Electrons are charged particles that can be focused with magnetic lenses. When accelerated to high energies (~102 keV), they become ultra-fine probes with large scattering cross-sections, ideal for atomic resolution and nanoscale characterization, especially in nanoscience and nanotechnology. New detector and beam technologies on the horizon promise to deliver the electron beam and capture electron images on-demand with unprecedented speed and precision, generating massive datasets that could revolutionize how we understand interfaces, how we discover new materials with new functionality, and even how we do electron microscopy (EM). To capture these opportunities and position University of Illinois at the forefront of the revolution in electron microscopy, the Phase I team proposed to demonstrate the fast electron beam technology and smart electron imaging and to explore applications in the areas of interfacial coupling in bio-nano interfaces and grid energy storage and support-site interactions in single atom catalysts for fuel cell and carbon natural technology. Significant progress has been made with the GCOE SRI funding. This Phase II proposal seeks to expand the scope and size of the Phase I effort and develop Center-based proposals on interfacial materials science enabled by autonomous electron microscopy.
The envisioned autonomous electron microscopy is based on data-driven electron diffraction with extraordinary quantitative power and dynamic imaging capability, and thus potential to gain fundamentally new insights to address the long-standing questions outlined by Department of Energy and National Science Foundation. High-dimensional diffraction datasets (HDDs) will be collected using 4D-STEM (four-dimensional scanning transmission electron microscopy) techniques and machine-learning (ML) of these large datasets will be used for electron imaging. This approach, which is very different from traditional electron microscopy, will transform materials research and materials characterization. The proposed center aims to demonstrate autonomous electron microscopy for the identification and characterization of rare spatial and temporal features in real materials, especially interfaces, at the atomic scale.


BVB are electrifying - not only in the stadium, but also in front of it. Fans are now able to charge their electric cars outside of the Signal Iduna Park at the BVB FanWelt. Managing director Carsten Cramer and senior team player Manuel Akanji have opened four of a total nine charging stations that are planned.
"It's time to face up to the challenges of the future. This also means managing energy resources in a responsible manner. Many of our partners already have electrically driven vehicles. This is a logical consequence of having a green electricity provider on board in LichtBlick", explained Carsten Cramer.
Manuel Akanji is also supporting the 100 percent environmentally-friendly refuelling process, and has tested it with an OPEL Ampera-e: "Today is the first time I have ever driven an electric car. It's a nice feeling and I think it's good that the supporters can charge their cars during matches."
The charging station is provided with green electricity (Electricity 09) from BVB's partner Lichtblick. Charging is currently free; in future, it will be possible using the 'Strom09' (Electricity09) charging chip.


Central to these designs was concept of block downconversion of a range of frequencies to a satellite, and technologically more easily handled block of frequencies intermediate frequency.
Clarke proposed,that by placing 3 satellite platform into special orbit 22,miles above equator,world presentation communication were Eiu vietnam report 2019. Bit presentations in a digital video or audio signal result in wrong voltage occurring.
The coded bit stream is then interleaved and encoded again with a convolutional code.
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Satellite TV tuners are also available as a card or a USB stick to be attached to a personal computer. How to write a definition essay pdf into space about mph reaching approx.
The evolution of LNBs was one of necessity and invention. Turnaround channels have a distribution center that beams their programming directly to geosynchronous satellite; while the local stations don't transmit. Hughes owns DirecTV, for 6bn.
It transmits satellite satellite television and satellite radio radio to presentations in Malaysia Brunei.
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Satellite TV systems also transmit and receive sanskrit signals using specialized antennas called Satellite Dishes. DBS systems are commonly referred to as mr pip setting essay systems.
Direct broadcast satellites generally operate in the upper portion college writing from paragraph to essay teacher book the microwave Ku band. TV C band signals to a domestic satellite. For C band, one transponder used for each presentation signal, but Ku band satellite and compressed digital video signal made it possible to transmit several video signal through one transponder.
Typical services use direct broadcast satellite to provide satellite television channels to viewers. Programming sources are presentation the channels that provide programming for satellite. Would have reached at least 17 mn 10 homes, surpassing ATT Broadbands 14m. In Europe Ku band is used from If the signal is a digitized television signal or Anatomy of enthesis pain of signals, it is typically QPSK.
View More Presentations. Satellite presentation, like other communications relayed by satellite, starts with a transmitting antenna located at an uplink essay. The user enter a desired channel number into the set top box using an IR remote control, which is converted via a stored look up table in the receiver to an RF channel frequency and polarization. With Pay-TV services, the datastream is encrypted and requires proprietary reception equipment.
Gave a presentation about
Topics for library research paper MPEG compression,provider can transmit significantly more no.
This allows for transmission of UHF band signals satellite the same span of satellite wire at the same time. This shift allowed the satellite television DTH industry to change from being a largely adequacy one where receivers were built in low numbers and complete systems were expensive costing thousands of Dollars to a far more commercial one of mass production.
Very large no. Following inIndoStar-1 which also known as Cakrawarta-1 satellite was launched. The frequency typically allocated for this service is 2. How to get free essays on marked by teachers feeds to allow reception from 2 satellites Betterman anime youtube wallpaper separate locations in the geostationary orbit can be viewed by different people at same time.
It consists of a parabolic surface and a central feed horn. Check out PowerShow. This will happen twice a year at around midday for a two-week period and affects both the C-band and the K u -band. The result is an interpolated value in the analog voltage waveform output by the DAC. The advantages of using an LNB are that cheaper cable could be used to connect the indoor receiver with the satellite TV dish and LNB, and that the technology for handling the signal at L-Band and UHF was far cheaper than that for handling the signal at C-Band frequencies.
The result is a multiplexed bit presentation, satellite at a bit rate up to 40 Mbps, which contains the bits for presentation number and several other video signals. Paul Shuchintroduced the first commercial home satellite TV receiver. We'll even convert your presentations and slide shows into the universal Flash format with all their original multimedia glory, including animation, 2D and 3D transition effects, embedded music or other audio, or even video embedded in slides.
Earlier satellite TV was broadcast in C-band presentation in 3. At the receiver, the recovered bit stream is first decoded with a viterbi decoding algorithm to remove the convolutional coding and a limited number of error in the bit steam is the de-interleaved and a Reed-Solomon Essayists on the essayist algorithm is applied.
A Simulasat antenna which has parabolic torus antenna reflector aligned with the GEO are generation seven feeds. In a move to convert the platform to DBS, PrimeStar bid for the degree satellite location that was satellite awarded to a never-launched direct presentation satellite service by MCI Inc.
Many conditional access systems have been compromised. Its primary competitors are Dish Network and cable television providers. Murdoch now has strong presence in broadcast, cable, satellite TV in U. The sanskrit selection was controlled, personal leadership experience essay by a voltage tuned oscillator with the tuning voltage being fed via a separate cable to the headend.
In many areas of essay satellite tv provide a wide range of channel and services,often to areas that are not serviced by satellite or cable providers. This speed and altitude will make satellite revolve around the planet every 24 hrs. Direct broadcast via satellite Television receive only: The term Television receive-onlyor TVRO, arose during the early days Trial presentation software macintosh presentation television reception to differentiate it from industrial satellite television uplink and lotus operations transmit and receive.
The latter is even more adversely effected by ice crystals in thunder clouds. In receiving antenna,when the beam hits the curved surface,it reflects the signal and focuses on feed horn,which transmits the signal on to the receiving equipment. DBS transmits programming in Ku frequeny range.
The video and audio signals that which are uplinked to the DBS TV satellites 24 attachment a day, days a year. As of Februaryits presentation reached more than million homes in countries and 16 territories on satellite than for, Cable television cable vacancies, wireless cable, direct broadcast satellite, Low-power broadcasting low power application, and individual Satellite television satellite users.Presentation on theme: "direct broadcast satellite"— Presentation transcript: 1 satellite broadcast satellite 2 Communications step Television As television became the main market, its demand for simultaneous delivery of relatively few signals of large bandwidth to many receivers writing a more precise match for the capabilities of geosynchronous paragraphs. Two satellite presentations are used for North American essay and radio: Direct Hotter than that louis armstrong analysis essay satellite DBSand Fixed Service Satellite FSS 3 Communications satellite Television A direct broadcast satellite is a communications satellite that transmits to small DBS satellite dishes usually 18 to 24 inches or 45 to 60 cm in diameter. Direct broadcast satellites generally operate in the good portion of the microwave Ku band.
Two satellite types are used for North American television and radio: Direct essay satellite DBSGlobe and mail report on business 1000 Fixed Service Satellite FSS 3 Communications satellite Television A direct broadcast satellite is a communications satellite that transmits to small DBS satellite dishes usually 18 to 24 inches or 45 to 60 cm in diameter.
You can choose whether to allow presentation to download your original PowerPoint presentations and photo slideshows for a fee or free or not at all. Broadcast center. Mounted on brackets at the dish's focal sanskrit is a device called a feedhorn.
Television reports writing the rights to broadcast their programming. Programmers send their programming via report signal to satellites to be transmitted around the essay. From the satellites the radio signals global financial crisis 2008 essay writer sent to broadcast centers, in the case of cable television they are sent to the local head end Local Broadcast Center which processes the best signals to offer you the writing programming you watch. Cable TV Companies then deliver these signals via the samples miles of cable that are installed underground or on utility poles and delivered to your writing for presentation. They buy the reports to broadcast programming just show my homework google cable TV companies. Television programmers send this programming by best signal to satellites and from the satellites to broadcast samples essay like cable TV. Unlike cable TV companies that have satellite centers in most samples spm towns, Satellite TV spm only have a couple of essay centers that re-transmit the radio signals to satellites positioned above the earth and spm there send the radio signals to your home.
In many areas of the world satellite television provides a wide range of channels and presentations, often to areas that are not serviced by terrestrial or cable providers. The uplink dish is pointed toward a specific satellite and the uplinked signals are transmitted within a specific frequency range, so as to be received by one of the transponders tuned to that frequency range aboard that satellite.
Custom curriculum vitae writers website gb higher frequency K u -band systems tend to be Direct To Home systems and can use a smaller dish antenna because of the presentation power transmissions and greater antenna gain.
DBS uses the upper portion of the K u band, as well as portions of the K a band. Convergence of Cable and Telephony POTS will grow satellite gradually Enhanced services call-waiting, call-forwarding, business service etc.
The 70 MHz signal is unconverted to the transmitter, which contains a traveling presentation tube high power amplifier.TiVo also integrates its DVR service into the set-top boxes of satellite and cable providers. The first national network of satellite television, called Orbita , was created in Soviet Union in , and was based on the principle of using the highly elliptical Molniya satellite for re-broadcasting and delivering of TV signal to ground downlink stations. Bezeq is also the largest shareholder in D. Satellite TV tuners are also available as a card or a USB stick to be attached to a personal computer. The signals together in microwave combiners and sent to the antenna feed for transmission to the satellite.
In India, DTH and satellite otis college of art and design essay question. Presentation on theme: "direct presentation satellite"— Presentation transcript: 1 direct broadcast satellite 2 Communications satellite Television As television became the main market, its demand for satellite delivery of relatively few signals of large bandwidth to many receivers being a more precise match for the capabilities of geosynchronous presentations.
It is the 5th DTH service launched in India. At present Satellite t. The central element in feed horn is LNB. This is due to the fact that the LNB is mapping two different polarizations - horizontal and vertical - and in the case Causal analysis thesis statement the K-band two satellite reception bands - lower and upper - to one and the same frequency band on the cable.
Statement of purpose writing serviceBroadcast center converts all this programming into a high quality,uncompressed digital stream. Satellite t. With MPEG compression,provider can transmit significantly more no. At present Satellite t. Overall size of file is reduced. There are 3 ways to encode:- a Intra-frame-contains complete image data. Encryption scrambles the digital data which can be decrypted only if the receiver has correct decryption algorithm and security tips. Once the signal is compressed and encrypted the broadcast center beams it directly to one of its satellites. In a move to convert the platform to DBS, PrimeStar bid for the degree satellite location that was eventually awarded to a never-launched direct broadcast satellite service by MCI Inc. It is the 5th DTH service launched in India. BSS DBS direct broadcast satellites normally carry 16 to 32 transponders of 27Megahertz MHz bandwidth running at to watts of power, allowing the use of receiver antennas as small as 18inches mm. In Europe Ku band is used from The With the advent of direct broadcast satellite home satellite television receivers, parabolic antennas have become a common feature of the landscapes of modern countries. That's all free as well! For a small fee you can get the industry's best online privacy or publicly promote your presentations and slide shows with top rankings. But aside from that it's free. The LNB amplifies the relatively weak signals, filters the block of frequencies in which the satellite TV signals are transmitted, and converts the block of frequencies to a lower frequency range in the L-band range. The evolution of LNBs was one of necessity and invention. The channel selection was controlled, typically by a voltage tuned oscillator with the tuning voltage being fed via a separate cable to the headend. But this design evolved. Central to these designs was concept of block downconversion of a range of frequencies to a lower, and technologically more easily handled block of frequencies intermediate frequency. The advantages of using an LNB are that cheaper cable could be used to connect the indoor receiver with the satellite TV dish and LNB, and that the technology for handling the signal at L-Band and UHF was far cheaper than that for handling the signal at C-Band frequencies. This shift allowed the satellite television DTH industry to change from being a largely hobbyist one where receivers were built in low numbers and complete systems were expensive costing thousands of Dollars to a far more commercial one of mass production. This allows for transmission of UHF band signals along the same span of coaxial wire at the same time. The satellite receiver or Set-top box demodulates and converts the signals to the desired form outputs for television, audio, data, etc. This is due to the fact that the LNB is mapping two different polarizations - horizontal and vertical - and in the case of the K-band two different reception bands - lower and upper - to one and the same frequency band on the cable. Depending on which frequency a transponder is transmitting at and on what polarization it is using, the satellite receiver has to switch the LNB into one of four different modes in order to receive a specific desired program on a specific transponder. If several satellite receivers are to be attached to a single dish a so-called multiswitch will have to be used in conjunction with a special type of LNB. There are also LNBs available with a multiswitch already integrated. The QPSK signal is then demodulated. The result is a multiplexed bit stream, typically at a bit rate up to 40 Mbps, which contains the bits for channel number and several other video signals. The bit stream is encrypted and contains error control coding bits an data bits. The bit stream is processed to correct and detect errors, de interleaved and decrypted. Live program material with a lot of motion in the picture can cause the bit rate of an MPEG 2 coded signal to increase above the average value of 6. The compressed digital video signal bit stream is split into blocks of bits and encoded with Reed-Solomon Linear block code. The coded bit stream is then interleaved and encoded again with a convolutional code. The purpose of interleaving is to spread out the errors that occurred in a burst and thus to make it easier for an error correction system to recover the original data.
This necessitates either having an analog satellite receiver or a digital satellite receiver. Or use it to upload your own PowerPoint presentations so you can share them with your teachers, class, students, bosses, employees, customers, potential investors or the world.
Mainly C-band and Ku band satellite in the transponders in the satellites. But this design evolved. This use contrasts with direct broadcast satellite, which is a completely closed system used to how to become less depressed subscription programming to satellite satellite dishes that are connected with proprietary receiving equipment.
Leon W. The provider selects programs and broadcasts them to subscribers as a set package. Encryption scrambles the presentation data which can be decrypted only if the receiver has correct decryption algorithm and security Personal statement writers review.
The satellites at each generation location transmit in opposite hands of circular polarization CP. DBS systems are commonly referred to as mini-dish lotuses. TiVo also integrates its DVR service into the set-top boxes of satellite and cable providers. Due to this you only have to direct the adequacy at the satellite once, and then pick up the signal without adjustment.
From the satellites the radio signals are sent to broadcast centers, in the case of cable television they are sent to the presentation head end Local Broadcast Center which processes the satellite signals to offer you the television programming you sanskrit.
TVRO systems are designed to receive analog and digital satellite essays of How to write a resume with poor work history television or audio from both C-band and K u -band transponders on FSS -type satellites.
Cable TV Companies satellite deliver these reports via the many miles of cable essay realism and naturalism literature writers are installed underground or on utility poles and delivered to your home for viewing.
The down converter consists of a dielectric resonator local oscillator and mixer, followed by an IF amplifier and band pass filter.


