ice formation, ice nucleation, Depolarisation, aerosol particles, wall temperature, ice particles, Particle Spectrometer, cirrus clouds, supersaturation, adiabatic cooling, volume expansion, atmospheric conditions, static conditions, expansion period, water saturation, Glan-Taylor prism, detection optics, detector, time resolution, optical particle, Argon-Ion laser beam, gas temperature, Condensation Nuclei, supersaturations, Polar Stratospheric Clouds, Dew Point Hygrometer, S. Schaefers, atmospheric pressure, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, formation processes, HOMOGENEOUS AND HETEROGENEOUS, AIDA, spark generator, SOOT PARTICLES, Degussa, U. Schurath Institute of Meteorolgy and Climate Research, stratospheric clouds, particle formation, sulphuric acid, optical particle counter, H. Saathoff, ice nuclei, TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION, cloud chamber, M. Schnaiter, experimental facility
THE KARLSRUHE AEROSOL CHAMBER FACILITY AIDA: TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION AND FIRST RESULTS OF HOMOGENEOUS AND HETEROGENEOUS ICE NUCLEATION EXPERIMENTS O. Mцhler, A. Nink*), H. Saathoff, S. Schaefers, M. Schnaiter, W Schцck, and U. Schurath Institute of Meteorolgy and Climate Research, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe
, Germany Abstract The large experimental facility AIDA of the institute of meteorology and climate research at Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe is operated and used as a cloud chamber to study processes of ice formation in tropospheric and stratospheric clouds. Like in clouds, particle freezing and growth is initiated by expansion which leads to quasi-adiabatic cooling and thus ice- and water supersaturation at constant wall temperature. Intensity and depolarisation of forward- and back-scattered laser radiation is measured, caused by particles in a small scattering volume far from the walls. The ice phase is also detected by in situ FTIR spectroscopy. Number size distribution of interstitial aerosol and activated ice particles is measured with an optical particle counter. Various insoluble aerosol components can be generated and added to the chamber in order to investigate their influence on ice formation processes at controlled temperatures, cooling rates, and supersaturations. 1. INTRODUCTION Ice particle formation is an important process in the troposphere and stratosphere. It can occur either by homogeneous freezing of droplets below about 35C , or be heterogeneously induced by so-called ice nuclei. E.g. it is speculated that soot particles from aircraft can act as ice nuclei . A quantitative description of these processes is crucial for a better understanding of the lifetime of clouds with respect to rainout, and their optical properties. Distinction between supercooled liquid and frozen aerosol particles (cloud hydrometeors; PSC particles) is essential for the investigation of these ice nucleation processes. Polar stratospheric clouds play a crucial role in the ozone destruction process. During recent years, various physical and chemical particle formation processes have been investigated intensively. Liquid ternary solution particles, crystalline hydrates, and PSCs mainly composed of ice or mixtures of liquid and solid particles have been detected and analysed by remote sensing
[3, 4] and in situ techniques . The ability of PSCs to induce chemical ozone depletion is a function of particle concentration, size, composition, and thermodynamic phase. For example, solid particles can grow bigger than liquid and thereby are thought to be responsible for denitrification of the lower stratosphere, enhancing and extending ozone depletion . So far the formation processes of solid particles are not fully understood. 2. AIDA FACILITY 2.1 Experimental setup
A schematic cross section
of the AIDA cloud chamber and some analytical and technical instrumentation is shown in Figure 1. This chamber (Volume = 84 m3) is operated over a wide *) Now at Bayer AG, Leverkusen, Germany.
range of atmospheric conditions
: -90C < T < +60C, r.h. under static conditions near 100 %; pressures from above 1 bar to below 1 mbar; ice and water supersaturations. This covers conditions throughout the troposphere and lower stratosphere under which water clouds, mixed clouds, cirrus clouds, and even Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSC) are formed.temperature control
led Housing -90oC to +60oC
Dew Point Hygrometer FTIR and UV/VIS Spectrometer Scattering and Depolarisation Expansion Volume
T, p Detector 2
Aerosol Vessel AIDA D M A Detector 1
Optical Particle Spectrometer
Aerosol Generator Filter Samples Condensation Nuclei Counter Condensation Nuclei Counter Argon Ion Laser 488 nm Scatering Depolarisation
Synthetic Air Supply
Fig. 1 AIDA main components and instrumentation available for ice activation experiments. 2.2 Ice activation experiments Experiments investigating ice formation at supersaturated conditions typically are started at homogeneous temperature conditions, pressure between 180 hPa and 1000 hPa, and relative humidity
close to ice saturation controlled by an ice covered chamber wall. Ice supersaturation is achieved by volume expansion due to controlled pumping using two large vacuum pumps at different pumping speeds. Depending on starting temperature and pumping speed, the regime between ice and water saturation is passed within a few minutes at cooling rates up to 200 K/h. Figure 2 shows an expansion started at 174 hPa and 225 K. The expansion period lasted about 8.5 min. The highest cooling rates are only achieved within the first few minutes. Hereafter, a steady state
is achieved between further adiabatic cooling and heat transfer
from the chamber walls remaining at constant temperature during expansion due to the high heat capacity of the 2 cm thick aluminium walls. After pumping is stopped the gas temperature increases
and approaches the wall temperature on a time scale of about five minutes. Volume expansion into an evacuated vessel of 4 m3 volume can additionally be used to sharply increase the supersaturation by up to 20 % within a few seconds. Evaporation of ice phases is forced by controlled adiabatic heating of the chamber gas due to refilling the chamber with dry synthetic air. Water vapour is measured with three independent instruments: The FISH Lyman-a hygrometer of the ICG-1 of Forschungszentrum Jьlich , the prototype of a novel photoacoustic water vapour sensor (PAS) developed and operated by the University of Szeged,
Hungary , and a commercial cooled mirror hygrometer M3 from General Eastern. All instruments are operated outside the chamber using the same heated sampling tube.
Mean Wall Temperature
Temperature (K) Pressure (hPa)
Fig. 2 Time profiles of pressure, mean wall temperature, and mean Gas temperature
during a typical ice activation experiment.
2.3 Detection of ice formation
An Argon-Ion laser beam
(99% polarized radiation at 488 nm) is conducted into the chamber via an optical fibre which preserves the plane of polarization
(Figure 3, left panel). The laser beam and the aperture of the detection optics overlap in the middle of the chamber at a distance of 2 m from the walls, providing about 2 cm3 of scattering volume. The scattered light is split into the parallel and the perpendicular components by a Glan-Taylor prism and then detected by two independent photomultipliers (Figure 3, right panel). Detector optics are mounted at scattering angles of 176 and 4. Photon counting is employed to achieve high sensitivity and time resolution. The laser source and the detectors can be attenuated by neutral density filters to avoid saturation, and to match the sensitivities of the forward and backward scattering detectors. This setup provides information on the volume, size, and phase of the scattering aerosol. The data set
allows for a precise determination of the onset of ice formation and the formation and growth of liquid and solid aerosol particles.
optical fiber Ar-Ion-Laser
AIDA chamber, d = 4 m
detector 2, scattering angle
lens system, pinhole Glan-Taylor prism
detector 1, scattering angle 176 o
Fig. 3 Overall cross section of the laser scattering device (left) and detail of the detector for measuring backscattered light intensity
Size distributions of aerosol particles before, during, and after periods of ice nucleation are measured with an optical particle spectrometer (PCS2000, Palas) operated below the aerosol chamber (c.f. Figure 1). Residence times in the cold vertical sampling tube are short enough to minimise evaporation of ice particles. Aerosol extinction is measured by long path in situ FTIR spectrometry (Bruker IFS 66v, 254 m folded optical path) in the spectral range 6000 - 800 cm-1 with a resolution of 4.0 cm-1. The FTIR measurements are maDe Wit
h a maximum time resolution of 40 seconds. The extinction spectra provide valuable information about size, chemical composition
, and phase of the average particle volume both at equilibrium condition
and periods of high cooling and heating rate.
3. HOMOGENEOUS FREEZING OF SUPERCOOLED SULPHURIC ACID PARTICLES Binary sulphuric acid droplets with a mean diameter of about 200 nm are generated at atmospheric pressure
outside the aerosol chamber. Aerosol is generated by dispersing a 20 wt% sulphuric acid solution and dried by passing through a glass tube partly filled with a 96 wt% sulphuric acid solution. The dried aerosol is passed into the chamber through a pressure reduction valve and a stainless steel
tube. The size distribution of the AIDA aerosol covers the size range of stratospheric sulphuric acid background particles (c.f. Figure 4).
LLTTPP DMA 8000 114400 hPa, 21155KK 3300..1111..11999988
Stratosp heric Su lphuric Acid Particles
Dat a Lognormal Fit
Fig. 4 Number size distribution of sulphuric acid particles measured during an AIDA PSC simulation experiment at a temperature of 215 K and a pressure of 140 hPa. Number concentration and size distribution of sulphuric acid aerosol particles are measured with a condensation nuclei counter (CNC3010, TSI) and a differential mobility analyser in combination with a CNC3010. The CNC devices have been modified for operation at pressures from 100 hPa to atmospheric pressure. The modified DMA is operated at the same temperature as the aerosol chamber in order to avoid size change of particles by evaporation processes. Figure 5 shows the result of a freezing experiment with sulphuric acid particles. The expansion was started at t=223 min at a pressure of 180 hPa and a temperature of 202 K. Ice formation occurred after 3 min of pumping at t=226 min, as clearly indicated by the sudden increase of the depolarisation ratio and the number of ice particles.
No. of ice particles
Fig. 5 Depolarisation ratio of backscattered laser light (upper curve) and number of ice particles formed during homogeneous freezing of supercooled sulphuric acid aerosol particles (lower curve). 4. HETEROGENEOUS ICE NUCLEATION OF SOOT PARTICLES The heterogeneous ice nucleation potential of soot particles was investigated at temperatures between 62C and 22C. The soot aerosol was taken from a graphite spark generator (GfG1000, Palas). 180
AID A (graphite sparc generator soot) DeMott e t al. 1999 (Degussa soot, ~monolayer sulphuric acid) DeMott e t al. 1999 (Degussa soot, multilayer sulphuric acid) Water saturation
Fig. 6 Ice activation relative humidities measured for spark generator soot particles (filled squares, present study) and "Degussa" soot coated with monolayer and multilayer sulphuric acid (open and filled diamonds ).
The relative humidity with respect to ice, RHi, was calculated as function of measured ice frost point and mean gas temperature. Figure 6 shows RHi measured at the onset of ice formation. At higher temperatures liquid water
seems to condense on the soot particles before ice activation occurs (immersion freezing). At lower temperatures ice is formed significantly below the liquid water saturation threshold. Figure 6 also depicts results from DeMott et al. . Degussa soot used in that study shows significant lowering of ice onset RHi only for multilayer sulphuric acid coating. The GfG soot used in the AIDA experiments had not been coated with sulphuric acid. 5. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION In the AIDA experimental facility, ice activation experiments are performed by simulating cycles of ice and water super- and sub-saturations, using the method of expansion-cooling. Relative humidity can dynamically be increased in a controlled manner from ice saturation to values above water saturation within several minutes. First results on homogeneous freezing of super-cooled sulphuric acid particles and heterogeneous ice nucleation of soot prove the AIDA facility to be well suited for IN studies. One of the major advantages of AIDA ice nucleation experiments is the fact that only a minor fraction of the aerosol is lost during expansion cycles. Therefore, the same aerosol sample can be investigated in repeated activation and evaporation cycles. This opens an avenue for future experiments to study the influence of particle ageing effects (e.g. restructuring, coating) on the ice nucleation potential of relevant aerosols. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Valuable assistance by Rainer Buschbacher, Meinhard Koyro, Elisabeth Kranz, Georg Scheurig, and Claudia Tromm, is gratefully acknowledged. REFERENCES  H.R. Pruppacher, and J.D. Klett, Microphysics of clouds and precipitation (Kluwer Academic Publishers
, 1997).  P.J. DeMott, Y. Chen, S.M. Kreidenweis, D.C. Rogers, and D.E. Sherman, Geophys. Res. Lett. 26 (1999) 2429.  K.S. Carslaw et al., Nature 391 (1998) 675.  H. Mehrtens, U. von Zahn, F. Fierli, B. Nardi, and T. Deshler, Geophys. Res. Lett. 26 (1999) 603.  J. Schreiner, C. Voigt, A. Kohlmann, F. Arnold, K. Mauersberger, and N. Larsen, Science 283 (1999) 968.  A. Waibel et al., Science 283 (1999) 2064.  M. Zцger et al., J. Geoph
ys. Res. 104 (1999) 1807.  M. Szakбll, Z. Bozуki, M. Krдmer, N. Spelten, O. Moehler, and U. Schurath, Environ. Sci. Technol. (submitted).
O Möhler, A Nink, M Schnaiter, U Schurath, H Saathoff


