrane. A healthy body that is able to process and respond to external stressors flexibly is high in resonance, able to communicate efficiently, more adaptive to change outside and more resistant to stressors.
Environmental signals cover the gamut of life – from nutrition and chemicals to electromagnetic fields, sounds, light, radiation, our thoughts and emotions (Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta and Theta frequencies) and also the fields generated by other organisms -, fauna, flora, and nature itself. They shape the commune of cells known as the human body.
Knowing this, we can choose to limit signals that undermine our health and support the ones that bring us more energy.
Manmade electromagnetic fields such as cell phone radiation undermines our health when excess exposure disrupts resonance in the body. Mitochondria, the cellular energy plants that generate ninety-five percent of our total energy needs, operate with an electric principle that is particularly sensitive to electrosmog.
Long-term damage to mitochondria is the root cause of most forms of chronic disease, which is why it’s important to start thinking about health also from a biophysical aspect.
This is where WaveLife comes in.
WaveLife solutions generate extremely precise vital fields to help energize areas where resonance is low, thereby making the body more resistant to environmental stressors such as electrosmog.


It has been 5 years since my first experiments with guitar pickup measurements began. I discovered several people that had performed experiments and published them on the internet. But why would I want to measure pickups? It began with a guitar. I had always been a Gibson player, but tried a Fender Telecaster one day and liked it so much I bought it. However, I was queasy about the non-humbucking pickups that it had. So I set about to replace them.
I expected to find some concrete wisdom online, but found nothing that satisfied my technical appetite. So I just asked the guy at the counter in the music store. He suggested a Seymour Duncan SH-2 Jazz pickup for the neck. I had already been to the Seymour Duncan website and found the “sound system” ratings that they publish – these are bar graphs showing bass, midrange and treble levels. I couldn’t make much sense of those so I just followed the guy’s advice. It did sound good, but it left me wondering why.
Later, I found myself in China with a bit of spare time on my hands. I began to track down some interesting research, such as the work of Helmuth Lemme, http://www.buildyourguitar.com/resources/lemme/
I wondered, “could I build a pickup measurement system using simple everyday parts instead of the lab instruments that many of the published researchers were using?”. So on the magnificent window facing wooden desk set of my study at the school, I built this prototype:
It did not perform very well, but it did work. In the meanwhile, I found and began to collaborate with other people that had similar interests. That led to improvement of the same circuit. I made the first PCB, the V5.7, and built some systems which shipped to a few interested people all over the globe. This previous article explains more: https://kenwillmott.com/blog/archives/152
Gradually, the experience with the V5.7 produced a list of needed improvements. That kick started the development of the same circuit as a more manufacturable and versatile product. Fast forward about 2 years to 2019, and it is here:
So, what does it measure, and how could you use those measurements? The pickup sits between the strings and the amplifier, so it is a kind of gateway through which the sound has to pass. It’s also an electrical component, so it has a thing called an “impedance” – more on that later. As a gateway, it is not transparent, but has different degrees of response at different audio frequencies – together referred to as a “response”. This device measures the response, which can be recorded, studied, and compared with the responses of other pickups.
If you feed a constant, unvarying test signal to a pickup (instead of the vibration of a string), and plot the output signal at all the relevant audio frequencies, you get a “Bode plot”, which is just a graph of amplitude vs. frequency. A small test coil can provide a test signal, and an appropriate PC application can easily generate a test chart, such as this one:
It’s worth discussing a few common response features at this point – nearly all pickups share them because they all effectively operate the same way. Below 1 kHz, you can see that the response is “flat” – the amplitude does not vary with frequency (one implication of that, is that the term “bass response” of pickups has no useful technical meaning). Then, at some frequency which is about 2.4 kHz in this example, there is usually a peak (in this case +1 dB louder than the reference level below 1 kHz). Above that frequency, the signal diminishes rapidly and never returns.
How would this impact the perceived sound? Well, in the flat portion, all pickups sound the same. That is because the pickups are passing the string vibration identically and uniformly. The intensity (here, the height) of the peak imparts a bell-like resonance which may or may not be audible depending on the amplitude of the peak. The “cutoff” or drop in signal always follows the peak, so the frequency of the peak also determines the frequency at which the fall-off occurs. The fall-off of higher frequencies mainly influences the perception of treble – the “brightness” or “dullness” of the sound. Note that such perceptions are value independent – personal preference can translate “bright” into “shrill” and “dull” into “smooth” or some other adjective.
The overall similarity of the response of different pickups is due to the identical electrical model that they all share. Thus, disregarding small differences, nearly every pickup can be distinguished electrically by its resonant frequency, height of resonant peak or “Q”, and sensitivity to string vibration or “output”. There are other differences due to magnetic field geometry (“aperture”), non-linear magnetic field strength imparting harmonic content, and harmonic effects on the string from the constant force of the applied magnetic field. I am only listing the proven ones. However since these 3 factors will be similar between any two of the same general type of pickup, the response itself is a predominant and reliable indication of the sound.
There are many applications for the measurements. You can predict tone approximately, compare altogether different designs and evaluate the effects of different internal components such as magnets, compare different pickups of the same production run, detect defects like internal shorts that are not evident in a simple resistance measurement. With access to an online database, you can select pickups that are similar to ones that you already like, disprove specious claims about pickups, test new designs and so on. I have seen photos of similar devices taken on factory tours of some major pickup manufacturers, so they use them even if they don’t talk about it – they like to project an image more tailored to “connoisseurs” of tone, more in tune with instrumentalists.
The system works in the following way – a test signal is applied to a small coil through a resistor. This creates a magnetic test field that substitutes for a vibrating string. The coil is placed adjacent to the pickup, and a plot is created. There is a small problem – an alternating magnetic field generates a voltage signal that is the mathematical derivative of the field. This is predicted by Faraday’s Law. It is not part of the response of the pickup “as a filter”. So it is necessary to apply the inverse of differentiation, which is mathematical integration. The V5.x devices contain an “integrator” circuit to perform this function, as well as a highly sensitive preamplifier that prevents the circuit from itself affecting the pickup that it is connected to.
There is another way to measure pickups, by treating it as a device with no magnetic input and simply measuring the complex impedance at all frequencies. This is a perfectly acceptable method, but does not yield response curves directly, thus requires specialized software. It has the advantage that response curves for arbitrary loads can be simulated correctly, and that the test hardware can potentially be very simple. However, at this point in time it is under development by a few people who have not yet made it publicly available as a working package. I certainly hope that they do, but my hardware integrator solution works well now with generic PC software available for/with PC audio hardware or hardware oscilloscopes. Also, measurements with a magnetic exciter coil such as in my system, are more accurate than direct impedance measurements when eddy current losses are present between the string and the coil (often true in metal pickup covers).
The V5.8 brings mostly practical improvements to the V5.7 that I developed and distributed PCB’s for several years ago. The assembly has been simplified by locating all the switches on the PCB. A variable capacitor makes calibration easy. Bulk procurement has enabled me to reduce the parts cost and so I can offer assembled PCB’s at a low cost, and the improved assembly also allows me to construct complete systems at a very reasonable price. As the market for it is not big, I have not constructed an e-commerce site for them. But if you want one, or you want to build one, just contact me and I will work something out with you.
It is an open source project, I have published all the PCB designs, so that anyone can make them. I’ve also provided schematics and parts lists. It can be found here: https://github.com/KenWillmott/integrator


iMac 21.5-inch Core i5 3.06Ghz Core i3 MC508B/A 2010 Model 11,2
Out of stock
iMac MC508B/A Type: All-in-One Desktop PC
- Product Family: iMac MC508B/A
- Model Identifier: iMac11,2
- Model Number: A1311
- EMC : 2389
- Screen Size: 21.5-inch
- Memory: 4 GB
- Model release: 2010
- Hard Drive Capacity: 500Gb
- Processor Type: Intel Core i5
- Processor Speed: 3.06 core i3
- Featured image: Photos are stock images and are used for illustration purposes only.
- Delivery: Free Delivery UK Mainland
- 1 Year Warranty
- Buy with confidence: Paypal and SagePay at checkout.
This product is Grade A\B– is in Very Good Condition – Looks good has slight cosmetic blemishes.
1 Year Warranty
After Sales Support
*Used: An item that has been previously used. The item may have some signs of cosmetic wear, but is fully operational and functions as intended. This item may be a floor model or an item that has been returned to the seller after a period of use.
The iMac "Core i3" 3.06 21.5-Inch Aluminum (Mid-2010) is powered by a dual core 3.06 GHz Intel "Core i3" I3-540 (Clarkdale) processor with a dedicated 256k level 2 cache for each core and a 4 MB shared level 3 cache. In lieu of a system bus, it has a "Direct Media Interface" (DMI) that "connects between the processor and chipset" at 2.5 GT/s. By default, it is configured with 4 GB of RAM (1333 MHz PC3-10600 DDR3 SDRAM), a 500 GB (7200 RPM) hard drive, a vertically-mounted slot-loading DVD-R DL "SuperDrive", and ATI Radeon HD 4670 graphics with 256 MB of dedicated GDDR3 memory. It also has a built-in iSight video camera and built-in stereo speakers underneath the 21.5" glossy 16:9 LED-backlit TFT Active Matrix LCD (1920x1080 native) display "with IPS technology".
3.06GHz Intel Core i3
4GB (two 2GB) memory
500GB hard drive
8x double-layer SuperDrive
Good for work, play or study
SSD (Solid State Drive)
On a refurbished Apple Mac computer an SSD Hard Drive makes the difference. And put it at the same level as a newish Mac.