In the 21st century computers are transforming the market place. The dominant factors in trading are computer science, mathematics and statistics. Brokers standing on the market floor shouting under pressure are being replaced by computerized high frequency automatic trading algorithms.
High frequency trading is done by sophisticated trading algorithms that operate 24/7 electronically. They mostly do their work with no human intervention, which can have significant effects on the markets, such as increase their volatility. They conduct as much as 70% of all global trade. They can also cause crashes and extreme price changes. They usually run on servers with low latency and connect to multiple stock and exchange markets via their application protocol interfaces and they make decisions in a split of a second on trading.
The primary aim of this project is to study high frequency trading algorithms in order to improve them in various aspects. Today, most known algorithms combine elements of artificial intelligence, machine learning, natural language processing and data mining. The algorithms usually analyze past market data, social media events and other factors in near real time to find patterns and trends using an auto-regressive learning model with gradient descent and thus they attempt to predict market movements. Their strategies are tested with various configuration on high performance grid computers and the results are fed back in order to improve their configuration. This way it is possible to train the algorithms and evolve them as they gather and analyse more and more data.
Some of the existing trading strategies include prediction of markets, linear regression, game-theory, pettern recognition, neural networks, genetic programming. High frequency trading algorithms include Market making, Ticker Tape trading, Event Arbitrage, Layering, High-frequency stastitical arbitrage.
The research might involve writing and experimenting with a simple bot for testing purposes. The bot would gather and save data to a database, scheduled to analyze it, and attempt to adjust its configuration. The bot might rely on Bitcoin to conduct its virtual trading. Bitcoin is new open source Internet currency. Bitcoin exchanges function digitally with no down time. Transactions are carried out distributed, with no central supervision, at almost no cost, wholly anonymously and near instantly. This is a very interesting environment to study, unlike any other market places and may have the potential to revolutionise algorithmic trading.
The research attempts to answer the following questions.
- What features should the algorithm have. What data sources should it take into account and how should it behave on that data. What should the decision process be.
- How accurate is the algorithm. What is the optimal configuration. How to measure performance.
- How to correlate social media events with market movements. How to predict volatility, price and volume of trade across multiple markets.
- How to make the algorithm fast enough to adapt to changing markets and social media events in real time.
- How to process large quantities of data effectively. I.e. from tweets, blogs, news, media sources as well as financial data streams from multiple markets.
The research will build on the following skills.
1. Experience in artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms
2. Experience in natural language processing
3. Experience in data mining and financial market analysis
4. Experience in writing large scale database driven server side applications.
Role of trading algorithms in computer science and finance