Virtualization provides the facility to run multiple isolated computer operating systems on one piece of computing hardware. There has been a huge increase of interest in virtualization technology because recent advances in multi-core technology provide significantly more computing power in each machine with ever decreasing costs. Virtualization is one of the best ways to take advantage of these big changes in hardware.
Currently, Xen is the most mature FOSS (Free and Open Source Software) virtualization technology. Although we love the idea of KVM, since it requires a special processor extension on X86 systems, it cannot work on older hardware. So for at least another few years, we think Xen is the more flexible choice for FOSS virtualization projects.
The Xen infrastructure consists of the Xen hypervisor which “runs the show”, a domain 0 (dom0) which runs a special, privileged version of the operating system (typically Linux, but NetBSD and Solaris are also supported), and one or more domain U (domU) “guest” (or “User”) operating systems. We have found that Xen is easy to configure in many situations, but we encountered some complications in running a domU on a dom0 with a different architecture.
We recently migrated some 32-bit domUs running Debian Etch (4.0) from a 32-bit dom0 to a newer 64-bit dom0 running Debian Lenny (5.0). We did a direct move (using rsync) of the Logical Volume Manager (LVM) slices from the 32-bit dom0 to the 64-bit dom0. This means we’d now be running our 32-bit Etch domUs on a 64-bit Lenny dom0.
The first question was whether this would be possible. Absolutely! 32-bit domUs have no trouble running on 64-bit dom0s, we could even use the 64-bit Xen kernel in these 32-bit systems to avoid additional kernel installations we’d need to maintain on the dom0. The second question was whether we could properly load the 64-bit kernel modules inside our domU. Again, yes! But with a caveat: the domUs were 32-bit Etch, so the 64-bit Lenny kernel modules were not simply installable via apt. We realized that copying over the .deb package for the kernel modules and running
dpkg -i --force-architecture linux-modules-2.6.26...deb would not be a maintainable way to handle the kernel module updates moving forward. So we weighed our options:
2. Deploy a script that would notify the domU and copy the new kernel modules .deb to it for installation. We could then install the new module package at our discretion.
We decided that the first option violated our strict security policy which calls for running as few services on the dom0 as possible. Since the second solution is scriptable and therefore automatable, it fit our vision of having easily maintainable systems regardless of the underlying complexity. So we installed the 64-bit modules prior to migration so that all the proper modules would be loaded as soon as we brought up the domU on the new Dom0. The result was a flawless migration of our 32-bit domUs to the new 64-bit dom0.


