Nuclear Materials and Energy 12 (2017) 553–558 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Nuclear Materials and Energy journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/nme In-situ imaging of tungsten surface modiﬁcation under ITER-like transient heat loads A.A. Vasilyev a,b,∗, A.S. Arakcheev a,b,c, I.A. Bataev c, V.A. Bataev c, A.V. Burdakov a,c, I.V. Kandaurov a, A.A. Kasatov a,b, V.V. Kurkuchekov a,b, K.I. Mekler a, V.A. Popov a,b, A.A. Shoshin a,b, D.I. Skovorodin a,b, Yu.A. Trunev a,b, L.N. Vyacheslavov a,b a Budker Institute of Nuclear Physic SB RAS, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia c Novosibirsk State Technical University, Novosibirsk, 630092, Russia b a r t i c l e i n f o Article history: Received 14 July 2016 Revised 19 October 2016 Accepted 18 November 2016 Available online 5 December 2016 a b s t r a c t Experimental research on behavior of rolled tungsten plates under intense transient heat loads generated by a powerful (a total power of up to 7 MW) long-pulse (0.1–0.3 ms) electron beam with full irradiation area of 2 cm2 was carried out. Imaging of the sample by the fast CCD cameras in the NIR range and with illumination by the 532 nm continuous-wave laser was applied for in-situ surface diagnostics during exposure. In these experiments tungsten plates were exposed to heat loads 0.5–1 MJ/m2 with a heat ﬂux factor (Fhf ) close to and above the melting threshold of tungsten at initial room temperature. Crack formation and crack propagation under the surface layer were observed during multiple exposures. Overheated areas with excessive temperature over surrounding surface of about 500 K were found on severely damaged samples more than 5 ms after beam ending. The application of laser illumination enables to detect areas of intense tungsten melting near crack edges and crack intersections. © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) 1. Introduction The problem of plasma surface interaction is one of the challenges in the construction of future fusion reactors with magnetic conﬁnement. High-energy neutron irradiation, potential retention of the radioactive fuel and severe transient heat loads due to different plasma transients (ELMs, VDEs, and disruptions) impose strong restriction on plasma facing components. Tungsten has been selected as the material of the divertor plates for its resistivity to neutron activation, high thermomechanical properties and relatively low tritium retention. Currently, the energy loads due to ELMs type 1 are expected to be 0.5–10 MJ/m2 with duration 0.1– 0.5 ms . Such heat loads result in strong erosion of the plasma facing components including cracking. Recent theoretical models of the tungsten behavior predict crack formation at low limit of ITER-like transients events [2,3]. Also, experimental simulation of such heat loads exposed cracking and recrystallization of surface layer [4,6,7]. Crack formation on tungsten surface under transient heating has been studied on different types of devices. Quasi-stationary ∗ Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] (A.A. Vasilyev). plasma accelerators (QSPAs) are used for simulation of plasma loads on surface with a dense accelerated plasma ﬂux. QSPAs can produce ∼2 MJ/m2 with duration of up to 0.5 ms [4,5]. However, such devices create excessive plasma pressure on the target surface, which affects the melted tungsten behavior. In addition, accelerated dense plasma emits a lot of radiation which complicates optical diagnostics of the surface. The scanning electron beam facility JUDITH-1 produces heat loads of ∼1 MJ/m2 with duration of a millisecond and a total irradiation area of ∼0.16 cm2 for such operating modes . Lasers such as Nd: YAG can create radiation heating similar to ELMs type 1 in reactor-size tokamaks . Although test installations based on electron beams and lasers have no constraints due to shielding effects, these machines cannot provide desired combination of power density, pulse duration and exposure area (bigger than 10 cell sizes for tungsten cracking ). Linear plasma generator PILOT-PSI is developed to gain transient plasma loads of up to 1 MJ/m2 with a pulse duration of 1.5 ms . It also has capabilities for steady-state heat loads simulation. On the GOL-3 facility, electron beam loads are applied simultaneously with plasma exposure. The installation produces energy densities of up to 4 MJ/m2 with duration about 10 μs [9,10]. A specialized test installation for research on material behavior under