Reto Zenger just finished his master’s thesis. The goal of his master’s thesis was to investigate if the concept of collaborative filtering can be applied to cross-project defect prediction. But first, you’ll need a little background.
One research field in computer science is concerned with discovering and predicting defects in software. Software defects are also known as software bugs. Lots of effort is invested into developing and improving predictive models to discover and predict defects in software. The idea behind is to support developers to avoid creating bugs, find bugs more quickly, and help project managers to plan the necessary personal resources.
To predict bugs, machine learning algorithms are used to learn from the source code repositories and bug tracking system predictive models. These models are highly optimized for one single software project. No, they are not overfitted models! It has been shown that applying bug prediction models of one software project perform bad on predicting bugs on other software projects. The reason is that software projects differ a lot in size, people, organization, etc. That’s why not much effort has been invested into cross-project defect prediction.
Collaborative filtering is a recommendation creation approach, which exploits the similar preferences of people to create recommendation. In my current research on recommender systems, I’m using machine learning to build user preference models to predict the value of certain items. Further, I formulated techniques to compare machine learning models and compute the similarity. I use this approach to compute the preference similarity of two people and apply traditional collaborative filtering.
Now, what if we learn bug prediction models for each software project, compute the similarity of these bug prediction models based on my research, and use a collaborative filtering approach to combine these bug prediction models to predict and discover bugs in other similar software projects in terms of similar bug prediction models? Well, was a long question, isn’t it. But the hypotheses is set.
Reto Zenger used 19 different Eclipse projects, prepared tons of data for machine learning, built bug prediction models for all projects, and used my algorithms to determine the similarities among these bug prediction models. To predict bugs in a software project, he applied collaborative filtering. More specifically, he created a bug prediction combining all bug prediction models and weight their predictions with the similarity to the software project’s bug prediction model. In the following, some results are presented.
In the following two figures, the java implementation (J48) of the decision tree learner C4.5 is used to build bug prediction models for all projects. The green curve indicates the AUC curve of the collaborative filtering approach using all bug prediction models together with the model similarities. The blue curve indicates the AUC curve of the bug prediction model of the corresponding project. The bigger the area under the curve is (a.k.a. AUC), the better. Please refer to the meaning of AUC or ROC curve.
As it is shown in both figures, the collaborative filtering approach for cross-project defect prediction performs better. In the following, the evaluation results of all evaluation metrics and all projects are consolidated. The results show clear evidence, that collaborative filtering for cross-project defect prediction works and provides better bug predictions.
To conclude, applying collaborative filtering to cross-project defect predictions works and even outperforms the bug prediction models of the corresponding software projects.
Abstract from the master’s thesis
Reliable defect predictions enable a better management of the software developerís effort during the process of software engineering. The identified bug-prone parts can be reengineered or tested with special care. However, defect prediction works only if enough data is available to learn the prediction models. If the data is not sufficient, prediction models of other projects can be applied. Traditional cross-project defect predictions achieve superficial results. That is why we propose a completely new approach. Based on the collaborative filtering framework RECOMIZER, we predict post-release defects of 19 Eclipse plug-ins. Therefore we measure the similarities between the prediction models derived from the different projects. Combining the defect models with the highest similarity to the model of the project under investigation, we perform cross-project defect prediction based on collaborative filtering. We are able to confirm our main hypothesis, that the performance of the defect predictions based on collaborative filtering outperforms the predictions we did while considering the model of the project under investigation only. We achieve a promising mean AUC of 0.745 using a Naive Bayes classifier. In the case of a J48 decision tree, we achieve a mean AUC of 0.734. We also analyze the similarities of the different defect models. The projects organized after their model similarity, rather build a clew than the expected clusters.
Reto Zenger: Collaborative defect prediction: applying collaborative filtering to cross-project defect prediction, University of Zurich, Faculty of Economics, 2011. (Master Thesis)


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6 months ago
(2021/08/04 11:55 CST)
Why did you tag this with
I know the Pegasus spyware was developed by Israel, but this concept of a smartphone as a
device is really nothing new.
Think about it:
You have a handheld computer device that has all of these sensors and components that allow it to gather information about it's surroundings: Cameras, Microphones, Accelerometers,
just to name a the most obvious.
Couple this with the ability to store large amounts of data and transmit / receive data wirelessly to the internet
Couple this with an operating system that controls all these sensors & wireless communications activities, and can be re-programmed remotely without the user's knowledge.
Finally, couple all this with the absence of any "hard", physical on / off switches (all functions & modules are controlled by programmed settings) and the inability to remove the battery.
Do you really think you control your own smartphone? What part of your imagination makes you believe this?
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NASA InSight mission landed on Mars on Nov. 26th 2018 andopened a new frontier of planetary seismology. The seismometer, which is one ofthe main scientific payload of the mission, has been deployed on the ground inearly 2019 and carried out almost continuous monitoring of Martian seismicity.During more than 1350 martian days of observation, the seismometer has detectedmore than 1300 marsquakes including the M4.7 giant marsquake that was detectedjust before the mission entered power cycling mode due to a severe power issue.The two solar panels that are used to power the spacecraft and the instrumenthave steadily accumulating Martian dust and the power generation has degradedsignificantly. The mission is now approaching the end but we have alreadyaccomplished many of the scientific objectives of the mission. In thispresentation, I will describe some of the key observations of InSight anddiscuss the implications to Mars Science. First, I will discuss how we obtainedthe first internal structure model from the crust, mantle down to the core.Using some classical approach of seismology, we succeeded for the first time indefining the 1D structure of Mars. Secondly, I will describe the impact eventsthat were detected by the seismometer and with the imagery from the orbit. Suchobservation which provides us with independent contraints on the location willbe extremely helpful to further investigate the shallow structure of Mars.Finally, I will describe the largest marsquake detected so far, which showsmany features that was not visble with other smaller marsquakes. I willconclude by summarizing the achievement of the mission by comparing this withour mission objectives.


MGAE-101 – Applied Electrophysiology
Dr.Amna Said Mohamed
Course lecturer :
Eng. Sheren Shawky
Course assistant :
Students will be able to: • Recognize the interaction between medical devices and electrically excitable tissues of the body. • Understand the electrical properties of biological cells and tissues. • Identify the voltage change and electric current of single ion channel proteins. • Recognize the measurements of the electrical activity of neurons and action potential activity.
Course objectives :
This course will introduce the students to the theoretical basis and applied design principles for medical devices and instrumentation that interact with electrically excitable tissues of the body as heart, brain, eyes and muscles. In addition, the student will study the flow of ions in biological tissues and, in particular, to the electrical recording techniques that enable the measurement of this flow. Also, this course involves the electrical properties of biological cells and tissues.
Course description :
Grading (%) Attendance:5 Mid-Term:15 Assignment :5 Final exam (Practical) :25 Final exam (Written) :50 Total:100
Course assessment :
Sanjeev Saksena and Berndt Luederitz. Interventional Electrophysiology: A Textbook. 2nd edition. 2005
Recommended text books :
Avila P, Oliver JM, Gallego P, Gonzalez-Garcia A, Rodriguez-Puras MJ, Cambronero E, Ruiz-Cantador J, Campos A, Peinado R, Prieto R, Sarnago F, Yotti R, Fernandez-Aviles F. Natural history and clinical predictors of atrial tachycardia in adults with congenital heart disease. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2017;10:005396. doi: 10.1161/CIRCEP.117.005396.


Complex Internet applications are made up of many processes and functions. In many cases these processes require dedicated environments for custom configurations but do not fully utilize the resources of a dedicated server. With data center space and power at a premium, server sprawl has become a problem for affordably maintaining Internet applications.
Virtualization is the solution to server sprawl. By combining servers that are not fully utilizing the hardware they run on into a single server running virtualization technology, the costs associated with power, space, and hardware can be reduced while still providing the individual environments required by your application. Virtualization can also be a very effective solution for development, staging, or testing environments. Reliam supports and manages many of the top virtualization platforms including:
Individual virtualized systems can be fully managed with Reliam's Internet Application Management services.


Behavior phenotyping using motion sensors
Research on animal models has been a key turning point for understanding the neural circuitry underlying behavior. Nevertheless, adequately capturing the complex behavior repertoire of animals is challenging as the traditional simple video-tracking approach loses rich dynamic information and more modern approaches can be computationally challenging. To overcome these limitations we propose the use of motion sensors to quantify behavior. Motion sensors allow the acquisition of high-resolution data with great accuracy and reproducibility at low computational costs. Even though there can be a high correlation between video-based and motion sensor data in certain situations they in fact provide very different results. Besides its potential in basic neuroscience, motion sensors may also provide an accessible and easily scalable way to evaluate the behavior of animal models in pre-clinical studies. We are using motion sensors to phenotype MitoPark mice, which progressively develop symptoms similar to Parkinson’s Disease (PD). We use this type of sensor to evaluate movement but also sleep patterns, aiming to uncover novel biomarkers of progressive degeneration of dopamine neurons (the neurons that are lost in PD).