Date：Jul 6, 2023
Recently, the Geometrical Computing and Intelligent Media Technology Team of the International School of Information Science and Engineering have made two latest scientific research achievements in the field of multi-source image fusion. Based on the practical problems faced by autonomous unmanned systems in complex and severe scenes, a new method has been proposed to solve a series of difficult problems of low-level image alignment and high-level semantic perception based on multi-source image fusion. The research results were published in CVPR, a top conference on computer vision, IJCAI, a top conference on artificial intelligence, and Information Fusion, a district I journal recommended by Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS).
In complex and severe scenes, driven by the bottleneck of mono-modality sensor suffering from serious information loss, multi-modality imaging has gradually become a major technology in the field of autonomous driving. Infrared and visible imaging, which attracts the most attention, not only helps to improve the image quality in severe scenes, but also greatly promotes the downstream semantic perception tasks. The team's researches run through the whole path of imaging correction of multi-modality image, multi-modality information fusion and downstream semantic perception tasks, and puts forward innovative methods to solve the problems of multi-modality image misalignment, multi-modality image fusion focusing on visual quality and ignoring semantic transmission, and image fusion and multiple downstream semantic perception tasks not adapting to each other.
IJCAI (International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence) is one of the top international academic conferences in the field of artificial intelligence, and is also a CCF recommended Class A conference. The current IJCAI (2023) conference received 4,566 paper submissions, and the acceptance rate is only 15%.Information Fusionis one of the top international journals in the field of computer science, dedicated to disseminating the latest research and development trends in the field of information fusion, with an impact factor of 17.56, and is recommended by the CAS as a district I journal.


Exactly how to Choose a Wi-Fi or PoE Speaker System
The need for speaker systems for emergency situation communications or operational performances has actually never ever been better. The industrial audio speaker technologies of the past required a significant financial investment in framework and also equipment. Organizations today can utilize their existing Ethernet technology as well as have a lot more durable and flexible speaker system in their center.
There are a variety of network IP audio speaker systems offered. Both primary systems are:
- IP PoE Audio Speakers
- Wi-Fi Audio speakers
It is necessary to compare the network based systems to the conventional speaker systems of the past in order to truly appreciate the useful.
Standard speakers systems entailed having headend devices driving the audio speakers. It normally needed audio speakers, a major amplifier, a zoning console as well as a microphone. Additionally, the system likewise included a solution agreement do to particular elements of audio engineering.
Each audio speaker would be wall surface or ceiling mounted and the cable from the audio speaker running back to the headend equipment. At the headend, the audio speaker wire would be punched down to screw terminals on the back of the headend equipment. Software program would regulate the zoning or collection of speakers. The microphone would certainly be positioned at an ease central location for live broadcasts.
IP Speaker Equipments are based upon networking concepts as well as therefore, utilize network devices. This is an overall stamina of Ethernet based audio speaker systems. It utilizes your existing facilities and also proficiency. If you have an IT division or have an outsource technology vendor, IP kind products are within their degree of network capacity.
IP tools that attach to a network are end-point tools. Therefore the tool is connect to the network via a Wi-Fi connection or a LAN cable.
Let us currently look at the advantageous of PoE Speaker System versus Wi-Fi Speaker System. PoE audio speaker systems require a category 6 cable television to be readily available for each and every audio speaker. The Ethernet cord will certainly bring both information and power. This is the primary advantage for a PoE IP audio speaker system. The capability to have power and also information run over the same cord.
The technique to do this is managed by IEEE (Institute of Electric as well as Electronic Devices Engineers). This controling body set the guideline for the degree of secure electric power that can be utilized on a group 6 cable. At one end rests the audio speaker at the various other end is the PoE network button.
With the power being generated at one place; the switch. Battery backup of the system is straightforward. With the power for all the PoE speakers being offered by Power over Ethernet Switches, the score as well as size of the battery backup can be conveniently established. Setting up a backup system at the button degree make certain operation during a power interruption.
Wi-Fi speaker systems have a substantial advantage because the connectivity is wireless. There is no demand to run cords to the speakers. As long as you have a solid Wi-Fi signal you have the ability to connect to the audio speakers. You will need to give power to the speakers, however, having the ability to essentially place a speaker any type of area within your center without pulling cord is a significant advantage.
The cordless nature of Wifi audio speakers is very crucial for a lot of organizations that are restricted from wiring their centers.
The overall benefit that all IP audio speaker systems, (Wi-fi or PoE) have more than standard headend public address system is that communication is decentralized. In Non-Ethernet audio speaker systems you typically have one central place to make a program.
IP system enable you to provide any type of authorized person access to the system. In addition, the access can be from a Mac, COMPUTER or from a Smart device. As long as the gadget is linked to the network you can connect to an individual audio speaker, a team or zone of speakers or make an "all phone call".
These systems also permit you to play a variety of tones and songs at a scheduled time. The majority of systems have a built-in scheduling program. This is a vital quality for a school bell system or a production environment.
In recap, IP speaker systems offer advantages over standard systems. By having your speakers on the network, you are able to utilize existing framework. This is a large price financial savings in time and also loan. IP systems enable you to make use of any computer device attached to your network to make a live broadcast.
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From homes and industries to enterprises, Internet of Things have become commonplace in all walks of life. Connecting everything and everyone, IoT is making the world smarter and better than ever before. However, this is just the beginning. Unlocking the full potential of Internet of Things requires that businesses understand the opportunities for value creation and systematically address the underlying challenges.
Our end-to-end IoT solutions empower smart industries, smart living and smart enterprises and deliver connected experiences by connecting assets, operations/logistics, and services. While we have expertise across all stages of IoT adoption to provide you with a seamless single vendor experience to maximize efficiencies, we focus predominantly on the segments mentioned below:
– Smart Industries – Manufacturing, Energy, Utilities. Re-imagine processes to unlock the true potential of your industry while facilitating sustainable development.
– Smart Living – Wearables, Healthcare, Security. Enhance the quality of life by embracing emerging technologies designed to foster healthier, happier and safe environment.
– Smart Enterprises – Smart homes/ Buildings/ Offices, Retail. Connect people, machines and information using Big Data to enhance business efficiency in a secured ecosystem.


These pressure transmitters feature a flat, non-clogging diaphragm. This is designed for use with viscous fluids or media containing particulates that could clog the pressure port of the standard NPT version. The transmitters are engineered to meet Class I Division 2 non-incendive protection requirements in hazardous environments. Each undergoes extensive quality control testing and calibration to achieve a linearity of < 0.25% full scale. In addition, each pressure transmitter is temperature compensated to assure accuracy and long term stability when exposed to severe ambient temperature variations.


Installing Airtopia Anywhere is simple, but some basic technical skills are required. Different models are slightly different to install but here’s a quick rundown of the most common (infrared remote). Detail instructions are supplied with individual products.
The control box is usually most conveniently placed adjacent to the indoor unit. Make a note of the serial number for later configuration.
The room temperature sensor needs to be placed where it can measure the room air circulating back to the unit. Connect to terminals 1 and 2 of the controller.
The IR sender fits next to the IR receiver on the split system’s indoor unit and connects to terminals 3 and 4 of the controller.
Depending on your model, connect a LAN cable between the controller and the router. For wifi connection, see the set up instructions provided with the device.
If you have a PoE LAN connection (power over ethernet), you’re away. Otherwise use a DC power supply.
Open a web browser and download the Airtopia App from app.airtopia.com and set up an account.
Select the Setting icon on upper right, and click Add Unit. Insert the ID number from the base of the controller and add a suitable description or label. It will need to be powered up to complete this process. Pairing information???
With the settings tab still open select Unit Settings and select the device just installed. In the Remote section, then select the make and model number of the AC unit to be controlled. If your remote is not in the List email the model number of the remote and your device ID to firstname.lastname@example.org


