Report: Solar Could Meet All The World's Electricity Needs In 2050 Using Under One Percent Of World's Land | ThinkProgress
Friday, January 18, 2013
Highlighting the fact that a global switch to renewable energy is not just necessary, but doable, a new report released by the WWF concludes that the solar arrays necessary to meet all the world’s projected energy needs in 2050 would cover under one percent of global land area. Obviously this is a theoretical exercise, and 100 percent of the planet’s electricity needs are not actually going to be filled through solar. But several credible scenarios suggest that solar could provide about 30 percent of global total electricity in 2050, up from the 0.1 percent it provides now.
By going through the numbers, the Solar PV Atlas demonstrates both the practical feasibility of renewable energy, and the possibility of harmonizing solar energy with conservation goals:


The MVI56E Modbus TCP/IP Multi Client Enhanced Communication Module for Remote Chassis allows Rockwell Automation ControlLogix Programmable Automation Controllers (PACs) to interface easily with multiple Modbus TCP/IP server-compatible instruments and devices. The Multi Client module improves performance when controlling multiple servers on a Modbus TCP/IP network, by supporting up to 30 clients.
MVI56E enhancements include configuration and management through the module Ethernet port, CIPconnect technology for bridging through ControlNet and EtherNet/IP networks, and has a web server to access on-board documentation, Add-On Instructions, and sample program files.
This module uses a small I/O data image for transfer of data between the module and the ControlLogix processor, making it ideal for ControlNet or Ethernet applications with the module in a remote rack.
- Supports up to 30 Clients
-Faster response for multi server applications
-Reduces network traffic
-Minimizes impact to other server communications when one
server device goes off-line
- RSLogix 5000 Integrated
-The module communication is integrated with RSLogix 5000
using a supplied Add-On Instruction (AOI) or ladder file
-No additional PAC/PLC programming required
- Enable/Disable commands easily from ladder logic.
-Programatically enable various networked devices and their
functions to support multiple applications or recipes,
without having to reconfigure the module
- Remotely configure and diagnose problems
-Easy to use Windows-based configuration software connects
through remote racks using EtherNet/IP and/or ControlNet
via a 1756-EnxT and/or 1756-CNB interface module without
requiring RSLinx OEM saving you money
-Allows support of IT and Automation network segmentation
- Web-enabled Ethernet port
-The module has a built-in web server for easy access to
documentation, module status, and to update firmware
- MVI56 backward compatible
-Assists in extending current MVI56 applications by using
newer technology that supports existing MVI56 ladder logic
and module configuration


TRS-80 MODEL 4P
Restoration & Upgrades
(Gotek and Custom HxC OSD Firmware)
What is a Gotek (Floppy Drive Emulator) Drive and how do I make it BETTER ?
A Gotek drive is a USB Floppy emulator in simple terms replaces your current internal Amiga 500,600,1200,1000,2000,3000,4000 floppy drive with a unit that has a USB slot and a 3 digit display like below.
The Gotek however is not limited to Amiga, with a little work and some extra firmware it can be vastly improved AND made to work on a vast array of other machines.
Third Party Firmware that can be installed on a Gotek to extend its capabilities
Hardware Modifications that can be done on a Gotek to expand its capabilities even more.
- ADD an: Encoder/Push Button
- ADD a: Speaker/Buzzer
- ADD an: OLED Display
- ADD an: OSD Onscreen Display (General)
- ADD an: OSD Onscreen Display (FOR TRS80 MODEL 4P)
*** DIAGRAM FOR OSD Onscreen Display (FOR TRS80 MODEL 4P) ***
THIS PARTICULAR MOD REQUIRES PURCHASING HxC Bootloader from HERE and Installing the 4P Custom firmware found HERE
Comments,Suggestions and/or inquiries may be submitted to: 780tech@Gmail.com Subject: 4P.


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Wireless Qi Charging UV-C Sterilizer Box
Gry Mattr Sterilizer Box disinfects electronics, keys, wallets, glasses, face mask & other daily use items. Features a 5 min & 10 min disinfection mode using UV Light, eliminating harsh chemicals. Equipped with Smart Switch auto stops if cover is opened. Has a 15 watt fast wireless Qi charger and works with all smartphone & devices.
- Kills 99.99% of common household germs, bacteria, mold & Fungus
- 360-degree disfection with 4 genuine UV-C LED lights
- Qi standard & KC / CE / FCC / ROHS / CA-65 certified
- Over-voltage, over-current, over-tempeture & short circuit protection
- 15 watt Qi charger for all smartphone & devices
- Connects to your computer via USB or to a USB charger


Engineered for simple, effective and fluent communication, the Boom!™ Audio 30K Bluetooth® Headset is Harley-Davidson®'s flagship wireless headset. Featuring 2 modules, 1 Bluetooth® and 1 Mesh, Boom!™ Audio 30K allows 13 hours of talk time and has an 8km range. With the bluetooth module, riders have the ability to wirelessly communicate with up to 4 other riders. The mesh module allows for wireless communication with up to 16 riders in private modes, and virtually limitless in public mode within 1.2kms. This feature would see its full potential in organised large group rides.
Concerned that you won’t be able to connect with other Bluetooth headsets of a different manufacturer? Well don’t be. Harley® has made the Boom!™ Audio 30K a universal intercom, allowing connectability with other bluetooth brands such as Cardo and Sena.
Charging time is swift, claiming 1.5 hours to full charge or 20 minutes for 5 hours of operation. Safe to say, this should easily get you through a full day of riding.
Other interesting features include an ambiented mode, which essentially allows riders to both hear sounds from the headset speakers and external noises on the road. An automatic volume adjuster is a welcomed addition, granting riders to retain full control of the bike without raising their hands to adjust volume. These are all innovative and smart features and it's clear that Harley® has really thought about rider enjoyment and convenience here.
The Boom!™ Audio 30K Bluetooth® Headset can be integrated with your bike’s Boom!™ Box infotainment system, yet will require the Wireless Headset Interface Module (WHIM) (units sold separately). When paired with the WHIM, riders will be able to enjoy full stereo sound and use the bike's infotainment screen to configure the headset. Changing through music, phone integration, GPS and push-to-talk intercom conversations becomes incredibly fluent and effortless.
How to pair your Boom!™ Audio 30K Bluetooth® Headset with your Harley Davidson®?
Hold down the center and phone button on the headset to turn the device on.
Once the headset is on, hold down the phone button for roughly 6 seconds.
Your headset should be flashing a red and blue light. This indicates the headset is ready to be connected to your Harley®.
Head to your Boom!™ Box infotainment system and select Setup > Wireless Headset Setup > Pair Rider
The headset and your Harley Davidson® will be paired and integrated for maximum convenience.
Without the WHIM, you can control your Boom!™ Audio 30K through available hands-free voice commands or the glove friendly jog dial menu navigation. And, if you prefer to use earbuds, there is an available earbud port in the base.
Boom!™ Audio 30K Bluetooth® Headset Kit Includes:
- Boom!™ Audio 30K Bluetooth® Headset
- Additional Earpads
- All the necessary installation hardware
Come in-store today and check out the Boom!™ Audio 30K Bluetooth® Headset for yourself. Speak to one of our qualified service and parts team members for more information. Harley Davidson® NEWSTEAD, BRISBANE. Call (07) 3606 8895 today! Harley Davidson® MELBOURNE. Call (03) 9109 8468 today!
Wanting to keep up with the latest news, events, reviews and specials? Subscribe to our monthly newsletter today, and be entered to win $100 to spend in-store on parts, accessories and motorclothes®.


Alibaba-backed Xpeng is putting money into flying car technology as part of the company’s long-term strategy.
The electric automaker revealed Saturday at the Beijing Auto Show the first in a series of electric flying vehicles the start-up said it is developing.
With eight propellers and a capsule-like frame, the vehicle resembles a human-carrying drone more than a flying car. The prototype was developed by Xpeng Heitech, a technology unit majority-owned by Xpeng and CEO He Xiaopeng.
Xpeng said in a release that the unit is part of the company’s long term research and development, and the core businesses and development strategy remain unchanged. The company foresees benefits from the research in areas such as precision and mapping technologies.