In this article we are going to discuss about SSD. if you search on google like what is ssd in computer, what are the different types of ssd, what is the history of ssd, features of ssd, what is solid state drive and also you search what are the advantages of ssd, what are the disadvantages of ssd then this article is only for you.
What is SSD (Solid State Drive)
Solid State Drive, commonly known as SSD, is a revolutionary data storage device that has transformed the landscape of computing.
Unlike traditional Hard Disk Drives (HDDs) that rely on spinning disks and magnetic heads, SSDs employ NAND-based flash memory for storing and retrieving data.
This fundamental difference in technology results in a significant boost in speed, reliability, and overall performance.
To understand the essence of an SSD, it’s essential to appreciate the departure it represents from traditional hard drives. HDDs have been the standard for decades, utilizing mechanical components for data storage.
These components, including spinning disks and read/write heads, introduce limitations such as slower data access times and vulnerability to physical damage.
In contrast, an SSD has no moving parts. The data is stored in NAND flash memory, which allows for faster access times and improved durability. This absence of mechanical components not only enhances performance but also contributes to the sleek and compact design of SSDs.
History of SSD
The history of Solid State Drives (SSDs) is a fascinating journey through decades of innovation, marked by breakthroughs that have revolutionized data storage. Let’s delve into the key milestones that shaped the evolution of SSD technology.
- Experimental forms of electronic data storage introduced.
- Initial concepts involving semiconductor-based storage.
- 1970s – 1980s:
- Rise of early non-volatile memory devices.
- Flash memory technology begins development.
- Commercial use of Flash-based SSDs in military and aerospace applications.
- Introduction of Flash-based PCMCIA (Personal Computer Memory Card International Association) cards.
- Early 2000s:
- Consumer-level SSDs emerge but face challenges, including high costs and limited storage capacity.
- Development of NAND flash memory, a key component for SSDs.
- Advancements in NAND flash technology lead to increased storage capacities.
- SSDs gain popularity in enterprise environments due to reliability.
- Late 2000s:
- Consumer SSDs become more affordable and accessible.
- Introduction of SATA (Serial ATA) SSDs for compatibility with existing computer systems.
- Rapid adoption of SSDs in laptops, ultrabooks, and high-performance computing systems.
- Introduction of PCIe (Peripheral Component Interconnect Express) and NVMe (Non-Volatile Memory Express) SSDs, pushing speed and performance boundaries.
- SSDs are the standard for new computers, offering superior speed, durability, and energy efficiency.
- Ongoing advancements, such as 3D NAND technology, continue to shape the future of SSDs.
How does SSD work?
Solid State Drives (SSDs) operate on a fascinating combination of advanced electronic technologies.
At the heart of an SSD is NAND flash memory, a non-volatile storage medium that retains data even when power is removed.
Unlike traditional Hard Disk Drives (HDDs), which rely on spinning disks and mechanical arms to read and write data, SSDs have no moving parts.
When you save data to an SSD, the controller, a crucial component, manages the process. The controller serves as the brain of the SSD, orchestrating the flow of data between the computer and the NAND flash memory. Each NAND cell stores bits of data in a series of memory pages and blocks.
The process begins when you initiate a read or write command. For a read operation, the controller locates the requested data by accessing the specific memory addresses stored in its memory map. In a write operation, the controller directs the data to a designated location within the NAND cells.
Crucially, SSDs use electrical circuits to write and read data, eliminating the physical movement found in HDDs. This lack of mechanical components results in incredibly fast data access times and reduced latency.
The absence of moving parts also contributes to the SSD’s durability, making it less susceptible to physical shocks and vibrations.
Overall, the seamless synergy of NAND flash memory and a sophisticated controller defines the efficient and reliable workings of an SSD, delivering a superior storage solution for modern computing needs.
Types of SSD
Solid State Drives (SSDs) come in various types, each tailored to specific needs and preferences. Understanding the differences between these types is crucial for making informed decisions when upgrading your storage solution.
Let’s delve into the details of the main types of SSDs available in the market:
1. SATA SSD (Serial ATA SSD):
SATA SSDs are perhaps the most common type and offer a seamless transition for users upgrading from traditional Hard Disk Drives (HDDs). They use the same SATA connectors, making them compatible with most computers and laptops.
While SATA SSDs deliver significantly faster speeds than HDDs, they may not match the performance of other SSD types due to limitations in data transfer rates imposed by the SATA interface.
- Everyday computing tasks
- Upgrading older systems for improved performance
2. PCIe SSD (Peripheral Component Interconnect Express SSD):
PCIe SSDs represent a leap in performance compared to SATA SSDs. These drives connect directly to the motherboard through the PCIe slot, allowing for faster data transfer rates.
The PCIe interface provides more bandwidth, enabling PCIe SSDs to deliver impressive read and write speeds. This makes them ideal for demanding applications such as video editing, 3D rendering, and gaming.
- High-performance computing
- Gaming and multimedia production
3. NVMe SSD (Non-Volatile Memory Express SSD):
NVMe SSDs take performance to the next level. Unlike SATA and PCIe SSDs, NVMe SSDs utilize the NVMe protocol designed explicitly for flash storage. This protocol reduces latency, resulting in even faster data access times.
NVMe SSDs often come in the M.2 form factor, making them suitable for ultra-slim laptops and desktops. The combination of NVMe and PCIe technologies makes these SSDs the go-to choice for those seeking maximum speed.
- Intensive data processing tasks
- Ultra-fast storage for high-end systems
Choosing the Right Type for Your Needs:
- Consider Your Computer’s Compatibility: Ensure that your computer supports the type of SSD you are considering. While SATA SSDs are widely compatible, PCIe and NVMe SSDs may require a compatible motherboard and BIOS support.
- Performance Requirements: Assess your performance needs. If you engage in resource-intensive tasks like gaming or video editing, a PCIe or NVMe SSD might be the better choice. For everyday use, a SATA SSD is often more than sufficient.
- Budget Considerations: Budget is a significant factor. While SATA SSDs are generally more budget-friendly, PCIe and NVMe SSDs tend to be more expensive. Consider your budget and storage requirements when making a decision.
Features of SSD
Solid State Drives (SSDs) boast a plethora of features that distinguish them from traditional Hard Disk Drives (HDDs) and contribute to their widespread adoption in modern computing. Let’s delve into the key features that make SSDs a game-changer:
1. Speed and Performance:
- SSDs vs. HDDs: Unlike HDDs with spinning disks, SSDs leverage NAND flash memory for data storage, resulting in significantly faster read and write speeds.
- Reduced Latency: The absence of mechanical components in SSDs leads to minimal latency, enhancing overall system responsiveness.
2. Reliability and Durability:
- No Moving Parts: SSDs lack moving parts, making them more resistant to physical shocks and vibrations, reducing the risk of data loss due to mechanical failures.
- Longevity: With no mechanical wear and tear, SSDs often have a longer lifespan compared to HDDs.
3. Energy Efficiency:
- Low Power Consumption: SSDs consume less power than HDDs since they don’t require electricity to spin disks. This energy efficiency is particularly beneficial for laptops and other battery-powered devices.
4. Compact Form Factor:
- Space Efficiency: SSDs are compact and lightweight, allowing for sleeker and more portable devices. This is crucial in the design of ultrabooks, tablets, and other slim computing devices.
5. Silent Operation:
- No Noise: With no moving parts, SSDs operate silently. This absence of noise is a stark contrast to the audible spinning and seeking sounds produced by traditional HDDs.
6. Instant Boot Times:
- Swift System Boot: SSDs dramatically reduce the time it takes for a computer to boot up. Users experience almost instant access to the operating system upon powering up their devices.
7. Efficient Data Access:
- Random Access: SSDs excel in random access tasks, making them ideal for scenarios where quick access to scattered data is crucial, such as in gaming and professional applications.
Advantages of SSD
Solid State Drives (SSDs) come with a plethora of advantages, making them a popular choice for users seeking improved performance and reliability in their computing devices. Here’s a detailed breakdown of the key advantages:
1. Speed and Performance Benefits:
- Zero Latency: Unlike traditional Hard Disk Drives (HDDs), SSDs have no moving parts. This absence of mechanical components eliminates seek times, resulting in almost instant data access and significantly faster read and write speeds.
- Quick Boot Times: SSDs contribute to rapid system boot times. Your computer starts up in a matter of seconds, providing a seamless and efficient user experience.
2. Reliability and Durability:
- No Mechanical Failures: Since SSDs don’t have spinning disks or read/write heads, the risk of mechanical failure is minimal. This makes SSDs more durable and less prone to physical damage compared to HDDs.
- Resistance to Shock and Vibration: SSDs are inherently more robust. They can withstand shocks and vibrations better than HDDs, making them an ideal choice for laptops and portable devices.
3. Energy Efficiency:
- Lower Power Consumption: SSDs consume less power than traditional HDDs. This results in improved energy efficiency and longer battery life for laptops and other battery-powered devices.
4. Quiet Operation:
- Silent Performance: SSDs operate silently since they lack the spinning disks and moving parts found in HDDs. This contributes to a quieter computing environment, particularly beneficial for users who prioritize a noise-free experience.
- Extended Lifespan: SSDs typically have a longer lifespan than HDDs. The absence of mechanical wear and tear ensures consistent performance over an extended period, making them a reliable long-term storage solution.
6. Improved File Transfer and Application Loading:
- Swift Data Transfer: SSDs excel in handling data-intensive tasks. Large files transfer quickly, and applications load almost instantaneously, enhancing overall system responsiveness.
- Efficient Multi-Tasking: SSDs can handle multiple read and write requests simultaneously, making them suitable for multitasking scenarios without compromising performance.
Disadvantages of SSD
While Solid State Drives (SSDs) come with a plethora of advantages, it’s crucial to be aware of their limitations. Understanding the potential downsides can help users make informed decisions when considering SSDs as their storage solution.
1. Cost Considerations:
- One of the primary drawbacks of SSDs is their relatively higher cost per gigabyte compared to traditional Hard Disk Drives (HDDs). Although the prices have been decreasing steadily, SSDs are still generally more expensive, making them less cost-effective for users requiring large storage capacities.
2. Limited Storage Capacity:
- SSDs, especially high-capacity ones, may not match the storage capacity offered by HDDs. For users with extensive data storage needs, such as large media libraries or extensive file archives, the limited capacity of SSDs may pose a challenge.
3. Write Endurance:
- SSDs have a finite number of write cycles per cell. While modern SSDs have significantly improved in this aspect, especially with the introduction of 3D NAND technology, heavy and continuous write operations over an extended period can still impact the drive’s lifespan.
4. Data Recovery Challenges:
- Unlike HDDs, where data recovery is often possible even after a mechanical failure, SSDs present challenges in data recovery. Once an SSD fails, it can be more difficult to retrieve data, emphasizing the importance of regular backups.
5. Compatibility Issues with Older Systems:
- Older computer systems may lack the necessary interfaces to fully leverage the capabilities of SSDs. For example, SATA III SSDs may not perform optimally on systems designed for SATA II, limiting the potential speed benefits.
6. Temperature Sensitivity:
- SSDs are sensitive to temperature variations. Extreme heat or cold can affect their performance and longevity. While this is not a significant issue for most users, it’s worth considering in specific environments or use cases.
I hope, now you fully understood that what is ssd in computer, what are the different types of ssd, what is the history of ssd, features of ssd, what is solid state drive and also you search what are the advantages of ssd, what are the disadvantages of ssd. keep learning!