the impact of the powerful thermal shock was developed http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nme.2016.11.017 2352-1791/© 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) 554 A.A. Vasilyev et al. / Nuclear Materials and Energy 12 (2017) 553–558 Fig. 1. Schematic of the facility for generation of transient heat loads. at the Budker Institute. It grants new capabilities for experimental simulation of transient heat loads corresponding to ITER-relevant ELMs type I. Application of intense electron beam for target heating almost eliminate shielding effects of target plasma that gives possibilities to achieve high heat ﬂuxes on the surface in this device. The electron beam provide a suﬃciently large exposure area with spatial uniformity of the absorbed power density in a wide range of operating modes. Absence of the collateral light during heating pulse enables using of the in-situ surface optical diagnostics. 2. Test facility description The schematic of the facility is shown in Fig. 1. The device consists of a high-power submillisecond electron beam injector with a plasma emitter, the vacuum and magnetic ﬁeld systems, the target exposure unit and ports for optical diagnostics. The emitted electron beam passes through a converging magnetic ﬁeld to the target and creates an intense heat load on its surface. 2.1. Electron beam accelerator parameters The electron beam source is based on a wide-area multiaperture electron beam diode with a plasma cathode . It is able to produce an electron beam with a current up to 100 A and has an acceleration voltage of up to 100 kV. The typical pulse duration on target is 10 0–30 0 μs. The beam source is immersed in a guiding Fig. 3. Comparison of the system spectral sensitivity and WI and WII spectra. Lone peaks: spectra of tungsten ions, smooth curve: sensitivity of CCD camera and IR ﬁlter. external magnetic ﬁeld, which is used to transport and to compress the electron beam, producing desired current densities on a target. The magnetic ﬁeld is about 7 mT at the diode and about 0.2 T in the target location. Measurements with Faraday cup located further the target region showed that ∼85% of the emitted current passes through the system. The spatial distribution of the current density at the diode was obtained with X-ray diagnostic and was found rather ﬂat and uniform. 2.2. Optical diagnostics speciﬁcation This installation is ﬁtted with a set of optical diagnostics of the target erosion as shown in Fig. 2. A front view of the target surface is imaged through tilted mirror by lens (f = 200 mm) into a CCD camera supplied with an infrared ﬁlter. The ﬁnal spectral sensitivity enables to receive a picture of thermal radiation of the target in the NIR range without any interference from the light of tungsten ablation plume near the target surface. The total system sensitivity is depicted in Fig. 3. The CCD matrix has 6.45 × 6.45 μm pixels, so with the optical magniﬁcation 1/2.7 the spatial resolution is about 20 μm. The 2D temperature distribution is reconstructed through absolute calibration using a tungsten ribbon lamp and variable value of emissivity taken from the literature . Fig. 2. Schematics of the optical diagnostics. Surface erosion is observed using CCD camera in NIR range and CCD camera with continuous wave laser light illumination (λ = 532 nm) and narrowband interferential ﬁlter. A.A. Vasilyev et al. / Nuclear Materials and Energy 12 (2017) 553–558 555 Fig. 4. Images of the target surface in the NIR range after heat load. a) ﬁrst shot, b) second shot, c) seventh shot. A continuous wave laser (λ = 532 nm) is used for illumination of the target surface. A narrowband optical ﬁlter is applied for rejection of plasma light and thermal radiation of the surface. This diagnostics set is used for detection of melted layer formation on crack edges and crack intersections. 