TOP TOWERS rooftop management & communication solutions
Technology is not slowing down anytime soon and the demand is only growing for more speed, data and bandwidth. People are using more wireless devises at work, play, school and at home.
What can 5G do?And when will it be available? When 5G is available it's not just going to be a faster wireless technology; it’s likely to empower new uses of technology that most aren’t even aware of today. (Thinkstock) The fifth generation of wireless transmission technology, known as 5G, is one of the more interesting developments on the technology landscape because of its wide-ranging implications. It’s not just going to be a faster wireless technology; it’s likely to empower new uses of technology that most people aren’t even aware of today.
How fast is 5G? A typical example that’s being used to demonstrate the potential uses is that a full-length, high-definition movie can be downloaded in seconds rather than minutes. While 5G is designed to be at least four to five times faster than 4G, there’s much more to the technology than just speed. Lower latency — which will make it more responsive — along with greater capacity will allow more devices to connect to the same cell, which typically chokes down speeds on 4G cell sites. With more people installing smart devices in their homes along, with the explosion of Internet of Things devices, smart cities and driverless cars, this additional capacity will allow this huge new load of connected devices to be manageable. Expect everything that you access via your smartphone to become more instantaneous as this technology rolls out.
Traffic from wireless and mobile devices will account for more than 63 percent of total IP traffic by 2021
Globally, mobile data traffic will increase sevenfold between 2016 and 2021.
Global mobile data traffic will grow twice as fast as fixed IP traffic from 2016 to 2021.


If your remote buttons are not doing what you expect them to, the remote is probably not in STB mode. Press the STB button at the top of your remote below the Power button to return it to STB mode and try again.
For normal operation, your remote should stay in STB mode. In this mode, the remote will operate the TV when you press volume keys and the STB for most other functions. The Power key will operate the TV and take the STB in and out of rest mode.
If you need to operate TV-specific functions, like TV Input, press the TV button at the top left of the remote to put it in TV mode. Remember to press the STB button when done to put the remote back into STB mode.


Which of these are real robots?
In front of you are these objects: an earthworm, R2D2, a player piano, an unmanned submarine, an animatronic dog, a radio control car, a space probe, a microwave oven, and Stanley, Stanford University’s self driving car. All but one are robots by one definition or another.
Did you guess it? It’s George Lucas’ famously cute robot from Star Wars, which was actually a small actor inside the ‘costume’. Of course, if we look at R2D2 within the context of the movie, it is a robot and the most advanced of the bunch.
The strictest definition of Robot is a << thing which makes decisions about what to do based on a self-contained process, i.e. a ‘program’>> Usually they have a way of sensing the environment to assist their decision making. These ‘bots are called “autonomous”. In practice, we usually restrict ourselves to devices of human construction, which excludes critters like the earthworm and baby sisters from a practical definition, But the player piano, animatronic dog, microwave oven and Stanley all fit these criteria. The largest single group of robots today are precision machines in factories and completely autonomous.
Other robots are strictly controlled by humans live and in real time. This include the submersible, bomb disposal robots and Battlebots, as well as radio controlled airplanes and RC toy cars.
Many robots today are controlled remotely but have autonomous behaviors also. The more sophisticated military bots: like the Predator, which does reconnaissance and weapons delivery, are remotely controlled but have to make quick decisions in real time and so are remote/autonomous hybrids.
The Mars Rovers, Spirit and Opportunity (my favorite bots in all the world), make very complex decisions on their own while being controlled from Earth. They need on-board intelligence because control signals can take over 15 minutes to travel from here to Mars and the return signal the same time. That means we can drive it off a cliff but won’t know that for half an hour!
And what kind of robots are the BotBrain bots your students might build? Autonomous. Completely. And very fun!
Bill Bechtel 717-448-4855
Joe Osborne 717-448-7555


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Guide, inform, interact.
Access Guidance Display is a system designed to enhance the experience of customers, members, guests, visitors and staff, on their journey within and during the use of your facilities.
The system includes Interactive Information Terminals that provide superior clarity of usability, feedback and information display.
Each screen displayed can be bespoke to the customer and can include both visual and text interactive elements, branding and promotional collateral. The units can be programmed with various bespoke functions which can also trigger outputs to interface with other systems. The range consists of three models which are complimentary and compatible with each other and the central management system.
With its five inch LCD screen, the AGD interfaces to access control systems in order to provide users with clear instructions and status information when attempting to access through secure doors or barriers.
Emergency conditions, such as fire alarm activation, can be clearly displayed to enhance safety. In addition, the status of override devices, including breakglass units, can be displayed to indicate to staff that the door/barrier is insecure
AGD Unlock has all the functionality of AGD but includes a stunning seven-inch screen. Functionality is further enhanced by the inclusion of a touchscreen keypad for PIN entry. This can be connected to an access control system or used stand-alone, for example, as a staff override facility. An optional touchscreen Assistance Call function is available which can interface to intercom systems, pager systems etc.
AGD Plus is taking the concept of AGD to another level. This includes a beautifully clear ten-inch touchscreen, with all the features of AGD Unlock, but adds enhanced processing capability, network connectivity and interfaces. A range of sensors can be connected to give precise display of environmental conditions within an area; temperature, humidity, luminosity etc.
An enhancement to any single or multi-use facility, AGD Plus integrates to management platforms and databases to contextually display real-time activity and class information. This includes, room information, ongoing and upcoming activity details such as name, description, start & end times and spaces available/booked. Information can be shown as text only or in graphical (calendar) views.
Single and multi-site solutions are catered for including flexible centralised management and administration via customer network. The system is web server based and is accessed via a dedicated password protected dashboard. This means that you, and your authorised staff, can access the dashboard from any browser on your network with no additional hardware or software (or continual upgrades) required. Sites or regions can be configured individually; display a promotional offer in one region and advance warning of a site closure for maintenance in another, for instance.
For more information on AGD system, visit: www.omegaanalyticsystems.co.uk/projects/agd


Nowadays, many computer peripherals such as webcams, mice, scanners, printers, hard drives, USB (Pendrive) now come as USB devices. Once these devices are connected to the Desktop or server it's important to know the device name or device path. This helps to identify USB devices for tasks such as formatting.
In Linux, all device files are stored in /dev directory and must be available to the OS during the system boot.
In this guide, we will show you the various ways to list USB devices on Linux. Most commands mentioned here should work on all Linux distributions.
Commands to List USB Devices
Let's look into the Linux commands to list USB Devices:
1. lsusb : Lists all USB buses and connected USB devices.
2. usb-devices : Script to show all USB devices with a lot of detail.
3. df -Th | grep media : Identify automatically mounted USB.
4. lsblk : Lists information about all available or specified block devices.
5. fdisk -l : List all block devices, which will naturally include USB devices.
6. dmesg | grep usb : Check for USB device connections and issues.
7. usbview : A GUI tool that shows the tree of USB devices in your system.
List USB Device Names Using df Command
The df command is a useful command that can help list all mounted volumes, including your USB drives.
Once a USB device is plugged into a Linux system, especially for Desktop, it is automatically mounted in the /media partition and becomes ready for use.
df -Th | grep media
From the output above, I have 1 USB drive /dev/sdb with 2 partitions /dev/sdb1 and /dev/sdb2
List USB Device Name using lsblk Command
Lsblk command is used to list all block devices on a Linux system. From the list, you can filter USB devices using the grep command.
lsblk | grep sd
To retrieve additional information such as the UUID, manufacturer and filesystem type, use the blkid command as shown.
List USB Device Names Using fdisk Command
You can use the good old fdisk command that is used for partitioning volumes to list all the partitions on the Linux system, including the USB drives.
sudo fdisk -l
The command will display detailed information about your USB volume including the partitions, size of the volume, sectors, and the filesystem type.
List USB Devices Details using lsusb Command
The lsusb command, also known as the “List USB” command, is used in Linux to list all the USB devices attached to the system.
The output above displays the Bus ID, Device ID, USB ID, and the vendor or manufacturer of the USB devices
The lsusb command simply lists the connected devices and does not provide further information about the usb devices.
For more information about the attached USB devices use the dmesg command. The dmesg command also known as “driver message” or “display the message” is used for examining the boot messages. Additionally, it is used for debugging hardware-related issues and printing messages generated by device drivers.
You can use the dmesg command and grep to narrow down to USB devices.
dmesg | grep usb
Also, you can pipe the output of dmesg command to less for easier scrolling.
dmesg | less
On the output, you can search for a specific string by pressing the forward slash key ( / ) on your keyboard followed by the name or Device ID of the USB device.
In my case, I'm searching for more information regarding a USB device called SanDisk, which is actually my removable pen drive.
List USB controllers and devices using usb-devices
The usb-devices command is a shell script that allows you to list all the USB controllers and the USB devices connected to your PC. It prints out details of the USB device such as the manufacturer, product name, serial number, and so much more. Here's the output of the command:


On the elements page are listed circuit features that can be included in the product.
The list is not exhaustive and if your requirement is not listed, please ask us.
Examples of some products we make and have made in the past:
• Temperature controls
• Refrigeration controls
• Signal converters and conditioners
• Logic controls
• Motor speed controls
• Impulse controllers
• Sequence controllers
• Pulse pump drivers
• Custom calibrators
• Pressure control
• Motor controls
• Ventilation controls
• Heater controls
• Fan controls
• Logic and sequencing
• Control logic
• HMI screens
• Signal transmitters
• Bespoke electronic controls and instrumentation
• Custom PCB design and assembly
• Industrial electronic controls
• Electronics design and manufacture to specification
Contrel specialises in the manufacture and supply of custom, bespoke electronic controls and systems.
We design and build batches of electronic assemblies to fit your specifications and requirements. We also assemble and test electronic assemblies, to existing designs under contract.
We have many years of experience and make open printed circuit board assemblies, encapsulated circuits, cased controls and hand held units.
CUSTOM CONTROL ELECTRONICS
+44 (0) 1787 881 292