Optical and infrared telescopes study radiation streaking through the universe with wavelengths in the visible-light and infrared parts of the electromagnetic spectrum. And using observations with these telescopes, astronomers today know that star-forming activity in the universe peaked some 8-10 billion years ago – and then declined by about 10-times to its current rate.
However, we don’t know why this slowdown happened – and not for lack of trying. The principal issue is that we didn’t, and still don’t, have enough information about a key ingredient of stars: neutral atomic hydrogen.
A neutral hydrogen atom consists of one proton, in the nucleus, and one electron orbiting it. All subatomic particles have a property called spin, which denotes the particle’s angular momentum. If the proton and the electron in the hydrogen atom have both their spins oriented in the same direction, the atom as a whole has slightly more energy than if the proton’s and the electron’s were pointing in opposite directions (a.k.a. anti-parallel). The higher energy state is called the excited state.
Sometimes, in an extremely rare event, an excited hydrogen atom may transition to the lower energy state by emitting energy in the form of electromagnetic radiation – i.e. a photon – of wavelength 21.106 cm (rounded down to 21 cm for convenient communication). So observing radiation of this wavelength is a sign that neutral hydrogen atoms are present.
This event is so rare that it is nearly impossible for physicists to observe it happening spontaneously in a laboratory on Earth. And even though astronomers know the precise wavelength of the radiation to look for, the emission itself is quite weak, and is quite tough to spot when it’s coming from distant galaxies.
Axiomatically, observing and measuring 21-cm radiation from distant galaxies is bound to be a notable feat. These are practically photons carrying a shade more than a trillionth of a trillionth of a joule of energy each that have travelled for billions of lightyears (one lightyear is approximately 9.4 trillion km) – and some of which have, by happenstance, encountered Earth.
A team of researchers from the National Centre for Radio Astrophysics (NCRA), Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Pune, and the Raman Research Institute (RRI), Bengaluru, recently reported measuring just this 21-cm radiation from distant galaxies, corresponding to a time when star-forming activity had just begun to dip. Their findings, made with the Giant Metre-wave Radio Telescope (GMRT) in Pune, were published on October 14, 2020.
“This the earliest epoch in the universe for which there is a measurement of the atomic gas content of galaxies, and represents a significant leap in our understanding of gas in galaxies and its connection to star-formation,” Aditya Chowdhury, a PhD student at the NCRA and one of the members of the study team, told The Wire Science.
Both space and time in the universe are united in some ways by the speed of light. A prominent effect of this is that objects that are one lightyear away in space are effectively one year away in time. If we also include the fact that the universe is expanding, light emitted by a galaxy eight billion years ago will have to travel many more billions of lightyears to reach Earth – and when it does, it will carry information of a reality that existed eight billion years ago. On the flip side, the information will have become much weaker because of the distance it has travelled.
In the face of this challenge, the NCRA-RRI team captured individual 21-cm emission signals coming from 7,653 galaxies by lining them up in three dimensions – two corresponding to their position and one to the redshift. This way, they were able to adjust for different differences and obtain an average signal.
The researchers could figure out how far away each of these galaxies was from Earth in a straightforward way. Say a galaxy has emitted some light that is travelling towards Earth. The universe is constantly expanding, as a result of which space itself is expanding. So the wavelength of this light is stretched out, making it seem redder. Astronomers know this distortion as the redshift.
The higher the redshift of a galaxy, the farther away it is.
The galaxies whose atomic hydrogen content the researchers had detected were located at redshifts of 0.74 to 1.45. On this scale, 0 refers to current time, 0.1 is about a billion years ago, 0.75 is about 5.78 billion years ago and 1.45 is 9.2 billion years ago.
The older the galaxies are, the farther away they are in space. But because the universe is also expanding at an accelerated pace, distance and time are not linearly related. So galaxies that are about 8 billion years away in time are actually more than 20 billion lightyears away in space.
According to Kanan Datta, an assistant professor of physics at the Presidency University, Kolkata, it is difficult to overstate the challenge of directly measuring the amount of neutral hydrogen from the early universe – i.e. in distant parts of it – because the 21-cm signal from individual galaxies that are so distant is very faint.
Chowdhury said detecting the same signal from an individual galaxy at redshifts of 0.74-1.45 would require more than 10,000 hours of observing time, and only with two currently operational radio-telescopes – the GMRT and the MeerKAT array in South Africa.
Star formation is associated with regions that contain dust and cold, dense gas, including molecular hydrogen (H2), that can collapse to form stars. However, neutral atomic hydrogen (HI) eventually forms H2. “So on larger, galactic scales, HI is considered to be the fuel for star formation,” Khandai said.
In star-forming galaxies close to us, astronomers have studied how the mass of galaxies and the star formation rates are related to their cold gas – i.e. HI and H2 – content. But estimates of HI content in distant galaxies have been lacking.
Chowdhury and his colleagues found that how rapidly new stars formed could have been mediated by the availability of hydrogen itself.
Specifically, they found that galaxies about 8-10 billion years ago contained nearly 2.5-times more atomic hydrogen than galaxies do today. This historical availability of hydrogen could have contributed to the prolific creation of stars until that time. The researchers also estimated that the gas’s abundance would have dwindled to a point where star-formation became too resource-intensive around one or two billion years later.
“Once the atomic hydrogen content is exhausted, and if fresh atomic hydrogen does not accumulate from the galaxies’ environments, the star-formation activity will rapidly decline,” Chowdhury said. “This provides a plausible explanation for the decline in star-formation activity over the past eight billion years.”
Similarly, he expects based on the current rate – of accumulating 0.002-0.4 solar masses per year – in nearby star-forming galaxies, like the JKB18 and the Andromeda, that they’ll be able to keep making new stars for another 7-9 billion years.
Suman Majumdar, an assistant professor of astronomy and astrophysics at IIT Indore, explained that the study provides observational evidence for theoretical studies that predicted a decline in star formation rate in galaxies from the early universe to now.
The NCRA-RRI team’s work is also notable because it used the GMRT, the most sensitive radio telescope in India, located near Pune. One of the foundational goals of this instrument – installed by the noted radio-astronomer Govind Swarup in 1995 – is to study the 21-cm emission of neutral hydrogen in outer space. Swarup passed away on September 7 this year.
In 2016, the same group of researchers had tried to detect the 21-cm emission signals with GMRT using the same approach – by stacking signals from multiple galaxies. But the telescope’s specifications only allowed them to obtain an upper limit on the strength of the averaged signal.
The GMRT was upgraded the following year. A galaxy’s redshift determines the amount by which light from it is stretched. So the 21-cm signal from galaxies at different redshifts can only be observed at different frequencies. This in turn means the telescope’s bandwidth determines the redshift range that can be observed at one time. The pre-upgrade GMRT had a bandwidth of 33 MHz; after the upgrades, this became 400 MHz. The current study was the product of this revamp.
“This work demonstrates that the GMRT can play a very important role in direct estimation of the neutral hydrogen contents of the early universe. We are about to see this field flourish in the near future and this work is definitely an important milestone,” Datta said.
Indeed, radio astronomy is set to receive a boost with upcoming observatories, perhaps especially the Square Kilometre Array (SKA ). The GMRT uses 30 radiation-collecting dishes, or antennae, each 45 metres wide for a total collecting area of 20,000-30,000 sq. metres, from low to high frequencies (120 MHz to 1.4 GHz). The SKA will use thousands of antennae, built in Australia and South Africa, for a total collecting area of 1,000,000 sq. metres – or 1 sq. km – to study radiation from 50 MHz to 14 GHz. Its first phase (which includes the MeerKAT telescope) is expected to be ready around 2023.
Majumdar agreed with Datta, saying astronomers would be able to use the SKA to conduct studies like the NCRA-RRI group’s, and faster and with more precision. He also noted that while the new results marked the first step in resolving a long-standing puzzle, they were also limited to one relatively small patch of the sky. “They have only studied 7,653 galaxies for this – which may sound like a large number, but it is not large enough at the cosmological scale,” Majumdar said.
“One of the main cosmological principles states that no single direction is special.” So astronomers will have to observe many more galaxies in different parts of the sky to validate and then build on the finding.
“Astronomy is an observationally driven field and theories of galaxy formation hinge upon such important observations to make further progress,” Khandai said. “Future observations will further constrain the HI content of galaxies at higher redshifts, which would answer many questions about how galaxies form and evolve.”


