Smart Contracts Explained: Benefits, Issues & Use Cases
Forget the red tape — smart contracts are the new way deals get done. The future of business is code. Are you on board?
Step into the world of "smart contracts," an ingenious fusion of code and distributed ledger technology that's revolutionizing the way we conduct transactions.
In this article, we unravel the enigma behind smart contracts by exploring their origins, functionalities, and the myriad advantages they bring to the table. But it's not all smooth sailing; we'll also delve into the challenges and legal quandaries that must be addressed before smart contracts can truly reshape the commercial landscape.
Intrigued? Keep reading to discover real-world applications, examples, and the untapped potential of smart contracts.
What Are Smart Contracts?
Smart contracts are self-executing digital agreements that are coded and permanently etched into the blockchain, rendering them both immutable and irreversible.
The raison d'être of smart contracts is to facilitate the automation and execution of agreements, bypassing the need for intermediaries. This enables all parties involved to swiftly confirm the conclusion of a transaction. Moreover, smart contracts possess the ability to orchestrate intricate workflows contingent upon specific conditions.
In the context of a smart contract, "execution" means that the agreement encoded in the contract has been fulfilled. This occurs when all predetermined conditions are satisfied, and the essential actions have been carried out.
Blockchain networks offer a novel advantage: the automation of tasks that once necessitated a third-party intermediary. For instance, a smart contract eliminates the requirement for a bank to manually authorize a money transfer from a client to a contractor. As a result, the normal process of executing a contract takes far less time and money.
Smart Contracts Origin: Back to the Future
In 1994, American computer scientist Nick Szabo first introduced the concept of smart contracts. Szabo, who also conceived the virtual currency "Bit Gold" in 1998, a decade before Bitcoin's debut, has been occasionally speculated to be the enigmatic Satoshi Nakamoto—Bitcoin's anonymous creator, a claim he has refuted.
Szabo characterized smart contracts as digital transaction protocols that fulfill the conditions of a contract. His ambition was to augment the capabilities of electronic transaction methods, such as point-of-sale (POS) systems, within the digital domain.
Smart contracts diverge from traditional contracts in that they lack legal language or explicit terms between parties. Instead, they comprise scripts with conditional statements, functions, module imports, and other programming elements that automate the actions detailed in a contract.
Remarkably, many of Szabo's prognostications materialized in ways that predated blockchain technology. For instance, derivatives trading is predominantly executed via computer networks employing elaborate term structures.
While the advent of Bitcoin in 2009 provided the technical groundwork for smart contracts, it was the Ethereum protocol that truly elevated this technology as a blockchain’s cornerstone.
What Is a Cryptocurrency Smart Contract?
Smart contracts are frequently linked to cryptocurrencies, with Ethereum's implementation of smart contracts widely regarded as a crucial component underpinning decentralized finance (DeFi) and non-fungible token (NFT) applications.
However, numerous blockchains, including Cardano, EOS, and Chainlink, are actively broadening smart contract applications and market share, as well as advancing the underlying technology.
👉 Ethereum.org offers this description of a smart contract: “A smart contract is a program that operates on the Ethereum blockchain. It comprises a set of code (functions) and data (state) located at a particular address within the Ethereum blockchain.”
How Smart Contracts Work
Smart contracts operate through straightforward "if/when...then..." statements encoded within the blockchain. When a network of computers verifies that predetermined conditions have been satisfied, these statements trigger specific actions, such as disbursing funds to relevant parties or sending notifications. Upon completion, the transaction is recorded on the blockchain, rendering it unalterable and visible only to authorized parties.
A smart contract can encompass numerous clauses to ensure all parties are confident in the task's satisfactory completion. To establish the contract's terms, participants must decide on the representation of transactions and their data on the blockchain, concur on the rules governing the "if/when...then..." statements, examine all potential exceptions, and devise a framework for resolving disputes.
A developer then codes the smart contract. However, many organizations using blockchain for business purposes now offer templates, web interfaces, and other tools to simplify the process.
Smart Contract Use Cases: What Can Smart Contracts Do?
Smart contracts have the capacity to execute various agreements, making them suitable for a wide range of applications in numerous industries, including real estate transactions, stock and commodity trading, lending, corporate governance, supply chain management, dispute resolution, and healthcare, among others.
A detailed example of using smart contracts for supply chain management is provided on IBM's website. IBM describes its collaboration with the company Sonoco to track the transportation of temperature-sensitive medicines. Using IBM's Blockchain Transparent Supply solution and smart contracts, the Pharma Portal platform monitors the location and temperature of pharmaceuticals as they move through the supply chain.
A potential use case for smart contracts is the tokenization of digital identities, which would allow secure storage and controlled sharing of personal information. Users could selectively share data on social media and with banks, maintaining privacy while receiving benefits. Social media platforms would not control data; users could create smart contracts to exchange chosen information and get paid directly. In banking, users could share specific documents needed for transactions like loan applications without risking data exploitation by third parties.
Cryptocurrency Smart Contract Example
Smart contracts are essential for decentralized applications (dApps), serving as a key aspect of blockchain development. If a single smart contract typically handles one transaction type based on "if-then" conditions, dApps often combine multiple smart contracts for advanced functionality. From finance to gaming and media, these trusty smart contracts serve diverse purposes, reducing the burden of administrative tasks.
For example, Chainlink provides a decentralized "oracle" system that securely validates external data so that smart contracts can access data feeds, APIs, and payments. In blockchain terms, an oracle is a source of outside information for smart contracts on the ledger.
Chainlink enhances the security of data feeds by using similar consensus methods as those that validate transactions. Since smart contracts require inputs from various sources to work properly, Chainlink connects to APIs to verify transactions from banks, Visa, PayPal, and other financial institutions.
Oracles are essential for smart contracts to interact with the outside world beyond their own blockchain. This is especially important for permissioned blockchains, allowing smart contracts to respond to changes like interest rate shifts or stock price movements.
👉 Imagine a smart contract that automatically pays your bills each month. It would need an oracle to supply data on your latest utility charges, rent payment amount, etc. Or think of a smart contract managing a blockchain-based lending fund. It relies on oracles providing live data on interest rates, allowing it to adjust borrowing terms immediately based on the latest market conditions.
The key is that oracles expand the capabilities of smart contracts by giving them eyes and ears outside their limited blockchain environment. With oracles and smart contracts working together, decentralized applications have the potential to eventually handle many of the automated tasks currently performed by centralized companies. But with blockchain, individuals and communities will remain in control of an open, transparent, and secure system.
Benefits of Smart Contracts
The majority of conventional digital contracts involve two parties who are unfamiliar with each other, which introduces the possibility that either participant will not fulfill their obligations.
To address this counterparty risk, digital contracts are frequently managed and executed by larger, centralized institutions, such as banks, that can enforce the contract terms. These digital contracts may be directly between an individual and a large corporation, or they may involve a large corporation serving as a trusted intermediary between two parties. While this arrangement allows for the existence of many contracts that would otherwise not take on such risks, it also results in a situation where centralized institutions wield disproportionate power over the agreements.
Smart contracts provide several enhancements over traditional digital contracts.
- Security: By operating the contract on a decentralized blockchain infrastructure, there is no single point of failure to exploit, no centralized intermediary to corrupt, and no means for either party or a central administrator to manipulate the outcome.
- Reliability: The contract logic undergoes redundant processing and verification by a decentralized network of nodes, offering robust resistance to tampering, high uptime, and precise execution guarantees.
- Fairness: Utilizing a decentralized network to host and enforce the agreement's terms reduces the potential for a profit-seeking middleman to exploit their privileged position and extract value.
- Efficiency: Automating the backend processes of the agreement — such as escrow, maintenance, execution, and settlement — eliminates the need for either party to wait for manual data entry, the other party to meet their obligations, or an intermediary to complete the transaction.
Smart Contract Issues
While smart contracts represent an exciting advancement, they are not without shortcomings. It is crucial to understand that these contracts and the underlying blockchain technology are created by humans, making them prone to human mistakes.
👉 The infamous attack on Ethereum's decentralized autonomous organization (DAO) in 2016 served as evidence that coding errors can occasionally result in security breaches. The attackers exploited a flaw in the fundraising smart contract, siphoning funds from the project.
Additionally, the absence of clear regulations regarding smart contracts poses another challenge. Although the notion of a secure, efficient transfer of funds is attractive, matters such as taxation and governmental oversight must be addressed.
One limitation of smart contracts lies in their inability to access data from sources outside the blockchain network. This issue arises because many real-world applications depend on external data to trigger or execute contract provisions. As discussed above, oracles redress this issue but they also have their limitations.
As the adoption of blockchain technology and smart contracts increases, concerns about scalability and network congestion remain. These factors can impact the system's performance and dependability, particularly during periods of high demand.
Furthermore, smart contracts are self-executing and non-negotiable, which can be a disadvantage if unforeseen events necessitate changes to the contract terms.
Smart Contract Platforms
Platforms for smart contracts enable the facilitation, verification, and enforcement of these digital agreements. They supply the blockchain infrastructure necessary for smart contracts, deliver programming and testing services for smart contracts, and host their deployment and execution. Beyond the smart contract itself, these platforms integrate the inputs and outputs of the contracts into the blockchain. Notable examples include Ethereum, Hyperledger Fabric, Waves, Solana, Stellar, Algorand, Polkadot, Tron, Chainlink, and BNB Chain.
How to Create a Smart Contract
Suppose you decide to code and deploy a smart contract on the Ethereum network. Then the first thing you need to do is learn a smart contract programming language like Solidity or Vyper and have enough ether to pay for the deployment transaction fees. Please be mindful of smart contract costs, which are significantly higher than for a simple transfer.
Once you write a smart contract in Solidity or Vyper, the code needs to be compiled into bytecodes that can be interpreted by the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM). The compiled smart contracts are public on the blockchain and can interact with each other, allowing for complex composable applications. Smart contracts themselves cannot access off-chain data directly but this can be overcome using oracles. Another limitation is the maximum smart contract size of 24 KB.
Regrettably, delving into the intricate coding specifics is beyond the scope of this article. Nevertheless, if you're eager to learn, the following resources will serve as comprehensive guides:
- Introduction to Smart Contracts on Ethereum
- Comprehensive Ethererum development tutorials
- OpenZeppelin Contracts: Library for secure smart contract development. It offers pre-built and audited smart contracts like ERC20, ERC721, etc.
- DappSys: Provides safe, simple and flexible building blocks for smart contracts.
Smart Contract without Blockchain
The ledger plays a crucial role in managing smart contracts, as it handles the storage of essential information required for their operation. Without the ledger, smart contracts would be unable to function effectively.
Smart Contract vs dApp
Smart contracts serve as the foundation for many blockchain operations, including dApps. This means that dApps function due to the presence of smart contracts. Conversely, without an interface, smart contracts are inaccessible to general users. dApps provide this interface, making it easy to interact with smart contracts with just a click. No programming knowledge is required to use a dApp, simplifying access to smart contracts.
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When and Where Is a Smart Contract Executed?
A smart contract is carried out on a blockchain network once its predetermined requirements have been fulfilled. The execution occurs across numerous nodes in the decentralized network, which allows for consensus and verification of the contract's results.
The official point of execution of a smart contract is the moment when the transaction is recorded on the blockchain. After a smart contract executes, all the nodes in the network update their ledgers to reflect the new state. Once a transaction or record has been added to the blockchain, it cannot be changed — it can only be appended with new transactions.
Can a Smart Contract Be Changed or Deleted?
After submitting your contract, it cannot be altered, as any changes would compromise the agreement between the parties involved. If a modification to a smart contract is truly necessary, you will typically need to adjust the interactions between other smart contracts. In essence, this involves creating a new smart contract that carries out the desired functions while considering the existing actions of the original contract.
Can a Smart Contract Be Hacked?
All software, including cryptocurrency smart contracts, can contain bugs. The potential for exploits always exists, and inadequate code auditing can lead to severe consequences. Additionally, developers may intentionally insert malicious code, so it's important to exercise caution when deciding which smart contracts to trust.