This course contains videos on Digital Design and Microprocessors hobby projects designed and simulated in LT SPICE and TinkerCad
Hobby Projects: Digital Design and Microprocessors
Implementation of Analog to Digital Converter ADC, (2-bit Digital Output ) using Arduino in TinkerCad
Programming with Arduino in TinkerCad: Temperature Sensor, Celsius to Fahrenheit Conversion & LCD Display.
Programming with Arduino in TinkerCad: Potentiometer Input (Analog), Bar graph, and 7-Segment Display Outputs.
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Digital LCD Infrared Forehead Thermometer:
NO-CONTACT: Digital LCD Infrared Forehead Thermometer. Easy to use. No need to touch the patient. 1-second rapid measurement, especially great for forehead readings.
MULTI-MODE THERMOMETER: Can take temperature of Body or Surfaces. Can switch between°C and °F. A maximum of 32 previous readings is available to help you track the changes in your body temperature.
RELIABLE AND ACCURATE: Delivers temperature readings with Unfailing Accuracy and very fast. Measurement deviation ± 0.2℃/℉. Fast: Measurement time is
AAA Batteries NOT INCLUDED
To switch from C to F, Press Set Up for 4 seconds to access F1, then press – to change to F. Then Press Set Up to cycle to the main menu. And make sure you are in Body mode
Automatic Liquid Soap Sanitizer Dispenser 700ML:
Installation method: Wall-mounted
Product Type: Automatic No-touch Soap dispenser
Product Capacity: 700ml
Features: automatic induction
Processing technology: injection / blow molding
Working temperature: 3 ℃ ~ 40 ℃
Induction distance: 6cm
Product size: 11cm, 10cm, 16.5cm
Packing size: 12cm, 10cm, 17.3cm
Auto-Sensing: Built-in infrared smart sensor, fully automatic and Touch-free operation, Motion Activated to avoid the second cross-infection.
NO Waste: Single out the liquid 1ml, eliminate waste and counter top mess.
Easy and safe to use: The cover can be locked, wall-mounted, easy to install and use. powered by 4*AA battery (not included), with LED indicator light, more convenient to use at night.
Max capacity: 700ml， Ideal for lotions liquid soaps or sanitizers, etc.
Perfect to use at bathrooms, kitchens, kindergartens, offices, schools, hospitals, airports, hotels and restaurants.
1. Do not install the dispenser with less than 2″ (5cm) height beneath the table.
2. The sensor is at the base of dispenser. The effect range is 0-10cm underneath the sensor.
3. This dispenser is design for indoor use only. Direct sunlight or exposed locations can destroy the IR sensor of the product.
4. Low voltage indicator when you find LED light twinkle continually while dispenser on standby mode, battery replace is necessary.
5. Do not use the alcohol or other chemistry liquid.
6. This soap dispenser is not waterproof.
1*Wall-Mounted soap dispenser
1*English user manual
– We will ship your item(s) within 1 working day.
– Free USA shipping 1-4 business days depending on region


Sony has announced the release of a new DUALSHOCK 3 wireless controller, Sony’s first PS3 controller incorporating a rumble feature. Keeping the basic design and functionality of the current PlayStation controller, it also retains the motion sensitive six-axis sensing system.
The rumble feature will be available on new titles, and certain older titles will be able to incorporate the new rumble feature through a software update. The DUALSHOCK 3 will be compatible with new, unreleased titles like Metal Gear Solid 4: Guns of the Patriots, as well as recently released games like Heavenly Sword and Uncharted: Drake's Fortune, and even launch titles like Resistance: Fall of Man.
The DUALSHOCK 3 controller will be available in Japan in November as a separately sold accessory, and is expected to be introduced to North American and European markets in spring of 2008.


Another day out in the field, supervising the installation of CCTV systems and communications. It is an essential part of a security consultant’s duty to verify that what was planned and designed also gets installed in the proper way, making sure that the technology will be operational and fulfill its purpose.
Cable fastening and securing is as important as proper system configuration to the success of the whole system. Out in the field, rodents and nature will eat away (literally) exposed cables and electronics.
Make sure that your investment in technology is supported by professional installation.


Produkto aprašymas anglų kalba:
High-quality thermal imaging device with a colorful HD AMOLED display
3x (Digital Zoom up to 6x, 12x)
384x288 17 µ <40mK thermal imaging sensor
Detection distance: 1,800 m
Power supply via exchangeable battery, with power-saving mode
Clear+ technology for sharper, more detailed images
16 GB of internal memory and playback option in the device
WiFi for live streaming and photo/video capture
Thermovision in perfection: the ALPEN Apex thermal imaging device
Always keep your eyes on the essentials - this is what the powerful ALPEN Apex Thermal thermal imaging device enables you to do, especially when hunting in the woods thanks to the 3x starting magnification. And that too in excellent, high-resolution images on the colorful HD AMOLED display. You can keep an eye on everything up to a distance of 1,800 m - and share your experiences with other hunting enthusiasts via video or photo.
High sensitivity thermal imaging sensor
Spot deer, wild boar, hare and co. early on, even in rain or fog - the ALPEN Apex thermal imaging device is equipped with a high-resolution NETD <40 mK 384x288 thermal imaging sensor for this purpose.
Maintain a reliable overview even in poor light conditions and total darkness - with the ALPEN Apex Thermal thermal imaging device.
Adjust the image display to any situation in a flash: "White-Hot" for universal use or "Black-Hot" for use in the dark. To detect temperature differences in objects, on the other hand, use "Red-Hot", "Color Mode", "Red Monochrome" or "Yellow-Hot". A total of 6 color palettes are available with the ALPEN Apex thermal imaging device.
INTEGRATED CAMERA AND WIFI FUNCTION FOR LIVE STREAMING
With the ALPEN Apex Thermal thermal imaging device, you can easily record and share your impressions and experiences in the hunting ground. The internal 16 GB memory offers plenty of space for your photos and videos, which you can view directly on the device after they have been taken. Modern highlight: connect the thermal imaging monocular to your smartphone or tablet via the WiFi function and view the live images in the stream directly.
The ALPEN thermal imaging monocular starts with only 2x magnification. This gives you the perfect overview thanks to the larger field of view. Then, when you spot an interesting object, look at it magnified up to 8x.
RELIABLE EVEN AT EXTREME TEMPERATURES
The high-quality AMOLED display is frost-resistant and reliably delivers its high-resolution images even at unusual temperatures. You can rely on trouble-free operation in the range from -25° to +50 °C.
ALPEN's Clear+ technology uses special software algorithms to optimize image sharpness and detail reproduction. The result is an eye-catcher: Enjoy sharper, more detailed images and improved functions for identifying observation objects. You can adjust the Clear+ function of the ALPEN Apex in 8 levels individually according to your preferences.
With the practical picture-in-picture function, you can see your target twice: the large picture gives you an overview, while the small wild boar and deer get closer to you thanks to the higher magnification.
The Apex Thermal thermal imaging device with the practical exchangeable battery always offers you enough energy for your observations. It reliably supplies the optical device with power for up to 6 hours.The monocular is not needed right now? Then simply switch to power-saving mode to conserve battery power. A second APP-3500 battery and a charger are already included in the scope of delivery. So you are already optimally equipped for 12 hours.
Item Number ATM54
Area of Application Hunting, Fishing, Caving, Camping, Security, Wildlife Viewing, Search & Rescue
Lens diameter 54mm
Battery Exclusive ALPEN battery
Scope of delivery batteries 2
Lens material Germanium
Internal memory 16 GB
Screen type AMOLED
Image file format jpeg
Sensor type 384 x 288 / 17 µm / <40 mK
Picture in picture Yes
Temperature range -25°C ~ 50°C
Waterproof Yes, strong water jets IPX 6
Dimensions (L x W x H) 215 x 62 x 83 mm
Tripod connection thread Yes
"Display off" function Yes
Accesories Multifunctional nylon bag


robocam s add ons
Best sewer pipe inspection crawler system Add-ons.
Transform Your CRALERS At Will
The very first sewer inspection camera crawler system in the world can be customized into various shapes and sizes.
The creative crawler transformation-expansion module allows the users to configure the crawler
into various shapes like a car, a ship, or even a tank.
Moreover, the Junior version of ROBOCAM S can be used in a pipeline of ⌀ 5″(125mm),
supporting the needs of our clients who wish to inspect smaller pipelines.
Robocam S Add-ons
A small sized pipe inspection crawler that can be
used in a 5” (125mm) diameter pipeline.
Robocam Jr. uses RoboEye S, so it’s compatible with RoboCrawler S.
This optical lens can zoom 10 times.
Also it is equipped with a laser measurement function which can measure
the length of any defects (like a crack) it finds during the inspection. This camera is easier to use,
and the pictures have better details than the standard version of RoboEye S.
A color video pipe crawler camera with a single LED unit
which allows the users to see the view behind the crawler
while inspecting the insides of the pipelines
Spherical Cell Extension Kit
Designed to expand the robot infinitely by connecting the pole bars
to ball-shaped connectors.
Are you ready to start building your package?
Email or call us anytime.


