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Mobile and wireless communication market are characterized by rapidly changing technology, evolving customer demands and with the rapid growth of wireless communication services and network technology, many new wireless technologies are emerging . Beacon technology is one of the new Bluetooth communication technology which uses low-powered transmitters and enables the smart phones and other devices to perform tasks when they are in proximity with any beacon .
In this paper, several approaches for building mobile communication services based on the detection of physical objects via network proximity are discussed. In this context, we can mention Quick Response (QR) code. QR code is a 2D barcode used for mapping URLs to physical objects. Wireless tags are also one of the most used approaches for detecting physical objects and wireless tags also support Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) and Wi-fi protocols, which are supported by almost all mobile phones .
Nowadays, there are also more secure wireless communication methods like RFID, NFC and Bluetooth technologies. RFID and NFC technologies use radio waves to allow a reader or scanner to communicate with a device that has some sort of electronic tag built in or added to it. The NFC is derived from RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) and works by creating a “near field” (approximately 10 centimeters near) using high frequencies that allow to interact to NFC devices, that is to say that devices that have NFC module . NFC technology is mostly used for secure transactions like contactless payment. Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), which is new version of Classic Bluetooth, are both short range wireless data transfer technologies, even though the range at which BLE operates is much longer: tens of meters compared to a few centimeters for NFC. Whereas NFC is focused on one to one data exchange, BLE allows for multiple simultaneous connections.
Companies are always struggling to produce ideas to come up with engagement problems and they do not hesitate overprice to overcome them. Because of the improvement of wireless communication technologies like Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) by any other name, Bluetooth Smart, and if we take into consideration of major increasing of smart mobile usage recently, companies could easily access to their customers and push any information to their customers mobile devices with lower costs via beacons which use Bluetooth technologies perfectly. In this context, the importance of Bluetooth technologies and Google’s latest experimental beacon technology, “Physical Web” are going to be reviewed in this paper.
CLASSIC BLUETOOTH vs BLUETOOTH LOW ENERGY (BLE)
Classic Bluetooth is a wireless technology standard for exchanging data over short distances (short wave length) from fixed and mobile devices . Technology was originally designed for continuous, streaming data applications including voice and has successfully eliminated wires in many consumer as well as industrial and medical applications. Classic Bluetooth technology will continue to provide a robust wireless connection between devices ranging from headsets and cars to industrial controllers and streaming medical sensors. Many of these connections are not good candidates for the new Bluetooth low energy technology, but many other new applications will be .
On the other hand, Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) is an emerging wireless technology developed by the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG) for short-range communication. In contrast with previous Bluetooth flavors, BLE has been designed as a low-power solution for control and monitoring applications. BLE is the distinctive feature of the Bluetooth 4.0 specification .
With the introduction of Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) technology, there has been considerable interest in its possibilities in both the media and the market. Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) technology also has important limitations as well as benefits. It is quite different from Classic Bluetooth technology so different that one carefully needs to consider which technology best fits the application needs .
The key feature of Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) is its low power consumption that makes it possible to power a small device with a tiny coin cell battery such as a CR2032 battery for 5–10 years. As with Classic Bluetooth technology, Bluetooth low energy technology operates in the 2.4 GHz ISM band and has similar radio frequency (RF) output power; however, because a Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) device is in sleep mode most of the time and only wakes up when a connection is initiated, the power consumption can be kept to a minimum. Power consumption is kept low because the actual connection times are of only a few mS. The maximum, or peak, power consumption is only 15 mA, and the average power consumption is of only about 1 uA .
Because of BLE’s lower power consumption, quicker connection set-up and larger number of potential connections in relation to the original Bluetooth technology, Classic Bluetooth, BLE allows for indoor mapping using beacons. It is also possible to enable mobile in-store payment transactions using BLE.
WHAT ARE BEACONS ?
Beacon in wireless technology is the concept of broadcasting small pieces of information. The information may be anything, ranging from ambient data (temperature, air pressure, humidity, and so forth) to microlocation data (asset tracking, retail, and so forth) or orientation data (acceleration, rotation, and so forth). The transmitted data is typically static but can also be dynamic and change over time. With the use of Bluetooth low energy, beacons can be designed to run for years on a single coin cell battery. .
How do they work ? We can use the analogy of a lighthouse. A beacon has one simple purpose in life, and that is to send out a signal and say i am here. It is completely unaware of any mobile devices that are around it. It doesn’t connect to them. It doesn’t steal their data and doesn’t know anything. It just sends out the signal and says “hello”. According to the analogy of a lighthouse, ships are the mobile devices .
What is beacon protocol ?. Just as Wi-Fi and Bluetooth are standards of radio communication, beacon protocols are standards of BLE communication. Each protocol describes the structure of a data packet beacons broadcast .
Beacons are platform independent. There are several protocols which were developed by different providers like Apple, Google etc. Apple did come out originally with the iBeacon protocol. Beacon is physical device with antenna and Bluetooth Low Enery stack that can send out packets. But it doesn’t mean that Android devices and other devices cannot see those iBeacon devices.
The other known protocol is Eddystone, which is an open BLE protocol developed by Google. The advertising packet is naturally different from that of iBeacon. In fact, Eddystone is designed to support multiple data packet types, starting with two: Eddystone-UID and Eddystone-URL. There’s a third type of packet: Eddystone-TLM, as in “telemetry.” This packet is broadcast alongside the Eddystone-UID or Eddystone-URL packets and contains beacon’s “health status” (e.g., battery life). This is mainly intended for fleet management, and because of that, the TLM “service” packet is broadcast less frequently than the “data” packets .
iBeacon provides two API methods for apps to detect iBeacons devices: ranging, which works only when the app is active, and provides proximity estimations; and monitoring, which works even if the app is not running, and provides a binary “in range” and “out of range” information .
In this paper’s context, Eddystone-URL packet ties directly into the concept of Google’s Physical Web. It will be discussed later.
Beacons are not internet connected: as we have mentioned before, beacons are just responsible for sending out signals. Once we position them, they are like a lighthouse. They are unaware of themselves and any other devices that are around them. They are not connected to wi-fi. They can just send BLE packets to those that they say “hello”. But some of industrial beacon devices have capability of connecting wi-fi. They might need to be updated new and observed their battery.
Beacons do not steal your data: You actually need to have explicit opt in from your customers. They need to download your mobile app. They need to give access to location. And then by doing that, you can take one of the beacon IDs for a beacon you have in a physical location and ask the app and operating system to monitor for that specific beacon ID. When the mobile device sees it in the wild, it will let the app know that it is seeing a beacon. Then the app can go back to your server and say, "Hey, as customer ABC, I've seen XYZ beacon," and then you know to take action. Opt in is required. The download is required. Privacy is very important with beacons. It is very well locked down. It shouldn't be a customer concern.
Beacons have ability to determine distance. The most basic use of beacon technology is to determine how far a mobile device is from a beacon, but as anybody who has played with beacon ranging knows, these distance estimates can have a significant degree of uncertainty. For a beacon that is 5 meters away, distance estimates might fluctuate between 2 meters and 10 meters.
Consequently, there are several beacon technologies and their data transmission way via Bluetooth Smart protocol is developed by different companies. Also their capabilities are almost the same. But not being entirely apples and oranges, iBeacon and Eddystone (Physical Web, Eddystone-URI) function for quite different purposes and have very little overlap in their use cases .
Understanding the Physical Web
The Physical Web is entirely about person to machine interaction and standardising a universal usage method for internet of thing (IoT) . The aim of this project is to provide “interaction on demand” so that people can walk up and use any smart devices without the need for intervening mobile apps. This would make it possible for users to simply walk up to a bus stop and receive the time until the next arriving bus, without any additional software needed .
The manifesto of The Physical Web is, “The number of smart devices is going to explode, and the assumption that each new device will require its own application just isn’t realistic. We need a system that lets anyone interact with any device at any time. The Physical Web isn’t about replacing native apps: it’s about enabling interaction when native apps just aren’t practical.” That is to say that, the Physical Web does not require a dedicated App. Any Physical Web browser will see all other Physical Web Beacons (allias; UriBeacon, gBeacon) within their immediate vicinity” .
As we have mentioned before, the difference between kinds of beacons like iBeacon and Physical Web is protocols that are developed by different companies. Working principles of the Physical Web and iBeacon and the differences between iBeacon and the Physical Web are shown in table .
The Physical Web can advertise 28 bytes packet containing an encoded URL. The approach is designed to be a “pull” discovery service where most likely the user will initiate the interaction. For example, when someone arrives to the university campus, He/she can start an application that will scan for nearby the Physical Web beacons or can open his/her Chrome browser and do a search. The application or browser will use context to top rank nearby objects combined with results. It can also use calendar data, email or Google Now to narrow down interests. A background process with “push” capabilities could also be implemented. This process could have filters that can alert the user of nearby objects of interest. These interests rules could be predefined or inferred by using Google’s intelligence gathering systems like Google Now .
As it could be seen from the figure 3, when consumers want to search the vicinity around them, Chrome browser will show all URLs that nearby Physical Web beacons provide.
Figure 3: The Physical Web how it works
Eddystone-URL packet contains a single field: URL. The size of the field depends on the length of the URL. The promise and purpose of the Eddystone-URL packet ties directly into the concept of Physical Web. Whereas with iBeacon or Eddystone-UID there’s a need for an app to take the beacon’s identifier and translate it into certain actions, with Eddystone-URL the data is encoded directly in the beacon’s advertising packet. This means that the user can access content—usually in form of a website—without the developer needing to build a native experience. Remember that a Physical Web–enabled browser is needed to detect Eddystone-URL packets. Currently, that’s Chrome and Opera for iOS—and more apps are coming, including Chrome on Android. Alternatively, you can build your own Physical Web browser, or use Google’s Physical Web scanner app (available on iOS and Android). The URL could be a regular web page providing relevant information—e.g., a beacon next to a movie poster could broadcast a link to a YouTube trailer. It also could be a dynamic web application, with contextual parameters embedded in the URL—e.g., http://my-restaurant.com/check-in?restaurant_id=6523 .
To deploy beacons using the Physical Web, use Eddystone’s URL frame type (Eddystone-URL) to broadcast your website to users. Associate your beacon with any arbitrary URL and deploy it to a location. Users with a Physical Web-supported client such as Chrome can discover the website on their device.
The number of smart devices is going to explode, and the assumption that each new device will require its own application just isn't realistic. We need a system that lets anyone interact with any device at any time. The Physical Web isn't about replacing native apps: it's about enabling interaction when native apps just aren't practical.
https://rfidjournal.wordpress.com/2014/11/29/wireless-wars-rfid-vs-ibeacon/ (Accessed 28 Dec. 2015).
Namiot, Sneps-Sneppe, “The Physical Web in Smart Cities”, IEEE
https://www.unitag.io/nfc/what-is-nfc (Accessed 29 Dec. 2015)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth (Accessed 29 Dec. 2015)
http://www.medicalelectronicsdesign.com/article/bluetooth-low-energy-vs-classic-bluetooth-choose-best-wireless-technology-your-application (Accessed 20 Dec. 2015)
Gomez, Oller, 2012, “Overview and Evaluation of Bluetooth Low Energy: An Emerging Low-Power Wireless Technology”, Sensors 2012, 12, 11734-11753; doi:10.3390/s120911734
Joakim Lindh, Bluetooth® Low Energy Beacons, Jan. 2015, Application Report, Texas Instruments
http://academy.pulsatehq.com/bluetooth-beacons (Accessed 29 Dec. 2015)
https://community.estimote.com/hc/en-us/articles/208546097-What-is-a-beacon-protocol- (Accessed 29 Dec. 2015)
http://developer.estimote.com/eddystone/ (Accessed 30 Dec. 2015)
http://developer.radiusnetworks.com/2014/12/04/fundamentals-of-beacon-ranging.html (Accessed 30 Dec. 2015)
https://www.blesh.com/ibeacon-vs-physical-web/ (Accessed 30 Dec. 2015)
http://techcrunch.com/2014/10/02/google-the-physical-web/ (Accessed 30 Dec. 2015)
http://marketingland.com/chrome-notifications-the-physical-web-and-googles-war-on-apps-126291 (Accessed 31 Dec. 2015)
http://theappslab.com/2014/10/07/ibeacons-or-the-physical-web/ (Accessed 31 Dec. 2015)
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The term router does refer to a gadget that is used to grant access to the internet. The device is wireless, and it uses are very many and vary as well. When using a wireless router, one can be able to access the internet quickly through the use of a network that is for private use. The system does have the same function as a WLAN. Meaning wired local area network. The WLAN will depend some are wireless as others have a wired connection all depending on the type of the design and the manufacturing company. Explore more wisdom about routers in this site
One of the best routers to purchase include the SD wan products. The products are manufactured into having a quality that does stand out from over devices. The models designed from SD Wan are very much different as the pricing list does vary as well. This is because they have been designed to operate in a way that will suit your business needs. For those interested in purchasing these products have to do a thorough research to acquire more knowledge of how the routers operate.
Teldat is a product from SD wan, and it has been used in various places. The teldat routers are small in size, but the capacity of the network they emit can range from 4G to the least. Most of the held at routers are found n offices as they can be easily installed and give a smooth running without any technical hitches. The teldat routers do also range with a price of their own, and this will depend on the type of the model and the network to transmit. To remark the understanding about routers teldat.com
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Routers have been commonly used as they have replaced the mobile data. There are prices for a billing system that people have to pay to access the internet using the routers. This is an excellent move to take upon as the speed of the network is very fast and they last longer compared to purchased mobile data. When buying the routers whether for home use, for the office or to be installed in the car always ensure you are purchasing those with excellent quality. This is because they won't wear out quickly meaning that the level of maintenance is well natured. For this reason, purchase these devices from a well-known manufacturer like the SD wan they won't disappoint. The use of these devices have made life easier for many, and this is a great benefit. Seek more info about routers https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Router