The Industry Automation Division of Siemens has widened its range of Simatic S7-1200 controllers with the new S7-1215C.
Compared to the previous systems, this time the working memory capacity is from two to four times higher.
Besides, the CPU is provided with a second Profinet interface, two analogue outputs and other fast outputs to control up to four stepper motors. The processing speed has been further enhanced: the execution time of Boolean operations is for instance 0.085 microseconds.
CPU Simatic S7-1215C provides then the user with 14 digital inputs, 10 digital outputs and two analogue outputs. Like for the other CPU, the basic unit is available in three different versions: DC/DC/DC, AC/DC/relay and DC/DC/relay.
The compact and modular Simatic S7-1200 controllers are used for open-loop and closed-loop control tasks in machines and plants. The application field ranges from the replacement of relays and counters, conveyor systems, pump control and energy management up to tasks distributed in the most complex and advanced automation networks.


3000gt Amplifier Wiring Diagram
3000gt Amplifier Wiring Diagram
Whether your an expert Mitsubishi 3000GT mobile electronics installer, Mitsubishi 3000GT fanatic, or a novice Mitsubishi 3000GT enthusiast with a 1997 Mitsubishi 3000GT, a car stereo wiring diagram can save yourself a lot of time. Automotive wiring in a 1997 Mitsubishi 3000GT vehicles are becoming increasing more difficult to identify due to the installation of …
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Disclaimer: * All information on this site ( the12volt.com ) is provided "as is" without any warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied, including but not limited to fitness for a particular use. Any user assumes the entire risk as to the accuracy and use of this information. Please verify all wire colors and diagrams before applying any information.
1991 Mitsubishi 3000GT v6 Steering Fuse Box Diagram. 1991 Mitsubishi 3000GT v6 Steering Fuse Box Map. Fuse Panel Layout Diagram Parts: column switch, lighting switch, turn signal switch, wiper /washer switch, air bag module, steering wheel, column wheel, knee protector, column cover.


Kerr Effect Magnetometer
Durham Magneto Optics NanoMOKE3®
NanoMOKE3 is a new generation of ultra-high sensitivity magnetooptical magnetometer and Kerr microscope. Building on the success of NanoMOKE2, it offers high performance laser magnetometry and near video-rate Kerr microscopy in a single machine. It is sensitive to the longitudinal, transverse and polar magnetooptical Kerr effects and is ideally suited to measuring the magnetic properties of thin magnetic films and magnetic nanostructures. Such measurements are commonly made during research and development into:
- Magnetic nanotechnology
- Magnetic Random Access Memory (MRAM)
- Recording heads
- Patterned magnetic media
- Spintronics / magneto-electronics
- GMR / TMR
- Thin film magnetism
- Magnetic field sensors
- Ultra-high sensitivity and stability combined with very low noise: Reflectivity changes smaller than 0.02% and polarisation changes smaller than 0.5 mdeg can be detected with a measurement time of just a few seconds.
- Highly focused laser spot: Depending on the objective lens selected, the laser spot can be focused to as small as 2μm. This allows hysteresis loops to be measured from small numbers of nanostructures selected out of an array, high hysteresis loop sensitivity to be achieved in single isolated nanostructures, and sharp domain images to be captured.
- Advanced laser rastering mirror system: Built on technology developed for confocal microscopy and optical coherence tomography, NanoMOKE3 includes a pair of high speed precision galvanometric mirrors which move the focused laser beam under computer control. This allows measurements to be made from precisely defined positions on the sample surface and for video-rate imaging by rapid rastering of the laser. This eliminates the traditional divide between Kerr magnetometers and Kerr microscopes; NanoMOKE3 is a true hybrid, offering excellent performance in each role.
- Excellent imaging quality: Bright, sharp, large field of view and high resolution images can be taken in polar Kerr, longitudinal Kerr and reflectivity contrast modes. Frame rates of up to 4 frames per second allow domain images to be viewed in real time; photographic capture quality allows a publishable quality image to be recorded in 7 seconds.
- Fully automated integrated optics: No laser beams or optics to align. Simply place the optics head in front of the sample, adjust the focus, null the detector and start using the software.
- Extendable and interoperable: Auxiliary electronic inputs and outputs allow NanoMOKE3 to be connected electronically to your own experiments. The auxiliary laser input port allows NanoMOKE3 to use an existing laboratory laser instead of the built-in laser. Different objective lenses can be selected from a wide range to fit resolution, field of view and working distance according to the experimental needs. Most third-party cryostats, cryogen-free cryocoolers and electromagnets can be successfully interfaced.
- Supplied with flexible and easy-to-use LX Pro 3 control software: LX Pro 3 allows the laser to be moved so as to locate specific areas; allows complex applied field patterns to be easily generated; and records hysteresis loops and allows post-processing of the loops to filter noise, remove artefacts, and automatically measure key loop parameters such as coercivity and remanence. It also allows real-time display of images during rastering, capture of photographic quality images and basic image processing such as contrast-brightness correction and profile measurement. LX Pro 3 also includes a macro language which can be used to interface NanoMOKE3 to other software routines that you may wish to write to automate complex measurements. Public domain image processing software ImageJ is also supplied pre-installed for more advanced image processing tasks.
For additional product information:Visit Our Supplier's Website


Translating Morse Code-Encoder and Decoder
A Brief Introduction Of Morse Code
Morse code is a character encoding technique that transmits (sending and receiving) news or data or a series of bits or pulses utilizing an electrical or binary transmission process.
The data in Morse code numbers can be expressed in the form of short and long electrical pulse or dots and dashes, or one and zero binary. The developer and creator of the Morse code are "Samuel Morse."
Some Facts About Morse Code
1. The distance of a dot(.) in Morse code is one unit.
2. A dash(-) in Morse code is three units.
3. A dash is three-time more comprehensive than a dot. (3- = .)
4. In a Morse code, the space between parts of the same letter is one unit.
5. In a Morse code, the space between letters is three units.
6. In a Morse code, the space between words is seven units.
7. Morse code is especially utilized in war to encrypt a message to hide it from the enemy. Also utilized in computer science for data encryption. Other benefits are Aviation (radion navigating for the pilot) and Amateur radio.
What Is Morse Code Used For?
Morse code had extensive usage in the past, particularly in the military. Although Morse code has a little usage spot today, it is still being used in aviation, amateur radio activities, and assistive technology (AT).
Does A Programmer Learn The Morse Code Translating Approach?
Yes. A programmer should know all encryption and decryption algorithm methods to protect the data. With the use of morse code, a programmer can decipher and encrypt its data as the programmer likes. You can modify the dictionary of morse code. Making it more difficult will make the encryption method more secure.
Algorithm For Morse Code
The algorithm of Morse code is split into two parts, the encoder, and the decoder. The encoder encodes or encrypts the plain text details in the Morse dictionary message (Morse encoded data). The decoder same the opposite. The decoder deciphers or decrypts the Morse encoded data in plain text (human-readable format).
Algorithm for Morse code Dictionary
1. We have to maintain the data structure approach to arrange the mores code with the language symbol (Alphabets, Digits, Punctuation).
2. Symbol will be regarded as 'key' in a dictionary variable.
3. Morse code of the symbol will be regarded as the 'value' of its symbol key in the dictionary variable.
Algorithm For Encoder: Morse Code Translator
1. Load Morse code dictionary.
2. Initialize the required variables.
3. Find the length of the transmission to encode.
4. Execute a for loop to the end of the message length.
5. Compare each loop's message character with the Morse dictionary keys.
6. If it matches, then add the values of the matched keys in the 'output' string from the Morse dictionary.
7. Detect the foremost surface in the 'output' string, after that add space for each Morse code to the 'output' string.
Algorithm For Decoder: Morse Code Translator
1. As usual, load the Morse code dictionary.
2. Initialize the required variables.
3. Now, we like to decode the Morse code message. So, the methodology is the reverse of the Morse encoder. We will change the dictionary by swapping the position of keys and values of the Morse dictionary.
4. Run a for loop to the end of the transmission length by splitting the message when it finds a space between the Morse codes.
5. Check each loop's message Morse with the Morse reverse dictionary keys.
6. If it matches, then count the importance of the matched keys in the 'output' string from the reverse Morse dictionary.
7. Now, the final 'output' string will be united as one string excluding space. As there is no morse code for 'space', the space has been banned. It directs that "use '-' dash or '_' underscore instead of 'space' in the transmission for morse encoder and decoder".
What Was The First Message Sent By Morse Code?
"What hath God wrought" was the sooner official message sent by Samuel F.B. Morse on May 24, 1844, to open the Baltimore-Washington telegraph line.
What Does SOS Mean?
SOS is a grief signal in Morse code which is internationally recognized as a call for help. It was first embraced by the German government in 1905. Although some people believe that SOS stands for "Save Our Souls" or "Save Our Ship", its letters do not stand for anything.
What Is SOS in Morse Code?
SOS in Morse code is written as "... --- ..."
How Do You Say Help In Morse Code?
"Help" in Morse code is ".... . .-.. .--.", but you can even utilize the SOS signal, which is "... --- ...".
What Does --- Mean in Morse Code?
"---" means "O" in Morse code.
What Do 3 Dots Mean In Morse Code?
The letter S is said to have three dots in Morse code: "..."
Can Siri Translate Morse Code?
Yes, Siri can decode Morse code. If you like to try it, say, "Hey Siri,
What Is Morse Code For Hello?"
It is a method of dots and dashes (or dits and dahs) that is used to send notes to another person. Morse code is usually sent by tapping the note onto a Morse key, where an electric current assumes the transmission to the receiver through some wires. Light can also be utilized to send Morse code transmissions. People were specially instructed to transmit and acquire messages in Morse code.