Ostendum is a group of companies that focuses on the commercialization of optical detection methods regarding the presence of micro-organisms, biomarkers, (bio-)molecules and (nano-)particles.
Ostendum develops and produces both the necessary hardware and software, including its own lab-on-a-chip line. Ostendum’s technology platform classifies as nanotech as well as biotech and Ostendum claims that its detection limit is at least 100 times more sensitive than currently available competing detection methods.
Portable, fast, and extremely sensitive detection
Ostendum is currently developing a fast and highly sensitive, portable biosensor for the detection of bacteria, viruses, yeasts, biomarkers and the like. Not only is Ostendum able to detect the micro-organisms, proteins or DNA molecules, but it will also instantaneously determine their concentration in the sample.
Ostendum wins Young Technology Award 2011
More information about the Young Technology award – an initiative of Kennispark Twente, PPM Oost, Deloitte and ABN-AMRO – can be obtained from:
Ostendum is an industrial partner with the University Twente’s highly regarded Research Institute for Nanotechnology, MESA+, and participates in the High Tech Factory initiative. The latter enables Ostendum to speed up its development of low costs disposable chips, and to have access to shared production facilities within state-of-the-art clean room settings.
Ostendum was awarded with a generous Nano4Vitality subsidy, which programme is financed by the Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs and the provinces of Overijssel and Gelderland. To this end, Ostendum works together with Zwanenberg Food Group for robust testing of the Ostendum method in a food processing environment, with the Laboratorium Microbiologie Twente/Achterhoek and the Medisch Spectrum Twente (MST) to obtain further proof of concept with real patient samples.


What is Touchless Smart Signage?
Touchless smart signage essentially describes signage that incorporates technology to deliver an experience to an end-user. This kind of signage utilizes not only QR codes but also NFC chips to transmit these messages. Touchless smart signage allows customers to receive messages directly to their electronic device instantly whether to inform them or to immerse them into an experience. This idea of augmented reality and immersive experiences began in the 90’s, however, with technology being so advanced, we are able to carry these around in our pockets making them a newer trend.
What are QR Codes?
QR codes or Quick Response codes look like barcodes that are made up of smaller square shapes to create one larger code. These are 2D images that are typically printed on a sign to be scanned directly using a smartphone. Most modern phones don’t require a QR app to translate the code, however, older phones may require a free app to read it. These QR codes when scanned will then take the user directly to a website link. These are increasingly becoming popular during the time of COVID where restaurants are moving toward digital menus that require no touch. This type of signage can really help to grow your online presence and also broaden your digital marketing potential.
What are NFC chips?
NFC chips or Near Field Communication chips use Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) which uses print and technology to create a digital experience for an audience. The NFC chips look like small decal “chips” that can be applied to any surface. Then, we can print any sign such as a wall mural or window graphic and apply that directly over the chip to hide it. The NFC chip will then be disguised but still usable. For example, in a museum you can put an NFC chip under a grand wall mural that direct people to scan the chip with their phone and it will digitally take them on a journey that coincides with the exhibit. Most smartphones have NFC chip readers in them, however, older versions may not be able to read this.
NFC chips are also fully customizable. You can program the chip to take the end user to any website link. If you have a chip already installed behind a huge graphic, don’t worry. You don’t need to replace the entire graphic. Simply reprogram the start chip using your phone to direct them to a new place. Unfortunately, this isn’t the same for QR codes. If you want to direct people to a new website link, you’ll need to reprint a whole new QR code.
NFC and RFID
NFC uses RFID technology which includes Bluetooth and WIFI technology. RFID however is most commonly used by retailers and larger corporations to track their inventory. For example, security guards or buildings with a strict protocol will require nametags to be scanned to enter the building. These security stations use RFID in their nametag scanning technology to know who is entering the building. RFID is also used in the implant chips that we often see in our pets.
NFC is most commonly seen in payment technology such as apply pay, google pay, etc. It is secure and requires authentication that will prevent the company from losing the sale after. NFC also enables you to still communicate with the customer after the transaction.
Touchless technology has been on the rise with the evolution of technology itself. However, with the pandemic around, we’re seeing the constant need for more touchless surfaces. NFC technology is the perfect solution. If you’re ready to get started with your touchless smart signage project, give us a call at 510.974.7369 or request a quote here.


When IBM’s Watson won Jeopardy! in 2011, the victory set off a stampede of interest in the technology behind the computing coup.
Today, what is known as “cognitive computing” is being pursued by some of the world’s leading technology companies. Along with IBM, whose Watson effort remains the most sophisticated and best-known cognitive computing platform1, Dell, Facebook, Google, HP, Microsoft and SAS are pursuing forms of artificial intelligence” (AI). The result has been a “steady and impressive improvement” in the technology’s capabilities.
Read more on why at its core, cognitive computing represents a set of powerful tools for penetrating complexity and clarifying choices.
In collaboration with IBM


Devolo Mesh Wifi 2 Whole Home – Wifi Kit. Build your own Mesh network – gapless Mesh WiFi anywhere! Devolo Mesh WiFi provides for truly seamless WiFi throughout the home. Forget about wireless gaps and experience gigabit WiFi Mesh with maximum performance. Devolo Mesh WiFi 2 includes (Whole Home Kit) smart components. Which form a joint Mesh network. To do this, simply connect the first. Mesh WiFi adapter to your router and set up the other two Mesh WiFi. Units in your rooms – right in the places where you need full WiFi. The tri-band combination of WiFi ac with Powerline technology enables the best and most stable distribution of Internet throughout the home. Compatible with all devolo Magic series adapters and can be expanded at any time. Devolo dLAN series adapters are not supported. Browsing as you walk from room to room – with the strongest access point All of the units in devolo Mesh WiFi form a shared WiFi network. Your WiFi-capable devices automatically connect to the strongest access point. So you can be online with the same access data in all rooms and browse. As you go from one room to another without your WiFi signal getting. This way, up to 100 end devices are supplied with maximum gigabit WiFi performance in any room with the choice of 2.4 or 5 GHz Wi-Fi. Expand it at any time – it’s quite easy with additional devolo WiFi mesh units! The difference between devolo Mesh WiFi and devolo Magic sets. The devolo Mesh WiFi set consists exclusively of WiFi units for replacing your existing router WiFi with a pure mesh network. Particularly in the case of older routers, you get a WiFi boost in performance because your end devices are no longer throttled by obsolete router WiFi. This means you no longer switch between the WiFi of the router and that of the adapters. Instead, you are always seamlessly connected to the strongest access point, without changing the connection data. UK buyers only please. All serial numbers, IMEI, and other unique codes and markings have been recorded. Please Note: Additional measures have also been been taken to protect against scammers and fraudsters. Please take a look at my other great items for sale at bargain prices. This item is in the category “Computers/Tablets & Networking\Home Networking & Connectivity\Powerline Networking”. The seller is “sonnet.18″ and is located in this country: GB. This item can be shipped to United Kingdom.
- Brand: devolo
- Type: Mesh WiFi
- Model: Devolo Mesh Wifi 2 Whole Home Wi-Fi Kit (UK)
- MPN: Art.no.: 08761
- EAN: 4250059687615


