Aeronautic Navigation Instruments: An Overview for the VFR Pilot
The simplest of aeronautic navigation instruments that is most often used for basic orientiation is the magnetic compass.
The principle of the compassâ€™s magnetised needle aligning itself to the field lines of the earth magnetic field allows the pilot to determine the heading of the aircraft in relation to magnetic north. The readings will usually show N, S, E and W with the intervals between marked for each 30Âº. Further sub-divisions between the 30Âº marks are shown for every 5Âº.
Figure: magnetic compass with deviation card
There are a number of magnetic compass designs used in aircrafts. One that is present in most aircraft is the floating magnet type. Here the magnetic needle is integrated into a floating disk that carries the markings of the compass rose on its circumference. A lubber line indicates the current magnetic heading of the aircraft. Note, that when the lubber line indicates North the part of the disk that points North is actually on the opposite side of the disk. Consequently, the markings appear backwards â€“ East is on the West side and vice versa. This could be confusing at first.
Another design that avoids this confusion is the vertical card magnetic compass. Here the nose of a symbolic aircraft points to the magnetic heading on a compass rose.
The earth magnetic field has a horizontal and a vertical component. The compass needle will react to both the horizontal and the vertical force. The horizontal component is used for navigation, as it is responsible for the magnetic needle pointing to magnetic north. However, the effect that the vertical component has on the compass performance should also be understood, as it affects the accuracy of the compass reading significantly. One could imagine the magnetic needle pointing directly down when at the magnetic pole. This effect of pulling the magnetic needle down is called the "magnet dip". Make sure you read the section on turning and acceleration errors on the
Navigation Basics Page
to understand the effects that the magnetic dip has on compass indication.
In principle the magnetic field is present everywhere on earth. The direction and strength is, however, influenced by a number of geographic factors. As a result the difference in direction between the North Magnetic Pole and the North Geographic Pole (the variation) sometime shows anomalies. This is reflected in bent variation lines. As the magnetic compass is ultimately used to determine the direction to Geographic North (in a process that takes into account the variation) these anomalies are of no practical importance as they are included in the variation. In other words, it is enough to know the variation in the area to find the correct direction to Geographic North. Make sure you read the section on variation on the
Navigation Basics Page
It should also be noted that the increasing downward component of the earth magnetic field the closer one gets to the magnetic poles, makes the compass less useful at latitudes higher than 60Â° North or South.
Accuracy and Errors
An aeroplane is made up of metal, rotating parts of an engine, electric equipment, etc., all of which can generate their own magnetic field. Naturally, these fields affect the compass reading deflecting it from accurately indicating Magnetic North.
An engineer who has checked the compass in any particular aeroplane might have tried to minimise the deflection by placing little magnets around the compass. The remaining deflection after such corrective action is called Deviation. Each aeroplane displays a small placard, known as the Deviation Card, which shows the pilot the corrections to be made to the compass reading to obtain the magnetic direction.
Obviously the deviation card can only take into account the influences that were present when the engineer calibrated the compass. Any magnetic influences introduced after the calibration procedure can still affect the compass reading. Therefore, one should keep in mind that materials with their own magnetic field placed in the vicinity of the compass can have a significant effect. In particular large metal items or electronic devices, such as headphones or calculators, can cause large and unpredictable errors.
There are other errors that affect the compass reading when the aeroplane accelerates or turns (to do with magnet dip as mentioned above). Make sure you read the applicable paragraphs on the
Navigation Basics Page
to understand these effects.
The Automatic Direction Finder (ADF)
The simplest radio navigation aid used in aviation is a ground-based transmitter which transmits radio signals in all directions without differentiation: the Non-Directional Beacon (NDB). The counterpart instrument fitted in the aeroplane is called the Automatic Direction Finder (ADF) and consists of two arials, a receiver and an indicator. The indicators needle simply points to the selected NDB ground station. In that respect it works similar to the magnetic compass with its needle pointing to magnetic North. Therefore, the ADF/NDB system is sometimes called the Radio Compass.
There are a number of indicator types â€“ the fixed-card indicator, the moving-card indicator and the Radio Magnetic Indicator (RMI). In the fixed-card indicator the card has a fixed compass rose where north is always in the top position. This type of indicator displays the relative bearing to the NDB station. The moving-card indicator and the RMI both have a rotating azimuth card â€“ the former needs to be adjusted maually, where the latter rotates automatically, controlled by a gyro compass to represent the aircraft heading. The RMI also has two needles which can indicate the navigation information from the ADF or VOR. The head of ADF needle of the RMI points to the magnetic bearing to the selected NDB station, i.e. the magnetic heading plus the relative bearing equals the magnetic bearing.
Figure: ADF with fixed card indicator
NDB stations transmit on a given frequency in the low-frequency or medium-frequency LF/MF bands (that is between 200 and 1750 kHz). Each NDB or Locator is identifiable by a two- or three-lettered Morse code identification signal which is transmitted along with its normal signal, the so called IDENT.
The Pilot must identify an NDB before using it for navigation and, if using it for some length of time, periodically re-identify it. The lack of an IDENT may indicate that the NDB is out of service, even though it may still be transmitting (for instance for maintenance or test purposes). If an incorrect IDENT is heard, then it must also not be used.
Most NDBs can be identified by selecting AUDIO on the ADF and listening to the Morse code signal. The correct code can be found for instance on the ICAO 1:500000 series aeronautical chart or in the Aeronautical Information Publication (AIP).
There are a number of different IDENT characteristics depending on the type of transmission.
Most NDBs can be identified with the ADF mode selector in the ADF position. However, there are also NDBs that can only be identified, if the pilot has selected BFO (Beat Frequency Oscillator). In this setting a tone is imposed onto the NDB carrier wave and makes it audible. Such NDBs are shown on charts without inverted commas, for example MP at Cherbourg in France.
Some NDBs carry voice transmissions, such as the Automatic Terminal Information Service (ATIS) at some aerodromes. It is also possible, such as in a situation where the communications radio (VHF COM) has failed, for ATC to send voice messages to the Pilot on the NDB frequency and for him to receive them on the ADF if AUDIO is selected.
Figure: NDB on the chart
NDB/ADF is used extensively throughout the world for navigation.
The range of an NDB depends upon:
- the power of the transmitter (10â€”200 Watt);
- the frequency of transmission; and
- atmospheric conditions during transmission â€” signals from an NDB can be distorted or deflected by electrical storms, as well as during the periods of sunrise and sunset.
A relatively strong NDB with a range of 100 nm or more would be required for long-range en route navigation where no other aids are available. Some NDBs may even have a range of 400 nm when used for long distance overwater tracking, for instance in the Pacific area. In more densely populated areas, however, where routes are relatively short and there are many navigation facilities, most NDBs have only a short range.
For manoeuvring in the vicinity of aerodromes, only lower powered NDBs are required. NDBs used for approaches are referred to as Locators. If a Locator is co-located with an Outer Marker that serves to fix a position as an aircraft proceeds down an Instrument Landing System (ILS) approach, then it will be depicted on the ILS Approach Chart as LOM (Locator Outer Marker).
The range of each Non-Directional Beacon (NDB) or Locator (L) may be found in AlP COM 2, and within this promulgated range the NDB should provide bearings accurate to within +/â€”5Âº. The promulgated range also provides guidance as to when attention should be shifted to the next aid.
Accuracy and Errors
An ideal NDB signal received at an aeroplane may be accurate to +/-2Âº. However, there are a number of factors that may reduce this accuracy to a considerable degree. These include the following effects:
- The Thunderstorm Effect causes the ADF needle to be deflected towards a nearby electrical storm (Cumulonimbus cloud) and away from the selected NDB.
- In the Night Effect a fading signal and a wandering ADF needle (most pronounced at dawn and dusk) is observed when strong skywaves from the NDB returning to earth from the ionosphere cause interference with the surface waves from the NDB.
- Interference is possible from other NDBs transmitting on similar frequencies.
- The Mountain Effect is caused by reflections of the NDB signals from mountains.
- The Coastal Effect is caused by the NDB signal bending slightly towards the coastline when crossing it at an angle.
The Very High Frequency Omni-Directional Radio Range, commonly abbreviated to VOR, VHF Omni Range, or Omni, is a radio navigation aid operating in the frequency band 108.0 MHz to 117.95 MHz. This is a lower frequency band than that used for VHF Communications, but significantly higher than that used for NDB/ADF. There is relatively little interference from atmospheric noise in this band, so VOR allows high quality line-of-sight reception.
A VOR ground station transmits two VHF radio signals:
- The Reference Phase is omni-directional (i.e. uniform in all directions).
- The Variable Phase rotates uniformly, with its phase varying at a constant rate throughout the 360Âº, being in-phase with the reference signal on Magnetic North.
The aerial of the VOR airborne receiver then picks up the signals and measures the phase difference between them. With this difference depending upon the bearing of the aeroplane from the ground station, the VOR can determine the magnetic bearing of the aeroplane from the VOR ground station.
The Pilot should positively identify the VOR by the Morse code IDENT signal transmitted every 10 seconds or so. Some VORs may also carry voice transmissions with a relevant Automatic Terminal Information Service (ATIS).
The airborne component of VOR consists of the antenna, the receiver and the cockpit display. A separate VHF-NAV radio is required for navigation purposes, but is usually combined with the VHF-COM in a NAV/COM set.
There are various types of VOR cockpit display, however, they are all similar in operation. The VOR cockpit display is also referred to as the Omni Bearing Indicator, or OBI. It displays the Omni Bearing selected by the Pilot on the Course Card using the Omni Bearing Selector (OBS), a small knob which is geared to the card.
The straight line magnetic bearings extending outwards from the ground station are called radials. Radials are identified by a number starting from 1Â° east of magnetic north (i.e. 001) clockwise through 360Â°. If the aeroplane is on the selected radial or its reciprocal, then the VOR Needle in the OBI, known as the Course Deviation Indicator or CDI, will be centred. The outer edge of the center circle represents 2Â° off-course, each dot represents further 2Â° out. Full deflection of the CDI indicates that the aircraft is more than 10Â° off the selected radial.
With the aeroplane being on the radial, the TO/FROM flag indicates whether the selected track would take the aeroplane to or from the VOR ground station. There is also some means of indicating insufficient signal strength â€“ usually in form of an OFF flag.
The OBI is only to be used for navigation if:
- the red OFF warning flag is hidden from view;
- the correct Morse Code IDENT is heard.
Figure: VOR on chart
Most aeronautical charts show the position, frequency and Morse Code identification (IDENT) of each VOR ground station. Information on a particular VOR can be found in the AIP COM. Changes to this information will be referred to in Notices to Airmen (NOTAMs). The pilot should check these during flight preparation.
A VOR ground station may be represented in various ways on a chart. Since Magnetic North is the reference direction for VOR radials, a Magnetic North arrow-head usually emanates from the VOR symbol, with a compass rose heavily marked each 3 degrees and the radials shown in 10Âº intervals on the rose. This generally adequate for in-flight estimation of track to an accuracy of +/-2Âº, however, when flight planning, it is advisable to be more accurate.
At the Flight Planning stage, the pilot should use a protractor or plotter for precise measurement of track, although in some cases this may not be necessary because some much-used tracks are published on Radio Navigation Charts (RNCs) in degrees Magnetic. If the pilot measures the track in degrees True (0ÂºT), then Magnetic Variation needs to be applied to invert to degrees Magnetic ("Variation West, Magnetic Best").
Distance Measuring Equipment (DME) is a navigation aid that is often combined with VOR and works in the UHF band. Such combination is then called VOR/DME. DME is also an integral part of VORTAC â€“ a combination of VOR and the military tactical air navigation (TACAN).
Not all airplanes are DME equipped. DME measures the direct distance between the aircraft and the VOR station, the so called slant range distance. Therefore, it depends on the altitude of the airplane. Most DME receivers are also capable of displaying the ground speed and time-to-station. However, these work accurately only when navigating along a radial to or from station.
The approximate maximum range of a VHF signal is given by the formula:
VHF Range in nm = the square root of (1.5 x altitude in feet)
Example: At 7,000 ft AMSL, approximate VHF range = square root of (1.5 x 7,000) = square root of (10,000) = 100 nm.
Errors and accuracy
Reception may be affected by the terrain surrounding the ground station, the height of the VOR beacon, the altitude of the aeroplane and its distance from the station.
Since the VOR uses VHF signals, it is accurate as long as the aircraft is in "line of sight" of the transmitter. The only problem may be that if the aircraft is at a sufficiently high altitude, then there is the possibility that two VORs on the same frequency could cause interference.