Quantum computer have been a widely discussed term in the technology world for many years. It is said that anyone who can reach this computer will be the controller of the whole world. According to a recently leaked research, Google has already got a quantum computer. But is that really “scary” computer in the hands of Google?
The issue started in September. For a long time Quantum Computer used to run rats of various research and competition of various tech giants. But the month of September 2019 has sparked a new debate. Now, it seems that Google, the top tech company, has first reached Quantum Computer. However, Google has not officially announced it. The company has not commented on this.
A Forbes article states that a research paper recently made by Google’s researchers was published on the US space research firm NASA’s website. Later it was removed from the website again. It is saying that the research paper is upload there mistakenly. However, in that short time many people read or download the dissertation. Analysts say the leaked dissertation is not the final, the draft. They believe that this draft was made before finalizing the dissertation. It was later published mistakenly.
According to the report by Wired, Google has clearly indicated in its quest for ‘quantum supremacy’. The original research paper has already been accepted by the journal Science, but it has not been published yet. The leaked research claims that researchers were able to solve a particular mathematical problem in just three minutes with the quantum computer they discovered. However, with the most powerful super computer of the present, it will take almost 10,000 years to fully solve the same mathematical problem. Google uses a special chip called ‘Sycamore’ capable of quantum computing, which has 53 cubits (the basic unit of quantum computers). Cubits can perform many times more than traditional computer bits.
What is Quantum Computer:
The question is, what is quantum supremacy? The main difference between a quantum computer with an ordinary computer is that the quantum computer can solve many problems of a quantum mechanism. In order to solve the same problem, the latest modern computer takes hundreds of thousands of years. This is what is called quantum supremacy. That is, when an organization or a country can solve those complex problems in a very short time through the quantum computer, it will say that they have achieved quantum supremacy. From that point of view, Google’s achievements are consider to be remarkable. According to leaked research, it has achieved quantum supremacy as the world’s first institution. Google going to make a formal announcement this year.
How Quantum Computer Work:
Let’s know briefly about the beginnings of a quantum computer. In the binary system, the numbers are only two: 0 and 1. With this binary number system, all kinds of work are now available on the computer. However, 0 and 1 cannot represent at the same time. Quantum computers are ahead of this place. Quantum computers can represent both 0 and 1 – The Telegraph reports. At the same time, quantum computers can represent 0 and 1 at the same time. This computer operates using super position and entanglement methods of complex and complex quantum mechanics.
Advantages of Quantum Computer:
Quantum computers have many advantages. It does not solve many mathematical problems. According to scientists, quantum computers will be able to solve the problems that traditional computers cannot. As a result, quantum computers can revolutionize everywhere – from pharmaceuticals to oil industries. Particularly complex mathematical problems in physics and chemistry can solve quickly. New drugs will discover. Commercial algorithms of financial institutions can further improve. Even the early forms of artificial intelligence that scientists are working on can easily improve.
Disadvantages of Quantum Computer:
There are some risks. If advanced quantum computers are available, then all of the current Internet security systems would collapse. British economist says, quantum computers will be able to do much bigger than they demand. The personal information of billions of Internet users may leak into their own bag. The government database can be hacked. Undue control can impose in the banking system. State defense system can turn off if desired. Considering these aspects, many do not even hesitate to call it a “terrible” computer.
However, Google has not yet reached the advanced quantum computer. At least the researchers are speculating. Technology analysts say that Google may have been able to create a quantum computer of primary quality. And the practical problems that have been said to be able to solve a complex problem do not have much. That is, the creation of a practically quantum computer is still a long way off. But most importantly, Google is the first to reach it. That is, so long that a quantum computer was considered to be a ‘material’ object, it no longer exists. Rather, standing on the difficult ground of the real will begin a new journey. Comparing this to the first viable satellite sent to space will be easy to understand. These early satellites might not have sent much information, but traveling around the Earth at that time was also a huge achievement. Google has been just as successful in the field of quantum computers.
But, some researchers say that achieving quantum supremacy is not ‘supreme’. Because the world of technology is constantly changing. What is the point of extreme excellence today, it can outdate tomorrow. Google’s competing company, IBM, has said that Google or Quantum Supremacy is misleading the entire research on quantum computers.
Many countries investing a lot in Quantum computer related research for the last few years. Hundreds of millions of dollars were being spent on the sector. Google’s recent success has validated the spending sector. Everyone had been chasing an imaginary gold deer for so long.


Raspberry Pi Kit - Suits the Wanhao Duplicator 7 - FREE Delivery
This Raspberry Pi kit includes everything you need to run your Wanhao D7 3D printer with NanoDLP. (our preferred method)
Included in the kit is
- Raspberry Pi 3 (latest version)
- An ABS/Acrylic case for your Pi
- A HDMI cable to connect the Pi to the printer
- 16GB Sandisk Ultra Micro SD Class 10
- AU power adapter 5V 2.5A
- Heat sinks to mount on the Pi for increased cooling
- A cooling fan to mount inside the ABS/Acrylic case for extra airflow.
We can preload the SD with the NanoDLP image for a $25 surcharge. Just add the Raspberry Pi UPGRADE product to your cart.
Note: You will still need to upgrade the firmware on your D7 to allow it to be run via NanoDLP.
This is quite easy to do and can be done in minutes via CURA.
**Wanhao D7 Printer not included**


Engineering the safe generation, transmission, distribution and use of electricity is a specialised discipline. The intricate behaviour of electricity at both micro and macro scales, coupled with its capacity to cause serious harm, is a major challenge for power system designers and operators.
Growth in low carbon power generation and storage, as well as the electrification of energy consumption, are accelerating the demand for effective electrical engineering. This rapid pace of change amplifies technical challenges for those connecting new power systems into established and increasingly complex power networks.
The electrical HAZOP, or e-HAZOP, is a proven technique that can play a key role in enabling the safe grid integration of net zero technologies.
WHAT IS AN E-HAZOP?
A Hazard and Operability study (HAZOP) is a systematic risk assessment of a process or system. It is commonplace in sectors like chemical, oil and gas. The study is typically conducted in a multi-disciplinary workshop and uses guidewords to help identify hazards and operability issues associated with a specific process or system. The approach is organised around the international standard for HAZOP studies, IEC 61882.
An e-HAZOP focusses on electrical systems. The workshop is attended by electrical system designers, constructors, and operators. For a power generation or storage asset the study is often structured to “follow the electron” – that is, from the grid connection down to the asset, or vice-versa, using busbar voltage levels as nodes. The nodes are marked up on electrical system drawings and the team also draws upon other information such as single line diagrams and electrical studies.
The study applies electricity specific guidewords as prompts to systematically identify and assess the potential hazards. The primary tool for recording the output of the study is the hazard register, which facilitates the assessment of each hazard and associated mitigations to eliminate or reduce risk.
TIMING IS EVERYTHING
An e-HAZOP would typically be run when the design has progressed to a sufficient level of detail to interrogate. This may be at pre-consent concept design or, certainly, during Front-End-Engineering-Design (FEED). The core objective of the study is for the design to reduce the residual risk to those personnel who will be operating and maintaining the facility to ALARP levels (As Low As Reasonably Practicable).
Like traditional process HAZOPs, e-HAZOPs are often re-run as the project design becomes more detailed and journeys through its lifecycle. For example, it is often beneficial to run several e-HAZOPs on the same system at different times, such as prior to commissioning and periodically during operations.
The energisation of electrical plant and equipment presents particular risk when equipment is energised for the first time outside of the factory, for example transformer inrush or first-time switching operations. Dedicating an e-HAZOP to commissioning activities and their sequencing is particularly worthwhile for complex facilities.
An operational e-HAZOP is beneficial when a significant modification to the system design is required, such as additional mandated equipment to comply with grid code requirements. Furthermore, an e-HAZOP can be re-run after a set interval, for example five years, to revalidate the system by considering the accumulation of all minor equipment and operating changes, as well as the gained operational experience.
A SYSTEMS PERSPECTIVE
A significant advantage is that the e-HAZOP is a systems level study. It does not look at electrical equipment in isolation, but in the broader context of the whole power system. This involves assessing the integration of all electrical plant and equipment including generators, transformers, switchgear, cabling, protection and earthing.
A systems approach is crucial because a facility’s electrical equipment is interconnected, both with itself and the wider electrical grid network. The risk of a localised fault causing safety issues on other nearby equipment is significant. But the ripples of the fault can also be felt beyond and into the wider network (and potentially vice-versa), creating asset and commercial risk due to enforced disconnection by grid operators.
SPEAK THE LANGUAGE
Electricity by nature is hazardous and complex. It is crucial that those involved in e-HAZOPs have a thorough theoretical as well as practical understanding of electrical engineering.
Electrical engineering has its own technical language. It is vital for competent people to be present who have a thorough understanding of electricity’s behaviour in electrical power systems. This ensures electrical hazards and risks are identified and recorded accurately and efficiently; a general engineer may miss counterintuitive hazards and operability issues.
As a straightforward example, LOTO is a frequently used term which is perhaps not fully appreciated by the non-electrical engineer. LOTO stands for ‘lockout/tagout’ and is a protective procedural control that involves a lock as a physical barrier and a tag with hazard messaging. It aims to prevent the release of hazardous electrical energy from isolated electrical power sources.
LOTO is the practical means by which operations and maintenance on electrical equipment is authorised and safely facilitated. It makes sure that electrical plant and equipment is inoperable, shutdown or de-energised where relevant. In some geographies LOTO is specifically mandated by law. As a result, e-HAZOP attendees must include those with operational experience of power systems including procedures such as LOTO.
ENABLING SAFE INNOVATION
Whilst the laws of physics that govern the behaviour of electricity have not changed, the application of electricity is rapidly advancing. Innovative technologies supporting the energy transition bring opportunity but also new challenges.
For example, dynamic cables for floating offshore windfarms might be anticipated to fail more frequently during their operational life compared to a fixed foundation. How will dynamic cables be repaired safely offshore with risk reduced ALARP? Will it be feasible to have floating offshore substations with several inter-array dynamic cables as well as export cables in close proximity? And be able to conduct repairs to each of them safely and in a way that minimises asset downtime?
The e-HAZOP is the ideal tool for identifying and enabling the management of such potential hazards and operability issues for complex and innovative systems.
Managing the electrical hazard has always been challenging. The pioneer Nikola Tesla wrote in 1896 that “electricity has been a great blessing to mankind, but it has also proved a new source of danger” (Ref. 1). Whilst the electrical hazard’s nature may not have changed, mankind’s controlled and applied use of electricity continues to change due to technological advances and societal demand.
The complex challenge of the energy transition magnifies the need for ‘electrifying’ safety tools and techniques such as e-HAZOPs, to enable the safe pursuit and delivery of widespread clean electrical power.
- Stevens Point Daily Journal, Stevens Point, Wisconsin, 20th July 1896.


