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I2c protocol in lpc1768
I2c protocol in lpc1768It also features a programmable clock which aids in using different transfer rates as required. Most of the drivers out there are complex and don’t have easy functionality for those who need a simple master only send/receive interface. We're here to help you start Once I got the protocol figured out it was really easy to hook up a micro and control the strip. This library contains mbed implementation of NuMaker Brick I2C protocol to communicate with NuMaker Brick slave modules. The LPC1768 ARM Microcontroller also includes a host of useful auxiliary features, including a high conversion speed 12-bit 8-channel A/D convertor, 10-bit D/A converter, motor control PWM, real time clock (RTC), together with support for CAN, SPI, I2C, Ethernet, USB and much more. ti. 6. Logic Analyzer with I2C, SPI, Async, SDIO, 1-Wire, CAN protocol.
I need product tht is Linux compatible. On paper I am able to reliably crash the I2C engine by using external interference (caused by relay switching) Keep an eye on my post too see I I find any solutions, BTW the NXP LPC1768 does look like an interesting chip, but I'd love to stick with Luminary, shame this is the first time we've really stressed the I2C interface. Discount applied at checkout. The parallel port is used to drive an LCD as illustrated. The use of both protocols will be explained in the next sections. I2C protocol in mbed online IDE using two STM32F429ZI board. keil.
NXP has provided a USB secondary bootloader as a sample program along with its application note on how to use mass storage device class. • These two pins, SDA, and SCK, make the I2C a 2-wire interface. Configuring and playing with Timer of LPC1768 After saying Hello to LPC1768 and blinking an LED using delay through GPIO , it is time to use the timer for blinking the LED. Everything works, except for commands 0x10, 0x14, 0x18, 0x1C, which are for Configuring and playing with Timer of LPC1768 After saying Hello to LPC1768 and blinking an LED using delay through GPIO , it is time to use the timer for blinking the LED. This function is used to send a byte on SDA line using I2C protocol. As I2C is a bus protocol, it allows for multiple masters and multiple devices to reside on the same bus and relies on addresses to communicate to specific devices. Moreover, i also need it to monitor as well as allow me to inject some data LPC1768 I2C serial eeprom aT24LC256 keil compiler program Search and download LPC1768 I2C serial eeprom aT24LC256 keil compiler program open source project / source codes from CodeForge.
I2C and SPI are both bus protocol to allow the user for short-distance, serial data transfer. JTAG is not JUST a technology for programming FPGAs/CPLDs. NuMaker-mbed-NuBrick. 8 kohms pull-up resistor to 3. x and MorphOS 3. This I2C tutorial shows you how the I2C protocol or more correctly written I 2 C (sometimes written as IIC) stands for Inter IC Communication and is intended for very short distance communication between ICs on a single PCB. This is a very popular protocol that can be used to address a large number of slave devices that are connected to the same bus.
I2CHW User Module in PSoC 1 can be used for this purpose. I2C line electrical characteristics : I2C Protocol -- Serial Peripheral Interface 5. The strip is 30 LEDs per meter, 5 meters long. How I2C protocol work – The I2C protocol requires only 2 signals: clock and data. This means that there is no master that controls when individual nodes have access to read and write data on the CAN bus. ) One of the most common communication buses in the world, and hence one that should be well understood by prospective engineers, is the I2C bus. Format for I2C communication protocol is given as: I2C module in LPC2148 ARM7 Microcontrollers.
I is a Bidirectional protocol I2C is a Bi-directional protocol. For more information, see the I2C specification attached below in the "Additional Information" section. The page will interface the micro-controller to an I2C to parallel port interface as illustrated in the following circuit. – old_timer Jul 13 '15 at 13:28 MLX90393 Getting Started Guide Rev 004 Page 9 of 23 Jun-15 Communication The MLX90393 can be used with either an SPI or an I2C bus. The I2C block in LPC2148 and other LPC2100 series ARM7 MCUs can be configured as either Master, Slave or both Master & Slave. I2C I2C is a serial communication protocol, so data is transferred bit by bit along a single wire (the SDA line). Simple ARM Projects: Learn to work with ARM Microcontroller and interface various peripheral devices.
And I'm using LpcXpresso as IDE. The I²C (Inter-Integrated Circuit) protocol, referred to as I-squared-C, I-two-C, or IIC) is two wire serial communication protocol for connecting low speed peripherals to a micrcontroller or computer motherboard. I2C is a multi-master and multi-slave bus. The UART is the peripheral on the microcontroller which can send and receive serial data asynchronously, while RS-232 is a signalling standard. Example Program for Demonstrating ADC Introduction to I2C and EEPROM slave IC; What is I2C; How does LPC1768 support I2C; Registers used to implement I2C; Create a program to read and write to EEPROM using I2C protocol. JTAG is not JUST a technology for processor debug/emulation. I²C or Inter-integrated Circuit protocol is a hardware protocol designed to allow multiple, slave integrated circuits to communicate with one or more master.
In this configuration, a single master (LPCxxxx) communicates with two slaves over the pair of Read From One Register in a Device S A6 A5 A4 A3 A2 A1 A0 0 Device (Slave) Address(7 bits) B7 B6 B5 B4 B3 B2 B1 B0 A Register Address N (8 bits) A START ACK ACK www. FT4222H USB2. I2C I2C -- OverviewOverview l I2C is a Bidirectional protocol l Data is sent either direction on the serial data line (SDA) by the master or slave. What makes I2C unique is the use of special combinations of signal conditions and changes. I am no I2C expert, perhaps everything is correct, like you already have it in I2C and the NXP LPC1768; This page is concerned with the ARM I2C peripheral in the LPC1768 micro-controller. I'm trying to interface LPC1769 and MPU6050 And i am using mcb1700. The two lines in the I2C bus carry one bit of address selection, direction control, and data at a time.
The I2C protocol support upto 127 devices per bus. The I2C protocol also known as the two wire interface is a simple serial communication protocol that uses just two pins of a microcontroller namely SCL (serial clock) and SDA (serial data). I2C, or Inter-integrated Circuit, is a communications protocol widely used by microcontrollers for interfacing with sensors, memory devices and liquid crystal displays. The I2S protocol is difficult to implement, due to the one BCLK delay between LRCLK and Data In ('DIN') 2 Interfacing an I2S Device to an MSP430 Device SLAA449A Welcome to the second part of the Introduction to ARM Cortex-M3, in part 1 we went through the core features of the Cortex-M3 and the LPC1768. MSB(bit) is sent first and LSB(bit) is sent at last. Programmable subcarrier frequency and phase Complete on-chip video timing generator 2-wire serial MPU interface (I2C® compatible and fast I2C). The practices have been designed using the ‘mbed’ environment with the LPC1768 microcontroller.
As specified in the MPU6050 datasheet I coded for the I2C Protocol. bundle. org's bugzilla under product "Tools", component "i2c-tools". I2C tutorial. I2C protocol is a multi-master and multi-slave serial communication protocol that means we have the freedom to attach multiple IC at a time with the same bus. I2C Expansion GPIO IC. If you have any of these dumps, please upload them and let me know so I can test and finish this feature.
I am having problems with a very similar design, and some of the information here may be applicable. Description. I switched to the I2C protocol for a project I needed to use RTC (DS1307). This is exactly what I2C bus specifications define. Need to interface separate I2C busses simultaneously? You can connect several USB to I2C adapters to the same PC and interface them from the same A library for I2C LCD displays. I am also using a PIC16F616 microcontroller to interface it and I am bit-banging the I2C protocol. A0, A1, A2: are address pins of RTC DB1307 chip, which can be used to communicate with the master device.
duty cycle or frequency? can you post the part number for one/some of these microcontrollers? shouldnt make a bit of difference to the i2c slaves so long as neither half of the clock is within the spec of that part. 10 with several new feature and library updates February 27, 2019 I2C Interface: Inter-Integrated Circuit (I²C pronounced I- Squared- C) is a 2 wire serial bus typically used to communicate with sensors and other small components. The I2C pins include a fixed 1. A start sequence is one of two special sequences defined for the I2C bus, the other being the stop sequence. USB Secondary bootloader LPC1768 Cortex-M3 is cool trick one can use to program Microcontroller over USB without a use of any JTAG Programmer/hardware adapter. In this part we will focus more on programming the LPC1768 by covering the following points: In the above sections of the article we learned the basics of I2C protocol and took a basic overview on I2C LCD adapter module. Introduction To I2C Protocol: The I²C, pronounced as I-squared-C, is a multi-master, multi-slave, packet switched single-ended, serial-based synchronous type computer bus protocol invented in 1982 by Philips Semiconductor (Now it is … Sample code for using ST7032I I2C/SMBus driver in Midas LCD with python There seem to be a surprising lack of python code on the net for this particular device, except for this nice pi-ras blog post , in japanese.
The clock signal is generated by master. Not enough pinout to control components in your project? This module is for you! Using this module, you can extend another 8 GPIO interface slot and also 1 interrupt pin, and when device is communicated using I2C protocol, this module can be stacked with another expander or other I2C modules !! I2C tutorial. Once you get familiar with the I2C protocol, 10 bit addressing will be a piece of cake. The I2C communication protocol is a popular protocol that microcontrollers use to talk to various devices such as EEPROMS and NVRAMs, ADCs and DACs, I/O interfaces for port expansion, and a whole array of different types of sensors. Future Designs, Inc. Here, data sent from Download the STM32CubeF4 board support package and unzip from here: STM32 Nucleo, Discovery kits and Evaluation boards) - STMicroelectronics It’s at the very bottom of page. In this post we are going to learn how to connect the I2C LCD adapter module to 16 x 2 LCD display and we will see how program with an example.
RTC DB1307 Configuration: RTC Internal Blocks and Pin Diagram. The default frequency of the I2C interface is 100KHz. As per the original speciﬁcation of I2C/TWI, it supports a maximum frequency of 100Khz. This chapter provides an introduction to serial interfacing, which means we send one bit at time. Using the I2C Bus . The module is self powered from the USB cable and can supply up to 70mA at 5v for external circuitry from a standard 100mA USB port. DLN I2C to USB adapters can share the bus with another I2C master device.
0 For a description of each function please refer to Section 4. Philips Semiconductors migrated to NXP in 2006. Every device connected to the I2C bus can operate as either I2C master (generates the clock and initiates communication with slaves) or I2C slave (responds when addressed by the master). One is called the Serial Data (SDA) and the other is Serial Clock (SCL I2C Protocol. By default, the I2C address is set to 64 (binary: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 ) . Unlike SPI this protocol only uses two wires to establish the connection and hence known as Two wire interface. We all know it's main parts - 2 wires, multiple slaves, sometimes multiple masters, up to 5MHz of speed.
I am using a MIDAS MCCOG21605B6W, I2C interfaced, COG type LCD. Interfacing LPC1768 to Seven Segment / RGB LED; Generation of PWM signal for motor control using LPC1768; Interfacing TFT display to LPC1768; Implementing CAN protocol using LPC1768; Implementing ETHERNET protocol using LPC1768; Previous Years Questions The I2C Physical Protocol: When the master (your controller) wishes to talk to a slave (our CMPS03 for example) it begins by issuing a start sequence on the I2C bus. 1. This high-speed protocol will be a great interface to use because of its addressing scheme and its interrupt time efficiency. The gateway performs quick protocol conversion and presents the CAN Bus data to the PLC/Controller in the form of easy-to-process I/O data. zip > i2c. Tutorial: Arduino and the I2C bus – Part One This is part one of several tutorials on how to use the I2C bus with Arduino, and chapter twenty of a series originally titled “ Getting Started/Moving Forward with Arduino! ” by John Boxall – A tutorial on the Arduino universe.
I used an LPC1768 Mbed microcontroller (because it’s super easy) and made a demo program with some simple animations. This page compares UART vs SPI vs I2C interfaces and mentions difference between UART, SPI and I2C in tabular format. You can also use I2C expansion GPIO chip to increase the limit of I/O pins on the PCB. I2C (or "Inter-Integrated Circuit") is a communications protocol built by Philips in the 1980s. USB-I2C/SPI/GPIO Interface Adapter has on-board I2C EEPROM containing default Dimax U2C-12 USB controller FW. 1" pitch DIP form-factor so it's ideal for experimenting on breadboards, stripboards and PCBs. The Raspberry Pi's I2C pins are an extremely useful way to talk to many different types of external peripheral; from the MCP23017 digital IO expander, to a connected ATmega.
NET, C++, Java, Labview APIs for I2C communication; TCP/IP Network support (I2C via Internet) more >>> telos I2C Flasher. The advantage of using an I2C expander is the ability to configure individual pins as input or output using the provided command. It is a communication protocol developed by Philips Semiconductors for the transfer of data between a central processor and multiple ICs on the same circuit board using just two common wires. lpc1769. The I2C master uses the state machine depicted in Figure 2 to implement the I2C-bus protocol. com > code. Communication(Write to & Read from) is always initiated by a Master.
I2C Introduction I2C (inter-integrated circuit) is a two wire protocol used to connect one or more “masters” with one or more “slaves”. I2C LCD Controller (the Easy Way): I am working on an alarm/weather station project and I wanted to use an LCD but dint want to have a lot of wires so I order a controller. Connections. PICAXE uses the i2c and hi2c commands. Im newbie in FPGA(2 weeks). I2C (Inter Integrated Circuit) also known as TWI (Two wire Interface) is a bus interface connection that is used in many devices such as Sensors, RTC and EEPROM. This I2C EEPROM can be easily programmed with FW upgrade utility.
In our example, we used mbed's I2C library to talk to the accelerometer. I2C is an interesting protocol. LPC1768 ARM Cortex M3 SVSEMBEDDED SYSTEMS COURSE / HOBBY LEARNING / DEVELOPMENT KIT . SPI of ARM MBED LPC1768. USB-I2C - USB to I2C Communications Module Technical Specification. The STM32 board is a Flip32 flight controller which is already using I2C to get sensor information from accelerometer, gyro, compass and barometer, so I'm using the same I2C functions that it uses to access those sensors. The case of a single master (the LPC1768) communicating with two slave devices is illustrated in Fig.
This page is meant to provide some basic information about how to interface with I²C devices through the /dev/i2c interface. This controller is connected to a microprocessor or computer and reads 8 bit instructions following I2C protocol. Well my design is based on i2c timing diagram but i'm not sure whether it is correct or not. Operating at 115. Fortunately, most devices take care of all the fiddly details for you, allowing you to concentrate on the data you wish to exchange. It has 2 SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) interfaces, SPI0 and SPI1. During my development process on the LPC1768 LPCXpresso board, I wanted to design a simple I2C driver but I couldn’t find any simple examples.
I2C is a two wire serial protocol that allows an I2C Master exchange data with an I2C Slave. It is a powerful 32-bit ARM Cortex-M3 processor running upto 100 MHz with 512 KB flash and 32 KB RAM, which makes it far more capable than popular 8-bit prototyping alternatives. Problem with mbed NXP LPC1768 digital outputs · Anth Hunter 6 months, 4 weeks ago. pudn. This is important for rapid testing and debugging of closed I2C system. Interfacing EEPROM to LPC2148 using I2C protocol ; Group B: LPC1768 Based Experiments. Both read and write functions are used and it is written using the free Hi-Tech C compiler.
However, the PIC te built-in I2C module pins were full. code. I have been tasked with a "design goal" of using a common I2C bus for multiple I2C slaves to support a demo. For discussion and patches, use the linux-i2c mailing list, and Cc the current maintainer (find who that is at the bottom of the README file. What is the maximum length of cable that could be used to connect two I2C devices (I2C master-> I2C slave)? Yes, I know that I2C is really designed for intra-board communication. Fundamentally, there are just two: Start and Stop. 5.
Clock is known as SCL or SCK (for Serial Clock), while data is known as SDA (for Serial Data). It provides comparison between these interfaces based on various factors which include interface diagram,pin designations,data rate,distance,communication type,clock,hardware and software complexity,advantages,disadvanatages etc. resource component for AmigaOS 4. The address is always followed by a write bit (0) or read bit (1). 5. Receive 15% off any cable and 20% off any board with purchase of select devices. The versatile Beagle™ I2C/SPI Protocol Analyzer is the ideal tool for the embedded engineer who is developing an I2C, SPI, or MDIO based product.
Engineers start young these days. I2C bus is a Byte Oriented bus. Radha R C , Ravuri Aneesh Kumar. Typical I2C Master Slave Connection. Micro controller cannot drive motors directly, hence we need to drive www. Protocol. To test that this will work I have written a simple Arduino sketch that sends 255 bytes (just ints, 1-255), waits for one second, repeats forever.
It supports lots of interfaces including USB, SPI, I2C CAN, ethernet, and serial. I should really like I2C more than I do. Look in the spec of the lcd, if its I2C compatible, it should cope with up to 400khz clock. For this reason, I prepared an I2C protocol and a library that can operate on any desired PID. CAN - Controller area network Ok ,so what is it…CAN is a peer-to-peer network. 2K Baud, NCD Serial to I2C Converters support Clock Stretching and Simplify Communications to I2C Devices using two simple read and write commands. Enable usermode access to GPIO, I2C, and SPI.
I2C bus uses two lines – SDA (Serial Data line) and SCL (Serial Clock line). com I2 2C Bus Protocol. Today many I2C IC devices available in the market such as Serial EEPROM, I/O Expander, RTC, ADC, DAC, Sensors etc. lpc17xx. Many digital displays, ADC chips, SD cards support SPI protocol. I am using one of the inexpensive I2C => LCD interface boards available on eBay, and it seems to have a different schematic from the one used for the Arduino. Introduction to I2C Communication.
I need your help in letting me know how i can monitor data through a I2C Data bus? I found a few products online like AArdvark, Beagle I2C protocol analyzer. This course is designed to offer in depth training in ARM Multicore Processor with TCP/IP Protocol development, The emphasis will be very much the design and implementation of high-performance, robust, and scalable network applications. • I2C is referred to as Two-Wire Serial Interface (TWI). به نام خدا : تو این مطلب از سری مطال پروژه آردوینو ، میخوایم نحوه اتصال keypad کیپد به آردوینو با استفاده از i2c protocol رو توضیحی کوچولویی! بدیم، یه پروژه های کوچولوتری قرار بدیم و یه سری کارای خیلی The NXP LPC1768 is an easy-to-use MCU development board designed for rapid prototyping. Abstract - The focus of this paper is on I2C protocol following master controller. Similar to SPI, it is a synchronous protocol because it contains a clock line. Abstract — The I2C protocol was given by Philips Semiconductors in order to allow faster devices to communicate with slower devices and also allow devices to communicate with each other over a serial data bus without data loss.
Judging from my emails, it is quite clear that the I2C bus can be very confusing for the newcomer. Ask Question 0 \$\begingroup\$ I am trying to send message from slave(STM2) to my master(STM1). Communication via I 2 C is more complex than with a UART or SPI solution. Data can flow in any direction on the I2C bus, but when it flows is controlled by the master device. . The instructions are then processed and converted to instructions which follow SPI protocol. For 10 bit addressing you can look up the oﬃcial I2C speciﬁcation by NXP, a link to which is given at the bottom of this tutorial.
SPI is included as a legacy peripheral and can be used instead of SSP0. – Three enhanced I2C-bus interfaces, one with an open-drain output supporting the full I2C specification and Fast mode plus with data rates of 1Mbit/s, two with standard port pins. Here is some example code for a Microchip 12F1822 microcontroller which is setup as an I2C Master to communicate with one of our Servo*Pro chips (which is an I2C slave). but it I’ve had a few requests for a LPC176x I2C driver. They can can be seen in the dark and don't consume too much power especially if the brightness is throttled back with a resistor. Design and Implementation of I2C Communication Protocol on FPGA for EEPROM. Well the problem is why the result is different to simulation? PDF | A designed set of practices for a general course of Automotive Electronics is presented.
First let us just get the timer running and then with the help of interrupts we shall blink the LED. Good knowledge of various protocols such as UART, SPI, I2C, CAN, USB and TCP/IP. In the MBED board, there are two SPI are available. It's usually used to communicate between components on motherboards in cameras and in any embedded electronic system. The Anybus Communicator is a proven and trusted protocol converter gateway connecting devices with a CAN-Bus-based protocol to PROFINET. Registers used to implement ADC programming. library by Wilhelm Noeker for older systems.
The signalling must adhere to a certain protocol for the devices on the bus to recognize it as valid I 2 C communications. In I2C protocol, communication always started by the master and in the case of multi-master, only one master has the ownership of the bus. This user guide gives a brief introduction to our user interface tool for quick ‘plug and play’ solutions that Teach Tech offers Advanced Course in Embedded Systems. What is I²C Protocol? I squared C (also pronounced as I-two-C) or I²C is a bus serial communication protocol designed by Philips for home automation and home electronics applications. The I2C protocol is more complicated that most serial protocols but the LPC1768 has built-in hardware to handle the physical layer. The module is an I2C master only, not a slave. I2C BUS Protocol : • This reduction of communication pins reduces the package size and power consumption.
Not enough pinout to control components in your project? This module is for you! Using this module, you can extend another 8 GPIO interface slot and also 1 interrupt pin, and when device is communicated using I2C protocol, this module can be stacked with another expander or other I2C modules !! Hi, I am new to I2C bus. I2C communication is the short form for inter-integrated circuits. A general I2C/TWI bus topology with multiple masters and multiple slaves connected to the bus at the same time is shown below: Let us go through I2C protocol basics first. Hi' I've recently purchased the ADXL345 accelerometer. POR RESET Welcome to this course on embedded systems for STM32: I2C protocol masterclass. The I²C bus is commonly used to connect relatively low-speed sensors and other peripherals to equipment varying in complexity from a simple microcontroller to a full-on motherboard. This is just a very basic tutorial on how to hook it up, for the beginners like my self.
A library for I2C LCD displays. telos I2C Framework – APIs for I2C communication. The Master transmits the Slave Address and a Read or Write bit to indicate the direction of transfer. This time, we I switched to the I2C protocol for a project I needed to use RTC (DS1307). Serial to I2C Conversion makes it easy to talk to I2C devices using NCD standardized commands. 32 bit register is designed to send data The mbed Microcontroller is made for prototyping, and comes in a 40-pin 0. This means they are not suitable for use as general purpose IO where a pull-up is not required.
And if I try to communicate using I2C and CAN through both controllers, nothing is transmitting. To see how this library is used in practice, we created a NuMaker Brick example to show how mbed enabled boards could communicate with NuMaker Brick slave modules. Fees needed to obtain I²C slave addresses allocated by NXP. Explained with the help of circuit diagrams, source codes, and working videos, this section of EG Labs brings you some interesting projects based on ARM. Theory of Operation. However, i've already simulated using Modelsim and im quite happy with the result. The I2C bus uses two wires: serial data (SDA) and serial clock (SCL).
I2C can consist of one or more master device, but only one master device can access the I2C bus each time. Releases µEZ ® v2. I2C Protocol training and educational material. com Question: How to Interface an I2C based Real Time Clock, DS1307 to PSoC 1 ? Answer: DS1307 is an RTC which has I2C interface feature. The default hexadecimal I2C header for read access to the sensor is therefore h81. Most notably, I have basic support for exports from the OpenBench Logic Sniffer, but it is untested. Question: How to Interface an I2C based Real Time Clock, DS1307 to PSoC 1 ? Answer: DS1307 is an RTC which has I2C interface feature.
Read From One Register in a Device S A6 A5 A4 A3 A2 A1 A0 0 Device (Slave) Address(7 bits) B7 B6 B5 B4 B3 B2 B1 B0 A Register Address N (8 bits) A START ACK ACK www. I can initialize the LCD, write to the LCD, navigate the cursor to whatever position I like to, clear the LCD, set the contrast, power on/off the LCD, etc. com I2 2C Bus How I2C protocol work – The I2C protocol requires only 2 signals: clock and data. In principle, it’s a brilliant protocol, and in comparison to asynchronous serial and SPI, it’s very well defined and clearly standardized. i've tried to build an I2C protocol using Sytemverilog. The I²C simply require only two wires for communication. A more complex protocol is typically built on top of this to read and write data locations in slave device memory or register space.
The inertial sensors I’ve chosen to use all run on the I2C protocol. There is no need for a wordy introduction to I2C protocol. core of the IC. ID and serial numbers are accessible from software. The I2C protocol uses SPI is a serial communication protocol that uses 4 wires (MOSI-Master Out Slave In, MISO-Master In Slave Out, SCK-Serial Clock, SS-Slave Select) for communication between devices that support this protocol. This protocol will come in MC21605GL6W-SPTLYI The LCD module receiving data over the I2C bus only. In this configuration, a single master (LPCxxxx) communicates with two slaves over Here, data sent from MBED LPC1768 to Arduino UNO using I2C protocol.
Please let me know if you have used it or know of an open project where I can see a wiring scheme and/or some Arduino code. The USB-I2C module provides a complete interface between your PC and the I2C bus. Embedded Systems - Shape The World Jonathan Valvano and Ramesh Yerraballi . This RTC can be easily interfaced to PSoC 1 for getting accurate time and date. You'll have to go through the sequence slowly, checking the address/read/write bits are set correctly. I have lots of examples on using the I2C bus on the website, but many of these are using high level controllers and do not show the detail of what is actually happening on the bus. The I2C interface can be used for writing data words out of the I2C port, returning the data recieved back from I2C slave.
The data (SDA) line carries the data, while the Clock (SCL) line synchronizes the sender and receiver during the transfer. This protocol is popularly used in processors’ communication with memory devices, PDAs 2. I2C-Bus: What’s that? The I2C bus was designed by Philips in the early ’80s to allow easy communication between components which reside on the same circuit board. Author Frank de Brabander This page is meant to provide some basic information about how to interface with I²C devices through the /dev/i2c interface. The I 2 C peripheral interface was invented by Philips Electronics NV. The debug and programming tools commonly associated with JTAG only make use of one aspect of the underlying technology – the four-wire JTAG communications protocol. To execute the instructions in static mode, we are communication with EEPROM using I2C Protocol .
We can control eight devices with RTC interfacing with 8051 microcontroller by A0, A1, A2 bits using I2C protocol. In addition to over 2,000 open source components and widgets, SparkFun offers curriculum, training and online tutorials designed to help demystify the wonderful world of embedded electronics. This makes it really easy to design, experiment with, and test circuitry without soldering. So, open your mbed NXP LPC1768 box and remove the LPC1768 controller and Take a look at mbed's Handbook, 7 bit addressing in this tutorial. Supports the telos I2C Interfaces Tracii XL, Tracii XL 2. Sometimes the bus is called IIC or I²C bus. I’ve had a few requests for a LPC176x I2C driver.
I2C and CAN not working in LPC1768 I am using two nos. Product information as shown on the Farnell website (Nov 2014) Arduino demo program including the ST7036 LCD library. But if I try to use UART on each controller and its working wonderful. Serial communication is prevalent in both the computer industry in general Which type of ADC is supported by LPC1768. I2C PROTOCOL I2C provides chip-to-chip serial communications using only interface. 8bit data is sent bit-by-bit on each clock cycle. It explains the protocol in detail, the electrical specifications, how to size the pull-up resistors, etc.
It is also called as TWI (two wire interface) since it uses only two wires for communication. i2c of arm mbed lpc1768 I2C (Inter Integrated Circuit) is serial bus interface connection protocol. As the name implies, the microcontroller interfaces with the expander chip using I2C protocol. 3v. There are a few more elements to the I 2 C protocol, such as general call (broadcast) and 10-bit extended addressing. I2C Controlled 7 Segment LED Display: Seven segment displays are great for displaying numbers. answers · Having problem when reading data.
Still, every now and then, there's that module that just won't work. Only a Byte can be transferred at a time. Dump File * Format for I2C communication protocol is given as: I2C module in LPC2148 ARM7 Microcontrollers. Firmware Implementation for USBTMC protocol using LPC1768 December 2015 – January 2016 . Hi. The I2C protocol uses master and slave method, the master which is in most cases a microcontroller while the slave can be any I2C device such as Serial EEPROM, RTC etc. We’ll focus on its application.
I would imagine that the I2c input is buffered such that the slow LCD operation does not slow the bus. I2C: Inter-Integrated Circuit Communication. x or the shared library i2c. NXP wheel speed datasheet, cross reference, circuit and application notes in pdf format. lpcxpresso libraries. (Well, maybe not quite this young. LPC1768, mbed, nxp · 1.
All I2C master and slave devices are connected with only those two wires. Supports a wide range of I2C voltage levels from 1,2 V up to 5,5 V spi, i2c, i2s Technology Introduction: Communications Protocols SPI, I2C, I2S All but the simplest of electronic products are likely to use multiple Integrated Circuits (also known as ICs or simply ‘chips’) in their design. This feature will let you keep your U2C-12 board up-to-date by applying FW updates from Dimax. We use such a MASTER-SLAVE connection to decrease the work load on one Arduino, or to connect more sensors to project etc. No matter your vision, SparkFun's products and resources are designed to make the world of electronics more accessible. Read on to know more about how to program I2C in Raspberry Pi. In this configuration, a single master (LPCxxxx) communicates with two slaves over the pair of A bus means specification for the connections, protocol, formats, addresses and procedures that define the rules on the bus.
The two lines of the I2C bus are SDA (Data) and SLC (clock) which can be run in parallel to communicate with several devices at once. ) Bugs can be filled at kernel. the interfaces and protocols for pin muxing are general purpose and can be extended to support additional devices As we've seen, the I 2 C signaling protocol provides device addressing, a read/write flag, and a simple acknowledgement mechanism. Beyond that, each device defines its own command interface or address-indexing scheme. 0 and Connii MM 2. LPC1768 header boards from different manufacturers. To communicate with a slave device, master device is responsible for sending clock signal to the slave device.
Maximite supports I²C communications natively as part of its MMBasic. LiquidCrystal I2C. Follow these steps to connect two Arduino UNOs I2C Registers Name Access Description Address Offset I2C0CONSET R/W I2C Control Set Register 0x0000 I2C0STAT RO I2C status Register 0x0004 I2C0DAT R/W I2C Data Register 0x0008 I2C0ADR0 R/W I2C Slave Address Register 0 0x000C I2C0SCLH R/W SCH Duty Cycle Register High Half Word 0x0010 I2C0SCLL R/W SCL Duty Cycle Register Low Half Word 0x0014 Also, I plan to add support for dump formats other than Saleae I2C CSV exports. There is a lot of serial communication protocol but in which I2C and SPI are very famous, In this article, I will discuss the difference between I2C and SPI ( I2C vs SPI ). But I can't find any code examples of it being used with the arduino, or with anything else for that matter. RS-232 has no dependency on any higher level protocol, however it does have a simple layer 1 (physical layer) set of standards which must be followed. 0 TO QUADSPI/I2C BRIDGE IC.
I2C allows up to 112 Chapter 11: Serial Interfacing. c, change:2009-08-12,size:8082b /* From device to device, the I2C communication protocol may vary, in the Research Design Lab’s IoT Trainer Kit is designed keeping in mind the latest technology on a single board. In AmigaOS one can use the i2c. The name I2C translates into “Inter IC”. Introduction to ‘C’: About ‘C’ Number system and working examples. 0. Hi-Tech C I2C Master Example Code.
Since 2006, licensing fees not needed to implement the I²C protocol. به نام خدا : تو این مطلب از سری مطال پروژه آردوینو ، میخوایم نحوه اتصال keypad کیپد به آردوینو با استفاده از i2c protocol رو توضیحی کوچولویی! بدیم، یه پروژه های کوچولوتری قرار بدیم و یه سری کارای خیلی I am trying to send some data between an Arduino UNO (master) and an mBed LPC1768 microcontroller board (slave). I2C protocol Download The Sake Handbook pdf ebooks. Often so have we all implemented an I2C connection. -> so here 0x81 Please check, if this is correct. And downloading programs is as simple as using a USB Flash Drive. به نام خدا : بعد گذشت 2 ماه تقریبا مطلب I2C تموم شده تقریبا ( 1/4 امش البته تموم شده تا کنون )، تو این مطلب میخوام به آموزش پروژه محور lpc1768 مبحث i2c master mode بپردازم، آموزش I2C ک میکرو در مد MASTER هستش، آموزش خود I2C بر مبنای دیتاشیت رو movement in the LPC1768 which will be executed either in dynamic mode or static mode depending on the select switch condition.
POR RESET Protocol Description The I2C bus uses a simple protocol. Arduino developers can use the "Wire" library. Like SPI, I2C is synchronous, so the output of bits is synchronized to the sampling of bits by a clock signal shared between the master and the slave. It uses two bidirectional open-drain lines, Serial Data Line (SDA) and Serial This article presents code to emulate I2C protocol in C#, this can be useful in applications like data acquisition without microcontrollers. i2c protocol in lpc1768
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This Magic Phone Induct Speaker is new technology, need not bluetooth and link audio line, need to put mobile phone on acoustics only, can achieve acoustics function like magic!
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COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL CONVERTERS
The communication convertors are used either to isolate the same input signals or to convert signals from a type to another type of signal as required for the application. The serial links convertors such as RS-232 ,RS-422 ,RS-485 standards have been designed and manufactured to the latest technics by TA E&EC .The converters have been supplied for various voltages to be used in different applications. The company has also developed the protocol conversion for the special equipment to be connected to the upper limit of monitoring such as a third party charger to be connected to the HMI monitoring system. The protocol converter has also been designed and manufactured based on a charger special protocol of RS-232 which been converted to ASCII standard protocol to be connected to a regular PLC. The RS-232 / TTY convertor, RS-232/RS-232 isolated converters are also manufactured as other types of products in this category.