To counteract this, the AIP publishes the range and altitude at which one can expect to receive a reliable signal for each VOR, the so called "Designated Operational Coverage" (DOC) figures.
When a VOR is operating normally, the radials are transmitted to an accuracy of at least +/- 2Âº.
Primary radar involves the transmission of energy in the form of very short pulses, to determine the range and bearing of an object. Any object in the path of the pulses, will reflect and scatter the energy. Some of the reflected energy will reach the receiver allowing the calculation of range and bearing to be made.
The strength of the reflected echoes depends upon the following factors:
- Power of transmitter.
- Range of the reflected object.
- Shape, material and altitude of the reflected object.
- Size of the object in relation to the wavelength.
The calculation of range and bearing of the reflecting object from the transmitting source does not require any co-operation from the target.
Most radar screens are simply Cathode Ray Tubes (CRT) that resemble circular television screens. Using the same principle as television, a beam of electrons is directed onto the fluorescent coating of the CRT to provide a radar picture. Radar controllers generally have circular displays showing the position of the radar antenna in the centre, with range marks to aid in estimating distance. The radar screen is also known as a Plan Position Indicator (PPI).
The actual radar dish may be located away from the position of the radar controller, possibly on a nearby hill or tower. As the radar antenna rotates slowly, the small electron beam in the controller's CRT also rotates, leaving a faint line or trace on the screen in a direction aligned with the direction of the antenna at that moment. Any radar return signal appears as a blip at the appropriate spot on the screen.
An indication of North on the screen allows the controller to estimate the direction of the target, and the range marks assist in estimating its distance. The blip of the target remains visible for some seconds after the small trace line has moved on, and will still be visible (but fading) as its next blip occurs in the following revolution. This fading trail of blips allows the Controller to determine the motion of the target in terms of direction and speed.
In areas of high traffic density, the radar responsibility may be divided between various controllers, each with their own screen and radio communications frequency, and will go under such names as:
- Approach Control; and
- Zone Control.
Other markings besides the range circles may be superimposed upon the screen as a video map to indicate the location of nearby controlled airspace, aerodromes, radio navigation aids such as VORs and NDBs, restricted areas, etc.
All radar systems operate at VHF or above, therefore range is limited to line of sight as with VOR, the maximum range may be limited by the following:
- height of the radar head,
- height of the target,
- intervening high ground between the transmitter and receiver.
Errors and accuracy
The main factors that affect the reliability and accuracy of primary radar are:
- characteristics of the reflecting object â€“ The strength of the echo depends on the shape, size material and altitude of the reflecting object.
- clutter from precipitation and high ground â€“ weather returns can make it difficult to monitor the echo from the target aircraft.
- transmission power â€“ the greater the transmission power, the greater the range.
- blind spots (e.g. valleys)
In an attempt to remove some of the "clutter" from the radar screen, an electronic sifting device called a Moving Target Indicator (MTI) will only show return signals from a target that is in motion (i.e. not clouds or high terrain).
Secondary surveillance radar (SSR)
Secondary Surveillance Radar removes most of the limitations of Primary Radar simply by adding energy to the return pulse from the aeroplane, using a device carried on board the aeroplane known as a Transponder.
The SSR ground equipment consists of:
- an interrogator that provides a coded signal asking a transponder to respond;
- a highly directional rotating radar antenna that transmits the coded interrogation signal, then receives any responding signals, and passes them back to the interrogator; and
- a decoder, which accepts the signals from the interrogator, decodes them and displays them on the radar screen.
The SSR airborne equipment consists of a transponder carried in the individual aeroplane.
The originating signal transmitted from the ground station triggers an automatic response from the aeroplane's transponder. It transmits a strong answering coded signal which is then received at the ground station. This response signal is much, much stronger than the simple reflected signal used in primary radar. Even a very weak signal received in the aircraft will trigger a strong response from the transponder.
The secondary responding pulse from the aeroplane's transponder can carry coding which will allow the controller to distinguish the aeroplane from all others on the radar screen. Depending upon the code selected in the transponder by the pilot, it can also carry additional information such as:
- the identity of the aeroplane;
- its altitude;
- any abnormal situation such as radio failure, distress, emergency, etc.
A significant advantage is that SSR is not degraded to the same extent as primary radar by weather or ground clutter:
- it presents targets of the same size and intensity to the controller,
- it allows the controller to select specific displays, and
- the system has minimal blind spots.
Modes and codes
Typical transponder modes, selected by the Function Selector Knob, include:
- OFF: off
- STANDBY: warmed up, and ready for immediate use. This is the normal position until ready for take-off, when one would select ALT or ON (if transponder is to be used in flight).Â
- ON: transmits the selected code in Mode A (aircraft identification mode) at the normal power level.
- LO SENS: low sensitivity, transmits the selected code the same as in the ON position but at a lower power level. This may be requested by the radar controller to avoid over-strong blips on his screen from aircraft close to the interrogating antenna. After landing, a pilot would normally switch to STANDBY or OFF for the same reason.
- ALT: altitude, which may be used if the altitude reporting capability (known as mode C) is installed in your aircraft. This is a special "encoding" altimeter which feeds your altitude to the transponder for transmission on to the ATC radar screen. (If not installed, the transponder still transmits in Mode A, i.e. aircraft identification without altitude reporting).
- TST: tests that the transponder is operating correctly and if so, illuminates the reply monitor light. It causes the transponder to generate a self-interrogating signal to provide a check of its operation.
Knobs are provided to select the appropriate code for the transponder, the selected code being prominently displayed in digital form.
An important procedure to follow when selecting and altering codes is to avoid passing through vital codes (such as 7700 for emergencies, 7600 for radio failure) when the transponder is switched ON. This can be avoided by selecting STANDBY whilst the code is being changed.
The Reply-Monitor Light will flash to indicate that the transponder is replying to an interrogation pulse from a ground station. It will glow steadily when:
- The pilot presses the TEST button or moves the function switch to the TEST position (depending upon the design of your particular transponder) to indicate correct functioning; or
- transmitting an IDENT pulse.
When the IDENT button is pressed by the pilot upon request from the radar controller to SQUAWK IDENT, a special pulse is transmitted with the transponder's reply to the interrogating ground station. This causes a special symbol to appear for a few seconds on the radar screen around the return from the aircraft's transponder, thus allowing positive identification by the radar controller.
The term Squawk, which is often used in radio communication, is confined to transponder usage, and the instruction following squawk is usually quite clear, for instance: "Squawk Ident"; "Squawk Code 4000"; "Squawk Mayday" (7700), etc.
Very High Frequency Direction Finding (VHF D/F or VDF)
One of the benefits of modern navigation and radio systems is that a pilot has the option of asking a suitably equipped ground station for his relative bearing to or from that particular ground station.
This means that the pilot can determine his position (by using another VDF readout or NDB station) and heading more accurately should he become disorientated.
Some aerodromes are equipped with radio aerials which can sense the direction of VHF-COM signals (i.e. normal voice signals) received from an aeroplane.
This information is presented to the air traffic controller (usually the approach controller) as a radial line on a Cathode Ray Tube similar to a radar screen or, with the most modern VDF equipment, as a very accurate digital readout of bearing.
The controller can then advise the pilot of his bearing relative to the aerodrome. This is known as Very High Frequency Direction Finding, and is often abbreviated to VHF D/F or VDF.
An advantage of VDF is that no specific airborne equipment is required other than a VHF-COM, i.e. a normal VHF communications radio.
A typical VDF air/ground exchange would be a pilot requesting ATC to provide his QDM (magnetic bearing to the ground station), followed by the controller advising it. By steering the QDM, the pilot is able to home to the ground station, i.e. head towards it. Consequently, ground stations that are equipped to provide VDF are designated by the term Homer.
Whereas no special equipment is required in the aeroplane for VDF other than a VHF-COM radio, it does require a special installation at the ground station. Two typical designs for VDF aerials at aerodromes are the H-type aerial (a double-H dipole aerial in technical terms), or the Doppler-type VDF aerial.
Bearings that a pilot may request from a VDF operator are:
- QDM: magnetic bearing TO the station;
- QDR: magnetic bearing FROM the station (i.e. the reciprocal of the QDM);
- QTE: true bearing from the station.
QDR, the magnetic bearing from the station, is useful for orientation (where am I?). QDR is similar information to a VOR radial.
QTE, the true bearing from the station, is useful if the pilot wants to plot a position line from the VDF ground station to the aeroplane on a map (against True North).
QDM is the most commonly requested bearing. It is the heading to steer direct to the VDF station provided no crosswind exists. In a crosswind, however, a Wind Correction Angle (WCA) into-wind must be used to counteract the drift if a reasonably straight track is to be achieved, rather than a curved homing.
At typical light aircraft speeds, it is reasonable for the pilot to request a QDM each half-minute or so to check tracking, and to modify heading if necessary.
Accuracy and Errors
The main problem associated with VDF is that of wind drift. If the pilot is flying in unknown wind conditions, any bearing he is given by the ground station assumes that there is no wind, and so no allowance is made to the bearing.
As successive bearings are obtained, the pilot should be able to see that he is drifting left or right of the desired track and therefore make the appropriate adjustments to his heading.
The quality of the bearings obtained by VDF is classified by the VDF ground operator to the pilot as:
- Class A: accurate to within +/-2Â°
- Class B: accurate to within +/-5Â°
- Class C: accurate to within +/-10Â°
- Class D: CAP 46 also lists some Class D VDF Stations with an accuracy poorer than even +/-10Â°.
Most modern equipment is generally accurate to +/-1Â°, although accuracy may be decreased by:
- VDF site errors such as reflection from nearby uneven ground, buildings, aircraft or vehicles; and
- VHF propagation errors caused by irregular propagation over differing terrain, especially if the aeroplane is at long range from the VDF ground station.
Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite-based radio navigation and time dissemination system that is used by many people to accurately determine their position at any point on earth. It has been developed by the U.S. Department of Defense.
The global GPS system consists of three segments:
- The space segment consists of a constellation of 26 satellites orbiting the earth. Each satellite transmits a unique code and navigation information in the UHF band. Therefore, it is not affected by weather interferences, but subject to line of sight limitations.
- The control segment consists of a master control station and a number of monitoring stations and ground antennas on earth. They fulfil the function of monitoring the satellites and communicating updates and corrections to the satellites.
- The user segment is associated with the receiving end of the system. Knowing the exact time and position of signal transmission and the time of travel, an accurate determination of the receiver position is possible. A three-dimensional fix can be achieved with receiving signals from 4 satellites.
There are a wide variety of receivers on the market, which differ in functionality, operating procedures and in their suitability to be used for aeronautical navigation. Knowing how to operate the receiver is vital before relying on it for navigation. GPS receivers contain extensive databases which should be current and checked to be correct and suitable before used in navigation. After switching the unit on, initialisation will proceed, which can be extensive â€“ in particular when the unit has not been used for some time or has been relocated over long distances while switched off. Allow time for this initialisation process.
Figure: GPS receiver
The system will operate anywhere on earth as long as the appropriate number of satellites are in line of sight (i.e. above the horizon of the receiver).
Accuracy and Errors
GPS course deviation is linear, i.e. the tracking sensitivity is independent of the position of the receiver. Most low cost GPS units will provide a reading that is accurate up to 100m. Higher cost units can be accurate to within 1m. The US Government limits the accuracy attainable with a GPS unit to the person or organisation using it e.g. military users are able to achieve more precise positioning than members of the public (including General Aviation Pilots).
GPS receivers can be very complex devices â€“ so most errors probably occur due to incorrect operation or interpretation. Pilots should be careful to observe placards, selector switch positions, and annunciator indication when using GPS. Receivers should only be utilised for its approved purpose.
GPS NOTAMs will announce satellite outages where necessary.
This concludes the page on aeronautic navigation instruments. You can now go on to the
Practical Navigation Principles page
or try the
Navigation Instrument Quiz Page