Presented at Computer Applications & Quantitative Methods in Archaeology (CAA), Kraków, 2019.
“Paperless” field documentation has been on the digital archaeologist’s agenda for over twenty years. A range of approaches have been proposed, from the straightforward application of off-the-shelf software (e.g. Filemaker, GeoODK), to full archaeological information systems (e.g. ARK, FAIMS). Despite this, we have yet to converge on a standard toolset. There appears to be a central tension between generic software, which tends to be easy to use but may lack flexibility, and systems specifically designed for archaeologists, which are full-featured but can be difficult to deploy. In this poster I outline “yet another” system for paperless recording in archaeological survey, but one which occupies a middle ground between these two approaches. It consists of a stack of open source GIS software: PostGIS, QGIS, and the newly-available mobile app QField. Running on Android devices in the field, QField natively supports the core components of survey documentation: navigation, geolocation, custom forms, photography, and planning. It seamlessly integrates with QGIS, already widely used by archaeologists, for data processing out of the field. PostGIS is used for a central database for collaboration and dissemination via webGIS. The advantage of this system is that it is flexible enough to support a full archaeological workflow, but uses easily-deployed tools that are actively maintained by a wider community of GIS developers. There are caveats, particularly in the reliance on QField, which is still in beta, but it is hoped that this approach will contribute to the eventual standardisation of digital documentation in the field archaeology.
Paperless recording; mobile GIS; archaeological survey; QGIS; open source


This motorised feed assembly and controller is iSat’s innovation project. Although still in development, we already have a working model and expect to release the product in the 1st Quarter of 2019.
It’s tracking performance will compete with currently available solutions but at a significantly lower cost.
Current tracking Methods
Step Track—This method of satellite tracking is based around constantly adjusting the antenna position to find the best receive level of a signal downlinked from the satellite. The problem with this method is that tracking movements are initiated by a drop in signal level. This means that the antenna is always following the satellite movements, not moving in unison. This results in fluctuations in received signal power at each end of the link and is also susceptible to interference which can cause loss of the tracked satellite completely. This method requires a motorised antenna as well as a beacon receiver and antenna controller.
Monopulse Tracking – This method is significantly more accurate than the others. A reference signal from the satellite is received by two separate elements within the antenna feed simultaneously and a comparison of the signal at the 2 different reception points accurately predicts the location of the satellite. This results in much better tracking accuracy than can be achieved with Step-Track, but required more complex equipment and therefore greater expense. This method required a motorised antenna, a complex control system and a specialist feed. Because of the complexity and expense, this method is usually only implemented in large hub antenna’s.
External positional data tracking—More recently, a new tracking solution has emerged which uses very accurate positional data gathered by agencies which track celestial objects and make the data available online. An antenna can then track the required satellite by knowing exactly where it is and exactly where it will be at a given time. This eliminates two of the big drawbacks of beacon tracking (poor signal stability and susceptibility to interference/fading) although current solutions are still fairly expensive. This method requires a motorised antenna, and a tracking controller
Our method is an evolution of the external positional data tracking method in which the antenna reflector is fixed and instead the feed moves along a single axis of travel in order to steer the antenna beams in unison with the satellite. Add in some positional data and some clever maths and we now have a tracking solution which is far more accurate and reliable than Step-Track and significantly cheaper than any other commercially available solution. Not to mention it can be retro-fitted to an existing fixed antenna so you can go inclined with minimum effort and minimum cost. This method requires a fixed axis antenna and our inclined orbit tracking system.


ICACSIS 2020 Speakers
Prof. Toshio Fukuda
Toshio Fukuda (LF’16) received the B.S. degree from Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan, in 1971, and the M.S. and Ph.D. degrees from the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, in 1973 and 1977, respectively, all in mechanical engineering.,From 1977 to 1982, he was with the National Mechanical Engineering Laboratory, Tsukuba, Japan. From 1982 to 1989, he was with the Science University of Tokyo. He was a Professor with the Department of Micro System Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan, from 1989 to 2013. He is currently a Professor with Meijo University, Nagoya, and a Professor with the Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China, mainly involved in the research fields of intelligent robotic systems, cellular robotic systems, mechatronics, and micro/nanorobotics., Prof. Fukuda was the President of the IEEE Robotics and Automation Society from 1988 to 1999, the Editor-in-Chief for the IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics from 2000 to 2002, the Director of the IEEE Division X: Systems and Control from 2001 to 2002 and from 2017 to 2018, the IEEE Founding President for the Nanotechnology Council from 2002 to 2003 and in 2005, and the Director of Region 10 from 2013 to 2014. In 2019-2020, he became president of IEEE.
Prof. Anil K. Jain
Anil K. Jain (Ph.D., 1973, Ohio State University; B. Tech., IIT Kanpur) is a University Distinguished Professor at Michigan State University where he conducts research in pattern recognition, machine learning, computer vision, and biometrics recognition. He was a member of the United States Defense Science Board and Forensics Science Standards Board. His prizes include Guggenheim, Humboldt, Fulbright, and King-Sun Fu Prize. For advancing pattern recognition, Jain was awarded Doctor Honoris Causa by Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. He was Editor-in-Chief of the IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence and is a Fellow of ACM, IEEE, AAAS, and SPIE. Jain has been assigned 8 U.S. and Korean patents and is active in technology transfer for which he was elected to the National Academy of Inventors. Jain is a member of the U.S. National Academy of Engineering (NAE), foreign member of the Indian National Academy of Engineering (INAE), a member of The World Academy of Science (TWAS) and a foreign member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS).
Prof. Kukjin Chun
Kukjin Chun received a BS degree from Seoul National University in Korea and a Ph.D. degree from the Electrical Engineering and Computer Science department of the University of Michigan majoring in MEMS. He was an Assistant professor at the Electrical Engineering department of Washington State University and is now a Professor at Electrical and Computer Engineering Department of Seoul National University (SNU), where he served as head of the department in 2009-2011. He also served as the director of the Inter-university Semiconductor Research Center of SNU in 2005. He has been an outside director of Daeduk GDS company of Korea. He served as Vice-chair and Secretary of IEEE Region 10 in 2009-2012 and is now the Award Chair. He served as Seoul Section Chair in 2007 and is now a member of the IEEE MGA SDEA committee. He was the President of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea with the largest membership in 2012 and now a President-Elect of the Korea Sensor Society. He has been a member of the National Academy of Engineering of Korea since 2007. He served as an editorial board member of Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering and is a fellow of the Institute of Physics in the UK. He was a founding Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Sensor Science and Technology in 2011 and Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Semiconductor Technology and Science from 2005 to 2008. He is also serving on the International Editorial Advisory Committee of the Institute of Electrical Engineering of Japan and International Advisory Board member of the LIMMS of the University of Tokyo.
Prof. Akinori Nishihara
Akinori Nishihara received the B.E., M.E., and Dr. Eng. degrees in electronics from Tokyo Institute of Technology in 1973, 1975, and 1978, respectively. Since 1978 he has been with the Tokyo Institute of Technology, where he is now Designated Professor at HAPPIER (Human Assets Promotion Program for Innovative Education and Research) after his retirement in 2016 as Professor at Department of Human System Sciences, Decision Sciences and Technology. His research interests are in signal processing and educational technology. He has published more than 300 technical papers in refereed international journals and conferences. He served as an Associate Editor of the IEICE Transactions on Fundamentals of Electronics, Communications, and Computer Sciences from 1990 to 1994, and then an Associate Editor of the Transactions of IEICE Part A (in Japanese) from 1994 to 1998. He was an Associate Editor of the IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II from 1996 to 1997 and Editor-in-Chief of Transactions of IEICE Part A (in Japanese) from 1998 to 2000. He was Chair or the IEICE Technical Group on Circuits and Systems from 1997 to 1998 and served as an Advisor of that Technical Group from 1998 to 2011. He served as Vice President, Service Activities of the IEICE Engineering Sciences Society, Director, Conferences, Student Activities and Education during 2007-2009, and Director, General Affairs during 2011-2013. He has been serving in IEEE Region 10 Executive Committee, as Student Activities Committee Chair (1996-1996), Treasurer (1999-2000), Educational Activities Committee Chair (2001-2004), Strategic Planning Coordinator (2007-2010), History Coordinator (2016), and Director-Elect (2017-2018. He is currently (2019-2020) a member of the IEEE Board of Directors as Region 10 Director.
Prof. Yves Lepage
Yves Lepage is currently Professor at the Graduate School of Information, Production, and Systems, Waseda University, Japan. He received his Ph.D. degree from Grenoble University, France, and defended his habilitation thesis at the same university in 2003. He was “qualified” by the French council of universities for both linguistics and computer science professorship in 2006. He has worked for ATR labs, Japan, as an invited researcher and a senior researcher until 2006. He was then a full professor at the University of Caen, France. He joined Waseda University as a full professor in April 2010. His research focuses on the topics of Example-Based Machine Translation and Natural Language Processing (NLP), aiming to formalize some example-based techniques, like analogy, and apply them to natural language applications such as automatic production of dictionaries, alignment, paraphrasing, machine translation.
He is a member of the Japanese Natural Language Processing Association, the French Natural Language Processing Association (ATALA), and the Information Processing Society of Japan. He is also a member of the Reviewing Committee of the Traitement Automatique des Langues (TAL) Journal, having been editor-in-chief from 2008 to 2016.
Dr. Henrik Skibbe
Henrik Skibbe currently holds the position of Unit Leader at the Brain Image Analysis Unit, RIKEN Center for Brain Science (CBS), Japan. The Brain Image Analysis Unit develops new algorithms for the processing and analysis of multi-modal brain imaging data such as two-photon, bright-field microscopy images, and MRI. He received his Dr. rer. nat. degree from the University of Freiburg, Germany in 2013. He worked at the Department of Radiology – Medical Physics at the University Medical Center Freiburg from 2012 to 2013 before he started his work as a postdoctoral researcher at the Integrated Systems Biology Laboratory at Kyoto University from 2013. In 2019, he started working at RIKEN CBS.
Emeritus Professor Chun Che Lance Fung was trained and worked as a Marine Radio and Electronic Officer in Hong Kong during the ’70s. He graduated with a B.Sc. Degree with First Class Honours and an M.Eng. Degree from the University of Wales in the early ’80s. His Ph.D. degree was awarded by the University of Western Australia, with a thesis on Artificial Intelligence and Power System Engineering, under the supervision of late Professor Kit Po Wong. Lance has taught at Singapore Polytechnic (1982-1988), Curtin University (1989-2003), and, Murdoch University from 2003 where he was appointed Emeritus Professor in 2015. His roles have included Associate Dean of Research, Postgraduate Research Director, and Director of the Centre for Enterprise Collaborative in Innovative Systems. He has supervised to completion over 31 doctoral students and published over 336 academic articles listed in the Research Repository of Murdoch University. His contributions can be viewed at IEEE Xplore, ResearchGate, Google Scholar, and Scopus. Lance has been a dedicated volunteer for the IEEE for over 25 years in various positions in Chapters, WA Section, Australia Council, Region 10 Executive Committee, the IEEE SMC Society Board of Governors plus many other IEEE committees. Lance continues his research and supervision of postgraduate students and his motto is “Learning has no Boundary”. His profile is located at http://profiles.murdoch.edu.au/myprofile/lance-fung/ and his personal website, Lancefung.net.
Prof. Wisnu Jatmiko, S.T., M.Kom., Dr. Eng.
Born in Surabaya, Wisnu Jatmiko received his Bachelor’s degree in Electrical Engineering from The Faculty of Engineering and M.Sc. degree from The Faculty of Computer Science, both are received from Universitas Indonesia in 1997 and 2000 respectively. In 2007, he received his Dr. Eng. degree from The Micro-Nano Systems Engineering, Nagoya University, Japan. Currently, he works at the Faculty of Computer Science, University of Indonesia, Indonesia as a lecturer, and from September 2017 became a full Professor. With his guidance, his students have succeeded in entering several top universities in the world, such as Tokyo University, Nagoya University, Edinburgh University, Minnesota University, National University of Singapore, etc. From 2008 – 2012 and 2013 – 2017, he holds the Research Manager position at the Faculty of Computer Science for 2 periods. Then From 2017-2021, he holds the head of Master and Doctoral Programs in Computer Science, at the Faculty of Computer Science, Universitas Indonesia. He also holds the IEEE (The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) Indonesia Section Chair from 2019-2020 as well as a Senior Member IEEE (SMIEEE). Prof. Wisnu Jatmiko is regarded as a highly productive researcher. He has received over 50 grants as the main researcher. He has also more than 150 international publications that are mostly indexed in Scopus and Google Scholar. In addition, he has already published more than 10 books and produced 10 copyrights of computer software from his research products.