How To Find Router Ip Address? – Under ordinary circumstances, you’ll never need to know your router’s IP (Internet Protocol) address. The IP address, which is how other computers and devices on the internet can identify your computer, is a piece of your network that works silently in the background.
Sometimes, though, you might need your router’s IP address to troubleshoot a network problem, to configure software, or to visit the router’s settings panel in a browser.While finding your IP address is fairly easy, the process depends on what kind of device you’re using to find it.
Here’s how to find your router’s IP address using a Windows computer, Mac computer, iPhone or iPad, and Android device.
How to find router IP address using Windows
- Right-click the Windows icon in the bottom-left of your screen, and select “Command Prompt.”
- In the Command Prompt window, type “IPCONFIG” and press Enter.
- Find the “Default Gateway” section. The number listed here is your router’s IP address.
Ways to find the IP address of your router using a Mac
- Click the Apple icon at the top-left of the screen and choose “System Preferences.”
- Click “Network.”
- In the list on the left side of the window, choose your network and then click “Advanced” at the bottom-right of the window.
- Finally, click “TCP/IP.” You should see the router’s IP address, listed next to “Router.”
How to find the IP address of your router using an iPhone or iPad
- Tap “Settings” and then tap “Wi-Fi.”
- On the Wi-Fi page, tap the Wi-Fi network you’re connected to.
- Scroll down to the “IPV4 ADDRESS” section. Your router’s IP address will be listed next to “Router.”
How to find the IP address of your router using an Android phone
Unfortunately, Android phones typically have no built-in tool for finding your router’s IP address.
Some Android models running customized interfaces — like Samsung’s One UI found in Galaxy phones — give you access to this information, but it’s generally easier to find the router’s IP address using another device, like your laptop or desktop computer.