Center for Quantum Mathematics and Physics (QMAP)
QMAP is a new initiative at UC Davis, aimed at fostering a vibrant research environment for addressing foundational questions in modern theoretical and mathematical physics.
At the forefront of fundamental research, the Center hosts an active visitor program, a number of Postdoctoral fellowships, a seminar series, conferences, and public lectures. As such, it is envisioned to be a useful resource for researchers and students, as well as the larger community.
The Center was established in 2015 in conjunction with the hire of four new faculty members under the Faculty Hiring Investment Program (HIP).
The QMAP Vision
Our universe is a fascinating place — the more we understand, the more there is to marvel at. A rich variety of physical phenomena, ranging from the echoes of distant merging black holes to high energy collisions of microscopic particles, can be described with breathtaking precision. This description relies on the two foundational pillars of 20th century theoretical physics: quantum mechanics and general relativity. Both of these beautiful theories are well-tested and in fact important even in everyday life, but they are mutually incompatible — so our 20th century understanding of the world is not just incomplete, but actually inconsistent. The ``Holy Grail’’ of theoretical physics is to develop a consistent theory of quantum gravity unifying these theories. Achieving this goal will transform our understanding of spacetime, matter and the origin and fate of our universe. Progress will require new mathematics which in turn will have impacts in a broad range of scientific disciplines.
Research reconciling mutually contradictory yet independently successful theories catalyzes scientific paradigm shifts. Already string theory — the most promising framework for quantum gravity — has forged connections between nearly every area of theoretical physics and mathematics, with applications ranging from cosmology to electronic materials. Indeed, traditional boundaries between theoretical physics, mathematics and even computer science are not only becoming obsolete, but are a detriment to progress.
At UC Davis we are creating a vibrant center devoted to this exciting adventure. Building on UC Davis’s strong traditions of interdisciplinary work, and the hiring of four stellar new faculty through the Hiring Investment Program, we have formed the Center for Quantum Mathematics and Physics (QMAP). Our collaborative focus is unique among world theoretical physics institutes. QMAP will provide an extraordinary intellectual environment for fundamental physics and mathematics. It will be a resource for researchers in many scientific disciplines through its conferences, group activities, seminars and visitor program. A diverse group of the best post-doctoral researchers and graduate students will be attracted to our center where they will be mentored to emerge as the next leaders, and QMAP will become a favorite destination for the world’s best physicists and mathematicians. We will all share in creating an environment where there is a seamless exchange of ideas between theoretical physics and mathematics. This will allow us to build upon new developments efficiently and tackle the exciting challenges and opportunities that lie before us.
Our scientific vision is embodied by this picture, which represents the wheels-within-wheels of our universe, each layer symbolizing a part of our emerging understanding, as described in more detail in the Science page.
Center for Quantum Mathematics and Physics
University of California, Davis
One Shields Avenue
Davis, CA 95616 USA


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Agilent 60-mer Oligo Microarrays
Accelerating real progress with industry-first 60-mer oligo microarrays
Agilent helped fuel the early growth of microarrays by unleashing the power of arrays with the Agilent GeneArray scanner (launched as the HP GeneArray scanner in 1997) that offered enhanced resolution allowing the design of denser arrays. Over the years, Agilent capitalized on its printing know-how and ability to industrialize new technologies that came naturally from our Hewlett-Packard roots. Agilent is proud to bring all of this together to offer industry-first 60-mer oligo microarrays in a commercial, easy-to-access format.
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In September 2018, chemistry graduate student and BWIC member, Olja Simoska, of the Stevenson and Shear research groups, attended the 3rd International Conference of Young Scientists in Moscow, Russia. The conference topic was “Topical Problems of Modern Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Materials Science” and it was organized by the Skoltech Center for Electrochemical Energy Storage and Moscow State University.
The goal of this conference was to provide a broad overview of the current progress and challenges for advancing electrochemistry research. Speakers were invited to give lectures covering key scientific discoveries and provide future perspectives in their fields. Each day was filled with lectures from distinguished researchers among which were Professor Claude Delmas (Bordeaux Institute of Condensed-Matter Chemistry, France), Professor Hubert Girault (Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland), Professor Shinichi Komaba (Kyoto University, Japan), Professor An Hardy (Hasselt University, Belgium), Professor Matthieu Saubanère (Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier, France) and Professor Chris Pickard (University of Cambridge, UK). Graduate student Olja was also one of the invited speakers and gave a lecture on her research using carbon ultramicroelectrode arrays to study complex biological environments.
“The conference definitely fortified my love for doing research and solving scientific problems. The exchange of ideas, the long science discussions, and intellectual conversations after each lecture were very inspiring especially for young scientists, like me, to make a difference in the world. It was great to meet other scientists who also do electrochemistry research and to make useful connections. I am happy that I had the wonderful opportunity to attend this conference, give a lecture on my research and get valuable feedback from researchers/experts.” – Olja


Laptop Batteries > Laptop Batteries at eBay
If you need to use your portable laptop computer in places that don't have
electrical outlets readily available, then you'll need to depend upon its
battery for power. Laptop batteries provide you with convenience and
flexibility, whether you use your computer for work or pleasure.
Without laptop batteries, we wouldn't be able to do our computer work from
the park on beautiful, sunny days, and travel with our computers would be
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computers whenever we want, wherever we want.
How long does a laptop battery last? Well, that depends on the battery type and computer usage pattern. Most Nickel Metal Hydride (NiMH) laptop batteries will last up to two hours at a sitting, while Lithium Ion laptop batteries may last up to three hours between charges. Over time, as a battery is repeatedly drained and recharged, its life cycle will gradually shorten, until a charge lasts only ten or fifteen minutes — too short a time to perform useful work without a power adapter attached. This may be a symptom of a battery memory problem, which can sometimes be resolved by completely draining the battery and recharging it several times. If this does not solve the problem, it is probably time to order a new laptop battery.
Battery manufacturers rate their laptop batteries' capacity in milliamps per hour (mAh). The higher the mAh rating, the longer the battery will last between charges. For example, a laptop battery rated at 4000 mAh is designed to provide 4000 milliamps of current for one hour (or 1000 milliamps for four hours) — at room temperature.
Batteries for laptop computers and notebook computers are generally available from the computer manufacturer; these are known as OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturer) batteries. In addition, compatible batteries are available for most laptops and notebooks at substantially lower cost.
Most contemporary laptop batteries use lithium-ion (Li-ion) or lithium-polymer (Li-polymer) technology. Li-ion batteries use a liquid electrolyte between their positive and negative electrodes, while Li-polymer batteries use a gel-like electrolyte. Li-ion batteries are relatively inexpensive and efficient, but they can catch fire if the barrier separating the electrodes is breached. Li-polymer batteries are more expensive to produce and less efficient than their Li-ion cousins. To learn about lithium battery care and maintenance, read this informative Apple notebook batteries article.
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Electric SUP Pump
This is our premier 12v electric ISUP pump for your paddle board. Let’s face it, pumping up a paddle board with a manual pump is hard. This electric pump can top off or completely inflate your board from your car or boat. Just plug it into your lighter or accessory plug. It has a digital adjustable display and will automatically shut off once you reach your desired pressure. Just plug it in, set your pressure and hit the power button. It’s really as easy as that!
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- Available types: unit and contra-angle with light and unit with light and contra-angle without light.