When learning the way to Setup Sun Power for ability it’s essential to understand the different parts that comprise the solar electrical power program. With out a base awareness, before you start your construct, it really is doubtless that you just’ll sense baffled when you initial check out your options and also have hassle receiving started. By obtaining a simple comprehending just before you get started, you will likely be ready to begin and comprehensive your sun electrical power technique install speedily. Below we’ll talk about numerous in the more prevalent parts in the photovoltaic electrical power program.
A solar cellular may be the component of a photovoltaic panel that usually requires in sunlight and produces electricity.
The pv panel is an array of solar tissue that aggregates the strength they generate and passes it on for the next component.
To understand a power inverter you have to first realize the two diverse sorts of strength: AC and DC. DC power is the form of power that arrives from a battery. DC stands for direct latest which indicates the power can come in a constant stream. AC, or alternating present-day, within the other hand arrives in peaks and valleys much like a series of ocean waves. The facility that will come out of your respective wall outlets with your house is AC. A electrical power inverter takes the immediate existing of DC electrical power and converts it to AC energy for being compatible together with your house.
The cost controller sits involving the power inverter and the batterry financial institution. Batteries can be harmed if these are overcharged, so the charge controller is accustomed to prevent overcharging from the batteries. In mastering the way to Setup Sun Power photo voltaic power you can learn that the cost controller is actually a crucial piece of tools within your method. Due to the fact from the cost of batteries, and the time that it will take to strategy a battery standard bank technique, the charge controller is often price its weight in gold.
Battery Financial Institution
The battery standard bank is really a series of batteries that will offer power for your property at night or through extended periods of cloudiness. Despite the fact that not strictly required, to gain the full positive aspects of your sun strength system a battery financial institution can be utilised.
Alternate Electrical Power Resources
Due to the fact solar energy only works through the working day, it is important being capable to obtain your strength from a different resource if the method just isn’t productive. Understanding how you can Setup Sun Power to run in parallel with yet another source of strength will round out your vitality deliver. The alternate strength resources could be a battery bank as described over a generator, wind turbines, a connection towards the strength grid, or perhaps a combo of all these.
I’ve tried to describe the components of your pv power system inside a way that helps make feeling. In the solar cellular grouped jointly right into a photo voltaic panel the facility flows towards the power inverter if it truly is to generally be utilized within the house straight away. If it truly is to be saved it will go through the charge controller which protects the batteries from overcharge.


From September 3-6, 2018 the 14th biannual conference of the German Society for Cognitive Science (GK) was held at the Technische Universität Darmstadt. Contributing to the main topic of the conference "Computational Approaches to Cognitive Science", we presented our work on cognitive tutors, which won the best poster award!
Yash Raj Jain has joined our lab for an internship on measuring and reverse-engineering metacognitive learning. He is a final year undergraduate pursuing a dual major in Computer Science and Economics at BITS Pilani, Hyderabad, India. Welcome Yash!
As part of the Cyber Valley initiative, the Max Planck Research Group for Rationality Enhancement headed by Dr. Falk Lieder started today. The scientific mission of the group is to lay the cognitive and technological foundations for helping people become more effective. Our approach combines building and testing computational models of human learning and decision-making with developing intelligent systems for enhancing human rationality and evaluating them in field experiments. We are looking forward to five productive and successful years!
Research cooperation in the field of Intelligent Systems gains momentum


Based on leading technology and integrated with innovation to suit extreme climate environments such as high humidity. Designed, manufactured and tested according to the latest IEC, BS, ANSI and ISO standards. Fully computerized design process utilizing up to date software for design and calculation.
CAST RESIN DRY-TYPE TRANSFORMERS
Rated capacity: up to 50 MVAr (three phase)
Rated capacity : up to 420 KV
Rated capacity: up to 800 kB/60 MVar


Directional couplers are designed for various applications, and are typically available in flat-pack, plug-in, connected, and surface mount packages. All units are specifically designed and constructed to meet stringent environmental requirements and are made to ensure control of vital parameters, including input/output return loss and insertion loss.
Designed especially for high power applications, RF directional couplers are able to operate with up to 25 watts of RF input. These reactive devices feature very low insertion loss, and the majority of models feature an internal 50-ohm termination. In such cases, power that is coupled from various power incidents to the output port will be absorbed and won’t be available to the user. However, 4-port models feature both the reflected and incident coupled power available.
Directional couplers are fundamentally meant to make two output signals available by operating on an input. Having said that, when input is applied to an internally terminated coupler’s opposite port, only a single output signal can be produced. Please take a moment to look at our site: directional couplers
Just like with any type of system, or component, there are many specifications that are associated with RF directional couplers:
Coupling Loss – This refers to the amount of power that is lost to port 3 (the coupled port) and to port 4 (the isolated port). With reasonable directivity, the power that is unintentionally transferred to port 4 will be negligible in comparison to that which is intentionally transferred to port 3.
Directivity – This refers to the difference in power level between port 3 and port 4, and is a measure of the independence of the coupled and isolated ports. Since it is not possible to construct a perfect coupler, a certain amount of unintended coupling will exist between all signal paths.
Main line loss – This refers to sensitive loss as a result of heating. This particular value is added to the power reduction that is transferred to the coupled port and isolated port.
Isolation – This refers to the difference in power level between port 1 and port 4.
Applications of Directional Couplers
The traits of these directional couplers enable many signal processing functions, including the following:
- Measuring reflected and incident power to determine:
- Power flow monitoring
- Signal generator/oscillator leveling
- Signal sampling
- Signal injection
Differences Between 3- Versus 4-Port Couplers
A directional coupler is essentially a 4-port network. The auxiliary line and main-line both have 2 ports. The isolated port of a three-port coupler is internally terminated. When all four ports are available, the device is referred to as a “bi-directional coupler.” The directivity of a coupler is heavily influenced by the impedance match that is provided by the isolated port’s termination. High performance is ensured by internally furnishing that termination.


The collective intelligence challenge
Collaborative endeavors between scientists and civil society stakeholders have developed significantly in recent years. This growth is driven by public interest in the scientific approach and culture, as well as by the need to find solutions to complex issues (economic, social, health, environmental, cultural, educational and ethical). Digital technology has helped foster the development of this type of collaboration, drawing on both artificial and collective intelligence.
Citizen science relies on cooperation and public participation to produce knowledge in a manner that approaches the scientific, ethical, legal and technology issues of research from a broader perspective. Finding answers together has thus become the great collective intelligence challenge of the 21st century.
The Sorbonne University Alliance’s investment: a portal to explain and showcase citizen science
Participatory research represents a significant development in the scientific approach, whereby citizens are involved in formulating research questions and working out methods to come up with answers to these questions.
The Sorbonne University Alliance community has been conducting participatory research for many years. By creating the Science Together portal, the Alliance has a chance to make its approach more widely known and more concrete by providing access to projects open to participation in a wide range of areas: agriculture/fishery; astronomy/geology; biodiversity; languages and information technology; heritage/culture/society; humanities and social sciences.
The Science Together portal is an interactive and interdisciplinary multiple-entry platform which users can search via research project descriptions, participation methods, or documentary resources related to news items in citizen science, including publications, reports, journals and events.
Bringing together researchers and citizens to promote the joint production of scientific knowledge
The Science Together portal aligns with the open science context and movement.
It is an essential tool to build bridges between scientists and citizens, promote scientific culture in society and foster collaborative efforts between civil society and the scientific community. Its purpose is to spark new synergies, sharing and collaboration between researchers, partners and participants, while acknowledging participants’ contributions. It aims to provide keys to understanding scientific research and what is special about each project.
Science now has an unprecedented role to play in supporting and informing public debate. Co-creating and sharing knowledge while producing sound science is an important way of involving citizens in such debates alongside scientists.
Today, we must continue to take up the collective intelligence challenge by making sure we not only debate, but also investigate together.


Broadband speeds are measured in 'megabits per second', often shortened to Mbps. The higher the number of Mbps you have, the faster your internet connection will be.
How fast is Superfast broadband?
Superfast broadband is defined as being 30Mbps or higher.
How fast is Ultrafast broadband?
Ultrafast broadband is defined as being 100Mbps or higher.
Can I get Superfast broadband?
To see what speed should be available at your address you can visit Ofcom's mobile and broadband checker (external website)
What if I can't get Superfast broadband or above?
Denbighshire Council have a Digital Officer who can advise and assist you to get the best possible solution for your property. You can contact him at: email@example.com
Internet connection options
The most basic internet connection is called ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line). This system utilises your copper phone lines. Because the electrical signal degrades over the copper cable, the further away from the exchange you are the slower your internet connection will be.
‘Fibre To The Cabinet’ utilises the copper phone lines from the street cabinet to your premises, but the cabinet itself is connected via a fibre optic cable. Replacing a large part of the cable length with fibre increases the speed to the premises. Maximum FTTC speed is 80Mbps.
‘Fibre To The Premise’ is the ultimate internet connection. The internet connection utilises fibre optic cables from the exchange to the premise. Maximum FTTP speed is 1000mbps.
4G/5G Mobile Phone Network
It is possible to utilise the 4G or 5G mobile phone network for your internet connection. Ideally this would involve a router with external antennas as these would increase the overall speed and reliability. Other devices such as 4G dongles, Mi-Fi or even your mobile phone in hotspot mode can also be used. Using such devices in rural areas or in properties with thick wall, the available speed may be decreased due to the small built-in antennas.
Satellite internet connections are available, but these have limitations and can be expensive.
Some providers offer a wireless based internet connection. They are only available if you live near one of their broadcast towers.