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- 【Stable Connection and Easy to Carry】Using the latest mature Bluetooth chip and well-designed software, the compact Bluetooth adapter is small in size and light in weight, which is not only easy to carry, but also brings you a CD-like listening feast.
- 【18 Hour Service Time】 The charging time is about 2 hours (charging input requirements: 5V DC ≥ 300mA). It can be used continuously for 18 hours when fully charged. When it is in low power state, the adapter can be plugged into the power supply for charging while working.
- 【Dual Pairing Mode】 In TX mode, two stereo Bluetooth speakers or stereo Bluetooth headsets can be connected at the same time and two speakers/headphones can make sound at the same time; in RX mode, two mobile phones with Bluetooth function can be connected at the same time.
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4. ZIIDOO Bluetooth 5.0 Transmitter and Receiver, 3-in-1 Wireless Bluetooth Adapter,Low Latency Bluetooth Audio Adapter for TV,Car,Home Stereo System
- Low Delay:low latency for high-fidelity stereo sound, content transmission without delays in transmitter mode. A low latency Bluetooth receiver is required
- Multifunction:The portable adapter that can be used as a transmitter or receiver at the same time,and with hands-free function
- Bluetooth is everywhere: In transmitter mode, convert a TV, PC, CD player, iPod, MP3 / MP4 other than Bluetooth into a Bluetooth transmitter. Receiver mode: ideal for sound systems transmitting music at home or in the vehicle
- Portable and Beautiful:The compact bluetooth adapter is small, lightweight and easy to carry.The ziidoo logo is printed on the surface of this product, which is specially designed, very beautiful and textured.
- Enjoy the Silence: Benefit from bluetooth audio when exercising, watching Late night TV shows, or simply when you want to keep the entertainment for yourself only.
Additional Info :
5. UGREEN Bluetooth 5.0 Transmitter and Receiver 2 in 1 Wireless 3.5mm Bluetooth Adapter, Dual Devices Simultaneously, Aux Bluetooth Audio Car Adapter Compatible with TV Car Home Stereo System Headphones
- 2 in 1 Bluetooth Transmitter and Receiver: UGREEN 3.5mm wireless adapter supports both Bluetooth transmitting and receiving, namely TX and RX Mode. ( Note: Phone calls only be supported in RX mode, not in TX mode). The aux bluetooth transmitter allows you to transform the non-Bluetooth stereo devices (including TVs, PCs, home theaters, car stereos) to Bluetooth enabled devices. Just connect the Bluetooth converter to your old devices and enjoy the high-quality sound from wireless speakers.
- Stable Connection: With Bluetooth 5.0 technology, UGREEN bluetooth transmitter would reduce power consumption and offer a fast and stable transmission. The playtime of the wireless 3.5mm bluetooth transmitter is up to 5.5 hours in RX mode and 8 hours in TX mode. Additionally, the Aux connector can be paired to two Bluetooth devices at the same time in both RX and TX mode.
- Easy to Use: According to its status indicators, the bluetooth transmitter for headphones is quite easy to install and use. Just insert the Bluetooth 5.0 adapter into the AUX port of Bluetooth receiver or transmitter, then press and hold the multifunction button for 3 seconds to power on and ready for pairing. The adapter will automatically pair with and connect to your devices.
- Wide Compatibility: This 2 in 1 Wireless 3.5mm Bluetooth Adapter is compatible with devices of 3.5mm interface, including TV, car stereos, home stereo system, headphones, audio music streaming sound system, PC, speakers, projector, MP3, MP4 etc.
- Compact and Portable: Ultra compact design of this 1/8 Bluetooth transmitter and receiver would save your space. You can easily carry this Aux Bluetooth adapter around and everywhere easily without any hassle as its portable size and lightweight design.
Additional Info :
6. Wireless Bluetooth Aux Car Adapter – Portable Mini Bluetooth Lossless Music Receiver Transmitter with Microphone and Hands-Free Call for Home Stereo | Car Audio | Headset | TV, Fast Charging
- Two Mode of Transmitting Receiving: The small Bluetooth aux adapter for car is not only a Bluetooth 5.0 receiver, but also a Bluetooth transmitter. And you can slide the right button to easily switch the mode. The 2-in-1 wireless Bluetooth transmitter receiver can be used as a receiver in car audio systems, home stereo speaker, wired headsets, and as a transmitter when used in a TV or computer, which makes your life more intelligent
- Wireless Bluetooth 5.0 and Wide Compatibility: The portable aux Bluetooth adapter for car can turns your favorite old non-Bluetooth device into a modern wireless Bluetooth device. And it adopt the latest Bluetooth 5.0 technology for ultra-stable connection with low power consumption and high rate for smooth listening and conversation. Moreover, mini car Bluetooth adapter can be compatible with most Bluetooth-enabled devices and all Bluetooth versions
- Built in Mic and Hands-free Calling: The wireless Bluetooth receiver for car has a built-in microphone, so you can make hands-free call with it. And you just need to press the button, then answer,cancel or end the call easily, which make your drive safely and convenient. Besides, you can listen to dynamic music with a smart Bluetooth car adapter, your journey is no longer lonely
- Fast charging and long battery life: Fast charging mode, the aux Bluetooth adapter for speaker can be fully charged within 1 hour, save your waiting time, and it also can be used while charging. In addition, the built-in 150mAh rechargeable lithium battery has a long battery life and can support up to 4-8 hours of use after a full charge. In addition, the Bluetooth transmitter aux adapter can effectively transmit up to 20 meters without any obstruction
- 12 month warranty and lifetime technical support: We have confidence in the quality of bluetooth car adapter aux input, in the case of non-human damage, we provide a 12-month replacement warranty. In addition, we provide lifelong technical support. If you have any questions, please let us know, our professional service team will provide you with the best support services
Additional Info :
7. YMOO B06T1 Bluetooth 5.3 Transmitter Receiver, 2-in-1 3.5mm Jack Bluetooth Audio Adapter for Car, Pair 2 Bluetooth Devices Simultaneously for Home Stereo/TV/Headphones/PC/Car/Speaker
- 𝟐-𝐢𝐧-𝟏 𝐁𝐥𝐮𝐞𝐭𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐡 𝟓.𝟑 𝐓𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐦𝐢𝐭𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐑𝐞𝐜𝐞𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐫: YMOO 3.5mm wireless adapter is a 2-in-1 device supports both bluetooth transmitting and receiving, also know as RX & TX Mode. Bluetooth transmitter allows you to transform the non-Bluetooth stereo devices (including TVs, PCs, home theaters, car stereos) to Bluetooth enabled devices. Reborn your old devices and enjoy HD sound from wireless speakers.
- 𝐒𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐨 𝐌𝐮𝐬𝐢𝐜 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐃𝐮𝐚𝐥 𝐋𝐢𝐧𝐤: YMOO Bluetooth adapter support dual link technology, with its high-tech chips, the Stereo Music from your Music Player/Tablet/TV/Smartphone/Laptop/MacBook will transfer through the dual Bluetooth and go stream between users simultaneously. Enjoy the happiness with your family, friends, or lover with this device.
- 𝐒𝐭𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐧𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧: YMOO Bluetooth adapter built with bluetooth 5.3 technology, reduce power consumption and offer a fast and stable transmission. Transmission range is up to 50ft and functions stably between the user and the connected device. The playtime of the wireless 3.5mm bluetooth transmitter is up to 6 hours in RX mode and 8 hours in TX mode.
- 𝐏𝐥𝐮𝐠 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐏𝐥𝐚𝐲: Just insert the Bluetooth 5.3 adapter into the AUX port of Bluetooth receiver or transmitter, then press and hold the multifunction button for 3 seconds to power on and ready for pairing. The 2-in-1 transmitter and receiver will pair with your devices automatically when the LED flashes between red and blue. Then you are supposed to plug it in the devices like tablets/TV/smartphones/MacBook under TX mode or earphones/speakers under RX mode.
- 𝐖𝐢𝐝𝐞 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲: YMOO B06T3 Bluetooth Adapter support 3.5mm AUX & Type-c to USB out port, which is compatible with devices of 3.5mm & USB interface, including TV, car stereos, home stereo system, headphones, audio music streaming sound system, PC, speakers, projector, MP3, MP4 etc.
- 𝐏𝐨𝐫𝐭𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐚𝐜𝐭 𝐃𝐞𝐬𝐢𝐠𝐧: YMOO B06T3 Bluetooth receiver adopt compact design, pocket size would save your space. You can easily carry this Aux Bluetooth adapter around and everywhere easily without any hassle as its portable size and lightweight design.
- 𝐍𝐨𝐭𝐞: The transmitter isn’t designed for devices in need of Super Low Latency effect (less than 40ms). Therefore we don’t suggest you use it on the musical instrument like guitar.
Additional Info :
8. RIOUSV Bluetooth Transmitter Receiver, 4-in-1 Bluetooth 5.0 Visible Wireless Bluetooth Adapter with Display Screen, Low Latency Audio Adapter for TV/PC/Car/Home/Stereo System
- [2 in 1-Bluetooth Transmitter & Receiver]- In the Transmitter(TX) mode, this Bluetooth audio adapter can convert TV/PC/CD player/iPod/MP3/MP4 into a Bluetooth transmitter. In the Receiver(RX) mode, Receiver lets non-Bluetooth devices like your home stereo or AV Receiver and wirelessly stream music from your cellphone/PC with 3.5mm AUX cable.
- [Low Latency &Intelligent Noise Reduction Tech]- Our Bluetooth audio receiver premium low latency chip and Bluetooth 5.0 tech, adopts the latest CVC8.0 Noise Cancellation and Digital Signal Processor (DSP) technologies, which can eliminate echo and block out intrusive background noise (such as wind, traffic, or crowds), providing you with crystal-clear calling sounds.Warm tip: The transmission distance should be within 32ft.
- [Up to 10 Hours of Battery Life]- The working time of this aux Bluetooth adapter is up to 10 hours when making calls or playing music. And it takes only 2.5 hours to fully charge the device by using a Type-C fast charging cable (Included in the package). In addition, this Bluetooth music adapter no driver required, plug & play, one-button switching of receiving/transmitting. Supports play while charging, has 10 hours long battery.
- [LCD Visual Screen]- Portable bluetooth transmitter adopt unique visual screen design,will show whether the product is in TX mode or RX mode,it is convenient to choose the Bluetooth devices to connect(up to 8 nearby devices).And this visible Bluetooth transmitter 3.5mm audio adapter can also show the paring mode/status, battery, volume, etc.
- [Wide Compatibility & Warranty]:- Bluetooth TV transmitter Receiver without installing any external driver.The receiver transmitter can be directly used for PC via USB. (Requires USB plugged in power to power the device).We offer free return or replacement service, please contact us if you have any questions.
Additional Info :
9. GMCELL Bluetooth 5.0 Adapter 3.5mm Jack Aux Dongle, 2-in-1 Wireless Transmitter/Receiver for TV Audio, Projector, PC, Headphone, Car…
- Easily add Bluetooth to your car audio systems, home stereos, speakers, wired headphones via the auxiliary 3.5mm AUX socket – Minimal footprint slim design with 3.5 mm plug. Plug & play, easy setup, one button operation, clear status indicator
- Latest version 5.0 of Bluetooth wireless communication standard, Low latency, Noise cancelling, improved speed & range, dual audio and backwards compatible
- CVC8.0 Noise Cancellation and DSP technologies cancel echo and block out intrusive background noise and create lossless audio CD-class quality music
- Hands-free Bluetooth call and navigator voice via built-in microphone; 4-hour continuous work via the built-in li-ion rechargeable 140mAh battery
- Make easily your TV / projector Bluetooth-enabled by using the transmitter (Tx) mode via the 3.5mm audio jack
Additional Info :
10. 1Mii B03 Long Range Bluetooth 5.0 Transmitter Receiver for TV Home Stereo BT Headphones, aptX Low Latency Bluetooth Audio Adapter, Splitter for Wired & Wireless, Optical RCA AUX 3.5mm [Upgraded]
- 【VERSATILE TRANSMITTER / RECEIVER】1Mii B03 Bluetooth transmitter/receiver allows you to take advantage of cutting edge Bluetooth 5.0 technology to stream all your favorite music from any cellphone, tablet, laptop or desktop to your favorite sound system you already own. The B03 Bluetooth adapter can also be used to connect Bluetooth speakers or headphones to your existing TV. This means you don’t need to buy another TV just to be able to enjoy the wireless freedom of Bluetooth.
- 【UNIQUE FEATURE】If you have a family member who has weak hearing and needs a high volume when watching TV, B03 is your best choice. It supports to stream audio to wireless headphones and wired TV soundbar at the same time under TX mode, so you can share the TV together, and will not be affected by the different needs of the TV volume. This is a unique feature!
- 【LONGER RANGE, STRONGER CONNECTION】 Longer range means stronger connection, audio won’t cut in / out easily. 1Mii long range Bluetooth adapter tested can achieve a range up to 230ft (70m) line-of-sight in open air and up to 80-110ft (25-35m) indoors. you will still be able to enjoy the safety and security of having your cellphone in your pocket while you listen.
- 【CRYSTAL SOUND, LOW LATENCY】Featured with aptX Low Latency technology eliminate Bluetooth audio delay, B03 can works with 2 Bluetooth headphones / speakers simultaneously, Both enjoy ultra-fast streaming. **NOTE** To achieve low latency, your receiving device is better also support function of aptX Low Latency. Or, the receiving device might use another codec (e.g. SBC, aptX), resulting in a 70-200ms audio delay which may be noticeable by some users.
- 【MULTIPLE CONNECTION】The B03 Bluetooth aux adapter has both analog and digital audio inputs / outputs giving you the most flexibility and quality for connecting to your audio system. B03 Bluetooth adapter is compatible with 99% TV’s and home stereo systems. NOTE: For TV optical output – pls set audio format to PCM. Dolby / DTS are not supported.
Additional Info :
How to Buy bluetooth transmitter and receiver?: Complete Buying Guide
Before you spend your hard-earned money on a product, it’s important to know what you’re getting for your money. To help you make the best buying decision, we’ve put together this guide on how to buy [replace_keyword?. We’ll walk through the buying process from Amazon and other places, including some basic tips and tricks to help you get the best deal possible.
One thing to keep in mind is that a highly rated product does not always mean it is also worth buying. It is, therefore, crucial for a person to look into various factors alongside reading through product reviews. These are the factors that you probably ought to have at your fingertips before finally making a purchase decision:
- Quality: The quality of a product will depend on how long it lasts and how well it works. So it’s important to get the high-quality bluetooth transmitter and receiver to get the best output.
- Performance: When buying anything, performance is a key factor. The performance will determine if it meets your expectations or not.
- Functionality: A product’s functionality is also an important consideration. If it does not perform as advertised, then there is no use in spending money on something that doesn’t work properly.
- Price: Price is also an important factor when buying bluetooth transmitter and receiver as nobody wants to spend more money on something that does not give him any benefit or value for money
- Your Needs: One of the most important things when buying bluetooth transmitter and receiver is to be clear about your needs and requirements.
- Buyer Review: Before making the buying decision, you should understand what other people think of a bluetooth transmitter and receiver. One of the best ways of gathering information on products you might be interested in is to use buyer reviews posted by actual customers.
Consider these to get the best one:
Materials used in bluetooth transmitter and receiver
The first thing you can look for is the material of the bluetooth transmitter and receiver. The bluetooth transmitter and receiver should be made from high-quality material to last a long time. This way, you will not always have to buy new ones. The best material for making bluetooth transmitter and receiver is stainless steel because it does not rust or corrode easily. It also has a good finish and looks nice on any kitchen countertop or table.
Check the quality
Before buying bluetooth transmitter and receiver, make sure that it will serve its purpose for a long time and will not break down in a short period. Quality also ensures you get what you have paid for and nothing less than that. Never go for cheap products because they are not durable and can break easily. The best products will serve you for years, and at the same time, they are also available at an affordable price range. So always check the quality of a product before buying anything from anywhere.
Another thing that should be considered while buying a product is its features. You should know what all features this particular product has and how useful these features will be for you. If there is more than one feature available in the market, then you must check out all those features before buying one as they may not be useful in all cases or situations, but some of them might help you a lot during your day-to-day life. You should also check whether the product you want to buy is worth its price or not. You should compare it with other similar products available in the market and then decide whether it is a good option. If you have many options available, go for one that will give you maximum benefits at a lower price tag.
Some people prefer to spend a little more on an item that will last longer and provide better results, while others would rather buy something cheaper. When considering the price, it is important to remember that you get what you pay for. A high-quality bluetooth transmitter and receiver might cost more than a cheap one at first glance, but if they break down after only a few months of use, you may have lost more money than if you had just bought an inexpensive pair in the first place.
Think about how often you plan on using your new purchase and how long it will last. For example, if you are looking for a new bluetooth transmitter and receiver and will be using it frequently for many years, then spending more money on a quality bluetooth transmitter and receiver will be worth it in the long run. However, plan on using it less often or only want to use it occasionally. Spending less money on an inexpensive model may be more suitable because it won’t need as much care and maintenance as used frequently by multiple people every day or week.
Another thing to look out for when buying a bluetooth transmitter and receiver is value. This means you should always ensure that your product gives you value. The best way to do this is by looking at the price of the product, as well as its features. If it has many features but is still fairly cheap, then there’s a good chance you are getting value for money. If you are going to spend your hard-earned money on a product, it should be one that will last. This means that you need to look for quality materials and workmanship. Doing this will ensure that the product lasts longer, so you won’t have to keep spending money on new ones.
Ease of use
Another thing to look out for when buying bluetooth transmitter and receiver is the ease of use. How easy it is to use will depend on what you will use it for. This is because ease of use ensures that anyone who wants to buy your product will not have any trouble using or operating it. So always make sure that you buy products that are easy to use.
Many websites on the internet contain reviews from customers who have already bought products from those sites; therefore, we should always check those reviews before buying anything online! Reading these reviews will help us know how good or bad a bluetooth transmitter and receiver is and whether we should buy it. The more people have reviewed it, the more accurate will be your decision-making process. A good rule of thumb is that if most reviewers recommend something with a 4+ star rating on Amazon, then there’s a good chance that it will work well for you too.