Custom ROMs are modified versions of the official Xiaomi firmware. They are developed by third-party developers who modify the existing source code to create a new firmware version. Custom ROMs typically offer improved performance, stability, and security, as well as additional features and customization options.
And recently Xiaomi released the new update for the Redmi Note 5 pro and which enabled some new features like Face unlock etc. But most of the users don’t like that update and facing some battery problems with the Redmi note 5 pro and want to Downgrade Redmi Note 5 Pro and flash the old fastboot MIUI 9 ROM. Flashing file will wipe all custom data which you saved in customized ROM.
- Xiaomi Stock ROM is a great option for those looking for a reliable and cost-effective way to upgrade their devices.
- MIUI Stable ROMs are the most stable ROM with the least amount of bugs.
- Flash the ROM and verify that the device can boot, and only then lock the bootloader using the ‘fastboot flashing lock‘ command.
- Xiaomi India now appears to be making efforts to fix these issues and has released a new update with a score of bug fixes and performance improvements.
Xiaomi Redmi note 5 / note 5 pro Global history Fastboot ROM MIUI 8.9.13, Weekly android 8.1 firmware of whyred. Xiaomi Redmi note 5 / note 5 pro Global history Fastboot ROM MIUI 8.9.20, Weekly android 8.1 firmware of whyred.
This method could be really helpful when reinstalling the “Xiaomi Redmi Note 8 Global firmware” on your device. We often follow the same steps at times of new MIUI updates. You can flash or Update Software stock firmware your Xiaomi phone from MIUI stock ROM (Flash File) using official Mi Flash Tool. It works best with MIUI devices (smartphones, tablets, Xiaomi, Pocophone, Redmi).


Finding high school tutors can be difficult. But not anymore! Check out this article to help you find the right tutor for your family.
Learning coding languages is not a new invention, it started in the 1940s. However, in today’s society learning coding skills is essential during early adulthood. Before the creation of computers, you could make a career without knowing anything about how technical software works. But, as the world moves towards more digitalization, it’s becoming harder to […]
Literature has provided a lens through which we can discuss the advent of Artificial Intelligence and its impact on the world. Literature occupies an interesting place within the context of AI because at once literature both explores the scope of AI technology but also demonstrates its clear limitations. Origins of AI Representation in Literature Arguably, […]
New technologies and trends can help students learn and grow. In this article, we explore the latest technological inventions and trends for targeting student learning.
Artificial Intelligence has already begun to revolutionize many extant industries, from sports to design to law to politics. Included in this list of industries is the food industry. With machine learning algorithms, artificial intelligence can be a powerful tool to improve the production, health, safety, and sustainability of growing and distributing food. AI and Food […]
As AI research develops and we become more familiar with the wide-reaching potential of AI & ML technology, top research universities have begun to further incorporate AI-based education into their curriculum, extracurricular offerings, and research initiatives. Top universities understand the imperative of adjusting to a world in which AI plays a major role in our […]
You may be surprised to learn that artificial intelligence constitutes a large portion of the education. Most recently, we’ve seen an upswing in machine-based learning due to a global pandemic forcing many classrooms to go online. What is artificial intelligence? In succinct terms, AI is the ability held by a computer to perform common, intelligent […]


EMF Health Risks and Dangers
Electromagnetic radiation is a major problem in different parts of the world. Unfortunately, many people are not aware of it. It's very important to be aware that there are different levels of radiation that you are exposed to every moment. This is because there are many types of electrical connections for example, Wi-Fi connections, telecommunication connections and many others. At your home, you also have devices that emit a lot of radiations for example, your smart phones appliances like the microwave. Because of this, there are many substation health risks and dangers. One of the things that you can ensure that you can do is to reduce the level of radiation that you're exposed to. People are usually exposed to different levels of radiation. People that live close to power stations and also pylons of power are exposed to much more radiation as compared to those that live far away. People that use the microwave regularly at their home also have high levels of radiation at your home as compared to the ones that use it for a short time. One of the things that you can do to reduce this kind of radiation is to disconnect these power sources once you have completed using a certain kind of device.
You also need to know how to play some of the devices that you're using for example, your computer, your laptop or even your smart phone. This is because the image radiations and for things like Wi-Fi connections, you need to know how to reduce them. One of the actions that you can do for your Wi-Fi connection is to know exactly when you have to use the Wi-Fi and when you can shut it down. This is going to reduce the levels of radiation in your home and it's going to reduce the level of health risks that will be mentioned. Some of the health risks and dangers include, causing cancer which has become a serious disease. There is the multiplying of body cells if they are exposed to this kind of radiation and you have to do everything possible to avoid that. There is also the possibility of affecting the functioning of your reproductive system meaning, it can cause you to be unproductive. You may have to results to other types of the production methods that people are now using. Controlling the use of technological items is very important.
Learn more about EMF dangers by clicking on this site: https://www.huffingtonpost.com/dr-mercola/microwave-cancer_b_684662.html.


A vehicle is generally using as much electricity as the alternator is generating, there are times when extra energy is needed, and that is one of the times when a battery is useful. This is especially the case when starting the engine, which requires energy to get the engine going (and that energy comes from the starter motor, which is powered by the battery).
Sometimes the alternator generates more electricity than the vehicle needs to use, and this extra electricity recharges the battery.
How do Automotive Batteries Store Energy?
No battery actually stores electricity, they instead store potential energy (chemicals which can be converted into energy and other chemicals without potential energy) which can be used later. Car batteries are one of the types that can recharge, and this is due to the chemicals stored within it. Car batteries are typically lead-acid batteries consisting of six sets of two-volt cells in series which form a 12-volt system.
In a lead-acid battery, plates of lead (as seen in the picture at the right) are submerged in a solution of about 35% sulfuric acid and 65% water. When electrons are discharged as electricity, the sulfur chemically bonds to the surface of the lead plates as lead sulfate. When the battery is recharged, this process is reversed.
Cold Cranking Amps
The CCA (cold cranking amps) rating is about how many amps the battery has (when fully charged) to turn over the starter at 0°F (-18°C) for 30 seconds. This rating is most widely used to compare batteries because it is one of the more difficult tests for a battery to score well on.
Also called MCA on marine-grade batteries, the cranking amp rating is the same as the CCA rating, except at 32°F (32°C). Cranking amps aren't used as much as cold cranking amps for quality comparisons since they are usually closer together and always in a useful range.
Reserve Capacity Minutes
A measurement of how much energy is stored in a battery is RCM (Reserve Capacity Minutes), which refers to how long a battery will continuously deliver 25 amps before its voltage drops below 10.5 volts.


Anti-Radiation and Battery Salvage Sticker
Mobile phone users without the Anti-Radiation & Battery Salvage Sticker are at risk for absorbing cell phone radiation, which is cumulative and never released from the body.
Are you concerned about the health issues that we are subjecting ourselves to when using our mobile phones?
Radiation is released by mobile phones, which affects the function of our central nervous systems. The Anti-Radiation and Battery Salvage Shield acts as a barrier between your mobile phone and your brain to absorb 97% of the radiation emitted.
Other advantages of the Anti-Radiation & Battery Salvage Sticker include decrease in headaches, insomnia, and hair loss. The Anti-Radiation & Battery Salvage Sticker activates the flow of li-ion in the battery of your mobile phone.
This allows waste matter that builds up inside a rechargeable battery over time to move more freely, which forces the ion flow to be more efficient.
The Anti-Radiation & Battery Salvage Sticker is a small, 2 inch decal that is placed on the battery of your mobile phone.