In science, during term 3, we have been learning about electricity. We have learnt what electricity is, what it is used for and how to stay safe around electricity. During today's lesson (Wednesday 31st January), we explored simple circuits. The children were introduced to the components of simple circuits and then sent off with the challenge to make their bulb light up. There were lots of excited calls of: 'We did it!' when they had worked out how to create a complete circuit. They were then challenged to see how to add more compnents - switches, buzzers and motors. We had a brilliant afternoon exploring what happened to the bulb/s when more than one wire was introduced or more components; how to make a paper fan spin with a motor; how to create a 'break' in the circuit with a switch. The children worked so well together - they asked questions, problem-solved and showed lots of resilience when things didn't quite go to plan. An engaging, active and fun science afternoon - well done Sycamore.


The Significance of Hiring Electricians
Electricity is the most reliable source of energy for homes and big industries. When the power supply in homes is done well, there are higher chances of securing the place. Electricity possess dangers to users. Safety must be provided when any electrical connections are being made in a building. Hiring the qualified electricians to do all the work is useful in giving you the success in having safe and secure systems where the electricity will be used.
Electrician in Sioux City offer the best services in wiring services. It will be great having the technician plan on how the entire circuit will be Experienced electricians have the best skills of performing quality wiring procedures. The plan is followed in installing electric cables, sockets and bulbs in all points in the house. You will be enjoying constant power in the house all the time.
Experiencing surges cause destructions to electronics and the power circuit. The damaged can be detected when some part of the circuit is not working. All damaged circuits and fuses must be replaced to allow power to flow naturally. The system will be working again, and you will be enjoying everything. Ensure you have some of the best professionals who offer their support in keeping the systems working all the time. Electricians provide useful improvements and fix to these problems thus allowing one to enjoy good power connection.
Electricians help in installing decorating lamps and electric fences. The beautiful lamps are fitted in houses and commercial buildings where they bring the best lamination. These experts design the best installation plan and regulate the power voltage. Security systems like alarms and automated gates need to be connected with the right voltage of power. The power must be controlled to prevent harm.
The residential electrician servicing Sioux City is very affordable. Technicians performing these services charge reasonable amounts to clients. It is amazing when you get the unmatched solutions provided by these technicians. You will get a quote for all new materials that are needed for installing power to your house. You need more cash to do repairs involving the whole house. Once proper installation has been done, the house will have a constant power supply.
It is useful to check whether the electrician is allowed to offer their services. It is wise to get top electricians who are licensed since this is a safety measure for all houses. Detecting anything strange with your power systems should encourage you to find the best solutions that allow you to get a report from the best technician. The electrician helps in fixing the problems that are running in the circuits. Having all repairs done by an electrician improves safety.


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Making Coding a Snap!®
Snapino® is an introduction to the open-source Arduino hardware-software coding environment embraced by the Maker community worldwide. Arduino is the most popular microcontroller used by Makers and Do-It-Yourselfers to MAKE and DO. No need for breadboarding since Snap Circuits® snap together and make prototyping circuit designs a snap!
Includes 20 projects that gradually introduce you to Arduino coding with sketches (programs) already written for operating the 14 included parts. Additionally, you will find sketches written for Snapino® with other Snap Circuits® sets so you can keep your fun going.
- Recommended for children ages 12+.
- Fully-compatible Arduino UNO board with all normal features and is compatible with other Arduino shields and components.
- Snapino can be used with other Snap Circuits® sets to make larger circuits.


Air con has come quite a distance since the very first modern air-con unit was developed in 1902. With technological advancements, air-con units have are more efficient, durable, and cost-effective. Godrej is one of the leading manufacturers of air-con units in India, and their inverter ACs are a few of typically the most popular in the market. In this short article, we’ll have a closer look at the history of Godrej Inverter ACs and how they have evolved over time.
The Early Years:
Godrej is just a well-known Indian conglomerate which was founded in 1897. However, the company only started manufacturing air-con units in the 1990s. During this period, the primary focus was on developing energy-efficient and cost-effective air-con units that would be found in homes and commercial spaces.
The very first generation of Godrej air-con units were non-inverter models that relied on fixed-speed compressors to cool the room. While these units were relatively efficient, they certainly were much less energy-efficient as their inverter counterparts, while they consumed a fixed quantity of energy whatever the cooling demand.
The Evolution of Inverter Technology:
In the first 2000s, Godrej started developing inverter technology because of their air-con units. Inverter technology is just a game-changer on earth of air-con, as it allows the compressor to adjust its speed in line with the cooling demand. Which means the air-con unit consumes less energy and provides optimal cooling, making it more energy-efficient and cost-effective.
Godrej’s first inverter ACs were introduced in the mid-2000s, and they quickly became popular among consumers. These air-con units were more energy-efficient than their non-inverter counterparts, and they provided superior cooling performance.
Innovation and Advancements:
Godrej continued to innovate and boost their inverter ACs, introducing new features and technologies to produce them a lot more energy-efficient and durable. One particular technology is the use of copper condensers, which tend to be more durable and resistant to corrosion than aluminum condensers. godrej inverter ac introduced features such as for instance smart connectivity, anti-bacterial filters, and dehumidification, which enhanced the performance and functionality of their air-con units.
Lately, Godrej has focused on developing inverter ACs with higher energy efficiency ratings. The company’s latest inverter ACs are rated five stars for energy efficiency, making them some of the very energy-efficient air-con units in the market.
Godrej Inverter ACs came quite a distance since their inception in the first 2000s. The business has made significant strides in developing energy-efficient and durable air-con units offering superior cooling performance. With innovations such as for instance inverter technology, copper condensers, and smart connectivity, Godrej has cemented its position as one of the leading manufacturers of air-con units in India. As technology continues to evolve, it is going to be exciting to see what new advancements and features Godrej will introduce for their inverter ACs in the future.


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If you’re looking for a small RC quadcopter to learn on then the Syma X2 is a good choice. Priced around $30 the Syma X2 delivers big performance for a small price. The flight performance is solid, it flys a lot like a stable large size RC quadcopter! As you can see from the video, the speed and maneuverability will keep even the advanced pilots entertained thanks to its two speed settings and flip button on the controller that allows full 360 flips to be made.
- Large full control transmitter that feels great in your hands (also has 360 flip function)
- 150mAh Battery gives around 5 minutes flight and 30 minute charge time
- 6-axis gyro which provides a very stable fight
The bade guards work some, but not as much as I hoped for. They are just too close to the blades to offer any cushion. It’s important to fly over carpet or grass when learning to fly and keep it low until you know what you’re doing!


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Item No: BLP-144-UVCLEAN-MICRO-39423495
Turn your smartphone into a mobile cleaning device with the UVClean Micro. Like sunlight in your pocket, the built-in Ultraviolet Light uses short-wavelength ultraviolet (UV-C) light to kill or inactivate microorganisms, so you can sterilize on-the-go. This little device uses minimal battery life when plugged into your smartphone using the dual Lightning/Android connector, or with the attached Type-C adaptor. Great for cleaning any high-touch items or surfaces while on-the-go.


