2 edition of Ground-based telescopes found in the catalog.
Includes bibliographical references and author index.
|Statement||Jacobus M. Oschmann, Jr., chair/editor ; sponsored and published by SPIE--the International Society for Optical Engineering ; cooperating organizations, AAS--American Astronomical Society (USA) ... [et al.].|
|Series||SPIE proceedings series,, v. 5489, Proceedings of SPIE--the International Society for Optical Engineering ;, v. 5489.|
|Contributions||Oschmann, Jacobus M., Society of Photo-optical Instrumentation Engineers., American Astronomical Society.|
|LC Classifications||QB88 .G76 2004|
|The Physical Object|
|Pagination||2 v. (xx, 1236 p.) :|
|Number of Pages||1236|
|LC Control Number||2005299664|
[An] insightful history of how ground-based telescopes have evolved and flourished over the past 50 years. [McCray's] tale begins with the inch Hale telescope at California's Palomar Mountain, built in , and ends with the twin 8-metre Gemini telescopes on mountains in Chile and Hawaii, completed in Brand: Harvard. And just like Hubble works with today's largest ground-based observatories, LUVOIR will work with the current generation of under-construction 30 .
With increasingly complex and costly opto-mechanical systems, there is a growing need for reliable computer modeling and simulation. The field of integrated modeling, combining optics, mechanics, control engineering, and other disciplines, is the subject of this book. Although the book primarily focuses on ground-based optical telescopes, the techniques introduced are applicable also to other. Nonetheless, large ground-based telescopes are now routinely outperforming Hubble in observations made in optical wavelengths, but for as long as it can still observe in other frequencies Hubble will remain one of the most important telescopes in service until its replacement, the James Webb telescope, is placed into service.
48) One advantage of the Hubble Space telescope over ground based ones is that A) it is larger than any Earth-based telescopes. B) it can better focus X-ray images. C) it can make better observations of the ozone layer. D) its adaptive optics controls atmospheric blurring better. Telescopes are designed to collect and focus starlight onto a detector. Wh ile conceptually simple, ground-based observers have to contend with limitations imposed by physics, the atmosphere, and technology. First, the collecting area of a telescope is limited in size. The largest optical telescope in the world presently has an equivalent.
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'I recommend this book as an incredibly detailed historical record of the design, construction and operation of the world's ground-based optical and radio astronomy facilities; their spatial and temporal distribution covers all continents from to the present this book is a testament to the wonders of the Ground-based telescopes book as detected by optical and radio telescopes.'/5(2).
This book would probably appeal to those wanting somewhat greater depth in understanding how telescopes and associated instruments work than is common in a popular science book. The author, a physicist working at the U.
Air Force Academy, describes the different ways a telescope can be built (refractors, reflectors, Schmidt-Cassegrians, and Cited by: The major instrument on Mt.
Hopkins is the MMT Observatory's m-diameter optical telescope. The current suite of FLWO telescopes includes a m-diameter imaging optical telescope; the m Tillinghast optical spectroscopic telescope; the HAT (Hungarian-made Automated Telescope) array of five small optical telescopes; the MINERVA array of four cm optical telescopes; the MEarth array of.
List of optical telescope types. Optical telescopes can be classified by three primary optical designs (refractor, reflector, or catadioptric), by sub-designs of these types, by how they are constructed, or by the task they perform.
They all have their different advantages and disadvantages and they are used in different areas of professional and amateur astronomy.
Telescopes on Earth cost less because they don't need to be launched into Ground-based telescopes book, and the materials used in creating an terrestrial telescope are not as expensive.
The two ground-based Gemini telescopes each cost about $ million. whereas the Hubble telescope cost U.S. taxpayers approximately $2 billion. Ground-based observatories, located on the surface of Earth, are used to make observations in the radio and visible light portions of the electromagnetic optical telescopes are housed within a dome or similar structure, to protect the delicate instruments from the elements.
Telescope domes have a slit or other opening in the roof that can be opened during observing, and closed. The committee notes that while space-based surveys, unlike their ground-based counterparts, are not limited to observing the night-time sky and are able to discover relatively faint objects, they have the disadvantage that in general ground-based telescopes will be unable to provide short-term follow-up observations to secure orbits.
It was in the pages of Clarke's book that I first encountered the concept of a telescope in orbit around our planet. This telescope would peer at the universe from well above the interference of the Earth's ever turbulent atmosphere, which relentlessly blurs the view in ground-based telescopes and makes stars twinkle.5/5(3).
Unfortunately, this book can't be printed from the OpenBook. If you need to print pages from this book, we recommend downloading it as a PDF. Ground-Based Astronomy: It has, however, given thought to the relative roles of orbiting and ground-based telescopes and to the proper divÃsion of tasks betwÃ©en the two methods of observatÃ.
A telescope on the Canary Islands has spotted a planet twice the size of Earth as it passed in front of a star, the first time a planet in this category has been detected by. Giant ground-based optical telescopes such as the Giant Segmented Mirror Telescope, the Thirty Meter Telescope, and the Extremely Large Telescope are currently under development.
The James Webb Space Telescope is under construction, and the Space Interferometer Mission has successfully completed its technology program. But ground-based telescopes are essential for confirming the existence of planets that TESS and other space telescopes find, and for learning more about them.
TESS, like the space-based planet-hunter Kepler, whose mission ended instares at stars over periods of time, measuring how bright the star is every few minutes for weeks at a time. The latest study is the first to observe the atmosphere of a distant planet using a ground-based telescope, proving that these more versatile and powerful instruments can join in the search for Author: Ian Sample.
With the diameter that newer and larger telescopes have, they are extremely expensive regardless of whether they are Earth or space based. However, space based telescopes cost several times as much to put in operation because of the added expense.
Astronomers have measured the passing of a super-Earth in front of a bright, nearby Sun-like star using a ground-based telescope for the first time.
The transit of the exoplanet 55 Cancri e is the shallowest detected from the ground yet. Since detecting a transit is the first step in analyzing a planet's atmosphere, this success bodes well for characterizing the many small planets that.
This book by one of the leaders in adaptive optics covers the fundamental theory and then describes in detail how this technology can be applied to large ground-based telescopes to compensate for the effects of atmospheric turbulence. It includes information on basic adaptive optics components and technology, and has chapters devoted to atmospheric turbulence, optical image structure, laser Author: John W.
Hardy. A second team has made a ground-based detection of a different extrasolar planet, OGLE-TRb,using the Southern Observatory’s Very Large Telescope. This. In the past decades a number of ground based telescopes have been established in India. These telescopes cover the electromagnetic spectrum in the optical, infrared and radio wavelength bands.
The telescopes have been set up by national laboratories such as PRL, TIFR, IIA, RRI etc., as well as by Osmania University.
Newer ground-based telescopes are usingtechnological advances such as adaptive optics to try to correct or limitatmospheric distortion, but there's no way to see the wavelengths that theatmosphere Author: Remy Melina. But astronomers are crafty people, so they’ve come up with ways to mitigate the distortion that Earth’s thick atmosphere causes for ground based telescopes (from which stars appear to twinkle).
Infrared observations are made with telescopes aboard aircraft and in space, as well as from ground-based facilities on dry mountain peaks.
Ultraviolet, X-ray, and gamma-ray observations must be made from above the atmosphere. Many orbiting observatories have been flown to observe in these bands of the spectrum in the last few decades.
Using adaptive optics, lasers and thin mirrors the 4 large and 4 small telescopes that comprise Europe's most powerful telescope has returned imagery and dat.Get this from a library! Frontiers Of Space And Ground-Based Astronomy: the Astrophysics of the 21st Century.
[W Wamsteker; Malcolm S Longair; Y Kondo] -- The proceedings of the XXVIIth ESLAB symposium presents a comprehensive review of the status of astrophysics and cosmology today. The book presents an outstanding insight into the current and future.