3. Experimental results and discussion 3.1. Exposure conditions Target samples with size of 25 × 25 mm and 3–4 mm thick of rolled tungsten were used in these experiments. Sample were manufactured by electric spark cutting from a single plate without following grinding or polishing. All specimens were exposed at room temperature without additional cooling or heating. Exposures were performed with low repetition rate (one pulse per several minutes) because of the features of the heating device. Target cooled down to the initial temperature between exposures due to thermal conductivity to target holder. A typical shape of the heat load had a rectangular proﬁle with sharp edges. Experimental calorimetric measurements showed that the target absorbed 50% of the emitted electron beam energy. This value is well correlated with the facts that 85% of the compressed beam current passes through the magnetic system to the target region and 60% of the electron energy is reﬂected from the tungsten sample surface as shows numerical calculations . The power density on the target was calculated through these data and the measurement of current density at a distance of ∼20 mm from target region taking into accout compressing in magnetic ﬁeld. The machine is able to provide up to 13 GW/m2 . The energy load cross-sectional distribution has dome-like form . About half of the absorbed heat ﬂux is located in the central area with 9 mm in diameter, which is bigger almost in order than characteristic size of the crack network. The tungsten samples were exposed to heat loads in the range of 0.5–1 MJ/m2 , close to and above the melting threshold, which was assumed ∼ 50 MJ/m2 s0.5 at room temperature . 3.2. Crack formation on tungsten surface A tungsten target surface was imaged in the NIR range during heating with an average energy load of 0.6 MJ/m2 and Fhf ∼50 MJ/m2 s0.5 , close to the melting threshold. Average pulse duration was ∼130 μs. Initially, the target surface was clear and undamaged. Images obtained during ﬁrst, second and seventh pulses are shown in Fig. 4. A slight crack network was formed after the ﬁrst pulse. With subsequent pulses this net became denser due to appearance of new cracks on the surface and the thermal radiation inhomogeneities became more distinguishable as a consequence of crack widening and their propagation into the bulk. The magnitude Fig. 5. Magnitude of the thermal radiation inhomogeneities in the central area. The graph shows the growth of the root mean square deviation with ﬁrst four shots; then the increase becomes much slower. of the root mean square deviation (RMSD) of the inhomogeneities over intensity of background radiation of tungsten surface in the central area is shown in Fig. 5. It was discovered that value of RMSD increased signiﬁcantly after ﬁrst three heating pulses and did not grow noticeably after several subsequent heat loads. 3.3. Crack propagation along the sample surface The tungsten target was irradiated 24 times with an average energy load 1 MJ/m2 and average Fhf up to 70 MJ/m2 s0.5 . Average exposure duration was about 120 μs. A network of inhomogeneities with typical distance of ∼1 mm between them was detected in the thermal radiation, as shown in Fig. 6(b). This structure matches exactly with the crack net on the surface as displayed on the photo of the sample and its SEM images in Fig. 6(a,c). The bright areas on the thermal image correspond to edges and intersections of the cracks. The SEM survey of the surface revealed intense melting of the tungsten layer near the bright spots. A 2D absolute temperature plot is presented in Fig. 6(d). It was derived from the thermal radiation image made 20 μs after heating ending and exposed that the tungsten temperature exceeded melting point on the crack edges in the center of the target. A transverse microsection is depicted in Fig. 7(b,d,e). It revealed cracks propagated along the surface at a depth of 0.1–0.2 mm. Correlation of the surface temperature increase and propagation of longitudinal cracks is showed on Fig. 7. Such cracks start from perpendicular ruptures and propagate into the bulk. This target damage is responsible for decrease of the heat transport into the bulk of the material, which lead to appearance of the overheated areas on the surface and intensiﬁcation of the target erosion. Also these crack can develop into detachment 556 A.A. Vasilyev et al. / Nuclear Materials and Energy 12 (2017) 553–558 of some parts of the sample, what is discussed at chapter 3.5 of this paper. 3.4. Imaging of the target surface with the laser light illumination In the heating experiments, the target surface illuminated with the green laser light was imaged using the CCD camera. A tungsten plate was irradiated 72 times with an average heat load of about 0.55 MJ/m2 and Fhf ∼60 MJ/m2 s0.5 . Average pulse length was about 90 μs. The images of the green laser spot on the target were obtained during and well after the heating pulse, when the surface was at room temperature. They are shown in Fig. 8(b,c) superimposed with the thermal image of the target during the heating process. Without heating, the image of the laser spot on the target had a detailed structure. The reﬂection pattern of the laser spot during the heating pulse was smoother, which can be associated with appearance of tungsten melt in these areas. Comparison with the thermal radiation image and SEM images (Fig. 9) showed that this effect appeared on hot spots of the target surface: edges and intersections of the cracks. 