THERMOSTAT UPGRADES AND THEIR BENEFITS
As a Bryant Factory Authorized Dealer, we provide multiple options to upgrade your Bryant system. One of the most popular upgrades our customers take advantage of is installing a programmable thermostat. It’s 2021, the age of smartphones, which means you can control the temperature of your house from wherever you are.
HERE AT 3D AIR SERVICES, LLC, WE HAVE TWO DIFFERENT BRYANT PROGRAMMABLE THERMOSTATS TO CHOOSE FROM:
- Evolution Connex Control: This programmable thermostat has Wi-Fi remote access, and also humidity control. It also has the ability to create zones in your home. Zoning allows you to heat or cool different areas of your home at the same time.
- Smart Sensor for Evolution Zoning Systems: This thermostat has Wi-Fi remote access and also humidity control.
Both of these smart thermostats will keep you comfortable in all seasons. If you are away all day, you can program your thermostat to an energy-efficient setting. Too comfy on your couch? Need to bump up the heat? Your thermostat is right at your fingertips with our Wi-Fi remote access on your smartphone.
BENEFITS OF A PROGRAMMABLE THERMOSTAT
- Optimize your HVAC system. A smart thermostat not only makes your life easier but also helps old and new HVAC systems run more efficiently. Old systems will benefit from running at optimal temperatures. This allows them to not work as hard. Having a new system with a programmable thermostat will increase its lifetime.
- Save Energy, Money, and also Time. Modern technology is made to save customers money and also promote energy savings. With a programmable thermostat, you will spend less money on electric bills and less time fidgeting with an old thermostat.
- Consistent Temperatures. Changing your thermostat every few hours during the seasons of many temperatures is now taken care of by your thermostat. No need to turn on the air when it gets hot mid-day. Your thermostat will be programmed to automatically turn on and circulate air to keep your desired temperature. No more fluctuations in your home’s comfort levels with the installation of a smart thermostat.
Call 3D Air Services, LLC today to get a quote on installing a new programmable thermostat in your home. Our technicians are ready to serve you and also recommend the best product for your wants and needs.


Electrical Wall Switch Socket, Electric Wall Switch Socket, Light Switch Socket manufacturer / supplier in China, offering 2019 New Design Professonal Manufacture BS Electrical Wall Light Switch Socket, Electrical Consumer Unit UK Bakelite Electrical Socket Wall Switch Socket, Home Decoration British Standard Light Switch Electrical Wall Switch and so on.
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Peak season lead time: 1-3 months
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Shanghai Shinelite Electric Co., Ltd is a well-established company with 12 years manufacturing experience, which specializes in manufacturing British Standard wiring accessories.
Our main market is Europe, Middle East, South America, Africa and Asia.
Our products contain more than 15 series and 1000 items, including wall switch, socket, extension socket, lampholder, plug, junction box, ceiling rose, metal box and other electrical accessories.
Our factory are qualified with ISO9001 and our products are CE CB SASO approval. More about us pls refers to our website www.shinelite.cc
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Electrical Accidents Can Happen Anywhere In Venice
The use of electricity in Venice and the rest of Florida is so commonplace that most people don’t even think about it anymore until something catastrophic happens, like the recent Hurricane Ian knocking out the power grid. For all of its usefulness, however, electricity can also present serious risks to those that don’t respect its power or its volatility. Because electricity is everywhere, it can cause accidents in just about any location, and these are some of the risks people should be aware of about electrical injuries.
One of the most common types of electrical injury is electrical shock. This occurs when a source of electrical power with live voltage running through it is either touched or exposed enough that a person’s proximity is close enough for an electrical shock to “jump” the distance.
Electrical shocks, in particular, can be worrying since the human body transmits information through its own low-level electrical current, meaning electricity can affect the nervous system. Some consequences of electrical shock include
• Partial or total paralysis of the affected limb
• Cardiac arrest
In addition to the possible neural damage, direct contact with an electrical current can superficially damage the skin like a burn. However, thermal burns are different as it is the extreme temperature of the air that causes the damage.
These burns can be superficial, causing red, dry, painful skin. In severe cases however, the victim may not feel much pain in the affected area because the nerves have been damaged or even destroyed by the shock. Symptoms of an electrical burn include:
• Damaged skin
• Muscle pain and contractions
• Breathing difficulty
Electrical accidents can happen for various reasons, although in most cases, some type of carelessness, or negligence, is the determining factor. Under normal circumstances, with proper care and diligence, electricity running through a building is safe and safely isolated from exposure to unsuspecting people. But there are instances where work that should be done hasn’t been completed, which is when the risk becomes greater. The most common causes of electrical accidents are:
Electrical wiring runs throughout a building; if experienced professionals install it, it typically doesn’t create many problems. However, shoddy work, or very old wiring, will normally require professional attention to address the risk of injury. If wiring is faulty, electricity may no longer be safely traveling through it, causing it to degrade the protective covering of the wire itself or send more electricity than is safe through circuits.
Faulty Outlets Or Switches
The final point of contact where electricity is delivered is an electrical outlet or a switch controlling the flow of electricity to a device. If outlets or switches are in poor condition due to a lack of maintenance or were poorly installed, to begin with, defects such as a screw out of place could directly transmit a live current to a person interacting with that outlet or switch, delivering a full charge on contact.
In some cases, it is a product itself that is poorly constructed and doesn’t relay electricity safely the way it is legally required. Poor installation of wiring, low-quality circuit boards, and other examples of poor craftsmanship can lead to an accident where an electrical current is delivered directly to the product user.
Make The Negligent Pay
If you’ve been the victim of an electrical accident in Venice because someone neglected their responsibility to create a safe environment, you are legally entitled to compensation. Someone being victimized by a preventable accident that a more responsible person or organization should have addressed has the right to take legal action. If this is you, talk to an electrical accident attorney to move forward with a lawsuit.


Fresh RAM Powerful Treatment v5-RAM Defragmenter Full
Fresh RAM Powerful Treatment v5-RAM Defragmenter | 3.51 MB
One of the main conditions to comfortably work on the computer response time is faster: the application should start in just a millisecond, most of all the functions to be executed immediately. Besides the response time of the operating system and applications depend strictly on the amount of memory space can be used.
Fresh RAM is a software that allows this situation to improve efficiency, optimize the system and how applications use memory, as well, thereby speeding up the whole of your work without cost for new hardware.
Fresh RAM algorithm provides a sophisticated analysis of memory from the program, while still ensuring the interface is simple, understandable and attractive: you always see the current status of system memory as well as choosing the complexity of the algorithm used (the choice between speed and efficiency) as well as running the best option. Within a few minutes you can feel the freshness of the system - everything runs like the wind! In addition the program also offers several tweaks for Microsoft Windows XP, allowing you to optimize your computer's performance more.
Not only that, Fresh RAM also provides optimal memory task to a new level with version 5.0, we also integration options to optimize memory as well as custom automated process to identify the use of RAM Application Process Identifier RAM Usage. RAM Usage Process Identifier will help you understand what applications take up more memory as well as allowing one to control them, while the options to optimize memory will automatically ensure that memory is always ready when you need it to most.
- Improve computer performance significantly by optimizing the memory space for Windows and applications.
- Allow applications and games run faster and take more RAM as possible.
- The option to optimize advanced automatic guarantee of free memory is always ready when you need it most.
- Speed up Microsoft Windows XP operating further refined with additional systems.
- Identify the processes accounted for the most memory-intensive, so you can learn how to optimize use of system resources.
- CPU: 500 MHz
- RAM: 64 MB
- Storage: 25 MB
What's new in this version:
- Added support of Windows 7
- Added a new startup screen
- Added help file
- Added system tray menu
- Added: analysis using RAM
- Improved: Optimized automated identification
- Fixed crash optimized automated identification
- Added settings automatically identifies battery state
- Increase the time period of automatically identifying the percentage of CPU and RAM
- Fixed: Memory overflow pie chart
- Supplement: The monitoring system (CPU status, memory & battery)
- Fixed: the bug does not save the settings tweak Windows XP
- Added Windows XP automatically identified to make adjustments
- Fix: buffer overflow error distribution graph
- Improve the mechanism to create a general report
- Improved: use less memory when running in the background
- Many significant improvement over the optimal algorithm RAM
- Ability to identify what should not automatically clean RAM
- Fixed: problems caused by slow moving contents of RAM to pagefile on a disk file (still needed for optimization tasks maximum)
- Added keyboard shortcuts for quick access
- Added: 30 days trial period 30 times instead of using
- Added registration system more user friendly
- Added new installer improvements
- Fixed: installation error when registering a certain installation files
The main interface of Fresh RAM usage level display RAM and CPU's current system. The software offers users the optimal level 4 RAM:
- Leakage optimization: some software, for whatever reason (usually due to errors in the use or design), after the end user, but still account for a portion of RAM. This causes waste. Leakage Optimization will help you eliminate this waste.
- Quick optimization: optimize memory mode is more effective than the mode, which helps free up more computer memory than RAM, but also will take more time to conduct more.
- Powerful Optimization: same as above, this level would be effective and recovery is much more memory capacity, but it will take more time to proceed.
- Maximum optimization: the optimal level is the most effective memory and will also take time to implement. You should use this level on the main computer configuration when you need to activate and use the high demand for software configuration.
Depending on the purpose and use requirements, you should choose the appropriate level, and then click System Optimize RAM Now the software to start its work. You should use each level in turn, to level any more free RAM at least it should stop there.
Note: in case you collapse the software to the system tray, to open the main interface, right-click the software icon and choose Show Main Windows .
Optimal automatic mode:
In the course of using the computer, you do not want to bother themselves must continue to use Fresh RAM optimization and memory management? You can let the software automatically performs this task.
To do this, click on the Configure Autodetect Options (in the left menu on the main interface). In the new interface in Section Enable autodetect of RAM Optimization .
- Items Every Optimize RAM allows the user to set the period of time to perform automated software optimization.
- See Below If RAM is set levels of memory space to perform automated software optimization (ie, when memory space at the level set by you, the software will do its job to free more RAM, more space can be used.)
- Same as above with the CPU Usage And is Below .
When the system reaches a level set on the third (after 30 minutes, or RAM, CPU utilization exceeds the permitted level), Fresh RAM will automatically optimize to avoid system crashes.
- Items Using the Following Level Optimization allows users to set optimal levels to Fresh RAM automatically used whenever needed.
Note: Features Autodetect Optimization RAM will affect the duration of the laptop battery. Therefore, in case you're using a laptop battery, do not use this feature.
Finally, click Autodetect Save Settings to save the selected settings.
In summary, Fresh RAM is software that is appreciated by users worldwide and the ability to optimize memory management. With the help of this software, you can prolong the use of their computer before deciding whether to "steep purse" to add more RAM memory or not.
DOWNLOAD Fresh RAM Powerful Treatment v5-RAM Defragmenter Full.
Posted by ghost buster
Labels: System Tools