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Hello, I click to update firmware of my camera tuya, the installation started but after some minutes a message shows saying that time to update was expired. My camera now is offline and I tried to reset, unplug power, not work. The camera blink Leds every minute, and also the mini led in the network connector blick 3 times every minute. Please what can I do to recovery it? How can I update the firmware if it is offline? Lan cable? Sd card? Where to find the firmware file? Please I need help. Thank you very much.


The world of computing has evolved significantly over the years. From bulky desktop computers and laptops to compact gadgets that fit in your palm, computing has come a long way. Mini PC sticks are the latest addition to the world of computing. These small wonders are a perfect combination of power and portability. They give you the freedom to take your computing tasks with you wherever you go. But how powerful are they? Can they handle demanding tasks? In this article, we will explore the capabilities of a mini stick pc and see how it can revolutionize computing.
Compact Size and Portability
One of the most significant advantages of a mini PC stick is its compact size and portability. These sticks are small enough to fit in your pocket or in a small bag. They are perfect for people who are always on the go, and need access to a computer. They are also great for people who have limited space in their apartments or homes. You can easily connect them to a TV or monitor, and you are good to go. These sticks are a great solution for people who need to work remotely or want to have a portable computer.
Capable of Handling Basic Tasks
Mini PC sticks are capable of handling basic computing tasks such as web browsing, word processing, and emailing. They come equipped with a basic processor and enough storage space to provide you with a smooth computing experience. If you are looking for a device that can handle these basic tasks, a mini PC stick is an excellent choice for you.
Can Handle Demanding Tasks
Contrary to popular belief, mini PC sticks are not just limited to basic computing tasks. They can handle demanding tasks such as video editing, gaming, and streaming. Some of the mini PC sticks come equipped with a powerful processor and high-end graphics card, which makes them capable of handling demanding tasks with ease. If you are a gamer or a video editor, you might want to consider investing in a mini PC stick.
Affordable and Cost-Effective
Mini PC sticks are a cost-effective solution for all your computing needs. They are affordable compared to traditional desktop computers or laptops. If you are on a budget, you can easily find a mini PC stick that is affordable and fits your requirements. Further, they consume less energy, which makes them an environmentally friendly option as well.
Easy to Set Up and Use
Setting up a mini PC stick is an easy and straightforward process. You need to plug it into a TV or monitor, connect your keyboard and mouse, and you are good to go. It comes equipped with an operating system preinstalled, so you do not need to go through the hassle of installing it yourself. Mini PC sticks are also easy to use and operate. They come with a user-friendly interface that makes it easy for you to navigate through applications and software.
The mini PC stick is a powerful and portable computing device that has revolutionized the world of computing. It is a perfect solution for people who are always on the go, or have limited space in their apartments or homes. It is capable of handling basic as well as demanding tasks, making it an excellent device for gamers and video editors. Mini PC sticks are also cost-effective and easy to use, making them a great alternative to traditional desktop computers and laptops. If you are looking for a portable, powerful, and cost-effective computing device, a mini PC stick is an excellent choice for you.


2013 Coordinate Metrology Systems Conference
The Coordinate Metrology Society (CMS), the association for measurement professionals, will host the 29th annual Coordinate Metrology Systems Conference (CMSC), July 22 – 26, 2013 at the Sheraton San Diego Hotel and Marina. This event caters to users of portable 3D measurement solutions applied by manufacturers and science laboratories. Under one roof, attendees will find the latest metrology products and services, technical paper sessions, educational workshops, and networking opportunities. The CMSC is known for its full slate of technical presentations that cover successful user applications, best practices, and research and development in the field of metrology.
CMSC attendees are veteran and novice metrologists, manufacturing executives and managers, scientists, students, educators and those who want to broaden their skill sets and knowledge of 3D portable measurement.
For the first time, examinations for the CMS Level-One Certification for 3D Portable Metrology will be offered during the conference. Details are forthcoming. The 5-day agenda also will include a measurement study, workshops, user group meetings, and social events to meet Coordinate Metrology Society members and thought leaders in the industry. The Exhibitor Hall will feature more than 40 service providers and vendors of portable measurement technology including industrial photogrammetry solutions, laser trackers, laser radars, articulating arms, GPS systems, laser scanners, laser projection systems, theodolites and much more.
1380 Harbor Island Drive
San Diego, California 92101


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The entire SleuthGear® brand is made up of the following family of products:
Zone Shield® Wireless is a hidden video system built into working household applicances that allows the user to view or record remotely via the EZ-See webink or the EZ-See iTunes App. Captured video is recorded to an included SD card or streamed to a recording device via the QUAD, QUAD LCD or USB connection.
Zone Shield® DVR is a hidden video camera system and DVR built into actual working electronics or small applicances. Captured video is stored locally on the device or on the included SD card. Unlike other hidden camera/DVR systems, Zone Shield DVRs are completely undetectable as a hidden recording device.
Xtreme Life™ Wireless is a hidden video system built into working household appliances. LIke the Zone Shield Wireless the Xtreme Life allows the user to view remotely and it has a long life battery built in the products for those hard to reach locations without a close power source.
Xtreme Life™ Night Vision provides the user with the functionality of recording in total darkness anywhere with the built in Night Vision. Choose to either record the video remotely or locally on the provided SD card along with the knowledge that the long life battery provides you with a solution to provide hidden video where there is no power source.
Xtreme Life™ DVR gives you the flexiblility of a fully contained DVR system with an extremely long life battery, no conspicuous wires provide a perfect solution for any covert operation. Captured video is stored on the provided removeable SD card. Weatherproof and energy concious, Xtreme Life works for indoor and outdoor installations.
RecoverIt®: The Recover It utilizes forensic quality data recovery of over 25 different types of files and works on most devices with flash memory including cameras, Secure Digital Cards, and Smart Phones. Check on employer issued cell phones or protect your teenagers from cyber bulling by tracking calls, texts, chat logs and emails. Works on iPhone, Android, Blackberry and Windows.
Recluse®: This ordinary black box is a motion activated camera and DVR using Secure Digital Card for memory. Its simple design blends into any environment. Simple to setup and discretly records to the included SD card.
iTrail®: The iTrail is a USB enabled GPS vehicle logger. Track any object the iTrail is placed on with its easy to use interface that features Google Maps.