3.5. Hot areas on severely damaged tungsten sample on cooling stage Fig. 6. Images of the target surface. a) photo after extraction from vacuum chamber, b) IR image during heat load, c) SEM images of the cracks, d) 2D temperature distribution, dimensions are in mm, temperature is in K degrees. The black box on a) represent area of temperature picture calculation on d). The blue and red rectangulars on b) mark SEM image on c). The black line on d) denotes line of the following cross section. The crack network obtained with photo and SEM survey matches with the thermal radiation inhomogeneities. The temperature picture shows melting of the tungsten in the center of the target near the crack edges. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this ﬁgure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.) The tungsten target was imaged while its surface was cooling after the electron beam termination. The target was initially exposed to more than 100 pulses with heat loads of about 1 MJ/m2 and average duration of 130 μs. Heat ﬂux factor was ∼90 MJ/m2 s0.5 , i.e. was above the melting threshold. Local hot areas with temperature of about 20 0 0 K were found on the target surface more than 5 ms after the heating end (Fig. 10). Excessive temperature of this areas over surrounding surface was about 500 K. The subsequent SEM survey uncovered a heavily damaged surface with detached parts on it (Fig. 11). The discovered hot areas caused by the tungsten layers detachment are a consequence of development of cracks parallel to the surface. The absorbed heat cannot penetrate into the bulk of the material and leads to formation of melted spots at relatively low heat loads. The melted tungsten can promote ejection of many Fig. 7. Matching of the local surface temperature increase and crack propagation into the material bulk. a) temperature distribution along the cross section line, b) SEM images of the transverse microsections, c) photo of the half of the target surface after cutting, d,e) SEM images of the cracks propagated under the surface. Dashed black line marks the same place on the target surface. Missing material in the center on b) and c) is associated with total detaching of the tungsten ﬂake during preparatory cutting. Formation of cracks parallel to the surface was revealed at a depth 0.1–0.2 mm. Surface temperature increases near cracks which can be associated with propagation of cracks along the surface. A.A. Vasilyev et al. / Nuclear Materials and Energy 12 (2017) 553–558 557 Fig. 8. Images of the target obtained with laser light illumination. a) photo of the target irradiated to 72 heat pulses after extraction from vacuum chamber; b) image of structure of the laser light reﬂection from the target surface obtained at room temperature after heating event, the image is overlaid on the IR pictures of the target recorded during the electron beam pulse; c) same image during the heating process. The blue and red boxes show the area of SEM images depicted on Fig. 9. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this ﬁgure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.) droplet particles that was observed experimentally . The detached parts can break away from the divertor plates, accumulate and ﬁnally increase the tritium retention and risks of tungsten penetration into the plasma core. 4. Summary Fig. 9. SEM images of the target surface after irradiation. The green circles mark spots of the intense laser light reﬂection in Fig. 8(c). (For interpretation of the references to colour in this ﬁgure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.) A novel test facility with a high-power long-pulse electron beam injector is being developed at the Budker Institute. It enables simulation of ITER-relevant transient heat loads like ELMs type I. Unique features (irradiation area bigger than 10 characteristic of the crack net, low plasma radiation and pressure) of the heating device gives opportunities for conduction of research on target surface erosion during and soon after electron beam exposure. Application of the fast CCD cameras and IR ﬁlter allows observation of the thermal radiation during