- 1:42 AM - 0 comments
For all 2009 BMW M3, M5 and M6 from autumn 2008, the new generation iDRIVE will be available. Standard on all M5 and M6 variants, iDRIVE control system comes with the M3, in conjunction with an optional navigation system [...]
The system uses a new controller wheel surrounded by preference keys on console surface. With the optional Professional navigation system you get 8.8-inch display with a four times greater (1280 x 480 pixels) to display high-resolution graphics and a new menu structure.
The navigation datas are stored on a 80 GB hard drive, however, the drive can also be used to store files ripped from a CD, an MP3 player or an external USB drive and transferred to the hard disk, after which music files are accessible at all times.
Also starting for the model year 2009, the range of accessories includes a new snap-in adapter for the full integration of the latest smartphones, including Apple iPhone, into the vehicle and an optional USB board will be available.


What should you look for when buying Large Digital Wall Modern Clock Timer?
Clear Easy-to-read numbers, bright high contrast display Digit Size: 3-inch tall time digits, 0.8 inch tall calendar temperature Clock Size: 610mm L x 187mm H x 45mm D or 24.02'' L X 7.36'' H X 1.77'' D
What is the advantage of this Large Digital Wall Modern Clock Timer?
digits Great finish – Front panel PC , Frame aluminum alloy ,can be placed on a table or hung the wall Power down protection A lithium battery includes spare memory Super great for home living room, office, meeting room or classroom Product description Color:Red Time Hour, Minute, Second Calendar Date, Month, Year Temperature Display Specification Clock Size: 610mm L x 187mm H x 45mm D or 24.02'' L X 7.36'' H X 1.77'' D Digit Size: 3-inch tall time digits, 0.8 inch tall calendar temperature digits Power Input: AC100v-240v 50/60Hz Power Consumption: 3 watts Weight: about 2.6KG Package include : 1 X LED Clock 1 X 12V Power Adapter 1 X 1.2 Meters Power Cord 1 X Wall mounting accessories Notice: This battery is just fot memory back-up. The clock cannot display anything during a situation like the blackout.
Customer reviewsClock for Aquatic Center
Easy to read time from a distance,


The system is designed for Type I photorejuvenation, which can help minimize signs of aging. The Prolite II works by delivering carefully controlled, variable wavelength light pulses to the dermis, and can be used to safely treat areas on the face, neck, decollete, and hands. The advanced handpiece design of the Prolite II eliminates the need for multiple, costly and cumbersome, handpieces.
Year : 2006
Power Requirements : 110V


Comparison Of Top 10 Best Computer Speakers: In 2020
Let’s get started with the list of the best computer speakers
1. Klipsch R-51PM Powered Bluetooth Speaker
The power lead speaker is intended with an anti-collision rubber surface. These are very easy to use and adjust at home. You will love this device because it offers 100% satisfaction. Crystal clear sound quality, charging in mid-air. Simple installation and operation. With the help of power induction, it costs very easily
- Long battery life
- Easy to use
- Bluetooth wireless technology
- Powered Monitor
2. Logitech Z313 Speaker System
For offering high functionality, it is in great demand. It comes with an exclusive quality that makes it durable. provides crystal clear sound quality. Compatible and portable. Easy installation and adjustable
- It is user’s friendly device
v Comes with subwoofers
- Easy to control volume and headphone control
- Plug and play device
3. Razer Nommo Pro: THX Certified Premium Audio
For enjoying the comfort inefficiency, it boasts a beautiful quality. It has been presented in the business sector for the convenience of the customers. It makes your music more entertaining and enjoyable. Enjoy a fantastic visual LED effect because all the multicolor lights make your enjoyment more colorful and richer. It is easy to on at day and turns off from top buttons. Get a single touch control for turning LED light, pause music, play music, answer the call, choosing songs, adjustment of volume.
- Contains multicolor LED lights
- Versatile connectivity
- Downward firing subwoofer
- Easy to adjust
4. Logitech Z906 5.1 Surround Sound Speaker System
Its high-quality stereo and wireless connection to all your Bluetooth devices, tablet, smartphone, and others give you exclusive enjoyment. With deep bass and big sound, this wonderful speaker is unique. Enjoy a full-range listening experience by using this speaker. It is ultra-compact and a wireless device that is easy to use. The speakers contain a built-in speakerphone that allows you to take calls out loud.
- Signal to noise ratio
- THX-certified home theater speakers
- Crystal clear sound
- Flexible setup
5. Audioengine HD3
All these devices are perfect in their services and have a wide scope of business as per the market interest. For offering high functionalities, these items are extremely efficient. The pair comes with a lithium battery that has 10 hours charging life. Solidity and durability is the essential feature of the item. Powered Bluetooth Speakers with foot range
- Very easy to carry/li>
- Portable and a compact item
- Crystal-clear sound
- No background noise and distortion
6. Cyber Acoustics CA-3602FFP
It is an incredible floating Bluetooth speaker that is high-class in sound quality. It is designed with modern technology. To remove distortion and offering crystal clear sound, this is one of the incredible items. You will love an exclusive driver that ensures fidelity and clarity. The battery is long-life, and it is unbelievable with a stress-free 12-month warranty. It is a user’s friendly item.
- Room filling sound
- Contemporary design
- Rich audio and easy to use
- quality guaranteed
7. Braven BRV-1
This is a perfect wireless router, satellite program distribution, cable, and internet service that have shown considerable growth over the previous years. Fifteen hours of Battery Life. It is intended with insulates connection port. The contains capable speakers and a removable cap. This contains tank-like protection from splashes and shocks. This is a user’s friendly device.
- It contains weatherproof technology
- It is durable and portable
- It is a compact and efficient device.
- Offers crystal clear sound
8. Ultimate Ears Roll
It is the common fact that some wireless devices are operated on the same frequency as a router. That is why the signal drops if the user is sitting near the wireless devices. They never have the problem of degrading signals. It is lightweight and very easy to carry. It contains infrared technology. The heavy-duty battery gives high functionality
- It is waterproof and offers high-quality efficiency
- It contains the layer to protect from the splashes and the shocks
- Its 9 hours battery gives good efficiency.
- Its wireless technology saves you from extra working
We hope this Best Computer Speakers Review guide was helpful. Our experts reviewed each product and then came up with the manual. We can assure you that this guide will be of help to you.


Mrk 421 on Feb. 22th, 2010
Markarian 421 (EUVE J1104+38.1, QSO B1101+384, RX J1104.4+3812,1FGL J1104.4+3812 ), a gamma-ray blazar with redshift z=0.03 (Healey, S. et al. 2008ApJS..175...97) currently exhibits a high energy flare, specially at X-ray (ATel #2444) and TeV energies (ATel #2443). This source showed a preliminary daily flux above 100 MeV of (0.4 +/- 0.1)E-6 photons/cm2/s with a photon index of 1.6 +/- 0.2 on Feb. 16th and a daily flux of (0.3 +/- 0.1)E-6 photons/cm2/s on Feb. 17th with a photon index 1.4 +/- 0.2 (errors statistical only).
For questions and comments please contact the Flare Advocates on shift (L. Escande (firstname.lastname@example.org) and D. Bastieri (email@example.com)).


The unprecedented growth in the number of users, devices, websites and applications, combined with the need for increased bandwidth to run mobile networks have made Telco operators look for efficient and cost-effective solutions.
With experience in various virtualization technologies such as VMWare, KVM and Docker, 3CIS offers services in the designing, planning, deployment and testing of Network Function.
Streamlining processes and deployments through automation and service orchestration platforms such as Ansible, OpenStack, Kubernetes, and Cisco Network Service Orchestration.
Enabling transformation of their system to next generation technologies and implementation of 4G/5G services utilizing technologies such as SDN and NFV. Furthermore, 3CIS mobility team provides support in planning and designing, provisioning and operational support for Radio Access Network for different scenarios such a high-density WiFi Deployments, Distributed Antenna Systems, IP RAN etc.


Investors are starting to notice the race to 5G Wireless technology! In fact, large fortunes are likely to be made in 5G. Around the world, giant wireless-technology companies are coordinating with their governments to come up with winning strategies to implement 5G, the fifth and next generation of cellular networks that promises to deliver revolutionary ultra-fast speeds. To compare, 4G technology can connect up to 2,000 devices per square metric mile, but 5G could support up to one million devices in the same small area. The U.S., China, South Korea and Japan are leading the race. AT&T and Verizon plan city-by-city 5G launches starting later this year, while China expects national coverage by as early as 2020—less than 18 short months from now. So how do you invest in 5G?? Today, Steve will review several smart ways to do it-- and how to GROW your retirement. MASTERING MONEY is on the air!!