SemaMediaData provides cutting-edge technologies for multimedia analysis and retrieval. Particularly, the image OCR software achieved the top ranking in all three evaluation tasks of ICDAR 2011 robust reading competition for born digital images. From then on SemaMediaData scientists further improved the software performance and accuracy. On the other hand, SemaMediaData's solution realizes an efficient way of indexing and exploring lecture videos in large lecture video archives.
SemaMediaData OCR in the wild SemaMediaData's scene text recognition technology can be applied in the interactive scenarios.
Video OCR The figure above shows the main workflow of a video OCR framework, which provides some theoretical impression of the technology. We first use a video segmentation and/or frame selection method to generate a visual summarization of the video content, we then apply our image text recognition engine to retrieve textual metadata. Both, visual as well as textual metadata can be used for further indexing and the search process. The text recognition in video frames or images is much more challenging than that in scanned documents, which are mostly with nice contrast and uniform background.For extracting text from videos a set of sophisticated pre-processing procedures have to be utilized such as text localization and text segmentation. At the present stage SemaMediaData's video OCR technology is suited for processing overlay text and some scene text with enough contrast ratio within video frames and images.
Lecture video analysis SemaMediaData's lecture video retrieval solution provides an entire workflow for structural segmentation of lecture videos, video OCR analysis, automated lecture outline extraction from OCR transcripts, content-based keyword browsing and video search by using OCR and other analysis results.
Shot boundary detection SemaMediaData's Shot Boundary Detection (SBD) method aims at partitioning a video stream into various representative segments for efficient browsing and accessing of video content. In addition, the result of SBD is often used as a preprocessing step for other analysis methods, like key-frame selection, video OCR, and image/video concept detection etc. The main types of shot boundaries include hard cut, fade in/fade out, dissolve. Currently hard cut trasitions can be detected by SemaMediaData's SBD engine. More cut type will be supported in the near future.
Image/Video concept classification The facilitated semantic concepts within an image or a video scene provide valueable information for multimedia retrieval. With SemaMediaData's image concept detector, a video scene or an image can be classified into predefined concept classes as e.g., cars, football, skiing, indoor/outdoor etc. This classification results can be applied for image search or video indexing.
SemaMediaData is a startup company that offers online as well as offline multimedia analysis services based on cutting edge multimedia-processing technologies. SemaMediaData technologies serve as cornerstone for various innovative applications as e.g., automatic video annotation, video indexing, video browsing, content-based video search engine, social media mining etc.
Facebook's ad policy checker Do you want to check whether Facebook will approve your image as part of an advert? Choose an image from your PC and let us detect how much text that image contains. We will then tell you whether your image will pass Facebook's text to image ratio requirement (20% or less text) View Demo
Image OCR provides functionality for detecting and recognizing text content from video frames and images. It differs from a conventional print OCR engine which is designed for a high resolution scan of printed documents with uniform background. The Image OCR engine of SemaMediaData applies a set of sophisticated preprocessing procedures such as text localisation, background reparation, text binarization etc., which enables text recognition in a more complex environment. The actual version of image OCR is designed for detecting and recognizing overlay text and some of scene text (with sufficient contrast and horizontal alignment) from video frames and images. View Demo
Video OCR is an analysis cascade which includes automatied video segmentation, video text detection, recognition and named entity recognition (NER), which is a free add-on feature. The analysis result of this service enables automatic video retrieval and indexing as well as content-based video search in video portals and digital archives. A detailed example can be found on our demo website. View Demo
Video key-frame extraction also consists of a cascade of analysis procedures, including video key-frame extraction based on a user defined number of key-frames, video text recognition and NER (a free add-on feature). The biggest difference from the video OCR service is that it enables a rapid video summarization regardless of the video length by using a predefined number of key-frames. View Demo
Lecture video analysis engine is created for analyzing lecture recordings which are produced by capturing slides displayed on the computer screen during the lecture. The main idea of this approach is to capture the temporal scope of each unique slide from the video. The analysis process consists of slide transition detection, unique slide extraction, text recognition, lecture outline extraction from OCR text, and NER (a free add-on feature). Based on the analysis result various applications can be implemented for automatic lecture video indexing and browsing. View Demo
Video shot boundary detection is used for separating a video stream into a set of individual scenes by detecting camera transitions automatically. Based on the result the user can obtain a fast overview on the video content by browsing extracted key-frames from each video scene. Furthermore, with the corresponding time information the user can directly navigate to the expected video content. View Demo
Offline Services and Tools
SemaMediaData also offers offline services and tools addressing your specific requirements.
Customized video indexing and retrieval solution SemaMediaData can establish a local server in a partner's local systems providing the required media analysis technologies. The suitable application areas includes surveillance videos, IM videos, social media content retrieval, event recordings (conference, workshop), TV-programs, films, documentary recordings etc.
Consulting service for multimedia processing, automated content tagging, information retrieval. The SemaMediaData experts will help you to build innovative multimedia retrieval applications for large scale processing systems.
Offline Demo Tool Our Offline Demo Tool can be used for demonstrating the analysis result on your local PC. We provide you and HTML5 based solution that will statisfy your particular needs.
Since the accurary and hit-rate of a multimedia retrieval system might be affected by different factors such as heterogeneous backgrounds, scale and illumination changes, occlusions, various image resolutions and contrast, geometric distortions, compression artifacts etc. the analysis result will heavily depend on the quality of the supplied materials.
SemaMediaData provides the opportunity to verify whether the results satisfy the needs of each individual user. We offer 200 credit points for each new registration, which can be used for analyzing 25 minutes of video or 200 images for free. Furthermore, we also provide demonstration functionalities in the 'Task Manager' page, by which users can directly browse the result by using several indexing features.
Application Fields and Examples
SemaMediaData multimedia analysis technologies serve as cornerstone for various applications as e.g.,
- Automatic video and image annotation
- Automatic video indexing and browsing
- Content-based video search engine
- Social media mining, web data mining etc.
SemaMediaData technologies have been already successfully applied in several large research projects:
tele-TASK (tele-Teaching Anywhere Solution Kit) consists of an advanced mobile system for the production of Internet streaming videos, podcasts and a large lecture video portal. By applying SemaMediaData's video OCR technique the textual content information of the video is automatically extracted and provided for the search engine. The tele-TASK user can find the hits rate of a search term within the lecturer's speech and/or lecture slide. Other innovative applications based on SemaMediaData's technologies include automatic lecture slides extraction, lecture outline extraction and content-based keywords (from speech and OCR) browsing. The figure below shows the content-based lecture video search application in the tele-TASK portal, where the user can find search hits of terms within speech and video text. With this innovative feature the user can find interesting lecture topics easier, faster and view the topic segment conveniently by using a popup video player. An example lecture video can be found by following this link.
openHPI is the educational Internet platform of the German Hasso Plattner Institute, Potsdam. openHPI works according to the principle of “Massive Open Online Courses” (MOOC), the user takes part in a worldwide social learning network based on interactive online courses covering different subjects in Information and Communications Technology (ICT). SemaMediaData's technologies have been applied in openHPI for automated lecture slides extraction from videos. The figure below shows that the extracted lecture slides have been integrated into the openHPI video player .
MEDIAGLOBE - the digital archive is part of the THESEUS research program initiated by the German Federal Ministry of Economy and Technology (BMWi). MEDIAGLOBE deals with digitization, analysis, and semantic retrieval of historical, documentary audiovisual content. SemaMediaData's video OCR technology plays an important role for automatic textual metadata generation in the Mediaglobe AV-archive.
Personally assisted validation of identities and documents. SELFYDENT offers fast, reliable and secure technologies to identify individuals based on their identity cards via video conference. SemaMediaData's video OCR technology is integrated into the id-card validation process. This enables the machine to read the id document from the video stream automatically, which provides an objective checking result supplemented the human validator.