the heating process and reconstruction of 2D distribution of the surface temperature. Imaging of the target surface with green laser illumination grants possibility of investigation on melting and re-solidiﬁcation dynamics. It was found that crack net was formed after the ﬁrst pulse and continued to develop with subsequent shots. After a few exposures, the thermal radiation in homogeneities caused by the crack propagation did not grow signiﬁcantly. It was shown that the occurrence of cracks propagated along the surface suppressed heat transfer into the bulk and caused a substantial local temperature increase, which began melting of the material near crack edges. Local areas with melted tungsten trigger intensiﬁcation of the laser light reﬂection, so the surface imaging with green laser light illumination can be applied to analysis of melting dynamics. Hot spots with excessive temperature of about 500 K over surrounding Fig. 10. Images of the damaged target surface after more than 100 shots. a) IR image during heat load, b) photo after extraction from vacuum chamber, c) SEM image after irradiation. The red rectangular on a) and b) marks SEM image on c). SEM survey showed existence of the detached parts. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this ﬁgure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.) 558 A.A. Vasilyev et al. / Nuclear Materials and Energy 12 (2017) 553–558 Fig. 11. 2D temperature distribution of the damaged target surface at different times after heat load ending. a) 350μs after electron beam termination, b) 1850 μs, c) 7850 μs; d) enlarged location of temperature image from (a) that corresponds to SEM image on Fig. 10(c). Pictures (a), (b) and (c) have the same scale and color key. The dimensional coordinates are in mm, temperature is in K degrees. The black rectangular marks the SEM image in Fig. 10(c). surface were found on tungsten target exposed to more than 100 pulses with an energy load of 0.8 MJ/m2 . These hot areas correlate with detached parts of the surface. Application of the novel electron beam device for sample heating together with original diagnostic set provide unique in-situ experimental data that can reveal mechanisms of surface damage under powerful heat loads. Acknowledgements The work at the electron beam facility was supported by Russian Science Foundation (project N 14-50-0 0 080). Study of target surface modiﬁcation was partially supported by RFBR, research project No. 15-32-20669. References  A. Loarte, et al., Transient heat loads in current fusion experiments, extrapolation to ITER and consequences for its operation, Phys. Scr. T128 (2007) 222– 228, doi:10.1088/0 031-8949/20 07/T128/043.  A.S. Arakcheev, et al., Theoretical investigation of crack formation in tungsten after heat loads, J. Nucl. Mater. V463 (2015) 179–246, doi:10.1016/j.jnucmat. 2014.10.090.  A.S. Arakcheev, et al., Calculation of cracking under pulsed heat loads in tungsten manufactured according to ITER speciﬁcations, J. Nucl. Mater. V467 (2015) 165–171, doi:10.1016/j.jnucmat.2015.09.034.  V.P. Budaev, et al., Tungsten recrystallization and cracking under ITER-relevant heat loads, J. Nucl. Mater. V463 (2015) 237–240, doi:10.1016/j.jnucmat.2014.11. 129.  V.A. Makhlaj, et al., Dust generation mechanisms under powerful plasma impacts to the tungsten surfaces in ITER ELM simulation experiments, J. Nucl. Mater. V438 (2013) 233–236, doi:10.1016/j.jnucmat.2013.01.034.  M. Wirtz, et al., Thermal shock response of deformed and recrystallised tungsten, Fus. Eng. Design V88 (2013) 1768–1772, doi:10.1016/j.fusengdes.2013.05. 077.  A. Huber, et al., Investigation of the impact of transient heat loads applied by laser irradiation on ITER-grade tungsten, Phys. Scripta T159 (2014) 014005, doi:10.1088/0031-8949/2014/T159/014005.  H.J.N. van Eck, et al., ELM simulation experiments on Pilot-PSI using simultaneous high ﬂux plasma and transient heat/particle source, Nucl. Fus. V51 (2011) 073008, doi:10.1088/0029-5515/51/7/073008.  A.V. Burdakov, et al., Surface modiﬁcation and droplet formation of tungsten under hot plasma irradiation at the GOL-3, J. Nucl. Mater. V438 (2013) 677– 680, doi:10.1016/j.jnucmat.2013.01.143.  A.A. Shoshin, et al., Plasma-surface interaction during ITER Type I ELMs: comparison of simulation with QSPA Kh-50 and the GOL-3 facilities, Fusion Sci. Technol. V59 (No.1T) (2011) 57–60.  V.V. Kurkuchekov, Novel injector of intense long pulse electron beam for linear plasma devices, Fusion Sci. Technol. V63 (1T) (2013) 292–294.  