Contact InformationContact johnson black
Carol Stream, Illinois, United States
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This from a blog on climate change;
Using Kirchhoff’s law, absorptivity of a material = emissivity of a material for the same wavelength and direction. For diffuse surfaces – and for gases – direction does not affect these material properties, so they are only a function of wavelength. (And for all intents and purposes, absorptance is the same term as absorptivity, and transmittance is the same term as transmissivity).
Emission of radiation at any given wavelength for a blackbody (a perfect emitter) is given by Planck’s law, which is usually annotated as Bλ(T), where T = temperature.
The absorptivity of a gas, aλ = 1-tλ =emissivity of a gas, ελ.
For a very small change in monochromatic radiation due to emission:
dIλ = ελBλ(T) .ds [10a]
dIλ = nσBλ(T) .ds [10b]
So if now combine emission and absorption, equations 1 & 10:
dI/ds = nσ.(Bλ(T) – Iλ)
If we combine this with our definition of optical thickness, from equation :
dIλ/dτ = Iλ – Bλ(T)
which is also known as Schwarzschild’s Equation – and is the fundamental description of changes in radiation as it passes through an absorbing (and non-scattering) atmosphere.
It says, in not so easy to understand English:
The change in monochromatic radiation with respect to optical density is equal to the difference between the intensity of the radiation and the Planck (blackbody) function at the atmospheric temperatureSorry it’s not clearer in English.
In more vernacular and less precise terms:
As radiation travels through the atmosphere, the intensity increases if the Planck blackbody emission is greater than the incoming radiation and reduces if the Planck blackbody emission is less than the incoming radiation
When will this madness end?


Microsoft is has released a $25 phone, which would be about ₹1500, named Nokia 130. This phone comes in both Single SIM and dual SIM variants. Microsoft is aiming the Nokia 130 at the African and Asian markets as of now. This phone will be the cheapest phone Nokia would have produced, after Microsoft took over the reigns.
This phone has a shape similar to the lower end Lumia phones like the Lumia 520, but it doesnt any features which u may find in any modern Lumia phone. It has a 1.8″ screen which is an ordinary screen, and has the physical number buttons. Connectivity wise, it has Bluetooth 3.0, has a microUSB port, and GPRS. It has a 3.5mm jack for connecting headphones and a flashlight.
This phone has been launched in India in August 2014.


Abstract this dissertation is concerned with the development of a robust three- dimensional finite-element framework for the simulation of complex problems in. Isogeometric analysis, nurbs enhanced finite element method engineering for acceptance the thesis entitled “finite element methods. I dedicate this thesis to my nephews: enzo, danilo and yago the atomic-scale finite element method (afem), proposed by liu et al, (2004),.
This thesis develops mixed finite-element (mfe) methods for the discretization and element method in the case of diagonal (bottom-left) and full-tensor. This thesis describes the lowest-order weak galerkin (wg) finite element method to there are several finite element methods for solving the darcy equation,. I hereby declare that the thesis is my original work and it has been written by tic equation, discontinuous galerkin methods, mixed finite element method, least.
Sykora, alois jan (2015) finite element analysis of heat distribution and cooling in welding bachelor of engineering (4th year project) thesis,. In this thesis, the nonlinear finite element analysis with the ogden-based con- stitutive equation has also been applied to the modeling of soft-tissue cutting el. Title of dissertation: on generalized finite element methods in this thesis, we will analyze spaces of \generalized harmonic polynomial. A 2d nonlinear finite element analysis utilizing an anisotropic damage model i declare that this bachelor thesis has been carried out by me and only with the.
Nondestructive testing methods using smart structures for structural health monitoring applications is quite common 2 isogeometric finite element analysis of piezoelectric structures phd thesis, the university of texas at. Bowey, alan william (1996) predictions of soil behaviour using finite element analysis phd thesis, university of glasgow full text available as:. Quantum finite element method for quantum inverse problem (qfemqip): in qfemqip, quantum finite element method approximately solves boundary value . A thesis entitled finite element analysis of an intentionally damaged prestressed reinforced concrete beam repaired with carbon fiber reinforced .
The thesis introduces a mass conserving finite element method for the brinkman flow, with complete mathematical analysis of the method in. Finite element analysis of nonlinear problems invariably uses piecewise this thesis describes several new algorithms for controlling the error caused by the. Supervised students dörte helm, adaptive mixed finite element methods in elasticity, diploma thesis april 1998 in kiel sören bartels, theory and numerics of.
Bhagat, meghraj vitthal (2010) axisymmetric stress analysis of internally pressurized rotating cylinder using finite element method btech thesis bharule. We then extend this work and construct a stabilised finite element method to solve the poroelastic equations valid in large deformations we present the comments: phd thesis, university of oxford, 2015 subjects. In this thesis we develop a stabilised finite element method for solving the stabilised finite element method to solve the poroelastic equations valid in large.
Methods selected for analyses are the finite element method (fem) and the in this thesis, the two types of soil models used for the plaxis calculation are the. The stability and accuracy of a standard finite element method (fem) and a new streamline diffusion finite element method (sdfem) are studied in this paper for. Problems finite element methods are severely constrained in their ability to resolve interfaces 13 thesis objectives and overview 7. First and foremost i offer my most sincer gratitude to my thesis supervisor, dr bruno sudret, such as the finite difference or the finite element method.


A short term aurora forecast for Rovaniemi, Apukka, Levi, Muonio, Ylläs and Ivalo.
Latest alert images & latest aurora camera images in real-time.
Alerts are based on aurora camera observations.
Aurora forecast is based on planetary kp-index from ACE satellite and cloudiness data from a weather service.
Remember that the aurora forecast should be used only as a guideline and it is not reliable enough to be used as an alert mechanism.
Northern Lights Alert app alerts you when the becomes visible!
Our aurora alerts are based on real-time aurora camera observations.
We are the only aurora service which uses a network of aurora cameras located around Finnish Lapland.


- For Dog Owner
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This solar powered dog light will enhance the beauty of your backyard, lawn, balcony or front entry. It emits a warm LED glow and improves the ambience. Perfect gift for pug lovers.
Product battery: 1.2V 600MAH rechargeable battery
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Lighting time: 6-8 hours under full power
Solar charging time: about 4-6 hours under direct sunlight
Use range: garden, lawn, private garden, courtyard, balcony, roof, terrace,
As long as the address is exposed to sunlight.


Table of Contents
What Is TensorFlow?
TensorFlow is an open-source software library for dataflow and differentiable programming across a range of tasks.
It is a symbolic math library and is used for machine learning applications such as neural networks.
It was developed by the Google Brain team and is used in many of Google’s products and services.
TensorFlow provides a high-level API for building and training machine learning models, as well as low-level APIs for customizing the model architecture and fine-tuning it for specific use cases. With its flexible architecture, TensorFlow can run on a single device, on-premise, in the cloud, or on mobile devices.
what is tensorflow used for?
TensorFlow is a powerful open-source software library that is used for a variety of tasks in the field of machine learning, including:
- Neural Network Design: TensorFlow provides a high-level API for designing and training neural networks for a variety of tasks such as image classification, natural language processing, and predictive analytics.
- Deep Learning: TensorFlow is widely used for deep learning, a subfield of machine learning that uses neural networks with multiple layers to model complex relationships in data.
- Computer Vision: TensorFlow can be used for tasks such as object detection, image segmentation, and image recognition.
- Natural Language Processing: TensorFlow can be used for tasks such as sentiment analysis, language translation, and text generation.
- Predictive Analytics: TensorFlow can be used to build predictive models for tasks such as stock price forecasting, recommendation systems, and fraud detection.
- Reinforcement Learning: TensorFlow can be used to develop reinforcement learning algorithms, a type of machine learning where an agent learns to perform actions in an environment to maximize a reward signal.
- These are just a few examples of the many use cases for TensorFlow. With its flexible architecture and a large community of contributors, TensorFlow is a popular choice for machine learning and deep learning applications.
Pros and cons of TensorFlow:
TensorFlow supported operating systems
TensorFlow supports a variety of operating systems, including:
Windows: TensorFlow can be installed and run on Windows systems, including both desktop and server versions.
Linux: TensorFlow is primarily developed and tested on Linux systems and has good support for this platform.
macOS: TensorFlow can also be installed and run on macOS systems.
Cloud Platforms: TensorFlow can be run on cloud platforms such as Google Cloud, Amazon Web Services (AWS), and Microsoft Azure.
TensorFlow can also run on a variety of hardware, including CPUs, GPUs, and TPUs, and can be used in both standalone and distributed environments. This makes TensorFlow a highly portable and scalable tool for developing machine learning models.
TensorFlow important features
TensorFlow has several important features, including:
- Automatic Differentiation
- Distributed Training:
- High-level API
- Large Community:
Automatic Differentiation: TensorFlow allows for the automatic differentiation of mathematical expressions, which is a crucial feature for training machine learning models.
Distributed Training: TensorFlow supports distributed training, which allows machine learning models to be trained across multiple devices, such as GPUs or TPUs.
High-level API: TensorFlow provides a high-level API that makes it easy to build and train machine learning models, while also providing low-level APIs for more custom and advanced use cases.
Visualization: TensorFlow includes a suite of tools for visualizing and debugging machine learning models, including TensorBoard.
Large Community: TensorFlow has a large community of contributors and users, which means that there is a wealth of resources, tutorials, and tools available for getting started with the library.
Production-Ready: TensorFlow has been designed for production deployment and can be used for a wide range of machine learning tasks, including image recognition, natural language processing, and recommendation systems.
Portable: TensorFlow can run on a single device, on-premise, in the cloud, or on mobile devices, making it a good choice for developing machine learning models that can be deployed in a variety of environments.
How to install tensorflow in Windows and Mac
Here are the steps to install TensorFlow on Windows and Mac:
Windows: a. Install Python: TensorFlow requires Python, so you need to install Python on your Windows system first. You can download and install the latest version of Python from the official Python website. b. Install TensorFlow: Once you have installed Python, you can install TensorFlow using the pip package manager. Open the command prompt and run the following command:
pip install tensorflow
Mac: a. Install Python: TensorFlow requires Python, so you need to install Python on your Mac system first. You can download and install the latest version of Python from the official Python website. b. Install TensorFlow: Once you have installed Python, you can install TensorFlow using the pip package manager. Open the terminal and run the following command:
pip install tensorflow
Note that the exact installation process may vary depending on your operating system and the version of TensorFlow that you want to install. You can find more detailed instructions on the TensorFlow website.
Tensorflow User experience
TensorFlow, as a deep learning framework, is designed to be used by developers, researchers, and data scientists. The user experience of TensorFlow can vary depending on the level of experience and expertise of the user.
For beginners, TensorFlow can have a steep learning curve, especially if they have little to no prior experience with deep learning or programming. TensorFlow’s architecture is highly flexible and powerful, but this can also make it complex to understand and use for those who are just starting out.
For experienced users, TensorFlow provides a rich and flexible ecosystem, including extensive documentation and tutorials, a large community of users, and a wide range of pre-trained models and tools. The flexibility of TensorFlow’s architecture allows for the development of complex deep learning models and solutions, and the ability to scale for large-scale deployment.
Overall, TensorFlow offers a wide range of features and capabilities for deep learning, but the user experience can be challenging for beginners and those who are new to deep learning. However, with time and effort, TensorFlow can be a powerful tool for developing and deploying machine learning models.
🌟 Unleash the Digital Power with Devendra Gupta 🌟
🖥 Tech Enthusiast |Software Reviewer| Blogging Expert | SEO Guru |
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🔍I tested hundreds of Software and reviewed