Jul 13, 2020 · The Archer AX6000 is an excellent dual-band Wi-Fi 6 router dishing out speeds of up to 4,804Mbps on the 5GHz band and up to 1,148Mbps on the 2.4GHz band. It’s compatible with important new Jul 07, 2020 · A wireless router is essentially a device that allows wireless connectivity between your modem and various other devices over radio frequencies. Every wireless router supports at least one frequency band, but these days dual- and tri-band routers are much more common, and you'll almost never find a Wi-Fi 5 802.11ac router that doesn't at least Jun 19, 2013 · This is a tutorial on how to set up a wireless router on a mac. It works very well and it is a fast and easy way to broadcast your ethernet to other devices. By far the best apple tv yet. The picture is unbelievably clear (and I don't even have a 4K TV). Really, really easy to set up. It links to your iPhone or iPad so you can use it to type in passwords etc during setup. I also have several Roku boxes and am now back to Apple TV - much better than ever!
Jul 20, 2020 · These features might affect how you set up your router or the devices that connect to it. Private Wi-Fi Address If you're connecting to a Wi-Fi network from an iPhone, iPad, iPod touch, or Apple Watch, learn about using private Wi-Fi addresses in iOS 14, iPadOS 14, and watchOS 7 .
The best Wi-Fi replacements for Apple AirPort routers Apple has long had a leg up by offering a friendly face for Wi-Fi router configuration, especially compared with the web-based administrative frontends for most other devices. airport extreme to set up a mesh network - Apple Community Jun 23, 2017
Wireless Time Machine backups with non-Ap… - Apple Community
AirPort - Official Apple Support AirPort base stations: Setting up and configuring an extended wireless network (802.11n) This article explains how to set up an 802.11n extended wireless network. Learn more How to Setup An Airport Extreme - YouTube Feb 09, 2014 Tutorial: How to set up WPA2 on your wireless network