C. Cargan, Spectra emissivities and emissivity X-Points of pure Molybdenum and tungsten, Intern. J. Thermophys. V26 (4) (2005) 1001–1015, doi:10.1007/ s10765- 005- 6680- 1.  Y.G. Li, et al., Theoretical simulation of thermal behavior in transient heat loads of plasms-facing materials, Fus. Eng. Design V86 (2011) 2812–2820.  Yu.A. Trunev, et al., Heating of tungsten target by intense pulse electron beam, AIP Conf. Proc. 1771 (2016) 060016, doi:10.1063/1.4964224.  V.I. Tereshin, Repetitive plasma loads typical for ITER Type-I ELMS: simulation in QSPA Kh-50, AIP Conf. Proc. 812 (2006) 128, doi:10.1063/1.2168807.  A.A Kasatov, Observation of dust particles ejected from tungsten surface under impact of intense transient heat load, AIP Conf. Proc. 1771 (2016) 060 0 07, doi:10.1063/1.4964215.


Administration, support and maintenance of the Company’s technology infrastructure and practice management software. Resolves issues through problem solving and research.
Responsible for WebEx, audio/video and meeting set up.
Assist in the installation and maintenance of software used throughout Company.
Install new phones and program extensions.
Install, maintain and manage the security system.
Install new and repaired computer technology.
Repair all computer systems and related electronic equipment.
Replace hardware such as; disk drives, printers, cables, scanners, etc.
Perform warranty service, preventative maintenance and cleaning on all computer equipment.
Maintain a close partnership with departmental teams to ensure computer needs are satisfied in a timely fashion.
Troubleshoot general network issues.
Performs other job duties as assigned.
High School Diploma or equivalent required.
Diploma in the field of computer technology, electronics, or related field is desirable.
Familiarity with Microsoft Office 2003/2010/2013/2016.
Experience and familiarity with current Windows 7, 8, and 10 operating systems preferred.
Experience and familiarity with current Apple IOS and OS X operating systems preferred
Experience and familiarity with current Android KitKat, and Lollipop operating systems preferred.
Established experience in diagnosing and resolving technical problems with software and hardware systems preferred.
Hands on knowledge of IT systems which include: Windows workstations and entry level server management preferred.
Experience with Apple and Mac support desirable.
Excellent oral and written communication skills.
Must be able to work in a quick response environment.
Must have a valid driver’s license due to required travel.


Samsung f series led tv 32 inch price
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Collaboration of people and machines is a major aspect of the World Wide Web and as well of the Semantic Web. As a result of the collaboration process, structural and content interferences as well as varying models and contradictory statements are inevitable. Currently the collaboration on Linked Data Sets is mainly done by keeping a central version of a dataset. This central approach for a synchronized state has drawbacks in scenarios in which the existence of different versions of the dataset is preferable. Furthermore, the evolution of a dataset in a distributed setup is not necessarily happening in a linear manner. We present a system that fosters the evolution of a dataset in a distributed collaborative setup and supports divergence of datasets as asynchrony and dissent; reconcile diverged states of datasets; and synchronize different distributed derivatives of the dataset. The data is kept in a distributed version control system with support to branch, merge, and synchronize distributed RDF datasets. Each version can be queried and updated via a standard SPARQL 1.1 Query & Update interfaces as well as the related provenance information. The system allows to build knowledge engineering processes similar to well established methods from the software engineering domain.


DC brushless motor braking is usually using the motor itself for rapid braking there are two simple ways, one is energy consumption braking, one is short-circuit braking, energy consumption braking is the motor's kinetic energy consumption on the external braking resistance, short-circuit braking is the motor's kinetic energy consumption on the stator winding. Obviously, energy consumption braking is more beneficial to reduce motor heating. But the short brake need not make any changes to the hardware, simple and convenient is its outstanding advantage, so focus on the short brake.