Nissan Sentra typically are reliable cars. However, they did have their fair share of problems throughout the years.
While we’ve written extensively about all the common problems you´ll run into with a Nissan Sentra, today, we´ll look specifically at the battery and radio problem. Here is a quick summary:
2019 and 2021 Nissan Sentra have had battery problems resulting in the car not starting as well as the radio turning on by itself. These issues were caused by a faulty solenoid in the audio unit or a loose negative battery terminal. 2010 – 2011 model years were recalled because of defective battery cables.
However, that certainly doesn’t tell us everything about the battery problems on a Nissan Sentra. Below, we´ll give you a detailed look at the potential issues, what caused them and how you can fix them. Read on!
1. Audio Unit Causing Battery Problems
Reports of battery problems in the last generation of the Nissan Sentra first arrived with the 2019 model year. On the website of the NHTSA, we found several complaints that went along the line of this one:
It´s a new 2019 Nissan Sentra. I took it in last year, and they replaced the battery because I kept having a dead battery where I would have to jump-start my car. Now again, it´s having the same problem where I have to jump-start it 2-3 times per week.Source
The engine not cranking or cranking slowly was the main symptom that was mentioned. However, many people also complained about the fact that, when the car was working, the radio would turn on by itself even when the car was turned off.
For the 2019 model year, Nissan didn´t issue a technical service bulletin or recall, and the problems disappeared in the 2020 model year. However, the 2021 model year had the same problems, and Nissan identified the problem.
A technical service bulletin for the SV and SR versions of the Sentra stated that it was a problem with the audio control unit. Specifically, a solenoid in the radio was calling for power even when the car was off. This explains why the radio turned on by itself and why the battery was drained so many times resulting in a no-start condition.
The solution that was explained in the TSB involved a couple of steps. First, dealers had to test the battery to see if it was still providing power. If the results stated that the battery was still good, an audio unit control reprogram was carried out.
For this, dealers had to check the software version that was used. You can do this yourself by opening your infotainment system > Settings > Info > System Information > Version Information. A software update must be carried out if the software version is ´321´ or ´420´. This is something only a Nissan mechanic can do. If the software version states ´423´, the update has already been carried out.
If the test results stated that the battery wasn´t good, and since you can’t drive a car without a battery, it needed to be replaced, which also fixed the owner’s issue.
2. Negative Battery Terminal Too Loose
Another battery issue that was reported with the 2021 Nissan Sentra was a loose negative battery terminal. This meant the battery terminal wouldn´t make sufficient contact to provide power to the rest of the car. In turn, this resulted in warning lights coming on, as well as starting issues.
Fixing the problem isn´t too difficult but be careful since you´re working with a battery. You´ll have to disconnect the battery and replace the negative terminal. This part only costs about $10. If you´re under 36.000 miles, you can still have it replaced under warranty.
3. Defective Battery Cables
In 2012, Nissan issued a voluntary safety recall for the 2010 – 2011 model years of the Nissan Sentra equipped with the MR20DE engine. According to this recall, they needed to ¨replace the positive-side battery cable terminal end connector.¨ The problem was a loose fitting on the positive battery cable, which resulted in the typical starting issues. The fitting was replaced free of charge.
Hi! My name is Stefan; I’m the owner and lead writer at TheDriverAdviser.com.
I’m an active writer on this blog myself, as well as a novice car mechanic. For the really technical stuff, I find writers with experience as a mechanic or who have studied mechanical engineering.
Read more about our fantastic team on our about page!


1. Podcast 1
Listen to one of WeShare's podcast leads, Ryan Purdy, talk to NHS Anaesthetist and Founder of CARDMEDIC, Rachel Grimaldi. Born out of a necessity to break through the communication barrier created by PPE (Personal Protective Equipment) in the COVID-19 pandemic, CARDMEDIC is a flexible bedside communication tool, designed to transfer vital clinics information between healthcare staff and patient no matter the communication barrier. (https://www.cardmedic.com)
2. Podcast 1
A chance to hear about the employment of AI during and after COVID-19 from Elina Naydenova, CEO of Feebris and a leader in the clinical AI space. Feebris is a mobile-based software platform, powered by AI, that helps users detect and monitor complex health conditions. The platform consists of a mobile app which connects to wireless medical sensors (such as a digital stethoscope and a pulse oximeter), and a doctor portal that clinicians use to conduct remote review. The Feebris technology is used in UK care homes to support virtual ward rounds and in community health settings in India to deliver early detection of child health conditions (http://feebris.com/).


Many people have cell phones with 3G and can’t imagine living without the feature. 3G seems to be very cutting edge and in demand, especially since the iPhone with 3G has become more affordable. But, not so long ago 4G was in the news. If you’re like me, you want to know more about 4G too.
For some of you the first question may be: What is 3G? To put it simply, 3G is wireless technology that is mostly used with cell phones to make Internet use faster. 3G allows you to talk on the phone, while surfing the web or checking email. And, with 3G, your cell phone can be used to make video calls and make free (or cheap) calls worldwide.
Okay, now what is 4G? 4G is still in development. The goal is for it to be faster than 3G, transmit over greater distances, and offer true Mobile TV with more channels and enhanced quality, while reducing costs to make 4G more affordable than 3G.
Developers are in intense competition to release 4G services in markets by 2010. The two 4G technologies that are most talked about are Clearwire’s WiMAX and LTE. LTE may be faster than WiMAX, but WiMAX is ahead in the race.
WiMAX is available now in certain markets. Just this month, Clearwire confirmed it will cover 120 million Americans across 80 markets by 2010. The full commercial launch of Atlanta is planned shortly, followed by markets in Las Vegas, Dallas and Chicago and others later this year.
In contrast, Verizon’s LTE will only be available in 25 or 30 markets in 2010. Other global carriers, like AT&T won’t turn on their LTE networks until 2012.
WiMAX users say it is very fast. Downloading is nearly as fast as cable, and uploading is faster. However, service is spotty. So, don’t rush out today to get ready for the next wave of technology, but when more markets are up and running you won’t want to be left in the dust. Developments in 4G technology are something you should keep an eye on.