Slovenian voice over by MK presents
Voice Over Audio Guide - Basics
Voice Over Audio Guide - Basics
First of all, let’s deal with MP3s. They are not the best. My Slovenian Voice Over Audio Guide will give you some pointers to better understand this complex field. If you take away anything from here, try to remember that MP3s kinda suck. If you have even a passing interest in decent sound, and audio fidelity, you’re going to want to avoid MP3s. Most essentially, an MP3 (meaning MPEG-1 Audio Layer 3) is a file that sacrifices audio resolution for small file size. It cuts out all the bits that we as humans aren’t supposed to be able to hear. Also, it can be read by just about any device on earth. Why don’t I use MP3 for my Slovenian voice over projects?
What are the cons here? We might not technically be able to ‘hear’ the bits that are cut out, but this compression of the file renders it thin, tinny, and lifeless. No one these days seriously uses MP3s: its creators terminated its licensing. Therefore, I do not use MP3 format to deliver my Slovenian voice over work.
Now we dive into the FLAC format. FLAC format is where things get interesting. The “Free Lossless Audio Codec” pulls off an outstanding trick by allowing us to compress the file size down to approximately 60% of the original. It does this without losing any noticeable audio quality. Not only is it open source, but it allows the transmission of sample rates up to 1,411 Kbps, which is significantly higher than anything else. This is the format you should use if you really care about your sound, but don’t want to commit to physical formats like CDs. This format is occasionally requested by clients needing Slovenian voice over services.
The WAV format is equally common, and it is useful for anybody who wants decent audio. Essentially, WAVs (Waveform Audio File Format) are higher resolution audio files, that almost always contain uncompressed audio. Technically speaking, a WAV file is a presentation of a piece of audio encoded with something known as Pulse Code Modulation (PCM). This is a way of taking the analog audio and converting it into digital so that it has a sample rate and bit depth. For all intents and purposes, WAV and PCM are interchangeable terms, and both refer to a high-quality audio file. In performing Slovenian voice overs I almost exclusively use the WAV format. FLAC is commonly used on streaming services, whereas you’ll normally find WAVs and MP3s on common hard drives.
Knowing about sample rates is one of the cornerstones of knowledge for anyone who dabs in audio. Therefore this chapter takes the most space in this Slovenian voice over audio guide. Sound waves are converted into data through a series of snapshot measurements, or samples. A sample is taken at a particular time in the audio wave, recording the amplitude. This information is then converted into binary data.
The system makes thousands of measurements per second. If we can take tons of measurements very quickly with enough possible amplitude values, we can effectively use these snapshots to reconstruct the resolution of an analog wave.
The recording system takes these measurements at a speed called the sample rate, measured in kilohertz. In most digital audio workstations – or DAWs – you’ll find an adjustable sample rate in your audio preferences. This controls the sample rate for audio in your project.
The options you see in the average DAW—44.1 kHz, 48 kHz—may seem a bit random, but they most certainly are not. You will soon understand why I use the 48 kHz sample rate in my Slovene voice over work. The sample rate determines the range of frequencies captured in digital audio. For example, let us use the sine wave:
In order to measure the frequency of this sine wave, we need to be able to detect and define one cycle. One complete cycle of any wave contains a positive and negative stage. To know the length of this cycle—the wavelength, which leads us to the wave’s frequency—we need to detect both of these two stages. Therefore, we need to measure the wave at least two times per full cycle to accurately capture its frequency. (Now we will get into a bit more technical stuff in my Slovenian Voice Over Audio Guide):
What this means is that we can capture and reconstruct the original sine wave’s frequency with a sample rate. The sample rate is at least twice its frequency, a rate that is named the Nyquist rate. Conversely, a system can capture and recreate frequencies up to half the sample rate, a limit that is named the Nyquist frequency.
The Nyquist frequency is the bandwidth of a sampled signal, and is equal to half the sampling frequency of that signal. If the sampled signal represents a continuous spectral range starting at 0 Hz, the Nyquist frequency is the highest frequency that the sampled signal can represent.
The signal above the Nyquist frequency is not recorded properly by ADCs, becoming mirrored back across the Nyquist frequency and introducing artificial frequencies in a process that is named aliasing.
In order to prevent aliasing, audio-to-digital converters are often preceded by low-pass filters. The low pass filters eliminate frequencies above the Nyquist frequency before audio reaches the converter. This will prevent unwanted super high frequencies in the original audio from causing aliasing. Early filters could taint the audio, but this problem is being minimized as better technology is introduced. Hopefully this subchapter, containing quite a bit of technical jargon didn’t confuse you too much and you are still reading my Slovenian Voice Over Audio Guide. If so, kudos 🙂 Let’s now move on the sample rate of 44.1 kHz.
The standard sample rate, the one that is most commonly used is 44.1 kHz. Sample rate of 44.1 kHz will accurately represent frequencies of up to 22kHz. Humans with great hearing can hear up to 20kHz. This tells us that a sample rate of 44,1kHz is perfectly adequate to record music and voice overs. 44.1kHz also eats up less storage on your computer than higher sample rates. Some people insist they can hear improvements in audio recorded at higher sample rates. The science doesn’t really support these claims. But still, most work in the voice over field is done using the 48 kHz sample rate.
So, humans can hear frequencies between 20 Hz and 20 kHz. Most people lose their ability to hear upper frequencies over the course of their lives and can only hear frequencies up to 15 kHz–18 kHz.
The computer should be able to recreate waves with frequencies up to 20 kHz in order to preserve everything we can hear. Therefore, a sample rate of 40 kHz should be the best to use, right?
The sample rate of 44.1 kHz technically allows for audio at frequencies up to 22 kHz to be recorded. By placing the Nyquist frequency outside of our hearing range, we can use more moderate filters to eliminate aliasing without much audible effect.
With 44.1 kHz being an acceptable sample rate for consumer audio, there are occurrences in which higher sample rates are used. For example in music and voice over industry. Some sample rates were introduced during the early days of digital audio when anti-aliasing filters were expensive. By moving the Nyquist frequency even higher allows us to place the filter further and further out of human hearing, and therefore impact the audio even less.
48 kHz is another very common sample rate that we will mention in my Slovenian Voice Over Audio Guide. The higher sample rate technically leads to more measurements per second and a closer recreation of the original audio. So 48 kHz is often used in “professional audio” contexts, as in professional voice over audio files, more than music contexts. For instance, it’s the standard sample rate in audio for video. This sample rate moves the Nyquist frequency to around 24 kHz, giving further buffer room before filtering is needed. Therefore this sample rate is the one frequently used in my Slovenian voice over projects.
There are some engineers who choose to work in even higher sample rates, which tend to be multiples of either 44.1 kHz or 48 kHz. Sample rates of 88.2 kHz, 96 kHz, 176.4 kHz, and 192 kHz result in higher Nyquist frequencies, meaning supersonic frequencies can be recorded and recreated. Low pass filters have less impact on the sound and more samples per second, which results in a more high-definition recreation of the original audio.
In my Slovenian voice over projects I almost exclusively record in 48 kHz and deliver the work in WAV format. If a client explicitly requests, the voice over file may be deliver in other specifications.
Quality matters! Therefore, by choosing my services for your Slovenian voice over project, high-quality awaits you.
Bit depth dictates the number of possible amplitude values of one sample. Pulse-code modulation (PCM) is the standard form of digital audio in computers. The amplitude of an analog signal is sampled at regular intervals to create a digital representation of the sound source. The sampled amplitude is quantized to the nearest value within a given range. The number of values within this range are determined by bit depth.
Using your DAW, information that reaches above 0dB is clipping, correct? Actually, this isn’t the case. Information above 0dB isn’t lost until it’s truncated by your D/A converter, or exported to a fixed point file format (such as 16 or 24-bit fixed point). Applying a 32-bit limiter to the stereo buss in your DAW will prevent clipping from occurring. Even if the signal running into the limiter is peaking well above 0dB. This means all the individual tracks in your DAW can be peaking above 0dB, if you apply a 32-bit limiter on your master buss. No, this isn’t going to make your music louder.
By exporting a 32-bit floating point file, the points above 0dB will be saved to the file you export. However, if you try to playback the file through your audio interface, your 24-bit fixed point D/A converter will cause the information above 0dB to disappear. This doesn’t mean the information is missing from the digital file on your computer. It means D/A converter just can’t reconstruct the digital signal above 0dB in the analog realm.
You can send a 32-bit floating point file that’s peaking above 0dB to your mastering engineer. They will be able to reduce the level of the file when they import it. I hope that my Slovenian Voice Over Audio Guide shed some light on your understanding of the nature of sound and audio. I wish you all the best in your future endeavours!


Electric motor can present problems in the low maximum torque or high current to empty
The electric motor as well as all electrical equipment is any more it is used and the more time passes, the natural is that the electric motor begins to present one or another problem.
When the problem the electric motor occurs because the low maximum torque appears indicates that the problem may be in the rotor failure or is decentralized, the rotor is tilted in bars and above what is considered ideal, the voltage is below the nominal or Furthermore, the capacitor is permanently below the specified.
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The electric motor may have problem in high current at no load and when this problem occurs means that it can be related to: air gap above what is specified voltage above what was specified, often below the specified, the internal connection has been made so wrong, the rotor is dragging or decentralized, the bearings are defective, the covers are poorly fitted or with too much pressure, the magnetic plates untreated, permanent capacitor outside the specified or platinum / centrifugal not open.
The electric motor drive is a very important issue and that people using this machine should be aware. For those who do not remember, the engine is a machine designed to make the conversion of electrical energy into mechanical energy. Today there are several processes and products that need mechanical energy to function and why this engine is meeting various needs.
Actuate electric machines 4l800 v belt at mro is not a difficult process, but it requires that they are installed correctly and in perfect working order. Whenever you have questions about how to perform any procedure with regard to the engine, be sure to be looking for information on how to do so that you avoid future problems.
The engine has evolved significantly in recent years, but failed to show how efficient and economical, despite all the changes in its structure. The engine is simple and effective in the function in which it operates and this contributes to their growth and service different areas.
Bicycles with electric motors is a novelty that is growing gradually in the Brazilian market. There are several models that won the engine as a way of operation, thus helping people even using this feature as a means of transport. Interesting to follow the evolution of this machine.
As in other segments, the engine will provide mechanical energy to be able to move the bike. But this movement is basic and not very fast, so it’s just a way to help those who are making use of the bicycle. It is less tiring ride on a bicycle that is driven by the engine.
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Bike prices with electric motors end up having a higher value due to this technology. Before making the purchase of your bike is interesting to make a price survey to have knowledge of what is the company that works with the most affordable and the best way to payment. You can find these companies in the physical tracking, as well as the virtual segment.
The power factor that measures the efficiency of the electric motor is nothing more than the cosine of the angle that is the gap between current and voltage, and this indicates the amount that’s active power contained in the apparent power.
Electric motor performance is measured as the ratio between the mechanical power that is available on the electric motor shaft and over the electrical power which is absorbed by the network.
Through the realization of performance measurement can indicate the efficiency of the electric motor when the electric motor 15hp ac motors performs the transformation of electrical energy into mechanical energy. Typically, these values are given in percentages.
To select and specify an electric motor is important to conduct an assessment of the quality of the electric motor of the external torque which is available both on the pulley and the electric motor shaft, as well the electric motor can accomplish a mechanical work at a rated speed.
Electric motor DC has high installation costs, because its operation depends on the speed of adjustment within the limits that are large
The electric motor is powered by direct current need a current source for the electric motor to work. The electric motor DC has a high installation cost, because this kind of electric motor operates at a speed that fits within the limits that are large.
The DC electric motor baldor brake motors is the most used in cases where you need to go with the whole load at once. For this reason, the electric motor of direct current is applied in elevators, in locomotives and cranes.
The DC electric motor consists of an armature or armature (rotor); for inducing or field or also called coil; a casing and also a set of brushes.
The electric motor has a protection system that serves to prevent the electric motor between in dangerous operations that may cause damage to operate the electric motor and also foot the electric motor.
The protection of electric motor devices operating on electric motor power line and electric motor temperature.
The electric motor also has guards with response to current. This device is placed between the electric motor and the control system. It works by increasing the line current which causes a challenge occurs due to temperature increase is caused by material that drives the device.
This device protects the electric motor suffer from overcharging, as happens increased appreciably chain line, and those devices not responding to external temperature elevation.
The functionality of the electric motor is to make the transformation of electrical energy into mechanical energy. A machine that is very important and it has undergone significant changes in recent years. With time he was making improvements that make this machine one of the most used in recent years. best prices of the market
With so many models available for use will each make an analysis about each of them in order to choose the one that best applies to the requested purpose. It is necessary to make an analysis of the functionality of each of these engines to see which one is best for you to use.
Now that you know what is the feature of this engine, you can certainly understand why he is so used nowadays. The economy offered is very important and also ends up being a differential that contributes to that engine is increasingly used and always showing good results.