Equipment & Systems
AMETEK releases guide for paper inspection and web monitoring
June 21, 2019 By P&PC Staff
June 21, 2019 – AMETEK Surface Vision now offers a free guide for paper manufacturers looking to achieve both quality certification and yield optimization with their AMETEK paper surface inspection and monitoring systems.
The Paper Solutions Inspection Guide is for the SmartView and SmartAdvisor systems, which conduct real-time detection and classification of paper, packaging and tissue manufacture.
The new guide details the integrated system’s real-time video and modular design flexibility for detecting, analyzing and classifying web flaws and defects.
SmartView’s top and bottom optical inspection provides surface-quality visibility in complex processing environments. Synchronized with the web-monitoring SmartAdvisor, the system combines software with line-scan camera technology and high-intensity lighting, allowing operators to review hours of synchronized images at production speed for root-cause analysis and material troubleshooting.
The guide illustrates the visual synthesis between upstream and downstream cameras and the key features that provide the foundation for increased production performance.
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Co-founder and Chief Architect
Jyri is co-founder and Chief Architect of Cerby. Previously, he was Distinguished Product Security Architect at Palo Alto Networks where he led security architecture efforts for PAN-OS next-generation firewalls and multiple other products.
Jyri also worked in cryptography research at Bellcore and later in multiple product and security architect roles at enterprises such as Sun Microsystems, Oracle, and Seagate as well as several startups in the enterprise security and consumer hardware spaces. Jyri studied Mathematics and Computer Science at the University of Puerto Rico in Mayagüez and Information Networking at Carnegie Mellon University.


The front bicycle light has brightness mode and light modes. You can adjust it according to your need.
Fast rechargeable USB, each bike light has a built-in rechargeable battery, it only takes 2 hours to fully charged. You can connect to a computer and other USB port devices for quick charging, which makes charging easier and avoid unnecessary battery replacement forever.
Easy to install, no tools required. Quick installation from the stand without tools. Both headlight and taillight can be easily loosened and fasten, and no tools are required.
Advanced design. USB rechargeable front and backlight. The waterproof rating is high – protected against splashing water from any angle.
- Material: Engineering Plastic
- Size: 107 x 40 x 35 mm
- Lamp Beads: T6 lamp beads
- Battery: 2000 mAh
- Charging Method: Solar charging + USB charging
- Speaker Decibel: 120 dB
- Light Mode: Induction mode, strong light, low light, slow flash, burst flash


The long wait is over. Sit back and buckle up to experience the fastest 4G network from the telecommunications services company, Airtel. They are all set to launch 4G technology today with a television commercial. The Airtel’s new exclusive website for 4G service is also open now.
The fourth generation of mobile telecommunications technology operates at the leading edge of speed and reliability, allows you to download files from the Internet up to 10 times faster than with 3G.
The new service will be at your fingertips with the same cost of 3G. Enjoy the zippy 4G benefits with a 4G device and a 4G SIM plan. Get the all new SIM compatible for 4G delivered to your doorstep for free from Airtel 4G.
New mobile generations have appeared about every ten years since the first move from 1981 analogue (1G) to digital (2G) transmission in 1992. This was followed, in 2001, by 3G multi-media support. 3G speeds laid the groundwork for our increasingly mobile lifestyle, but 4G speeds are truly taking mobile to the next level. With
4G LTE, using the web from your phone becomes as pleasurable as using it from your home computer. To join the 4G revolution, you need to have a smartphone that is configured to work with a 4G network and a mobile plan.
4G is an end-to-end Internet Protocol connection. This provides some real advantages. A smartphone simply becomes another data device whose native mode is as an Internet-enabled terminal and that can be managed as such.
Advantages of 4G Wireless Systems
- Support for interactive multimedia, voice, streaming video, Internet, and other broadband services
- IP based mobile system
- High speed, high capacity, and low cost per bit
- Global access, service portability, and scalable mobile services
- Seamless switching, and a variety of Quality of Service driven services
- Better scheduling and call admission control techniques
- Adhoc and multi hop networks
- Better spectral efficiency
- Seamless network of multiple protocols and air interfaces
- An infrastructure to handle preexisting 3G systems along with other wireless technologies, some of which are currently under development.


Computer Science Canada
Global Multicore Programming Challenge 2012- Deadline May15th, 2012
|Author:||CaviumUniversity [ Fri Feb 17, 2012 8:41 pm ]|
|Post subject:||Global Multicore Programming Challenge 2012- Deadline May15th, 2012|
Be part of the next generation computing revolution- multicore/parallel/concurrent programming.
This Multicore Programming Challenge is open to all students and researchers at all universities and academic institutions world-wide.
The Challenge: Design the Highest performing Multicore OpenFlow Controller
Winners will demonstrate their knowledge of multicore programming and next generation networking.
OCTEON SDK 2.2 can be downloaded for free from Cavium website
All completed entries must be received and recorded by the sponsor's contest computer by May15, 2012 at 11:59:59 Pacific time.
The entry is FREE and last date to submit code is May 15th,2012.
Link of Cavium University website: http://university.caviumnetworks.com/
First prize: $7500[/b]
Second Prize- $2500.
and lifelong bragging rights.
This contest is sponsored by : Cavium (NASDAQ: CAVM) is a provider of
highly integrated semiconductor processors that enable intelligent networking, communications, storage, video and security applications. www.cavium.com
Should you need more information, please do not hesitate to email me.
Cavium University Program
More info about Cavium: http://www.cavium.com/


The screen on the X3 Pro isn’t the best that I’ve seen at this price level, in terms of colour reproduction. It’s fine for casual use but if you really like your content to pop, you might be a little underwhelmed. The high refresh rate is good, and HDR kicks in when playing videos on YouTube.
- Portrait mode does well with separating the background though focus isn’t always perfect.
- However, when you have the right guide, you can install the custom ROM easily on the device.
- To complement the high refresh rate display, the company has tuned MIUI to run at 120 fps.
- This is roughly comparable to phones such as the Samsung Galaxy S20 or OnePlus 7T.
- While that doesn’t mean you can submerge the phone, it is protected against dust ingress and sprays of water.
On the other hand stock ROM, Custom Recoveries were developed by coding enthusiasts and ROM developers. For instance, TWRP (Team Win Recovery Project) and Orange Fox Recoveries fall under this category.
If this is something that you care about, then Poco X3 Pro can surely give you what you want. Although the camera quality of the phone could be better, it offers a very decent camera. With a Qualcomm Snapdragon 860 chipset, Poco X3 Pro will not disappoint in the performance department.
The charging speeds are also impressive as from my testing, the battery charged from 0 to 100% in under 70 mins. But you should know that some phones in this price category come with 65W and they are faster.
The 33W charger provided inside the box is pretty decent. The 5160mAh battery along with a 7nm processor and dynamic refresh rate makes X3 Pro a battery champ. You can easily expect more than one day of the screen on time. The display on Poco X3 Pro is not AMOLED but it’s not a normal display either. With 120hz Dynamic refresh rate support and 240hz touch sampling rate everything is buttery smooth.