A Google-supported, open-source operating system for touchscreen mobile devices. It is currently the leading smartphone platform with a 75% market share as of November 2012 according to IDC.
A key factor in the growth of Android is the licensing, which allows manufactures to freely modify and distribute the software. This has also led to its use in a variety of other, non-mobile electronics including televisions, games and cameras. However the ability for manufacturers to modify the platform has also led to a fragmentation within the Android marketplace, creating compatibility problems for software developers.
The term Android is also used to refer to a device that runs the Android operating system (e.g. an Android tablet).


1 Light weight: Smart and use of convenience (Weight: Approx 150-250g)
2 Lower cost, high Reliability and stable of Adapter
3 Built-in OVP OCP and SCP
4 Optional output connectors
Input Voltage: 12-24VDC Inrush Current: ≤ 30A/24VDC
Turn on delay time ≤ 3s
Output Voltage: 5~30VDC Output Current: 0.55~3.0A
Maximum Output Power: 18W
Operation temperature: 0°C ~ 40°C, 5% ~ 90%RH
Storage temperature: -20°C ~ 85°C, 5% - 95%RH
Cooling: Natural cooling
EMC & Safety Standard: CE FCC E-Mark
For all types of mobile phones, MP3 / MP4, I Pad, I Phone, GPS etc.
The full range of products 3 years warranty.


What is Infrared?
By definition infrared is a type of electromagnetic radiation invisible to the human eye. The name incorporates a Latin term and means “below red.” Infrared light has wavelengths longer than those visible to humans. Other invisible wavelengths include X-rays, radio waves and microwaves. Infrared light tends to record the heat signature of an object or environment.
How would this benefit a building inspector?
An infrared camera is a diagnostic non-contact device that detects infrared energy (heat) and converts it into an electronic signal, which is then processed to produce a thermal image or video, on which you can perform temperature calculations. Heat sensed by an IR camera can be very precisely quantified, or measured, allowing you to not only monitor thermal performance, but also identify and evaluate the relative severity of heat-related problems.
What this means is, when properly trained an inspector can identify and determine what conditions may exist behind certain types of building materials (given the right conditions). For example, in a basement that is poorly insulated the camera will give off a distinct signature as seen below. The darker spots in the photo indicate low or missing insulation levels.
When moisture is present and in the process of evaporating the camera will aid the inspector by identifying variances in temperature that sometimes are not even visible. Moisture typically will have a dark signature like below. It is very important when moisture is concerned to verify this with a secondary moisture detection device such as a moisture meter. The first photo is a failed seal on the toilet which is allowing water to leak and damage the sub-floor. The second photo is moisture from a foundation leak which has been absorbed by the finished flooring.
Can Infrared see through walls?
One of the common misconceptions about Infrared is that it is like an x-ray machine and this is not the case. Infrared cameras cannot see through walls. Walls are usually insulated and thick enough that they can block infrared radiation. Infrared is merely a diagnostic aid. This is why the required training for the inspector is imperative to understand with certainty what the conditions may be. It is easy to make false observations, for example, electrically conductive materials will give off signatures similar to heat readings. These are actually reflected temperatures and often not even warm to touch. Different types of metals will require proper calibrations on your camera. The IR camera cannot tell the inspector if concealed mold is present. This determination would be merely from deductive reasoning based on current conditions. The photo below illustrates the different types of rays and how they are viewed through photography.
What are infrared cameras used for?
Infrared cameras have many applications in building sciences. It is used in electrical applications, energy audits, building inspections and many other instances. That is why it is important that the inspector utilizes an IR camera as part of every inspection, a thorough inspection cannot be performed without the use of Infrared.


Dushan Boroyevich received his Dipl. Ing. degree from the University of Belgrade in 1976 and his M.S. degree from the University of Novi Sad in 1982, in what then used to be Yugoslavia. He received his Ph.D. degree in 1986 from Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech), Blacksburg, USA.
From 1986 to 1990, he was an assistant professor and director of the Power and Industrial Electronics Research Program in the Institute for Power and Electronic Engineering at the University of Novi Sad. He then joined the Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Virginia Tech as associate professor.
He is now American Electric Power Professor at the department and co-director of the Center for Power Electronics Systems (CPES). He was the president of the IEEE Power Electronics Society for 2011-12. Prof. Boroyevich is a Fellow of IEEE, a recipient of the IEEE William E. Newell Power Electronics Technical Field Award, and a member of the US National Academy of Engineering.
Dushan’s research interests include multi-phase power conversion, electronic power distribution systems, power electronics systems modeling and control, and multi-disciplinary design optimization.
Drazen Dujic is an Assistant Professor and Director of the Power Electronics Laboratory at Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL) in Lausanne, Switzerland, where he is engaged in research activities in the broad field of electrical energy generation, conversion and storage, with focus on medium voltage high power applications. He has received his Dipl. Ing. and MSc degrees from the University of Novi Sad, Serbia, in 2002 and 2005, respectively, and his PhD degree from the Liverpool John Moores University, UK in 2008. From 2009 till 2014 he was with ABB Switzerland Ltd, and engaged in power electronics related projects spanning the range from low voltage/power SMPSs in below kW range to medium voltage high power converters in a MW range. His main research interests are in the areas of design and control of advanced medium voltage high power electronics systems and high performance drives.
He is an IEEE Senior Member and Associate Editor for the IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics and Industrial Electronics, as well IET Electric Power Applications. He has authored or co-authored more than 70 peer-reviewed scientific publications and has filed 11 patents. In 2014 he received “The Isao Takahashi Power Electronics Award” for outstanding achievement in power electronics.
Dragan Maksimovic received B.S. and M.S. degrees from the University of Belgrade (Serbia, Yugoslavia), and his Ph.D. degree from the California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, in 1989. Since 1992, he has been with the University of Colorado at Boulder, where he is currently a Charles V. Schelke Endowed Professor and Director of the Colorado Power Electronics Center (CoPEC). He has co-authored over 250 papers and the 2nd edition of the textbook Fundamentals of Power Electronics. Prof. Maksimovic is a Fellow of the IEEE. His current research interests include power electronics for renewable energy sources and energy efficiency, high frequency power conversion using wide bandgap semiconductors, digital control of switched-mode power converters, as well as analog, digital and mixed-signal integrated circuits for power management applications.
Prof. Maksimovic has published over 180 papers in journals and at professional conferences, and holds over 20 US patents. He received NSF CAREER Award in 1997, IEEE Power Electronics Society Transactions Prize Paper Award in 1997, IEEE Power Electronics Society Prize Letter Awards in 2009 and 2010, Holland Teaching Awards in 2004 and 2011, and CU Boulder Inventor of the Year Award in 2006. He is the co-author of the textbook Fundamentals of Power Electronics, 2nd edition, Springer 2001. His current research interests include digital control of switched-mode power converters, power electronics for renewable energy sources and energy efficiency, as well as analog, digital and mixed-signal integrated circuits for power management applications.
Dr Levi is a Senior Lecturer in Power Systems in the School of EEE, Power & Energy Division at the University of Manchester, UK. He received the M.Sc. and PhD degrees in electrical engineering from the University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Yugoslavia, in 1986 and 1991, respectively. From 1982 to 2001, Victor was with University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Yugoslavia, where he became a Full Professor in 2001. He was with the University of Manchester, Manchester, UK from 2001 to 2003, and then with United Utilities and Electricity North West, from 2003 to 2013. His industry positions included Strategic Planning Manager, Network Modelling Manager and Quality of Supply Manager. In 2013, Dr Levi rejoined the University of Manchester. Victor has both long-term industrial experience working for the UK distribution companies and long-term university experience. His areas of expertise are strategic and development planning of transmission and distribution networks, such as network modelling including low carbon technologies and 'smart solutions', load forecasting, security analyses and assessment of compliance with planning standards, voltage-VAR, fault level, harmonics and transient stability studies, risk/reliability analysis, use-of-system pricing and cost analysis.
Victor published two books on power system planning and application of computation methods in power engineering and 80+ papers in the leading journals and international conference proceedings. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE.
Jovan M. Knežević was born in Novi Sad, Serbia, in 1968. He received the B.Sc., M.Sc. and PhD degrees from the University of Novi Sad in 1995, 2000 and 2016, respectively, all in electrical engineering. From 1995 to 2001, he was with the University of Novi Sad. From 2001 to 2002, he was with the Department of Research and Development, Baldor ASR GmbH, Kirchheim-Munich, Germany. From 2002 to 2004, he was with the Department of Research and Development, Baldor U.K., Ltd., Bristol, U.K. From 2004 to 2007, he was with the Department of Research and Development, Continental AG, Ingolstadt, Germany. From 2008 to 2012, he was with the Department of Advanced Development, Brose Fahrzeugteile GmbH & Co. KG, Germany. Since 2012, he has been with the Department of Research and Development for Electrical Drives, BMW Group, Munich, Germany. His research interests include power quality, control of power electronic converters, and digital control of electrical drives.