Really hear it.
Welcome to Wireworld Pro Audio – a division of Wireworld Cable Technology, the technology and innovation leader in high-end audio/video cable founded in 1992. While Wireworld cables have been used in recording and mastering studios for well over a decade, there is now a division specifically for the pro audio and music industries.
With a range of products from instrument cables to microphone/ balanced interconnects, digital audio cables, speaker cables and shielded power cords, our patented designs provide superior translation and the intense tone that musicians crave.
DNA HELIX – The goal of Wireworld’s patented DNA* Helix cable technology is to enable us to experience music without the losses and colorations normally caused by cables. Controlled listening tests show that the primary sonic effects of cables are caused by electromagnetic effects. The effect called eddy current resistance, which increases as strands are twisted, is especially problematic because it masks quiet musical details. To overcome those issues, the strands in the DNA Helix designs are completely parallel, providing the most direct signal path for the lowest eddy current resistance. These parallel strands run within flat insulated conductors layered in patterns that channel electromagnetic energy and reject interference.
Here's how it works.
*Delineated Neutralizing Array
UNI-PATH – The exclusive Uni-Path design used in Wireworld USB and HDMI cables provides similar advantages to the more complex DNA Helix design in smaller scale applications. Uni-Path improves electromagnetic efficiency and shielding, enabling more of the original signal information to be reproduced, improving both sound quality and video imaging.
FLUXFIELD –The Fluxfield design in our power conditioning cords features 24 insulated wires coiled around flat inner cores to maximize inductive and capacitive filtering. Twin high-density shields prevent noise from entering or radiating outward. These unique elements minimize noise and line resonances, especially with longer lengths. The flat, flexible design coils effortlessly for easy handling.
Wireworld was founded with the unique mission of perfecting audio cables through objective listening tests. With the invention of the CES Innovations Award winning Cable Comparator™ (US Patent 5,740,255), we created a better way to test cables for musical preservation. Our objective listening tests are far more revealing than normal cable comparisons because the cables are compared to a virtually perfect test control, a direct connection between components. We call these listening tests ‘Cable Polygraphs’ and we are now sharing 24/96 wave files of recorded cable tests in our Cable Polygraph Library.
Audio professionals around the world have verified the effectiveness of cable polygraph testing. Robert Harley, editor of The Absolute Sound, described cable polygraph testing as “illuminating insight into exactly how each cable affects the sound”. A leading author of audio engineering books, Bobby Owsinski, stated “I was a major skeptic that high end cables could offer any sonic improvement, but Wireworld changed my mind in a big way”. This testing advantage has led to several patents including the DNA Helix cable technology, and it has enabled us to optimize the material blends in our ultra-quiet Composilex 3 insulation. These powerful innovations have enabled Wireworld to create the highest fidelity audio cables in the world.
Highest conductivity premium quality materials.
A common misconception is that the gauge of a speaker wire is all that matters. Heavier is better, right? Wrong. Gauge can make a difference, but the cable design and material quality can have an even greater impact on performance. That is why we focus on developing the most efficient designs and producing them with the best quality materials available in each price range. For example, the conductors in our least expensive cables are oxygen-free copper and our ultimate cables use Ohno Continuous-Cast® 7N (99.99999% pure) solid silver.
Metal conductivity is equally important for plugs. Our silver-clad OFC plug contacts are three times more conductive than the common bright gold over nickel plating used on costume jewelry and most other brands.
Beyond the advantages of the best conductor materials, our second and third generation composite insulation, Composilex 2 and Composilex 3, preserve the purity of the signal by minimizing triboelectric noise better than any conventional low-loss insulation materials, including DuPont Teflon®. This proprietary material provides rewarding improvements in vividness, focus and dynamic contrast. With these innovations, Wireworld cables have advanced the art of reproducing the power and delicacy of music.
To learn more, click
A love of music. A passion for innovation. A flair for industrial design. A quest for detail. The innate ability to prove the naysayers wrong time and time again. This is who we are. Like many audiophiles, David Salz has spent decades refining his music listening experience. He is truly passionate about using objective listening tests to create cables that preserve the finest details and expression of music. The closer we get to bringing the intensity and beauty of live music to your listening room, the closer we have come to achieving our goals.
It began in 1980, when David realized the only way to discover what was being lost by a cable was to remove it altogether. Instead of simply comparing cables, he began testing them against virtually perfect direct connections made by docking components together with custom adapters. The knowledge gleaned from decades of these tests led to several patents as David continued to develop cable designs that sound closer and closer to the ultimate purity of a direct connection. In short, David developed more effective testing that provided real answers and real solutions, not just different results.
In the '90s David partnered with V.P. / Operations, Sara Flaaten, and together they moved the company in a direction of steady growth and progress with dedication to loyal, well-trained staff and excellent customer service; people that take pride in creating a product that truly does live up to its reputation. Try Wireworld cables for yourself if the feeling of a live performance is what you want for your listening experience.
© 2018 Wireworld, Inc. All rights reserved.
"I was a major skeptic, but Wireworld
changed my mind in a big way."
Bobby Owsinski - Producer, Educator, Author
"I couldn't believe my ears."
Fabrizio Sotti - Jazz Guitarist
"Added immeasurably to the quality I can acheive
in mastering. Fantastic results."
Greg Calbi - Senior Mastering Engineer, Sterling Sound Mastering - NYC
"As if there were no cable, just pureness of tone."
Rob Bonfiglio - Wilson Phillips
"Wireworld cables have made
my entire sonic life better."
Stu Hamm - Bass Guitarist