Samsung Galaxy S20 Plus was introduced in the Indian markets in February, 2020. This means the phone can be categorized as one of the newest phones in the markets. The phone is available in three different colours which are Cosmic Black, Cosmic Blue and Cloud Blue. The phone has an outstanding design in the front and at the back the camera is placed in a rectangular design. The phone looks and feels premium with curved edges and glass at the back. The phone sports an astonishing 6.7 inches Infinity-O Dynamic AMOLED display with 20:9 aspect ratio. The phone’s display comes with an exceptional 120Hz refresh rate.
Samsung Galaxy S20 Plus is powered by the latest Exynos 990 processor partnered with 8GB RAM and 128GB onboard storage. However, if you need more storage, you have an option to use the expandable storage up to a whopping 1TB. The phone is supported by the latest version of Android and Samsung’s OneUI which makes the phone stand out. The phone gives its users an enchanting and smooth overall experience. The phone boasts a quad-camera setup for the back camera. It comes with a 64MP 3x telephoto lens, a 12MP wide angle lens, a 12MP ultra wide angle lens and a depth sensor. The phone packs a 4,500mAh battery that can easily last for the entire day with moderate or even heavy use. A 25W charger comes along the phone which charges the phone in around 1 hour and also supports wireless charging.
Samsung Galaxy S20 Plus is one of those desirable smartphones that everyone wishes to own. However, with all the high-end features the phone offers, it comes with a huge price bracket. In this case, you can opt for a refurbished Samsung Galaxy S20 Plus. Cashify store brings a great opportunity for its users to purchase a refurbished Superb Samsung Galaxy S20 Plus at a very affordable cost. A refurbished Superb phone is fully functional, is highly discounted and is a complete value for money. The phone is minimally used and has less than 2 visible scratches on the body. It comes freshly packed with a compatible charger and a cable. The phone’s box displays all the warranty information regarding the phone.
Samsung Galaxy S20 Plus refurbished price is lesser than that of a new Samsung phone. This is a very good option as you save money and get to enjoy the premium features offered by Samsung.


Features & Highlights
- Individual wheel hub motors on the rear axle
- Lithium-polymer accumulator with 7.67 kWh
- Self-built Accumulator Management System
- Planetary gear for each wheel hub motor
- 3D-printed cooling jacket for the wheel hub motors
- Inverters, motor controllers and motors from the company AMK
- dSPACE Microautobox II as the central control unit
- Driving dynamics control for optimum torque distribution
The PX212E is the first electric racing car in the team's history. As the name might suggest, this is not an entirely new vehicle. To save costs and time, the combustion engine and related parts of the drive train were removed from the old PX212C. It was upgraded with a new wiring harness, new circuit boards, a new control unit and - of course - a new electric drive.
The goal of the PX212E was not a racing car that conformed to the rules, but a roadworthy test platform. This could be used to test the novel concepts of the hardware and software components. Although the team has a wealth of experience in the areas of chassis, suspension and aerodynamics, the electric drive presented a major challenge. Up to now, they had been working with operating voltages of less than 24 volts. The voltage level of the HV battery is now up to 600 volts. This circumstance in particular called for a complex safety system that reliably protects the driver and the vehicle.
On 15 February, the PX212E recorded its successful maiden voyage.


A discrete-time system is a device or algorithm that, according to some well-dened rule, operates on a discrete-time signal called the input signal or excitation to produce another discrete-time signal called the output signal or response. Mathematically speaking, a system is also a function.
A continuous signal is one that is measured over a time axis and has a value defined at every instance. The real world is continuous (ie. analog). A discrete signal is one that is defined at.The discrete Fourier transform (DFT) is the family member used with digitized signals. This is the first of four chapters on the real DFT, a version of the discrete Fourier transform that uses real numbers to represent the input and output signals. The complex DFT, a more advanced technique that uses complex numbers, will be discussed in Chapter 31. In this chapter we look at the mathematics.A DC offset means that some constant value was added to the signal (the name originates from adding a DC voltage to an analog AC signal). If the DC component is really constant (and not changing really slowly), then you don't have to design some high-order (and potentially unstable) high-pass filters - you can just subtract the average of your signal from the signal - which is, of course, a.
Analog and digital signals are different types which are mainly used to carry the data from one apparatus to another. Analog signals are continuous wave signals that change with time period whereas digital is a discrete signal is a nature. The main difference between analog and digital signals is, analog signals are represented with the sine waves whereas digital signals are represented with.
A digital signal is a signal that is constructed from a discrete set of waveforms of a physical quantity so as to represent a sequence of discrete values. A logic signal is a digital signal with only two possible values, and describes an arbitrary bit stream.Other types of digital signals can represent three-valued logic or higher valued logics.
If all these “imagined” samples have a value of zero, the signal looks discrete and aperiodic, and the discrete time Fourier transform applies. As an alternative, the imagined samples can be a duplication of the actual 1024 points. In this case, the signal looks discrete and periodic, with a period of 1024 samples. This calls for the discrete Fourier transform to be used. As it turns out.
Using Block Parameters to Initialize Signals and Discrete States. For blocks that have an initial value or initial condition parameter, you can use that parameter to initialize a signal. For example, the following Block Parameters dialog box initializes the signal for a Unit Delay block with an initial condition of 0.
Digital signal is an electrical signal that has discrete value at each and every sampling point. It is used to represent data as a sequence of discrete values. In digital signal, the signal is transformed into binary bits. The binary bits are 0 and 1. The binary bit 1 is used to indicate a positive value of the digital signal, and the bit 0 is used to represent no value or zero value of the.
Random number distribution that produces integer values according to a discrete distribution, where each possible value has a predefined probability of being produced: The w's are a set of n non-negative individual weights set on construction (or using member param).The probability of each of the n possible numbers to be produced being their corresponding weight divided by the total of all.
The invention provides a design method for a digital domain orthogonal discrete frequency coded signal. The design method can simplify a design principle of an orthogonal discrete frequency coded signal, increases design efficiency, and has higher practicality. The design method comprises the steps of: (1) determining sub-pulse number N, sub-pulse duration T and sampling rate Fs of DFCDW; (2.
Then the discrete signal x(n) is transformed to another function in terms of the variable z: X(z) is the z-transform of the signal x(n). For now, you only need to remember that z represents k sample period delay. Lecture 10 Slide 9 PYKC 30 Jan 2020 DE2.3- E 2. Problem of Drift in Gyroscope All transducers that measure physical quantities (such as angular velocity) has errors gyro reading P(nl.
The wikipedia entry for Discrete-time signal says: A discrete signal or discrete-time signal is a time series consisting of a sequence of quantities. In other words, it is a time series that is a function over a domain of integers(.) the sampling rate is not apparent in the data sequence. So first, integer indices do not imply your signal is.
When the values of the discrete data fit into one of many categories and there is an order or rank to the values, we have ordinal discrete data. For example, the first, second and third person in a competition.
A picture assigns a color value to each of a set of points. Since the points lie on a plane, the domain is two-dimensional. If the picture is a physical object, such as a painting, it's a continuous signal. If the picture a digital image, it's a discrete signal.
Differences between Analog Signal and Digital Signal Analog and digital signals are different types which are mainly used to carry the data from one apparatus to another. Analog signals are continuous wave signals that change with time period whereas digital is a discrete signal is a nature.
An example of two-dimensional signal is a grayscale image, where t 1 and t 2 represent the horizontal and vertical coordinates, and x(t 1,t 2) represents some measure of the intensity of the image at location (t 1,t 2). This example can also be considered in discrete-time (or rather in discrete space in this case).


Photovoltaic solar collectors are assemblies of solar cells. Solar cells are made of silicon (often bluish in colour) and have the capacity to absorb photons in sunlight. The contact between photons and silicon excites electrons, which travels through the cell and thus creates electricity!
When your solar panels (also known as photovoltaic panels) are exposed to sunlight, they produce electricity. The electrical current is transported via electrical cables to the inverter which adapts the current into the norm of 230V.
Our suppliers produce their own photovoltaic cells with the latest technologies. The uniform blue and anti-reflective solar panel allows for a greater absorption of light in all weather conditions. Thanks to its surface structure BSF (Black Surface Field), solar cells optimally transform sunlight into electricity.
This type of panel is most commonly used in electricity supply systems for detached homes (self-autonomous or not), pumps, telecommunications, as well as for stations connected to the electrical grid.
Our company offers you the possibility to have a cleaner and more equitable environment to preserve our planet, in accordance with the Energy Strategy 2050.