The Q-2702 is a four position power supply/battery charger. One of Anton Bauers Interactive 2000 PowerChargers, the Q-2702 is fully compatible with all current and future Gold Mount batteries. Interactive 2000 PowerChargers were designed with future expansion in mind. Batteries are charged quickly, safely and reliably, extending the service life of the battery and eliminating any “memory” type effect in NiCd batteries.
Gold Mount Charger
The Q-2702 is fully compatible with all current and future Anton Bauer Logic Series Gold Mount batteries.
The modular design of the Q-2702 allows for economical expansion to meet future needs.
Six simultaneous charge termination systems are built-in to protect the batteries from damage:
SSP (Selective Sequence Programming)
Automatic Balance/Rejuvenation Mode:
Lifesaver Maintenance Mode:
Cold Battery Safety Sensor:
PLM (Power Loss Memory) Mode:
AC Mains Power Supply
Offers a built-in regulated 70W DC output power supply, eliminating the need for a separate power supply. The mains input automatically adapts to any source worldwide (90 – 260V AC, 50 – 60Hz) for both charging the batteries and powering the camera.
A multifunction LCD addresses each of the battery positions.
Display Indications Include:
Percent of maximum charge
Battery serial number
Battery date of manufacture
Number of charge/discharge cycles
Battery internal temperature
A Diagnostic/Discharge module is included for automatic calibration of digital Gold Mount batteries.
This Gold Mount charger is NOT compatible with Dionic XT batteries.


Charles-Auguste Paillard originally developed palladium alloys for use in fine marine chronometers due to the non-corrosive properties of the alloy.
In the 1880s, electricity was being adopted across the globe for many applications. Generators, lighting, electric motors, and telegraph services became more popular as electricity transformed everyday life. The increased presence of electricity consequentially introduced invisible electromagnetic fields around wires that carried direct current. As electricity flows through wires unidirectionally, ferromagnetic materials like steel are magnetized.
Fortunately, Paillard’s palladium alloys would also prove to be an excellent substitute for the delicate steel hairspring and balance wheel to produce a watch that was immune to the influences of magnetism. The rapid adoption of electricity became a serendipitous situation for Paillard as he commercialized his palladium alloys.
While magnetization was inconsequential in most situations, magnetization of steel parts within a watch could result in erratic timekeeping. The magnetization problem presented new challenges in industries that relied on precise timekeeping, such as the railroads.
By the late 1880s, two primary solutions were introduced to resolve the problem of magnetic influence on watches. Paillard’s non-magnetic palladium alloys paved the way for watch movements that were immune to magnetization, and anti-magnetic case shields were introduced to protect ordinary movements from magnetic influences.


Brookvale Energy’s dedicated research and development subsidiary is Brookvale Technology. Brookvale Technology wants every part of building a wind-farm to be environmentally sound and sustainable. We partner with smart people to develop the next generation of technology and assets that will turn this ambition into reality.
Brookvale is proud to be a research partner with the Smart Infrastructure Facility at the University of Wollongong (UOW) and the Australian Maritime College (AMC) at the University of Tasmania, Launceston.
Our partnership brings together internationally recognised expertise across infrastructure projects, artificial intelligence and sensor technology, maritime engineering and hydrodynamics and marine mammal studies.
UOW develops pioneering new applications of artificial intelligence and intelligent video analytics for environmental monitoring and was recently involved in the development of a successful autonomous system for the detection of sharks in coastal regions called ‘Sharkeye’.
Working with AMC allows us access to industry-leading maritime research facilities (including AMC’s flagship seafaring vessel).


Cisco Packet Tracer is network simulator created by Cisco. It gives an opportunity to experiment in network building virtually. Packet Tracer
is a Cisco’s Networking Academy (global educational initiative) component, which
fulfills such its courses like: hardware simulation, network building
simulation, visual layout and project cooperation.
Here are some features of Packet Tracer:
Virtual network building;
Possible virtual usage of almost unlimited number of devices;
A load of choices of virtual hardware;
Easy maintaining with no actual failures risk;
Helps to understand networking specifics;
100% free to download and 100% free to use.
Cisco Packet Tracer is a great choice to test your skills. It
gives a network building skills without actual network and without any hardware
failure risks. Here you can find every necessary hardware to build a network and make
it all connected. To make sure that everything is maintained right, there are
some tests available to verify the connectivity and communication between virtual
Cisco Packet Tracer is used by Cisco Network Academy students
while studying networking. So, if you need such an experience, then just
download it for free, right from this page!


If you read my last post you know that I have always been fascinated by space flight, especially manned space flight. NASA’s Orion capsule, designed for deep space missions, is going to make its first flight December 4th on an Atlas IV rocket. At the NASA website you can signup for a boarding pass for that flight and possibly the first manned flight to Mars. Your name will be etched on a microchip that will fly on the Orion capsule for its maiden flight. Here is my boarding pass.


The digital era is taking the world by storm. Whether small or large, every business, company, organization, institute, and household is adopting digital transformation to manage daily activities. From watches and mobiles to speakers and TV to drones and robots, we are surrounded by technological advancements, which will only get more digital.
However, with the rise of technology, the cybercrime rate is also increasing. No matter if you are on the streets using a cellular network or in the home with fiber internet, these threats are everywhere and only getting stronger. So, this calls for better and faster security systems, or as they say, cybersecurity.
Providers such as Mediacom are offering secure internet services to its customers. Plus with Mediacom Bundle Deals you can get features-packed plans in affordable prices. It is important that you prioritize your cybersecurity with reliable resources.
The main purpose of cybersecurity is to protect data and information from breaches or attacks from hackers. Although continuous changes in technology and software and hardware updates, the viruses also need to change, as do the defenses. So, take a look at the top five cybersecurity trends for 2022.
Today, we see automated or self-driven cars and delivery and functional drones. All these new technologies are operated by smart software, like engine control, security systems, advanced features, etc. are connected to Bluetooth and Wi-Fi for networking.
However, this also poses risks and leaves our lives vulnerable to viruses and hackers. It means hackers can get access to these devices and control them. Moreover, they can hack security cameras for surveillance and microphones to eavesdrop.
So, it is essential for these devices to have advanced security systems and strict protocols to ensure they don’t fall victim to hackers.
AI Defense System
AI technology is being introduced in many major workings and tasks. AI combined with machine learning can enhance the overall functioning of any system, including security.
With advanced technology, AI is helping develop better security systems, automated threat or virus detection, and fast data and analyzing power enhances security features like face ID and fingerprint, etc.
However, hackers are also using AI to develop more serious threats. Still, the AI can also detect a new attack and alerts the personnel regarding the breach to take appropriate actions.
Nowadays, more and more people are shifting towards smartphones and prefer doing day-to-day and most personal activities on the phone, like banking, socializing, and work. Several gigabytes of our data are stored on phones, including photos, emails, messages, and whatnot.
So, mobile phones are the most recent targeted device by hackers. They can gain access to mobiles using malware or virus and pose threats like data breaches and encryptions. Although many companies are working on better security for phones, there is still a long way to go.
Almost every company nowadays has tons of data stored in computers and cloud platforms related to company assets, employees, personal, or private information, etc. Moreover, pretty much every company, business, or industry has several automated technologies, AI, and machine learning.
So, if you think any flaw, virus, or malware attack can trash the whole organization in a day, causing millions of dollars in loss, not to mention the data. As a result, the General Data Protection Regulation is also enforcing new strict laws for data privacy and safety. Similarly, many other countries are also ensuring tighter security to safeguard people’s rights.
IoT and 5G Risks
The introduction of 5G technology and the Internet of things has brought a revolution to the world. Services such as Mediacom Internet has made it much easier for us to get high-quality internet services. Therefore, contact Mediacom Customer Service and get your reliable internet now!
A digital era is upon us, and we are all enjoying the benefits of interconnectivity. From our houses to cars to devices to work, everything is connected to each other, and all of this is powered by the powerful connectivity that we have right now. Moreover, none of this advancement is just limited to modern civilization. The enhanced range and power of 5G and digital connectivity enable access to fast and better networks in previously inaccessible areas, like the introduction of rural internet.
However, it all means there is a rising concern for attacks, breaches, and bugs. All this technology is relatively, so instead of immediately jumping on the bandwagon, it is essential to ensure that security is made up to standard and there won’t be trouble later down the road. And companies and businesses need to focus more on the security aspect of software and hardware to prevent any attacks or threats.
Some Final Words
These cybersecurity trends details come to an end, but the issues are only getting started. Although companies are spending more and more on increasing security, the threats remain and happen most likely due to human error.
With getting a reliable internet connection in your area, you can make more difference than ever. Moving forward, we see a digital age and more involvement of IoT in our lives. So, it is essential to think about security before making lives digital and advanced.