Apple held an event this evening to launch a number of new products. Here is a quick update on what was announced:
As the Autumn approaches (sorry, "Fall") Apple will be readying a number of changes to their product lineup. Here is what I expect to see and what I hope to see...
The new iPhone will arrive in September and will come with a few usual changes. Thinner design, new Ax chip inside which will be faster than the 6S, better graphics, improved camera. There has been a bit of talk about a new dual lens camera, and this certainly fits into the usual iterative updates. One question- will Apple continue to update the iPhone SE separately to the main iPhone lines? Looks likely this year as the SE is too new for a refresh in September.
The big question is the headphone socket and whether Apple will go for a lightening connection for wired EarBuds or opt for some sort of wireless option? My own view here is that this will come down to usability. Not only does the ease of connection matter, in other words how the Bluetooth or other wireless technology works, but also the battery life of any wireless EarBuds. I suspect we will see lightening EarBuds shipping as the standard and possibly new wireless versions as an optional extra. But let's hope that if Apple do go for wirelessly versions, they have got something better than the current Bluetooth technology, which is at best fiddly and normally frustrating to use.
It is possible that we will see changes to the iPad, especially as we approach Christmas. The iPad would be a good seller during the holidays and the iPad Pro (12" model) could see changes so it has the newer TrueTone display. The smaller 9" iPad Pro is less likely to change as it is less than a year old. It is also possible that Apple will leave the iPad out, given that the Pro has been changed in the last 12 months, and make any changes in the new year.
We will definitely see three updated operating systems- the new macOS Sierra to replace OS X El Capitan, the next version of the iPhone, iPad and iPod touch operating system, iOS 10 and watchOS 3.0. This was set out in June at WWDC and it is likely to ship (for free) in October.
It also seems to be time for new Apple Watch models. Apple launched the first Watch almost 18 months ago. As we approach the Christmas buying season it seems logical that there will be new Watch models; I have always maintained that the Watch is the new iPod, for music and fitness. Maybe it is also time to streamline the range from three to two families of Watch?
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A decade ago, the notion of monitoring our daily footsteps or heartbeat seemed peculiar. Back then, enthusiasts of self-quantification shared their wisdom in TED Talks, while journalists covered conferences and reported on this emerging trend. Fast forward to today, and over 40% of U.S. households own wearable devices, reflecting the widespread acceptance of the quantified self.
Wearables and Behavioral Change
Scientific studies from 2022 suggest that wearables offer tangible benefits. A review of over 160,000 participants found that those using activity trackers took approximately 1,800 more steps per day, leading to an average weight loss of around two pounds. Wearables influence behavior by encouraging goal-setting, allowing users to monitor their interests, and providing reminders to stay on track. However, these effects tend to diminish over time.
The Role of AI in Quantified Self
AI plays a crucial supporting role in the quantified self phenomenon. Shwetak Patel, a professor at the University of Washington, highlights that AI can extend the capabilities of sensors, enabling functionalities like fall detection and blood oxygen monitoring. Researchers are now pushing to elevate AI from a supporting to a central role in the quantified self landscape.
The Rise of AI Health Coaches
Recent advancements in AI have paved the way for the development of AI health coaches. Patel’s research involves feeding wearable data into large language models, like OpenAI’s GPT series, to generate insights useful for clinicians. The next generation of AI models is envisioned to provide personalized health coaching by interpreting data and understanding individual contexts. This could offer a more profound understanding of user health than a human coach, particularly through detailed, objective sleep data provided by wearables.
Challenges and Skepticism
While AI health coaches hold promise, challenges persist. Some argue that even sophisticated AI models may struggle with reasoning, and skepticism surrounds their ability to provide precise recommendations based on health data. Nonetheless, proponents believe these AI coaches could monitor the effectiveness of suggested actions and adjust recommendations accordingly.
The Future Landscape
Major tech players like Google and Apple are exploring the integration of AI into health coaching. Google plans to offer AI-powered insights to FitBit users, while Apple is reportedly working on an AI health coach codenamed Quartz. Beyond big tech, even smaller players like Humanity claim to determine users’ “biological age” based on wearable data.
In conclusion, the synergy between AI and wearables is unlocking new possibilities for personalized health management. As we navigate this evolving landscape, caution and skepticism remain essential. The journey toward precise recommendations based on health data is ongoing, with both challenges and exciting prospects on the horizon.