The car will be road tested at Toyota City in Japan. Solar charging technology for the vehicle will then be further optimized before the vehicle goes on sale.
The car has large portions of its surface covered in indium gallium phosphide (InGaP), gallium arsenide (GaAs) and indium gallium arsenide (InGaAs) triple-junction cells and has a power output of 860 W.
Toyota has had a solar version of its Prius model since 2017, when a version was revealed which featured a small 180 W solar roof panel supplied by Kyocera. The model was only available in Japan and lacked the oomph to charge the vehicle’s battery for a range of more than 6km.
Now though, Toyota has returned to the concept and begun road testing a new generation of solar improved Prius’. This time Toyota collaborated with Sharp and the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO) for a different cell tech that purports to offer a massive 34% conversion efficiency. The cell was developed in 2016 by Toyota’s two partners. Combining indium gallium phosphide (InGaP), gallium arsenide (GaAs) and indium gallium arsenide (InGaAs) the result is a triple-junction cell.
The solar Prius of two years ago had only a small part of its roof covered with solar cells, the new version blankets the entire roof, bonnet and boot lid with high efficiency cells, resulting in a considerably higher generation output. The result can charge the vehicle battery while driving rather than just while stationary.
|Prius PHV (solar charging system)
|New demo car
|Solar battery cell conversion efficiency
|Rated power generation output
|Approximately 860 W
|Maximum charge to the driving battery while the vehicle is parked (per day)
|BEV-mode cruising range equivalent to 6.1km
|BEV-mode cruising range equivalent to 44.5km
|Maximum charge and power supply to the driving and auxiliary battery while the vehicle is being driven (per day)
|Supplies power only to auxiliary battery, which powers car navigation system etc.
|BEV-mode cruising range equivalent to 56.3km
Toyota will test the new demo car in Toyota City in Japan’s Aichi prefecture and other areas. The carmaker wants real-world data on generation output and battery charging levels to develop the onboard solar charging system further.
“Toyota plans to share a selection of trial data results with NEDO and Sharp,” said a company statement. “The PV-powered vehicle strategy committee and other entities will evaluate the benefits from improvement in the reduction of CO2 emissions and the improvement in convenience, including the number of times a vehicle requires charging. The goal is to further contribute to the creation of a new solar battery panel market, including the transport sector, and find solutions for energy and environmental issues.”
The announcement comes after Netherlands startup Lightyear announced its take on a solar powered car – the Lightyear One. While that EV boasts a 450-mile driving range its solar surface provides only 40-50 miles, outlasting the new Prius demonstration model. The Lightyear One will begin commercial production in 2021 with reservations available for 500 units. For those interested, the manufacturer’s suggested starting retail price is a casual $136,000. There are no price disclosures for the Prius as yet.
Original article: https://www.pv-magazine.com/2019/07/12/toyota-shows-off-solar-prius-with-860-w-output-from-34-efficient-cells/
Get your solar quote now!