Smok Novo 2 Review – Great Features And a Better Battery Capability
The Smok Novo 2 is Smok’s newest and best mid priced electronic device. It incorporates all of Smok’s high quality features in an easy to use package. What else could you ask for in a mid priced electronic?
Full power result has increased coming from 10 sixteenW to more than twice that providing you a much wider wattage variety. The Smok Novo 2 now automatically adjusts the power consumption to provide you with an extended, a lot more comfortable vaporizing experience. Another great new feature is a recessed silicone groove along the complete bottom of the particular electrodes so any dripping or moisture build-up or condensation produced while vaporizing is easily wiped apart. Both inch extended heating plate provides a convection existing cooling system constructed into it to keep your device awesome during prolonged employ. With the fresh temperature sensing technologies, the Smok Novo 2 allows you to precisely control the exact temperature that your gases reach.
The Smok Novo 2 uses a new completely different heat plate design compared to the original. The newer model incorporates a two-third plate of which spans from leading to bottom. This allows for higher power consumption output but furthermore allows for the temp to get controlled a lot more precisely. When typically the airflow is decreased, the temperature associated with the air being blown onto typically the heating plates remains constant. With the increased wattage end result, your vaporizing encounter will be much a lot more enjoyable and effective.
The particular original Smok unit utilizes a reliable metal heat copper wire. This had been a good design for the time because it caused small heat build-up in addition to a very constant heating plate. Yet , the heat bail from the metal could become thermal damage over time. As a result, the coils within the unit began to be able to form a swimming pool of hot metal, which produced less vapor and failed to produce a top quality vapor experience. In addition, the steel wires used in days gone by were not able to support very high wattages.
The particular newest version associated with the Smok Novo 2 looks considerably different. It features a large clear a glass front panel having an inset heating element. The glass contains a built-in auto turn off feature that furthermore shuts off the particular heating element whenever the device actually reaches a preset heat. The most visible difference between typically the original Smok Novo as well as the newer variation may be the size. The newer unit is almost four occasions as wide since the original, making it nearly twice as big as the original Smok Novo.
The fresh unit also features a built-in standard rechargeable or ‘draw activated’ cell. The create quality of this particular product ought to raise some caution flags for potential buyers. The problem along with the build top quality of many low top quality vaporizers is that they often require you to be able to affect the batteries frequently. This could be expensive due to the fact the batteries will certainly have to be replaced regularly inside order to ensure that the unit temperatures up to optimum performance. With a Smok Novo 2, you can’t need in order to worry about typically the battery being replaced so frequently because it is sure to heat up swiftly and hold a new charge for a good extended time period.
One of the primary issues that I learn about Smok Novo 2’s is that it has an sign light that will go on and off, even when the unit is just not yet completely recharged. I did discover one model that will does not have got this indicator light. Other versions possess a very small indicator light of which glows red thus you realize that typically the unit is fully charged. Even if the battery is not really fully charged, you should be able to inform that something is usually wrong since the DIRECTED light will go away sometimes. Lots of consumers have indicated of which this indicator gentle makes it much harder to realize when their battery packs are getting lower.
Total, Smok Novo a couple of is a extremely nice electronic cigarette smoking device as it could produce excellent vapour flavors and that has an enormous enhancement over the authentic novo pod vaporizer. However, I Vape have got pointed out that the new models may not really hold a cost long enough to help keep you away coming from your computer. If you plan to use this as your own only smoking system then I suggest that you purchase typically the original novo pods. Otherwise, Smok Novo 2 may be perfect for your spending budget. Smok Novo two is unquestionably worth looking at out.


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DISCORD-certified Game Audio-chat balance dial lets you adjust audio levels on the fly. Separate sound cards handle game and chat audio, allowing you to set the proper balance on the headset without having to leave the game. Also compatible with TeamSpeak, Skype, and other services.
The JBL Quantum 800 headset is compatible via 2.4GHz wireless connection on PC, PS4, Mac and VR. Compatible via 3.5mm audio jack with PC, PlayStation™, Xbox™, Nintendo Switch™, Mobile, Mac and VR. You can connect via Bluetooth 5.0 to any Bluetooth enabled device. The JBL QuantumSURROUND is only available on PC. Check the connectivity guide for compatibility.
Echo-cancelling technology makes sure you're heard loud and clear when rallying the troops or opponents. Or not. The Quantum 800 features a 2-way mute possibility. Just flip up the adjustable boom mic to mute your voice or press the button built into the ear cup.
JBL's unique JBL QuantumENGINE PC software powers the immersive surround sound. Select your preferred surround sound settings and personalize your JBL Quantum 800 gaming headset from a user-friendly dashboard, creating separate profiles and RGB effects, and modifying microphone settings. You can also adjust the equalizer or choose from 6 presets.
The lightweight, ventilated headband, and premium leather-wrapped, memory foam ear cushions are designed for even the longest gaming sessions.
Designed for gaming environments, the Active Noise Cancelling system eliminates unwanted background sounds so you can stay fully engaged in combat without distractions.


The WeatherSentry interactive map is the foundation of DTN’s web-based decision support platform, overlaying current and forecast weather data on a global map that offers different views to support your weather-critical decisions.
Start by selecting the Map icon in the WeatherSentry menu.
Enable weather layers by checking the box next to the weather content list. Several layers are able to be chosen at the same time, allowing a deeper analysis of current and forecast weather information. Popular layers include:
- WeatherOps Alerts
- National Meteorological Services Bulletins
The WeatherSentry radar has been upgraded to a higher resolution. The radar is now a 1km grid with the color table beginning at 1 dBZ.
The new color palette is also smoother and transitions from one value to the next versus having blocks. Additionally, we’ve added future radar to add regions that can show a 90 minute forecast projection with 1km resolution. The regions for future radar include North America, Europe, Japan and Australia.
Each weather layer contains a settings display accessed by the arrow next to the layer. These layer settings control things such as transparency and time frame.
Some weather layers such as lightning, satellite and radar can be animated to get an idea of movement, growth and decay. When those layers are enabled, animation controls are displayed at the bottom of the screen.
Always looking at the same geography and weather content? Set up a map favorite here.
Rotate through a series of map views by setting up a slideshow here.