An outdoor performance using DIY photoacoustic instruments and a two channel video.
The instruments generate sounds using solar panels, light, DC motors and perforated discs. DC motors are used to rotate the discs and generate various frequencies depending on the amount of holes in the discs and speed of the motors. More sounds can be generated by overlapping and moving the rotating discs. The sound is generated by the solar panels that “see” the shadows of the moving discs and transform the moving light into a sound signal.
The performance lasted around 3 hours. During a part of the performance visitors were invited to try the instruments themselves. The performance was filmed and videos and sounds recorded were used to create a 7 minute sound and video installation. The two channel video installation was a part of the media art festival NOVA exhibition in Galateca Gallery, Bucharest.


NASA has given the green light to a $30 million-to-$40 million "fix" for three instruments on the Hubble Space Telescope that -- in combination with an optically corrected replacement for the main camera -- could restore the observatory to 90 percent of its planned capabilities.
The so-called COSTAR project was recommended to the space agency by a scientific panel assigned to consider ways to compensate for the mirror flaw in the $1.5 billion orbiting telescope that hinders its ability to focus on distant and faint objects in the universe.
"We're going ahead with it," said Dennis McCarthy, deputy program manager for the Hubble Space Telescope at National Aeronautics and Space Administration headquarters in Washington. "The bottom line is, we want to fix what we've got as soon as we can, and this could do it."
Mr. McCarthy said COSTAR -- a device that would fit into one of the instrument bays and deploy five pairs of tiny prescription mirrors to refocus starlight for the three scientific instruments -- could be under way by May and finished in time for installation by astronauts in 1993.
When the flaw in the Hubble mirror, known as spherical aberration, was discovered two months after the April 24 launch, NASA was already building a replacement for the Wide-field/Planetary Camera (WF/PC), the workhorse instrument expected to provide spectacular images and answer basic questions about the universe and its evolution.
That replacement camera, the $70 million WF/PC II, is now being outfitted with prescription optics to compensate for the flaw in the 8-foot primary mirror and is expected to be ready for delivery in December 1992, said Dr. Edward Weiler, Hubble program scientist.
But the other instruments aboard -- the Faint Object Camera, the High Resolution Spectrograph, the Faint Object Spectrograph and the High Speed Photometer -- were initially doomed to diminished vision,although a replacement spectrograph is planned for 1996 or 1997.
"Our charge was to look at all the optical possibilities for recovering the full capability of the telescope, not just for the WF/PC," said Robert Brown, an astronomer at the Space Telescope Science Institute who co-chaired the "strategy" panel.
After considering more than 30 scenarios -- including a spacewalk by astronauts down the telescope tube to place an obscuring ring, or aperture stop, on the mirror -- the panelists decided COSTAR was best and recommended it in a report delivered to NASA last week.
The report also pointed out two additional problems that must be solved on the Hubble: a shaking of the solar panel that is preventing precise pointing of the telescope, and the need for an internal actuator on WF/PC II to align its corrected optics once they are in orbit.
Dr. Weiler said the solar panel problem, caused by uneven heating effects when the spacecraft passes between day and night, should be largely corrected by March through computer software adjustments and solved for good with the replacement of the panels in 1993.
But NASA is being cautious in touting COSTAR, "a very difficult thing to build" because of the extremely precise mirrors required and their small size, less than an inch in diameter, Mr. McCarthy said.
He added that the space agency planned a final design review in the next four months and will require test mirrors to be manufactured by several companies to prove the technical feasibility of the optics.
Dr. Brown called COSTAR "a very elegant solution" and lauded its "great beauty, because it fits flawlessly into NASA's plans to service the instruments."
But it will not totally restore Hubble to the performance originally promised. "It's considerably less difficult to get 90 percent," Mr. McCarthy said. "So we've decided to trade off schedule and risk and cost against 100 percent. We think that's a prudent compromise."