Are you planning to install a 100-amp electrical system for your home or business? One crucial factor to consider is the size of the wire you’ll be using.
The wire size determines the amount of current that can pass through it without overheating, which can be dangerous and cause fires.
In this article, we’ll explore the different aspects of the 100 amp wire size, including its gauge, insulation type, and voltage rating, to help you choose the right wire for your electrical installation needs.
Amperage or Ampacity
Before we delve further into the topic of 100-amp wire size, it’s essential to understand the difference between amperage and ampacity. While the two terms may sound similar, they refer to different concepts in the field of electrical engineering.
Amperage, also known as current, is the measure of the flow of electricity through a wire or circuit. It is measured in amperes (A) and represents the amount of electrical charge that passes through a point in a wire per second.
The amperage rating of an electrical device or system indicates the maximum amount of current it can handle safely without overheating or causing a fire hazard.
Ampacity, on the other hand, refers to the maximum amount of current that a wire or cable can carry without exceeding its safe operating temperature.
It is determined by the wire’s size, material, and insulation type, as well as the ambient temperature and the length of the wire run. Ampacity is typically expressed in amperes (A) and is used to select the appropriate wire size for a given electrical system.
|Size of Conductor
|The ampacity of the Conductor with a Temperature of 75°C
Understanding Wire Gauge
Wire gauge refers to the diameter of the wire, with smaller numbers indicating thicker wires. The American Wire Gauge (AWG) system is the most commonly used standard for wire sizing in North America. For 100-amp applications, the minimum wire gauge recommended is 2 AWG copper or 1/0 AWG aluminum.
These sizes are based on the maximum current-carrying capacity of the wire, which is determined by the insulation type, ambient temperature, and voltage rating.
The insulation type of the wire determines its maximum operating temperature, which is essential for preventing overheating and electrical fires. The most common insulation types for electrical wires are thermoplastic (THW or THWN), cross-linked polyethylene (XLP or XLPE), and rubber (RHH or RHW).
For 100 amp wire sizes, the most suitable insulation type is THHN (thermoplastic high heat-resistant nylon-coated), which has a maximum temperature rating of 90°C.
The voltage rating of the wire refers to the maximum voltage that the wire can handle without breaking down. In the case of 100 amp wire sizes, the voltage rating should be at least 600 volts, which is the standard voltage for most residential and commercial electrical systems.
However, if your installation requires higher voltage levels, such as in industrial or heavy machinery applications, you may need to use wires with a higher voltage rating.
Choosing the Right Wire Size for 100-Amp Applications
Choosing the right wire size for your 100-amp electrical system requires careful consideration of several factors, including the length of the wire run, the load demand, and the type of circuit breaker you’ll be using. Here are some steps to follow:
- Determine the length of the wire run from the main electrical panel to the sub-panel or load center where you’ll be installing the 100-amp breaker. Use a measuring tape or a wire length calculator to get an accurate measurement.
- Calculate the total load demand for your electrical system, including all appliances, lighting, and other electrical devices. Consult a licensed electrician or use an online load calculator to determine the total demand in amps.
- Determine the voltage drop for the wire run, which is the amount of voltage lost due to the resistance of the wire. Use a voltage drop calculator to get an estimate of the voltage drop for the wire size and length you’ll be using.
- Select a wire size based on the total load demand, wire length, and voltage drop. Use a wire size calculator or consult a licensed electrician to determine the appropriate wire gauge for your installation needs.
Choose a wire insulation type and voltage rating that meets the requirements of your electrical system and the local electrical code.
When installing 100-amp wires, it’s important to follow safety precautions to prevent injuries and property damage. Here are some tips to keep in mind:
- Always use proper safety equipment, such as gloves, safety glasses, and a hard hat, when working with electrical wires.
- Make sure the wire connections are tight and secure to prevent electrical arcing and sparking.
- Use wire connectors and cable ties to organize and secure the wires, and to prevent them from coming into contact with sharp edges or other objects.
- Follow the manufacturer’s instructions and local electrical codes when installing 100-amp wires, and hire a licensed electrician if you’re not familiar with electrical installations.
To illustrate the importance of using the right wire size for your electrical system, let’s consider two scenarios:
Scenario 1: John is installing a 100-amp breaker in his garage to power his new workshop. He decides to use a 4 AWG wire, which he had lying around, to save money. After a few weeks of using the workshop, John notices that his power tools are overheating and his lights are flickering. He calls an electrician, who discovers that the 4 AWG wire is too small for the load demand, causing voltage drop and overheating.
Scenario 2: Sarah is building a new home and wants to install a 100-amp electrical system. She consults a licensed electrician, who recommends using a 2 AWG copper wire with THHN insulation and a 600-volt rating. Sarah follows the electrician’s advice, and her electrical system works flawlessly, providing ample power for all her appliances and devices
The Right Wire Size And Rule Of Thumb
Choosing the right wire size for any electrical application is crucial for ensuring a safe and reliable system.
While there are online calculators and resources available to determine the correct wire size, there are also some general rules of thumb that can be helpful.
One such rule of thumb is that for every 100 amps of electrical current, a wire size of at least 2 AWG copper or 1/0 AWG aluminum is recommended.
For example, a 200-amp electrical service requires at least a 2/0 AWG copper wire or a 4/0 AWG aluminum wire.
It’s important to note that the actual wire size required may vary depending on factors such as the length of the wire run, the type of load, the voltage drop, and the ambient temperature.
Therefore, it’s essential to consult with a licensed electrician or use online calculators to determine the appropriate wire size for your specific application.
In addition to the wire size, the insulation type and voltage rating of the wire should also be considered. Different insulation materials have different temperature ratings, which determine the wire’s maximum safe operating temperature. The voltage rating of the wire indicates the maximum voltage that it can safely handle.
Proper installation techniques are also crucial for ensuring a safe and reliable electrical system.
Using wire connectors and terminals that are compatible with the wire size and insulation type, using conduit or raceways to protect the wire from damage and moisture, avoiding sharp bends and kinks in the wire, and tightening all wire connections to the manufacturer’s specifications are all essential installation techniques.
Choosing the correct wire size for an electrical application is critical for ensuring a safe and reliable system.
While there are general rules of thumb that can be helpful, it’s important to consult with a licensed electrician or use online calculators to determine the appropriate wire size, insulation type, and voltage rating for your specific needs.
Proper installation techniques should also be followed to ensure the safety and reliability of the electrical system.
Choosing the right 100 amp wire size is crucial for ensuring the safety and reliability of your electrical system.
By understanding wire gauge, insulation type, and voltage rating, and following proper installation techniques, you can avoid the risks of overheating, voltage drop, and electrical fires.
Always consult a licensed electrician or use online calculators and resources to determine the appropriate wire size for your specific needs, and follow the manufacturer’s instructions and local electrical codes to ensure a safe and efficient installation.


We are pleased to announce that the 8th International Symposium on “IN SItuNUclearMEtrology as a tool for radioecology – INSINUME 2019” will be held in Kuşadası, Turkey on April 23 – 26, 2019. INSINUME 2019 will be organized by the Ege University Institute of Nuclear Sciences and the Institute for Radioelements – IRE and its subsidiary IRE ELiT.
The previous INSINUME Symposia were organized in Ohrid (Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, 2017), Brussels (Belgium, 2012), Dubna (Russia, 2010), Rabat (Morocco, 2008), Kuşadası (Turkey, 2006), Albena (Bulgaria, 2004) and Fleurus (Belgium, 2002).
The main goal of INSINUME 2019 is to bring together leading academic scientists, researchers, young talents and experts in universities, institutions, communities and agencies to exchange and share their experiences and scientific research results and ideas in fields of the radiological monitoring of the environment and new technologies in nuclear metrology.
The scientific programme will include invited presentations by a number of internationally recognized experts and oral/poster presentations from participants from different countries and many leading researchers in the field.
The Local Organizing Committee along with the Ege University Institute of Nuclear Sciences and the International Organizing Committeealong with the Institute for Radioelements are delighted to host the INSINUME 2019 and look forward to meeting you in Kuşadası, Turkey.
For more information about the congress http://www.insinume2019.com
On behalf of Organization Committee


HowTo video for the Lecternette, a completely self contained portable, battery operated lectern aka podium for a pa public address system on the go.
The Soundcraft L46B and L56 portable lecterns are great for on the go people. Watch the video for instructions.
After uploading the ASAP Tent and Party Rentals video to YouTube this great video of a vintage Lecternette showed up in the search results. It shows the operation, modification and use by a street performer, Brian Souders. It is also a testament to the longevity and durability of the Soundcraft Lecternette products.
Is It a Lectern? a PA? a Podium? No Its a Lectern
The Sound-Craft Systems Professional Lecternettes are complete, portable public address systems complete with microphone, amplifier and built-in speakers.
This model is the L56C and features a single channel 22 watt amplifier, four 4-inch built-in speakers, microphone and reading lamp. The L56C features one lectern microphone input, two auxiliary microphone inputs with independent volume control, and one combination auxiliary input and output for tape recorders, CD players, etc. Tone controls, on/off switch and battery condition meter complete the controls and switches provided.
The L56C is a professional, portable public address system with the power to reach an audience of up to 1,000.
- Bass and Treble controls provide tone adjustment.
- Built-In reading lamp makes it ideal for lectures, house-of-worship application and more.
- Internal 22-watt amplifier with built-in speakers
- Input and output for tape recorders, CD players, etc.
- Battery status meter is provided.
- Two extra microphone inputs with independent volume control.
- Lectern Project (emceestudios.wordpress.com)
- What Happens When You Leave A Megaphone On The Street With The Simple Instructions: ‘Say Something Nice’ (mediaite.com)


- Vector and image data management into grid format for spatial solutions.
- Geocoding, orthorectification, and digitization.
- Satellite image analysis and features extraction.
- Geodatabase solutions and archiving both on-site and online.
- Web-based GIS capabilities.
Spatial & 3D Analysis, & Mapping Solutions
- Data analysis with GIS, spatial, 3D and raster analysis.
- Project data QA/QC for qualification.
- Vector and raster data integration and analysis.
- TIN/DEM generation.
- Geospatial data presentation as maps, charts, watershed analysis, 3D cubes, thematic mapping, and virtual videos.
Geostatistical Analysis & Hazards Mapping
B-geO’s GIS analysts provide the following services:
- Hazards mapping, analysis and remedial measures – e.g. post-hurricane disaster mapping and recovery.
- Basin wide pore pressure mapping and well planning.
- Net to gross pay zonation and reservoir thickness mapping.


Most people who use computers are always asking how can I make my computer faster? There are some ways to speed up a computer by cleaning your drive, getting rid of unnecessary programs, by defragmenting your hard drive, but when you say make my computer faster, you mean for it to really speed up and these ways to get the computer to speed up do not speed it up by that much. When you want your computer to run faster, you really want an appreciable difference in how fast your computer runs. This can be done today by replacing that magnetic hard drive in your computer with a Solid State Drive or SSD which will solve your question of how I can make my computer faster.
How can using a SSD make your computer faster? To answer that question you need to know what a SSD is and how it works. A SSD is made with semi conductors and chips just like a flash drive. A hard drive has moving parts like motors and magnetic disks and the computer has to access the data from the numerous disks which takes a bit of time. A SSD on the other hand has no moving parts and is the same size as a magnetic hard drive which it can replace. Now you may ask how a SSD will make my computer faster. Since this drive does not have any moving parts it can access data almost instantly and in tests has shown itself to be at least 20% faster than magnetic hard drives. If a 20% increase in speed can help you solve your problem of speeding up your computer you can replace your hard drive with a SSD.
To use a SSD in your computer, without losing any data that you have on your hard drive, you will first have to clone your hard drive onto the SSD. There are software programs available to do just that. You can just use a free program available like Easeus Disk-Copy or CloneZilla. What you will need is an USB adapter for your SSD with which you can connect the SSD to your computer via a USB port. Now by using one of the software programs for cloning your hard drive, you will be able to clone your hard drive onto the SSD. Now all you have to do is replace your magnetic hard drive in your computer with the cloned SSD. With the new SSD installed in your computer you can now compare the difference in the speed of your computer and ask yourself whether by changing the hard drive did the SSD make my computer faster.
An SSD drive has some advantages over a hard drive. Not only does it access data quicker, but it is much lighter than a hard drive. So it not only solves your question of how to make my computer faster, but it also makes your computer lighter. Since a SSD has no moving parts it consumes lesser power than a hard drive, this means that if you install it in your laptop, not only will it be lighter but your battery will last longer at the same time as solving your question of will it make my computer faster? Not only do SSDs use less power and are lighter, but they also do not produce much heat, this means that you do not have to worry about your computer overheating.
When you ask the question why could I not have used a SSD before to make my computer faster. The answer would be that SSDs were quite expensive and did not have much storage capacity. Even now you might ask yourself should I go for an SSD to make my computer faster or should I wait till the price comes down and the capacity increases before using a SSD to make my computer faster. The answer to that would be that the manufacturers of SSDs are working on reducing the price as well as increasing the storage capacity. How soon they will be able to do both at a price that you can afford is to be seen. But as of now the only recourse to really speed up your computer is to replace your hard drive with a SSD that is available in the market.
At present there are many manufacturers of SSDs and with the advances being made in the field of SSDs and the price dropping, they might in the near future be fitted in all computers replacing the existing hard drives. If this comes to pass your question of how to make my computer faster may not apply, because you would not have to worry about the problem of increasing the speed of your computer, but just invest in a computer that already is equipped with a SSD.