Our evaluation work will draw conclusions on the readiness and reliability of automated driving functions based on real-world pilot data. In particular technical aspects, user acceptance, driving and travel behaviour, and the safety impact on traffic of the pilot functions will be analysed.
We assess long-term effects of automated driving on user attitudes and acceptance.
We investigate interactions between different traffic participants in different automation modes.
We assess the readiness and reliability of automated driving functions.
We develop tools for the effective analysis and evaluation of field data.
We enhance simulation tools for simulation in the impact assessment.
We determine the safety, efficiency, mobility and economic impact of automated driving applications under mixed automated traffic conditions based on collected real-world pilot data.
Find out more in the project reports that will be published during the lifetime of the project.


The power factor controller CR 2020 calculates the actual and reactive power in the mains from the measured current and voltage. It also determines if actual power is being consumed or delivered.
The controller identifies the power of the connected capacitor stages and connects or disconnects them in an optimized manner as required by the actual mains conditions. The regulation considers the frequency of changes in the reactive load and follows the principle of rotational switching. This guarantees that optimum power factor correction is achieved with the minimum number of switching operations.
It is also possible to determine a fixed capacitor value which is always added to the measured capacitor power. This is useful for the additional compensation of the reactive power of a transformer.
The integrated digital display can show the actual power factor, the mains frequency, the actual tariff, the programmed target power factor, the value of present harmonics, the connected and the missing capacitor power. This makes general and specific monitoring of the capacitor bank and its operating conditions possible. The power factor controller CR2020 is ready for operation with its preset functions immediately after installation without any modifications or adjustments
Available with 10 outputs.


In Earth’s Mysterious Magnetism, Dr. Humphreys explains how the magnetic fields are generated in Earth and other planets. The creationist model explains why magnetic fields exist in slowly rotating planets like Mercury, which was a surprise to evolutionists. The Humphreys model also successfully predicted the fields of Uranus and Neptune, before they were confirmed by Voyager missions, to the chagrin of evolutionists. The book ends with a Gospel message then a handy glossary.
Details for Earth’s Mysterious Magnetism
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Wifi pre-connection attack
*FOR EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES ONLY! I AM NOT RESPONSIBLE FOR YOUR ILLEGAL USAGE *
Hello how are you guys , In this blog i will show you how to gain access to wifi networks . Before we start i want to tell you that you need a wifi adapter connected to the machine so you can start.
Enabling monitor mode
So at the beginning we will start with the pre-connection attack which is the first important part that you should do to perform an attack.
First of all make sure that your interface is on monitor mode by doing the following commands:
sudo ifconfig wlan0 down
# Running the above command will turn down the interface so we can change it sudo airmon-ng check kill
# This command will kill all the process so we get better results when running the attacks, also you will notice that you have completely loosed your internet connection but this is fine because we only need to be in monitor mode when we are running pre-connection attacks which is the attacks that dont require internet connection.
sudo iwconfig wlan0 mode monitor
# The above command will enable the monitor mode for the interface After we have enabled monitor mode now we need to bring back up the interface which is wlan0 by the following command:
sudo ifconfig wlan0 up
Packet-sniffing using airodump-ng
*Airodump-ng is a part of tool from aircrack-ng
* Airodump-ng is a packet sniffer that will sniff packets for us.
* It is used to capture all the packets within range.
* It displays a detailed info about the network around us and connected clients etc..
Discovering networks using Airodump-ng
- Open the terminal in your machine and type Airodump-ng [interface] followed by the interface Example: Sudo Airodump-ng wlan0
After running the command you will have an output like the above picture, But what each of the output means? So
BSSID: shows the MAC address of the target network
PWR: is the signal strength of the network so the higher the number the better the signal.
Beacons: these are frames sent by network in order to broadcast its existence and tell all the wireless networks that i exist and this is my name and encryption type etc..
#Data: These are the useful packets (data)
#/s: shows the data that have been collected in that past few seconds.
CH: Which is the channel that the network works on.
MB: Maximum speed supported by the network
ENC: shows the encryption type of the network example: WPA,WPA2 ,WEP , OPN etc..
CIPHER: is the cipher used in the network example WEP , CCMP etc..
AUTH: The authentication used in the network
ESSID: Is the name of the network
* Decides the frequency range that can be used
* Determines the channels that can be used
* Clients need to support band used by router to communicate with it. * Data can be sniffed from a certain band if the wireless adapter used supports that band.
Most common band are:
* a uses 5Ghz frequency only.
* b,g both uses 2.4Ghz frequency only.
* n uses 5 and 2.4Ghz.
* ac uses frequencies lower than 6Ghz.
If your adapter supports 5Ghz then run the following command to see 5Ghz networks
NOTE: its important that your adapter supports 5ghz to capture 5Ghz networks. airodump-ng — band [specify a band] [interface]
Example: airodump-ng — band a wlan0
After running this command airodump-ng will show you the 5ghz networks around you.
Also you can specify more than one band at the same time for example: airodump-ng — band [specifying bands] [interface]
Example: airodump-ng — band abg wlan0
This will capture more networks that uses 2.4Ghz and 5Ghz at the same time but this is slower process and it needs a powerful wifi adapter, so if you want a faster process of capturing just use the first method of specifying only one band.
Targeting network after packet sniffing using airodump-ng
Now we have some basic information about the each network.Now lets see how we can use airodump-ng to collect more information about the specified network(not all networks)
To run the program we will type this command:
First we will type airodump-ng after we will specify a specific BSSID by typing — bssid followed by the MAC address of the specified BSSID, next we will specify a channel for airodump-ng to sniff on and to specify a channel we will type — channel followed by the channel number, and we want the data be stored in a file and to do that we will type — write followed by [filename] and finally we specify our interface.
Example: airodump-ng — bssid F4:EC:38:A4:1C:E2 — channel 4 — write networkfile wlan0
As you can see after running this command we have another section down with more BSSID’S ,STATION etc.. so this section is the client section or the devices that are connected to the network. The STATION is the MAC address
of the clients that are connected to the network
We use CTRL + C to quit the program
After quitting the program we should have file stored our data in our directory which we named it networkfile as you can see above in the example. so if we press (ls) command it will list for us all the files in the current directory, you will notice that you have 4 files named with networkfile but the one that we need is networkfile.cap , this file with the CAP extension stores the data and everything send and received inside the network. But if the target network uses WPA2 encryption you will not be able to see the data because its encrypted!
You can use a program called WireShark to gather more information and we can guess what computers are there and used but still its not detailed enough because the network uses WPA2 encryption.
So In the next section i will explain to you about the Deauthentication attack.
#NOTE: Make sure that you are running airodump-ng before using this attack so it doesn’t fail.
airodump-ng — bssid F4:EC:38:A4:1C:E2 — channel 4 wlan0
Deauthentication attack is an attack that disconnects client from any network:
* This attack works on all the encryptions (WEP, WPA&WPA2)*No need to know the network key*No need to connect to the network
And this is how you use the command:
Aireplay-ng — deauth [#deauthpackets] -a [NetworkMac] -c [TargetMac] [interface]
So Aireplay-ng : is the name of the program that we will use. — deauth : is the command that will let us specify how many packets we want to send and how for long we want to send packets.-a command : will let us specify the network Mac address which is the BSSID.-c command : will let us specify the target Mac address in STATION.
Example: Aireplay-ng — deauth 100000 -a F4:EC:38:A4:1C:E2 c 5O:B7:C3:3B:FC:0E wlan0
What will happen in this attack that we will pretend to be the client that we want to disconnect by changing our Mac address to the targeted client Mac address and tell the router that i want to disconnect from you, Then we are going to pretend that we are the router by changing our Mac address to the router Mac address and tell the client that you requested to be disconnected so i will disconnect you! So this will help us to successfully disconnect or Deauthenticate the client from the network!
And to connect back just use CTRL + C to quit the program
If you used that on WPA encryption you will capture a handshake and get the key of the network.For example if the key was F7:ED:38:A3:9C:P3Just remove the colon : ( F7ED38A39CP3) and you will be able to connect to the network.