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30" x 48" LED Bathroom Mirror, Sensor Button
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LED mirror has three prong plug. Easy to install. Hard-Wired Optional (Hard-Wiring Will Void Warranty)
Dimensions: 30" x 48" x 2"
Energy Efficient White LED Lights - 4000K (LED light source is approved for IP44 and tested and approved for bathroom use)
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Delivering Compelling User Experiences Since 2016
AIZen Experiences produces compelling user experiences that delight and inform audiences across a broad range of digital media.
Founded in Vancouver BC Canada in 2016, AIZen’s team has delivered a number of solutions to our customers including websites, mobile applications, virtual reality experiences and more.
Our team has long standing, comprehensive expertise in many fields: digital content creation tools, scientific visualization, virtual experience design, and more.
We are currently working on a number of projects and have recently expanded our offerings to include computer vision, artificial intelligence and machine learning.


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I am a Research Scientist at Amazon ML Solutions Lab. I received my Ph.D. in Electrical and Computer Engieering from EECS Department at University of Michigan, where I was advised by Prof. L. Jay Guo. My research focuses on reinforcement learning, meta-learning, and generative models. On the application side, I collaborate with domain experts to solve challenging problems in physical sciences and healthcare. My long-term research goal is to create ML systems that can assist human experts in scientific discoveries and innovations. Previously, I received my B.Eng. in Optoelectronics from a joint program at Tianjin University and Nankai University.
I always enjoy collaborating with aspiring researchers. Please feel free to send me an email if you want to discuss about research ideas.
Dynamic prediction of work status for workers with occupational injuries: assessing the value of longitudinal observations
Brian T Denton
Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 2022
We develop a forecasting model to predict return-to-work after occupational injuries based on longitudinal claim data. The model may allow case managers to better allocate medical resources and help speed up patients' recover process.
NEUTRON: Neural Particle Swarm Optimization for Material-Aware Inverse Design of Structural Color Haozhu Wang,
L. Jay Guo
We propose a hybrid machine learning and optimization method that combines mixture density networks and particle swarm optimization for accurate and efficient structural color inverse design.
Benchmarking Deep Learning-based Models on Nanophotonic Inverse Design Problems
Haozhu Wang* ,
L. Jay Guo*
Opto-Electronic Science, 2022 (*: correspondence)
We provide extensive benchmarking results on accuracy, diversity, robustness for commonly used deep learning models in nanophotonic inverse designs. The findings can help researchers select models that best suit their design problems.
An Analytical Method for Evaluating the Robustness of Photonic Integrated Circuits
Haozhu Wang ,
Journal of Lightwave Technology, 2022
We provide an analytical approach for evaluating the robustness of photonic integrated circuits. The method is verified by genetic algorithms.
Automated Optical Multi-layer Design via Deep Reinforcement Learning Haozhu Wang ,
L. Jay Guo
Machine Learning: Science and Technology, 2021
abridged NeurIPS workshop version/
Training a novel sequence generation network with Proximal Policy Optimization for automatically discovering near-optimal optical designs.
COVID-19 Risk Scoring in Los Angeles County
Litian Zhou, Wenxue Li, Zhangxing Bian, Yuxuan Cao, Xinyu Li, Weixiao Wang, Zixian Ma
Junhwan Kim, Zijin Chu, Yuxi Xie, Yueze Song, Chaoyi Wang, Ruopeng Wang, Linh Tran
Haozhu Wang*, L. Jay Guo*
RMDS COVID-19 Challenge, 2020 (*: correspondence)
Apply LSTM and LR models for spatio-temporal COVID-19 risk prediction.
Return to Work After Injury: A Sequential Prediction & Decision Problem
Haozhu Wang *,
Machinet Learning for Healthcare (clinical abstract), 2019 (*: equal contribution)
Apply Q-learning to insurance claim data to learn near-optimal dynamic treatment regimes.
Expert-yielded-estimates regularizer for incorporating expert knowledge into linear models.
Learning to Share: Simultaneous Parameter Tying and Sparsification in Deep Learning
Haozhu Wang *,
Mario A.T. Figueiredo,
ICLR, 2018 (*: equal contribution)
Group-ordered-weighted lasso (GrOWL) for deep model compression.
Surface Plasmon Polariton Laser based on a Metallic Trench Fabry-Perot Resonator
Haozhu Wang ,
Parag B. Deotare,
Henri J. Lezec
Science Advances, 2017
Surface plasmon polariton laser with a novel device structure.
Single-Photon Imager based on a Superconducting Nanowire Delay Line
Andrew E. Dane,
Adam N. McCaughan,
Daniel F. Santavicca,
Karl K. Berggren
Nature Photonics, 2017
Superconduting nanowire single photon detector as a highly-sensitive imager.