TRENDS AUDIO PA-10.1D SE
text and photo: Marko Pecotic, February 2018.
product: Trends Audio PA-10.1D SE headphone amplifier/line preamplifier
manufacturer: ITOK Media Limited - Trends Audio [www.trendsaudio.com]
price: 279 EUR + duty, tax and shipping cost
Trends Audio, a Hong Kong manufacturer of baby sized audio devices, has established itself on the market with its' small digital amplifiers based on Tripath chips, in
the meanwhile their catalogue has been expanded to preamplifiers, headphone amplifiers, DACs, power supplies, cables and speakers, and the object of this review is their
PA-10.1D SE hybrid headphone amplifier/line preamplifier. If ordered directly form the manufacturer, it'll cost you – my rough estimate – appox. 350 - 400 EUR (all the duties,
taxes and shipping costs included). If ordered within the EU, it'll cost you like 369 EUR + shipping cost (if
ordered from the Nederlands), or 269 GBP + shipping cost if ordered
from the UK.
A few words from the press material. This is a low voltage hybrid amplifier, the tube works as a voltage amplification, plus two mosfet drivers at the output. You can choose between these versions: standard verison (comes with a chinese 6N11), the SE version (comes with a soviet 6H23N) and the GE version (comes with an american 12AU7), while a future owner can use any other tube from the 6DJ8/6922 or 12 AU7 series. The expected life of of the russian tube should be up to 8 to 10 thousand working hours. The tube replacemet goes very easy, just follow the instructions from the manual and set the bias at 16,5V.
Inside the box you'll find the amplifier (with a factory set bias), one tube, a 24V supply, a manual and a screw driving potentiometer. You can use the 24V power supply or you can buy the external PW-10 PSU, that'll – as the manufacturer says – improve the PA-10.1D SE sound for like 25-40%.
The front consists of an Alps volume pot and a 3,5mm headphone out. The back consists of one RCA input and two outputs (if you want to drive, say Trends Audio monoblocks or one stereo power amplifier plus a subwoofer), power on/off swith and a gain switch (3x or 6x).
A few words from the manual:
- Do not leave Trends PA-10.1D unattended for long lengths of time during the 22 hour initial burn-in.
- The sound of Trends PA-10.1D will open up after about 5 minutes of warm-up. At least half an hour of warm-up, if you are doing some audiophile listening.
- Always wait at least 5 minutes prior to turning Trends PA-10.1D back on after turning it off.
- We suggest that you turn on the Trends PA-10.1D preamp first, the power amp second; we suggest that you turn off the power amp first, the PA-10.1D second.
- RCA outputs are not muted when headphones are connected to the preamp, the outputs are simultaneous.
- PA-10 Tube Headphone/Pre Amplifier supports two major tube series: (1) 6DJ8, 6922, 6N11, 6H23n, ECC88, E88CC etc and (2) 12AU7, 5963, 5814, ECC82 etc. If you change the tube within the same series, it needs to re-tune the DC bias voltages ONLY. If you change the tube from another series, it needs both to re-tune the DC bias voltages and re-set the jumpers. Otherwise, the tube may be burnt out. For more details, please read Bias Setup.
The manufacturers claims it can deliver 3W (!) into a 3 Ohm load, works in A class and can drive 16-600 Ohm headphones. It has a relatively high output impedance declared at 30 to 100 Ohms.
A little bit of technical stuff
In general, an amplifier itself is a sum of all integrated parts and implemented data, but perhaps just by knowing the declared (high) output impedance, I got a hunch that perhaps you could predict what it will sound like (warmer sound with a voluminous bass?). In general, headphone amplifiers with as low as possible output impedance should sound better than those that have high output impedance (higher el. damping factor, less distortion, more natural sound etc). The amplifier's output impedance should, it is desirable, be at least 10x lower than the output impedance of a (dynamic) headphone (if natural sound is what you're looking for). In other words, the lower the output impedance of the amplifier, the wider is the choice of headphones.
Some might say that, in this context, damping factor is irrelevant, arguing in favor of headphone drivers being very light (unlike those that are built in speakers). At first this might seem to be true and correct, but it is not so in reality. A classic example is Beyerdynamic, a german headphone manufacturer, which offers the same headphone model in different impedances. Imagine a, say 100 Ohm output impedance headphone amplifier connected to 32-Ohm Beyers, then connected to 600-Ohm Beyers. The 32-Ohm model will sound unnatural and boomy, while the 600-ohm model will sound more balanced and natural. Sure there are people who will intentionally "break" the 1:10 rule to get less natural and more atractice sound.
Most manufacturers do not specify output impedances of their headphone amplifiers. Why? I've no idea. You should address this question to them.
Some manufacturers say high output impedance has a protection function and is there for security reasons. And they will be right. The (high) output impedance will protect the amplifier from a short-circuit if occured on the headohone/cable side. High output impedance will protect both headphones and ears if you plug and unplug various headphones, like if you go from low-sensitivity headphones to high sensitivity ones.
Zero output impedance is an ideal. We don't live in an ideal world, so while it can be done with transistor amplifiers, it's not the same when it comes to tube amplifiers. Perhaps this is why owners of headphone tube amplifiers often say they get the best sound results with high impedance headphones.
Although it can serve as both a line preamplifier and a headphone amlifier, I have reviewed the headphone stage only (I guess both should sound similar). I let the PA10.1D SE burn-in for some 150 hours, and have tested it using these headphones: AKG K701, Beyerdynamic DT 990 (600 Ohms), Sennheiser HD600 and Beyerdynamic DT 880 (600 Ohms).
The amplifier was – as the manufacturer says – delivered with the bias set to 16,5V. After about 300 hours, we have measured the bias and the results were as follows: 17.8V – left channel, 17.33V - right channel, and was set back to 16.5V (thanks, Ilimzn). This means that the PA-10.1D SE will require constant care due to bias voltage shifting (a future owner should check and set the bias few times a year).
Moving the volume control up and down goes very smooth, without the scratchy feeling, though rotating the volume control up and down will cause a slights noise in the headphones. Also, I wish the amplifier had some sort of a tube protection, say a small cage.
The RCA connectors are placed close to each other, which means that you can easily connect an interconnect cable with RCA connectors with a diameter up to 13 mm.
It's important not to judge the sound of this amplifier if you're not patient. After the initial 100 or 200 hours of burn-in, it will take about 20-30 minutes for the amplifier to warm up every time you turn it on, and during those 20-30 minutes it will sound blurry, undefined and compressed.
In general, the sound of this amplifier is somewhere between neutral and warm. For best sound results, you should not connect it to warm or blurry sounding headphones, open and detailed sounding headphones should be a better choice.
If I were to describe this amplifier in a few words, I'd say the following: fast, big sounding, dynamic, full bodied and not boring. Bass area is slightly emphasized (it's deep and voluminous, and not correctly defined) which results with a smooth mid area. Important to say, the bass has no irritating boom-boom effect, it does not dominate over the rest of the frequency spectrum.
The grand piano sounds very good, big, fast (good timing), with good dynamics. Because of its' smooth mid area, it will not deliver the tiny micro-dynamic details (and this is not something I'd expect from an amplifier in this price range), but in general the piano has a good definition and separation of its' keys, it sounds big, has nice dynamics, attack, sustain, timing etc.
With the mid area being soft and slightly reduced (not over dumped) and the bass being slightly emphasized, the brightness and sharpness of bad recordings will be reduced by adding more body into such recordings. Especially if your source is, say an iPod which usually sounds thin.
The PA10.1D SE will sound good with all musical genres. It has a sufficient quantity of details, it's big and dynamic, not blured. Electric bass guitar or double bass lacks a clearer distinction of each tone and each single wire, the 10.1D SE is more focused on bass volume.
The symphony orchestra sounds great, the instruments have a full body, a slightly more pronounced bass stimulates the dynamics and transients of the orchestra, but with a not as good soundstage focus.
Should you set gain at 3x or 6x? The answer depends primarily on the source you are using. Classic portable players usually have output voltage of 250mV to 1V, while the output voltage of a CD player is usually around 2V. In other words: if your source has a lower output voltage, the gain on PA10.1D SE should be set to high.
Does it really have the declared 3 Watts on 33 Ohms? I'd say no, it does not. I think this amplifier has up to 0.5 or 1 Watts (which is still lots of power). The 10.1D SE drove all four headphones well. For most of the time during the review, the volume control was set at 9-9.30 H (for moderate volumes) or at 10-10:30 H (for higher volumes). The gain was set at 6x, and was connected to a CD player that supplied 2.5V.
To test the upper limits of the amplifier, I played a solo drum recording, turned the volume control to highish 11 H (gain set high), and waited for a line dominated by the floor tom and bass pedal. The PA10.1D SE clearly demonstrated its' limits, this is where the K701, DT880 and DT990 sounded distorted, while the HD600 did that line without any distortion.
The 10.1D SE has clearly and correctly showed the differences in sound between all four tested headphones. It presented the K701 as a headphone with a beautiful mid range (air, freshness, openness), it presented the DT-990 as an attractive (loudness) sounding headphone, it presented the DT-880 as a more-less well balanced sounding headphone...
In terms of sound sinergy, the PA10.1D SE sounded the best with the K701 and DT-880.
Considering its price/sound ratio, my final score for the PA10.1D SE is: 8/10.


Sarva Labs is looking to hire a Senior Protocol Developer to join our Core Protocol Development Team that is working on the MOI Protocol. You will be required to work on the development of MOI Protocol components, participate in design discussions, and potentially architect whole systems.
Strong experience programming with Golang. You must be able to write clean, maintainable, and idiomatic code and have an understanding of Go’s standard library, concurrency primitives as well its tooling and testing frameworks.
Strong experience working with distributed system architectures, peer-to-peer networking protocols, and preferably blockchain protocols and distributed ledger technologies.
Strong experience with architecting systems and designing components that are part of a larger system with the ability to document design components in clear technical language.
Working experience with Software Development Best Practices and Computer Science Fundamentals.
Working knowledge any of the following concepts:
Consensus Protocols and Decentralised Agreement Mechanisms
P2P Networking, Distributed Hash Tables, and Log Replication
Compilers, Language Models & Virtual Machine Runtimes
Join an experienced team of software development professionals with remote-friendly & flexible working hours.
Core team members are subject to additional compensation in the form of tokens and equity.
Be part of a frontier of distributed systems by getting involved in projects at Sarva Labs that are looking to fundamentally shift the way people interact with each other in the ever-evolving digital world.


|Hillary Lyn Child
Last Update 2017/12/12 14:54:09
Much of my research focuses on the shape and evolution of dark matter halos. I measure the concentrations of simulated halos to better determine the redshift dependence of the concentration-mass relation, which is sensitive to cosmological parameters, and to better understand how the shapes of halos change as they grow. During my six months at Kavli IPMU, I will also be working on using the bispectrum to improve measurements of the baryon acoustic oscillation length scale.
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Considered one of the studfinderexpert.com with regard to the Bosch Corporation is the company always endeavors to keep up to date with know-how in the variety of merchandise they manufacture. A great instance of this is usually found together with the Bosch D-tect a hundred and fifty electronic wall scanner. This really is amongst the most recent inventions with the Bosch Organization that many folks have begun using. It has very several apps that may be used to scan for a variety of issues on walls. Some reviewers think that this software is undoubtedly an creation which will aid a great deal during the long term when looking to detect for several problems on walls.
The Bosch D-tect a hundred and fifty wall scanner uses an ultra wideband radar sensor technology. With this sort of a sensor, it truly is attainable to detect no matter if a metallic is non-ferrous or ferrous. This scanner is so potent that it could be capable to detect picket beams. Cables, plastic pipes and electric wires that have been put on the wall or on the floor. With this sort of technological innovation, it really is feasible to detect breakages while in the described extras. This helps make correcting on the pipes, cables and wires genuinely uncomplicated and will usually reduce the over-all expense of renovation. You’ll not have to bring down a complete wall or take out the ground. After the world that has a defect is observed making use of the Bosch D-tect 150, you’ll be able to conveniently repair that particular spot.
Certainly one of the essential features of the scanner is its capacity to clearly show separate signals and detect are living and dead wires. Thus, one can approximate the most depth they can need to drill in case wires need to be changed or mounted. The software is small enough to operate in limited sites. This device is so exact that it could detect no matter whether concrete has rubberized materials in it. The detection depth of this scanner on concrete is about 15cm. This really is very deep compared to other wall scanners used in the market currently.


Receive updates about the workshop and our services.
Side lights not working?
We talk to one of our technicians on a job he recently completed...
"The customer came in and complained that her side lights weren't working.
"After some basic checks, we found that the wiring to the light switched looked like this.
"For some reason someone had cut all the wires and tried to crimp them back together, however this wasn't sufficient and some of the connectors had not held the wires, leaving bare wires which could have caused a fire from within the dash.
"After finding these problems we proceeded to fix them.
"After cutting all the bad wiring out, a new connector and wiring were prepared and all the connections were soldered in and heat shrinked to ensure a good connection that wouldn't come loose and wouldn't let and moisture in."
The finished result? A much safer, neater looking switch and a very happy customer.