Digital PH sensor is a new generation of intelligent water quality monitoring digital sensor developed by our company.The data can be viewed, debugged and maintained through mobile APP or computer. It has several advantages, such as simple maintenance,
PH digital sensor NS-PH101 ph ORP sensor ph sensor ph controller
PH digital sensor NS-PH101 ph ORP sensor ph controller
Digital PH sensor is a new generation of intelligent water quality monitoring digital sensor developed by our company.The data can be viewed, debugged and maintained through mobile APP or computer. It has several advantages, such as simple maintenance, high stability, excellent repeatability and multi-function. It can accurately measure PH value and temperature value in solution. It is widely used in the system of waste water treatment, purified water, circulating water and boiler water,as well as the PH test in the fields of electronics, aquaculture, food, printing and dyeing, electroplating, pharmacy, fermentation, chemical industry, etc, and it has a strong function in the environmental monitoring of surface water and pollution discharge and the remote system application.
This product is digital PH sensor, which can directly output RS485 signal.
The product has high accuracy, high stability and strong anti-interference ability.
Automatic temperature compensation function.
Without instrumentation, it can directly connect computer, PLC and other equipment with RS485/4-20ma signal interface for data acquisition and maintenance.It is convenient for users to integrate sensors into the industrial control environment such as upper computer system and physical union.
Use mobile APP to collect, debug and maintain the sensor data through wired (OTG line and 485 to USB module) or wireless network (such as WIFI and GPRS).
The sensor can be set through RS485 function, from machine address and baud rate, online calibration, restoration of factory output, the corresponding range of 4-20mA output (4-20mA is optional), scale coefficient and incremental compensation.


Cameras with fish-eye lenses (360°) aren't a recent invention. IPIX, pioneer of cameras with fish-eye lenses, registered his first patent in 1993.
This idea excited me since my first contact with IPIX in 1999. At the time, the technology was used only with photographic cameras, more focused on the real estate market, providing a 360° tour from the interior of properties for sale.
The first company to launch a CCTV camera with fish-eye lenses was Philips - current Bosch - about a year or two later. Later, Sensormatic also offered his version and after others emerged.
But none of them had much acceptance and the idea didn't take off, mainly because of its low resolution, since cameras used were analog (there was nothing better then). And 360° camera was left behind for many years until recently as due to the advent of megapixel resolution sensors, they become more feasible.
The fact these cameras can capture all the image around it, while PTZ cameras can capture only the image where their lenses are pointing to, it is a definite advantage, and may even replace multiple fixed cameras.
What bothers me is that some manufacturers are calling these virtual PTZ cameras, offering them as perfect substitutes of PTZ cameras - since they have no moving mechanical parts - even venturing to say that the end of the latter was already decreed.
But just because being megapixel, we shall in its digital zoom, the same level of PTZ cameras' optical zoom?
At a first analysis, comparing one analog speed dome camera with a 360° camera of 3 or 5 megapixels that have, respectively, 6 or 17 times the resolution, it seems so. Not at the maximum zoom, that can reach 35 times or more in a PTZ camera, but maybe enough for indoor use.
One of the first problems is that fish-eye lenses captures a plane circular image in the center of the sensor, namely, doesn't use the entire sensor area for storing information.
Therefore, one can not consider the full resolution of the sensor, only about 59% of it. For this reason, some manufacturers extend a bit the image, obtaining a slightly larger recording area, about 78% of the rectangle, but it cuts the obtained image at the top and the bottom.
Then a Dewarping software transforms that plane image into a circular half sphere (like a dome of a speed dome camera) where you can "walk" through the image, as if you were operating a speed dome camera.
In this processing, the area in which a circle (πr2) is transformed into the area of a hemisphere (2πr2), maintaining the same number of pixels, resolution is halved since area doubles.
For example, for a 3 megapixels camera:
Sensor's area resolution: 2048 x 1536 = 3.14 megapixels.
Circle area's resolution: π x (1536/2)2 = 1.85 megapixels, 58,90% of rectangle's area.
Half dome resolution: 0.93 megapixels, less than one third of sensor's resolution.
For the same sensor size, but with the extended image, we have: 78% of 3.14 megapixels = 2.45 megapixels. Half dome area resolution is 1.23 megapixels, a little over a third of sensor resolution.
Now let's calculate what would be the resolution of the equivalent of a fixed camera with a 3.6mm lens image. For this, we make an indentation of an area equivalent to 3.6mm lens (68° H x 52° V), which also is the image of a speed dome camera with no zooming:
As the table below, for the fish-eye camera, we have a picking only 8.87% of the sensor area with 610 x 457 pixels, lower than a D1 resolution image. As for the extended fish-eye, we have an image covering 12.83% of the sensor area with 734 x 550 pixels, only 17% higher than D1 resolution.
For 3 MegapixelsSensor sizeCircle size3.6mm lens sector10.8mm lens sectorD1 resolutionHigh1536 457185Width2048 610246480720Diameter 1536 Fish-eye cameraArea3145728185298727892145496345600%10058,98,871,45 High1536 550222Width2048 734296480720Diameter 1536 Extended Fish-eye cameraArea3145728245366840374165856345600%1007812,832,09
If we take a digital zoom of 3 times only - equivalent to a 10.8mm lens - we'll have, for the fish-eye camera, a resolution of only 246 x 185 pixels and, for the expanded fish-eye camera, 296 x 222 pixels, both much lower than D1 resolution.
Change to a 5 Megapixels camera won't help that much::
Sensor's area resolution: 2560 x 1920 = 4.91 megapixels
Circle area's resolution: π x (1536/2)2 = 2.89 megapixels, 58.90% of rectangle's area.
Half dome resolution: 1.45 Megapixels (since area doubles)
For the extended fish-eye, we'll have : 78% of 4.91 Megapixels = 3.83 megapixels. Resolution of the half dome area will be about 1.92 megapixels.
The equivalent of a 3.6 mm lens for the fish-eye camera resolution is 762 x 572 pixels, only 26% better than D1 resolution. For extended fish-eye camera, resolution is already better: 917 x 688 pixels.
For 5 MegapixelsSensor sizeCircle siz\e3.6mm lens sector10.8mm lens sectorD1High1920 572231Width2560 762308480720Diameter 1920 Fish-eye cameraArea4915200289529243581471087345600%10058,98,871,45 High1920 688278Width2560 734370480720Diameter 1920 Extended Fish-eye cameraArea49152003833856630845102900345600%1007812,832,09
However, image with a three times digital zoom is still well below D1 resolution for both types of cameras:
Fisheye camera: 308 x 231 pixels
Extended fisheye camera: 370 x 278
Based on what was stated above, we can conclude, on fish-eye cameras:
- Although cutting off part of the image, camera's resolution with the extended image is 32% higher;
- Cameras with fish-eye lenses uses only about one third of the total image sensor resolution (area);
- Great advantage of fish-eye cameras is that they can view - and record - all that is happening around, and you can take a virtual pan and tilt from recorded or live images, but you cannot count much on digital zoom.
Another option for 360° cameras
Four cameras with lenses of 90° opening - mounted each pointing to one direction - also display a wide picture with 360°, without the need for Dewarping software .
If we connect to the local network an analog 4-channel DVR recording at D1 resolution, with 4 CCD 1/3" cameras using 2.5 mm (90°) lenses, we will have an even better result than with a 360° camera. And much cheaper.
Total resolution would be 720 x 4 x 480 = 1.38 megapixels; just a little bit inferior than that obtained with a 5 megapixels camera (1.49 megapixels).
If we use 4 cameras with megapixel resolution, even better.
The only problem with this solution is that four cameras with 90° opening lenses bow images on the sides, preventing a perfect seam between them. So the best would be to use 6 cameras with 60° opening lenses (use 3.5 to 8mm lenses and fine-tune manually). For installation in walls (180 °), divide the number of cameras by half.
Please have in mind that this arrangement of cameras does not cover the same area of fisheye cameras, that provide 180 ° of tilt; lenses that cover 90° horizontally can cover only 74° vertically and lenses that cover 60° horizontally can cover only 47 ° vertically.
Therefore, solution with 4 cameras covers only 148° of tilt; with six cameras, only 94° of tilt - a little more than the half. This implies that you will need to decide on the best tilt position (camera's tilt ) for each situation, but some area will always be uncovered. For installation in walls (180°, with half of the cameras), this is not as critical as for installation in ceilings.
The pros and cons of each solution to 360° cameras created two streams between manufacturers: Those that offer cameras with 360° fish-eye lenses and those that offer a dome with 4 megapixel cameras (up to 10 megapixels each). In the latter case, images of four cameras are processed in the cameras itself, correcting the curvature created by the 90° lenses - the problem mentioned before - and integrating them into a single output with a unique 360° panoramic image.
After all, which is the best solution? Mechanical PTZ, Fish-eye or 4 cameras in one?
It depends. What I ever argue is there is no solution or technology that fits all situations. It is very important to know features and especially weaknesses of each solution, not to run the risk of offering a product that does not meet your customer needs. So here I tried to do a cold and impartial analysis of each solution, featuring both its positive and negative aspects.
Finally, I'll answer the question posed at the beginning of this article:
"But just because being megapixel, we shall [the fish-eye cameras] in its digital zoom, the same level of PTZ cameras' optical zoom?"
Well, I guess it was proved that no. So do not believe 360° cameras goes eliminate speed dome cameras. And vice versa, because they serve different situations.
And there are 360° cameras that work together with a speed dome camera. This is the perfect match: A 360° camera observes everything around and, when it detects a certain event condition, automatically positions speed dome camera to view details of the scene.
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McGilvra Engineering brings 25+ years of electronic design experience to your application.
Our general areas of expertiese are circuit design, printed circuit board layout, software development, and prototyping. Specific fields include analog design, embedded control, capacitive touch interfaces, digital camera design, mobile device interfacing and more.
We believe the keys to a successful project are listening to the customer and paying attention to detail. Our clients include Tesla Motors, Underwriters Laboratories, DARPA, NASA and many more.