APSRC 2019 includes the following Plenary speakers.
Martin Green is Scientia Professor at the University of New South Wales, Sydney and Director of the Australian Centre for Advanced Photovoltaics, involving several other Australian Universities and research groups. His group’s contributions to photovoltaics are well known and include holding the record for silicon solar cell efficiency for 30 of the last 35 years, described as one of the “Top Ten” Milestones in the history of solar photovoltaics. Major international awards include the 1999 Australia Prize, the 2002 Right Livelihood Award, also known as the Alternative Nobel Prize, the 2007 SolarWorld Einstein Award, the 2016 Ian Wark Medal from the Australian Academy of Science and, most recently, the 2018 Global Energy Prize to be presented in St Petersburg this October.
Keith Lovegrove is a leading expert in concentrating solar power (CSP). He has more than 30 years’ experience in solar energy combined with 15 years of teaching experience in undergraduate and postgraduate courses in Energy Systems and Systems Engineering. He has worked extensively on the storage of solar energy with hydrogen and ammonia. He was previously the leader of the Solar Thermal Group at the Australian National University. In that role he was the lead inventor and design and construction team leader of the 500m2 (world’s largest) Generation II Big Dish solar concentrator. Keith has a Bachelor of Science (First Class Honours) and PhD from the Australian National University. He has represented Australia as International Energy Agency (IEA) Solar PACES (Power and Chemical Energy Systems) Solar Chemistry task representative over many years and currently is the alternative executive committee representative. In 2012, he was a Member of the Australian Prime Minister’s Science, Engineering and Innovation Council, Expert Working Group on Climate Energy and Water Links. He is a member of the University of Adelaide’s Centre for Energy Technology advisory board, board member of the Australian Solar Thermal Association and also serves on the Australian Renewable Energy Agency’s advisory panel.
Daniel Mugnier has professional experience in engineering solar thermal systems for large DHW applications and above all solar heating and cooling systems. Managing the innovation department of TECSOL – one of the French leading solar engineering companies – Daniel Mugnier is involved as well in numerous R&D projects on solar thermal at the national, European and international level. He is also author of several publications and presentations at international conferences on solar energy. He is currently Chairman of the IEA Solar Heating and Cooling Programme as well as French delegate to IEA PVPS Task 1 and French participant to IEA PVPS Task 17 (on solar mobility).
Melissa Pang is Director of Project Solutions at the Australian Renewable Energy Agency (ARENA). Throughout her career, Melissa has worked as a consulting engineer in industries such as defence, building services and energy efficiency. The past six years have been spent at ARENA in multiple roles: developing and contributing to ARENA’s solar R&D to commercialisation strategy, managing ARENA’s marine and geothermal energy portfolios, navigating the multi-dimensional and multi-stakeholder issues surrounding the grid integration of renewable energy technologies and, finally, managing Project Solutions team to deliver ARENA’s complex contracts.
Vasilis Fthenakis develops methodologies, predictive models, and control technologies for resolving problems at the interface of energy and the environment. Recent investigations include variable renewable energy systems integration and life cycle sustainability analysis. His pioneering work on environmental impact and resource availability of photovoltaic (PV) technologies has helped resolve concerns for rapid growth commercialization. Fthenakis joined Columbia in 2006, in a joint appointment with Brookhaven National Laboratory, and founded the Center for Life Cycle Analysis (CLCA), with the objective to guide technology and energy policy decisions with holistic and well balanced descriptions of the sustainability profiles of energy systems. His research on the life-cycles of renewable, nuclear, and coal technologies has been a crucial contribution to today’s key debates about energy and climate change and has put several energy technologies on a comparable basis with solar. He created an International Energy Agency Task on PV Sustainability that brought together LCA analysts from fourteen countries and produced a number of consensus documents guiding credible LCA studies worldwide. Recently he co-founded the Global Clean Water Desalination Alliance (GCWDA) and was elected in its Board of Directors. The GCWDA was launched during the COP21 Paris and was also represented in COP22 Marrakesh. The CLCA team is currently leading GCWDA efforts to integrate PV with desalination making it both clean and affordable. Fthenakis has a BS in Chemistry from the National University of Athens, a MS in Chemical Engineering from Columbia University, and a PhD in Fluid Dynamics and Atmospheric Science from New York University. He is the author of three books and 400 scientific articles and reports. He serves on the Editorial Boards of Progress in Photovoltaics, Energy Technology, and the Journal of Loss Prevention. Early in his career he served as a safety and environmental consultant for major oil and chemical companies and as an expert on investigating major chemical accidents in the U.S.
Dr Lachlan Blackhall is Entrepreneurial Fellow and Head, Battery Storage and Grid Integration Program at The Australian National University. Previously, Dr Blackhall led the development of capabilities to monitor, optimise and control residential solar generation and battery storage, as well as the development of virtual power plant technology to aggregate energy storage to deliver services to energy networks, markets and utilities. Dr Blackhall holds a BE, BSc and a PhD in engineering and applied mathematics, is a Senior Member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and a Fellow of both the Institution of Engineers Australia (IEAust) and the Australian Academy of Technology and Engineering (ATSE).
Professor Kylie Catchpole is at the Research School of Engineering at the Australian National University. Her research interests are in nanotechnology and new materials for solar cell applications. She has a physics degree from the ANU, winning a University Medal, and a PhD from the ANU. She was a Post-doctoral Fellow at the University of New South Wales and the FOM Institute for Atomic and Molecular Physics, Amsterdam. She has published over 100 papers, which have been cited over 6000 times to date. Her work on plasmonic solar cells has been featured in the news sections of Science magazine and The Economist and in 2010 her work on nanophotonic light trapping was listed as one of MIT Technology Review’s ‘10 most important emerging technologies’. In 2011 she was an episode winner on ABC TV’s ‘New Inventors’. In 2015 she was awarded the John Booker medal in engineering science from the Australian Academy of Science.


Welcome to Saad M. Al-Alyan Telecom
Saad M. Al-Alyan Telecom Est. is a dynamic and progressive company with a clear objective - to provide our clients with innovative and cost-effective business solutions through the efficient deployment and integration of information technology.
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SMA is proud to launch a new network discipline serving the Machine-to-Machine (M2M) network applications. In fact, SMA is one of the early and very few implementers of this technology in KSA and the whole Middle east region.
SMA Wireless Services specializes in in-building amplifier installs for enhancing cellular coverage but also offer a vast assortment of wireless communication services.