The so-called short braking is to make the motor drive MOS tube on the arm (or lower arm) all conduction and the lower arm (or upper arm) cut-off state, the motor's three-phase stator windings are all short. The generator in the state of power generation is equivalent to the short circuit of the power supply. Because the resistance of the winding is relatively small, so it can produce a large short-circuit current, the motor kinetic energy can be released quickly, so that the motor instantaneously produces a great braking torque, can achieve rapid braking effect. The higher the motor speed, the larger the short-circuit current, the greater the braking force. However, it must be considered that the bearing capacity of MOS transistor can not exceed, so generally wait for the motor speed to reduce to a certain extent before using short brake.


Guangdong Telecom selected "5G + medical health" pilot
On August 17, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the National Health and Health Committee jointly issued the "5G + Medical Health Application Pilot Project List", China Telecom Guangdong Company "Based on 5G Cloud Net Annotation Technology Research and Application Demonstration" The 21 items are included in the national pilot, involving 5G + emergency treatment, 5G + remote diagnosis, 5G + remote treatment and other 6 aspects of 上海长宁桑拿会所 application scenarios.
It is understood that since 2019, China Telecom Guangdong Company conducted a series of new exploration and application practices in promoting digital transformation of Guangdong’s medical and health industry. He successively compiled a medical institution such as Guangdong Second People’s Hospital, Foshan First People’s Hospital. Cooperation launched the "5G + Smart Medical" project, constructing the intermediate medical service model for the online line of the clinic, the clinic, and the diagnosis.
In March 2021, China Telecom Guangdong Company and the Guangdong Second People’s Hospital jointly and Huawei jointly created a full-time intelligent hospital.
China Telecom Guangdong Company opened the commercial 5G private network in the hospital area, by using emerging technologies such as 5G, cloud computing, Internet of Things, artificial intelligence to various fields such as medical, teaching, research, management. In this publication of 5G + medical health applications, China Telecom Guangdong Company and Guangdong Second People’s Hospital Zhuhai Hospital (Zhuhai High-tech People Hospital) were selected. Since its cooperation in 2019, the two 上海夜生活桑拿 sides has played 5G technical advantages and continuously explore the new path of medical services.
Recently, China Telecom Guangdong Company and Shenzhen Baoan People’s Hospital teamed up to build 5G + telemedicine, and help Baoan People’s Hospital take the lead in the city through comprehensive use of advanced technology such as 5G, big data, artificial intelligence, block chain, and industry leading comprehensive overall ability. Establish 9 "cloud" platforms such as images, heart, pathology, emergency, consultation, inspection, ultrasound, and nursing, and achieve 5G technology empowering people’s health services. "5G + medical health" also plays an important role in the prevention and control of epidemic.
In May 202, the epidemic prevention mission of Guangzhou, Foshan and other 上海虹口区水电路油压 places aggravated. China Telecom Guangdong Company "7×24" hours ensure the steady and smooth and communication network of all over the city, and new technologies such as large data, cloud computing, 5G, to assist in the prevention and control of epidemics. (Li Jianting, Sosa).


Calibrating your Screens for Perfect Colour
Correctly calibrated screens allow images to be adjusted to perfection, in the knowledge that others will see the image as you do
Pictures rely on composition, light, contrast and colour
The look of a picture on the screen or printed page is critical and highly reliant on how the monitor or screen was setup when the picture was processed. Out of the box a monitor cannot be relied upon to give an accurate view of your image, and prints will not match either.
Accurately calibrated monitors will be consistent across devices and software like Adobe Lightroom and Photoshop. Prints will match screens too.
How to guarantee an accurate view of your image?
Calibrite Display Plus HL calibrator
The steps to accurate colour are inexpensive, quick and strightforward.