Molecule AI EA is an Expert Advisor (EA) designed for forex trading. Ermolov’s approach incorporates neural networks and artificial intelligence to enhance the algorithm’s reliability. This review will examine the EA’s key features, trading strategy, and its pros and cons.
About Molecule AI EA
Molecule AI EA is an FX expert advisor that aims to capitalize on the forex market’s dynamics. Sergey Ermolov, its creator, has continuously improved the EA over several versions, with the fourth version being more functional and stable. It employs two primary trading strategies: “Imbalance” for calm markets and “Breakout” for trending markets.
Notably, the EA incorporates neural networks, specifically a Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) and a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) model, to analyze market data and make trading decisions.
Features: Molecule AI EA boasts several features, including:
- Two trading strategies: “Imbalance” and “Breakout,” catering to different market conditions.
- The Pro Controller module for managing account drawdown and trading cessation.
- A trading panel for manual trading with trailing stop capabilities.
- Utilization of neural networks (MLP and LSTM) to predict market movements.
- Data normalization using indicators like Moving Average and Stochastic oscillator.
- Scalping approach optimized for quick, small profits.
Molecule AI EA utilizes two strategies, “Imbalance” and “Breakout,” which provide flexibility to adapt to various market conditions. The use of neural networks enhances its ability to analyze market data, potentially leading to more informed trading decisions.
Additionally, the Pro Controller module serves as a risk management tool, tracking drawdown and stopping trading when predefined profit levels are achieved. This demonstrates a proactive approach to risk management.
Molecule AI Expert Advisor
- Advanced Technology: Molecule AI incorporates neural networks and artificial intelligence, which can improve trading accuracy and adaptability.
- Risk Management: The inclusion of the Pro Controller module indicates a commitment to risk management and protecting the trader’s capital.
- Multiple Strategies: Two distinct trading strategies offer adaptability to different market conditions, potentially increasing profitability.
- Continuous Learning: The EA continues to learn and adapt based on market data, which could contribute to long-term success.
- Complexity: The use of neural networks and multiple indicators may make the EA complex for novice traders to understand and configure.
- Market Dependency: While Molecule AI may perform well in certain market conditions, its profitability may be influenced by market dynamics.
- No Third-Party Verification: It is important to note that there are no third-party verified results provided in this information. Traders should exercise caution and conduct their due diligence.
Molecule AI EA by Sergey Ermolov is an automated trading system with advanced features, neural network integration, and risk management tools. Its adaptability to different market conditions and continuous learning capability are promising. However, traders should approach it with a thorough understanding of its complexity and consider the absence of third-party verification results. To explore the performance of the leading Forex robots in live trading, you can visit the best Forex EA page featuring real results from third-party statement-sharing sites.


This software is made available for download and use under the
What is It?
SpheroFront allows analysis of diffraction in focusing optics and can be used to evaluate the impact of aperture obstructions on the point spread function at and near the focal point in systems ranging from microscopes to telescopes.
- Support for arbitrary aperture masks
- Sensible defaults for angular spectrum sampling and tile summation
- Adjustment of output field size and sampling pitch independent of the input field
- Perceptual rendering under scotopic and photopic vision assumptions
- Control of illuminant colour temperature
- Togglable auto-calculation for interactive use
- Memory requirement estimation
- Intermediate result caching for rapid evaluation of defocus fields
The underlying library is open source and implements the summed field method, a modification of the angular spectrum method, proposed by Hillenbrand et al. The summed field method allows for memory efficient evaluation of apertures with large Nyquist sampling requirements in systems where the power of the output field is concentrated in a relatively small area. The use of the 1st Rayleigh-Sommerfeld diffraction integral provides significant improvements in off-axis accuracy when compared to the simpler and computationally cheaper Fresnel diffraction approximation.
Bahtinov Diffraction Grating - 500µm defocus - Photopic.
Airy Disk - Photopic.
JWST - Visual Wavelengths - Photopic.
JWST - Narrowband Intensity - Inferno Colourmap.


Here is my experiment:
Context: I typically have Google Music playing in the background with about 15-20 tabs open at the same time.
Objective: Extend the life of the battery of my Pixel to 5 hours consistently.
- Start with a fully charged battery. (Duh!)
- Dim the backlighting on the keyboard to off. (Not really necessary. Nice feature though.)
- Turn the contrast down on the screen to about 30 percent. (This is still plenty bright enough to read the screen clearly.)
- Disable LTE receiver and only connect to Wifi.
Outcome: With the tweaks in place, I am getting 5 hours of battery life. (Previously getting 4 hours which is still better than my 3.5 hours on my 2012 12in Macbook Air.)
Note: I expect the battery life to change when I use LTE which I do when I am not in my office, but I haven't tested that yet.
Are there any other tricks or tweaks you've discovered that I should try?


HP 250 G7 Intel Core I5 10th GEN , 4GB RAM 1TB Hard drive, Windows 10 , 15.6 inch HD
- Make:HP 250 G7
- Screen display:15.6 HD
- Processor:Intel core i5
- Memory:4GB RAM
- Storage: 1TB
- Series:10th GEN
- Windows 10
udget friendly. Business ready.
Get connected with the value-priced HP 250 Laptop PC with the latest technology and a durable chassis that helps protect the PC. Complete business tasks with Intel® processors and essential collaboration tools.
Powered for business
Confidently complete projects with the latest technology including powerful 10th generation Intel® Core™ processors with optional DDR4 memory or Intel® Optane™ memory , and solid-state storage options.
Durable mobile design
Rest assured that the HP 250 can keep up with mobile workstyles with a thinner and lighter design. The durable chassis protects the laptop, so it looks as professional as you do.
This laptop is ready to connect to all your peripherals and is designed to fit the needs of business with an RJ-45 port and HDMI port.
Help secure the future of your business. PCs from HP make the most of Windows 10 Pro to protect you from today’s security threats and maximize management and productivity features for business.
Sometimes in life, only a face-to-face conversation will do. Thanks to the optional HP HD Webcam with wide dynamic range (WDR), you always come off looking your best in bright and low light conditions.
Get the best of both worlds with dual storage options. Boot up and access apps faster with a high-speed solid-state drive and enjoy expansive storage for digital media with a high-capacity hard drive.
Suppress background noise including keyboard clicks with HP Noise Cancellation Software.
Quickly connect to your wired network and peripherals in the office or at home with RJ-45 and HDMI ports. Easily back-up and move data to and from your HP 250 with the fast and convenient SD card slot.
The firmware Trusted Platform Module (TPM) provides hardware-based
encryption keys to help secure your data, e-mail, and user credentials.
Get fast connections with Gigabit LAN and an optional WLAN 802.11ac/Bluetooth® 5.0 combo.
- 10th Generation Intel® Core™ i5 processor (i5-1035G1)
- Intel® Core™ i5-1035G1 processor (1 GHz base frequency, up to 3.6 GHz with Intel® Turbo Boost Technology, 6 MB cache, 4 cores)
- Windows 10
- Intel® UHD Graphics
- 4GB RAM
- 1TB 5400 rpm SATA
- 15.6″ diagonal HD SVA eDP anti-glare WLED-backlit slim, 220 nits, 45% NTSC (1366 x 768)
- 2 USB 3.1 Gen 1;
- 1 USB 2.0;
- 1 HDMI 1.4b;
- 1 RJ-45;
- 1 headphone/microphone combo;
- 1 AC power
- multi-format digital media reader (Supports SD, SDHC, SDXC.)
- Integrated 10/100/1000 GbE NIC
- Realtek 802.11ac (2×2) Wi-Fi® and Bluetooth® 4.2 Combo;
- Wi-Fi® and Bluetooth® 5 Combo
- (MU-MIMO supported)
- stereo speakers
- Full-size, spill-resistant keyboard with numeric keypad;
- Touchpad with multi-touch gesture support
- HP TrueVision HD Camera;
- HP VGA Camera;
- HP Smart 45 W External AC power adapter;
- HP Long Life 3-cell, 41 Wh Li-ion


01 March, 2017 / Admin
PIIP is pleased to announce it has been invited into the prestigious ng Connect Program, which is powered by the highly accomplished and respected Nokia Bell Labs.
Researchers working at Bell Labs are credited with developing many world firsts including radio astronomy, the transistor, the laser, the satellite, the charge-coupled device (CCD), information theory, the programming languages C, C++, and S, and, the operating systems UNIX, Plan 9 and Inferno. An astounding feet given that virtually the whole Web now runs on C and UNIX, which both also underpin Mac OS X, Apple’s desktop operating system, and iOS, which runs the iPhone and the iPad.
Eight Nobel Prizes have been awarded for work completed at Nokia Bell Labs.
The ng Connect Program creates high-value services that leverage ultra broadband and cloud technologies. With its dynamic, multi-industry membership, ng Connect drives relevance and new business models through innovation. Founded by Nokia, ng Connect comprises more than 360 collaborating members, including innovators and leaders in networks, consumer electronics, applications, platforms and vertical markets.
The ng Connect Program is powered by the innovation of Nokia Bell Labs, which serves communications service providers, governments, large enterprises and consumers with the industry’s most complete, end-to-end portfolio of products, services and licensing.
From the 5G infrastructure and the Internet of Things, to emerging applications in virtual reality and digital health, the ng Connect Program is shaping the future of technology to transform the human experience.