Introducing LuminaSync, an all-in-one solution for your audio, lighting, and charging needs.
This multifaceted device is not just an atmosphere light, but also integrates 15W fast wireless charging, a Bluetooth speaker, music playback, a sleep light, a bedside lamp, and a dazzling glare effect. Additionally, it features an alarm clock and digital time display, making it a versatile choice for your bedside table.
Wake up to a completely personalized routine with its comfortable wake-up mode. Tailor the sound, volume, light color, and brightness to your liking through our user-friendly app to establish a healthy sleep and wake-up routine that is entirely unique to you.
Smart Light Control enhances your user experience by providing four different control methods: APP control, voice control, remote control, and button control. The light is dimmable from 1-100% brightness, giving you full command over the atmosphere in your room.
By simply clicking the bulb button, you can swiftly switch between 10 different light color modes with our Dimmable Mood Light feature, setting the perfect ambiance for any occasion.


The Ku Band Universal LNB ratings have been released, and they are causing quite a stir in the satellite equipment industry. With the increasing demand for high quality and reliable LNBs, consumers are looking for the best options available in the market. The universal LNB ratings provide valuable insights into the performance and reliability of these crucial satellite components.Universal LNBs are an essential part of satellite TV systems, as they receive the signals from the satellite and convert them into a format that can be used by the satellite receiver. The Ku band universal LNBs are specifically designed to receive signals from the Ku band, which is commonly used for satellite TV broadcasting.The ratings for Ku band universal LNBs take into account various factors such as signal sensitivity, noise figure, cross-polarity isolation, and stability. These factors are crucial in determining the overall performance and reliability of the LNB. By evaluating these factors, consumers can make informed decisions when purchasing universal LNBs for their satellite TV systems.One of the leading companies in the satellite equipment industry, is proud to announce that their Ku band universal LNB has received top ratings in the latest evaluations. With a commitment to providing high quality and reliable products, the company has invested heavily in research and development to ensure that their universal LNBs meet the needs and expectations of consumers.The company’s universal LNB is designed to deliver exceptional signal sensitivity, ensuring that users receive clear and high-quality satellite TV signals. The low noise figure of the LNB minimizes signal distortion and interference, resulting in superior picture and sound quality. Additionally, the cross-polarity isolation of the LNB ensures that the signals are accurately received without any loss or degradation.Furthermore, the stability of the LNB ensures consistent performance under various weather conditions, making it a reliable choice for satellite TV systems. With these top-rated features, the company’s Ku band universal LNB has established itself as a preferred choice for consumers looking for high performance and reliability.The company’s commitment to quality and innovation has earned them a strong reputation in the satellite equipment industry. With a focus on customer satisfaction, the company continues to push the boundaries of technology to deliver cutting-edge solutions for satellite TV systems. Their universal LNBs are designed to meet the evolving needs of consumers and provide an exceptional viewing experience.In addition to the top-rated universal LNB, the company offers a wide range of satellite equipment including satellite dishes, receivers, and accessories. Their comprehensive product lineup caters to the diverse needs of consumers, whether they are setting up a new satellite TV system or upgrading their existing setup.With a strong emphasis on research and development, the company is constantly exploring new technologies and innovations to enhance the performance and reliability of their products. This dedication to excellence has positioned the company as a trusted leader in the satellite equipment industry.As the demand for high-quality satellite TV systems continues to grow, consumers can rely on the top-rated Ku band universal LNB from the company to deliver exceptional performance and reliability. With a proven track record of excellence and a strong commitment to customer satisfaction, the company is set to remain a key player in the satellite equipment industry.In conclusion, the release of the Ku band universal LNB ratings provides valuable insights for consumers looking for reliable and high-performance satellite equipment. With the top-rated universal LNB from the company, consumers can be assured of exceptional signal sensitivity, low noise figure, cross-polarity isolation, and stability. As a leading player in the industry, the company continues to push the boundaries of technology to deliver cutting-edge solutions for satellite TV systems. The top-rated universal LNB is a testament to the company’s commitment to quality and innovation, and consumers can rely on their products to meet their satellite TV needs.
[Company Introduction] is a leading technology company that specializes in creating innovative and user-friendly electronic devices. With a focus on simplifying the way people interact with technology, the company has established itself as a trusted brand in the consumer electronics industry. By continuously pushing the boundaries of what is possible, [Company Name] has earned a reputation for delivering high-quality products that enhance the everyday lives of its customers.[News Content]In a world where technology continues to evolve at a rapid pace, the way we interact with our electronic devices has become increasingly important. From smartphones to smart home devices, the need for intuitive and user-friendly interfaces has never been greater. Recognizing this demand, [Company Name] has recently announced the launch of its latest product - a state-of-the-art universal remote control for TV.The new remote control, which will be available for purchase later this year, is designed to seamlessly integrate with a wide range of television models, making it the ultimate solution for simplifying the way we navigate through our favorite shows and movies. With its sleek design and advanced features, the remote control is set to revolutionize the way we interact with our TVs, offering an unparalleled level of convenience and control.One of the key features of the new remote control is its compatibility with a wide range of television brands, making it a versatile and convenient option for households with multiple TVs. This universal functionality eliminates the need for multiple remotes, streamlining the entertainment experience for users and reducing clutter in the living room. Additionally, the remote control boasts an easy setup process, allowing users to quickly sync it with their TV and start using it right away.Another standout feature of the remote control is its advanced voice recognition technology, which enables users to simply speak commands to control their TV. This feature not only enhances the user experience but also caters to individuals with mobility issues or disabilities, ensuring that everyone can enjoy the convenience of the new remote control. Furthermore, the remote control is equipped with a built-in microphone and speaker, enabling it to perform voice commands without the need for a separate device.Moreover, the remote control comes with a dedicated app that can be downloaded onto smartphones and tablets, allowing users to control their TV from the palm of their hand. The app offers a wide range of additional features, including personalized settings, content recommendations, and the ability to create custom shortcuts for quick access to favorite channels and apps. This seamless integration between the remote control and the app provides users with a comprehensive and customizable entertainment experience.In line with [Company Name]'s commitment to sustainability, the remote control is designed with eco-friendly materials and energy-efficient technology, reducing its environmental impact. This aligns with the company's dedication to creating products that not only enhance the lives of its users but also contribute to a more sustainable future.With its cutting-edge features and universal compatibility, the new remote control for TV from [Company Name] is poised to set a new standard for convenience and control in the world of home entertainment. As technology continues to advance, [Company Name] remains at the forefront of innovation, delivering products that enrich the lives of consumers and simplify the way we interact with our electronic devices. The launch of the universal remote control for TV further solidifies [Company Name]'s position as a leader in the consumer electronics industry, and its commitment to creating a more seamless and enjoyable user experience.
Dvb-T2 Antenna: The Next Generation of TV TechnologyOver the years, television technology has evolved at a rapid pace, with the shift from analog to digital being one of the most significant advancements. As digital TV becomes the industry standard, the need for reliable and efficient antennas has never been more important. One company at the forefront of this innovation is , a leading provider of electronic solutions for the consumer market.With a strong focus on research and development,  has recently introduced the latest addition to its product lineup – the Dvb-T2 Antenna. This cutting-edge antenna is designed to support the Dvb-T2 standard, which is the next generation of digital terrestrial television technology. By incorporating Dvb-T2 compatibility, the antenna ensures that users can enjoy high-definition TV channels with superior picture and sound quality.The Dvb-T2 Antenna is equipped with state-of-the-art technology, including advanced signal amplification and noise reduction capabilities. This allows for a more stable and reliable TV reception, even in areas with weak signal strength. Additionally, the antenna is designed to be compact and easy to install, making it suitable for a wide range of residential and commercial applications.In line with the company's commitment to sustainability, the Dvb-T2 Antenna is also energy-efficient, consuming less power while delivering excellent performance. This not only contributes to a greener environment but also helps users save on their electricity bills. Furthermore, the antenna is made from durable materials, ensuring a long service life and minimal environmental impact.With the launch of the Dvb-T2 Antenna,  continues to solidify its position as a leading player in the digital TV market. The company's extensive experience in the industry, combined with its commitment to innovation, has allowed  to stay ahead of the curve and anticipate the changing needs of consumers.In addition to its product offerings,  also provides comprehensive support and services to ensure the seamless integration of its antennas into various TV systems. This includes technical assistance, troubleshooting, and expert advice to help customers maximize the performance of their TV setups.Looking ahead,  is dedicated to furthering the development of digital TV technology, with a focus on enhancing the user experience and expanding the capabilities of its antennas. By staying true to its founding principles of quality, innovation, and customer satisfaction,  is well-positioned to continue making significant contributions to the evolution of television technology.As the digital TV landscape continues to evolve, the Dvb-T2 Antenna represents a significant advancement that is set to transform the way we experience television. With its cutting-edge features and reliable performance, this antenna is poised to become a key component of the next generation of TV technology. For consumers and businesses seeking to upgrade their TV systems, the Dvb-T2 Antenna from  is a compelling choice that promises to deliver a superior viewing experience.