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A Cave Automatic Virtual Environment (better known by the recursive acronym CAVE) is an immersive virtual reality environment where projectors are directed to three, four, five or six of the walls of a room-sized cube. The name is also a reference to the allegory of the Cave in Plato's Republic where a philosopher contemplates perception, reality and illusion.
General characteristics of the CAVEEdit
The CAVE is a 10’ X 10’ X 9’ theatre that sits in a larger room measured to be around 35’ X 25’ X 13’. The outside room must be free of light at all times while using the CAVE. The walls of the CAVE are made up of rear-projection screens, and the floor is made of a down-projection screen. High-resolution projectors (the University of Illinois uses an Electrohome Marquee 8000) display images on each of the screens by projecting the images onto mirrors which reflect the images onto the projection screens. The user will go inside of the CAVE wearing special glasses to allow for the 3-D graphics that are generated by the CAVE to be seen. With these glasses, people using the CAVE can actually see objects floating in the air, and can walk around them, getting a proper view of what the object would look like when they walk around it. This is made possible with electromagnetic sensors. The frame of the CAVE is made out of non-magnetic stainless steel in order to interfere as little as possible with the electromagnetic sensors. When a person walks around in the CAVE, their movements are tracked with these sensors and the video adjusts accordingly. Computers control this aspect of the CAVE as well as the audio aspects. There are multiple speakers placed from multiple angles in the CAVE, giving one not only 3-D video, but 3-D audio as well.
The first CAVEEdit
The first CAVE was developed in the Electronic Visualization Laboratory at University of Illinois at Chicago and was announced and demonstrated at the 1992 SIGGRAPH. The CAVE was developed in response to a challenge from the SIGGRAPH 92 Showcase effort (and its chair James E. George) for scientists to create and show off a one-to-many visualization tool that utilized large projection screens. The CAVE answered that challenge, and became the third major physical form of immersive VR (after goggles 'n' gloves and vehicle simulators). Thomas A. DeFanti, Daniel J. Sandin, and Carolina Cruz-Neira are credited with its invention. It has been used and developed in cooperation with the NCSA, to conduct research in various virtual reality and scientific visualization fields. CAVE is a registered trademark of the University of Illinois Board of Regents. The name was first licensed to Pyramid Systems and is currently licensed to Mechdyne Corporation, the parent company of Fakespace Systems (Fakespace Systems acquired Pyramid Systems in 1999). Commercial systems based on the concept of the CAVE are available from a handful of manufacturers.
A lifelike visual display is created by projectors positioned outside the CAVE and controlled by physical movements from a user inside the CAVE. Stereoscopic LCD shutter glasses convey a 3D image. The computers rapidly generate a pair of images, one for each of the user's eyes. The glasses are synchronized with the projectors so that each eye only sees the correct image. Since the projectors are positioned outside of the cube, mirrors often reduce the distance required from the projectors to the screens. One or more computers, often SGI workstations, drive the projectors. Clusters of desktop PCs are popular to run CAVEs, because they cost less and run faster. A cluster can be harder to administer than a single SGI, however.
Software and libraries designed specifically for CAVE applications are available. There are several techniques for rendering the scene. OpenGL is better for simpler simulations, not large scenes. There are 3 popular scene graphs in use today: OpenSG, OpenSceneGraph, and OpenGL Performer. OpenSG and OpenSceneGraph are open source, while OpenGL Performer is a commercial product from SGI.
CAVELib is the original Application Programmer's Interface (API) developed for the CAVE(TM) system created at the Electronic Visualization Lab at University of Illinois Chicago. The software was commercialized in 1996 and further enhanced by VRCO Inc. The CAVELib is a low level VR software package in such that it abstracts away for a developer window and viewport creation, viewer-centered perspective calculations, displaying to multiple graphics channels, multi-processing and multi-threading, cluster synchronization and data sharing, and stereoscopic viewing. Developers create all of the graphics for their environment and the CAVELib makes it display properly. The CAVELib API is platform independent enabling developers to create high-end virtual reality applications on Windows and Linux operating systems (IRIX, Solaris, and HP-UX are no longer supported). CAVELib-based applications are externally configurable at run-time making an application executable independent of the display system.
VR Juggler is a suite of APIs designed to simplify the VR application development process. VR Juggler allows the programmer to write an application that will work with any VR display device, with any VR input devices, without changing any code or having to recompile the application. Juggler is used in over 100 CAVEs worldwide.
CoVE is a suite of APIs designed to enable the creation of reusable VR applications. CoVE provides programmers with an API to develop multi-user, multi-tasking, collaborative, cluster-ready applications with rich 2D interfaces using an immersive window manager and windowing API to provide windows, menus, buttons, and other common widgets within the VR system. CoVE also supports running X11 applications within the VR environment.
Equalizer is an open source rendering framework and resource management system for multipipe applications, ranging from single pipe workstations to VR installations. Equalizer provides an API to write parallel, scalable visualization applications which are configured at run-time by a resource server.
Syzygy is a freely-distributed grid operating system for PC Cluster Virtual Reality, Tele-Collaboration, and Multimedia Supercomputing, developed by the Integrated Systems Laboratory at the Beckman Institute of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. This middleware runs on Mac OS, Linux, Windows, and Irix. C++, OpenGL, and Python applications (as well as other regular computer apps) can run on this and be distributed for VR.
Avango is a framework for building distributed virtual reality applications. It provides a field/fieldcontainer based application layer similar to VRML. Within this layer a scene graph, based on OpenGL Performer, input sensors, and output actuators are implemented as runtime loadable modules (or plugins). A network layer provides automatic replication/distribution of the application graph using a reliable multi-cast system. Applications in Avango are written in Scheme and run in the scripting layer. The scripting layer provides complete access to fieldcontainers and their fields; this way distributed collaborative scenarios as well as render-distributed applications (or even both at the same time) are supported. Avango was originally developed at the VR group at GMD, now Virtual Environments Group at Franhofer IAIS and has been open-sourced in 2004. An in-depth description can be found in here.
CaveUT is an open source mutator for Unreal Tournament 2004. Developed by PublicVR, CaveUT leverages existing gaming technologies to create a CAVE environment. By using Unreal Tournament's spectator function CaveUT can position virtual viewpoints around the player's "head". Each viewpoint is a separate client that, when projected on a wall, gives the illusion of a 3D environment.
Quest3D A real-time 3D engine and development platform, suitable for CAVE implementations.
Developments in CAVE researchEdit
The biggest issue that researchers are faced with when it comes to the CAVE is size and cost. Researchers have realized this and have come up with a derivative of the CAVE system, called ImmersaDesk. With the ImmersaDesk, the user looks at one projection screen instead of being completely blocked out from the outside world, as is the case with the original CAVE. The idea behind the ImmersaDesk is that it is a single screen placed on a 45-degree angle so that the person using the machine has the opportunity to look forward and downward. The screen is 4’ X 5’, so it is wide enough to give the user the width that they need to obtain the proper 3-D experience. The 3-D images come out by using the same glasses as were used in the CAVE. This system uses sonic hand tracking and head tracking, so the system still uses a computer to process the users’ movements.
This system is much more affordable and practical than the original CAVE system for some obvious reasons. First, one does not need to create a “room inside of a room”. That is to say that one does not need to place the ImmersaDesk inside of a pitch-black room that is large enough to accommodate it. One needs one projector instead of four, and only one projection screen. One does not need a computer as expensive or with the same capabilities that are necessary with the original CAVE. Another thing that makes the ImmersaDesk attractive is the fact that since it was derived from the original CAVE, it is compatible with all of the CAVE’s software packages and also with all of the CAVE’s libraries and interfaces.
In order to be able to create an image that will not be distorted or out of place, calibration must take place in the CAVE before an image is projected. The things that are actually being calibrated here are the electromagnetic sensors. What will happen is a person will put on the special glasses needed to be able to see the images in 3-D. The projectors then fill the CAVE with many one-inch boxes that are set one foot apart. The person then takes an instrument called an “ultrasonic measurement device” which has a cursor in the middle of it, and positions the device so that the cursor is visually in line with the projected box. This process can go on until almost 400 different blocks are measured. Each time the cursor is placed inside of a block, a computer program records the location of that block and sends the location to another computer. If the points are calibrated accurately, there should be no distortion in the images that are projected in the CAVE. This also allows the CAVE to correctly identify where the user is located and can precisely track their movements, leading to the projectors being able to display images based on where the person walks inside of the CAVE.
The concept of the original CAVE has been reapplied and is currently being used in a variety of fields. Many universities own CAVE systems.
CAVEs are used for many things. Many engineering companies use CAVEs to enhance product development. Prototypes of parts can be created and tested, interfaces can be developed, and factory layouts can be simulated, all before spending any money on physical parts. This gives engineers a better idea of how a part will behave in the entire product.
List of CAVEs at universities Edit
- Rowan University has a 4-walled CAVE at the South Jersey Technology Park used for data visualization and remote health management applications.
- The Centre of Virtual Reality of Barcelona from Polytechnic University of Catalonia has a 4-sided CAVE.
- The Louisiana Immersive Technologies Enterprise (LITE) has a 6-sided CAVE.
- The 4-wall Cave  at University College London
- EVL at University of Illinois at Chicago
- The Virtual Reality Applications Center (VRAC) at Iowa State University is the home to a pair of CAVEs: a 4 walled CAVE and a 6 walled CAVE (renovated in 2007, highest resolution CAVE in world).
- AZ-LIVE at the University of Arizona
- Brown University also owns a CAVE. Students use the systems for a variety of purposes, including engineering, physics, chemical, psychological, biological, and geological research, as well as for art courses, tours of the human body, architecture study, mathematics, meteorology and virtual archaeological excavations.
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign has a CAVE, a 6-walled CUBE, and a 3-walled portable CANVAS. The CUBE is used for cognitive psychology research, geometry, urban planning data visualization, interdisciplinary communications courses. The CANVAS is used primarily for creating tools for artists to use in VR.
- Duke University has the DiVE, a 6-walled 'CAVE'.
- Indiana University had a 4-wall CAVE at the Bloomington campus and now has a 4-wall Barco MoVE Lite at the Indianapolis campus operated by the Advanced Visualization Lab
- University of Linz has a 4-walled CAVE mainly used by the Inst. of Graphics and Parallel Processing (CAVE@GUP)
- Pennsylvania State University owns a 5 wall CAVE system and supports many fielded CAVE systems *around the country via their Applied Research Laboratory(ARL). The Extreme Events System Lab of the Penn State College of Information Sciences and Technology also has a CAVE for simulating extreme events and emergency response.
- University of Reading owns a CAVE which is used for several research projects including medical visualisation.
- Virginia Polytechnic Institute has a 4-walled CAVE
- United Arab Emirates University A 3-walled CAVE used in Architectural Education and Research. ()
- University of Calgary has a 4-walled CAVE.
- University College Dublin has a 4-walled front-projected CAVE.
- University of Groningen owns a CAVE.
- Macquarie University owns a CAVE.
- University of Southern Mississippi owns a CAVE, along with another at sister-site Stennis Space Center.
- University of California, Davis has a CAVE operated by the W. M. Keck Center for Active Visualization in Earth Sciences. (www.keckcaves.org)
- University of California, San Diego has a CAVE operated by the Immersive Visualization Lab in the Atkinson Hall building, also known as the Calit2 (California Institute for Telecommunications and Information Technology) building. (www.calit2.net)
- Wright State University has a 5-walled CAVE operated by the Department of Psychology (www.psych.wright.edu) and a 4-wall at daytaOhio (www.daytaOhio.com)
- University of Michigan owns a CAVE.
- Newcastle University has a 3-walled CAVE as part of its Virtual Reality Suite.
- Virtual Manufacturing Systems Laboratory (VMS), Department of Industrial Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand owns a PC-CAVE with 4 walls for FRONT-, LEFT-, RIGHT-, and FLOOR-screen. ( VMS@IE-CU)
- School of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Seinäjoki University of applied sciences, VR laboratory, Seinäjoki, Finland has a 5-walled CAVE that is run with Silicon Graphics Onyx4 UltimateVision and PC-Cluster.
- University of Arizona has a 4-walled CAVE used for data and bio-medical visualization, 3D visual arts, and history projects. (AZ-LIVE)
- University of Caxias do Sul has a 4-walled CAVE used for general purpose visualization, as well 3D visual arts. Developed by New Technologies in Visual Arts Lab - (NTAV) (Artecno Group)
- Avans Hogeschool has a virtual CAVE that used to belong to SARA. It is used by the Academie voor ICT & Media faculty.
- Fontys University of Applied Sciences, Eindhoven, The Netherlands, has a 4-sided CAVE using passive stereo projection with Infitec technology. (here)
- The Polytechnic University of Valencia has a cave also (here)
- The Arctic Region Supercomputing Center operates the Discovery Lab (a 4-walled CAVE) at the University of Alaska Fairbanks.
- Cornell University maintains a 3-wall CAVE.
- The Vision psychophysics and perception laboratory at Université de Montréal has a 4-walled CAVE system. The CAVE system is used for vision research.
- The CAVE at the Art Institute of Chicago is a 1-wall cave with an integrated surround-sound system via OSC/Supercollider; also integrating WiiMote interface. Part of the Arts and Technologies Studies at the school.
- The Desert Research Institute's Reno, Nevada campus has a 4-wall CAVE.
- The University of Salford's Centre for Virtual Environments houses perhaps the world's largest collection of large Scale VR equipment, including CAVE, Reality Room, Workbench and Trace systems.
- The University of Central Lancashire operates a 3-wall CAVE in its 3D Visualisation Suite, run by the Applied Digital Signal and Image Processing Research Centre.
- The CAVE in the Ars Electronica Centre in Linz, Austria was the first to be installed outside the US. It, the CAVE at the ICC in Tokyo, and the CANVAS at Illinois, are open to the public.
- The HLRS at University of Stuttgart is operating a 4-wall CAVE. The main application area is the visualization of simulation results, see here for a list of applications and users.
- The FH Wedel University of Applied Sciences has a 4-wall CAVE with a dolby surround sound system and tactile sound which enables for a high immersion. The focus lies on student projects e.g. interactive VR games or data visualisation. The WiiMote interface is currently being integrated, detailed information can be found on the project page (German)
- The AG WBS at University of Bielefeld owns a CAVE
- The virtual reality group at RWTH Aachen owns a 5-walled CAVE
- The Cyberpsychology Lab of UQO at Université du Québec en Outaouais owns a 6-walled "CAVE" nicknamed Psyche (in reference to its dedication to psychology and mental health research).
- The VR Media Lab at University of Aalborg, Denmark, has a 6-walled CAVE available for student projects.
- A 6-walled CAVE  at York University in Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- CCG at University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal owns a cave.
- The VisionaiR360 Surround projection system
- The DiVE at Duke University
- The Cave at Penn State ARL
- The Cave at Simulation Lab in EESC-USP
- The CAVE at the Desert Research Institute
- The Cave at LSI in Universidade de Sao Paulo
- The Cave at NTAV in Universidade de Caxias do Sul - UCS - Brazil
- Electronic Visualization Lab homepage
- The Cave at NCSA
- Iowa State University's Virtual Reality Applications Center
- Brown University's Center for Advanced Scientific Computing and Visualization
- Dave Pape's CAVE page (University of Illinois at Chicago)
- Technologyreview.com - Exploring The Cave
- Virtual Environment Enclosures
- The CAVE at ARS Electronica CENTER
- The CAVE at SARA
- The CAVE at University of Groningen
- The CAVE at the School of the Art Institute of Chicago
- Reading Visualization Centre (RVC)
- The Centre for Virtual Environments
- Newcastle University - Informatics Research Institute - Virtual Reality Suite
- Advanced Visualization Lab at Indiana University
- Virtual Reality Lab - Department of Architecture, United Arab Emirates University
- Image of a CAVE
- Image of ImmersaDesk
- HoloVis International - World's Highest Resolution CAVE Solutions
- Omnidirectional Treadmill
- Vision psychophysics and perception laboratory
- Barco V&AR immersive environments
- Visbox, Inc. - VisCube: Affordable Multi-screen Immersive Displays
- EON Reality ICUBE - CAVE system
- CAVE on CVUT - Prague - Institute intermedia
- Cave at Carleton University's Visualization and Simulation Building
- Psyché, at the Cyberpsychology Lab of UQO in Gatineau, province of Québec, Canada
- Carolina Cruz-Neira, Daniel J. Sandin, Thomas A. DeFanti, Robert V. Kenyon and John C. Hart. "The CAVE: Audio Visual Experience Automatic Virtual Environment", Communications of the ACM, vol. 35(6), 1992, pp. 64-72. DOI:10.1145/129888.129892
- Carolina Cruz-Neira, Daniel J. Sandin and Thomas A. DeFanti. "Surround-Screen Projection-based Virtual Reality: The Design and Implementation of the CAVE", SIGGRAPH'93: Proceedings of the 20th Annual Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques, pp. 135-142, DOI:10.1145/166117.166134
- The CAVE (CAVE Automatic Virtual Environment)