Several institutes are active at Campus Johanneberg.
The foundation Fraunhofer-Chalmers Research Centre for Industrial Mathematics (FCC) was founded by Chalmers and the German Fraunhofer Society as a commercially run, but non-profit, Swedish foundation intended to develop and adapt mathematical methods for industry and business.
IMEGO AB is a research institute specialized in microsensorsystems. IMEGO is owned by Swedish ICT Research which is jointly owned by the Swedish government and industry.
IVL – the Swedish Environmental Research Institute works with assignments and research concerning the entire environmental sector where research competence is an important founding element. IVL is owned by the Foundation for IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute (SIVL). The IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute has branch offices in Stockholm, Gothenburg, Malmö as well as Beijing, China.
SP (the Technical Research Institute of Sweden) is a state-owned research institute that is engaged in activities involving basic research, applied research, technical investigations, calculations, measurements, quality controls and certifications. SP’s headquarter and principal activity is located in Borås.


Solder bumps are then formed on the UBM, as illustrated in Figure 4. Having the solder bumps on the smaller die facilitates the assembly process. Pre-processing required for flip-chip bonding not drawn to scale. Solder bumps, tens of microns thick, are fabricated on the UBM.
This section focuses on the design and fabrication of a specific prototype. Therefore, the challenging part with these dies was the circuit design, mainly the pixel layout, and not the fabrication. Photodetector dies, however, were fabricated in a custom process. In terms of manufacturability and performance, these dies are not the best that could be designed for the visible band — nm , which was targeted for simplicity.
However, they are the best that could be made with the available materials and equipment. A new process was developed at the UofA Nanofab to realize the photodetector dies. Process development requires that all materials used, e. The CMOS die was designed for a 0. The supply voltage V dd is 5 V. A floor plan of the design is shown in Figure 5 a. ADCs were not included for simplicity. Schematic and layout designs were done with Cadence. The schematic was verified using DC, AC, and transient simulations. Dies were fabricated through CMC. Layout of the active pixel is shown in Figure 5 b , and the principle schematics of each block is shown in Figure 6.
Each pixel has a bond pad BP for integration with a vertical photodetector and a lateral photodiode LP. It also includes a feedback logarithmic-response circuit FL , a standard logarithmic-response circuit SL , and a switch SW that configures the output. Although electrostatic discharge protection is recommended for all bond pads, such circuits were only included in wire bond pads.
Interior bond pads are inaccessible after flip-chip bonding. Because the light-sensitive semiconductor in the photodetector die is unpatterned, active pixels in the CMOS die employ feedback circuits to reduce crosstalk. A logarithmic response to light stimulus was chosen over a linear one because it can capture a higher dynamic range. The feedback logarithmic-response circuit maintains a constant voltage at the photodetector back contacts and, therefore, uses current as its input signal.
Readout of the FL and SL circuits is activated when the row - select signal is logic low. In this case, transistors P 3 and P 6 are conducting, and column bias currents, I col1 and I col2 , flow through the source-follower transistors, P 2 and P 5 , respectively. A lateral photodiode and a standard logarithmic-response circuit are included in each pixel so that the functionality of the CMOS die could be tested independently of flip-chip bonding and feedback.
The switch in each pixel is configured externally through the control line S. In one configuration, the lateral photodiode is connected to the input node of the standard logarithmic circuit, V in SL , and the vertical photodetector is connected to the input node of the feedback logarithmic circuit, V in FL. Connections are swapped in the second configuration. The switch acts as a multiplexer to analog signals; it is composed of transmission gates. In general, design rules of CMOS processes do not allow placement of devices underneath bond pads, and require bond pads to connect to all metal layers.
However, researchers are working to change this. For example, Ker et al. Their bond pads used all metal layers except the lowest, which was used for the transistors. Even after wire bonding, there was little difference between the characteristics of these transistors and standard ones, located far from the bond pads. The design of the photodetector die was mainly determined by the light-sensitive semiconductor that we could use. There was no equipment for GaAs deposition in the Nanofab.
Moreover, GaAs films must be deposited on GaAs substrates, which are opaque to visible light. Some options, such as HgCdTe, were ruled out because of their toxicity. Other options, such as organic films, did not have good enough performance at the time. After a careful review, the only semiconductor we could work with productively was a-Si:H. The latter method tends to yield higher quality films than the former method. Although the Nanofab has sputtering machines, none of them had a hydrogen supply.
Fortunately, Micralyne Inc. Therefore, our devices had to be based on intrinsic films, and so p-n or p-i-n photodiodes could not be implemented. Consequently, we designed an MSM device, in which an intrinsic a-Si:H layer is sandwiched between two conductive layers. Figure 7 illustrates the fabrication process of the photodetectors. The purpose of the first lithography step was to selectively etch the a-Si:H layer. The chamber was pumped down prior to the process.
Etching was done in an atmosphere composed of 40 sccm of carbon tetrafluoride CF 4 and 10 sccm of oxygen O 2. An RF power of W was applied, and the chamber pressure was 63 mTorr. A chrome mask was used for the dry etch because earlier trials with a photoresist mask showed that the etchant gases consumed the photoresist at a higher rate than the a-Si:H. Fabrication process of the designed photodetector die: a deposition of ITO and a-Si:H; b patterning of the a-Si:H; and c deposition and patterning of metal.
Chrome was used as the back contact because it has a good adhesion to non-metal substrates, including a-Si:H. To get a higher photocurrent to dark current ratio with this MSM device, the CMOS die connects the ITO electrode to a higher voltage than the chrome electrode due to the relative size of potential barriers at the two Schottky junctions [ 51 ].
We used borosilicate glass Borofloat as the handle substrate for the photodetectors. Although thinner substrates were available, we used 1 mm thick ones because they were in stock at the Nanofab. Substrates were cleaned using a Piranha solution sulfuric acid and hydrogen peroxide. Results are presented in Figure 8.
Optical transmission of a borosilicate glass substrate before and after ITO deposition. Transmission of the coated glass was measured before and after the ITO was annealed.
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Equipment and materials available in the Nanofab meant we could use either a thin metal or TCO film as the transparent electrode. The layer could be realized by physical vapour deposition PVD , i. Moreover, if a metal film is used, it must be less than 20 nm thick. Although the substrate is rotated during the deposition, there are still non-uniformities in film thickness.
With thin metals, small variations in thickness result in large variations in transparency and conductivity. When ITO is exposed to hydrogen plasma, hydrogen radicals react with the oxygen in the ITO, and reduce some of the oxide into metals, i. ZnO, on the contrary, is non-reactive under these conditions [ 54 ]. Although ZnO and AZO targets are available commercially, we were not allowed to work with zinc in the multi-user machines of the Nanofab because zinc has a high vapour pressure at low temperatures. Usage of zinc in the vacuum chambers would mean that, for a long time, future users of the machine would have zinc contamination in their depositions.
Therefore, we had to work with ITO. The deposition was done at room temperature in a pure argon environment with a gas flow of 50 sccm, and under pressure of 5. Each deposition lasted for 50 min. An RF power of 80 W was used during the process. Under these conditions, the mean deposition rate of the ITO was 5.
Film resistivity was measured immediately after deposition using a four-point probe.
The average value was 5. The average resistivity after annealing was 5. As shown in Figure 8 , annealing had negligible impact on film transparency. ITO films show high optical transmission for wavelengths longer than nm, and this makes them suitable for photodetection in the visible and near IR bands. In the first set, a-Si:H was deposited on two thermal-oxide silicon wafers. One film was 50 nm thick, and the other was 1, nm thick. Film thicknesses were , , , and 1, nm. These depositions were used to fabricate the photodetector dies. The 1, nm film in this second set, however, was not uniform over the substrate.
We asked for multiple thicknesses to experimentally determine the optimal photodetector thickness. The thin Micralyne film on the thermal oxide substrate was used to measure optical properties in the visible band. A thin film is needed to ensure that not all the light passing through the a-Si:H is absorbed.
Results are compared to reported values for crystalline silicon [ 55 ], as well as hydrogenated and non-hydrogenated amorphous silicon [ 56 ]. In most of the visible band, the Micralyne film absorbs about ten times as much light as does crystalline silicon. Optoelectronic properties of Micralyne a-Si:H films: a measured absorption coefficient as compared to literature values; and b film conductivity and estimated pixel current for varying surface illuminance. The thick Micralyne film on the second thermal oxide substrate was used for optoelectronic characterization.
Because the thermal oxide substrate is an insulator, electrical properties of the film could only be tested with surface contacts. The transmission line model TLM method [ 57 ] was used to extract sheet resistance.
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This method requires long contacts with variable spacing to be patterned. Aluminum was deposited on the a-Si:H to form the contacts, and this was followed by a single lithography step. Aluminum interacts with a-Si:H to form ohmic contacts even at low temperatures [ 58 ]. Given film thickness, the material conductivity may also be extracted. Measurements with the patterned Micralyne film were repeated for several levels of surface illuminance.
The light source included a halogen light bulb with a 3, K correlated colour temperature and a cold fiber waveguide. Electrical measurements were performed using a probe station and a HP parameter analyzer. To estimate surface illuminance, luminance was measured with a meter from light reflected off white paper that was illuminated in identical conditions to the sample.
Results are shown in Figure 9 b. Conductivity of the Micralyne films changes by about four orders of magnitude in response to a similar change in surface illuminance. Currents in this range may be easily sensed by CMOS circuits. Figure 9 b proves that the Micralyne a-Si:H films are suitable for imaging in the visible band with the readout done using conventional CMOS circuits.
There is one more factor to note. Steabler and Wronski [ 60 ] found that, when exposed to light, there is a gradual decrease in the photocurrent and dark current of a-Si:H films. This change can be reversed by annealing the films in a temperature that is slightly lower than their deposition temperature. Extensive research has been done on the Steabler-Wronski effect SWE by various groups around the world see, for example, Stutzmann et al.
However, our main purpose is prototype fabrication and proof of functionality. Different light-sensitive devices may be used in future. Figure 3 shows finished CMOS and photodetector dies. Design and fabrication of these bond pads are discussed in a CMC application note [ 62 ]. The finished dies were sent to a flip-chip contractor, who deposited TSM on the interior bond pads of the CMOS dies, formed indium-based solder bumps on the UBM bond pads, and assembled several prototypes by flip-chip bonding.
The process developed there for the UBM includes deposition of a titanium adhesion layer and a thick aluminum layer. This is followed by electroless-nickel immersion-gold plating. It is also preferred that undiced glass substrates with photodetector arrays are sent rather than diced photodetector dies. Some dies were damaged as they were too small to handle. After formation of the solder bumps, the flip-chip contractor can dice the substrates into dies at his facility.
The FPGA is programmed to scan the array using the row and column address decoders.