Introduction: Gaming, once relegated to dimly lit arcades and clunky consoles, has transformed into a global phenomenon, captivating audiences of all ages and backgrounds. With technological advancements continually pushing the boundaries of what’s possible, the gaming industry has evolved into a multi-billion dollar juggernaut, offering immersive experiences that transcend mere entertainment. From the early days of Pong to the virtual worlds of today, let’s delve into the evolution of gaming and its profound impact on society.
The Birth of an Industry: The roots of gaming trace back to the 1950s and 60s when engineers and scientists began experimenting with rudimentary computer programs. One of the earliest milestones was the creation of “Spacewar!” in 1962, a two-player space combat game that laid the groundwork for interactive entertainment. As computing power increased, so did the complexity and popularity of games, leading to the birth of iconic consoles like the Atari 2600 and the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES).
The Rise of Home Consoles and PCs: The 1980s and 90s saw a surge in home gaming consoles and personal computers, democratizing access to interactive entertainment. Games like Super Mario Bros., The Legend of Zelda, and Sonic the Hedgehog became cultural phenomena, shaping the childhoods of millions around the world. Meanwhile, the advent of PCs brought about a new era of gaming, with titles like Doom and Myst pushing the boundaries of graphical fidelity and sbobet storytelling.
The Dawn of Online Gaming: The late 1990s marked the dawn of online gaming, revolutionizing how players interacted with each other and their virtual environments. Multiplayer games like Quake and Ultima Online paved the way for massive online worlds like World of Warcraft and EverQuest, where millions of players could connect and collaborate in real-time. This era also saw the rise of competitive gaming, or eSports, with tournaments drawing huge audiences and offering substantial prize pools.
The Era of Mobile and Casual Gaming: The 2000s witnessed the proliferation of mobile devices, ushering in a new era of gaming accessibility. With smartphones and tablets becoming ubiquitous, casual gaming experiences like Angry Birds and Candy Crush Saga exploded in popularity, appealing to a broader audience beyond traditional gamers. The rise of app stores and digital distribution platforms further democratized game development, enabling independent developers to create and distribute their creations worldwide.
The Emergence of Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality: In recent years, advancements in virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) have pushed the boundaries of immersion and interactivity. VR headsets like the Oculus Rift and the HTC Vive transport players to fully realized virtual worlds, offering unprecedented levels of immersion and presence. Similarly, AR experiences like Pokémon GO blend the virtual and physical worlds, transforming everyday environments into playgrounds for exploration and discovery.
The Future of Gaming: As technology continues to evolve, the future of gaming promises even more exciting possibilities. Innovations in artificial intelligence (AI), cloud gaming, and real-time ray tracing are poised to revolutionize how games are created and experienced. Furthermore, the advent of blockchain technology and non-fungible tokens (NFTs) has the potential to reshape in-game economies and ownership models, empowering players with true ownership of digital assets.
Conclusion: From humble beginnings to global dominance, the gaming industry has come a long way, driven by technological innovation and creative ingenuity. What started as simple pixels on a screen has evolved into immersive virtual realms that captivate and inspire millions around the world. As we look to the future, the possibilities are endless, promising even more immersive experiences and transformative opportunities for players and creators alike. As the saying goes, the game is just beginning.


In the US, more than 50% of the jobs that employers seek in the future are likely to be computer-related.
For example, a software developer who wants to start a software company needs a bachelor’s degree.
A programmer needs a master’s degree in computer science.
There is no shortage of people looking for work in these fields.
But the job market is not perfect and it can be hard to find the right candidate for a computer-based role.
How to get an excellent job in Australia The Australian Government has established a new national coding and technology strategy, called the National Computing Strategy.
It includes: Developing a new National Skills Strategy to develop a national workforce of skilled computer and software engineers and programmers, including coding and technical skills; and


Features: AHRS (Attitude and Heading), ADS-B (Traffic), ILS (Localizer & Glideslope)
Our SensorBox for “Horizon – Your Portable Glass Cockpit” estimates your aircraft’s attitude and receives ADS-B data as well as ILS (Localizer and Glideslope) signals.
The resulting data is continously sent via Wifi to our application “Horizon – Your Portable Glass Cockpit”, where it is used to create the Glass Cockpit visualizations.
Using the SensorBox makes it possible to have a fully functional portable Glass Cockpit independent of the aircrafts instruments and independent of internal sensors of your tablet device.
The GNSS receiver of our SensorBox can receive the Global Navigation Satellite Systems: GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, Beidou, QZSS and the Satellite Based Augmentation Systems: WAAS, EGNOS, MSAS, GAGAN.


testo 206-pH1 measuring instrument, incl. TopSafe and belt/wall bracket, storage cap with gel.
The pH meter testo 206-pH1 equips you to measure the temperature and pH value in different media like liquid, semi solid or even more aggressive media for guaranteeing the quality of products in the food sector, the cosmetics industry and the sanitary and HVAC sector, etc.
pH value and temperature are key parameters for guaranteeing the quality of products in the food sector, the cosmetics industry and the sanitary and HVAC sector, etc. With the testo 206-pH1 pH temperature measuring instrument, you can reliably measure the temperature and pH value in liquids (e.g. drinking or heating water) or even in viscoplastic media.
The advantages of the pH/temperature measuring instrument at a glance
The testo 206-pH1 temperature and pH measuring instrument boasts the following features:
- The pH probe is ideal for measurements in liquids (and can even be used in viscoplastic media). The temperature sensor ensures precise, fast temperature compensation, and therefore accurate pH measurement
- The pH probe is maintenance-free, leak-proof and insensitive to dirt thanks to the gel electrolyte in the probe
- The dual wall diaphragm of the pH probe guarantees quick, reliable pH measurement
- Simultaneous display of pH value and temperature on the clear display
- Automatic final value recognition (auto hold): the reading is automatically held once it is stable
With the included accessories, you are ideally equipped for measuring pH:
- TopSafe protective case: this is dishwasher-safe, hygienic and protects the measuring instrument from dirt, water and impact. Safely stored in the protective case, the pH measuring instrument is waterproof in accordance with protection class IP 68
- Storage cap with gel: the storage cap, which is filled with gel electrolyte and attached to the pH probe, is used to store the probe between measurements
- Belt/wall bracket: used for storing the measuring instrument on the wall or on a belt
As optional accessories, we also recommend the calibration dosing bottles, which are used for calibrating the probe. Alternatively, you can order the testo 206-pH1 starter set, which includes calibration dosing bottles.
|pH - Electrode|
|Measuring range||0 to 14 pH|
|General technical data|
|Dimensions||197 x 33 x 20 mm (LxWxH) 110 x 33 x 20 mm (without probe and TopSafe)|
|Operating temperature||0 to +60 °C|
|Battery type||1 x CR2032|
|Battery life||80 h (Auto Off 10 min)|
|Display size||2 lines|
|Number of channels||2-channel|
|Measuring rate||measurements per second|
|Storage temperature||-20 to +70 °C|