New Jersey's commitment to solar energy has seen it become a leader in alternative energy installations. However, with great power comes great responsibility, and for solar farms, this means ensuring optimal efficiency and productivity. Enter Flying Monkey Drone Works—poised to revolutionize the maintenance and operation of solar farms with cutting-edge drone technology. Let's explore the top five ways drones can enhance efficiency in New Jersey's solar fields and the potential savings that could light up the Garden State's green energy initiatives.
1. Thermal Imaging for Fault Detection
Drones equipped with thermal cameras can swiftly identify malfunctioning solar panels by detecting abnormal heat signatures. Early detection of such inefficiencies can prevent significant energy losses. If we consider that a single solar panel operating at reduced efficiency can lead to a loss of approximately 5-10% of energy output, the cumulative effect on a farm like Tinton Falls, producing 19.9 megawatts, could mean safeguarding hundreds of kilowatts of energy daily.
2. Panel Maintenance and Cleaning Schedules
Dust and debris can reduce a solar panel's energy conversion by up to 20%. Regular drone surveys can help in scheduling cleaning and maintenance before a substantial drop in efficiency occurs. For the Pilesgrove Solar Farm, with its 71,000 panels, timely cleaning facilitated by drone reconnaissance could ensure near-maximum productivity, potentially saving thousands in energy revenue monthly.
3. Vegetation Management and Land Use
Drones provide a bird's-eye view of the solar farm landscape, helping to manage vegetation and land use efficiently which is how drone inspections can revolutionize NJ solar farms. By using drones to monitor plant growth around solar installations like the McGraw-Hill Companies farm, operators can prevent shading and ensure maximum sun exposure, thus maintaining optimal energy production and preventing losses which could amount to 5% of the farm's output.
4. Infrastructure and Security Monitoring
Drones can inspect fencing, surveillance, and access control systems to ensure the security of the solar farm infrastructure. The cost of theft and vandalism is not just the immediate loss of equipment but also the resultant downtime. With drone patrols, facilities such as Berry Plastics Corp.'s solar installation can reduce these risks, translating to a more reliable energy supply and economic savings.
5. Data-Driven Performance Analysis
Accurate, real-time data collected by drones can be used to analyze and improve the performance of solar farms. This data can inform decisions on panel placement, tilt angles, and farm expansion. For New Jersey Oak Solar, leveraging such data could mean a substantial increase in efficiency, potentially boosting power generation and reducing costs associated with underperformance.
Potential Savings Quantified
Let's get down to numbers. If we assume even a conservative 1% increase in efficiency across New Jersey's solar farms due to drone interventions, the savings are substantial. For instance, a 1% boost at Tinton Falls Solar Farm equates to roughly 199 kilowatts of additional power. Valued at the average retail electricity rate in NJ, this could mean over $20,000 in annual savings for just one farm.
The integration of drone technology by Flying Monkey Drone Works into solar farm operations could be a game-changer for New Jersey's solar industry. The potential for cost savings, increased energy production, and improved operational efficiency is as clear as the sunlight these farms harness. As we continue to innovate, drones will undoubtedly play a pivotal role in New Jersey's—and indeed America's—sustainable energy future.
"Efficiency is doing more with less. That's what technology and innovation are all about. With solar, we've got this incredible power source: the sun. Our job is to find ways to harness that power more effectively. Every photon that we can convert into energy in a cost-effective way, every battery that we can charge using renewable power, takes us one step closer to solving our energy crisis."
- Elon Musk, CEO of Tesla, Inc.