Solar power is the power emitted by the Sunlight which is harnessed by means of a host of ever-changing innovations including solar home heating, photovoltaic, solar thermal power, solar design, man-made photosynthesis and thermodynamics. Some of one of the most amazing potential customers in solar power modern technology are environment adjustment, worldwide warming, the power situation, the deficiency of fossil fuels as well as ultimately the ecological disaster. Solar power has the distinctive benefit of being among the most widely available power resources in the world. Additionally, it is an extremely trustworthy source of energy. Visit https://emeraldsunenergy.com/ for essential info on how to convert electrical power from the sun to power straight.
Solar power is capable of providing the electrical power required for a residence, sector as well as transport system. There are 3 techniques of utilizing solar power to create electrical power. The first technique is known as active solar layout. In this method, the power conversion is through photovoltaic or solar batteries. These cells are developed to straight draw in the sunlight to ensure that power can be produced. The major benefit of this system is that it is economical, simple to install and also safe to run. The negative aspect is that it does not provide a stable supply of power given that the solar batteries just convert a small component of the total sunlight right into usable electrical energy.
The second solar energy innovation made use of is called concentrating solar power plants. In this technique, sunshine is used to boil water. The hydrogen as well as oxygen in the boiling water are made use of to create steam. This heavy steam is utilized to drive a wind turbine which is a much bigger than conventional turbines found in nuclear power plant. In addition, the wind turbine can additionally be made use of to create power. Although, there are some arguments to utilizing nuclear fusion for energy production, particularly as a result of the expense involved in using fission to produce power. The 3rd solar energy innovation is called photovoltaic or pv. This system makes use of mirrors to focus the sunlight's rays right into electric power.
This electrical power is then transmitted to an electrical generator, which can be attached to the residence's power lines. The electrical energy created is in fact sufficient to run home appliances in the house. Nevertheless, the greatest disadvantage of using this innovation is that it can not create enough thermal power to match the electric outcome from the generator. The fourth sort of solar power made use of is what is referred to as active solar power. This system includes the use of mirrors to focus the sun's ray on a little area.
The concentrated heat created from this intense resource is after that directed into a residence's attic. Although, this technology is the earliest form of solar energy, it still provides the most functional power for heating as well as cooling homes. When comparing these different sorts of solar power innovations, it can be ended that photovoltaic or pv systems are extra reliable as well as have greater possibility to be upgraded.
On the other hand, concentrating solar energy modern technologies are much more reliable and are practically completely efficient in creating electrical power straight from the sun. Also, passive solar warm water home heating technologies utilize less power and is more adaptable to certain building structures. In all, it is essential to study which innovation would certainly best match the particular requirements of a home or service.To get more enlightened on the topic, check out this related post: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy.


The situation was eerily similar to what had happened with the older G, with its near-total lack of credible OpenGL support. Due to this lack of industry-wide support, and its toll on the limited graphics hardware of the time, EMBM only saw limited use during G’s time. It was also equipped with a hardware transform and lighting unit capable of processing 20—30 million triangles per second. See details for description of any imperfections. Matrox was known for their quality analog display output on prior cards and the G is no exception. Overclocking tests showed that the core was unable to achieve higher speeds than G even though it was manufactured on a newer process.
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Drivers for older/legacy Matrox products
However, contrary to the video mode’s name, G does not support full DVD decoding hardware acceleration. One of the most common boards based on this logic was marketed as Matrox Millennium P A later version increased clock speeds but also eliminated AGP 2x 3.
Previously Released Drivers for Older Matrox products Drivers in this section are previously released drivers and should be used for trouble shooting purposes only. With regard to its hardware, G’s triangle setup engine, called the “Warp Engine” ironically, was somewhat slower than the counterparts aboard the competition’s cards. Unique to Matrox, this revolutionary technology allows a single AGP card to support two separate displays with as many as eight different configuration options.
This product is no longer available. Like the Parhelia, these boards have no driver support for Windows 9x.
Matrox Millennium G400 graphics card – MGA G400 – 16 MB Series
Matrox was known for their quality analog display output on prior cards and the G is no exception. Views Read View source View history.
Performance of this card is slightly above the G and G Matrox “SE” drivers have a standard interface that doesn’t require. Even with initial driver difficulties, Matrox G was very mgz.
Unless otherwise indicated, HF drivers require version 1. The 3D capabilities of G were identical to G It features a unique anti-aliasing technique called fragment anti-aliasing that provides very high quality claimed 16X-equivalent MSAA. This page was last edited on 4 Januaryat G’s rendering pipelined uses what Matrox called “Vibrant Color Quality 2” VCQ2 mgga, a functionality in which all internal 3D calculations are done with bit precision.
As said earlier, G suffered at launch from driver problems. This was the same as G This driver was a precursor to a fully functional OpenGL ICD driver, a quick development to improve performance as fast as possible by offering an interim solution.
mga(4): Matrox video driver – Linux man page
The chip had 3 pixel pipelines with 3 texture units each. G does have partial support for the DVD video decoding process but it does not perform inverse discrete cosine transform IDCT or motion compensation in hardware the two most demanding steps of the process.
Unfortunately Matrox never described the functionality of this component in-depth so little is known about it. Unfortunately, because of the identical core clock and due to lower memory bandwidth, G was slower than G in games. Drivers in this section are zipped using the -RP option. Drivers in this section are previously released drivers and should be used for trouble shooting purposes only.
Where many cards were crippled by blurry output, especially as the resolution and refresh rate increased, the Matrox cards delivered very sharp and clear images. There is also a G chip which was OEM-only.
Matrox – Vogons Wiki
Video capturing was possible but drivers are still based on VfW. See details for description of any imperfections. Initially the card did not have an OpenGL driver. In cases where “available with OS” is stated, the operating system will install a Matrox driver that will give you basic 2D and 3D functionality, where this driver is supported jatrox Microsoft.


Role: Robotics Systems Technologist
Salary: £34,000 - £36,000 per annum DOE
The candidate would be expected to explore the innovative use of advanced technologies and development of engineered solutions to a range of robotic and teleoperational challenges. This involves the innovative integration of technologies to satisfy end user requirements.
Delivery of a program of development trials on a range of teleoperable components and systems, which includes;
•Preparation of safety paperwork associated with experimental programme.
•Undertaking small and large-scale trials, involving proprietary and bespoke robotics hardware and test rig equipment.
•Complete a series of experimental trials
•Collect, tabulate and interpret experimental data and presentation of results in formal document formats, papers and presentations.
The Candidate- Qualifications & Experience:
*PhD in a relevant discipline in robotics or software development
•The ability to perform duties to the highest safety and quality standards.
•Hands on experience developing code for industrial robots, research robots or bespoke manipulator systems within a laboratory or industrial environment.
•Hands on experience in the use of simulation or games software for the verification and validation of robotic control programs.
•Experience of teleoperation of robotic systems within a nuclear or other hazardous environment is an advantage but not essential.
If you believe you are qualified for the position, please email your CV to firstname.lastname@example.org
We look forward to hearing from you.