||ALMA Discovery of Solar Umbral Brightness Enhancement at λ=3mm
Iwai, Kazumasa ,
Loukitcheva, Maria ,
Shimojo, Masumi ,
Solanki, Sami K.White, Stephen M.
The Astrophysical Journal Letters
L20 , 2017-06-01 , IOP publishing
We report the discovery of a brightness enhancement in the center of a large sunspot umbra at a wavelength of 3 mm using the Atacama Large Millimeter/sub-millimeter Array (ALMA). Sunspots are among the most prominent features on the solar surface, but many of their aspects are surprisingly poorly understood. We analyzed a λ = 3 mm (100 GHz) mosaic image obtained by ALMA that includes a large sunspot within the active region AR12470, on 2015 December 16. The 3 mm map has a 300'' × 300'' field of view and 4farcs9 × 2farcs2 spatial resolution, which is the highest spatial resolution map of an entire sunspot in this frequency range. We find a gradient of 3 mm brightness from a high value in the outer penumbra to a low value in the inner penumbra/outer umbra. Within the inner umbra, there is a marked increase in 3 mm brightness temperature, which we call an umbral brightness enhancement. This enhanced emission corresponds to a temperature excess of 800 K relative to the surrounding inner penumbral region and coincides with excess brightness in the 1330 and 1400 Å slit-jaw images of the Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph (IRIS), adjacent to a partial lightbridge. This λ = 3 mm brightness enhancement may be an intrinsic feature of the sunspot umbra at chromospheric heights, such as a manifestation of umbral flashes, or it could be related to a coronal plume, since the brightness enhancement was coincident with the footpoint of a coronal loop observed at 171 Å.


The First Generation device (white) only works with Android and only supports Audi, Volkswagen, Seat, Škoda, Lamborghini, and Bentley.
The Next-Generation device (black) works with both Android and iOS. The Next-Generation device supports Audi, Volkswagen, Seat, Škoda, Lamborghini, and Bentley and will support more car brands in the future. We are currently working on BMW support.
The functionality of the devices is the same. The First-Generation device does not have digital content (Credits or PRO plan version) included. The Next-Generation device comes in different packages:
PRO pack - the Next-Generation device + 1-year PRO Plan subscription.
ULTIMATE pack - the Next-Generation device + 1-year ULTIMATE subscription, carry pouch, and the phone holder.
NextGen OBDeleven - a device without any credits or subscriptions.
To use One-Click Applications or Advanced Functions additional digital content (Credits, PRO, or ULTIMATE version) is required.
Click HERE to find all available products.
The Next-Generation device:


What is a solar energy system?
In photovoltaic systems, light from the sun is converted into domestic electricity through solar panels and inverters. In contrast, solar heating system transfers the sunlight into domestic heat. From an economic point of view, three criteria are key: self-consumption, the size and adjustment of the system. To be able to use as much of the generated electricity as possible yourself, a system that includes an energy storage should be considered. At present, you receive compensation for surplus electricity supplied to the grid in accordance with the Renewable Energy Sources Act (EEG).


Terrafugia is a fast-paced, energetic company that is developing the world’s first practical flying car. We are currently looking for a world-class Senior Embedded Systems Engineer to join our vehicle development team. Candidates should be self-starters who bring positive attitude, integrity, and enthusiasm to our team as we transform personal transportation.
Key Responsibilities and Activities
- Lead a team of electrical engineers, technicians, and drafters.
- Plan, estimate, and sequence work in project planning software.
- Architect embedded systems composed of multiple electronic control units communicating through CAN and other serial protocols; build and test prototypes, and gather and analyze data.
- Design automotive compliant circuits, composed of analog, digital, and microcontroller components.
- Specify and procure PCB components, connectors, sensors, and actuators.
- Write requirements documents that address product and regulatory requirements.
- Identify and implement functional safety requirements, such as ISO 26262.
- Use and endorse industry best practices, such as GMW 3172.
- Write test plans, perform or coordinate the performance of tests, and document results for HALT, corner conditions, and other such tests.
- Develop manual and automated testers used to evaluate systems.
- Qualify external manufacturers of electronic control units and manage their on-time delivery.
- Launch electronic control units and wiring harnesses into serial production.
Required Skills and Experience
- Bachelor’s Degree in Electrical Engineering with 5-7 years’ experience
- Familiarity with schematic capture and PCB layout using modern EDA tools
- Experience integrating and debugging circuits, software, sensors, and GUIs
- Experience with Electronic control unit design for manufacturing
- Experience using CAN bus, especially CANopen
- Experience using laboratories to conduct EMC testing and evaluate results
- Circuit design, including I/O protection, CAN, analog, microcontroller, mixed signal and watchdogs
- Lab equipment, including oscilloscopes, data acquisition, EMC chambers, radiators, and sniffers
- Experience with component specification, supplier interaction, and procurement
- Outstanding organization, analytical, and problem-solving skills
- Excellent written, verbal and presentation communication skills
- Ability to use Microsoft Excel, Word, and PowerPoint
Desired Skills and Experience
- Familiarity with source control tools, e.g. SVN, Git
- Experience with ASTM F2245 product development
- Experience with automotive electrical system development
- Experience with aviation electrical system development
- Experience with state machines
- Experience with automatic code generation using MATLAB/Simulink
- Electrical prototyping skills: wire harness construction, breadboarding of circuits.
- Proficiency in the following programming languages: C/C++/Fortran
Terrafugia provides equal employment opportunities (EEO) to all employees and applicants for employment without regard to race, color, religion, gender, sexual orientation, gender identity or expression, national origin, age, genetic information, disability, ancestry, religion or veteran status, or any other status protected under applicable federal, state or local law.


Alya, outdoor lighting
Alya is a reinterpretation of the classic lantern in a contemporary version. The system, designed for Neri’s 50th anniversary (1962-2012), is equipped with cutting-edge LED technology. The base, common to all the posts, takes up and stylizes a characteristic of the Neri street lamps, to which matter has been “subtracted” and an original LED lighting solution has been added that designs and furnishes the surrounding space. The comfort-free light quality, non-glaring and warm in color, makes the system particularly suitable for illuminating places “where people walk”, such as squares, walkways, pedestrian areas, parks and gardens. Alya also features a Wi-Fi data access system and an integrated IP camera. Up to two luminaires per light point can be installed on the system.
ADI Design Index, 2013


Victoria VR, a virtual reality (VR) developer, has partnered with OpenAI, the creator of ChatGPT, to integrate artificial intelligence (AI) into its AI builder platform. This integration will allow users to access AI-driven capabilities within virtual reality, enhancing the development process and creativity. Users can design their own VR experiences, games, and applications without needing programming knowledge. The OpenAI integration will enable the creation of various content, from in-game items to metaverse platforms. User-created content on Victoria VR is minted as non-fungible tokens, making it tradable.
Both VR and AI have their limitations. VR hardware is expensive, and AI systems can produce unintended results known as “hallucinations.” To address these limitations, Victoria VR plans to integrate other AI technologies like DALL-E, Midjourney, and Stable Diffusion. The platform is currently available on the Apple Vision Pro and Oculus Quest 3, utilizing the popular gaming engine Unreal Engine 5 with millions of active developers.
According to Adam Bém, the CEO of Victoria VR, AI will be the driving force behind VR development in the next five years. AI is already transforming various industries, enabling the creation of sophisticated texts, codes, images, and soon, video production and 3D object creation. Within the gaming realm, AI is opening up new possibilities, such as AI-generated infinite narratives and more realistic responses from non-player characters (NPCs). This shift towards AI as the primary driver of VR development may overshadow traditional roles like VR developers, 3D modelers, and coders.
Victoria VR’s integration with OpenAI will allow users to access AI capabilities within virtual reality. This collaboration will enhance the development process and creativity, enabling the creation of various VR experiences. While VR and AI have their limitations, Victoria VR plans to integrate additional AI technologies. Moving forward, AI is expected to drive VR development, transforming industries and revolutionizing gaming experiences.