Magnets have many medical applications and are used in a variety of ways. They are being used in new machines considered to be less harmful than some existing technologies. The MRI (magnetic resonance imaging), for example, is rapidly replacing x-ray diagnosis because it is safer and more accurate.
Used externally, magnets stimulated the body's innate capacity to heal itself. How they do so is not completely understood, but that they work is not disputed. Because of the powerful effect even the smallest magnets can have on the body, their application must be done under strict supervision.
Return to the menu page ĽNIH Magnetic Field Therapy
The human body produces subtle magnetic fields that are generated by the chemical reactions within the cells and the ionic currents of the nervous system. Magnets work with the body's electromagnetic fields that govern its nervous system, organs and cells. The magnetic fields produced by magnets or electromagnetic devices, such as magnetic resonance imaging machine (MRI), are able to penetrate the human body as if it was air, even through bone
Biomagnetic therapy can be applied in many ways, through a wide array of devices. They range from small, simple magnets to large machines capable of generating high magnitudes of field strength. Specially designed plastiform, ceramic and neodymium magnets can be placed individually or in clusters about the head and body during treatment. Produced for home use, magnetic blankets and beds improving sleep and reducing stress. There are also magnetic massage devices and reflexology pads. Multi-pole flat, thin pads are also used over any area of the body. The types of magnets to use for a given problem, the depth of field needed and the placement all require specialized knowledge.
At present, there are generally two different methods of magnetic therapy application, those who expose the body to only the north (negative) pole and those who use low gauss strength in simultaneous exposure to both the negative and positive poles.
How Biomagnetics act on the body:
The frequency at which a magnetic field is pulsed determines whether or not it is harmful. For example, normal frequencies of the human brain during waking hours range from eight to twenty cycles per second, and dips as low as two cycles per second while in sleep. The higher frequencies found in artificial electrical currents may disturb the brain's natural resonant frequencies and in time lead to cellular fatigue.
Various studies have turned up distressing results, such as the development of brain tumors, significant increase in childhood cancer, and higher incidents of miscarriages in areas of high frequency electrical fields. Suspected culprits include electrical power lines, electric blankets, fluorescent lighting, microwave ovens, and other electrical devices.
Caution: Even the weakest of magnets can affect the body's subtle electromagnetic fields. Since even minor alterations in the field can cause mild to serious symptoms, magnetic therapy should be practiced under the supervision of a qualified professional.
The positive pole has a stress effect. With prolonged exposure, the positive pole interferes with metabolic functioning by producing acidity, reducing cellular oxygen supplies and encouraging the replication of latent microorganisms. The positive (or mixed field) slows down the electrons and protons which spin around th structural atoms and molecules in the body. This causes a reduction in the molecular action and hence the cellular function. As a result blood flow increases to the area of stimulus as well as increases to the area of stimulus as well as increasing electrical flow away from the brain. This increased electrical flow does increase molecular action, but by doing so, it drains vital energy reserves which would normally be held for emergencies.
The negative pole has a calming effect and helps to normalize metabolic functioning. The pure negative field is natural to the body - it only enhances molecular action by speeding up the electrons and protons of the structural atoms and molecules in the body. This rejuvenates the cells. The negative field replicates the earth's natural magnetic field in all but a few countries in the Southern Hemisphere. The molecular structure of the structural cells of the body orientate themselves to the type of magnetic field in which they have divided. By putting your body in an enhanced magnetic field the same as the earth's, you are adding to your energy, not using it up. At present, there are no known side effects from extensive exposure to negative fields.
The growing field of biomagnetics have shown that tissues to which magnets have been applied show enhanced magnetic signals for some time after the magnets have been removed.
Some of the maladies where the application of magnets are effective are:
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What Exactly IS Refex?
REFEX reference junctions are manufactured from an electrochemically conductive, salt loaded, polymeric matrix. When installed in an electrode, there is no porous junction to allow liquid contact between process fluids and the internal (sealed for life) Ag/AgCl reference half-cell. REFEX provides a stable mV output for measurement and ensures that process fluids do not poison or deplete reference cell electrode or electrolyte.
REFEX continues to perform even when completely coated as long as the coating remains wet and is conductive. Even when severe coating of the sensor inevitably slows electrode response, pH measurement remains accurate. Proven applications range from clean, cold river water to crude oil, sewage sludge and nasty chemical streams – all are solved with a REFEX reference interface.
The REFEX electrode is the reliable sensor the market has been waiting for – almost maintenance free with exceptionally long life and superb stability.
The Benefits of REFEX Technology
Refex pH reference electrodes are constructed from an advanced polymeric material that provides an electrochemical connection to the reference electrode within the probe without any direct process fluid contact. This eliminates the problems of measurement stability and reduced probe life seen in traditional probes. The construction method of Refex sensors utilizes a large section of the electrode body to provide the reference connection, massively reducing measurement error introduced by material in the process coating the outside of the probe. Refex pH and ORP sensors are reliable, accurate, stable, and give exceptionally long life (even in harsh petrochemical applications, probes can be expected to last 5 times longer than conventional designs) providing real savings in maintenance costs while dramatically increasing process quality.
Probes with non-porous REFEX ™ references have these very real benefits:
- Measurement is accurate, repeatable and above all, reliable
- Confidence in meeting statutory / regulatory measurement requirements
- Low maintenance saves manpower – no need to calibrate every week!
- Maximize plant throughput by dramatically reducing down-time
- Long life – fewer sensor changes means real cost savings
- They are virtually maintenance free
- Give exceptionally long sensor life (>5 times longer than standard probes)
- Have large surface contact area
- Work in vacuum without electrolyte reservoirs and up to 300psi pressure
- Do not leak electrolyte into the process (good in low-ionic & UPW applications)
- Do not become clogged (good where precipitates are present)
- Do not become poisoned (good in H2S and chemical process applications)
- Much faster response times
- Greater accuracy & repeatability
- Reduced cost of ownership from greater reliability & reduced maintenance
- Improve process quality control through reliable measurement
- Fast response provides real savings by preventing chemical over-dosing
REFEX Technology Overview
Major pH measurement problems such as drift, sluggish response and measurement error are often associated with the porous reference junction or conductive salt bridge of conventional electrodes. Being porous, the reference junction is very sensitive to fouling, poisoning, temperature/pressure changes, and diffusion/dilution of the electrolyte within the reference half-cell and all these factors can have a significant impact on the measurement performance. Short operating life of conventional electrodes in aggressive applications is often experienced and besides the cost of replacement electrodes, many man hours are expended in maintenance activities. The cost of using conventional electrodes, even so called “long-life” and “rugged application” designs, is high and an area o great opportunity for cost reduction.
REFEX electrodes still rely upon an Ag/AgCl element in a 3 mol/l KCl electrolyte (just like conventional technology probes, so they work with many standard pH transmitters) but in addition use a patented conductive polymeric material as a barrier between the process and the reference electrode. Unlike conventional electrodes that use open channels, diaphragms or other means to connect the reference electrode to the process, this solid barrier is non-porous, so the problems caused by to fouling, poisoning, temperature/pressure changes, and diffusion/dilution of the electrolyte are essentially mitigated.
Simply put, REFEX reference electrodes improve on conventional designs by eliminating the need to have a porous liquid junction in a pH (or ORP) measurement circuit.
The non-porous nature of REFEX:
1. Eliminates diffusion potential errors
As an example, raw water (Reservoir, Lake, and River) can be bitterly cold with low ionic strength and trace quantities of magnesium and iron. Conventional pH sensors with porous reference junctions can quickly foul because of the trace metals and require frequent cleaning and recalibration. Because of the difference in salt concentration between the reference electrolyte (typically KCl 3 mol/l) and the water being measured, diffusion occurs through the porous junction and the reference cell electrolyte becomes depleted. This causes a diffusion potential error – which is significant when a tight pH value has to be maintained. When conventional electrodes with porous junctions are installed in low ionic strength water applications, they often exhibit instability in the form of continuous drift.
The opposite is true when working with process solutions with high ionic strength. Here, diffusion occurs in the opposite direction with a consequent change to the electrolyte properties.
REFEX, being non-porous, has eliminated measurement error caused by diffusion potential. There is no electrolyte loss or dilution while the electrode is in service and this provides an extremely stable reference output (drift < 1mV/month). Ingress of poisoning material is eliminated, greatly extending electrode life.
2. Is resistant to fouling and coating
Electrode fouling is one of the major problems requiring frequent electrode maintenance and recalibration. The problem in conventional electrodes is the porous liquid-junction for the reference electrode. This porous junction, whether ceramic, Teflon, paper, even wood and other materials can, over time become clogged by process medium, increasing impedance and effecting performance. This clogging can become can become so bad that the electrode stops responding at all. Lime scale, manganese, precipitation between hydrogen sulfides and AgCl and protein/fat build up in sewage and industrial effluents are all examples of material that can effect electrode performance in this way. Fine particle clogging – pigments and dye stuffs etc. – are particularly bad and have been known to shorten conventional electrode life considerably.
Reference electrodes are low impedance sensors (typically 10 kΩ) while the pH glass element is a high impedance sensor (typically 100 MΩ). Coating and deposits on sensors can increase impedance by 1 MΩ; this is not a major problem for the pH glass electrode – the impedance changes to 101 MΩ (1% increase) however this same effect on the reference side (across the porous junction) changes the impedance from 10 kΩ to 1010 kΩ – orders of magnitude of change and this is exactly where the problem lies. One solution to this problem has been to use a flowing junction electrode where liquid electrolyte is pressurized to create a positive KCl out-flow through the junction and keep it clear of contaminants. While this helps, it is maintenance and consumable intensive and still allows poisoning of the reference element with resultant precipitation within the sensor body. The pressurization and flow of the electrolyte then seals the electrodes’ fate by blocking the junction from the inside!
REFEX is far more resilient to fouling and build up. Being non-porous, there is nothing to block and provided any coating on the electrode is conductive, it will continue to operate as if clean. Note that eventually, it will be necessary to clean off heavy build-up from the electrode – it is difficult to measure the process with the electrode buried in its own “micro-environment” of build-up.
3. Responds instantaneously to pH change
The REFEX solid state polymeric reference system allows sensors to respond instantaneously to pH change. This is a very important quality when titration and chemical dosing is required. The entire outside wetted surface of the REFEX reference electrode is electrochemically active without diffusion potential / flow errors and ensures rapid response to pH change, preventing dosing over-shoot and the unnecessary wastage of expensive dosing chemicals. This response characteristic can result in significant cost reduction through chemical savings.
Conventional electrodes respond far more slowly due to ion diffusion time through the porous junction. The use of tortuous paths and double junction techniques to extend electrode life only adds to the slowing of response, and as the porous junctions become obstructed, response time slows further. Slow response inevitably results in set point overshoot and the unnecessary wastage of expensive dosing chemicals.


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Geospatial technology is quite diverse due to the variety of available applications and the markets they serve. Different systems use different data storage techniques, ranging from file-based CAD systems to object-orientated spatial databases. They also use a variety of programming languages, some of which are main stream but others which are proprietary and require specialized knowledge.
A cadastral map refers to a map that shows the boundaries and ownership of land within specified area. Some cadastral maps show details including district names, unique identifying numbers for parcels, certificate of title numbers, positions of existing structures, section or lot numbers and their respective areas, adjoining and adjacent street names, selected boundary dimensions and references to prior maps.
Digitization is the most important technique of data and storage in a GIS but is expensive and time consuming. Behind the success of this mapping technology is a major role played by the technology of capturing data in digital form. Data forms the backbone of the GIS industry. Spatial data is available mostly in analogue form i.e. in the form of maps, imageries, aerial photographs etc. Perhaps the biggest bottleneck in the GIS industry is the proper reproduction of the analogue data into digital form. The process of converting an analogue map into a digital format is known as “Digitisation”. The digital capture of data from the analogue sources viz. maps, imageries, aerial photographs etc. is carried out in two different methods, manual digitisation and heads up digitisation.
Remote sensing is the science of obtaining the physical properties of an area without being there. Remote sensing offers a cost-effective method to capture field data for analysis and planning purposes. Some projects require acquisition of information on objects and phenomena at a large scale. Physical survey in such a situation is not a viable option. Remote sensing is a technique that is time and cost effective and is therefore apt for such projects.


The moon is a solid body with no significant atmosphere; it therefore radiates as a cool solid body (thermal radiation) and is not easy to detect at long wavelengths. It is possible for the amateur to make observations with access to an old C band (4 - 8 GHz) satellite TV antenna with a diameter of a few metres as shown in Figure 5.1.
The typical beam width of a 3m diameter dish at 4GHz is ~ 20 - rather larger than the angular diameter of the moon at 0.5°. The moon will therefore present almost a point source to the antenna and a transit scan across the moon will produce a trace with the properties of the antenna beam: i.e. a detection that is about 2° across. However it is still an interesting exercise to attempt to detect a cold, purely thermal radiating body.
Figure 5.1 3m dish with C band feed
The moon has no significant magnetic field and no ionised gaseous atmosphere containing free electrons, so there is no mechanism to generate non-thermal radio emissions. The thermal signal from the Moon is quite low and a fairly good receiver is needed to make a successful detection.
Figure 5.2 Detection of thermal emission from the Moon
© Dr David Morgan 2011


Sanwa Supply released two types of ergonomics laser mouses, ‘MA-LS24’ and ‘MA-WLS70’, which you can avail without any problems for your wrist and muscles. The cost of the former, with wire, is 5660 yen, the latter, without wire, is 5760 yen.
In the ordinary mouse, your wrist is entwisted while gripping it. To remain this, the possibility that muscle and ligaments around forearm are damaged is more. So it’s hard to use it for a long time. The most feature of it is that there is detachable wrist pad to mitigate this burden.
This pad is easy to remove, so it could be adopted if you want to improve the efficiency.
The appeal of the wire model, MA-LS24, is compatible with adjustable weight which is important for FPS. It has three weights, ergo you can adjust this weight in accordance with your preferable. Additionally, the speed of the cursor is set by six phases.
MA-WLS70, wireless model, is identical to MA-LS24 which is designed by human engineering. Of course, it also has a detachable wrist pad, therefore it’s good to mitigate the burden for your wrist and to bring everywhere.
The connection is straightforward to insert USB dongle into socket, unlike a Bluetooth mouse which you need to set pairing, that’s all! It’s suitable for someone who feel trouble about cable, even though cursor’s speed has only four phases.
Either has the laser sensor system, so it’s convenient to use it without mouse pads differing from an optical mouse. Further, there’re nine buttons which control the browser, volume and so on, that the majority of users want. These new mouses appeal to those who use these for work and game.