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After a new address is placed, control signals are sent to the ADC to sample the analog output line of the image sensor. To capture scenes, the image sensor PCB is placed on the top of the FPGA board, and the two are accommodated in a camera body that was designed for this purpose. A photo of the disassembled camera is shown in Figure To demonstrate the effect of working with large pixels, the same scene was photographed with a commercial CCD camera an Olympus D with 3. The original photo taken with the CCD camera is shown in Figure 11 a.
Figure 11 b shows the image obtained after the original photo has been processed to match the resolution of the VI-CMOS prototype, i. A photo of the mug as taken with the prototype is shown in Figure 11 c. Example images: a taken with a commercial CCD camera; b same as previous but with the resolution changed to match that of the prototype; and c taken with the VI-CMOS prototype. Signal and noise properties of a digital camera define four important measures that affect the overall image quality: the signal-to-noise ratio SNR , the signal-to-noise-and-distortion ratio SNDR , the dynamic range DR , and the dark limit DL.
Noise sources exist in the imaging system and in the scene. They can be divided into two types: temporal noise and fixed-pattern-noise FPN. The SNR considers only the temporal noise, whereas the SNDR considers both temporal and fixed-pattern noise, which are assumed to be uncorrelated. At this operating point, the signal and noise power are equal. To characterize the signal and noise properties obtained with the VI-CMOS prototype, the camera was pointed at a uniformly illuminated scene.
A light bulb with colour temperature of 2, K was used as the light source. The image plane illuminance was varied by changing the aperture diameter or the f-stop number of the pupil. A neutral density filter Hoya ND with attenuation ratio of was used in combination with the pupil. For these measurements, the image sensor was configured to connect the vertical photodetectors to the input nodes of the standard logarithmic-response circuits, and data was read through the output lines of those circuits. Twenty frames sampled at a frame rate of 70 Hz were read and recorded at each luminance level.
The data was used for statistical calculations, i. The average response of each pixel is used as calibration data for a real-time FPN-correction algorithm. When enough time is given for adaptation, the DR of the human eye extends at least dB. Human vision has three regions of operation [ 64 ].
Scotopic vision, or dark vision, occurs for luminances lower than 0. For luminances between these thresholds, the human eye operates in a transition mode called mesopic vision. In this region, the response to colour gradually deteriorates as luminance decreases. Assuming parameters of a conventional lens, data provided for the image plane illuminance at which the SNDR of an image sensor is 0 dB can be used to estimate the DL of a digital camera built with that sensor. Janesick [ 66 ] and Hoefflinger [ 67 ], for example, reported values obtained experimentally with linear and logarithmic CMOS APS cameras respectively.
However, its peak SNDR is low. In electronic image sensors, conversion of analog signals generated by photodetectors into digital signals can be done at four different levels. At chip level, one or more ADCs are fabricated on the same chip as the sensor array. In general, the longer the path an analog signal needs to travel to reach an ADC, the greater the noise it accumulates. Image sensors include photodetectors and mixed-signal circuits, which involve devices with different requirements.
Vertical integration of these devices means each tier may be fabricated in a different process. This enables advanced circuits in each pixel without sacrificing spatial resolution. Advanced pixel-level circuitry is essential for improving the overall performance of image sensors. It is desirable to leave the light-sensitive semiconductor unpatterned in the photodetector die of a VI-CMOS image sensor. This results in a preference for feedback active pixels in the CMOS die, whereby potential differences between adjacent photodetector contacts are attenuated to reduce pixel crosstalk.
The design of photodetectors for VI-CMOS image sensors, especially those fabricated by flip-chip bonding, has many more degrees of freedom than the design of photodetectors for CMOS image sensors. Choices need to be made regarding materials used for the handle substrate, the transparent electrode, and the light-sensitive devices. One must also choose the light-sensitive device type, which may be a photoconductor, photodiode, or phototransistor.
With all this freedom, photodetectors may be optimized for various applications. In addition to general design and fabrication principles, supported by extensive references, this work presents a specific VI-CMOS image sensor prototype. To make the prototype, a CMOS die was designed for a commercial process, and a photodetector die was designed for a custom process. Finally, the two dies were assembled by a flip-chip contractor through CMC. The first is a feedback logarithmic-response circuit, and the second is a standard logarithmic-response circuit. Optoelectronic properties of the Micralyne a-Si:H films were reported.
The films proved excellent for visible-band imaging. An imaging system has been developed to test the prototype. Characterization results of the signal and noise properties at video rates show that the prototype has a lower dark limit and a higher dynamic range than a conventional CMOS APS. The SNDR, however, is low. The main drawback with the prototype is a low spatial resolution due to large pixels. Even if fine-pitch flip-chip bonding cannot be accessed by Canadian researchers in the near future, there are applications where large pixels are acceptable.
For example, in medical X-ray imaging, which is a lens-less imaging technique, pixel pitches are of several tens of microns. Optimization of the photodetectors for a lower dark limit means that patients would be exposed to a lower X-ray dosage. Another advantage of the presented approach is its robustness. As long as contact dimensions and electrical interfaces are preserved, the same CMOS die may be bonded to various sensor dies, which are not limited to photodetector dies.
National Center for Biotechnology Information , U. Journal List Sensors Basel v. Sensors Basel. Published online Apr Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer. This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Introduction Fabrication of integrated circuit IC devices in 3D structures, where active components are stacked vertically to form a microsystem, is a growing trend in IC design.
Open in a separate window. Figure 1. Figure 2. Figure 3. Photodetector Die The photodetector die in Figure 3 b was fabricated in a custom process. Handle Substrate The handle substrate of the photodetector die must be transparent for the electromagnetic band targeted by the application. Table 1. Transparent Electrode The first layer on the handle substrate must be a transparent conductor. Table 2. Table 3.
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Light-Sensitive Devices Electronic photodetectors are mainly constructed from a light-sensitive semiconductor, which must have high absorption coefficients for the targeted wavelengths. Flip-Chip Bonding CMOS dies and photodetector dies need to undergo a few more process steps before they can be flip-chip bonded. Figure 4. Figure 5. Figure 6. Photodetector Die The design of the photodetector die was mainly determined by the light-sensitive semiconductor that we could use.
Figure 7. Handle Substrate We used borosilicate glass Borofloat as the handle substrate for the photodetectors. Figure 8. Transparent Electrode Equipment and materials available in the Nanofab meant we could use either a thin metal or TCO film as the transparent electrode. Figure 9. Figure Conclusion Image sensors include photodetectors and mixed-signal circuits, which involve devices with different requirements. References 1. Dong X, Xie Y. Wong H. IEEE Trans.
Electron Dev. Bajaj J. IEEE J.
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Solid-State Circ. One of the key concepts in electronics is the printed circuit board or PCB. It's so fundamental that people often forget to explain what a PCB is. Over the next few pages, we'll discuss the composition of a printed circuit board, cover some terminology, a look at methods of assembly, and discuss briefly the design process behind creating a new PCB.
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You can view the translation here. Printed circuit board is the most common name but may also be called "printed wiring boards" or "printed wiring cards". Before the advent of the PCB circuits were constructed through a laborious process of point-to-point wiring. This led to frequent failures at wire junctions and short circuits when wire insulation began to age and crack. A significant advance was the development of wire wrapping , where a small gauge wire is literally wrapped around a post at each connection point, creating a gas-tight connection which is highly durable and easily changeable.
As electronics moved from vacuum tubes and relays to silicon and integrated circuits, the size and cost of electronic components began to decrease. Electronics became more prevalent in consumer goods, and the pressure to reduce the size and manufacturing costs of electronic products drove manufacturers to look for better solutions.
Thus was born the PCB. PCB is an acronym for printed circuit board. It is a board that has lines and pads that connect various points together. In the picture above, there are traces that electrically connect the various connectors and components to each other. A PCB allows signals and power to be routed between physical devices. Solder is the metal that makes the electrical connections between the surface of the PCB and the electronic components.
Being metal, solder also serves as a strong mechanical adhesive. A PCB is sort of like a layer cake or lasagna- there are alternating layers of different materials which are laminated together with heat and adhesive such that the result is a single object. The base material, or substrate, is usually fiberglass. Historically, the most common designator for this fiberglass is "FR4".
This solid core gives the PCB its rigidity and thickness. There are also flexible PCBs built on flexible high-temperature plastic Kapton or the equivalent. Cheaper PCBs and perf boards shown above will be made with other materials such as epoxies or phenolics which lack the durability of FR4 but are much less expensive. You will know you are working with this type of PCB when you solder to it - they have a very distictive bad smell. These types of substrates are also typically found in low-end consumer electronics. Phenolics have a low thermal decomposition temperature which causes them to delaminate, smoke and char when the soldering iron is held too long on the board.
The next layer is a thin copper foil, which is laminated to the board with heat and adhesive. On common, double sided PCBs, copper is applied to both sides of the substrate. In lower cost electronic gadgets the PCB may have copper on only one side. When we refer to a double sided or 2-layer board we are referring to the number of copper layers 2 in our lasagna. This can be as few as 1 layer or as many as 16 layers or more. PCB with copper exposed, no solder mask or silkscreen. The copper thickness can vary and is specified by weight, in ounces per square foot. The vast majority of PCBs have 1 ounce of copper per square foot but some PCBs that handle very high power may use 2 or 3 ounce copper.
Each ounce per square translates to about 35 micrometers or 1. The layer on top of the copper foil is called the soldermask layer. It is overlaid onto the copper layer to insulate the copper traces from accidental contact with other metal, solder, or conductive bits. This layer helps the user to solder to the correct places and prevent solder jumpers.
In the example below, the green solder mask is applied to the majority of the PCB, covering up the small traces but leaving the silver rings and SMD pads exposed so they can be soldered to. Soldermask is most commonly green in color but nearly any color is possible. The white silkscreen layer is applied on top of the soldermask layer. The silkscreen adds letters, numbers, and symbols to the PCB that allow for easier assembly and indicators for humans to better understand the board. We often use silkscreen labels to indicate what the function of each pin or LED. Silkscreen is most commonly white but any ink color can be used.
Black, gray, red, and even yellow silkscreen colors are widely available; it is, however, uncommon to see more than one color on a single board. Now that you've got an idea of what a PCB structure is, let's define some terms that you may hear when dealing with PCBs:. Not so accurate, but functional drill hits. Abe does a quick demonstration of how to line up a paste stencil and apply solder paste. It's pretty awesome.
Various portions of the PCB that have no traces but has a ground pour instead. The legs of the resistor go through the holes. The popular pogo pin with pointed tip. We use tons of these on our test beds. Complex slots cut into the ProtoSnap - Pro Mini. There are also many mouse bites shown. Note: the corners of the slots cannot be made completely square because they are cut with a circular routing bit.