By Tim Stephens, UCSC Public Information Office
Researchers at UC Santa Cruz have developed a robotic “nanobiopsy” system that can extract tiny samples from inside a living cell without killing it. The single-cell nanobiopsy technique is a powerful tool for scientists working to understand the dynamic processes that occur within living cells, according to Nader Pourmand, professor of biomolecular engineering in UCSC’s Baskin School of Engineering.
“We can take a biopsy from a living cell and go back to the same cell multiple times over a couple of days without killing it. With other technologies, you have to sacrifice a cell to analyze it,” said Pourmand, who leads the Biosensors and Bioelectrical Technology group at UCSC.
The nanobiopsy platform is the latest device his group has developed that uses nanopipettes, which are small glass tubes that taper to a fine tip with a diameter of just 50 to 100 nanometers. “We can create nanopipettes in the lab–it doesn’t require an expensive nanofabrication facility,” Pourmand said. “To go into a cell, however, the problem is that you cannot see the tip, even with a high-end microscope, so you don’t know how far away from the cell it is.”
Adam Seger, a postdoctoral researcher in the lab (now at MagArray in Sunnyvale), solved this problem by developing a feedback control system based on a customized scanning ion conductance microscope (SICM). The system uses an ion current across the tip of the nanopipette as a feedback signal, detecting a drop in the current when the tip gets close to the cell surface. An automated control system positions the nanopipette tip just above the cell surface and then plunges it down quickly to penetrate the cell membrane. Manipulating the voltage triggers the controlled uptake of a minute quantity of cellular material. Because the tip is so fine, it causes minimal disruption of the cell.
In a study published in ACS Nano, Pourmand’s group used the system to extract from living cells tiny amounts of cellular material estimated to be about 50 femtoliters (a femtoliter is one quadrillionth of a liter). That’s about one percent of the volume of a human cell. The researchers were able to extract and sequence RNA from individual human cancer cells. They also extracted mitochondria (tiny subcellular organelles) from human fibroblasts and sequenced the mitochondrial DNA.
“Mitochondria are known to be involved in many neurodegenerative diseases. This technology can be used to shed light on the importance of mutations in the mitochondrial genome,” Pourmand said.
There are many potential uses for this technology, and Pourmand said he is eager to develop collaborations with other researchers and explore different applications. “It is a versatile platform for anyone trying to understand what is happening inside the cell, including cancer biologists, stem cell biologists, and others,” he said.
Paolo Actis, now at Imperial College London, and UCSC graduate student Michelle Maalouf are the lead authors of the ACS Nano paper. The coauthors include Pourmand, Seger, graduate student John Kim, undergraduate Akshar Lohith, and postdoctoral researcher Boaz Vilozny (now at Senova Systems in Sunnyvale).


Renault has teamed up with Powervault to re-use electric vehicle (EV) batteries in home energy storage units.
The partnership will reduce the cost of a smart battery by 30 per cent, helping push home energy storage to the point of mass-market roll out across the UK.
Powervault is placing 50 trial units powered by Renault second life batteries in the homes of customers that have solar panels installed.
The trial will explore the technical performance of the batteries and will also be eligible to social housing tenants and schools in the South East of England.
The battery system should enable homeowners to increase their ability to use and store solar energy generated from their own solar panels.
The units can also charge from off-peak energy from the grid.
Joe Warren, Managing director of Powervault, said:
“The collaboration we are announcing today with these two household name brands – Renault and M&S – is an important milestone on our journey towards achieving mainstream adoption of home energy storage.
Homeowners and brands are now looking to benefit from the smart power revolution. It’s only a matter of time before a Powervault becomes as common in [UK] households as a dishwasher.”
Nicolas Schottey, Program Director, EV batteries and infrastructures at Renault, said:
Thanks to this home energy storage partnership with Powervault, Renault is adding a new element into its global strategy for second life batteries, which already covers a large number of usages from industrial to residential building and districts.
“The second life use not only gives additional life to electric vehicle batteries before they are recycled, but also allow consumers to save money. It’s a win-win-win: for EV owners, home-owners and the planet.”
The trial shall last 12 month and start in July.
Later this week Powervault is also launching a crowd-funding campaign that invites investors to acquire a stake in the company.
It shall aim to raise equity to accelerate the roll-out of Powervault batteries across the UK where a ready-made market of over 800,000 homes is already in place for home energy storage products.