- Sensor: 28MP BSI APS/C Sensor
- Focus: NX Autofocus System III
- Video: 4K 4096 x 2160 30p video
- Display: 3.0 inches, 1,036K-dot Super AMOLED
- Zoom: Optical 3.13x
- Battery Life: Up to 370 shots / 180 minutes
Samsung NX500 - Specifications
- Device TypeDigital Camera
- ModelSamsung NX500
- Released16 March, 2015
- Type Design Type called form factor refers to a mobile phone's size, shape, and style as well as the layout and position of major components of phone. There are three major form factors seen in mobile phones => bar phones, folding phones and sliding phones.Bar
- Dimensions4.7 x 2.5 x 1.7 inches. (120 x 64 x 43 mm)
- Weight454 grams (16 oz)
Lens & Optics
- LensSamsung 16-50mm f/3.5-5.6 Power Zoom ED OIS NX
- Camera FormatCompact System Camera
- Focal Length24 - 75mm
- Auto FocusYes
- Focus Range24 cm to Infinity
- Manual FocusYes
- Digital ZoomYes
- Zoom Ratio3.13x
- Aperture Rangef/3.5 (wide) / f/5.6 (tele) - f/22
- Filter Thread43.0mm
- Size3.0 inches
- Resolution1,036,800 dots (345,600 px)
- Rear DisplayYes
- Touch ScreenYes
- Eye-level Viewfinder
- Articulating Screen
- Selfie ScreenYes
- Top Deck DisplayNo
- Flash Flash Light => There is commonly two types of flash lights are used in camera mobile phones, LED Flash (LED flash offers lower power consumption with drive circuitry that takes up very little room, LEDs can be strobed faster than any other light source), Xenon Flash (xenon flash produces an extremely intense full-spectrum white light for a very short duration)No
- Flash ModesSmart Flash, Auto, Auto+Red-eye reduction, Fill-in, Fill-in+Red-eye reduction, 1st Curtain, 2nd Curtain, Off
- Max Flash Sync1/200
- External FlashHot Shoe
- Wireless Flash ControlNo
- Minimum ISO100
- Maximum ISO25600
- Auto ISO Mode
- ISO SettingsAuto, 100 - 25600 in 1 or 1/3 EV steps, expandable to 51200
- White BalanceAuto, Daylight, Cloudy, Fluorescent (W, N, D), Tungsten, Auto+Tungsten, Flash, Custom, K (Manual); Micro Adjustment each 7 steps in Amber/Blue and Green/Magenta axes
- Shutter Speed30 - 1/6000
- Self Timer2-30 seconds
- Bluetooth Bluetooth is a wireless communications technology for exchanging data between mobile phones, headsets, computers and other network devices over short distances without wires, Bluetooth technology was primarily designed to support simple wireless networking of personal consumer devices.Yes
- Infrared Infrared connectivity is an old wireless technology used to connect two electronic devices. It uses a beam of infrared light to transmit information and so requires direct line of sight and operates only at close range.
- Wi-fi Wi-Fi is a popular wireless networking technology using radio waves to provide high-speed network connections that allows devices to communicate without cords or cables, Wi-Fi is increasingly becoming the preferred mode of internet connectivity all over the world.Yes
- Wi-fi Hotspot
- USBUSB 2.0 High Speed
- GPS GPS The Global Positioning System is a satellite-based radio navigation system, GPS permits users to determine their position, velocity and the time 24 hours a day, in all weather, anywhere in the world, In order to locate your position, your device or GPS receiver must have a clear view of the sky.No
- NFC NFC (Near field communication) is a set of standards for smartphones and similar devices to establish peer-to-peer radio communications with each other by touching them together or bringing them into proximity, usually no more than a few inches.
- HDMI HDMI (High-Definition Multimedia Interface) is a compact audio/video interface for transferring uncompressed video data and compressed or uncompressed digital audio data from a HDMI-compliant source device to a compatible computer monitor, video projector, digital television, or digital audio device.
- Microphone Jack
- Headphone Jack
- Remote ControlYes, Via Wi-Fi live view or Bluetooth; optional wired USB cable release
- Battery Type Battery Type => Cell phones run on various kinds of batteries depending on the manufacturer, phone size or shape and features. There are basically four types of cell phone batteries => Lithium Polymer, Lithium Ion, Nickel Metal Hydride and Nickel Cadmium.Li-Ion (Lithium Ion)
- Battery Life370 shots
- Batteries Included1 x Proprietary BP-1130, 1130mAh rechargeable
Record true 4K video* for 4X the resolution and details of Full HD. With HEVC (H.265) support, capture extreme details using half the storage space typically used for HD recording.
The NX500 has the power to capture life’s precious moments in amazing detail, thanks to an exceptionally fast NX Autofocus System III that features hybrid auto focus. It has the perfect combo of speed and accuracy.
The NX500 uses the world’s first 28MP, BSI APS/C size image sensor. At 28MP of resolution, it is the highest resolution APS/C size sensor available. Compared to front side illumination (FSI), its back side illumination technology (BSI) allows more light to reach the sensor, resulting in lower noise and improved image detail.
The DRIMe Vs is Samsung’s fastest, most powerful image processor yet. It has the speed, performance and accuracy for photos and video in a variety of shooting conditions.
Samsung Auto Shot uses a predictive algorithm to track movement and automatically trigger the shutter at just the right moment.
The NX500 supports the advanced Wi-Fi 802.11n for remote control and instant transfers of high-res photos. Together with Bluetooth® and NFC, you get fast connectivity for easy sharing.
Two independent command dials and a hybrid UI that includes both a touch screen and a range of buttons provide quick and easy access to your key settings on the fly.
With continuous shooting, you can capture a burst of images at 9 frames per second. And with the advanced AF system, it continuously focuses so you don’t lose detail as the subject moves.
Precious moments can come and go in an instant. With a fast shutter speed of 1/6000 of a second, the NX500 can freeze and capture fast moving subjects with clarity.


Journalists worldwide can register to attend this virtual event.
Carbon Brief, with the support of the Reuters Institute’s Oxford Climate Journalism Network, is launching the Global South Climate Database. This project is a publicly available, searchable database of scientists and experts in the fields of climate science, climate policy and energy.
The goal of the database is to ensure that journalists from all over the world can contact scientists from Asia, Africa, Latin America and the Pacific.
The Global South Climate Database will be launched on Oct. 31.
For more information, Click MOC


Why AI Technology Makes the Future Bleak for POC Workers…And What To Do About It
Science fiction movies always find a way to make me excited for the future. Self-driving cars, hoover boards, holographic phones and Robo-maids?! Sign. Me. Up.
Except the future for me, a black woman, may be bleak – thanks to AI technology.
Amazon test AI technology as a job recruitment tool
In 2014, Amazon began using artificial intelligence to filter through job hopefuls. In an effort to save time and money, the e-commerce giant used automation. But according to Reuters, a new report from 2015 showed that the AI developed racial and gender bias.
Much like Amazon reviews, the AI scores candidates ranging from one to five stars.
Somehow along the way, the AI learned to identify the difference between men and women, and people of color.
In their effort to save time and money, Amazon sacrificed fairness.
“Everyone wanted this holy grail,” said one Amazon employee interviewed by Reuters. “They literally wanted it to be an engine where I’m going to give you 100 resumes, it will spit out the top five, and we’ll hire those.”
This shocking discovery of bias now begs the question: who is programming these AIs?
Based on reporting from Quartz, the AI seemed to be using biases “Amazon had shown in the past”:
“The team decided to train the system on the previous 10 years of resumes sent to Amazon, which were mostly men. When the algorithm reached its conclusions for what would be good and what would be bad in an applicant, it mirrored the hiring biases towards men that Amazon had shown in the past. In 2014, Amazon released diversity numbers that revealed 63% of Amazon employees were male, and that number grew to 75% when only looking at managers.
The algorithmic system went so far as to penalize the word “women” on a resume, as in a women’s club or sport, and downgraded all-women’s colleges as less preferable. Amazon reportedly tried to make the algorithm more neutral, but there was no guarantee that it actually was less biased.”
But Amazon says they didn’t use the AI to process new hires. Telling Reuters simply, the tool “was never used by Amazon recruiters to evaluate candidates.”
According to Reuters, Amazon ditched the use of AI for recruitment when they saw little improvement.
The growing use of racially-skewed AI technology
ProPublica conducted research and found that COMPAS, a machine learning algorithm used for crime-prediction, was racially biased.
They are grave and wide-spread if tech-leaders don’t take these incidents seriously.
Quartz reports that companies like, Plum and Pymetrics are resorting to organizational psychology to best characterize potential employees.
IBM, is rolling out software that will rate the fairness of the AI’s decisions so that “the user can consider the system’s level of bias when deciding when to trust.”
These are steps in the right direction. AI is very new technology, and just like most major shifts in technological revolution – there will be a learning curve.
I hope more minorities find their way into STEM so they can disrupt the technology world, which is largely dominated by white males.
My great hope is that the people who are finding solutions are black and brown, male and female, queer and cis, and a little bit of everything that this world is made up of.
By Michaé Baisden


The Canadian Airborne Biodiversity Observatory (CABO) is a cross-scale initiative involving some of Canada’s leading researchers in biodiversity and remote sensing. Its overall objective is to build on and extend the spectranomics approach in Canada to improve our ability to forecast biosystem responses to environmental changes. In doing so, CABO will revolutionise the way biodiversity data is acquired across Canada and the world. CABO will link with and strengthen other international spectranomics initiatives to position Canada as a global leader in biodiversity science and conservation.
CABO will use high-fidelity field spectroscopy to measure foliar spectra using standardised protocols across a wide range of plant species of various growth forms from ecosystems representing major Canadian ecozones. This will provide the foundational data on which CABO depends.
Standardised field-collected foliar spectra will help determine how spectral signatures map onto plant phylogeny and at their potential for remote species discrimination across Canadian ecosystems. In addition, it will quantify the extent to which foliar spectra can remotely sense the major foliar chemicals that drive the biosphere (e.g. chlorophyll, nitrogen).
A major asset of CABO’s spectral database will be its reliability and traceability, both in terms of its geo-referenced, high-fidelity standardised spectral measurements and the accurate plant species identification relying up-to-date taxonomy (using VASCAN). Each spectrum will be associated with a herbarium species deposited at the Marie-Victorin herbarium at the Centre sur la biodiversité of Université de Montréal, and entered into Canadensys. This freely accessible foliar spectral database will be of tremendous value for taxonomy, ecology, and remote sensing research, and will provide the foundation for all future applications of high-resolution canopy biodiversity censuses based on hyperspectral imagery.