When astrophysicists at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee helped to confirm the existence of gravity waves, their most significant contribution was in the field of data management and analysis: A UWM supercomputer was among the first machines to identify the ripple in space-time created by the merger of two black holes 1.3 billion years ago.
The data were gathered by miles-long, L-shaped, super-sensitive laser devices in Louisiana and Washington state, and sounded, when properly analyzed, like a chirp. Gravity waves are the last prediction of Albert Einstein’s 100-year-old general theory of relativity to be confirmed and are expected to change our understanding of the universe.
➜ About 1,000 scientists worldwide worked on the project, but it was Prof. Patrick Brady’s team at UWM that led the way in devising a method to detect the black hole merger.
➜ Brady’s Center for Gravitation, Cosmology and Astrophysics raised $3.1 million in extramural funding in 2014-15, about 10 percent of the campus-wide total for research.
➜ The science is complex, but some 200 people turned out for a UWM presentation on gravity waves at Anodyne Coffee, 224 W. Bruce St., in February.
➜ The gravity waves announcement was based on just one-third of the data collected during the project’s first wave. New revelations may be announced soon.


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Mars Rover Curiosityby S. Neil Vineberg
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notice.usa.gov The camera at the end of the robotic arm on NASA's Mars rover Curiosity spent a busy weekend taking photos from several arm positions.
NASA VIDEO - Living on Mars Time www.nasa.gov Watch or download the latest launch videos, mission updates, animations, This Week @NASA, ScienceCast and more.
youtu.be This 11-minute animation depicts key events of NASA's Mars Science Laboratory mission, which will launch in late 2011 and land a rover, Curiosity, on Mars in...
cosmiclog.nbcnews.com The robotic arm on NASA's Curiosity rover should set a new standard for robotic operations on Mars — and it could revolutionize robotics on Earth as well. At least that's what Ashítey Trebi-Ollennu, one of the four robotic-arm system
cosmiclog.nbcnews.com Eight years ago, NASA's Opportunity rover came across strange-looking spheres that were nicknamed Martian blueberries — and now the Mars rover has sent back a picture showing a different flavor of berry that has the experts scratching their head


Valley Baptist Health System Utilizing Artificial Intelligence in Stroke TreatmentMay 10, 2021
HARLINGEN & BROWNSVILLE – From self-driving cars to millions of web searches every day, artificial intelligence is used in countless applications in everyday life.
In 2018, Valley Baptist Health System was the first system in the Rio Grande Valley to bring the power of a specific type of artificial intelligence to stroke care, and the system has continued to make upgrades to its artificial intelligence capabilities to improve stroke treatment in the region.
The artificial intelligence, developed by Viz.ai, has been in use at Valley Baptist since November of 2018, said Dr. Ameer Hassan, DO, FAHA, FSVIN, head of the neuroscience department, director of endovascular surgical neuroradiology and director of clinical neuroscience research at Valley Baptist Medical Center-Harlingen.
“Artificial intelligence feels like it is two steps ahead of the game and has really played an important role in triaging some of the most complicated strokes we care for at Valley Baptist,” he said.
When a patient who is suspected of having a stroke arrives at Valley Baptist, within minutes they receive a battery of tests to determine the severity of any potential stroke. These tests include a full array of images taken of the patient’s brain as well as the blood vessels leading to the brain. Some patients also receive CT perfusion imaging, which shows physicians detailed information on blood flow being received by different areas of the brain and which parts are potentially salvageable during treatment.
The artificial intelligence is used to analyze these imaging results, alerting physicians and healthcare providers when it discovers abnormalities, which in turn significantly improves treatment times through earlier diagnosis, Hassan said.
“The artificial intelligence system analyzes the CT angiogram for a large vessel occlusion, then pushes an alert to all team members’ phones when it detects one,” Hassan said. “The use of artificial intelligence has improved our treatment times, and we all know that time is brain in relation to dealing with stroke, because 1.9 million neurons die every minute a stroke is untreated.”
Large vessel occlusions are strokes that are caused by a blockage of one of the major arteries of the brain. These strokes make up approximately 20 percent of all strokes, Hassan said, but carry with them a higher risk of long-term disability or death than other types of stroke.
“The goal is to use tools like artificial intelligence to send more of our stroke patients home with fewer deficits than ever before,” Hassan said.
A recent study published in Interventional Neuroradiology showed that the use of artificial intelligence in the treatment of large vessel occlusions had a number of benefits for patients, including reduced transfer times, shorter hospital stays, and ultimately better outcomes, Hassan said.
“Our studies show that the incorporation of artificial intelligence to coordinate care for ischemic stroke patients is associated with significant time savings across a hub and spoke model and also at comprehensive stroke centers,” said Hassan. “Because we know that ‘time is brain,’ these improvements could lead to significant advances in functional outcomes, reduced mortality and shorter hospital stays.”
Because large vessel occlusions, while extremely dangerous, do not make up the majority of strokes, Valley Baptist upgraded its artificial intelligence capabilities to allow physicians to harness its power to treat a wider array of stroke patients, including those with suspected intracerebral hemorrhaging.
Intracerebral hemorrhaging is the most common type of hemorrhagic stroke, and occurs when an artery in the brain bursts, flooding the surrounding tissue with blood. The build-up of blood puts increased pressure on surrounding brain cells and can lead to long-term disability and death. Artificial intelligence can now detect these brain bleeds in a patient’s imaging and alert stroke teams at Valley Baptist to take immediate action.
Dr. Luis Gaitan, Medical Director of the Stroke Program at Valley Baptist Medical Center-Brownsville, said the use of artificial intelligence in the treatment of stroke helps physicians better coordinate patient care when quick decisions are a critical component of positive outcomes.
“The use of artificial intelligence at Valley Baptist-Brownsville allows neurologists to make rapid decisions related to a patient’s treatment,” he said. “Patients suspected of having a stroke receive imaging upon their arrival to the hospital, and neurologists are able to see those scans immediately on their phones or computers. The artificial intelligence will alert neurologists to take immediate action when it detects a large vessel occlusion in those images, which is so important because when dealing with stroke, time is brain.”
The use of artificial intelligence is the just the latest advancement in Valley Baptist Health System’s quest to provide the community with high-quality stroke care. Valley Baptist Medical Center-Harlingen became the region’s first certified Comprehensive Stroke Center in 2016. In addition to participating in the DAWN study, Valley Baptist also played a role in the SWIFT PRIME trials, which proved the benefits of endovascular treatment of stroke. Valley Baptist-Brownsville and Valley Baptist-Harlingen are also recipients of the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association’s Get With The Guidelines Target: Stroke Honor Roll Elite Plus Gold Plus Quality Achievement Award.