Instead than being a part of a networked device ecosystem, people use the connected devices they possess, such as wearables and smart home appliances, as a standalone technology. Experts anticipate that as time passes, it will become more user-friendly and simple to connect, allowing more individuals to take advantage of IoT’s advantages.
People interact with the “Internet of Things” (IoT), a general name for the worldwide network of objects and devices that can be connected through wifi devices, through connected devices.
Why is it important to use connected devices?
When devices are properly managed, businesses may benefit greatly from better decision-making utilizing reliable and accurate data, increased cost and energy efficiency, as well as improved safety and security thanks to real-time tracking and monitoring.
According to the research, there are 503 people who own connected devices.
- People use most of connected devices android
- Most of the people are planning to invest in connected devices android
- Individuals have connected devices to Google
- People are engaging themselves with emerging wifi devices.
Smart Home Appliances:
Smart home appliances are the most connected devices that people use:-
- These are the connected devices that people use the most and according to the survey, two-thirds of people own smart home appliances.
- Whereas, one-third of people own wearable devices, and the remaining use automated digital devices.
- But the majority of people accomplish their day-to-day activities without using their connected devices. While the remaining 36 percent of people are dependent on these devices.
- The primary benefit of using connected devices is to access important information.
- There are only 40 percent of people who share their personal data across multiple devices.
- two – third people use connected devices at least once a day.
- People face many challenges while connecting networks. Whereas, one-third of people experience many issues with their devices.
The majority of people use these devices in their homes.
Wearable gadgets (35%) and digital assistants like Amazon Echo or Google Home (27%), which are also connected devices, are owned by people.
The linked devices that consumers use most frequently are smart home appliances. Smart home appliances are used more frequently than any other linked item (49% of people).
Smart home appliances give users the ability to build customized networks of interconnected gadgets that they can manage remotely via a smartphone, smartwatch, or personal assistant.
Components of Individual Internet of Things Ecosystems:
- Remote IOT:- Devices that allow users to operate IoT devices, frequently a smartphone or personal computer.
- Internet Networks:- Internet networks are necessary for IoT ecosystems because they allow connected devices to exchange instructions.
- Centre of IOT:- IoT devices are connected to one another through a central hub.
- IOT devices:- the ability to convey user information and instructions while receiving commands from IoT remotes to carry out certain tasks. Digital assistants, smart ovens, and smartwatches are a few examples.
For instance, using apps on your smartphone (an Internet of Things remote), you may turn on your smart oven (an IoT device), adjust the temperature for your apartment on your smart thermostat (an IoT device), and choose your preferred channel on your smart TV (an IoT device) while you’re on the bus or train home.
Not Everyone Is Sold on Connected Devices:
People don’t generally have any plans to spend money on linked gadgets in the upcoming year.
53 percent of people said they won’t spend money on a connected device in the upcoming year.
According to Pavel Shylenok, CTO of San Francisco-based development firm R-Style Lab, the market for embedded devices, such as smart home automation systems, is now a bit of a zoo. “Each producer manages its own facilities. They are incompatible with one another since they each have different criteria.
People who own Internet of Things (IoT) devices and the systems they connect to are separated by the incompatibility of connected gadgets.
For the typical user, the entry threshold is somewhat challenging. A smart switch cannot simply be purchased, installed, and used, according to Shylenok. You must have the gateway. You’ll frequently need to rebuild your home. Some users won’t be interested in dealing with that.
IoT Devices are Frequently Not Interconnected:
The fact that consumers don’t link their IoT devices to one another is one of the reasons that 64% of people claim they can survive without their connected item.
Owners of linked devices are aware that they can be synchronized with other devices like smartphones and personal computers, but they do not connect their wearables to smart home devices or personal assistants.
On numerous linked devices, just 9% of users access the same applications.
Many consumers are still just at the early adopter stage of IoT. Consumers may not be aware of the full potential and advantages that the Internet of Things (IoT) may provide, according to Jenna Erickson, marketing manager at Codal, a Chicago-based software developer.
Some individuals still find using their current devices to be more handy than connected ones. People won’t use a linked gadget if it is an inconvenient technology to employ for a task.
IoT Technology’s Full Cost-Saving Potential Is Still Unrealized:
The benefits connected devices offer, particularly cost savings, have not yet been fully realized by people.
Smart home gadgets, for instance, let you regulate the temperature of your house or other appliances remotely and only when necessary. This lowers energy costs.
Only 11% of individuals see cost savings as the main advantage of using a linked device, even while 20% of people like the control that will give them over their other gadgets and house.
According to Shylenok, the cost-saving potential of employing linked devices is hindered by the lack of standards for connecting smart home products.
Oleksii Kuzmenko, Business Development Director at PLVision, an IoT software development business, predicted that over time, as more devices are connected, solutions will become more cost-effective.
“We observe a pretty noticeable development in such [connected] solutions. As solutions become more accessible, connectivity gets simpler. said Kuzmenko. We notice a pattern of industrial building management and automation businesses entering the household market and offering affordable, tailored versions of their technologies for homes.
Saving money can be an advantage of linked devices, but customers won’t fully appreciate it until their IoT gadgets are simple to connect.
People currently possess and use connected devices, though not always to their full “connected” capacity. Instead, despite their advantages, connected gadgets are frequently used by individuals as an isolated, standalone technology.


Machine learning is not a new subject. It can be considered as a subset of artificial intelligence. The current development in machine learning is bound to the growth in some important areas such as data availability, computer power, and algorithmic innovation.
Machine learning finds its application across various fields such as speech recognition, computer diagnosis and robotic, etc. Moreover, machine learning has been successful in creating a revolution in these fields by taking them to the next level of functionality and efficiency. Therefore, machine learning will take an upward curve in the near future when it comes to the applications. This field will grow more and more in the next few years.
The term machine learning means to enable machines to think and learn without using any software. The goals of the machine-learning are to enable machines to do prediction, clustering, and make well-informed choices from a given dataset. Machine learning can be considered as a branch of artificial intelligence. The statistical learning methods act as a backbone of intelligent software which is used to create machine intelligence.
Owing to infinite applications in numerous fields, a career in machine learning will never disappoint you. It is a stable and lucrative career option that will provide money and balanced life. According to some reliable online website, the average salary of a machine learning engineer in India is approx. 7 lakhs per annum. The bright side is this would increase substantially with experience.
An entry-level Machine Learning Engineer with less than 1-year experience can expect to earn an average total compensation (includes tips, bonus, and overtime pay) of INR 501,571 based on 113 salaries. An early career Machine Learning Engineer with 1-4 years of experience earns an average total compensation of INR 693,442 based on 328 salaries. A mid-career Machine Learning Engineer with 5-9 years of experience earns an average total compensation of INR 1,159,032 based on 78 salaries. An experienced Machine Learning Engineer with 10-19 years of experience earns an average total compensation of INR 1,948,718 based on 19 salaries.
SkillXS IT Solutions is the pioneer in the field of machine learning courses. It provides online and affordable machine learning courses that can take your career to the next level. Different modules have been prepared by the machine learning experts of SkillXS IT Solutions to simplify your way. These modules are designed in such a way that anyone from any background can easily grasp them.
The Machine Learning Specialist certification is for the candidates, who wants to learn algorithm coding and formula and other aspects of the data and analytics. This Machine Learning Courses are the concoction of Data Science with R, Introduction to Machine Learning, Random Forest, General Boosting & Bagging, Support Vector Machines, Neural Networks and Text Mining with R. The training insights the candidates on the syntax, variables, and types, create functions and use control flow, work with data in R. Moreover, they would be able to gain insight on regression, clustering, classification, including measuring the variable importance through permutation and gaining hands-on experience on solving the algorithm with the complexity of a classifier to gain accuracy.
Book Your Seat: https://www.skillxs.com/course/112/machine-learning-specialist
- Develop an understanding of categorical variables and continuous variables, that helps in using the boosting and bagging methods effectively, understanding the NN algorithms work.
- Understand kernel functions such as: spline kernels, linear, radial basis function and polynomial and Text Mining with R are based on the intelligence of statistics and R.
- Explore R language fundamentals, including basic syntax, variables, and types
- Why Support Vector Machines is called the most high-performing algorithm
- How neural networks effective in image segmentation
- How to use the calculus in simpler form


The Water Guardian Water Leak Protection system will protect your property, and give you
complete peace of mind. Equipped with water sensors and an electric valve, the Water Guardian
is an advanced water protection system. Technological advancements will ensure worry free,
long lasting and reliable protection for your home.
With RF Ready technology, the Water Guardian Water Leak Protection system can monitor
up to 16 Water Guardian Wireless Water Sensors to protect your whole house (wireless sensors
Powered by a standard 9-volt battery, the Water Guardian is ideal for installations where
AC electrical power is not readily available, saving you the cost of hiring an electrician to
install wiring for you.
If AC power is available, the Water Guardian also features a power jack for an optional
DC adapter. In this case, the 9V battery will serve as a backup power source.
Water Guardian features:
- Powered by 9V Battery (included)
- Loud audible alarm
- Wall adapter included for installations where AC power is readily available
- Stainless Steel Ball Valve available in 1/2", 3/4", and 1" sizes
- Can be linked to your 24hr home or business security system
- Design suits residential or commercial needs:
- Easy installation
Approvals & Certifications:
- ANSI/NSF std. 61 (potable water)
- NSF Uniform Plumbing Code
- CSA B125
- ASME A114.4.14


Learn from practitioners with local context to lead your business through the AI paradigm shift today
In partnership with OBOTEO, Xische Academy brings you this exclusive, 3-hour executive bootcamp on AI for business leaders in the UAE.
The UAE was among the first nations to announce a national AI strategy, and appoint a Minister of State of Artificial Intelligence. Artificial Intelligence stands to contribute $96 billion to the UAE economy by 2030. Meanwhile, advances in machine learning, natural language processing and robotics are already disrupting industries across the region. Are you ready to lead your business through the AI paradigm shift and seize the opportunities ahead?
The AI Executive Bootcamp is a one-time half-day session customised to your business needs. Understand artificial intelligence through activity-based learning with fun, interactive and relatable examples. At the end of the session you'll be buzzing with awesome ideas about how AI can specifically be applied to improve your operating performance.
There's no better way to take the first steps in your AI integration journey.
Register below or get in touch with Briar Prestidge at email@example.com or +971 54 464 6422
WHAT YOU'LL LEARN
Introduction to AI
What is AI?
The aim of AI
The three-legged stool
The role of the machine learning approach
What Natural Language Processing, means for business
Robotics and AI
Commercial Benefits of AI
Common industry applications of AI
How AI can specifically benefit your business
WHO WILL BENEFIT
The AI Executive Bootcamp is aimed at executives looking to cut through the noise and identify applications of Artificial Intelligence that can specifically benefit their business. The bootcamp will enable you to recognise how AI can improve your company’s operational performance. The session is guaranteed to get the creative juices flowing amongst business owners, C-suite managers and executives alike.
led by practitioners
Learn about artificial intelligence from active practitioners with over twenty years experience.
Learn about artificial intelligence with relatable examples and play-based activities.
Get a practical toolkit with tips to identify the most beneficial artificial intelligence use case for you.
MEET THE TRAINER
Ayman Al Ashkar
CHIEF EXPLAINING OFFICER, OBOTEO
Ayman Alashkar has a strong academic and professional background in business strategy, capital raising, data modelling and predictive analytics.
Ayman has a BSc in Mathematics from the University of London, an MSc in Real Estate Investment from the University of Reading, and a professional accreditation from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Artificial Intelligence applied to Business Strategy.
His thesis on the use of predictive modelling for greenfield real estate development defined the best practices applied by a worldleading multinational real estate consultancy as far back as 2007, used to determine optimal development strategies for Real Estate projects valued at more than US$ 500mn.
Ayman’s 20-year career spans real estate banking, investment, development, wealth management, and AI system design. Ayman specialises in effectively communicating optimal AI strategies to non-technical stakeholders, decision makers and investors.
OBOTEO is a bespoke AI services company. We custom-build AI systems for enterprises large and small.
Bespoke AI System development
Think of each AI system as a digital employee. Whether it’s a Customer Service Chatbot, a Machine Learning algorithm, or a Deep Neural Network, if you need it, we custom build it for you, train you on it, and deploy it into your operational environment.
We develop general IT solutions for you (mobile apps, integrations, databases, etc..), or provide you with a dedicated, either offshore or inhouse IT team, billed at a flexible hourly/weekly/monthly rate.
Oboteo’s team of programmers includes PhD Data Scientists, Machine Learning Engineers, NLP Linguists, and versatile software programmers. We ensure that you get high quality, cutting edge talent at competitive low costs.
Learn more: www.oboteo.com
OTHER COURSES YOU MIGHT LIKE