Welcome to another edition of #BigDaily, the newsletter which brings to you, everything you need to know in order to become information-smart. The newsletter is curated and delivers signals which will make you a better professional. Here goes today's edition!
CISF is using AI at Delhi Metro Stations, not only to keep the commuters safe, but also for general social good. The AI system of CISF identifies people looking in distress, which alerts an system and then personnel reach out to them, with offer of help.
While wind is helping us achieve the non-renewable energy goals, it is a highly unpredictable source of energy, where output could vary between a matter of hours. Machine Learning is now being used to predict the energy output of wind farms, to make it more viable.
Whatsapp is launching a crypto-currency based remittance service in another few months to target a $80 billion market. Facebook is developing a digital currency pegged to US Dollar and it would be first rolled out to WhatsApp users in India.
The company would install electric vehicles charger at regular intervals over the entire 250 kms stretch between Delhi and Chandigarh. The first charging station in the series has been already inaugurated.
British Geological Society has 3 million fossils, gathered over 150 years, at thousands of sites across the country. Now it is trying to build a geological database of these fossils which could be accessible to all.
Dismantling old ammunition is a hazardous and time consuming activity, putting at peril both man and material at risk. AI robots are now being deployed to dismantle old ammunition, saving both limbs and environment.


We can see many types of software installed within our computer. The installed software varies from just calculating values to doing something similar to human brains. I have a game program “Chess Titans” which came with operating system “Windows 7” which plays with human just like another human is playing. If a machine completely calculates and searches all the states, then, it can’t be said it is doing with complete intelligence. If computer checks all the states and then performs steps, it is true that we never beat computer because it has thousands times calculation capacity and has power to think hundreds of steps ahead which is out of reach to us. But, in contrast, we can beat computer chess program if we play logically. So, “Chess Titans” plays intelligently with human so that it doesn’t always win human.
Not only this, there are many applications which, we don’t notice, but are doing their task intelligently. For example: google search. The supplied search keywords are manipulated by google using some sort of intelligence. It tracks all search patterns, then it suggests the most optimized keyword for searching. Also, google has achieved its popularity in the field of language translation. The feature of auto identification of the language and translating the text from one language to another language includes lots of intelligence tasks and google is success to achieve this. Similarly, word processing program of Microsoft is also implementing the intelligence while typing a word. If the word is mistaken, then it replaces it with appropriate word.
The implementation of intelligence in computer is an undergoing process and we can get more and more applications implementing intelligence to make our tasks more sophisticated. I think if computer implements voice recognition system and performs tasks by the commands provided by speaking, then it would be great achievement. The computer receives the voice signal, interprets the voice and then does respective action. Voice of different person (frequency, loudness etc.) is different, so computer should learn the command to interpret the command. There would be one problem: the same word is pronounced differently, so it may take longer time to learn perfectly and then it would be very easy, we don’t need to type any word in keyboard, just stay in front of computer and speak! It would not be very difficult if commands are provided in only one language. The sentence structure of the language and how the words are pronounced may affect the complexity of the development of the voice recognition system. These activities lie on natural language processing, a broad field of artificial intelligence.
My area of interest in intelligence includes the field of computer vision. Actually, I have started a small project which manipulates the face images to identify a person. Although, it is based on mathematical calculations, I have implemented some intelligent algorithms to identify a person by his face. The central task of that project was image analysis and pattern recognition. The PCA (principle component analysis) algorithm was used to extract the information of the components of face like mouth, eye, nose etc. The application, first of all carries out processes from a set of faces, and then extracts information and stores it. Then, when a new face is provided, it compares with the previously stored information. Then it identifies the face by calculating the difference of the stored face information and newly fetched face.
The project is almost complete except I have not integrated the learning module in the application. If there is new face, and machine recognizes the face, then it should update with the information of newly recognized face i.e. the machine should be capable of learning new things. The learning module development may be challenging, but if I have a plenty of time, I will research on that topic so that I can implement the learning module and my application will work perfectly. This includes a broad area of artificial intelligence: Machine Learning.


Using blockchain technology to enhance data privacy and security in marketing efforts
Data privacy and security are becoming increasingly important considerations for businesses and organizations in the digital age. Marketing efforts, in particular, rely heavily on the collection and use of customer data, which can make them vulnerable to data breaches and other security threats.
One way to enhance data privacy and security in marketing efforts is through the use of blockchain technology. Blockchain is a decentralized and distributed digital ledger that allows for secure and transparent record-keeping of transactions. It is best known as the underlying technology for cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, but it has a number of other potential applications as well.
One key benefit of using blockchain technology in marketing is that it allows for the secure storage and transfer of customer data. Traditional databases are vulnerable to cyber attacks and data breaches, but the decentralized nature of blockchain makes it much more difficult for hackers to access and manipulate the data.
Another benefit is that blockchain technology can enhance the transparency and accountability of marketing efforts. With traditional marketing methods, it can be difficult for customers to know how their data is being used and by whom. By using blockchain, Blockchain-ads will provide users with a clear and transparent record of how their data is being used, increasing trust and confidence in the marketing efforts of all of our advertisers.
In addition, blockchain technology can help businesses and organizations comply with data privacy regulations such as the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) in the European Union and the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) in the United States. These regulations require businesses to protect customer data and be transparent about how it is being used, which can be facilitated through the use of blockchain technology.
Overall, the use of blockchain technology has the potential to enhance data privacy and security in marketing efforts, while also increasing transparency and accountability. While it is still a relatively new technology and there are challenges to its widespread adoption, Blockchain-ads is building to protect all Internet users’ data and build trust within the Web Advertising industry for users and advertisers alike.


Sunlight is composed of various electromagnetic waves, including visible light, infrared radiation, and ultraviolet rays. These waves interact with the Earth’s atmosphere and surface, and their energy is absorbed or reflected. When sunlight enters a room, it can significantly impact the temperature.
In the daytime, direct sunlight can cause a room to heat up, as the visible light and infrared radiation carry energy that warms the space. This effect can be particularly noticeable in rooms with large windows or sun-exposed areas. To mitigate this, shades, curtains, or window films can be used to reduce the incoming sunlight and help maintain a more comfortable room temperature.
SOBER Technologies has products that can resolve this problem. Solar Chips, Solar Coating and Solar Tile MAT is made in such a way that makes your walls roof heatproof which can reduce the heat intensity coming from sun waves.
This Technology is invented by Professor Munawar Ahmad Malik, CEO of SOBER Technologies Islamabad. SOBER Technologies International company is basically promoting and producing new technologies, innovations and inventions developed by prof. Munawar Ahmad Malik, a renowned scientist of Pakistan and inventor of more than 50 inventions.
The products related to solar energy, energy conservation and construction field, will be discussed in this platform.
Some Products of SOBER Technologies Int. Islamabad. Pakistan
Solar Chips | Thandi Chips
Solar Roof Coating | Solar Coating
MAT Munawar Air Conditioning Tile | Solar Tile
Other information related to our products is available on our Facebook page, YouTube Channel and Website.


Are you having difficulties with the technology in your room? The user manuals below are here to make your stay easier and more comfortable.
- Press the orange button to turn on the airconditioning
- Adjust the desired temperature by pressing one of the two buttons on the right top, above the orange button.
- To stop, press the orange button
Lucci Ceiling Fan
- Start the fan by pressing one of the buttons from I – VI
- To stop the fan, press the square ‘‘ in the
If the fan does not work, switch the light switch.
Each fan has a separate remote control.
- Press the power button ‘‘
- Turn the knob, select one of the functions and press the ‘6th Sense’ button
- Select the right temperature and press the ‘6th Sense’ button
- Select the right time and press the ‘6th Sense’ button to start
- Pull and hold the power lever
- Push the ‘Source’ button to toggle between Bluetooth and AUX audio
- For Bluetooth, push and hold the ‘Source’ button for 2 seconds
- Enable Bluetooth on your device and select ‘Marshall’
Whirlpool Induction Cooktop
- Turn on the cooktop by pressing the power button ‘‘ for approximately 2 seconds until the display lights up.
- Select the cooking zone you want to choose.
- Select the required power level by pressing ‘+’ or ‘-’
- To switch off the cooking zone, press the corresponding button for 3 seconds. If a cooking zone is hot, the letter ‘H’ will we be shown
Make sure the size of the pan matches the size of the cooktop
- Press the power button ‘‘ on the LG remote to turn on the TV
- Press ‘CH’ or use the numbers 0-9 on the other big remote to change channels
- To change volume, use ‘VOL’ on one of the two remotes
- To use Netflix, press the white ‘NETFLIX’ button on the small LG remote
- To use Smart-TV, press ‘‘ on the small LG remote and select your application of preference
Illy Coffee machine
- Open the capsule compartment cover by lifting the cover lever
- Insert the capsule and close the capsule compartment cover
- Place a cup in position and choose one of the two cup buttons. Dispensing will stop automatically


The INVEREX NITROX 3KW 48V Three Phase Hybrid Solar Inverter is a device that allows you to connect solar panels to your home or business and convert the DC power generated by them into AC power that can be used to power your appliances. The inverter is designed to work with a 48V battery bank and has a maximum output power of 3KW. It is a hybrid inverter, which means it can work with both grid power and solar power, and it has three phases, making it suitable for three-phase electrical systems. The inverter also has a built-in charge controller, which manages the battery charging process to ensure the batteries are charged efficiently and safely. The INVEREX NITROX 3KW 48V Three Phase Hybrid Solar Inverter is a high-quality and reliable device that can help you reduce your electricity bills and contribute to a more sustainable future.