Installing A Septic Alarm
Septic alarms can be installed in a variety of places, including outside of the tank, mounted to the wall of your home, or inside your property.
There are different types of septic tank alarms:
- A dedicated circuit – We typically recommend having a dedicated circuit or a separate circuit from the septic system’s effluent pump. When a pump failure overloads an electrical circuit and trips the breaker, the alarm on the same circuit loses its power and cannot alert you of the issue.
- Exterior power – When a dedicated circuit is not possible, we can provide an exterior powered alarm with failover protection. An exterior alarm can isolate the effluent pump from the alarm circuit so that the alarm will keep working in the event of an overload and a tripped circuit breaker.
- Wireless – Wireless alarms offer flexibility for existing septic systems that don’t already have an alarm in place and float cables and electrical may not be possible. Wireless alarms use WiFi or Bluetooth technology to transmit signals between the septic tank and the homeowner to alert them of potential issues.
Septic tank alarms consist of three elements: a float or level monitoring system to gauge how high the wastewater in the tank is getting, a visual component, and a siren or buzzer. Whether you have an old or newer system, there really is no good reason not to have a septic alarm. This simple yet effective device can save you hundreds and thousands of dollars in property damages and repairs.


University of Pennsylvania Student Awarded Philadelphia STLE Scholarship
Kathryn Hasz, a third-year graduate student in material science and engineering, received a $2,000 Philadelphia STLE scholarship award. Working in Professor Rob Carpick’s lab, Hasz uses atomic force microscopy to study the effect of the environment on the nano scale stick-slip friction of 2D materials. Hasz has investigated the effect of humidity and extended the temperature range studied from -200°C to +500°C. She is collaborating with Professor Ashley Martini’s group at the University of California Merced to correlate her experimental work with theoretical studies done by Martini’s group. This collaboration illuminates the atomistic mechanisms in the observed frictional changes and aids in the development of predictive models of friction on 2D surfaces.
In addition to her laboratory work, Hasz has presented at a number of conferences and poster sessions and took a lead role in writing a successful grant proposal. She has voluntarily taken on undergraduate and graduate teaching assignments to gain experience.
Hasz recognizes the need for leadership and mentoring and has been active providing a role model for young women interested in science since her undergraduate days. At Penn, she serves on the board of the Advancing Women in Engineering program among other activities.
The Philadelphia STLE Section is pleased to award Kathryn Hasz a $2,000 scholarship.


ACDI Card Readers
Did you know that you can buy your Prox Cards and Readers directly from ACDI? We are one of the largest distributors of RFIdeas and Elatec prox card readers in North America. Because of our volume discount, we can often times supply you with the readers you need cheaper than buying directly from the manufacturer.
Prox Series card readers are designed for customers seeking to leverage their existing card system for applications beyond physical security. Engineered to work with nearly all proximity technologies, Prox Series readers provide error-free identification for over 300 million physical access proximity cards worldwide. Featuring plug-n-play functionality, no required software, and embedded configurable flash memory, the reader is ready to integrate with nearly all operating systems, applications, and embedded controllers.
The USB model emulates a keyboard and keystrokes the card’s ID and/or site code to the cursor’s location on the screen. The reader can be configured to add keystrokes before and after the card’s data. The serial version, available in RS-232, Ethernet, or USB Virtual Com, delivers the card’s data in ASCII.
ACDI offers an incredibly wide array of proximity readers to fit every need. Please contact our sales team at firstname.lastname@example.org to let one of our specialists configure or recommend the solution that is right for you.
Since there is no software deployed, the plug-n-play reader designs are truly easy to integrate into your existing application. The USB models connect directly to USB ports and send data as keystrokes. The RS-232 model connects to a serial port and sends data as ASCII. The Ethernet model comes with free software to redirect the IP address to virtual COM port on Windows® PCs. The USB Virtual COM model emulates a virtual serial device.
Compatible with Windows CE®, Windows 2000®, Windows XP®, Windows Vista®, Windows 7®, Macintosh®, the Solaris™
operating system, Sun Ray™ thin clients, and Linux. (Free configuration software requires Windows® operating system.)
Information and Productivity
Eliminates errors associated with individual identification.
Versatile Mounting Options
The standard housing can be placed anywhere on the desktop. Featuring an articulated cable it can easily be mounted on kiosks, monitors, time clocks, and more. Optional base and mounting brackets expand placement options. Other form factors allow for easy, unobtrusive placement.
USB, USB Dongle Reader, RS-232, PCMCIA, Ethernet, Keyboard, OEM bare board
- PC/LAN access control
- Application log-on
- Employee identification
- Time and attendance
- Form filler to existing software applications
- PLC and embedded controllers
- Hoteling, meeting attendance, visitor management
- Secure printing
- Point of sale
Proximity Reader Spec Sheet
CPad is a high resolution 7” touch screen that interfaces with your copier, and brings all of PaperCut’s core functionality to almost any copier.
CPad works by locking the copier until the user has authenticated by one of the various configurable authentication methods. Users interact with the Cpad via a rich touch screen, offering an intuitive interface. Copying is tracked and reported to the PaperCut central server in real time.
For secure print release and PaperCut “find me” printing, users are presented with an on-screen list of print jobs and may release their jobs with one touch. CPad supports all advanced features such as card readers, self-association/ registration of cards and account selection via keyword/ID search. The CPad delivers a high level of functionality for any environment.
Now you can take control of copy costs and print management on almost any multi function device using the Cartadis CPad
terminal with PaperCut MF. With CPad you can enforce copy & print quotas that encourage users to think before they print. The CPad can turn almost any device into a papercut machine while environmental impact reporting gives you facts on usage.
- MFP manufacturer independent
- Easily transferred between devices
- CPad has the core functionality of PaperCut
- Secure Print Release and PaperCuts “find me” printing
- Charging to shared accounts/departments management
- Supports multiple authentication methods
- Swipe Card Authentication
- Username/Password Combination
- ID Number / Code
- High resolution 7” color touch screen
- Real-time responsive touch interface
- Built-in dual port ethernet hub Ethernet 10/100 Base-T
- Dual USB ports for card readers and other supported hardware
- External power supply
- True 2.6 Linux operating system
- 128 MB Flash disk, 64 MB RAM
- Multiple USB card readers supported; HID, mifare and others.
- Cable locking cover reduces risk of disconnection.
- Dimensions: 188 x 127 x 37 mm
- User interface configurable to promote your organizations corporate brand
cPad Spec Sheet
The Barcode Scanner provides aggressive omnidirectional scanning designed for retailers seeking an affordable, aesthetically-pleasing scanning solution. Compact, lightweight, and rugged these scanners maximize customer satisfaction and employee efficiency. With an incredible swipe speed, you can expect to scan 1D, 2D, PDF417, Code 39, QR, and many other codes on multiple mediums. This includes mobile devices and computer displays.
- 5.512 in. H x 3.232 in. W x 3.150 in. D (14.0 cm H x 8.21 cm W x 8.0 cm D)
- Weight .5 oz./269 g
- Voltage and Current
- Idle: 5 ± 10% VDC @ 150ma average Scanning: 5 ± 10% VDC @ 230ma average
- Operating Temp: 32° F to 104° F / 0° to 40° C
- Drop Specs: Withstands multiple 5 ft./1.5 m drops to concrete
- Humidity: 5% to 85% RH (non-condensing)
- Light Source; Aiming pattern: single dot, 625nm LED Illumination: 630nm LEDs
- Imager Field of View: 46° Horizontal x 29.5° Vertical
- Roll: 360° Pitch ± 65° Yaw ± 60° Print Contrast 25% minimum reflective difference
- Swipe Speed: Up to 90in./2.3 m per second
Barcode Scanner Spec Sheet
Mag stripe readers are another way to securely authenticate at the MFP. Swipe cards are used to facilitate secure print release and find me printing. They work in conjunction with third-party copier hardware terminals for devices that don’t yet support embedded or onboard solutions. Offering advanced security features such as data encryption, card authentication, and device/host authentication to be activated when security requirements demand it. It is the perfect solution for environments that want to “future proof” their platforms for long-term compatibility.
- Low-cost, high-quality design
- Customization available
- Bi-directional read capability
- ISO, ANSI and AAMVA compatible
- Up to 1,000,000 passes with ISO-conforming cards
- Decode Capability Reads standard 1D and
- Interfaces: USB HID, USB Keyboard Emulation
- Color: Black
- Reference Standards: ISO 7810, ISO 7811, AAMVA
- Recording Method: Two-frequency coherent phase (F2F)
- Card Speed: 4 to 60 ips (10.1 to 152.4 cm/s)
- Power Input: 5V from USB bus
- Current: Normal mode: 110 mA maximum
- Suspend Mode: 500 uA maximum
- Length: 3.94”
- Width: 1.28”
- Height: 1.23”
- Cable Length: 6 ft.
- Connector: USB Type A plug
Mag Strip Reader Spec Sheet
Built on the platform of the world’s best-selling single-line laser scanner, the wand barcode scanner delivers aggressive scan performance on virtually all linear bar codes, including poor quality and damaged codes. Updated object detection, and automatic in-stand detection and configuration enable class-leading presentation scanning that maximizes throughout. Superior scan performance matched with a reliable design combine to provide a versatile linear scanning solution suitable for a wide variety of applications.
- Outstanding Scan Performance
- Class-Leading Presentation Scanning
- Superior Out-of-Box Experience
- Contemporary, Ergonomic Design
- CodeGate® Technology
- Dimensions (LxWxH) 66 mm (3.0˝) X 180 mm (7.1˝) X 97 mm (3.8˝)
- Weight 125 g (4.4 oz)
- Input Voltage 5 V +/- 5%
- Operating Power 700mW; 140 mA (typical) @ 5V
- Standby Power 350mw; 70 mA (typical) @ 5V
- Host System Interfaces Multi-Interface / Includes RS232 (TTL +5V, 4 Signals) / KBW / USB (HID Keyboard, Serial, IBM OEM); RS-232C (+/-12V) and IBM RS485 supported via adapter cable
- Operating Temperature 0°C to 50°C (32°F to 122°F)
- Storage Temperature -20°C to 60°C (-4°F to 140°F)
- Humidity 0% to 95% non-condensing
- Drop Designed to withstand 30 drops to concrete from 1.5 m
- Environmental Sealing IP42
- Light Levels 0 - 100,000 lux (direct sunlight)
- Scan Pattern Single scan line
- Scan Angle Horizontal: 30°
- Print Contrast 10% minimum reflectance difference
- Pitch, Skew 60°, 60°
- Decode Capabilities Reads standard 1D and GS1 DataBar symbologies
- Warranty 5 year factory warranty