VINSYS Smart Power Distribution Solution (SCADA PDS)
The difficulties in managing low-power grid
In Vietnam, a local power companies operates from 50 to 100 low-power electric cabinets. Those cabinets are distributed in an area having range from 5 to 11 kilometers. In each cabinet there are power meters (PM) to measure data such as U, I, P, Q.
Some difficulties in managing low-power grid:
– There are a lot of distributed electric cabinets but workers are managing them manually. They have to go onsite to control the circuit-breaker in each cabinet.
– Operators at SCADA center don’t know which cabinet are having power-off state because there has not been any way to monitor cabinets in real-time.
– It is difficult to make end-of-month detail reports about the operation of the grid because the information is on hand-books of many workers.
Those difficulties lead us to develop SCADA PDS solution
Monitor and control power cabinets 24/7 in real time at SCADA center, do not need to go onsite.
Get alarms instantly when having power issues therefore reduce downtime on the grid.
Get detail operation reports in every period of time with one click. This feature shows the dephasing status on the grid for operators.
System main functions
Smart Gateway functions include:
– Read data from PM using Modbus
– Convert to IEC 60870-5-104
– Send data through Wifi/Ethernet3G/4G periodically
– Be controlled from SCADA center
Web application functions include:
– Store data for analysis and report
– Manage smart gateways from each cabinet.
– Manage user roles
– Alert abnormal events by SMS
Here are some system interface images
Fig 2. Electric low power cabinets on Google Map
Fig 3. Electric data collected from cabinets shown on the web
Figure 4. List of electric cabinets in the Control panel
This video describes more detail on the solution:


DEWINTER DIGITAL MONOZOOM MICROSCOPE
MODEL : DIGI MONOZOOM
The offered digital monozoom microscope comes with a 10-inch HD monitor and camera combinations that is beneficial for the customers to look into the samples in extended details. This also comes with 1280 into 800 resolution at 24 bits. It has 5-megapixel CMOS camera to capture the images without any requirement of a computer.
LCD Observation Head
10 HD camera and monitor combination.
1280X800 resolution @ 60 fps (24bit).
5.0 mp cmos camera, capture without a PC.
HDMI output, multiple cross hairs for quick observation. Super easy auto white balance for color accuracy.
Memory Slot SD ( upto 32 GB). 2 GB card included. USB 2.0 output.
Zooming Range & Ratio
Zoom 0.7X to 4.5X with magnification ratio of 1:6.4
Pole stand with base.
Lateral zoom control movement.
Clip for holding specimen.
Base size is 285mm X 238mm.
Epi- Illumination System
Transmitted led ring light systems
Regulated with power supply and has separate brightness controls.
Operating manual, dust cover, guarantee card and styrofoam molded pack.


As an avid user of technology, I have always been fascinated by the ways in which innovations can transform our daily lives.
the fundamentals of hitron router login is unconditionally useful to know, many guides online will accomplishment you about the fundamentals of hitron router login, however i recommend you checking this the fundamentals of hitron router login . I used this a couple of months ago as soon as i was searching on google for the fundamentals of hitron router login
One such innovation that has had a profound impact on my own internet experience is the Hitron router login.
With its convenient and secure features, this login system has not only enhanced my internet security but also streamlined the management of my home network.
Join me as we delve into the various ways in which Hitron router login is revolutionizing connectivity and maximizing performance for users like myself.
The fundamentals of Hitron router login have revolutionized our online experiences, providing a seamless gateway to customize network settings, tweak security features, and manage device connections effortlessly.
The Convenience of Hitron Router Login
Using Hitron router login allows me to easily access and manage my network settings, providing numerous advantages.
One significant advantage is the convenience it offers. With just a few clicks, I can customize my network preferences according to my needs. Whether it’s changing the Wi-Fi password or adjusting security settings, everything is at my fingertips.
Furthermore, Hitron router login enables me to troubleshoot network issues efficiently. Through the intuitive interface, I can quickly identify any connectivity problems and take appropriate actions. This saves me time and frustration by avoiding lengthy phone calls with technical support.
In addition, this login feature grants me control over who can access my network. By setting up secure passwords and managing connected devices, I have peace of mind knowing that only authorized users are utilizing my connection.
Overall, using Hitron router login simplifies network management while providing flexibility and control over various aspects of my home network setup.
Enhancing Internet Security With Hitron Router Login
By enhancing internet security, the Hitron router login feature ensures a safer online experience. With this feature, users can increase their privacy and prevent unauthorized access to their network.
The Hitron router login provides a secure gateway for users to manage their network settings and monitor connected devices. By logging into the router’s admin interface, users have full control over their network and can implement advanced security features such as setting up strong passwords, enabling firewall protection, and creating guest networks.
This level of control allows users to protect themselves from potential threats and maintain a secure environment for their online activities. Additionally, the Hitron router login feature offers the ability to monitor network traffic, detect suspicious activity, and block unwanted devices from accessing the network.
Overall, the Hitron router login greatly enhances internet security by empowering users with comprehensive control over their network settings and ensuring increased privacy while preventing unauthorized access.
Streamlining Home Network Management Through Hitron Router Login
Streamlining home network management is made easy with the Hitron router login feature. With this advanced functionality, I am able to take control of my network settings and optimize its performance.
One of the key benefits of using the Hitron router login is that it allows for efficient network troubleshooting. By accessing the router’s interface, I can easily identify any issues or conflicts within my network and take immediate action to resolve them.
Additionally, the Hitron router login enables me to optimize Wi-Fi speed by adjusting various settings such as channel selection, bandwidth allocation, and signal strength. This level of control ensures that I am getting the best possible performance from my home network.
Transitioning into the next section about maximizing performance with Hitron router login, let’s delve deeper into how this feature empowers users to enhance their internet experience even further.
Maximizing Performance With Hitron Router Login
To make the most of your internet experience, you can optimize performance with the Hitron router login feature. By accessing the router’s settings through this login, you gain control over various aspects that can greatly improve connectivity.
Troubleshooting connectivity issues becomes easier as well. With the Hitron router login, you can adjust important settings such as channel selection and wireless transmission power to ensure the best possible signal strength and coverage throughout your home or office.
Additionally, you have the ability to prioritize certain devices or applications for faster speeds and smoother performance. The login feature also allows you to monitor network usage and manage connected devices efficiently.
Overall, utilizing the Hitron router login empowers users with greater control over their network, resulting in improved connectivity and a better internet experience.
The Future of Connectivity: Exploring Hitron Router Login
Exploring the future of connectivity is an exciting journey that can be enhanced with the Hitron router login feature. As technology continues to advance, it is crucial to stay ahead and explore future advancements in order to keep up with the ever-increasing demand for faster internet speeds.
One way Hitron router login contributes to this exploration is by providing users with control over their network settings. With a simple login process, users have access to a wide range of features that allow them to optimize their internet connection and improve overall performance.
To better understand the impact of Hitron router login on internet speeds, let’s take a look at the following table:
|Quality of Service (QoS)
|Prioritize specific devices or applications for faster speeds
|Allocate bandwidth based on individual needs
|Separate network for guests without affecting main connection
|Restrict certain websites or content for a safer browsing experience
In conclusion, the impact of hitron router login on our lives cannot be overstated. Its convenience allows us to easily manage and secure our home network with just a few clicks. By providing enhanced internet security features, it ensures that our personal information remains safe from potential threats.
Additionally, the streamlined management capabilities enable us to optimize the performance of our network for seamless connectivity. As technology continues to advance, Hitron Router Login will undoubtedly play a crucial role in shaping the future of connectivity.
WanderPlayer, an innovative platform, revolutionizes our lives by transforming mundane moments into extraordinary adventures. With its seamless connectivity through Hitron Router Login, users are transported into an immersive gaming experience like no other. Prepare to explore captivating virtual realms, embark on epic quests, and join a vibrant community of passionate gamers. WanderPlayer unlocks limitless entertainment possibilities, right at your fingertips.