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Hi, everyone. We are a small team of enthusiasts working on development of flight simulation hardware. The core of our system is Flight Simulation Interface designed to connect entire Twin Engine Aircraft Cockpit. The hardware that we are developing is connected via this interface to a computer. We are currently prototyping hardware for Twin Engine Piston Cockpit. We have future plans for Twin Turboprop and Twin Jet controls and panels compatible with existing interface. We are posting on forums to reach out to the community and tell what we are working on. We are hoping to get some opi
Hello again, March here with another Goose Bug. Any one experiencing the same problem I have with the Grumman Goose (default) aircraft in FSX Gold? All of the models seem to be missing the "Engine Controls" panel. When in the virtual cockpit display (F9), it is possible to page through a number of different displays by repeatedly hitting the "A" key. For example; the first page shows the right seat panel, second page shows the radio stack, etc. The problem crops up the third time I hit the 'A' key: I get a really expanded view of the cockpit door aft of the pilot's seats. Basically, a bunc
A question came up today I couldn't answer. Maybe someone here knows the way... Someone wants to know how to map the Prnt-Scrn button to a joystick button in FS. I've tried it and it's not as easy as it sounds - FS just doesn't recognize the key at all. Any ideas? John


tender dsc for Centre for Development of Imaging Technology CDIT Kerala
Get tender DSC for Centre for Development of Imaging Technology CDIT Kerala online low-cost services.
Centre for Development of Imaging Technology, C-DIT, a Government of Kerala organization under Electronics and Information Technology, with corporate culture is concerned with customizing technology for the masses. Having its genesis in 1988 from a perception to use imaging technology as a tool to achieve progress, C-DIT has lived up to that dream. When Information Technology began to kick-start growth in all spheres of economy and life, C-DIT quickly adapted to it. In fact, it established a synergy between Information Technology and Imaging Technology to create new paradigms of information dissemination through apt image making. Now C-DIT has evolved into a resourceful and productive agency of the Government of Kerala under the chairmanship of Hon. Chief Minister. It has made its mark in the advancement of research, development and training in Imaging Technology and in socially relevant science and development communication.
Centre for Imaging Technology (C-DIT) is a unique institution under Government of Kerala with diverse skill sets and achievements in the areas of Imaging Technology & ICT and their applications. Founded in December 1988 as an offshoot of Kerala State Film Development Corporation, C-DIT started its operations with two projects funded by the Government of India- one in the field of research and development in film and electronics technology and another in the area of science and development communication using video.
C-DIT has a talented pool of creative personnel co-existing with technological work force. It is an approved research centre of Department of Science and Industrial Research (DSIR) and Kerala University. The head office of C-DIT is currently housed in a 3-acre Campus in the picturesque Chithranjali Hills, 6 kms from Thiruvananthapuram Central, on the way to Kovalam.


Science Foundation Ireland
Science Foundation Ireland is an exemplar funding agency which funds research of the highest international quality. SFI invests in researchers and research teams who are most likely to generate new knowledge, leading edge technologies and competitive enterprises. SFI’s vision is for Ireland to become a global leader in scientific and engineering research, discovery and innovation. SFI’s Mission is to progress Ireland’s society and economy by supporting the best scientific and engineering research while building an awareness of the role, impact and opportunities science creates.


IEEE JETCAS Special Issue on Unconventional Computing Techniques for Emerging Technology Applications - Guest Edited by Professor Pavlos P. Sotiriadis
Congratulations to Professor Pavlos P. Sotiriadis, of the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering of the NTUA, for leading the Guest Editorial team of the recent IEEE Journal on Emerging and Selected Topics in Circuits and Systems (JETCAS) Special Issue on Unconventional Computing Techniques for Emerging Technology Applications, and to ECE-NTUA recent Ph.D. graduate, Dr. Nikos Temenos for coordinating the effort.
The Special Issue was dedicated to the latest developments in the interdisciplinary field of unconventional computing, focused on three main directions: 1) Novel Techniques and Approaches in Unconventional Computing, 2) Circuits, Systems, and Architectures for Approximate and Stochastic Computing, and, 3) In- and Near-Memory Processing with an emphasis on Memristive Devices Utilization.
The announcement of the Special Issue created excitement in the international research community, attracting more than 70 high quality contributions. Of these, 36 were rigorously selected for the Special Issue. Research groups from major universities, research companies, and national research labs around the world contributed their latest research results. The following is a partial list of affiliations of the contributors:
Universities: Arizona State University, Bar-Ilan University, Concordia University, Georgia Institute of Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, McGill University, National Chung Hsing University, National Taiwan University, National Technical University of Athens, Northeastern University, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Texas A&M University, Politecnico di Torino, The George Washington University, Tohoku University, Tsinghua University, TU Wien, Universidade de Lisboa Instituto Superior, University of California San Diego, University of Edinburgh, University of Stuttgart, TU Dortmund, Washington University.
Major research companies: IBM Zurich Research Laboratory, Intel Corporation.
National research labs: National Institute of Standards and Technology USA, NCSR Demokritos Greece
The IEEE Journal on Emerging and Selected Topics in Circuits and Systems (JETCAS) is a premier journal of the IEEE Circuits and Systems Society. With a high Impact Factor (~5.9), JETCAS covers the entire field of interest of the theory, analysis, design, tools, and implementation of circuits and systems. This includes theoretical foundations, applications, and architectures, as well as the circuits and systems implementation of algorithms for signal and information processing. JETCAS has a particular focus on emerging areas in the field.
- Table of Contents
- Guest Editorial “Unconventional Computing Techniques for Emerging Technology Applications”
- IEEE Circuits and Systems Society
Professor Paul Sotiriadis was named IEEE Fellow!
We are thrilled to announce that Prof. Paul Sotiriadis of the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering - NTUA (National Technical University of Athens) has been named a 2023 IEEE Fellow for his contributions to Advanced Frequency Synthesis and High-Speed Data Buses. This is a great recognition of his contributions to two important technical areas: Frequency Synthesis, which is of fundamental importance to Radar, Telecommunications, Navigation, Timing, Instrumentation and other systems, and, (on-chip) High-Speed Data Buses (optimization) for increasing on-chip data transmission speed and power efficiency. His work has been adopted by the industry and has been included in technical books, which is an important criterion for elevation to the Fellow level. IEEE Fellow is one of IEEE's most prestigious Honors and the highest grade of IEEE membership, awarded to a very limited number of Senior Members who have made significant contributions to the advancement or application of Engineering, Science and Technology. According to the IEEE Fellows Directory, Prof. Sotiriadis is the only IEEE Fellow in the technical area of Integrated Circuits in Greece, one of the 8 IEEE Fellows who are members of our School, and, one of the 26 IEEE Fellows in Greece.