Welcome to the department of Electrical Engineering,
internal web pages!
The department of Electrical Engineering (ISY) is central to the
engineering education at the Institute of Technology, one of four
faculties at Linköping University, and this regards both basic and
applied knowledge. The research is based on industrial needs, and
ranges from basic research to direct application in collaboration
The department offers about 100 different courses in four main areas: Control Systems, Electronics, Image processing, and Telecommunications.
Research and postgraduate education
Research and postgraduate education is pursued in the divisions: Automatic Control, Communication Systems, Computer Engineering, Computer Vision, Information Coding, Integrated Circuits and Systems and Vehicular System.
Public DefenceKamiar Radnosrati PhD candidate in Automatic Control defends his thesis "Time of Flight Estimation for Radio Network Positioning".
Opponent: Professor Simon Godsill, University of Cambridge
Supervisors: Professor Fredrik Gustafsson
Time: 20200320, 10:15
Place: Online via Zoom
Last updated: 2020-03-18


As I’m having fun and experimenting with 3D printing, I thought I’d give back to the community and design a useful component. And it’s always so much fun to see your design materialize – to be able to hold something that an hour ago was only displayed on your monitor, and then see it work. Magic! 🙂
What is it for?
It’s a mount for Raspberry Pi, designed to fit with Monoprice Select Mini.
Many people are running OctoPi for assisting with 3d printing, thus there’s already a Raspberry Pi nearby – and this seems like a natural addition to be able to monitor the prints remotely and make the most of the timelapse feature.
Link on Thingiverse:
The project site has all the details: required components, assembly, print settings, etc.
Here are few photos showing the printed parts and assembly process:


Guitar amplifiers add depth and color to your music. It enhances both the sound quality of your guitar and your style of playing. By using this sound device, you will learn and discover more about your genre.
If you are a rookie in guitar playing and it is your first time searching for a guitar amp, the first thing you need to do is familiarize yourself with the basic categories of this device. Guitar amps have two main classifications, the tube, and the solid-state amp. To learn more about these devices, check out the details below.
The primary difference between the tube and the solid-state amp is the manner how these devices amplify guitar sounds.
A tube amp uses two or more vacuum tubes to amplify guitar sound and signal. These tubes produce a ‘warm sound’ known as overdrive. When the tubes are overloaded, it creates a warm distortion, which results in open-sounding music. You can recognize the sound a tube amp produces from the well-known Marshall, Fender, Vox, and monoprice tube amp.
Meanwhile, a solid-state amp depends on diodes and transistors to amplify the guitar signal. Therefore, a solid-state amp utilizes circuitry-based amplification rather than using conventional vacuum tubes.
Between these two guitar amps, tubes produce smoother and more responsive overdrive compared to solid-state. The former is capable of producing different sounds based on the guitarist’s playing style. Thus, the tone quickly changes depending on how hard a guitarist picks the instrument. In this effect, a tube amp can accurately represent the player’s sound and style.
On the other hand, a solid-state amp creates a cleaner and softer sound. However, it produces a slight distortion when playing heavily accented notes. A solid-state maintains its crisp and clean sound no matter how hard a player picks the guitar.
If you prefer an amp with sound options, a solid-state is the best choice. Recent models of solid-state amps feature circuitry and built-in effects to offer different sound options. This feature allows you to play different music genres without purchasing additional devices like pedals.
The tube amp is a classic guitar amplifier. It has no built-in effects as a solid-state have. Instead, you’ll have to purchase other sound devices to create sound effects.
Tube amps are louder compared to a solid-state even both has similar wattage rating. For example, if you buy a 50W tube amp and a solid-state with the same power, the former is still louder.
Be warned that high-powered tube amps are not always the best choice. You don’t want to overpower your drummer and other instruments. The ideal wattage for tube amps is 40 to 60W. This wattage helps produce quality sounds and a more natural tone.
Troubleshooting a solid-state amp is harder since it is digital. On the other side, it is easier to pinpoint problems on a tube amp because it is an analog device. The only problem with a tube amp is that the vacuum tubes can go bad. You have to replace the damaged tube to avoid it from affecting your tone. Though tube amps are more affordable, they are more expensive to fix.