The Democritus Aeronautical Rescue Team (DART) was founded in May 2018 and is made up of DUTH students from the Department of Production and Management Engineering and Electrical and Computer Engineering. The purpose of the team is to design and build an unmanned rescue aircraft, emphasizing the speed, power and innovation of the construction. We will be the first Greek team to take part in the international UAS (Unmanned Aircraft Systems) Challenge, organized by the Institute of Mechanical Engineering in Great Britain, in which we plan to participate in 2020.
|#||Place||Date & Time|
|1||Panagiotopoulos Auditorium||20 Apr, 15:00 - 17:00|


Department of Computer Engineering
College of Engineering and Applied Sciences
Dr. Tendai Masunda Zengeni received her PhD in Fiber Optics and Nanophotonics from Universiti Utara Malaysia, Malaysia. Her research focus is in Optical Fiber Communications, Mode Division Multiplexing, Few Mode Fiber, Multimode Fiber, Optical Switching and Photonic Crystal Fiber. She was a Senior Research Assistant at the Optical Technology Research Laboratory at Universiti Utara Malaysia, which is affiliated with the Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, USA. She currently serves as a peer reviewer in 7 SCOPUS International Journals and is a member of the IEEE. As a researcher, she has 9 International Journal publications and has attended several academic conferences. She was a recipient of the Erasmus Scholarship from the European Union for her Post-Doctoral studies at the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of West Attica, Athens, Greece. She is a recipient of the Best Paper Award at the IEEE International Conference on Photonics (ICP) 2018. She was also awarded the Vice Chancellor’s Postgraduate Scholarship from Universiti Utara Malaysia. In 2023, she was appointed as the Vice Chairperson and sits on the Board of Directors for Netone Cellular, Zimbabwe.


How Fifium Capitalizes The IoT In Mobile Application Development?
Internet of Things (IoT) is the ecosystem of connected physical objects that are accessible through the internet. At Fifium, we are positioned with the hardware and software experience to capitalize the IoT technology in mobile application development. We help our customers to capitalize on our IoT solutions and services to improve operational efficiency. Contact us for developing mobile applications with IoT technology.
Email ID: email@example.com
Phone no: +441416280625 or +4550898989


Following the extension of legislation this summer concerning flexible working regulations, remote working provision is top of the agenda for many employers. For business start-ups, it can provide a perfect platform for successfully growing a business – increasing flexibility, improving productivity and reducing overheads. But, while remote working offers many benefits, there are serious security and business challenges that must be considered. In order for remote working to operate successfully, a balance must be struck between the freedom of workers to access the network and a businesses’ need to secure its network effectively. If not used correctly, the technology that enables remote working opens up a number of security challenges. According to recent research , 87% of workers assume responsibility for the security of home PCs used to connect to their company network. Combined with the fact that the average cost of a UK company’s security incident in 2006 was £12,000 , this poses a serious threat to the security of corporate networks and the data held on it. Security and privacy issues are, however, not only limited to the business or home working environment. Remote workers connecting from the increasing numbers of café, for example, are opening up their corporate networks to the threat of malware and unwanted visitors. Hackers are able to intercept data packets or set-up rogue access points, for example, meaning they are able to intercept every piece of data accessed or sent from remote workers’ machines. It is, therefore, imperative that businesses invest in dedicated equipment for remote workers that are configured with the latest security software. Corporate networks also need to be equipped with the most advanced hardware to repel any external threat. In addition to equipping itself (and its remote workers) with the necessary hardware and software to counter any security threat, education is also a key part of safe remote working practices. All remote workers need to be educated on the best methods of securing their systems – from the effective operation of basic security software, such as antivirus and firewalls to more advanced security hardware – to protect against all external threats. IT managers must also ensure that robust security policies exist and are communicated to all employees working remotely. Using a VPN (Virtual Private Network) to connect to a company network is one of the safest methods for ease of connection and security. Its basic function is to use a tunnelling protocol and encryption to keep data secure as it passes through the public Internet and enables an identified user to connect with a specific network.
Working together to address security, accessing business networks remotely need not be a dangerous activity – but an opportunity to drive business performance. Working in close partnership with employees, companies can stay ahead of the game, and ensure that their IT systems and data remain safe.
Sarah Guy is head of communication at ZyXEL UK


With the development of photovoltaics, Telison manufactures tinned copper ribbon based on the characteristics of the solar industry, which mainly used in the connecting solar cells. PV ribbon manufactured by Telison using automatic tinning equipment and hot tinning process having good mechanical and electrical properties.
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- PG&E to Plug Enphase Smart Inverters SolarCity Storage Systems Into Its Grid2016.09.30
- Global Solar Dem Monitor: Q2 20162016.09.30
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SERIES-B DNA 75W Device Only Includes
- SERIES-B DNA 75W box mod
- USB charging lead
- 6 month warranty
The device requires 1x rechargeable 20A or IMR 18650 flat-top battery available separately.
- Max output - 75 watts
- Max temperature - 600F
- Requires 1x rechargeable 20A (or above) IMR 18650 flat-top battery (option available to add one to your order). Using a sub-standard or a low amp battery could result in damage, therefore it is advisable to purchase one of our premium batteries if you are unsure.
- Temperature control compatible (using a suitable TC coil material, such as Ni-200, SS316, Titanium etc)
- USB charging and pass-through capable (pass thru function requires a 20 Amp battery)


This workshop presents series of talks focused on developments in scientific machine learning and model order reduction with application to engineering and industrial problems. The topics include Reduced order modelling in computational fluid dynamics, Sparse identification of nonlinear dynamics method and ensemble learning, Least-squares neural network method, Model reduction for port-Hamiltonian systems, Executable digital twins and Reduced order models for Navier-Stokes equation.
All times in British Summer Time (GMT + 1) zone.
We provide the state of the art of Reduced Order Methods (ROM) for parametric Partial Differential Equations (PDEs), and we focus on some perspectives in their current trends and developments, with a special interest in parametric problems arising in offline-online Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). Recent developments involve a better integration of emerging topics with model reduction, such as high performance computing (HPC), uncertainty quantification (UQ), data science (DS), machine learning (ML) in a data driven perspective, in order to allow a better exploitation of digital twins. All the previous aspects are quite relevant – and often challenging — when well integrated also in CFD problems, including turbulence, to focus on real time simulations for complex parametric industrial, environmental and biomedical flows, or even in a flow control/inverse problems setting with data assimilation. Crucial aspects to be addressed are related with uniqueness, stability, accuracy, as well as reliability of solutions. Some model problems will be illustrated by focusing on few benchmark study cases, for example on fluid-structure interaction problems and/or on shape optimisation, applied to some industrial and applied science problems of interest.
Model order reduction for parameterized systems has gained a lot of attention in the last two decades. In this talk we will focus on projection based model order reduction and their efficient application to solve large scale PDE constrained optimization problems. We will discuss learning strategies, such as adaptive enrichment as well as a combination of reduced order models with machine learning approaches in the contest of time dependent problems. Concepts of rigorous certification and convergence will be presented, as well as numerical experiments that demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed approaches.
The sparse identification of nonlinear dynamics (SINDy) algorithm can identify dynamical system models purely from data. In this talk, I will present recent work on extending the SINDy algorithm using ensemble learning to identify interpretable and generalizable models in the low-data and high-noise limit. We apply the ensemble-SINDy (E-SINDy) algorithm to a range of challenging synthetic and real-world data sets and demonstrate substantial improvements to the accuracy and robustness of model discovery from noisy and limited data. E-SINDy is computationally efficient, with similar scaling as standard SINDy. We show that E-SINDy can perform efficient uncertainty estimation and probabilistic forecasts, compared to expensive Bayesian uncertainty quantification methods via MCMC. Finally, we show that ensemble statistics from E-SINDy can be used for active learning and improved model predictive control.
Solutions of nonlinear scalar hyperbolic conservation laws (HCLs) are often discontinuous due to shock formation; moreover, locations of shocks are a priori unknown. This presents a great challenge for traditional numerical methods because most of them are based on continuous or discontinuous piecewise polynomials on fixed meshes.
As an alternative, by employing a new class of approximating functions, neural network (NN), recently we proposed the least-squares neural network (LSNN) method for solving HCLs. The LSNN method shows a great potential to sharply capture shock without oscillation or smearing; moreover, its degrees of freedom are much less than those of mesh-based methods. Nevertheless, current iterative solvers for the LSNN discretization are computationally intensive and complicated.
We show how to design model order reduction techniques for systems with port-Hamiltonian structure arising in the discretization of problems from fluid dyanmics. We describe the available techniques and how they can be modified to preserve the port-Hamiltonian structure and at the same time handle the physical conservation laws, like conservation of mass and momentum, in the reduced model.
Besides these challenges we also discuss how reduced models can be generated purely from data. The performance of the methods is illustrated for benchmark examples originating from semi-discretized flow problems, acoustic fields in gas networks, and mechanical multibody systems.
As the complexity of our world continues to surge, digital twins, seamlessly interfacing the physical and digital spheres, are emerging as crucial decision-making tools for complex systems. This presentation explores the transformative concept of the ‘executable digital twin’, a self-contained and executable model encapsulating specific behaviors within a defined context.
We will place particular emphasis on the role of non-intrusive model order reduction technology. This technology enables the generation of reduced, manageable models without compromising the essential features of the original system, thereby enhancing computational efficiency, and facilitating real-time execution. In this talk, we will not limit our focus to model order reduction technology but will consider a multitude of technologies required in the complete industrial workflow of generating and operating an ‘executable digital twin’. We will cover key concepts such as the design of experiments for data generation, state estimation, calibration, as well as hybrid physics- and data-driven models.
The potential of an executable digital twin will be illustrated with selected real-world examples – from virtual thermal sensors in electric machines to optimal control of manufacturing processes.
Numerical stabilization is often used to alleviate the spurious oscillations generally produced by full order models (FOMs) in under-resolved or marginally-resolved simulations of convection-dominated flows modelled by the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations. However, when dealing with reduced order models (ROMs) of convection-dominated, marginally-resolved flows, the role of numerical stabilization is still not well understood.
In the first part of this presentation, based on , we investigate the FOM-ROM consistency, i.e., whether the numerical stabilization is beneficial both at the FOM and the ROM level. As a numerical stabilization strategy, we focus on the evolve-filter-relax (EFR) regularization algorithm, which centers around spatial filtering.
In the second part of this presentation, related to , we apply the resulting ROM to a case of feedback control, where the forcing term acts as a feedback on the Navier-Stokes equations in order to reach a desired goal, measured as a distance between the numerical solution and a desired velocity.
In the final part of the presentation we will introduce a novel ROM, based on approximate deconvolution .
Results on relevant test cases in fluid dynamics will be discussed, alongside their implementation in RBniCSx.
 M. Strazzullo, M. Girfoglio, F. Ballarin, T. Iliescu, G. Rozza. Consistency of the full and reduced order models for evolve-filter-relax regularization of convection-dominated, marginally-resolved flows. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, 123(14):3148–3178, 2022.
 M. Strazzullo, F. Ballarin, T. Iliescu, C. Canuto. New feedback control and adaptive evolve-filter-relax regularization for the Navier-Stokes equations in the convection-dominated regime. Submitted, 2023. arXiv:2307.00675.
 A. Sanfilippo, I. Moore, F. Ballarin, T. Iliescu. Approximate deconvolution Leray reduced order model for convection-dominated flows. Submitted, 2023. arXiv:2307.10817.
Registration is required to access the Zoom Webinar
Garth Wells, Chris Richardson, Nirav Shah (University of Cambridge)