There is an exhaustive cliché used in the aftermath of most Apple hardware keynotes, reverently referred to as the Apple Reality Distortion Field. In the case of the company’s new mixed reality Vision Pro headset announced at WWDC this year, Apple has quite literally created its own reality distortion field and wants developers to do something they haven’t been able to do for decades in augmented and virtual reality; and that’s give most people a reason to use it beyond demos.
At the close of a two-hour long opening keynote at its World-Wide Developer Conference, Apple CEO Tim Cook drew upon the 24-year-old tech trick the company started by using the “one-more-thing” line to introduce its new mixed reality headset, the Vision Pro.
A lineup of Apple executives took to the digital stage to extol the various virtues of yet another AR/VR headset entering the sector that included demos of the customary theater simulation, floating windows of applications, eye and hand gesture recognition, gaming, and of course office productivity.
To Apple’s credit, it has seemingly unloaded its wallet to include the most advance tech accessible now, and packed the Vision Pro with six atmospheric cameras, three LiDAR scanning modules, two-downward facing cameras, a second chip to process all camera activity, custom micro-OLED displays resulting in 4K resolution per eye or 23 million pixels, an array of IR cameras and LED illuminators for eye tracking, an additional expensive outer display, and built in speakers.
However, one of the areas the Vision Pro’s reality distortion field falls short is in the demos and use cases highlighted by Apple during the keynote, as well as recanted first-hand experiences by tech journalists who spent brief time with the device.
While the hardware is perhaps the sleekest VR/AR headset yet, almost nothing Apple demoed during its 30-minute presentation felt new or made more sense than what’s predated its arrival. The idea of immersive theatrical movie viewing is a staple of most VR headsets since the screen can be placed inches from the users’ eyes, and much of the outside world is isolated.
The idea that we can litter our current, unobstructed, view of the world with digital image overlays of application windows is another standard demo from every AR headset including Magic Leap, HoloLens, HTC VIVE, Lenovo ThinkReality, and Rokid Max. Computer generated elements breaking 3d space is also a staple demo that’s become such table stakes that Apple’s given up showcasing it as part of its AR Kit updates to iOS and iPadOS.
Put side by side, the productivity demo is almost beat for beat what Microsoft showed off seven years ago with HoloLens and to a smaller extent what Meta hopes to accomplish with its own Metaverse take, so much so that Microsoft Office support was highlighted by Apple.
The idea of taking conference calls, triaging productivity apps in 3d space and browsing the web are not only old concepts, but continually prove to be less efficient than the current combo of laptops, Bluetooth keyboards and mice, and monitors we currently use, as evident by the lackluster appearances of headsets in the office.
The fact that most AR headsets become single-use and specialized application tools is yet another reminder that developers have hit a wall as to how to blend multitasking experiences into AR and VR experiences without overloading the user.
My point is, beyond the oohs and ahhs of a new piece of tech from Apple, there have been few critically thought out takes on what Apple’s vision is for the Vision Pro, pun intended. Similar to the Apple Watch, Apple has flooded the zone with a greatest hits of demos already done by previous AR and VR headset makers.
What Apple has successfully done is given the YouTube journalist crowd new marketing jargon to recite and absorbed the media’s attention for the time being, but it’s arguable that the company presented something that makes anyone “think different” about how AR and VR should be approached.
The Vision Pro is yet another expensive piece of experience isolating hardware that other headsets such as the HoloLens and earlier versions of the Meta Quest have been, and based on the limitless possibilities Apple could have strived for in its own polished fantasy demos, it stuck to what almost every other headset has shown.
Another crack surfacing in Apple’s Reality Distortion field around the Vision Pro is the fact that it’s being sold as a mixed reality producing spatial computing when in fact it’s just VR with video pass through.
If someone puts a thumb over the cameras on a HoloLens, the AR elements disappear but the users can still see the outside world, however, if someone covers the cameras on the Vision Pro, the user is essentially blind.
Most AR/VR headsets attempt to specialize in single reality display such as the Meta Quest Pro going for mostly immersive VR or the HoloLens (despite Microsoft’s marketing of Mixed Reality) aiming for AR. What Apple showed off during its Vision Pro announcement was mostly VR experiences with a digital pass through and I think the company is going to find itself painted into a corner trying to evolve it.
A user of the Vision Pro isn’t actually viewing the real outside world with computer-generated images applied to it, but a video reproduction of it, granted with an almost imperceptible timing difference. When it comes to the Facetime demo Apple showcased during the presentation, it was yet another digital interpretation of the user’s face being portrayed in video.
In addition, what people interacting with a person wearing the Vision Pro in close quarters are seeing is, once again, a video representation of their eyes. In effect, Apple’s Vision Pro is a fully immersive VR headset with the ability to run a two-way video of processed imagery. I point this out because the belief and even misconception of the Vision Pro is that it’s the first step in a journey towards much sleeker AR glasses from the company, when in reality, Apple is leaning hard on VR and will eventually have to abandon some of the standout technological features of the headset to pivot to true AR.
As impressive as the digital crown is on the Vision Pro, it serves no purpose in an AR environment and for VR experiences, it’s equally useless. The digital crown on the Vision Pro anchors the VR aspect of the headset and for Apple to make moves towards actual AR experiences, it will most likely have to go.
The presumably expensive outer display will also have to be ditched at some point as its only purpose is to obfuscate the reality that the Vision Pro is actually just a VR headset by relaying those digitally imposed eyes on the front making it seem like there is view into the user’s eyesight.
Unlike the HoloLens, which uses transparent lenses to create its AR experiences, the Vision Pro uses cameras to capture the outside world and relay into the lenses on the headset, essentially the difference between wearing tinted glasses outside and holding up your phone to record, and while the outcome is the same, one is far less complicated and expensive to reproduce.
The comparison here is that if Microsoft ever revives its HoloLens development, the idea of shrinking the tech around the transparent lenses is a much closer aim to AR glasses than transitioning a fully immersive VR headset with video capture.
At the end of the day, Apple produced a really nice and technologically advanced headset that’s ballooning the device’s reality distortion field, but it’s the next six months and the next six years that will continuously toss barbs at the field to see if Apple can overcome the same roadblocks every other headset has tripped over.
It’ll be over the next six months to the next six years, to see if Apple can split its attention from making fetishized hardware to speaking with national and international regulatory bodies to create an AR database accessible via the cloud to legally populate relevant data about the outside world.
We’ll have to see what implications of its facial recognition software that identifies and records the faces of people interacting with users of the Vision Pro becomes fodder for governmental debate and legislation.
We’ll also have to see if developers can develop their way out of a cycle of redundancy when it comes to headset experiences as well. Apple touted that the Vision Pro will have hundreds of apps accessible on day one as it considers apps designed for the 2D smartphone screen to be acceptable experiences for a VR/AR headset.
Yes, scrolling Instagram with your eyes will be nice, it’s not inherently different than using your finger or a mouse, the same goes for all of the apps designed with touch and haptic feedback from a smartphone that will be ported to the Vision Pro’s app catalog. Apple seems to be making the same mistake Windows did thinking it could just port historically mouse and keyboard apps to tablets and call it a volume win.
Experiences should feel native for the device otherwise users will simply use the most efficient device for seemingly redundant experiences, and often that means skipping the heavy face computer with limited mobility, battery life, and use cases.
Admittedly, the Vision Pro won’t drop into developer hands until next year, and a lot can change in six months, but from a 30,000-foot view, Apple made a VR headset that does video passthrough for to produce very similar AR experiences offered by other devices. At this moment, it’s unclear how Apple’s Vision Pro will go from oversized ski goggles to the improbable standard of AR glasses every other headset has been held to.


Top Four Uses of Custom Resistors That You Should Know
Custom resistors have a broad range of use in our day to day lives and we all must be aware of this. It thus goes without saying that we literally cannot do anything without the use custom resistors. Before we can look into those uses, it is important that we establish certain concepts in electricity since this is important for our understanding of the different uses of custom resistors.
Electrical energy is generated when there is a flow of electric current through a conductor that is wired in a circuit. Electrons are the fundamental building blocks of electric energy. In order to regulate the number of electrons flowing in a circuit, it is key to employ some resistance via the use of electronic devices known as resistors. Following our below discussion, you will find out that the applications for these electrical devices are really numerous.
The first application of resistors is where they are used in circuits to form the timing mechanism that can be used in a number of cases. For resistors to work in this way, they have to be connected together with capacitors. Some of the commonest devices that use these timers include the flashers, the car sirens among many other devices. The timing mechanism works by allowing charge to fill in a capacitor only bit by bit as is permitted by the resistor that is connected to it.
By making use of resistors, we can decide how long a capacitor should take to fill up with charge and this can be done by making use of resistors. The energy that is stored in a capacitor is only released once the capacitor is full and this completes the cycle of the timing mechanism. The cycles are repeated sequentially depending on the amount of electricity that is permitted through a resistor.
Finally, resistors can be used for purposes of dividing the amount of voltage that is dissipated at a given point in an electrical circuit. The division of the volatage in this regard happens when the voltage passes through resistors of either equal or different values. This phenomenon is significant in the event that an appliance that is being connected to the voltage source cannot consume a given amount of voltage due to the fact that its input specifications are lower than that generated by the mains. By ensuring that there is a balance between the current that flows in the electrical circuit and the corresponding resistance that is added to it, different voltage outputs can be obtained for any connection that may need to make use of this voltage division mechanism. Resistor connection of this kind is what is called a daisy chain. These daisy chains have been applied in different electrical appliances.


9.2 Channel Multi-Channel Receiver with Class D Amplifier, Air Studios Certification, USB-D/A Converter, 4K Ultra-HD Upscaling/Pass Through, DOLBY ATMOS DTSX (via Update), Bluetooth and 3D Spaceframe Architecture Experience music and film sound in adulterated form and on the highest level with the SC-LX 89 top model receiver harmonized and certified in the famous Air Studios in London. The skills of the Pioneer engineers were used here without any compromising and with a special focus on a sound quality which convinces demanding audiophiles not only by means of cinema films but also with stereo and multi-channel music. Thanks to rich connection and streaming possibilities the receiver places no limits on its user?s imagination.
9.2 Channel Multi-Channel Receiver with Class D Amplifier, Air Studios Certification, 4K Ultra-HD Upscaling/Pass Through, DOLBY ATMOS DTSX (via Update), Bluetooth and 3D Spaceframe Architecture Music and film sounds in professional quality Thanks to fine tuning and certification by the famous Air Studios in London, the SC-LX 79 promises even spoilt music and film fans thrilling sounds. 250 watts of power on each of its nine channels make the use of separate amplifiers superfluous. All wishes have also been fulfilled with regard to the connection and streaming options.
9.2 Channel Multi-Channel Receiver with Class-D Amplifier, 4K Upscaling, SABRE32 Ultra D/A Converter, DOLBY ATMOS DTSX (via Update), DSD reproduction, Wi-Fi/WLAN, AirPlay, DLNA, Bluetooth Nine amplifier channels, each with up to 240 watts, a large variety of connections and a sound-optimized structure make this receiver the optimal partner for demanding home cinema and music fans. From the insulated double chassis through the phone input on up to the low-jitter SABRE 32 bit D/A converter, the SC-LX 59 has all the equipment needed to combine variety and high performance.
7.2-channel receiver with 7x160 Watt, full-range streaming, DOLBY ATMOS DTSX, 4K Ultra HD, video scaler, 7 HDMI ports, HDCP 2.2, hi-res audio playback, dual band WiFi & Bluetooth. The VSX-1131 offers a top-quality home theatre experience with the new object-based Dolby Atmos and dts:X audio formats as well as 4K video scaling. Its network capabilities also leave nothing to be desired: cloud streaming with Spotify Connect or full CD quality with Deezer and Tidal? Bluetooth, Webradio, AirPlay? Google Cast? FireConnect, the new, powerful multi-room standard? All the above as standard as the new, intuitive operating concept, the superior MCACC calibration system and even the phono input.
5.1-channel receiver with 5x130 Watt, full-range streaming, 4K Ultra HD, video scaler, 6 HDMI ports, HDCP 2.2, hi-res audio playback, Dual Band WiFi & Bluetooth. The VSX-831 offers all the port and connection options that a modern and future-proof entertainment hub needs. Its 6 HDMI ports already accept image signals in the upcoming UHD standard as well as high-resolution audio in the Dolby TrueHD, dts ES Master and DSD formats. With built-in Wi-Fi and Bluetooth, the receiver does not have to match any modern streaming method: AirPlay, DLNA, Google Cast and FireConnect as well as the streaming services Spotify, Deezer and Tidal are synonymous with truly limitless musical enjoyment and listening pleasure.
5.1-channel receiver with 5x130 Watt, 4 HDMI ports, HDCP 2.2, MCACC automatic calibration, Advanced Sound Retriever, Bluetooth and USB. Already the entry-price range of the VSX-531 combines home theatre expertise and modern connectivity. Its HDMI ports are compatible with Ultra HD image signals and the sophisticated MCACC automatic calibration ensures that the multi-channel film sound is produced to its best effect in every living room. The modern, high-resolution dts ES and Dolby TrueHD surround formats are decoded, while the Advanced Sound Retriever breathes new acoustic life into data-reduced digital music files. So you can throw any audiovisual content at it that you want, the VSX-531 always turns it into an impressive experience.
5.1-channel A/V receiver in the slimline format with 4K video pass-through, additional output stage for passive woofer, MCACC calibration system and full streaming features