Image source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:SARS-CoV-2_without_background.png
Because of its central role in the viral infection mechanism, the Receptor Binding Domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein is a major focus of COVID-19-related therapeutics, vaccine and diagnostics development.
Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) biosensors are valuable tools for research and diagnostics, as they provide an unmatched information depth on various biomolecular interactions with immobilized binders (ligands).
To meet the rapidly increasing demand for COVID-19-related research tools, XanTec presents the first cross-platform, ready-to-use COVID-19 SPR sensor chip. It consists of SARS-CoV-2 RBD protein homogenously preimmobilized on XanTec’s proprietary ultra-low-background polycarboxylate HC surface. This new surface is a versatile tool for various applications in clinical and pharmaceutical COVID-19 R&D and available for the following SPR instruments:
- Biacore® - C, 1000-4000, X100, T100, T200, S200, 8K, 8K+
- Reichert/AMETEK - 2SPR, 4SPR, SR7500DC, SR7000DC
- Carterra* - Carterra LSA
- IBIS - MX 96
- Bruker/Sierra Sensors: SPR-2/4, MASS-1/2, Sierra SPR-24 Pro, Sierra SPR-32
- BioNavis - 200 (OTSO), 400 (KONTIO), 210A (VASA), 220A (NAALI), 420 (ILVES)
- Horiba – XelPlex, OpenPlex
- Sartorius/Molecular Devices – Pioneer, PioneerFE
* For inquiries please contact the instrument manufacturer.
The C19RBDHC30M sensor chip was primarily developed for fast and label-free detection of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies from patient serum for R&D purposes. As the sample matrix contains serum and is thus prone to nonspecific interactions, a highly bioinert chip coating, optimized reagents, and an adapted protocol are essential for highly specific and sensitive detection of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies.
This is where all the optimized characteristics of XanTec’s bioinert polycarboxylate (HC) coating come into play compared with carboxymethyldextran (the coating that is normally used):
- Very low background, even with complex sample matrices like serum.
- Extremely hydrated hydrogel matrix stabilizes the immobilized RBD protein.
- Good permeability for the analytes (antibodies) increases the signal intensity.
- Superior ligand accessibility.
- Negligible mass transport limitation due to very thin hydrogel coating.
The SARS-CoV-2 RBD sensor chips are especially advantageous for imaging SPR (iSPR) systems (e.g., Carterra, IBIS MX96, etc.) in which many patient samples can be applied to the sensor chip surface in parallel to check for an immunological response (IgG, IgA, IgM).
Using the RBD protein in combination with the bioinert polycarboxylate surface ensures high specificity and sensitivity and also prevents false-positive results from samples from patients with earlier coronavirus infections or high nonspecific binding (Figs. 1a & b).
Figure 1a. Overlaid sensorgrams of injected COVID-19-positive and -negative diluted human serum on XanTec SARS-CoV-2 RBD sensor chip. Blue sensorgrams: COVID-19-negative; red sensorgrams: COVID-19 positive. Readout (Response 1) after washing at 1200 sec. Sensor chip: XanTec C19RBDHC30M, Instrument: Reichert 4SPR.
Figure 1b. Improved signal-to-noise ratio by injection of XanTec’s washing buffer. R1 without, and R2 after washing step. P: Positive samples, N: Negative samples. The red dotted line indicates the three-fold nonspecific binding (biological noise) above which a sample is determined as COVID-19-positive after washing buffer injection. E. g., sample 2N becomes clearly negative, while sample 3P can be identified as positive. Sensor chip: XanTec C19RBDHC30M, Instrument: Reichert 4SPR.
To optimize the performance of the C19RBDHC30M sensor chip, we offer the following adapted reagents:
- Referencer Reagent. For many assay developments involving anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, homogeneously prederivatized sensor chips are already a valuable tool. Nonetheless, many instruments require an internal reference surface. As, because of manufacturing restraints, such a reference channel cannot directly be included on the sensor chip, Xantec has developed a “Referencer Reagent”, which inactivates the preimmobilized protein ligand in the reference channel and creates an inert reference surface by means of one short injection.
- Washing buffer. Stringent buffer solution to remove loosely adsorbed sample components, while the specifically bound antibodies remain on the chip surface.
- Mild regeneration buffer that reliably removes most analytes after exposure to human serum or other binders without affecting the structure and activity of the RBD protein.
With the COVID-19 RBD sensor chip and tailored reagents, XanTec brings considerable added value to pharmaceutical, vaccine and diagnostic research and underlines its leadership in the field of SPR sensor chip technology.
- First commercially available cross-platform COVID-19 chip surface.
- Ready-to-use SPR biosensor with preimmobilized SARS-CoV-2 RBD saves time, labor and reagent cost.
- Immobilized SARS-CoV-2 RBD yields more specific signals compared with the complete S1 spike or nucleocapsid protein.
- The underlying HC polycarboxylate hydrogel coating stabilizes the RBD ligand for long-term storage.
- Negligible nonspecific binding from serum proteins without blocking steps drastically reduces the occurrence of false-positive results. In combination with XanTec’s optimized washing buffer, positive and negative samples can be discriminated clearly.
- A mild regeneration buffer allows reuse of the chip surface and makes the assay cost-effective.
For further information regarding XanTec’s product range contact our team at firstname.lastname@example.org.


All-new dual 12-megapixel cameras. The brightest, most colourful iPhone display yet. The fastest performance and best battery life in an iPhone. Water and splash resistant.1 And stereo speakers. Every bit as powerful as it looks — this is iPhone 7 Plus.
iPhone 7 Plus features two 12-megapixel cameras for high-resolution zoom and an ƒ/1.8 aperture for
great low-light photos and 4K video. Optical image stabilisation. A 5.5-inch Retina HD display with wide colour and 3D Touch. An A10 Fusion chip for up to two times faster performance than iPhone 6. Touch ID. Faster 4G LTE.2 The longest battery life in an iPhone. Immersive stereo sound, splash and water resistant,1and iOS 10.
• 5.5-inch (diagonal) Retina HD display with 1920x1080 resolution and wide colour
• 3D Touch
• New 12MP cameras with optical zoom at 2x, digital zoom up to 10x, optical image stabilisation,
Quad-LED True Tone flash and Live Photos
• Splash, water and dust resistant1
• A10 Fusion chip with integrated M10 motion coprocessor
• 4K video recording at 30 fps and slow-motion video recording in 1080p at 120 fps • 7MP FaceTime HD camera with Retina Flash
• Touch ID fingerprint sensor built into the new Home button
• 4G LTE Advanced2 up to 450 Mbps and 802.11a/b/g/n/ac Wi-Fi with MIMO
• iOS 10 and iCloud
• Available in jet black, black, silver, gold, and rose gold3


Mobile devices aren’t like the other systems on your network, so shouldn’t be treated like they are.
Smartphones, tablets, wearable computers, laptops and other mobile devices are great tools, but they’re not the same as desktops and servers. They connect to networks beyond your perimeter security, they run unknown applications, they move through your facilities with ease. And frequently, you have no idea who is using them or for what purpose.
That’s why KeyOptions’ Mobile Device Security Platforms provides full-scope detection, locationing and monitoring of mobile devices so you can confidently manage and mitigate the risks presented by rogue applications and careless or potentially malicious users.
Solution Features include:
- Full-scope detection for all mobile devices — WiFi, Cellular and Bluetooth
- High precision device locationing — accurate to within 3 meters
- Mobile device monitoring console and real-time notifications and alerts
- Integration with most major 3rd party mobile device & application management, network security and policy enforcement systems
- Specialised Phone IMIE/IMSI capture (requires special license )
We are the only organisation to offer far broader device detection — 2g/3g and 4g cellular as well as Wi-Fi and Bluetooth — but also provide device identification so security managers can quickly separate known “good” devices from unknown “rogue” devices within a monitored area.
In selected environments with specialised equipment we can “capture” a device and monitor and control its activity.
Enter a new generation of mobile security tools, the KeyOptions provides a location-based mobile security platform. Rather than replacing existing systems, these platforms fill in the gaps by adding a mobile detection and precision locationing layer to mobile management, policy enforcement and network security.
Mobile locationing security platforms have two components: hardware, in the form of a sensor network, and software that does the heavy lifting of identifying devices, mapping their location, and communicating with other security systems based on where and who those devices are assigned.
More importantly, these systems offer two key features not found in less advanced ones: 1) device locationing and tracking accurate to within 2m-3m, and 2) the ability to dynamically trigger policy changes in MDM/MAM and other mobile security systems based on the device’s entry or exit from a monitored zone.
Because location-based mobile security platforms add a “where” and “who” component to BYOD, Cybersecurity staffers not only get a complete and accurate picture of what’s going on under their roof, but also have the ability to apply the right policies in the right place at the right time. This not only offers better security in depth, but also delivers better overall satisfaction from BYOD users.
Police and Criminal Justice
Working with Law Enforcement agencies and government police forces, we provide technology to assist with a whole host of policing scenarios from the detection of missing persons through to the monitoring of a dwelling or property where the activities of those occupants require discrete and passive monitoring. With the ability to ‘rewind’ to any time within the deployed area, investigators are able to forensically examine an extensive audit trail of data.
We also provide the technology for new generation TSCM for phone identification and interception, taking Law Enforcement capabilities to a new level.
Please contact us for a confidential discussion.
KeyOptions works with a number of military agencies worldwide, solving challenging and unique challenges in high risk, high threat areas. From IED detection to mobile locationing, control and blocking services, please contact us for a confidential discussion.