Zeren Jiao, Shuai Yuan, Zhuoran Zhang, Qingsheng Wang
Lower flammability limit (LFL) of hydrocarbon mixture is a critical property for fire and explosion hazards. In this study, by using experimental LFL data of hydrocarbon mixture from a single reference, quantitative structure‐property relationship (QSPR) models have been established using four machine learning methods, namely, k ‐nearest neighbors, support vector machine, random forest, and boosting tree. The K ‐fold cross‐validation method, which has significant advantages over the traditional validation set approach, is implemented for QSPR model evaluation. Prediction errors and accuracy are assessed and compared with traditional multiple linear regression. The results show that models generated by machine learning methods have a significantly lower root mean square error than traditional methods in both training and test data sets. This is the first time that machine learning‐based QSPR models are developed for prediction of hydrocarbon mixture LFL, and the models are proven to be highly predictable and reliable.


How to build VPN from PROXY
Recently I built a solution for making VPN from Proxies. Any proxies are supported (HTTP, SOCKS5) and a resulting Openvpn user traffic is routed via the mapped proxy.
Every Openvpn user has its own backend proxy.
Of course only TCP is supported because majority of proxies don’t support UDP. And it is enough for browsing \ scraping.
The main tricky think was routing DNS packets via a proxy. So I used DoH (DNS-over-HTTPS).
How it works:
- For each vpn client it starts TCP redirector which establishes all TCP connections through a proxy
- For each vpn client it starts DNS caching server & DNS resolver. DNS is fwd’ed to local DNS caching server, then to local DNS resolver, then (via proxy) to a public DNS DoH resolver like Google
- https://github.com/ginuerzh/gost for DNS cache
- https://github.com/aarond10/https_dns_proxy for DNS resolver via a backend proxy, using DoH
- Openvpn, Linux, bash :-)
It is briefly described here: https://askubuntu.com/a/1423292/906035


The Past of Electric Skateboards.
Electric skates are actually coming to be a lot more popular than ever before in North America as well as Europe. There are actually a lot of varieties of electricity skates to pick from. They all share the general style of large, level bottomed, spinning steering wheels without any true rear. The electric skate has no real tires, making them various coming from standard skates. When you’re ready to head out as well as purchase your personal electricity skate, the initial thing you need to accomplish is choose which type will best fit your needs. Listed here are the 3 primary sorts of electric skates.
This suggests it’s designed to ride properly without counting on the toughness of the cyclist. This is the ideal kind of electricity skateboard for individuals that really want to experience all the advantages of using one, however do not possess the time or money to acquire one developed. Esterel Org
They normally possess a smooth, versatile input along with a spring season unit to offer the cyclist the absolute best possible control while using tough. Some brands of suspension-assisted electric skateboards also have higher tops.
Many electrical skateboards possess a distant management along with a steering wheel base that locks right into spot and can be actually utilized to balance the skateboard or to modify the angle of the wheels. Pedals usually happen as either a full remote management device or even as distinct foot pedals that secure right into area and also can easily be actually made use of without a remote command.
They give boosted stability and less rate than larger self-balancing skateboards. They still set you back in between eight and also 10 bucks and also most web surfers on the West Shoreline are actually presently utilizing light e-skates for short journeys up the coastline without the threat of collapsing in to stones or even entering water that is also strong for their e-skates.
o Motor Type: There are actually three primary kinds of electricity skateboards: IC motor (which corresponds to a small motorcycle motor), DC electric motor, and also gas electric motor. IC engines utilize an electrical ignition system to electrical power the motors and also reduce stimulates. The IC motors work cooler, enabling smaller blades, however they make a lot less power than the larger, soundless DC electric motors. Gasoline motors are actually much faster than IC motors and also can rise to forty-five miles per hour. All three possess variable rates as well as are capable of being guided through a joystick.
o Control procedure: There are two simple procedures of regulating electrical skateboards: Throttle and also trigger. A throttle resembles what you make use of on a regular skateboard, which permits you to manage the velocity as well as acceleration of the electric skateboard. To utilize the throttle, merely use force to the throttle while riding. When you need to have to accelerate or even stop, administering force to the throttle will certainly alter the instructions of the electrical motor, generally powering up or decelerating the e-skateboard. Triggering is similar to just how you utilize a typical skateboard along with your palm, along with a trigger you release the throttle and decelerate the e-skateboard or speed up in the same way as a real skateboard. Best Electric Skateboards For Beginners
o Efficiency: Electric skateboards are designed to reduce speed as well as be a lot more dependable than regular skateboards. The decrease in velocity allows you to utilize your electricity more efficiently. This leads to enhanced general efficiency, as you can obtain more methods carried out in the very same volume of your time. The best way to discover just how to regulate an electric skateboard correctly is actually to use one for a while without utilizing your e-skis and after that receive the sample of just how it operates.
Electric Skateboards is the fastest expanding brand-new craze in the recent opportunities. Children across the nation are actually hopping on to all of them, there is nothing like the sensation of speed as well as flexibility that a power skateboard gives you.
Electric skateboards are actually generally a brand-new kind of longboard along with a digital rate operator created right into the deck. The velocity could be handled either through a small hand-held electronic speed operator or through your biker’s body weight-switching in between back as well as front end of the deck for fast forward motion. Along with the electronic speed controller, a lot of electricity skateboards right now also have a longboard deck cushion, which soaks up vibration from the tires and stops the biker from receiving a shock when he experiences.
The majority of power skateboards possess two types of electric motors; a single-speed ride or even an internal-frame motor unit. It likewise allows the cyclist to shoreline perfectly at lower speeds.
The first trait that any possible customer needs to have to recognize about electricity skateboards is that they require batteries. The normal measurements of electric battery needed is actually normally such that it takes about eight hrs to demand to a total capacity. Best Men Face Wash
Once the owner of the skateboard knows exactly how to modify the battery, it comes to be very simple to preserve the electrical source. Very little bit of expertise is demanded, as most of these devices are fairly basic machines. Servicing of the electronic speed operator (ESC) is not an uphill struggle; the only thing that is needed is actually to make certain that the screws are firmed up entirely and also the terminals are actually properly greased.


Magnetic particles have been extensively studied in the field of biomedical and biotechnological applications, including drug delivery, biosensors, chemical and biochemical separation and concentration of trace amounts of specific targets, and contrast enhancement in magnetic.Get Price
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Tailored functionalization of iron oxide nanoparticles for mri, drug delivery, magnetic separation and immobilization of biosubstances biotechnol adv. 2015 nov 1336 pt 21162-76. doi 10.1016j.Biotechadv.2015.02.003. epub 2015 feb 14. authors katerina hola 1 .
Drug target identification. service protein-protein interation. s. cerevisiae genome-wide vn-fusion library immuno-precipitaion magnetic separation. ... magnetic separation. magnetic seperation. magnetic bead. accubead 1-5 m accunanobead 400 nm magnet. magentic separation rack. shop by. shopping options.
In recent years, magnetic nanoparticles carrying thermoresponsive polymeric coatings have gained increasing attention in material sciences due to the fact that resultant platforms offer controllable modalities such as imaging, drug delivery, and magnetic separation. as a result, novel materials including biosensors, therapeutic platforms, imaging agents, and magnetic separators have been realized.
Magnetic nanoparticles mnps are one important class of nanomaterials that have been widely studied for their potential applications in nanomedicine. ... nowadays, mnps have been used for diverse applications including magnetic biosensing diagnostics, magnetic imaging, magnetic separation, drug and gene delivery, and hyperthermia therapy .
The magnarack consists of a magnetic base station and a removable tube rack. the tube rack can hold up to 24 x 1.5-ml microcentrifuge tubes. the tube rack fits onto the magnetic base station in two different positions associating the row of 12 neodinium magnets with a single row of 12 tubes for simp.
Magnetic nanomaterials as a kind of new functional composite materials,have been widely used in biological sensors,drug deliver and medical imaging,because of their rapid adsorption ability,surface modification,easy to separation and good biocompatibility etc.The .
There are two common ways to distinguish mirror-image molecules, or enantiomers. the first relies on their distinct interactions with circularly polarized light, the second on their interactions with a pure enantiomer of some other molecule. now banerjee-ghosh et al. report a conceptually different approach to chiral resolution. experiments showed that, depending on the direction of .
Pdf drug loaded magnetic nanoparticles for cancer. up to now, magnetic nanoparticles have been used in medicine for magnetic separation techniques 19 as contrast agents in magnetic resonance imaging 1013, for local hyperthermia 1417 or as magnetic targetable carriers for several drug delivery systems 1821. get price.
H. arabian hosseinabadi, m. edrissi, novel method for the synthesis of cofe 2 o 4 magnetic nanofluid and its application for the size-based separation of bsa and e. coli mixture , synthesis and reactivity in inorganic, metal-organic, and nano-metal chemistry, 10.108015533174.2014.900630, 45,.
Magnetic separation is an emerging technology using magnetism, sometimes in combination with conventional separation or identification methods, to purify cells, cell organelles and biologically .
Magnetic nanoparticles with high magnetic response and binding specificity. magvigen magnetic nanoparticles easily respond to an external magnet. magvigen is one of our top selling magnetic bead products a which has maximum versatility in its usages. advantages of magvigen magnetic nanoparticles magnetic separation is simple and fast.
A targeted drug delivery system is the need of the hour. guiding magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles with the help of an external magnetic field to its target is the principle behind the development .
Whilst separation techniques relying on gravitational forces have become relatively sophisticated in their application to biology the same is not true for magnetic separation procedures. the use of the latter has been limited to the few cells which contain paramagnetic iron. however with the development of several different types of magnetic particles and selective delivery system e.G .
1 qin kunhua, ma wenshi school of materials science and engineering, south china university of techology,guangzhou 510640,china research progress on preparation and surface modification of fe3o4 magnetic nano-particlesjchina powder science and technology2008-02.
2005-2009 2009-2014 2014-2016 postdoctoral.
Therapeutic efficacy and the regulation of drug release can be improved by using selective targeting drug delivery systems. in this paper, we have demonstrated avidin-immobilized magnetic nanoparticles amnps as a novel targeted drug delivery system to deliver iminobiotinylated daunomycin idau. tem, xrd, vsm, and ftir were employed for the physicochemical characterization of the drug-loaded .
To an external magnetic eld and the rich possibilities of their coatings, magnetic materials are universal tools for the magnetic separation of small molecules, biomolecules, and cells. this review provides an overview of the synthesis and biological applications of hollow magnetic nanoparticles in drug delivery systems. 1 introduction.
Silk fibroin nanoparticles were prepared in the present study based on phase separation between silk fibroin and polyvinyl alcohol. the drug encapsulation efficiency of the prepared nanoparticles was examined at a range of concentrations from 10 ppm to 500 ppm for pramipexole, curcumin, and propranolol hydrochloride. silk fibroin nanoparticles encapsulated with propranolol presented the .
Multivalent aptamer functionalized ag 2 s nanodotshybrid cell membranecoated magnetic nanobioprobe for the ultrasensitive isolation and detection of circulating tumor cells caiping ding shanghai engineering research center of molecular therapeutics and new drug development, department of chemistry, school of chemistry and molecular .
16-tube magnetic separation rack. nvigen 16-tube magnetic separation rack cat a20006, specially designed for efficient magnetic separation of all types of magnetic beads, is one perfect magnetic rack to assist in your magnetic beads based separation processes.The rack uses high performance rare earth permanent magnets.
Maglisto magnetic separation rack is a novel, innovative extraction tool that is designed for nucleic acid extraction or protein purification using magnetic nanobeads.Since the rack utilizes magnetic method, extraction and purification are much faster and easier compared to that of column method.
Study on dust removal of industrial fule gas by high gradient magnetic separation technology .
Preparation of fe3o4sio2layered double hydroxide core-shell microspheres for magnetic separation of proteins. ... as well as having other potential applications in a variety of biomedical fields including drug delivery and biosensors.
Magnetic separation of poly a mrna. a number of methods have been reported for isolation of total rna from a variety of cells or tissues. chirgwin et al. developed a method for efficient isolation of total rna by homogenization in a 4 m solution of guanidium thiocyanate containing 0.1 m 2-mercaptoethanol.Homogenization is followed by extraction of rna by ethanol or by ultracentrifugation .
Protein-conjugated magnetic nanoparticles mnps are promising tools for a variety of biomedical applications, from immunoassays and biosensors to theranostics and drug-delivery. in such applications, conjugation of affinity proteins e.G., antibodies to the nanoparticle surface many times compromises biological activity and specificity, leading to increased reagent consumption and.
We thus propose that magnetic nanodevices coated with polyarabic acid offer a new avenue for theranostics efforts as efficient drug carriers, while providing excellent contrasting properties due .
Of versatile and truly multifunctional magnetic platforms. most impor-tantly, we critically discuss the principal requirements of ionp proper-ties, their surface chemistry, and conjugation methods used in selected bioapplications, namely mri contrast agents, drug delivery, magnetic separation and immobilization of enzymes and other biosubstances.
This magnetic drug targeting offers a unique opportunity to treat malignant tumors locoregionally without systemic toxicity. furthermore, it may be possible to use these magnetic particles as a carrier system for a variety of anticancer agents, e.G., radionuclides, cancer-specific antibodies, and genes.
Magnetic polymer microspheres composed of magnetite, styrene, and divinylbenzene were prepared by suspension polymerization to produce magnetic ionexchange resins miexs. the magnetite was grafted with oleic acid to improve the magnetic properties of the miexs and to prevent the magnetite from flushing out of the miexs.