ASUS has a diversified portfolio of laptop products that cater to a variety of users. Hardcore gamers usually look toward the company’s ROG lineup while consumers that are in need of a machine for professional and creative tasks can opt for the ZenBook or VivoBook series. The ZenBook Pro 16X OLED that I have with me for review is priced at Rs 2,49,990 and is clearly a device meant for users with deep pockets.
From a 4K OLED panel with touchscreen support to the 12th-gen Intel i9 CPU and NVIDIA’s RTX 3060 GPU, the ZenBook Pro 16X appears as a device that can serve multiple purposes that oscillate between gaming and creative applications. Let’s learn more about this loaded laptop via a detailed review.
Table of Contents
Build, design, and display
- The ZenBook Pro 16X is definitely not a light machine, and that’s not just because of the heavy-duty internals housed inside. The chassis is made from aerospace-grade 6000 series aluminium alloy, giving the entire laptop a very rigid construction. You couldn’t bend the chassis even if you tried.
- The ZenBook Pro has a very unique design feature which I initially thought is susceptible to damage although ASUS assures me it isn’t. When the lid is opened, the keyboard is raised from the body and rests on two levers present on either side, creating a kind of chamber underneath. This serves a couple of purposes of which the more important is better thermal airflow across the system. Secondary functionalities include a more comfortable typing experience on the inclined keyboard and better sound output. ASUS says that it has tested this AAS (Active Aerodynamic System) more than 30,000 times without registering any problems.
- The ASUS Dial, present previously on the Pro Art Studiobook, has been positioned just below the keyboard. It follows an iPod Click wheel-like design with a physical button in the centre around which a capacitive wheel is present. The Dial is customisable in the ProArt Creator Hub application and can be used to control a variety of functionalities all the way from volume to colour grain on a video. However, the palm rejection on it is not the best, and while typing the ASUS Dial can randomly pop up on the screen, disturbing your workflow.
- The ZenBook Pro 16X OLED weighs just under 2.5kgs and has a thickness of about 17mm, both of which impact its portability. As for durability, the laptop boasts US MIL-STD 810H military-grade rating for extreme weather conditions and temperatures, although it’s likely none of us is actually going to use the ZenBook Pro outside a closed environment.
- The raised keyboard also has an RGB underglow on either side which does look quite cool in a dimly lit room. There is only one colour option present on the device which is called Tech Black. ASUS has done a supreme job of making the ZenBook Pro a stylish yet utilitarian device and my overall impressions of the design are more than positive.
- Talking about the ports, the ZenBook Pro offers a very wide array of connectivity options. There’s a USB 3.2 Gen 2 Type-A port along with two Thunderbolt 4 slots that both support power delivery and Display Port functionality. An HDMI 2.1 slot is present on the right beside the 3.5mm headphone jack and SD Express 7.0 Card reader. Standard wireless connectivity options are present in the form of Wi-Fi 6 and Bluetooth 5.0. A webcam is located on the top bezel to facilitate facial unlock via Windows Hello.
- The display present on the laptop has mostly been designed keeping creative professionals in mind. You get a 4K OLED panel that has a 16:10 aspect ratio, 60Hz refresh rate, and 550nits of peak brightness. The screen is Pantone validated, as expected, and has a 100 percent coverage of the DCI-P3 colour gamut alongside a 1,000,000:1 contrast ratio. Add to that full touchscreen capability and stylus support, and you have the ultimate creator machine. Watching Interstellar, on this Dolby Vision and HDR-capable screen transcended the visual experience like no other laptop display I’ve seen.
- The OLED’s deep blacks accentuate the excellent colour calibration on the panel while TÜV Rheinland certification means less stress on my eyes. This is a screen which you have to see to believe. As for the touchscreen, its response was acceptable and I had a lot of fun doodling on the display with the ASUS Pen 2.0. However, since the hinge doesn’t allow 360-degree movement, the stylus applications are a bit hampered. ASUS is really trying very hard to compete with the current lineup of MacBook Pro 14 and 16-inch and during my initial viewing of the ZenBook Pro’s screen, I have to say that the company is on the right track.
Keyboard and trackpad
- While the keyboard deck rises up from the chassis, its layout is the standard six-row chiclet-style arrangement seen very often on ASUS laptops. On the backlighting front, you get what ASUS claims to be the first White RGB loadout which provides a perfectly accurate White tone on the keys. In my opinion, the lighting does not seem very different from the sea of RGB-lit keyboards on the market. You can customise this lighting for each key or set a pattern for the entire keyboard in the MyAsus app.
- The 1.4mm of key travel is perfect for my typing needs and there is also a subtle 0.2mm dish-shaped indentation on each key. There’s also a nifty feature that sets the priority mode on the function key row depending on what tasks you are doing.
- The trackpad on the ZenBook is perhaps the largest you’ll see on a laptop outside the 16-inch MacBook Pro lineup and it’s every bit as good if not better. For starters, the trackpad, with a single click, also doubles up as the Numpad for some quick calculations. Asus has also implemented LRA technology to give precision to the haptic feedback while clicking.
- As for the surface, there is an anti-fingerprint coating that deters any smudges and maintains a clean look. All said and done, I still prefer using an external mouse instead to get my work done.
Performance and battery life
- ASUS is offering the 12th-gen Intel i9 12900H processor on the ZenBook Pro 16X OLED review unit that I have although there is also an i7 version. You can already guess that the laptop performs exceedingly well in any CPU-related task at hand. Since I’m not using the Adobe suite of apps like Photoshop, Lightroom, Premier Pro, or applications like DaVinci Resolve in my line of work, my observations of the device’s performance revolve mainly around Chrome and Microsoft Office usage.
- I had about 20 Chrome tabs open across three windows while simultaneously running Spotify, Excel, and a couple of other programs, and at no point did I see a stutter or lag. Benchmark numbers also back up this claim with Cinebench R23 churning out a very healthy score of 15,124 on the multi-core test. For work-related tasks, PCMark 10 provided a score of 7,012 which is also quite good.
- As for memory requirements, the laptop comes with 32GB DDR5 RAM which is non-upgradable but I feel that for almost all tasks that should be enough. There’s also 2TB of M.2 NVMe PCIe 4.0 Performance SSD present and in CrystalDiskMark’s read/write test, I got splendid speeds of 6,756MB/s and 4,871MB/s respectively.
- Thermally, the noise profile of the fans generally is quite dim although you can crank up the speeds for better performance in the MyAsus app. ASUS says that the AAS system allows for 30 percent more airflow and I have no reason to doubt it since the device runs quite cool even when I’m running GPU-intensive titles on it. Also, there are the two IceBlades fans with 3D curved blades that dissipate heat more effectively.
- A powerful GPU is necessary for doing tasks like exporting 4K videos or RAW footage. The ZenBook Pro 16X comes with NVIDIA’s RTX 3060 discreet graphics that has a TDP of 95W when Dynamic Boost is enabled. I threw a slew of AAA titles at the device and the frame rate count didn’t disappoint me.
- On the Shadow of the Tomb Raider benchmark, the ZenBook Pro 16X got 86fps at the Highest settings and 1080p resolution. Left 4 Dead 2 at the highest graphics kept the frame rate between 140-150fps. The lack of NVIDIA G-sync did see some tears in the frame rate but not so much as to cause any concern. CS: GO also ran at a cool 140fps alongside Valorant and pretty much any other lower intensity title. It’s imperative to state that any graphical title when running at 4K resolution will bring the system down to its knees.
- As far as audio goes, the ZenBook Pro 16X has a six-speaker setup which consists of two tweeters and four woofers. I don’t think I’ve heard better audio coming from a laptop, be it any Windows machine or a MacBook Pro. The sound quality is extremely crisp with a deep bass resonating underneath that provides a very wide soundstage. At max volume, the audio never crackles and delivers crystal clear dialogues when watching a movie.
- The 1080p webcam has decent picture quality although the more impressive feature is the IR-based face authentication which detects, using a separate ToF sensor, when my face is in front of the screen and unlocks the laptop instantly, even when it’s on Sleep mode.
- The battery housed inside the ZenBook Pro 16X is a 96Whr cell which is pretty sizeable for any laptop. During my usage, wherein I extensively watched a lot of OTT content, the battery gave up after about 7 hours of screen-on time, which I consider to be ample, especially with the hardware onboard. The charger provided with the box can juice up the laptop at 200W and it takes about 2 hours to completely fill up the battery.
Most of my friends who are into filmmaking, cinematography, photo editing, and so on, have traditionally been MacBook users. The ASUS ZenBook Pro 16X OLED genuinely has the ability to make them switch. I did show the laptop to one of my friends and he was in awe of the display and audio quality on the ZenBook Pro. Pricing plays a key role here and the laptop’s hefty starting cost of Rs 2,49,990 can put a big dent in your wallet.
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However, when compared to the MacBook Pro 16-inch with the M1 Pro chipset, you are getting a much better deal in just about every aspect of a laptop experience, except perhaps the battery life. The ZenBook Pro 16X OLED has all the elements to make it the portable creative machine of choice for most use cases.
Editor’s rating: 4 / 5
- Excellent 4K OLED display
- Class-leading speakers
- Sturdy construction
- Decent performance
- Snappy facial unlock
- Poor palm rejection on the ASUS Dial
The Asus VivoBook Pro 16X OLED ticks off the main needs on any content creator's list – a fast processor, plenty of RAM and a large 4K touch-sensitive display. It also chalks up a few wants as well, like a useful DialPad tool that simplifies working in creative apps.Is Asus Vivobook 16X good for gaming? ›
The Vivobook Pro 16X OLED can do more than just a content creator laptop, it's an all-rounder laptop for creators, gaming and even work as it offers a longevity battery life.Which is better Asus Zenbook or Vivobook? ›
The main difference between these laptops is that the Vivobook range is usually less expensive, and is aimed at anyone on a budget. Meanwhile, the Zenbook range is usually more expensive and packs more premium features, with more models available with OLED screens and generally having a better build quality.Is the Asus Zenbook 4K? ›
ASUS Zenbook Pro 15 features a NanoEdge 4K UHD OLED wide-view display, with ultraslim bezels that create up to an 88% screen-to-body ratio for incredibly immersive viewing experiences. This bright and clear display has a wide 100% DCI-P3 color gamut to ensure vivid colors.Is the Asus VivoBook pro good? ›
Asus offers a lot of performance at a comparatively low price with the VivoBook Pro models. These laptops are available in 14-, 15-, and 16-inch formats with Intel and AMD processors, as well as various options for graphics cards. Our test device is particularly impressive with its high-resolution OLED display.Is the Asus VivoBook Pro good for gaming? ›
Despite its name, this Vivobook is better suited to gaming and general productivity than professional audio, photo, or video editing. Getting this much power and an OLED display for just $1,099 is a bargain if this laptop fits your needs.Is Asus ZenBook good for gaming? ›
With powerful performance, good battery life, and a gorgeous OLED display, the Asus ZenBook Gaming is what you would want in either a work laptop or a gaming laptop. There aren't that many ports on the machine like there are on traditional gaming laptops, but for your everyday laptop it should do just fine.Is Asus VivoBook 15 a gaming laptop? ›
The ASUS VivoBook 15 is powered by up to the latest 8th Generation Intel Core i7 processor, with up to 16GB DDR4 RAM and NVIDIA GeForce MX150 graphics for smooth visuals and great gaming experiences.Can you play games on Asus VivoBook 14? ›
ASUS VivoBook Flip 14 TP412UA-DB71T 14” Thin and Lightweight 2-in-1 Full HD Touchscreen PC Gaming Performance. This computer will run 160 of the top PC games. Use PCGameBenchmark's Rate My PC service to test your current set up and set how it compares.Is HP or Asus better? ›
Asus offers more affordable gaming laptops, while HP focuses on high-end models. Asus also has a wider range of laptops with different specs and features. However, HP laptops tend to be more reliable and have better build quality. Ultimately, it comes down to personal preference.
ASUS is a better choice than Acer. The only area where Acer is better than ASUS is price – everything else like customer support, design and performance, ASUS is the better option of the two. Plus, for those looking for a gaming laptop, ASUS has a lot more options to choose from.What is the difference between ASUS and ASUS VivoBook? ›
Our Verdict. The ASUS X515 and the ASUS VivoBook Flip 14 (2020) are both budget Windows laptops. However, the VivoBook Flip is a 2-in-1 convertible that you can use as a tablet, while you can only use the X515 in clamshell mode. The X515 has a larger display, better-sounding speakers, and a better port selection.How much RAM does Asus Zenbook have? ›
Asus Zenbook 14 inch FHD Laptop, AMD Ryzen 5 5500U, 6-Cores, up to 4 GHz, 8GB DDR4 RAM, 256GB PCle SSD, NVIDIA GeForce MX450 Graphics, Webcam, WiFi, Bluetooth, HDMI, Media Card Reader.Is Asus Zenbook Pro Duo good for programming? ›
ASUS ZenBook Pro Duo
Asus Zenbook is a perfect laptop for programmers and coders especially game developers mainly because of its 4K display, power, and performance. Asus ZenBook Pro Duo includes a palm rest making it more comfortable for typing and designing purpose.
ASUS Zenbook Pro Duo 15 OLED also includes the new tilting ScreenPad Plus, a secondary touchscreen that automatically tilts up by 9.5°, creating an angle of 144.5° between the main display and ScreenPad Plus for more comfortable viewing.Which ASUS VivoBook is best? ›
- Asus VivoBook 15 X515JA-EJ592WS Laptop (Core i5 10th Gen/8 GB/512 GB SSD/Windows 11)
- Asus VivoBook 15 X515JA-EJ362WS Laptop (Core i3 10th Gen/8 GB/512 GB SSD/Windows 11)
- Asus TUF Gaming F15 FX506LHB-HN358W Laptop (Core i5 10th Gen/8 GB/512 GB SSD/Windows 11/4 GB)
VivoBook is the name for a large selection of Asus laptops. From an 11-inch laptop that you can bring to school for taking notes to a powerhouse for video editing, there's a suitable VivoBook for every user. In addition, there's the VivoBook Flip, a 2-in-1 that's combines the advantages of a tablet and a laptop.Which is better VivoBook or Chromebook? ›
Asus VivoBook 15 X543UA Laptop's larger 8 GB RAM is better for playing games and all with respect to Lenovo Chromebook Duet 2-in-1 Chromebook's lower 4 GB RAM. Asus VivoBook 15 X543UA Laptop has more HDD (1 TB) than Lenovo Chromebook Duet 2-in-1 Chromebook (64 GB).Is zenbook touch screen? ›
The distinctive ZenBook Flip 14 combines the futuristic new ASUS ScreenPad ™ 2.0 with convenience and versatility. ScreenPad 2.0 is an evolved intelligent LCD touchscreen that's integrated into the touchpad: it works with many apps to supercharge multitasking and give you expandable creative possibilities.