Not sure what types of jobs you are interested in?
Based on Your Education
University Recruiting - For recent university graduates from advanced degree programs Applicants will be considered for positions as they become available throughout the 2012-2013 academic year Exponent is a leading engineering and scientific consulting firm. Our multidisciplinary team of scientists, engineers, physicians, and regulatory consultants brings together more than 90 different disciplines to solve complicated problems facing corporations, insurers, government entities, associations and individuals. Our approximately 900 staff members work in 25 offices across the United States and abroad. Exponent has over 600 consultants, including more than 350 that have earned a doctorate in their chosen field of specialization.
Exponent's Electrical Engineering & Computer Science Practice includes a team of electrical engineers and computer scientists performing a wide array of investigations ranging from electric power systems to semiconductor devices. Exponent's electrical engineers and computer scientists have experience in the areas of accident investigations, component and printed circuit board failure analysis, semiconductor device failure investigations, electrical and computer equipment failures, electric equipment fire investigations, electric motors and generators, power electronic systems for industrial and electric utility applications, power supplies and batteries, studies of electrical and electronic systems in automotive vehicles, among many others. We also perform "due diligence" investigations for investment decisions, manufacturing plant and technology audits, engineering design process reviews, control system studies, and design reviews of electrical and electronic equipment including imbedded software analysis. We operate laboratories for testing moderately heavy electrical equipment, appliances, and light electronic equipment. Our laboratory in Phoenix performs specialized tests and is licensed to conducts tests for CTIA (Cellular Telephone Industry Association).
Our Electrical Engineering & Computer Science Practice is hiring entry-level consulting engineers in our Menlo Park, CA; Chicago, IL; Los Angeles, CA; New York, NY; Bowie, MD; Washington, DC; and Hangzhou, China offices. Various openings will become available throughout the 2012-2013 academic year. Career growth will include the opportunity for project management, client interaction, and eventually client development.
Qualifications for these positions include: Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, or related field Technical background in power systems, electronics, controls, circuit design, signal and information processing, or software and networking Excellent and creative problem solving ability Outstanding written and verbal communications skills Ability to work independently, as well as lead and work in multidisciplinary teams Strong desire to work in a fast-paced consulting environment
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Exponent, Inc. (Exponent) is a science and engineering consulting firm that provides solutions to complex problems. As of January 2, 2009, the Company operated 21 practices and centers, including Biomechanics, Buildings & Structures, Civil Engineering, Construction Consulting, Ecological & Biological Sciences, Electrical & Semiconductors, Engineering Management Consulting, Environmental & Earth Sciences, Health Sciences, Human Factors, Industrial Structures, Mechanical Engineering & Materials Science, Statistical & Data Sciences, Technology Development, Thermal Sciences, Vehicle Analysis and Visual Communications. Exponent's service offerings are provided on a project-by-project basis. Many projects require support from multiple practices. The Company serves clients in the automotive, aviation, chemical, construction, consumer products, energy, government, health, insurance, manufacturing, technology and other sectors. (Source: 10-K)


The Evolution of Photographs
Everything on the surface of the earth is subject change. Change, for better or for worse, happens whether we like it or not. Everything you see today has evolved from something else. This fact is also true when it comes to photographs and photography in general. Since the first photograph was taken in 1826 by Joseph Nicephore Niepce, a combination of new ideas and innovations has driven photography to what it is today. The gadgets used in taking and printing photos have been evolving for better and so has the quality of the final product- the photo.
Photography is apparently one of the most revolutionary additions to the development of human artistic expression. Before 1826, people still captured events and moment though other methods such as drawing. But the invention of the camera took this to a new higher level altogether. Although the first photograph was not very clear, Nicephore was able to set the ball rolling for greater things to come. Towards the end of the 19th century, the first photo booth was developed. This coin-operated machine had an automated camera and film processor. By 1950s, innovators had already developed cameras and printers that could make high-quality colored photographs.
Towards the end of the 20th century, the world of photography witnessed the advent of digital photography. Contrary to the analog camera that used film, digital cameras make used of a charged-coupled device (CCD) in converting light to an electronic file such as MPEG or JPEG. A layer of photosensitive capacitor array on the CCD senses light of different intensities and transfer the relative data to the camera’s processor. Digital technology has allowed us to have smaller cameras that can fit in pockets. Pocket-fitting gadgets such as mobile phones are now coming with cameras that can take very high-quality of photos. In addition, it is imperative to note that the modern photo booths are digital. Consequently, printing of photos is now easier, and it is now possible to do instant prints.
In a nutshell, it is apparent that photography has come a long way. From the bulky camera and the daunting printing process used Nicephore to create the first photograph, the world of photography has gradually evolved to be how we see it today. Now, the process of developing photos is effortless thanks to the enormous technological progress the world of photography has witnessed in the last 1990 years.


Smart Thermostats: Is my information Private??
With the recent proliferation of “Smart Thermostats”, consumers are now receiving monthly emails from the thermostat manufacturer. The information tells the owner how many hours the system is working, average temperature, etc. Many homeowners are now asking:
How should I address concerns about data privacy and does the EPA (Federal Government) cultivate my information? Access to customer data remains solely in control of the smart thermostat service providers. EPA’s process is intentionally confidential. Data analysis and aggregation is done by service providers using EPA-provided software to protect privacy and proprietary information. Certification bodies receive aggregated data only. If the smart thermostat’s aggregate data meets or exceeds EPA’s savings requirements, EPA receives only final overall scores.Customers should be encouraged to consult their smart thermostat provider about data security and privacy, but can be assured that the federal government does not receive personally identifiable information or individual usage data from anyone that uses an ENERGY STAR-certified smart thermostat.Energy efficiency programs that have direct data sharing agreements with smart thermostat providers should consult with their legal and corporate communications departments to determine the best way to communicate data privacy issues with their customers.
*Information from Energy Star web site December 13, 2018.