Wireless/ High Resolution Sound
For enjoying high resolution sound from virtually any source, the new active KEF EGG wireless digital music system gives music lovers a complete audio solution that combines the supremely accurate definition of KEF’s latest Uni-Q® driver array with the ability to stream tracks wirelessly via Bluetooth aptX®. With integrated amplifier and DAC, 96kHz/24-bit mini USB input, distortion-free digital speaker connection and optical connection to your TV, it fulfils every requirement for a flexible, compact, high resolution main sound system.
One System for Every Use
As wireless speakers for your computer or mobile device, the KEF EGG allows you to stream your music in full stereo to a standard no single box system could ever match; using the 96kHz/24-bit mini USB input gives you true high resolution response comparable to our acclaimed audiophile loudspeakers. For TV sound, it massively outperforms even the best on-board speakers, and with minimal controls and connections, it’s simple to set up for any listening environment. For even more bass extension, there’s the option of adding any KEF subwoofer, it will totally transform your viewing pleasure.
Designed and Engineered by KEF
Crammed with innovative acoustic technologies, the EGG system gives you the full benefits of KEF’s multi-award winning ‘sit anywhere’ Uni-Q driver array with its patented ‘tangerine’ waveguide: wide dispersion, fluent detailing and astonishing clarity. With KEF’s legendary build quality, precision and attention to detail, nothing has been overlooked in the quest to deliver flawless high resolution sound. And to complement the distinctive elliptical cabinets, there’s a choice of contemporary finishes: Gloss Black, Pure White and Frosted Blue.
In the box
• EGG Wireless Speaker x2
• Power Cable
• Power Adapter
• USB Cable
• Optical Cable
• Remote Control
• Quick Start Guide
KEF is available to our Washinton state customers only. Call 206 462 5227, better yet come experience KEF at our show room.
Custom Systems • Lowest Prices • Superior Support
Welcome to Affordable Home Theater
Affordable Home Theater is your home for affordable home theater systems in Bothell, Edmonds, and the surrounding areas. We have the lowest prices on premium home theater equipment and installation services. Whether you need a new home theater system or you want to add more components to an existing system, we can provide you with the right solutions. At Affordable Home Theater, we are committed to helping our customers build the home theater system of their dreams. Give us a call to experience the difference we can make in your home theater experience.
Affordable Home Theater is the exclusive supplier of the HTS ValuePak system which was specifically designed to offer custom home theater packages, competitive prices, and exceptional support. Our systems allow you the flexibility to set up your home theater system without the need for a dedicated media room. Instead our systems can easily be installed within the family room for the utmost in convenience. Now you can enjoy high definition screen combinations and theater projectors at affordable prices.
Professional Installation Services
Our home theater installers are skilled and experience and offer an accurate and efficient installation process. We take the utmost care when handling your equipment making sure to follow industry safety protocols. With our professional home theater installation services, you can begin experiencing state of the art entertainment in the comfort of your home.
Whether you need a full theater package or a home theater projector, we offer the best solutions at the lowest prices. We can also assist you with all of your home automation and security needs. Give us a call for more information or to schedule a free showroom demo when you call us at 1(800) 231-6837 today.


Starlink, new competitor in HFT space?
Updated: Mar 16, 2022
To investigate whether the proposed Starlink Gen2 constellation will be competitive with "shortwave" communications systems, we've analyzed the proposed constellation plans, filed https://fcc.report/IBFS/SAT-LOA-20200526-00055/2378669.pdf.
To get a rough estimate, following pessimistic assumptions were made:
Satellites within each orbital plane are presumed to be able to have inter-satellite links to any other satellite within same plane, up to 6000km distance (data from ISL manufacturer). This is a reasonable assumption, as satellites in same orbital plane have minimal relative motion.
As actual distribution of satellites within the plane is unknown, random distribution is presumed (both RAAN and mean anomaly). This is a very pessimistic assumption, as any other distribution would have satellites more evenly spaced.
Orbits at 360km, 604km and 614km are ignored (greyed out above), as ability to cross-link between multiple orbital planes at same altitude is complicated.
No "ground stations" (other than endpoints) can be used for data transmission.
No connectivity between satellites at different orbital planes.
Only "distance-based" latency is considered - not uplink/downlink modulation latency. ISL serialization latency is presumably negligible.
An important parameter is the minimal elevation angle between ground and satellite - the lower the angle, the lower is possible latency. Starlink filings list minimum elevation angle of 40° for its user terminals, and 25° for earth gateways. Optimistic assumption is made that there is a gateway directly at CME and LD4 datacenter (i.e. communication is not done with an ad-hoc user terminal).
For Chicago-London connectivity, the lowest orbits (328km and 334km) are not suitable, as they have insufficient inclination to be useful for London. Three orbital planes remain: 345km, 373km and 499km.
For ease of comparison, numbers are shown as "latency in excess of great circle" (speed of light on a 6382km path over the surface of Earth).
To have an understanding of progressive improvement of latency as more satellites are launched, calculations are done for constellations in various stages of completion.
Because of the motion of satellites, latency is a probabilistic number, and can be described by a "cumulative density" graph: Y axis of represents probability that "excess latency" is below the corresponding point on the X axis.
For reference, for a "shortwave" (HF radio) transmissions, the "excess latency" varies between 0.2 to 1.2ms, caused by:
50-250km "effective height" of ionosphere (not identical to the hoF2)
curved path through ionosphere
ionization delay (about 0.1ms). Ionization delay is inversely proportional to square of frequency, and is negligible for Starlink.
Of course, "shortwave" transmissions also incur high "demodulation/decoding" delay, not included above - and are limited to small number of "bits" (trading signals).
Some conclusions can be drawn:
At constellation completion of only 5% (1500 satellites out of 30000 planned), Starlink excess latency is <4ms, 60% of time. This is likely to happen before the end of 2021, and is likely to beat total latency of most shortwave systems
At constellation completion of 50%, excess latency is below 2ms, 70% of time. This is likely to beat almost every shortwave system - except, of course, for ours.
For additional information about shortwave use for trading, please see our website, and posts by Sniper in Mahwah and Bob Van Valzah:
Previous research on this subject was based on the 2018 "Gen1" constellation plans, by Mark Handley at UCL: https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10062262/7/Handley_hotnets.pdf and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QEIUdMiColU - Gen2 is much more dense and at much lower orbits.


The second episode of JLU Knowledge Series exhibited an excellent gain where Dr. Leslie Wickman “Rocket Girl”, PhD, Research Scientist, Engineering Consultant, & Author spoke on “Living and Working in Space” at Jagran Lakecity University on 5th March 2019.
Check out the full episode and get inspired!
Dr. Wickman has lectured around the world on satellite servicing, spaceflight physiology, astronaut training and operations, as well as various topics in astronomy, environmental stewardship, and the interface between science and theology. She now divides her time between serving as Executive Director of the American Scientific Affiliation (a non-profit organization promoting the dialogue between science and faith), and as a Professor of Aerospace-Industrial-Mechanical Engineering at California Baptist University.
The facts presented, were full of detailed learning & extensive experience acquired over the years of working as a scientist. From working on NASA – National Aeronautics and Space Administration‘s Hubble Space Telescope and International Space Station Programs to becoming Lockheed’s Corporate Astronaut, Dr. Wickman began with an overview of the history of human spaceflight, this lecture addressed the physical and psychological challenges associated with living and working in space.
While extracting patterns from science and space, she spoke about the design of space hardware for crew interaction, capabilities and limitations, adequate accessibility with regard to support equipment and safety.