Let’s forget about the technical part, for a moment. And, focus on the words that “Internet of Things” encapsulates. IoT contains two wide words that are ‘Internet’ and ‘Things’.
Internet, as we know, is a “Global system of interconnected computers”. And, ‘Things’, means every object in the Universe.
IoT is the Global connection of everything around you. Imagine the pace that this concept will bring to our lives.
The question here is why we even want to connect things to the Internet. It sounds really alien for someone who is not technically sound. I will answer that important question for you.
Do you really want to act smartly to complete your task? The answer will most likely be ‘YES’! IoT is an important concept for everyone, it has tremendous benefits.
And, the revolution that smartphones, tablets, and laptops have brought in our lives explains the incredibly surprising benefits of IoT.
Internet connection means having the convenience of sending and receiving information. And, this concept allows us to accomplish our tasks smartly.
Take an example of listening to a song. It used to be a big task to listen to a song. Now, you do not need to even store your favorite song on your mobile phone. You can listen to it any time if you have internet connectivity. Internet connectivity allows your device to send (requesting the song) and receive (downloading the song) information.
In a similar manner, the Internet of Things will connect things to the Internet or the super storage from where it can fetch information and send the same to the receiver.
The evolution of IoT is related to the M2M (machine-to-machine) communication. M2M refers to connecting machines through a network without the help of human interaction.
IoT takes M2M to a higher level with its network of sensors of wide range of smart devices. This network connects systems, applications, and people by collecting and sharing Data.
IoT is an extended form of supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA). It’s a kind of software application that works for process control by gathering real-time Data from remote locations. And, this data helps in controlling equipment and devices.
The first-generation of IoT is related to the latest generation of SCADA systems. The evolution of IoT therefor is related to the system of SCADA. The concept of IoT came into the picture in mid-2010, with China claiming to prioritize (strategic) the concept in its five-year-plan.
IoT will be an integral part of our lives in the future. In the years to come, we will see many fresh improvements in different aspects of our daily life. Let’s talk about a few of those areas in which IoT is going to have an impact.
What if you could switch off a light remotely in your home or could be able to control the heating appliance of your home automatically according to the temperature of the room? And, IoT will help with that!
IoT enabled appliances would be able to intelligently communicate with the user. As in the case of refrigeration. The appliance will notify the user if something is about to expire.
With the application of IoT, vehicles will be able to find out the best route for avoiding traffic jams.
IoT will be able to inform the rider if he has the right type of shoes for the area. If he has the right kind of clothing for that particular environment.
IoT and Big Data both are enormously useful for patients. And, Data analysis and administration is quite beneficial in reducing the sanitary cost and bringing out improvements in diagnosis.
IoT will help in making you live in a smart home! It helps in making building digital, competitive and efficient. Digitization makes improvement in Data transmission. This data help in the operation of every section integrated into the building from protection against fire to the temperature control.
There can be numerous benefits of IoT in our everyday life. We will be highlighting here a few of those benefits:
IoT will take care of the safety both at your home. Sensors allow control of the closing/opening of windows/doors and even any kind of movement inside a building.
Intelligently connected homes help in controlling temperature and lighting remotely resulting in saving an enormous amount of power.
IoT enabled system allows you to control your office/home appliances remotely allowing you to switch it on or off.
nother revolution is on the way! IoT will be making us way more smart and intelligent, making room for plenty of other improvements in our day-to-day lives.


SUMTRAIC is an experimental SUMmer TRAIning Course in plasma physics in magnetic confinement fusion devices (tokamaks) organised annually at the Institute of Plasma Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences in Prague (IPP CAS), Czech Republic.
The centre of gravity of this summer school lays in the direct involvement of the participants in the processing and analysis of experimental data from the COMPASS tokamak or even in the participation in the experiments, when compatible with the experimental program. COMPASS is one of the leading devices among smaller tokamaks in the world, with an experimental program focused on plasma-wall interaction, edge plasma physics, H-mode and runaway electrons.
This year, SUMTRAIC will be organised from August 26th until September 6th and will be focused on data analysis of the latest experiments at COMPASS.
A symbolic fee to cover the administrative expenses is set to 50€ per student.
The topics of the SUMTRAIC 2018 (see 2018 group photo above) reflects the various and advanced fields of reasearch of COMPASS and have included:
- Search for stationary zonal flows at the plasma edge using a so called rake probe head,
- Investigation of plasma rotation by optical diagnostic,
- Sawtooth simulations with the code Raptor,
- Power decay length measurements by mean of an infrared camera and divertor probes,
- Study of the scrape-off layer turbulence, ELM detection and precursors of ELMs by mean of Lithium beam diagnostic,
- Measurements of filamentary structures by a so called U-probe,
- Investigation of L-mode plasma performance using neutral beam injectors,
- SOL current measurements thanks to a 5 segment floating divertor tile.
Similar topics will be available this year, depending on the scientific COMPASS program. The final list of topics for SUMTRAIC 2019 will be adapted to the number of participants and will be released shortly before the summer school. Here find a report from two former 2018 SUMTRAIC students from MEPhI university in Russia.


N-Bond UV Ink Jet primer
> Adhesion promotion with nanotechnology - N-Bond from Nanovations.
Nanovations has developed a new adhesion promotion technology for ink-jet UV printing on glass and ceramics. The use of N-Bond for the adhesion promotion of organic inks to glass and ceramic is a real improvement for the flatbed inkjet printing of UV cured inks.
Nanovations N-Bond adhesion promotion technology is significant thinner than traditional primer systems. The result is a fast curing, invisible and extremely cost effective adhesion promotion technology. N-Bond is very fast curing and can be printed on within 10 minutes after the application.


At GeoPage, we’ve been doing location-aware and geospatial applications using Rails for several years now. I’m pleased to announce that we’ve released one of our core components, the RGeo library, under a liberal BSD-style license. This library should be very useful for developers working with location data in a Rails application.
What is RGeo?
RGeo is, at its heart, a representation of spatial vector data in Ruby. It implements the industry standard OGC Simple Feature Access Specification, providing classes for points, lines, polygons, and other geometric objects, as well as a full set of geometric operations such as finding intersections, creating buffers, calculating distances, etc. It also provides the tools needed to work with geographic coordinate systems and projections, and to read and write data in the well-known formats understood by spatial databases. Continue reading


Dan Ledger is Founder of Path Collaborative. He is also Strategic Advisor at Endeavour Partners where he has led a great deal of work and research on wearable technology and connected health. He has advised numerous startups, larger service providers, and OEMs on product definition, service design, ecosystem strategy, and go-to-market planning within this space. Dan has appeared on NPR, CNN and Bloomberg talking about the future of wearable technology. His research on wearable technology has been covered by GigaOm, The New York Times, The Guardian, Fast Company, Fortune, Forbes, TechRepublic, and CBS, among others. Prior to joining Endeavour, Dan worked in the semiconductor industry for 15 years in engineering and marketing roles where he developed a deep working understanding of many of the underlying technologies that are driving the wearables market. Dan holds a Masters degree from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Bachelor's degrees from Washington University in St. Louis.
Follow Dan on Twitter: @endeavourprtnrs
See Dan deliver his keynote, Friday, October 21, 3:30pm -- Commonwealth Stage.


MINI Deans Style Male T Plug to Male DC 5.5mm X 2.5mm DC5525 Power Cable for TS100 Electronic Soldering Iron
- List PriceUS$8.23piece
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This T plug to DC 5.5X2.5mm male power cable is specially designed for your TS100 smart electric soldering iron enable you to power the soldring iron with your lipo battery directly. It is equipped with high quality male deans style T plug and DC5525 male barrel connector with 18inch length, plug and play eay to use enable your TS100 soldering iron more portable.
1 x Deans Style Male T Plug to Male DC5525 Power Cable