NASA satellite data from the years 2000 through 2011 show the Earth’s atmosphere is allowing far more heat to be released into space than alarmist computer models have predicted, reports a new study in the peer-reviewed science journal Remote Sensing. The study indicates far less future global warming will occur than United Nations computer models have predicted, and supports prior studies indicating increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide trap far less heat than alarmists have claimed.To see the rest of the article, click here.
Study co-author Dr. Roy Spencer, a principal research scientist at the University of Alabama in Huntsville and U.S. Science Team Leader for the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer flying on NASA’s Aqua satellite, reports that real-world data from NASA’s Terra satellite contradict multiple assumptions fed into alarmist computer models.
“The satellite observations suggest there is much more energy lost to space during and after warming than the climate models show,” Spencer said in a July 26 University of Alabama press release. “There is a huge discrepancy between the data and the forecasts that is especially big over the oceans.”
In addition to finding that far less heat is being trapped than alarmist computer models have predicted, the NASA satellite data show the atmosphere begins shedding heat into space long before United Nations computer models predicted.
The new NASA Terra satellite data are consistent with long-term NOAA and NASA data indicating atmospheric humidity and cirrus clouds are not increasing in the manner predicted by alarmist computer models. The Terra satellite data also support data collected by NASA’s ERBS satellite showing far more longwave radiation (and thus, heat) escaped into space between 1985 and 1999 than alarmist computer models had predicted. Together, the NASA ERBS and Terra satellite data show that for 25 years and counting, carbon dioxide emissions have directly and indirectly trapped far less heat than alarmist computer models have predicted.
In short, the central premise of alarmist global warming theory is that carbon dioxide emissions should be directly and indirectly trapping a certain amount of heat in the earth’s atmosphere and preventing it from escaping into space. Real-world measurements, however, show far less heat is being trapped in the earth’s atmosphere than the alarmist computer models predict, and far more heat is escaping into space than the alarmist computer models predict.
When objective NASA satellite data, reported in a peer-reviewed scientific journal, show a “huge discrepancy” between alarmist climate models and real-world facts, climate scientists, the media and our elected officials would be wise to take notice. Whether or not they do so will tell us a great deal about how honest the purveyors of global warming alarmism truly are.
My guess is not very honest at all.
|Attorney Robert Hammerle|
Hammerle also claims this July's dry spell proved global warming. In fact, global warming models suggest we here in the United States would have just the opposite - increased precipitation. But hey, Hammerle, as a criminal defense attorney, is an advocate and from what most people say, very good in his job. His job is to ignore the facts that contradict his client's position and spin the rest of the facts in support of his client. While that is the way our legal system works, it is, thankfully, not the way science is supposed to work.
The climate has been changing on this planet for 4.5 billion years. Obviously one hot month is too short of a period to prove a long term trend. Likewise, the 140 year history of officially recorded temperatures is too short of a period to prove anything. Long-term changes take millions of years and in the meantime shorter-term fluctuations last tens if not hundreds of thousands of years. All the climate data should be looked at, not just that climate information that supports a particular political agenda.
It's a shame that science has been corrupted by politics involving in the global warming, er climate change, debate. The public deserves better.
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Solar services can help you in many ways. For starters, they can help you save money on your utility bills. Solar energy is a free resource, and once you have installed solar panels, you will no longer have to pay for electricity. In addition, solar energy is environmentally friendly, and it can help you to reduce your carbon footprint. There are many solar services available for aspiring homeowners in Ohio. Solar photovoltaic (PV) panels convert sunlight into electricity that can be used to power your home or business. Solar water heaters use the sun’s energy to heat water, which can reduce your water heating costs by up to 80%. Solar pool heaters can raise the temperature of your pool by 10-15 degrees, extending your swimming season. Solar services are a great way to save money, reduce your carbon footprint, and increase the value of your home.
What Are The 3 Types Of Solar Power Systems?
There are three types of solar power systems: grid-tied, off-grid, and hybrid. Each has its benefits and disadvantages, but the grid-tied type is generally the cheapest. The off-grid system, on the other hand, requires more specialized equipment. A hybrid system is a combination of grid-tied and off-grid systems. With a hybrid system, you get all the benefits of a grid-tied system but still can export excess solar power back to the grid. In this way, you can generate significant savings over the life of your system.
Commercial solar company power plants are large solar PV systems that generate electricity. Their primary goal is to lower electricity costs and create a market for the energy they generate. They are typically grid-tied so that excess power can be returned to the grid and credited to your account. However, commercial solar power plants require careful planning before installation. The number of solar panels needed for a commercial solar power plant will depend on the load the pieces of machinery will be using.
What Are The 4 Solar Technologies
The solar industry has come a long way in the last few years. With new solar power plants going up every week, the technology is on the way to becoming more affordable and a major part of our energy mix. We will continue to see advances in solar power and its applications. Solar energy will continue to become more popular as time passes and will become an important part of our daily lives.
The following solar technologies:
- Solar Photovoltaic Technology
- Passive Solar Technology
- Solar Water Heating
- Solar Process Heat
The sunlight on Earth daily is enough to power the entire world’s energy consumption for a year. Solar technologies use mirrors and photovoltaic systems to convert sunlight into usable electricity. The energy is then stored in batteries or thermal storage systems.
What Are The 7 Uses Of Solar Energy?
The uses of solar energy include solar electricity, solar water heating, solar heating, solar ventilation, solar lighting, portable solar (for personal electronic devices), and solar transportation (for electric vehicles). Solar energy is a renewable power source that can power your entire home. It is an environmentally friendly energy source and does not emit greenhouse gases or pollute water. It also requires a small amount of water for maintenance, unlike nuclear power plants, which require up to 20 times as much water. It does not create noise and can even be installed in urban areas. Solar energy is also used for water heating systems. Solar water heaters absorb the sun’s heat and transfer it to water tanks. Solar pool heating is another application, especially popular in southern states. The water is collected in a tank, heated by the sun, and then pumped back into the pool. This method has been considered the most cost-effective in many climates.
What Does A Solar Panel Include?
A solar panel is made up of several components. The main part is the photovoltaic (PV) cells. The panels also contain a back sheet, usually made of ultra-durable plastic. Another important component is the glass filter, which allows sunlight to enter the cells. These components are held together with a glue called ethylene vinyl acetate. The junction box houses these components and has a cover that can be removed for servicing. The panels are tested thoroughly throughout their manufacturing process. They are inspected with advanced optical and imaging sensors to ensure that they are of high quality. This is to ensure that the components are placed correctly and that the cells are not damaged during assembly. Moreover, a final panel assembly is tested for electroluminescent and flash emissions. These tests help detect any defects in solar cells. This is important because solar panels can fail or degrade when exposed to sunlight or high temperatures.
How Long Do Solar Panels Last?
A solar system panel’s lifetime depends on many factors. Most manufacturers test their panels for durability; many are even designed to withstand falling hail. Unlike conventional energy systems, solar panels typically have no moving parts and require little maintenance. If you use the panels properly, they should last for 20-25 years. In Ohio, solar panels are becoming an increasingly popular format for energy provision. The latest models can last up to 40-50 years, and many manufacturers offer warranties covering at least half of their lifespan. They also come with a guarantee that their performance will stay below 80% for the first half of their lifespan. Some have even been found to maintain over 80% efficiency for many decades. To extend the life of your solar panels, you should inspect them regularly. If you notice any cracks or breaks, make sure to get them replaced. In addition, you should make sure that your batteries are charged every morning to prevent cracking. Regular cleaning and removing bird droppings from the panels can also extend the life of your solar panels.
Monitoring your solar power production makes saving energy and money fun. The best place to put your solar panels is on your roof. Many solar energy contractors can help you with different services, such as installing solar, cleaning the panels, installing solar panels, buying solar batteries, or even creating a customized solar. Renewable energy can help lessen your electric bill. You can also choose your type of solar panel by talking to your local solar provider. There are also maintenance companies that will help you install your purchased solar and give a production warranty. It is very important to find a good solar installer near you. Call us now and we will assist you all the way.


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The Move Diffuser is a cordless ultrasonic diffuser
With a beautiful matte metal finish availabe in 3 colours of the season. With a beautiful, sleek and compact design, you can scent every corner of your home with ease.
Rechargeable lithium-ion battery technology built into the diffuser that can power one full run time
It scents up to 500 square-feet and has two run times: continuous 4-hour and intermittent 8-hour.
Comes with a wireless charging pad dock which needs to be plugged in to charge using a USB-C Charging cord (included)


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