Poco X5 5G launched in India – Poco, the sub-brand of Xiaomi, has launched the Poco X5 5G in India. The smartphone comes with impressive specs and features, making it an excellent choice for budget-conscious buyers who want a phone with 5G connectivity. In this article, we will take a closer look at the Poco X5 5G’s specifications, features, and price.
Poco X5 5G – Overview
The Poco X5 5G features a 6.67-inch full-HD+ display with a 120Hz refresh rate, which offers a smooth and immersive visual experience. The device is powered by the Qualcomm Snapdragon 860 SoC, which is a mid-range processor that can handle most tasks with ease. The phone comes with up to 6GB of RAM and up to 128GB of internal storage, which can be expanded further using a microSD card.
Design and Build
The Poco X5 5G has a sleek design with a gradient finish that gives it a premium look. The phone has a side-mounted fingerprint sensor and a rectangular camera module at the back, which houses four camera sensors. The device is available in three colors: Atlantic Blue, Lunar Silver, and Granite Gray.
Battery and Connectivity
The Poco X5 5G packs a 5,000mAh battery that supports 33W fast charging. The device can last for more than a day on a single charge, making it an excellent choice for heavy users. The phone also comes with 5G connectivity, which offers faster internet speeds and better network coverage. Other connectivity options include Wi-Fi, Bluetooth 5.1, and GPS.
The Poco X5 5G comes with a quad-camera setup at the back, featuring a 48-megapixel primary sensor, an ultra-wide-angle lens, a macro lens, and a depth sensor. The phone’s camera system can capture stunning images with accurate colors and sharp details. The device also has a 20-megapixel front camera that can capture high-quality selfies and make video calls.
The Poco X5 5G runs on MIUI 12 based on Android 11, which is the latest version of Android. The phone’s software is optimized for better performance and improved battery life. The device also comes with several pre-installed apps, including Poco Launcher, Poco Community, and Mi Remote.
Price and Availability
The Poco X5 5G is priced at Rs 20,999 for the base variant with 6GB RAM and 64GB internal storage. The higher-end variant with 6GB RAM and 128GB internal storage is priced at Rs 23,999. The phone is available for purchase on Flipkart starting from March 21th, 2023.
The Poco X5 5G is an impressive budget smartphone that offers excellent value for money. The device comes with a powerful processor, a high-refresh-rate display, a long-lasting battery, and 5G connectivity, making it an excellent choice for budget-conscious buyers.
Q1.What is the screen size of the Poco X5 5G?
The Poco X5 5G features a 6.67-inch full-HD+ display with a 120Hz refresh rate.
Q2.Does the Poco X5 5G support fast charging?
Yes, the Poco X5 5G supports 33W fast charging, which can charge the device from 0 to 100% in under an hour.
Q3.What is the price of the Poco X5 5G in India
price of the Poco X5 5G in India is Rs 20,999


Removeable Nitrogen Generation Equipment With Color Touch Screen Control
|Nitrogen output Capacity||5Nm3/H|
|Dew Point||(-)40 degree|
2. Working flow of PSA nitrogen Generator
PSA means Pressure Swing adsorption . As we know there are about 21% oxygen and 78% Nitrogen in the compressed air . When O2 &N2 passing through the carbon molecular Sieve(cms)bed at a certain pressure ,The CMS will preferentially adsorb O2 than N2. N2 will go through as a product gas at pressure while A tower is in the adsorption phase ,B tower is de-pressuring at which time adsorbed O2 will be released to the atmosphere. The A,B tower cycle is then repeated .
Food packing, Food storing, Electric & Electronic industry, Petro-gas & Oil field, Chemicals & Petro-chemicals, Coal-mine, Metallurgy, Pharmacy, SMT, Fire-resistance, lab, Air driving, and so on...
1. Metallurgy: For anneal protection, agglomeration protection, nitrogenizing, furnace washing and blowing, etc. Used in fields such as metal heating treatment, powder metallurgy, magnetic material, copper process, metallic mesh, galvanized wire, semiconductor, etc.
2. Chemical and new material industries: For chemical material gas, pipeline blowing, gas replacement, gas protection, product transport, etc. Used in fields such as chemical ,urethane elastic fiber, rubber, plastic, tyre, polyurethane, biological technology, intermediate, etc.
3. Electronic industry: For encapsulation, agglomeration, anneal, deoxidization, storage of electronic products. Used in fields such as peak welding, circumfluence welding, crystal, piezoelectricity, electronic porcelain, electronic copper tape, battery, electronic alloy material, etc.


In this East Midlands Cyber Security Forum event we looked at the every growing ‘Internet of Things’ (IoT) and the security aspects of adopting IoT devices for businesses.
This event originally took place on 6th June 2017 at the University of Nottingham and was sponsored by Horizon Digital Economy Research.
Our everyday lives have become more connected than ever, making it easier to communicate with others, grow your market reach, and ultimately do business with people around the globe.
But, as the world becomes more connected, we’re exposed to a variety of new vulnerabilities. Vulnerabilities that we aren’t always prepared for.
Cyber Connected World video summaries
Colin Robbins, Innovation Director at Nexor, explains how the vast scale, diversity and complexity of the Internet of Things is leading to things going wrong.
This overview video of the event summarises the key things that were presented and discussed on the evening.
Securing the IoT… Good luck
Colin Robbins, Innovation Director at Nexor
Colin introduced the evening with a brief overview of Internet of Things security.
PETRAS – Internet of Things research hub
Alisdair Ritchie, Impact Champion at PETRAS National IoT Cyber Security Research Hub/University of Warwick
Alisdair talked about the work PETRAS has been doing to protect and secure IoT devices from an academic perspective.
The Internet of Things Security Foundation (IoTSF)
Graham Markall, Embecosm, representative from the Internet of Things Security Foundation
Graham discussed the work the IoTSF has been doing to secure the Internet of Things and IoT devices.
Emerging IoT in the Energy Sector
Jon Longstaff, Head of Cyber Security EMEA at OMNETRIC
Jon looked at the recent attacks on Ukraine power stations and talked about the security implications of IoT devices in industry and how to secure them.
Overview of the event
Here are the general slides from the evening, which include background information on the supporting organisations and details of upcoming events in the region:


Kitty Hawk the mysterious flying-car startup backed by Google founder Larry Page, has finally launched.
The start up introduced the first new vehicle, the Kitty Hawk Flyer. It is an electric seaplane aircraft that, in its current version, looks a bit like a flying Jet Ski.
The Flyer is a radical new concept in flight. It is meant for amateurs, doesn’t require a license and anybody must to take just a few hours of training on a flight simulator to learn to fly it. The pilot can fly 10 meters above the water and can reach up to 25 mph.
Kitty Hawk start up’s mission is to make the dream of personal flight a reality. It believe when everyone has access to personal flight, a new, limitless world of opportunity will open up to them. They are design and build safe, fun, easy-to-fly aircraft.


Brabant congratulates the Solar Team Eindhoven on winning the Crunchies Award 2014 for the Stella, the first solar-powered family car. This annual international award from the two major international technology websites TechCrunch and VentureBeat is considered to be the ‘Oscar’ of technology and the ceremony too k place on Thursday in Silicon Valley, San Francisco. The Solar Team Eindhoven beat four world-leading projects from Apple, SpaceX, Bitcoin and the European Space Agency.
Success through collaboration
The Solar Team Eindhoven consisted of twenty students from the Technical University of Eindhoven and the Stella was developed in cooperation with B rabant companies including NXP, Philips and Segula. Their mission: to make driving in the fut ure clean, safe and simple for everyone. For this, they developed and built the Stella, the first luxury car powered by solar energy.
The Stella is fast, comfortable and practical and that is what makes the Stella a winner. This powerhouse can drive 500 miles on a fully charged battery. The Solar Team Eindhoven has brought us closer to energy-efficient and environmentally-friendly driving.
The fantastic performance of the Solar Team Eindhoven is a wonderful example of where cooperation between Brabant universities, companies and local governments can lead. Together they form the Brabant DNA of which we are proud. The su ccess of this cooperation confirms the excellent international reputation of Brabant as European leader in the field of knowledge, innovation and entrepreneurship. That is why Brabant is known as ‘Europe’s heart of smart solutions’!
Download the PDF here.