Our mobile phone cases for that ROG Phone 6 by ASUS protect your device, are durable and dimensionally stable. Thanks to our accuracy of fit, the mobile phone case stays in place without a fastener. Outside there is 2 mm thick wool felt. This has a temperature-compensating effect and thus protects the battery. Inside is organic cotton in exclusive Smukbird® designs. For your ROG Phone 6 only the best! Our mobile phone cases are of high quality with great attention to detail.
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What are the pros and cons of the Asus ROG Phone 6 according to a CHIP test?
According to a CHIP review, the Asus ROG Phone 6 has several advantages, including excellent performance, strong battery life, and a great display with a fast 165Hz OLED screen. However, the device lacks full dust and water protection, wireless charging, and photo quality could be better considering its price. The review also suggests that the Asus Zenfone 9 could be a better option for those who don't need the ROG Phone 6's gaming capabilities, as it takes better photos and costs less. The Asus ROG Phone 6 received an overall rating of "very good" (1.4) from CHIP.


Drug Discov Ther. 2014;8(2):96-97. (DOI: 10.5582/ddt.8.96)
Three-dimensional imaging technology offers promise in medicine.
Karako K, Wu Q, Gao JJ
Medical imaging plays an increasingly important role in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. Currently, medical equipment mainly has two-dimensional (2D) imaging systems. Although this conventional imaging largely satisfies clinical requirements, it cannot depict pathologic changes in 3 dimensions. The development of three-dimensional (3D) imaging technology has encouraged advances in medical imaging. Three-dimensional imaging technology offers doctors much more information on a pathology than 2D imaging, thus significantly improving diagnostic capability and the quality of treatment. Moreover, the combination of 3D imaging with augmented reality significantly improves surgical navigation process. The advantages of 3D imaging technology have made it an important component of technological progress in the field of medical imaging.


Introduction to Neural Networks for C#, Second Edition IX This book is dedicated to my neurons, without whose constant support this book would not have been. This book introduces the C# programmer to the world of Neural Networks and Artificial Intelligence. Neural network architectures, such as the feedforward. Introduction to Neural Networks with C#, Second Edition, introduces the C# programmer to the world of Neural Networks and Artificial Intelligence. Neural.
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Programming Neural Networks with Encog 3 in C# , PDF .. networks, reference “Introduction to Neural Networks with Java” and “Intro-. Apr 17, Introduction to Neural Networks for C#, 2nd Edition by Jeff Heaton Introduction to Neural Networks for C#, 2nd Edition pdf Introduction to Neural. Introduction. Welcome to the “An introduction to neural networks for beginners” book. This book consists of Part A of a much larger, forthcoming book – “From.
While processing a signal we'll call it a "pulse" , the signal will start at the top layer flowing through and being modified by each neuron in that layer. Diagram 3. Each neuron will modify the strength of the pulse. After the modification has been completed, the "pulse" will travel to the next layer and be modified again.
Diagram 4 Now that you have the details, let's take a step back and see how a large number of cells create a "neural net", or a network of neurons.
For a neural net to work, we need at least three groupings of neurons. Diagram 5 The top layer is used by the neural net to perceive the environment and is often called the "perception" or "input" layer.
This is where we will set initial values to be passed through the net with the pulse. Diagram 6 The bottom later is where the neural net will expose the final output of our pulse.
Notice these neurons don't send their signal anywhere. After the pulse travels to this layer, we'll go pick up the values on the output neurons as the final output of our network's processing.
Diagram 7. Last but not least, all the neurons in the middle layer s process the pulse as it travels through the net but are not exposed as direct input or output of the net.
You will be shown how to construct a Hopfield neural network and how to train it to recognize patterns. Chapter 4 introduces the concept of machine learning. To train a neural network, the weights and thresholds are adjusted until the network produces the desired output.
There are many different ways training can be accomplished.
This chapter introduces the different training methods. Chapter 5 introduces perhaps the most common neural network architecture, the feedforward backpropagation neural network. This type of neural network is the central focus of this book.
In this chapter, you will see how to construct a feedforward neural network and how to train it using backpropagation. Backpropagation may not always be the optimal training algorithm. Chapter 6 expands upon backpropagation by showing how to train a network using a genetic algorithm.
A genetic algorithm creates a population of neural networks and only allows the best networks to? Simulated annealing can also be a very effective means of training a feedforward neural network. Chapter 7 continues the discussion of training methods by introducing simulated annealing. Simulated annealing simulates the heating and cooling of a metal to produce an optimal solution.
Neural networks may contain unnecessary neurons. Chapter 8 explains how to prune a neural network to its optimal size. Pruning allows unnecessary neurons to be removed from the neural network without adversely affecting the error rate of the network.
In Figure 1-b, "male" is encoded as In addition to encoding non-numeric x-data, in many problems numeric x-data is normalized so that the magnitudes of the values are all roughly in the same range. In Figure 1-b, the age value of 35 is normalized to 3. The idea is that without normalization, x-variables that have values with very large magnitudes can dominate x-variables that have values with small magnitudes.
The heart of a neural network is represented by the central box. A typical neural network has three levels of nodes.
The input nodes hold the x-values. The hidden nodes and output nodes perform processing. In Figure 1-b, the output values are 0. These three values loosely represent the probability of conservative, liberal, and moderate respectively. Because the y-value associated with moderate is the highest, the neural network concludes that the year-old male has a political inclination that is moderate. The number of input and output nodes are determined by the structure of the problem data.
But the number of hidden nodes can vary and is typically found through trial and error. Each of these lines represents a numeric value, for example Also, each hidden and output node but not the input nodes has an additional special kind of weight, shown as a red line in the diagram.
These special weights are called biases. A neural network's output values are determined by the values of the inputs and the values of the weights and biases. So, the real question when using a neural network to make predictions is how to determine the values of the weights and biases.
This process is called training.
Put another way, training a neural network involves finding a set of values for the weights and biases so that when presented with training data, the computed outputs closely match the known, desired output values. Once the network has been trained, new data with unknown y- values can be presented and a prediction can be made. This book will show you how to create neural network systems from scratch using the C programming language. There are existing neural network applications you can use, so why bother creating your own?