3 edition of Photonics in switching found in the catalog.
Photonics in switching
|Statement||edited by J.E. Midwinter. Vol.1, Background and components.|
|Series||Quantum Electronics: Principles & Applications Series|
|Contributions||Midwinter, J. E.|
|The Physical Object|
|Number of Pages||296|
Aug 11, · The next big revolution in networking is to move data in the form of light from start to finish: but photonic switching means a major step-change for the vendors who build the devices that route data packets around the world's data centres. Apr 22, · By tapping earlier work by the same group toward a very-low-loss, microelectromechanical-system (MEMS) switching architecture, and by carefully tapering waveguides at stitching points between reticle-limited switch blocks to dramatically cut optical losses, the team has fabricated what it believes is “the largest integrated photonic switch Author: Stewart Wills.
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Photonics in Switching provides a broad, balanced overview of the use of optics or photonics in Photonics in switching book, from materials and devices to system architecture.
The chapters, each written by an expert in the field, survey the key technologies, setting them in context and highlighting their benefits and possible applications. Photonics in Switching provides a broad, balanced overview of the use of optics or photonics in switching, from materials and devices to system architecture.
The chapters, each written by an expert in the field, survey the key technologies, setting them in context and highlighting their benefits and possible tashleeh.online: John E. Midwinter. Electrical Engineering Photonic Switching Technology Systems and Networks Find out how today’s photonic switching technologies can provide a functional advantage in handling the ever-increasing data rates and bandwidth requirements placed on telecommunication components, systems, and networks with this self-contained, tutorial tashleeh.online: Hussein T.
Mouftah. About this book The first topical meeting on Photonic Switching was held Marchin Incline Village, Nev., USA in conjunction with the second topical meeting on Optical Computing. It was sponsored by the IEEE Lasers and Electro-Optics Society and the Optical Society of America with the co operation of the IEEE Communications Society.
chapter 12 Photonic Packet Switching IN THIS CHAPTER, we study optical networks that are capable of providing packet-switched service at the optical layer. We call these networks photonic packet-switched - Selection from Optical Networks, 3rd Edition [Book].
About this book The International Topical Meeting on Photonic Switching was held April, in Kobe, Japan, in conjunction with the International Meet ing on Optical Computing.
A brief introduction to the general types and properties of switches and to photonic switching using Photonics in switching book, acousto‐optic, magneto‐optic, and electro‐optic devices is provided. All‐optical switches are described.
Bistable optical devices are discussed. Lossless and low crosstalk InP based 2x2 optical switch with integrated optical amplifier Toshio Kirihara, Mari Ogawa, Hiroaki Inoue, Shinji Nishimura, Koji Ishida (in Proceedings on Photonics in Switching, J.W.
Goodman and Photonics in switching book. Alferness, editors, ). Photonics news, research and product information. Includes online editions of Photonics Spectra, BioPhotonics, EuroPhotonics, Buyers' Guide, Dictionary. Menu. Photonics Media Buyers' Guide. Register Login. Publications News Features Products Technologies Media.
The first topical meeting on Photonic Switching was held Marchin Incline Village, Nev., USA in conjunction with the second topical meeting on Optical Computing. It was sponsored by the IEEE Lasers and Electro-Optics Society and the Optical Society of America with the co operation of the IEEE Communications Society.
Presents a broad, balanced overview of the use of optics or photonics in switching, from materials and devices to system architecture. The chapters survey the key technologies, setting them in context and highlighting their benefits and possible applications.
Summary: Photonics in Switching provides a broad, balanced overview of the use of optics or photonics in switching, from materials and devices to system architecture. The chapters, each written by an expert in the field, survey the key technologies, setting them in context and highlighting their benefits and possible applications.
The University of Cyprus is organizing PSC in Limassol, Cyprus on September 19 - Photonics in Switching and Computing addresses all aspects of optical interconnected network architectures, optical (sub-) systems, optical components and devices, and network management and control plane for telecom, datacom and HPC networks.
Abstract. This paper will review the hardware required for photonic switching fabrics based on S-SEED arrays and free-space digital optics. These fabrics are based on diffraction limited optics, regenerative digital logic devices, differential digital signals, 2-D pixelated images, a fan-in and fan-out of two, and single wavelength tashleeh.online by: 4.
In response to the increasing interest in developing photonic switching fabrics, this book gives an overview of the many technologies from a systems designer's perspective. Optically transparent devices, optical logic devices, and optical hardware are all discussed in detail and set into a systems tashleeh.online: H.
Scott Hinton. Jul 27, · PTu1D.2 Photonics in Switching (PS) View: PDF Advanced Polarization-Insensitive Optical Signal Processing Using Orthogonal Signal and Idler Fields Carsten Schmidt-Langhorst, Robert Elschner, Isaac Sackey, Tomoyuki Kato, Takahito Tanimura, Shigeki Watanabe, Takeshi Hoshida, and.
To this end, this Special Issue aims to consolidate the latest research in photonic switching along all possible network segments, reporting on the main advances on architectures and enabling switch technologies, including, of course, integrated switches.
The Hardcover of the Photonic Switching by H. Scott Hinton at Barnes & Noble. FREE Shipping on $35 or more. B&N Outlet Membership Educators Gift Cards Stores & Events Help Auto Suggestions are available once you type at least 3 letters.
Use up arrow (for mozilla firefox browser alt+up arrow) and down arrow (for mozilla firefox browser alt+down Author: H. Scott Hinton. An optical switch is a device that selectively switches optical signals on or off or from one channel to another.
The former is known as an optical (time-domain) switch or an optical modulator, while the latter is called an optical space switch or an optical router. Since the switching can be temporal or spatial. Photonics is the physical science of light generation, detection, and manipulation through emission, transmission, modulation, signal processing, switching, amplification, and sensing.
Though covering all light's technical applications over the whole spectrum, most photonic applications are in the range of visible and near-infrared light. The term photonics developed as an outgrowth of the first practical.
In recent years, photonics has found increasing applications in such areas as communications, signal processing, computing, sensing, display, printing, and energy transport. Now, Fundamentals of Photonics is the first self-contained introductory-level textbook to offer a thorough survey of this rapidly expanding area of engineering and applied.
He has over research papers and also eight books to his name - including the widely adopted textbook Lasers in Chemistry. The current focus of his research group is on novel mechanisms for optical nanomanipulation and switching, and light-harvesting in nanostructured molecular systems.
Buy optics and photonics books, compilations, guides, posters, spectrum wall charts and apparel from Photonics Media. Photonics in Switching addresses all aspects of optical switching components & devices, optical switching functions & building blocks, optical systems and optical networking.
Photonics in Switching highlights the latest research activities in areas related to "Photonics in Switching" and will be presented in an environment that is conducive to in-depth and open discussions of the trends in this area.
Jan 29, · Photonics does co-exist with electronics, and photonic switching chips have currently taken somewhat of a foothold in shifting the growing amounts of data across the center more efficiently by integrating the chips closer to the server tashleeh.online by: 9.
Dec 19, · These devices and components include optical-controlled microwave devices, optical transmitters, receivers, switching devices, detectors, and modulators. The book explores the theory, techniques, and technologies that are fueling applications such as radio-over-fiber, injection-locked semiconductor lasers, and terahertz tashleeh.online Edition: 2nd Edition.
Photonics in Switching provides a broad, balanced overview of the use of optics or photonics in switching, from materials and devices to system architecture.
The chapters, each written by an expert in the field, survey the key technologies, setting them in context and. Books shelved as photonics: Handbook of Photonics by Mool C.
Gupta, Encyclopedia of Optical and Photonic Engineering (Print) - Five Volume Set by Craig H. Photonic switching's major advantage is that it preserves the end-to-end continuity of the optical path. This article addresses the feasibility of photonic switching and the technologies it requires.
A broad overview of photonic switching techniques and applications are provided. Photonics (ISSN ; CODEN: PHOTC5) is an international scientific peer-reviewed open access journal on the science and technology of optics and photonics, published quarterly online by MDPI.
Open Access - free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
Photonics is the science and technology of light, with an emphasis on applications: harnessing light in a wide range of fields. Photonics is the physical science of light photon generation, detection, and manipulation through emission, transmission, modulation, signal processing, switching / Jul 15, · texts All Books All Texts latest This Just In Smithsonian Libraries FEDLINK (US) Genealogy Lincoln Collection.
Books to Borrow. Top Photonic switching: proceedings of the first topical meeting, Incline Village, Nevada, MarchPages: Fundamentals of Photonics SPIE is providing free and open access to this material as a service to the optics community and the general public.
We hope the contents of this book (freely available below) will meet the needs of students of all ages, including life-long learners, who want to develop their interest in the continuously evolving. Photonics in Switching 72 likes · 1 talking about this.
Photonics in Switching Conference, PS, September Florence (Italy). Check out who is attending exhibiting speaking schedule & agenda reviews timing entry ticket fees. edition of Photonics in Switching and Computing will be held at Hotel Bonaventure Montreal, Montreal starting on 13th July.
It is a 4 day event organised by The Optical Society (OSA) and will conclude on. This book gives a fascinating picture of the state-of-the-art in silicon photonics and a perspective on what can be expected in the near future.
It is composed of a selected number of reviews authored by world leaders in the field and is written from both academic and industrial viewpoints.
Nov 22, · Photonics is a research field in which, scientists use light to perform functions that traditionally fell within the typical domain of electronics, such as telecommunications, information processing, etc. You said you are an undergrad, so I would.
This book outlines the current status of research in photonic switching and details the latest scientific achievements and trends in this field.
The topics treated include guided-wave devices, optically controlled devices, space-division switching, free-space and wavelength-based switching and devices, and packet tashleeh.online: Kunio Tada, Harvard Scott Hinton. Both of these switching approaches can be put to good use for creating optical logic gates.
Logic gates using photonic crystals The implementation of a NOT gate using a photonic crystal is considered first. For this purpose, the optical cavity considered here has a.
This book outlines the current status of research in photonic switching and details the latest scientific achievements and trends in this field. The topics treated include guided-wave devices, optically controlled devices, space-division switching, free-space and wavelength-based switching and devices, and packet switching.
Chapter 1 Introduction Photonics uses primarily photons to carry out its mission in contrast to Electronics which uses primarily electrons or other charged particles.
But no strict separation of both ﬁelds is possible, at least not on an elementary level. cal components for polarization manipulation and switching we will brieﬂy.Superresolution Microscopy Poster Publisher: Photonics Media.
$ to SIM (structured illumination microscopy), Deconvolution and Single-Molecule Switching. With interest in the field growing rapidly, books, buyers' guides and websites for more about Photonics Media.Photonics, Volume 1: Fundamentals of Photonics and Physics - Ebook written by David L.
Andrews. Read this book using Google Play Books app on your PC, android, iOS devices. Download for offline reading, highlight, bookmark or take notes while you read Photonics, Volume 1: Fundamentals of Photonics and tashleeh.online: David L.