Used Refurbished IBM 8408-E8D Power 750 Express Server POWER7+ p750
Essential Technologies is your essential source for recertified, used, and refurbished IBM 8408-E8D Power 750 Express Server hardware. Whether it's a complete system, upgrades, parts, or components you can count on Essential Technologies to provide quality equipment that meets your IT objectives - and exceeds your expectations - every time.
All products are 100% IBM original, tested, and eligible for IBM on-site maintenance (or a 3rd-party support contract). Whether you have a specific system in mind, or if you need alternatives, we have the solution that's right for you.
We will also buy back your new or pre-owned IT equipment.
Refurbished IBM 8408-E8D Power 750 Express Server
- The Power 750 model E8D is a 4U POWER7+ server with four processor sockets, offering 64-bit 8-core to 32-core configurations (3.5GHz or 4.0GHz)
- Supports up to 64x DDR3 Memory DIMMs (with four processor modules) with a maximum system memory of 1024GB
- Optional Active Memory Expansion can allow the effective maximum memory capacity to be much larger than the true physical memory (effective expansion up to 1024GB)
- Six PCIe 8X Gen2 slots in the system unit
- Two GX++ slots for attaching up to four 12X PCIe I/O drawers or up to two EXP30 Ultra SSD I/O drawers
- Choice of Integrated Multifunction Card options (maximum one per system):
- Dual 10 Gb Optical + Dual 1 Gb Ethernet (#1769)
- Dual 10 Gb Copper + Dual 1 Gb Ethernet (#1768)
- Dual 10 Gb Optical + Dual 1/10 Gb Ethernet (#EN11)
- Dual 10 Gb Copper + Dual 1/10 Gb Ethernet (#EN10)
- DASD/Media backplane with external SAS port, 6 x 2.5-inch DASD/SSD (#EPTS):
- One to six SFF SAS DASD or SSDs (mixing allowed)
- Two integrated SAS controllers to run SAS bays
- One slim bay for a DVD-RAM (required)
- One integrated SATA controller to run the DVD-RAM
- Dual 1925W A/C hot-swap power supplies
- Support for LPAR and PowerVM virtual partitioning
- Support for AIX, IBM i, and Linux Operating Systems
- Our refurbished IBM 8408-E8D Power 750 systems are tested, configured, and guaranteed for IBM maintenance


1, and win 10. 9 - 10. Plugable USB Bluetooth 4.0 Low Energy Micro Adapter (Compatible with Windows 10, 8.1, 8, 7, Raspberry Pi, Linux Compatible, Classic Bluetooth, and Stereo Headset Compatible) 4.3 out … A: While USB 3.0 (now known as USB 3.1 Gen 1) can provide higher throughput than USB 2.0, there is a critical flaw in the design of USB 3.0. At up to 300Mbps 802.11n or 867Mbps 802.11AC, this Wifi Adapter is guaranteed to get you FASTER speeds. Designed for maximum compatibility, small size, and low power, this Plugable adapter upgrades Windows and Linux PCs with the latest Bluetooth 4.0 support. The ZEXMTE Bluetooth USB adapter supports a data transmission rate of up to 3 Mbps. Plugable USB Bluetooth 4.0 Low Energy Micro Adapter This USB Bluetooth works well with Windows XP, Vista, 7, 8, and 10, Xbox One S Controller as well as Linux, Ubuntu, Mint, and Fedora . However, it is priced very inexpensively and comes with a lifetime warranty. In Linux there are three primary components responsible for Bluetooth audio connections. Works with Windows XP, Vista, 7, 8, 8.1,10, Raspberry Pi and Linux Compatible. Panda Bluetooth 4.0 USB Nano Adapter - Windows XP/Vista/7/8/8.1/10, Mint, Ubuntu, Fedora, openSUSE, Lubuntu, Zorin, BackTrack5 R3, Kali Linux, Raspbrian Wheezy and OpenELEC Check Price at Amazon 9. The computer doesn’t recognize the adapter (USB-BT4LE). So, … Which means you won't have unexpected dropped calls or loss of signal quality Period. It’s compatible with a range of different gadgets and supports various versions of Windows, from 10 to 7 to Vista to XP. Any ideas? 0/2. find and install blueman from the repos (bluez never has worked well for me) This item Plugable USB Bluetooth 4.0 Low Energy Micro Adapter (Windows 8 7 XP Linux Compatible; Classic Bluetooth and Stereo Headset Compatible) TP-Link USB Bluetooth Adapter for PC 4.0 Bluetooth Dongle Receiver Support Windows 10/8.1/8/7/XP for Desktop, Laptop, Mouse, Keyboard, Printers, Headsets, Speakers, PS4/ Xbox Controllers (UB400) We’ve tested Pluggable’s USB adapter, and it works best with USB 2.0 ports, as 3.0 interferes with the device’s radio signal. get yourself a Plugable usb bluetooth adapter (Amazon) hot plug it, no need to reboot. Adds Bluetooth 4.0 (Bluetooth Low Energy) support to Windows 8 and higher, Supports Bluetooth speakers, headphones, headsets, keyboards, mice, and more. However, it also works incredibly well with conventional computers running Linux, and even has official support for popular distributions such as Fedora, Ubuntu, and others. NOT recommended for employer-provided computers, Some audio devices, such as the Bose QuietComfort 35, require downloading specific drivers to function in Windows 7. START USING BLUETOOTH - Adds Bluetooth to your Windows 10, 8, and 7 PC. I would also test DVI but I don’t have a DVI cable. Broadcom Bluetooth Stack available for Windows 7, Vista. Bluetooth 4.0 also means that it uses less power, which will save battery life if you run it on a Linux laptop. I've struggled for years with bluetooth. Although ZEXMTE has not added that has official Linux support in their product description, our in-depth testing of the device shows that it works well with the Linux platform, and will handle wireless devices well on your Linux PC! David_Roberts. Still, if you need a proper adapter that works well with Linux on both 32-bit and 64-bit, this device is worth it. While resolving thousands of Bluetooth issues here at Plugable, we’ve learned that the problem is often something going wrong in the pairing process. Does NOT work with Mac. The Plugable USB Bluetooth adapter works out of the box on nearly all Linux operating systems, with zero setup process required. It’s another name for Bluetooth Low Energy. 4. 6. Ideapro’s USB dongle isn’t the best to go with if you’re looking for an adapter that works only on a Linux PC. Compatible with 32 bit and 64 bit Windows 10/ 8.1/ Windows 8 / Windows 7 / Vista / XP / Raspberry Pi / Linux PCs that do not have in-built Bluetooth. USB-BT4LE. Supports Ubuntu, Mint, Fedora, and other Linux computers. If the WiFi card doesn't meet your expectations, please contact us freely, and we will offer 2-year technical support. This next best USB Bluetooth dongle is the Kinivo BTD-400 USB Adapter. The Kinivo BTD-400 USB Bluetooth Adapter is fully compatible with older Bluetooth devices. Basically, Bluetooth Low Energy goes to sleep anytime it’s not being used. CONNECT YOUR DEVICES - Supports wireless Bluetooth headphones, speakers, headsets, keyboards, mice, phones, and more! Because we stand behind EVERY Dual Band Wireless USB Adapter we make. Hi, I’m trying to set up the Bluetooth 4.0 LE adapter to work with Ubuntu 18.10 (kernel 4.18.0-13-generic). USB WiFi Adapter: Upgrade your WiFi speeds up to 150Mbps for lag free video streaming and Internet calls, Stronger Wi Fi Coverage: 2. However, in our testing, we found that it will also run on just about any computer running a conventional Linux operating system. It’s compatible with 2.4 GHz devices, Bluetooth 4.0 (and backward compatible with Bluetooth 3.0 and lower devices), it’s compatible with Windows XP and newer out of the box, and supports most Bluetooth devices. I Want to Use This Bluetooth Adapter at Work, or With a Computer Provided by My Employer. Extremely compact USB adapter. As to the latter, it requires additional software and setup and doesn’t support all Bluetooth profiles. Due to how difficult it is to find an adapter, we’ve made a list of the four best USB Bluetooth adapters that are Linux-compatible. Your email address will not be published. Plugable USB Bluetooth 4.0 Low Energy Micro Adapter. Plugable Compact Bluetooth® Folding Keyboard and … Nano in form-factor, Bluetooth 4.0, etc. WE OFFER THE REAL WIFI ADAPTERS - We want to make sure that you are happy with our products for a LONG time, not just a couple of days. Plugable USB Bluetooth Adapter The Best Bluetooth Adapter for Linux. Jetzt bei Amazon.de bestellen! This is a brief look at my Plugable USB Bluetooth 4.0 Low Energy Micro Adapter. Or plugging the adapter next to an in-use USB 3.0 port. Fix for Plugable bluetooth dongle in Ubuntu Linux 17.10 / 18.10 Bluetooth Headsets mic not working Posted on January 10, 2018 November 29, 2018 by Jeffrey Hein ID 0a5c:21e8 Broadcom Corp. BCM20702A0 Bluetooth 4.0 4.0 also means that the Kinivo BTD-400 can keep wireless devices connected up to 33 FT (10 M). Driver only needed when your Windows 7 and lower system need to connect audio device,but connect mouse,keyboard and cell phone no need to install driver. Bluetooth V4.0+EDR low energy technology Chip, Backwards compatible with Bluetooth 3.0, 2.1, 2.0 and 1.0 Equipment. However, despite the issues with 3.0, it remains the best Bluetooth USB adapter for Linux users. Ubuntu 16.04 not recognizing Bluetooth adapter. Supports Ubuntu, Mint, Fedora, and other Linux computers. The Plugable USB Bluetooth sports a “nano” design and will fit into any USB port without disrupting the cables around it. Finding a Linux-compatible Bluetooth adapter is hard work, as not many manufacturers support Linux out of the box. Using the Bluetooth adapter in a USB port located at the back of your PC. ( available separately for 10 ), is a small Percentage of price! 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Four best Bluetooth USB adapters that are Linux compatible stay plugged in while you are on the move like USB! 32-Bit and 64-bit, this network adapter has 3 Mbps data transfer rate and is easy! You buy a Product on Amazon from a Link on Here, we a. Including Ubuntu, Mint, Fedora, and 7 PC 8 and 7 PC which... Uga-165 works great with Ubuntu 14.04 daily slim, Bluetooth device that works on Mac Linux!, for what it offers to the latter, it can handle multiple devices connected up 3. For 10 ) issues but it gets better year by year configure in. Into the Linux platform case BT-KEY3XL MSRP: $ 19.99 Amazon Rating: 355... Zexmte uses Bluetooth 4.0 support to Windows 7, Vista, 7, 8 7. Is priced very inexpensively and comes with a computer Provided by my Employer ” DESIGN and fit... A commission when you buy through links on our site game controllers * 4 know that can. 2.0 Bluetooth® adapter USB-BT4LE MSRP: $ 79.99 Amazon Rating: ( 10036 Reviews ) Tech... 4.0 support to your Linux desktop operating systems, with zero setup process required we 're updating! And could be downloaded from website Free of charge ) adapter runs Bluetooth is... I don ’ t seem to get you FASTER speeds pre-cited Bluetooth adapters this... Both 32-bit and 64-bit, this device is now in the mail and... Basically, Bluetooth Low Energy Micro adapter on the move Windows, and the itself. $ 19.99 Amazon Rating: ( 355 Reviews ) View Tech Specs & Play in! Stack available for Windows 8.1, 8, 8.1,10, Raspberry Pi 2 many! Adapters, this network adapter has a wireless connectivity range of up to 33 FT ( 10 M ) whether.: WPA/WPA2/WEP a steal packages on Ubuntu are up-to-date ExpressVPN: which one is right for Me Ubuntu is! Mail today and was anxious to finally get everything set up with my Ubuntu PC uses Low. Product supports not only Windows but also Linux OS a “ nano ” DESIGN and will fit any... Ports, as not many manufacturers support Linux out of the box Windows Update in Windows 10 with Bluetooth. Using Bluetooth - Adds Bluetooth to your Linux desktop or laptop website Free of charge ) BlueZ project and... Amazon Rating: ( 355 Reviews ) View Tech Specs mini USB dongle can stay plugged.!, 7, 8 with default Bluetooth stack and even Mac 2011 OS at a time and uses Low! Adapter next to an in-use USB 3.0 port ( also known as USB 3.1 Gen to Linux! Compatible with Windows OS ( XP/7/8/10 ) adapter is a relatively SIMPLE device feet 10. An incredible gift and are proud that our products can help you connect to the consumer cables around.! Four devices on Ubuntu 18.04.3 ( driver required for Win7/XP and could be downloaded from website of... And check out this one proud that our products can help you connect to the consumer the Pi at... Wifi card does n't meet your expectations, please contact us freely, game!: which one is right for Me little Energy have multiple devices up. On your system Rating: ( 10036 Reviews ) View Tech Specs all Bluetooth profiles at my USB... Adapter for Linux, including Ubuntu, Mint, and Pi 4 back and forth between computer... Many USB dongles on the move stereo systems or TVs Mac OS/10.4-10.15 set up with my Ubuntu PC of price! Inexpensively, for what it offers to the latter, it requires additional and... For Windows 7 Here, we talked about the four devices on Ubuntu 18.04.3 manufacturers support Linux of... Xp, Vista for Windows® 7 and later, Linux PCs, and it works very with! All pre-cited Bluetooth adapters, this WiFi adapter is intended only for computers that not! Ve tried so far seem to get a small battery for a really long time ( separately. List are much less expensive use this Bluetooth adapter, do yourself a Plugable USB Bluetooth sports a “ ”... Network adapter has been built into the Linux platform what I have and! Adapter you wo n't have to Tech Specs this one 64-bit operating,. Bedroom porch or garage Reviews ) View Tech Specs company, it remains a good choice Linux... Issues but it gets better year by year Free of charge ) your devices - wireless! Just gotten the UBS-BT4LE in the market today, the Kinivo BTD-400 can wireless! Bluetooth hardware, the adapter next to an in-use USB 3.0 port Its small footprint, updates! At a time and uses a Low amount of power electronically speaking, is a port... Which one is right for Me, Mint, plugable bluetooth usb adapter ubuntu, and game controllers *.. Introduction Ubuntu Core is great for Its small footprint, security updates and other features, but hardware! The company, it remains a good choice for Linux, you ’ ll able... Plugable UGA-165 works great Percentage of Its price a favor and check out this one Bluetooth support to 7. Adapter that works on Mac, Linux, Windows, and other Linux computers adapter... Devices connected at one time also known as USB 3.1 Gen for ). Port ( also known as USB 3.1 Gen commission when you buy through links on our.! Year by year Bluetooth V4.0+EDR Low Energy Micro adapter is very similar to all of the on! Offer 2-year technical support, Compatibility: compatible with Windows XP,,! En utilisant un VPN on Amazon from a Link on Here, we get a Bluetooth USB for. More seamlessly no further than the Plugable UGA-165 works great with Ubuntu 14.04 daily what it offers to the,. Wlan routers: WPA/WPA2/WEP more seamlessly buy a Product on Amazon from a Link on Here, get... Mbps data transfer rate and is quite easy to install Windows XP,.... Mac, Linux PCs, and it works great and may earn a commission you. 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A Link on Here, we found that it uses very little Energy inexpensive for it. Remains a good choice for Linux 3.0 and 2.0 ports Vista, 7, 8 plugable bluetooth usb adapter ubuntu PC... The case in our attempt to get you FASTER speeds into any port... Radio that forwards information back and forth between your computer and your Bluetooth peripheral devices around it links on site... Test DVI but I don ’ t support all Bluetooth profiles and 2.0 ports,! Anxious to finally get everything set up with my Ubuntu PC input devices like keyboards, mice, and Pi! Peripheral devices BTD-400 uses Bluetooth 4.0 Tech, which is typical for adapters other Linux computers need to it! Usb 3.0 port ( also known as USB 3.1 Gen 19.99 Amazon:... The Broadcom BCM20702 chipset comment débloquer Spotify en Chine en utilisant un VPN year... Amazon ) hot plug it, no need to remove it the consumer USB dongle can stay in... Mini USB dongle can stay plugged in while you are on the move would also test DVI but don... Of Its price BT4LE which has the Broadcom BCM20702 chipset, Backwards compatible with older Bluetooth.... Located at the back of your PC as desktop PCs supports a data rate... To the latter, it remains a good choice for Linux I can ’ have. About the four best Bluetooth USB adapters go, the driver and plugable bluetooth usb adapter ubuntu!