I finally got a MacBook Pro! It’s a sleek piece of hardware. We’re going to have a lot of good times together…my Mac and I.
I was so excited to get it up and running but I had trouble connecting it to our wireless network so I tinkered with our network and router settings until 2 am, Friday. The MBP would not accept the WEP key. After hours of tinkering with network and router settings, I got it to work but the other 2 laptops running Windows lost their connection. (Francine wasn’t happy) After more tinkering and upgrading the firmware, all 3 computers lost their connection! (Now, we’re all unhappy!) Linksys wanted to charge me $30 for technical support. Who wants to spend more money after getting a MBP? I discarded our existing network connection and started setting up the router from scratch. Now 2 out of the 3 computers were able to connect wirelessly. The Acer is being stubborn….it made a connection at one point but couldn’t get a signal. After numerous restarts, resets and reboots we solved the Acer issue by using an external wireless adapter instead of the built-in. (Now we’re all happy!)
The funny thing is…after screwing up our wireless network and many hours of troubleshooting I found out that the solution to my initial problem (WEP key not accepted by MBP) was as simple as adding a ‘$’ sign before the first digit of the WEP key!


Apple Magic Keyboard: The Ultimate Guide for Keyboard Enthusiasts
A Comprehensive Overview of Apple Magic Keyboard
Apple Magic Keyboard is a highly sought-after accessory designed by Apple Inc. for its range of computers. This article aims to provide a thorough examination of the product, covering everything from its features, types, popularity, quantitative measurements, differences between models, and a historical analysis of its pros and cons.
Understanding Apple Magic Keyboard
1. What is Apple Magic Keyboard?
– Apple Magic Keyboard is a wireless keyboard specifically designed for Apple devices, including Mac computers and iPads.
– It offers a sleek and minimalist design, boasting a slim profile and a comfortable typing experience.
– Its Bluetooth connectivity enables users to operate their devices without the hassle of cords and wires.
2. Types of Apple Magic Keyboard
– The Apple Magic Keyboard comes in two main variants: one with a numeric keypad and one without.
– The model with the numeric keypad provides enhanced functionality for those who require it, while the smaller version focuses on portability.
3. Popular Models
– The Apple Magic Keyboard with a numeric keypad has been highly popular among professionals and power users who require extensive number input.
– The smaller version without the numeric keypad is favored by travelers, students, and those seeking a more compact setup.
Quantitative Measurements: Performance and Specifications
1. Key Features
– The Apple Magic Keyboard utilizes scissor-switch mechanisms, offering a responsive and comfortable typing experience.
– It has a rechargeable built-in battery, allowing for a prolonged usage period between charges.
– The keyboard also features an ambient light sensor, adjusting the backlighting based on the ambient lighting conditions.
2. Battery Life and Charging
– The keyboard boasts an impressive battery life of up to a month on a single charge, ensuring uninterrupted usage.
– Charging is done through a lightning cable, providing quick and convenient recharging options.
3. Typing Experience
– The scissor-switch design provides a tactile feedback and improved stability, making typing on the Apple Magic Keyboard smooth and accurate.
– The low-profile keys and optimized layout contribute to reduced typing noise, creating a quiet and pleasant environment.
Key Differences Between Apple Magic Keyboard Models
1. Size and Portability
– The smaller variant of the Apple Magic Keyboard offers enhanced portability, making it ideal for on-the-go usage and tight desk spaces.
– The model with the numeric keypad provides a wider and more spacious layout, suitable for those who require extensive number input.
2. Enhanced Functionality
– The Apple Magic Keyboard with a numeric keypad offers dedicated keys for media control, volume adjustment, and brightness control.
– The smaller version retains all essential keys while prioritizing a compact form factor.
A Historical Review of Pros and Cons
1. Pros of Apple Magic Keyboard
– Ergonomic design, ensuring comfortable typing during long working hours.
– Seamless integration with Apple devices, providing instant pairing and enhanced functionality.
– Enhanced battery life and efficient charging options contribute to a hassle-free user experience.
– Whisper-quiet operation, making it suitable for noise-sensitive environments.
2. Cons of Apple Magic Keyboard
– Limited compatibility with devices outside the Apple ecosystem.
– Relatively high price point compared to other keyboards in the market.
– Some users may prefer a more tactile typing experience provided by mechanical keyboards.
Apple Magic Keyboard is a remarkable accessory that combines aesthetics, functionality, and compatibility specifically tailored for Apple users. Its sleek design, wireless connectivity, and impressive performance make it a popular choice among professionals, students, and everyday users. Whether you prioritize portability or enhanced functionality, Apple Magic Keyboard offers a variant for every need, cementing its position as the go-to keyboard for Apple enthusiasts.


NASA and its Commercial Crew Program announced new agreements with three American commercial companies to design and develop the next generation of U.S. human spaceflight capabilities, enabling a launch of astronauts from U.S. soil in the next five years.
Advances made by these companies under newly signed Space Act Agreements through the agency’s Commercial Crew Integrated Capability (CCiCap) initiative are intended to ultimately lead to the availability of commercial human spaceflight services for government and commercial customers.
SpaceX’s crewed Dragon will get more lift capability from the next-generation of Falcon rockets. The uncrewed version of Dragon recently made history as the first commercially built spacecraft to rendezvous and then berth with the International Space Station.
Sierra Nevada Corporation will advance its Dream Chaser spacecraft, which resembles NASA’s space shuttle but is smaller and based on improvements to the agency’s HL-20 lifting-body design. The company partnered with United Launch Alliance to launch its spacecraft atop an Atlas V rocket.
Boeing will continue to develop its CST-100 spacecraft, which underwent rigorous testing during two previous commercial crew development phases. It too will launch atop an Atlas V.
The latest Mars rover Curiosity has landed on the Martian surface and has sent back the first images to NASA.
For more images sent by Curiosity, click here. As for the NASA Team, they were elated with the success of Curiosity.
There were even those who gave honourary tribute to the success of the mission.
Naturally, there was congratulations all around, even the President giving his own words of appreciation.
I congratulate and thank all the men and women of NASA who made this remarkable accomplishment a reality—and I eagerly await what Curiosity has yet to discover. ~President Obama on last night’s rover landing on Mars (viabarackobama)
We’ll be watching and hoping that this will give new information about the mysterious red planet.
- Mars rover Curiosity lands on surface of Red Planet – Reuters (reuters.com)
- Photos: NASA Rover Curiosity Touches Down on Mars (abcnews.go.com)
- NASA Scientists Celebrate The “Curiosity” Mars Rover Landing (videogum.com)
- F*ck yes! Curiosity lands on Mars! (leilabattison.wordpress.com)
- NASA?s Curiosity Rover Lands Safely on Mars (wired.com)
- Nasa Curiosity Landing: as it happened (telegraph.co.uk)
- Curiosity Lands on Mars: NASA’s Behind the Scenes Images (mashable.com)
- First Photos of Mars from Curiosity [Mars Rover] (io9.com)
- NASA’s Mars Rover Crashed Into a DCMA Takedown (motherboard.vice.com)
- VIDEO: NASA’s ‘Curiosity’ Rover Makes Historic Landing on Mars (foxnewsinsider.com)
- Greetings From Mars! Huge NASA Rover Makes Daring Landing on Red Planet (space.com)
- Huge Mars Rover Set for Nerve-Wracking Landing on Red Planet Today (space.com)