Overhead observation can be traced back to the Napoleonic Wars through the use of balloons. Overhead observation from airplanes started in the early 1900s. Shortly thereafter photographic reconnaissance was added. Finally, spacecraft moved overhead collection into a new epoch.
Satellite imagery is commercially available today, both for a wide spectrum of civilian applications as well as for National Security purposes. Many countries rely to some extent upon satellite imagery for intelligence and defense purposes, whether they are at risk or not.
Since commercial imagery is produced from unclassified sources, it can be more widely distributed to coalition partners. Integrating space-imaging capabilities into Intelligence operations offers a substantial increase in the ability to satisfy requirements at the strategic, operational and tactical levels in time of crisis. Satellite imaging technologies provide the means for enhancing Command and Control, facilitating military and humanitarian relief operations.
Because of its inherent advantages, satellite imagery is a necessary component in the myriad of national defense capabilities. On the other hand, UAV systems have demonstrated the capability of this type of aircraft, with downsized digital imaging sensors such as FLIR, IR cameras, laser rangers, etc. to collect and quickly deliver real time high-resolution imagery over localized regions and to loiter undetected over an area of interest, overcoming the challenging atmospheric conditions.
Whether the needs are for Electro-Optical Imagery, Radar Imagery, Multispectral Imagery, and Hyperspectral Imagery or their space and aerial platforms and sensor equipments PLAN will help fill the needs of our customers and provide turnkey systems from state of the art manufacturers.


Business intelligence (BI) is an umbrella term that includes the applications, infrastructure and tools, and best practices that enable access to and analysis of information to improve and optimize decisions and performance.
Machine learning is an application of artificial intelligence (AI) that provides systems the ability to automatically learn and improve from experience without being explicitly programmed. Machine learning focuses on the development of computer programs that can access data and use it learn for themselves.
The aim of predictive maintenance (PdM) is first to predict when equipment failure might occur, and secondly, to prevent the occurrence of the failure by performing maintenance. Monitoring for future failure allows maintenance to be planned before the failure occurs. Ideally, predictive maintenance allows the maintenance frequency to be as low as possible to prevent unplanned reactive maintenance, without incurring costs associated with doing too much preventive maintenance.
Artificial intelligence (AI), the ability of a digital computer or computer-controlled robot to perform tasks commonly associated with intelligent beings. The term is frequently applied to the project of developing systems endowed with the intellectual processes characteristic of humans, such as the ability to reason, discover meaning, generalize, or learn from past experience.


Easy selectable color temperature with a DIP switch, 3000K/4000K/6000K
Input Voltage: 12V DC LED driver require, wire in Parallel
Material: Die-cast aluminium construction
Available: White, Black and Satin Nickel plated finish
Introducing the ASTRA LED cabinet lighting series. The ASTRA is an alternative to the traditional halogen light sources. The ASTRA features a high output 3W COB LED to offer superior performance and light over the working area whilst only consuming a total 3.6W of energy. The ASTRA offers two mounti..


The Audio-Technica AT-OC9/III is the latest evolution of the Audio-Technica AT-OC9 cartridge originally launched in 1987.
Over the years the Audio-Technica AT-OC series has undergone a number of model changes both inside and outside Japan, and it has continued to be a best seller for over 20 years. While drawing on the basic design of the Audio-Technica AT-OC9ML/II which has been available exclusively in overseas markets and which has received critical acclaim all these years, the Audio-Technica AT-OC9/III is the result of a fresh approach based on a thorough review of the stylus tip, cantilever, magnetic circuit parts, damper and other aspects designed to track and reproduce the highest sound quality.
With the new Audio-Technica AT-OC9/III cartridge you will experience musical opulence and expressiveness of sound layered on depths of silence.
Customer feedback indicates the AT-OC9/III offers exceptional musicality and performance comparable to the best cartridge regardless of price.
- Special line contact stylus with solid boron cantilever
- Neodymium magnet and permendur yoke for increased magnetic concentration and energy
- PCOCC used for coils and terminal pins for pure electrical transmission
- Dual moving coil for high separation and wide response
- Especially strong and rigid VC mold holds the coils in place for minimized vibration
- Precision-crafted aluminum alloy body and hard resin structure designed for high rigidity, minimized vibration and improved signal to noise ratio
- Brass mounting screws designed to optimally produce high sound quality for the cartridge
- Besplatna dostava!
Besplatna dostava za sve narudžbe iznad 300 kn.
- Tonearm mount: 1/2 inch
- Type: Moving coil
- Frequency response: 15Hz-50kHz
- Output voltage @ 1kHz,5cm/sec: 0.4mV
- Tracking force: 1.8-2.2 g (2.0 g standard)
- Recommended load impedance: Minimum 100 ohms
- Coil impedance: 12 ohms
- DC resistance: 12 ohms
- Channel separation @ 1kHz: 30dB
- Channel balance @ 1kHz: 0.5dB
- Dynamic compliance: 18.0 x 10-6cm/dyne (100Hz)
- Static compliance: 35 x 10-6cm/dyne
- Stylus type: Contact line diamond 0.0016 × 0.00028 inch
- Cantilever: 0.26 solid boron
- Vertical tracking angle: 23°
- Dimensions (mm): L25.7 x W16.8 x H17.3
- Weight: 8 g


Digital Signal Processing, or “DSP”, is often referred to as a “feature” of modern audio equipment and music gear. Why is that important? Well, two reasons. One, it tells you how they’re handling the audio signal – and the potential trade-offs which that implies. And, two, hopefully they give you confidence in how well they’re using DSP – after all, better processing equals better results.
So What is DSP? Particularly In Audio Processing?
DSP stands for Digital Signal Processing. This term is used for digital encoding of “live” signals such as audio, video, temperature, pressure, position, etc. Digital signal processing allows these live signals to be stored, manipulated, edited, replayed, and transferred much more efficiently and accurately than by using strictly analog methods. For example, think how easy it is to edit video files in iMovie (or even on your phone!) vs cutting and re-attaching film like in the old cutting room.
Sound is naturally an analog phenomenon. Sound is a function of physical waves traveling through a medium – air or water, or even a hard surface (like putting your ear to a train track to hear the train coming).
Microphones convert this physical sound wave into an analog electronic signal. They do this by use of a small, sensitive diaphragm that vibrates when hit by audio waves. The vibrations of the diaphragm generate a very small, uinque, electronic signal. This signal is music.
Like all electrical signals, it is a flowing sine wave, moving between zero or negative voltage and some other voltage. The rate, frequency, depth, and tiny aberrations of this signal are what make this electronic signal sound uniquely like your voice, or your guitar, or your violin.
Note: Electric guitar pickups function differently. These pickups take advantage of Faraday’s discovery that moving a metal rod through a magnetic field (or a magnetic field over a metal rod. As Einstein famously pondered… is there any difference?) produces an electric current. It turns out that when an guitar string (a metal rod) vibrates in the magnetic field of a guitar pickup, a unique electric signal is also produced. The rate, frequency, depth, and tiny aberrations of this signal are what make it sound uniquely like your Telecaster or Les Paul.
The Ups and Downs of Analog
Analog transmission of audio signals require that power amplification and receiver sensitivity each be addressed so that the signal is communicated efficiently. This is because microphones, guitar pickups, and general audio equipment do not put out a strong enough electrical signal to drive a speaker system (such as a guitar amp). So an electronic amplifier magnifies the signal. The amplified signal is necessary in order to drive the speaker cone to vibrate strongly enough to be heard.
Processing electronic audio signals like this has both advantages and disadvantages:
- An analog signal transmitted this way has the highest fidelity. That is why electric guitars through traditional amps are still the “go to” for recording great guitar sounds.
- Lower system complexity. This may be arguable (especially among guitarists who have “blown” a tube on a traditional amp), but analog signals are inherently easier to deal with. Software menus, storage devices, encoding errors, OS updates…none of this affects a classic Marshall tube amp.
- Analog signals do not transmit easily over long distances. Amplifiers are required to continually boosted.
- Analog signals are not easily stored. Wax cylinders, vinyl records, and magnetic tape have all been used to store analog music over the years. The process of recording and retrieving the information is generally cumbersome.
- Analog storage tends to degrade over the years.
- Manipulating or editing analog audio files is difficult. They must be played in “real time”, with effects or edits applied during playback, and re-recorded to create the new version. There are, of course, advanced methods for this process, but all are time consuming.
How DSP Handles Audio
Digital Signal Processing converts analog audio signals to a digital stream of binary bits. This digital stream can be transmitted, stored, and modified much more efficiently – with higher speed and quality.
Digital Signal Processing is generally divided into three parts: audio-to-digital conversion (ADC), digital-to-audio (DAC) conversion, and a distinct ‘digital signal processer’ (typically a single microchip).
- Audio-to-Digital conversion (ADC) takes incoming analog signals and converts it to a series of binary data points. In goes electric guitar cable, out comes a string of 1’s and 0’s.
- Digital-to-Audio Conversion (DAC) takes the binary data that comprise the music signal (stored as a file), converts to analog, and outputs an analog electronic signal. In goes 1’s and 0’s, out comes the electric guitar signal again.
- A Digital Signal Processor actually performs several functions. This processor includes Program Memory, Data Memory, a Compute Engine, and Input/Output functions. For our purposes, we can simply say that this is the part of the DSP technology that manipulates the file. If you want to open or close the file, if software wants to access the file, or if you want to transfer it to a hard drive, or perform any of the many the functions that we routinely perform on a computer – the digital signal processor is the part that accepts and processes these commands.
Why is DSP Better?
DSP is ubiquitous in modern audio equipment. This is because it provides several advantages over traditional analog signal processing, with only minor tradeoffs.
- Digital storage is better in many ways – cheaper, longer-lasting, easy to transfer, easy to duplicate, instantly accessible.
- Faster, more accurate processing than analog. No need to re-play files in ‘real-time’, and all data is edited directly without the variability of intermediary playback and re-recording equipment.
- Signals can be transmitted quickly and more efficiently from one place to another, even in real-time performance situations.
- Signals may also be enhanced or manipulated to improve their quality or provide information that is not sensed by humans.
- You lose some data. Like audiophiles who prefer vinyl over mp3’s because there’s more audio “information” in the physical vinyl groove. Since DSP’s convert audio files into binary number representations, some audio fidelity can be lost in the process (the amount of loss can be minimal, depending on your file type and settings).
- Many recording enthusiasts prefer the idiosyncracies introduced by analog recording and editing equipment. The unique sounds, glitches, and “feel” are all part of the desired sound.
Digital Signal Processing has become the standard for audio processing. While audiophiles and recording enthusiasts may prefer analog methods in many (or even all) situations, the market shows that the vast majority of people prefer the ease and efficiency of DSP for playing, recording, and listening to music.