M.A. in Physics. University of California, Santa Barbara. 1995.
B.S. in Physics and B.S. in Humanities and Science. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 1990.
Strings `96: Current Trends in String Theory. Institute for Theoretical Physics, Santa Barbara. July 1996.
TASI-96: Strings, Fields and Duality. University of Colorado, Boulder. June 1996.
Workshop and Conference on Unification: From the Weak Scale to the Planck Scale. Institute for Theoretical Physics, Santa Barbara. December 1995.
"Interactions of Eight-branes in String Theory and M(atrix) Theory''
Phys. Rev. D 57, 1250 (1998); hep-th/9705110
"On the Moduli Space of N = 2 Supersymmetric G2 Gauge Theory''
(with K. Landsteiner and S. B. Giddings), Phys. Rev. D 55, 2367 (1997); hep-th/9609059
"Some Exact Results in Supersymmetric Theories Based on Exceptional
(with S. B. Giddings), Phys. Rev. D 52, 6065 (1995); hep-th/9506196
"Computer Simulations for Modeling the Performance of EDS''
(with J. Bendahan, E. Elias, and Z. Shayer), Proceedings of the first International Symposium on Explosive Detection Technology, Atlantic City, NJ, Nov. 1991. Report no. DOT/FAA/CT-92/11 (conference paper)
Westinghouse Science Talent Search Finalist, 1986.
Teaching Assistant. University of California, Santa Barbara. 1992 - 1995.
Staff Scientist. Science Applications International Corporation. Santa Clara, CA. 1991 - 1992. (Conducted experiments and computer simulations in neutron spectroscopy and explosive detection systems).
Programmer Analyst. R. T. A. Corporation. Arlington, VA. 1991. (Computer
programming in nonlinear dynamics, image processing, and signal processing).


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NU-X B-2 Digital Wireless Guitar System
The NUX B2 is a digital wireless system designed for maximum compatibility for home or studio rehearsals. NUX B2 passed rigorous testing to achieve the highest signal stability and audio transmission quality hands-down.
The last thing a guitarist needs is signal interference. B-2 uses the latest digital wireless format, it operates in 2.4 GHz range, far beyond any radio or TV interference, and it’s more than capable of safely handling your audio signal wirelessly.
High-Quality Audio Broadcasting
B-2 delivers 32-bit digital wireless sound quality and 48 kHz frequency response, so you’ll hear your guitar tone in all of its detailed glory.
And with a wide dynamic range of more than 110 dB, you’ll hear the full frequency range of your guitar or bass. NUX B-2 delivers your instrument signal to your equipment just like a high-quality cable.
Fast-Charging, Long-Lasting Battery
NUX B-2 is always ready to go. The Transmitter & Receiver both use built-in long-life batteries which can run for up to 20 hours (up to 6 hours of continuous playing time per charge). When you’re not playing, B-2 enters Sleep Mode to extend battery life up to 20 hours. And when it’s time to recharge simply connect the USB cable (included w/ package) to the transport-coupled Transmitter/ Receiver.
NUX B-2 works like a guitar cable but offers wireless freedom. Setting up the system is simple: choose your channel on the Transmitter & Receiver, and B-2 is ready to go.
Guitar Friendly, Smart-Design
NUX B-2 guitar-friendly, Smart-Design Transmitter, means its jack has a swivel adjustment allowing you to duck the unit out of your playing field. Just plug in the 1/4” transmitter, and pair with the Receiver.
The B-2 Transmitter works with all guitar types. It was designed to be compatible with the most popular guitars. You can configure the transmitter plug in two ways: facing downward to fit into the recessed top mounted inputs like Stratocasters* or facing other directions required for non-recessed inputs like the classic Les Paul* style.
* Note: Stratocaster is a registered trademark of Fender Musical Instruments Corp., Les Paul is a registered trademark of Gibson Brands Inc., which are in no way associated or affiliated with Nux Effects.
XVIVE U2 CF Guitar Wireless System
Soundart SWS-200MLH Deluxe Twin Channel Wireless Microphone Set
NU-X B-3 Digital Wireless Microphone System
Soundart SWS-290MM Twin Channel Wireless Microphone Set
Soundart SWS-90M Single Channel Wireless Microphone
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There is still so much to learn about Mars, despite the fact that it is Earth’s next-door neighbor One of the biggest q
There is still so much to learn about Mars, despite the fact that it is Earth’s next-door neighbor. One of the biggest questions is how Mars became the planet it is today.
The Martian landscape is barren, dry and very cold, but billions of years ago it looked much different.
Geological evidence tells us that ancient Mars did have liquid water flowing over its surface. That water created the ridges and valleys that cover the surface of Mars today. Scientists have long tried to figure out what happened to the atmosphere of Mars and the water on the surface.
NASA’s MAVEN probe has provided an answer: Solar winds are now believed to have stripped away the atmosphere of Mars – making it nearly impossible for liquid water to exist in large quantities.
Five satellites are currently circling Mars: three from the US, one from the European Space Agency and one from India. China plans to land a craft on Mars by 2020. Russia and the United Arab Emirates also have Mars probes in the works.
The hunt for life on Mars is central to these missions as well as the work on the International Space Station.
NASA has outlined a plan to send humans to an asteroid by 2025 and to Mars by 2030. The technology to get there is still being developed, but each of these unmanned missions to Mars provides scientists with more information they will use when humans finally set off to explore the planet.


One publisher, more than 7000 retractions
Some 40% of the retractions in the Retraction Watch database have a single curious origin. Over the past decade, one publisher—the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) in New York City—has quietly retracted thousands of conference abstracts. Most of the abstracts are from IEEE conferences that took place between 2009 and 2011. The 2011 International Conference on E-Business and E-Government alone resulted in retractions of more than 1200 abstracts. In all, IEEE has retracted more than 7300 such abstracts. Most of the authors are based in China, and their papers covered topics as diverse as physical sciences, business, technology, and social sciences.


ACR123U - Intelligent Contactless Reader
The ACR123U is the USB version of the ACR123S, a cost-effective, flexible and intelligent contactless reader. It can be integrated to existing (Point-of-Sale) terminals or cash registers, to offer the convenience of a cashless payment system. The ACR123U speeds up movement in checkout counters, by enabling customers to complete payments by simply tapping their cards.
The ACR123U is equipped with a large graphical LCD that allows merchants to display messages, as well as a large tapping area with backlight, which guides customers in carrying out their payment transactions. Developed based on 13.56 MHz contactless (RFID) technology, it supports any contactless card following the ISO 14443-4 standard. It is also equipped with a large graphical LCD, as well as a large user-controllable tapping area with backlight.
Please allow 2-4 weeks for goods to arrive as limited stocks are maintained.
- USB interface for Data Communication and power supply
- ARM 32-bit CortexTM-M3 Processor
- Smart Card Reader:
- Read/Write speed of up to 848 kbps
- Built-in antenna for contactless card access, with card reading distance of up to 50 mm (depending on tag type)
- Support for ISO 14443 Part 4 Type A and B cards and MIFARE series
- Built-in anti-collision feature
- Three ISO 7816-compliant SAM slots
- Built-in Peripherals:
- 16 alphanumeric characters x 8 lines Graphical LCD (128 x 64 pixels)
- Four user-controllable LEDs (Blue, Yellow, Green, and Red)
- User-controllable tapping region backlight (Red, Green and Blue)
- User-controllable speaker (Audio tone indication)
|Dimensions||Main Body: 159.0 mm (L) x 100.0 mm (W) x 21.0 mm (H)
With Stand: 177.4 mm (L) x 100.0 mm (W) x 94.5 mm (H)
|Weight||Main Body: 281.0 g
With Stand: 506.0 g
|Compliance / Certifications||
|Interface||USB Interface with USB Standard Type A connector|
|Operating Distance||Up to 50 mm (depends on the tag type)|
|Supply Voltage||Regulated 5V DC|
|Supply Current||500 mA (max.)|
|Operating Frequency||13.56 MHz|
|Smart Card Interface Support||
|Operating System Support||
Comprehensive SDK—This SDK enables the ACR123U to be used and integrated to various POS Terminals. This SDK provides sample codes for device and contactless card programming in the Linux and Windows platforms, and supports programming languages including MS Visual C++, MS Visual C#.NET, and Linux GTK C++.
Payment Demo—The ACR123U SDK provides a demo for the payment functionalities of the ACR123U. By using the JCOP cards provided, which emulate a valid (non-expired card) and invalid card (expired card), the demo shows the various responses of the payment kernel loaded in the ACR123U to various payment scenarios. It also has a manual to explain the various payment functionalities of the ACR123U.
The development kit is currently priced at US$300.00 (subject to change)
|Smart Card Reader(s)||
|Test Card(s)/ Token(s)||
|SDK Operating System Support||


Preview - Tutorial 70: Of Mice and Men... And Ignition Boxes
A brief excerpt from Tutorial 70:
Digital ignition boxes are nothing new. The analog boxes of years past began to be replaced with higher powered digital versions well over a decade ago. My understanding is that, in addition to providing a higher rate of discharge (spark), the digital technology allows programmers greater flexibility to add and adjust features of the ignition system (rpm limiters, ignition timing, etc.). Advanced analog boxes include many of these same features, but every function on an analog box needs to be activated by a separate electronic device- something needs to turn them on. Digital ignition boxes allow the capability to pre-set these functions based on time from transbrake release and/or rpm and distance traveled. In simple terms, rather than running a wire from a timer or delay box to a function such as a timing retard, that function can all be controlled internally by the digital ignition box.
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Gun-shaped infrared thermometer with temperature range -20˚ᶜ to 200˚ᶜ with an accuracy of +/- 2.5˚ᶜ or +/- 2.5% whichever is the greater. The heat gun comes with a laser pointer and a large LCD backlit screen showing readings in Farenheit or Celsius.
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