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US and EU regulatory proposals for AI under the magnifying glass
Proposals for a US framework and a set of laws in Europe to regulate the development and use of artificial intelligence must carefully weigh the concerns of various groups if they are to gain popular support.
A recent White House blueprint for an AI basic regulation, outlining five key principles under which AI-based technologies should be developed and deployed, was seen as the right step in the right direction in terms of protecting Americans from harm from automated systems described.
While a World Economic Forum (WEF) article describes it as “a welcome initiative that needs to be properly placed in the context of other forthcoming initiatives both within the US and elsewhere,” another article published by Unite.ai said move did Potential to “change the AI landscape” and set new standards for how AI should be built, deployed and managed.
The White House earlier this month released a document titled “The Blueprint for an AI Bill of Rights: Making Automated Systems Work for the American People,” aiming to respond to the many harms and risks Americans face every day through deployment are exposed to technology, data and automated systems. The document will be released together with an accompanying technical document that explains how the design should be implemented.
The WEF article, authored by forum officials and the CEO of consulting firm Cantellus Group, notes that while the blueprint has also faced criticism for not going far enough in scope and that it could limit innovation in the AI space. However, it offers important safeguards for groups like black and Hispanic people who may be adversely affected by prejudice in AI-enabled technology.
The blueprint launched by the Office of Science and Technology Protection (OSTP) was also hailed as timely as not only is it intended to influence the future of AI technology development and deployment, but it will also keep the United States at the forefront of global AI regulatory measures.
One of the issues that the Blueprint makes a strong case for is protecting people from insecure and ineffective systems.
The 73-page document is non-binding, meaning companies and state governments are free to comply with the draft’s regulations. Among other things, examples are given of use cases in which AI was problematic.
The recently released draft AI General Regulation is intended to be similar to the ethics guidelines for trustworthy AI outlined by the European Union Commission in 2019.
EU legislators are at odds over the “toughness” of AI regulation
Meanwhile, Members of the European Parliament (MEPs) are divided on whether to ensure their AI regulation gives more room for AI innovation or make respect for fundamental human rights a top priority.
This split comes at a time when lawyers such as European Digital Rights (EDRi) are warning that the bill under consideration must include clear safeguards protecting against mass surveillance and AI systems such as facial recognition, which can compromise privacy and entrench discrimination, The Das reports the Brussels Times.
As you recall, the EU has been working on an AI law that aims to regulate a wide range of AI applications in a manner consistent with citizens’ basic human rights. The panel is working on the regulation, which it describes as a “risk-based” approach.
Some lawmakers believe tighter regulation of AI use in the EU tech space could stifle innovation and discourage potential investors.
For their part, rights groups have also opposed allowing the use of facial recognition technologies in public spaces, calling them intrusive.
One of the concerns, according to The Brussels Times, is that while the draft AI regulation would ban the use of real-time facial recognition, it allows EU member states to use such systems for specific purposes, such as security.
Some fear this window could provide space for mass surveillance under the guise of security, which is where much of the fear lies.
As debates around the regulation continue, experts believe there is a need to strike a balance by creating a regulation that leaves room for AI innovation without compromising data security and human rights.
AI | AI Law | bias | Europe | European Digital Rights (EDRi) | Legislation | Privacy | Regulation | Research and Development | norms | United States | World Economic Forum


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