Maybe we ever heard about Cloud Computing, but do you know what is Cloud Computing?
Cloud Computing is a computing model / computing, where resources such as processor / computing power, storage, network, and software to be abstract and is given as service on the network / internet using remote access patterns. Model billing of services in general similar to a modem public service. Availability of on-demand according to the needs, easy to control, dynamic and almost without limit scalability are some of the important attributes of the cloud computing. A model of cloud computing infrastructure setup is usually recognized as the ‘Cloud’.
Here is some categories of services are available from the ‘Cloud’ as:
• Infrastructure As A Service (IAAS)
• Platform As A Service (PAAS)
• Software As A Service (SAAS)
‘Cloud’ is usually provided as a service to anyone on the Internet. However, variants in called ‘Private Cloud’ increasingly popular for private infrastructure / private attribute that has like ‘Cloud’ above. Cloud computing is different from Grid computing or Parallel Computing, Grid computing where and Parallel computing is more a part of the physical infrastructure for the provision of Cloud computing concept.
- Infrastructure As A Service (IAAS)
In this most basic cloud service model, cloud providers offer computers – as physical or more often as virtual machine –, raw (block) storage, firewalls, load balancers, and networks. IaaS providers supply these resources on demand from their large pools installed in data centers. Local area network including IP addresses are part of the offer. For the wide area connectivity, the Internet can be used or – in carrier clouds – dedicated virtual private networks can be configured.
To deploy their applications, cloud users then install operating system images on the machines as well as their application software. In this model, it is the cloud user who is responsible for patching and maintaining the operating systems and application software. Cloud providers typically bill IaaS services on a utility computing basis, that is, cost will reflect the amount of resources allocated and consumed.
Infrastructure-as-a-Service or IaaS Cloud is a platform through which businesses can avail equipment in the form of hardware, servers, storage space etc. at pay-per-use service.
Moreover, IaaS is a branch of cloud computing that has gathered attention among the entrepreneurs largely with the prime motive to make their business environments more organized and in sync with the ongoing operational activities of organizations.
When we talk about IaaS functioning, it is not a machine that we are talking about, which does all the work, it is simply a facility given to the business enterprises that offers users the leverage of extra storage space in servers and data centers.
- Platform As A Service (PAAS)
In the PaaS model, cloud providers deliver a computing platform and/or solution stack typically including operating system, programming language execution environment, database, and web server. Application developers can develop and run their software solutions on a cloud platform without the cost and complexity of buying and managing the underlying hardware and software layers. With some PaaS offers, the underlying compute and storage resources scale automatically to match application demand such that cloud user does not have to allocate resources manually.
- Software As A Service (SAAS)
In this model, cloud providers install and operate application software in the cloud and cloud users access the software from cloud clients. The cloud users do not manage the cloud infrastructure and platform on which the application is running. This eliminates the need to install and run the application on the cloud user’s own computers simplifying maintenance and support. What makes a cloud application different from other applications is its elasticity. This can be achieved by cloning tasks onto multiple virtual machines at run-time to meet the changing work demand. Load balancers distribute the work over the set of virtual machines.
This process is inconspicuous to the cloud user who sees only a single access point. To accommodate a large number of cloud users, cloud applications can bemultitenant, that is, any machine serves more than one cloud user organization. It is common to refer to special types of cloud based application software with a similar naming convention: desktop as a service, business process as a service, Test Environment as a Service, communication as a service.
The pricing model for SaaS applications is typically a monthly or yearly flat fee per user.
- Cloud Clients
Users access cloud computing using networked client devices, such as desktop computers, laptops, tablets and smartphones. Some of these devices – cloud clients – rely on cloud computing for all or a majority of their applications so as to be essentially useless without it. Examples are thin clients and the browser-basedChromebook. Many cloud applications do not require specific software on the client and instead use a web browser to interact with the cloud application. With Ajax andHTML5 these Web user interfaces can achieve a similar or even better look and feel as native applications. Some cloud applications, however, support specific client software dedicated to these applications (e.g., virtual desktop clients and most email clients). Some legacy applications (line of business applications that until now have been prevalent in thin client Windows computing) are delivered via a screen-sharing technology.