A calibration device is plugged into the computer’s USB port, and dedicated but free software used to perform a guided screen calibration taking between 5 and 10 minutes.
Calibrating a screen is quick and easy
During the process, simple guided changes are made to screen brightness by the user. On sophisticated monitors, directed changes can be made to colour values too. The result is an .icc or .icm colour profile that characterises the monitor, ensuring that luminance and colour values match universally agreed standards, so the images you are adjusting will be displayed accurately on other devices and print consistently.
Ideally the process is repeated once a month, ensuring consistent brightness and colour accuracy.
A simple calibration device reads back the colours and luminance values displayed by the software to perform a guided screen calibration taking between 5 and 10 minutes.
Individual Camera Calibration
Calibrating the monitor is the first step. By buying a bundle with Calibrite Display calibrator and a ColourChecker Passport Photo or Video you have the means to quickly calibrate your own camera , ensuring accurate colour from every scene.
Calibrating a camera will be covered in the next article.
Calibrite ColorChecker Passport Photo 2 for calibrating cameras or scenes
Nick has been involved in colour management since the mid-90s, when he purchased the first Apple self-calibrating monitor. The journey later took him on to more accurate screen calibration devices from Gretag Macbeth, then into printer and camera calibration. Along the way he was privileged to work on a major international project with Reuters and Adobe, then onto testing Canon’s large format printer products and photo paper for manufacturers.
Nick worked closely with X Rite in the noughties, writing a 5-part article on colour management for Canon Europe's professional website. X Rite has now been evolved and and rebranded as Calibrite to separate the industrial sector from photography and consumer products. Nick is delighted to be working with them once again, helping both clients and photography workshop guests to generate colour perfect images from their cameras and software like Lightroom and Photoshop.
The Display Plus HL is the top of the range product for screen calibration. There are other more affordable options, deepening on your needs
Since I wrote this post, Calibrite have launched the more affordable 123 calibrator, priced at under £100.
It is well worth a look for simple screen calibration, and with 15% off (see below) it is extremely good value.
The Calibrite 123 starts at under £100 with discount. While not suitable for all photographic uses, it is a great start point for simple screen calibration at a very affordable price
For anyone interested in accurate colour,
Please contact us. Nick offers remote and in-person training on colour management.
Calibrite have kindly offered a 15% Discount off their calibration products to WildPhotographer customers - contact Nick for details
The full range of products can be seen here: Calibrite Solutions


Update: Adapt It 6.10.3 for Macintosh supports Apple silicon-based Macs as well as Intel-based Macs.
On Tuesday, 10 November 2020, Apple announced a new chip set that will be used instead of Intel’s on Macintosh desktop and laptop computers. This new chip, the M1, looks to be an advance in power/performance, and should be beneficial to people using Adapt It on the Macintosh.
We are pleased to announce that Adapt It 6.10.3 officially supports M1-based Apple computers.
Adapt It support for new Apple Hardware


“It's just the wrong interaction paradigm.” His answer is the Brilliant Control — a small touchscreen tablet that replaces a light switch and is meant to control everything from lights (smart or otherwise) to music to smart ovens and sprinklers and whatever else you can hook up.The device has a 5-inch screen and is just a bit bigger than a traditional light switch.There are also plenty of other more advanced options on the market today that provide added conveniences like the ability to adjust or shut off lighting through a remote or connected device thanks to advances in home automation.Let’s be clear: electrical work should always be approached with caution. Typical 120-volt switches that turn lights on and off from one location are technically described as single pole.I am one of the bloggers selected by True Value to work on the DIY Blog Squad.I have been compensated for my time commitment to the program as well as my writing about my experience.Homeowners may choose to replace or upgrade a light switch for functional or for aesthetic reasons.Changing the light switch is a simple and inexpensive DIY project.
It’s a good option to have, since sometimes you’ll want to issue a command from across a room or do something that’s actually faster by voice.
Turn off the power to the circuit at the circuit breaker or fuse box.
You can double check to ensure that it was turned off by flipping the switch in an attempt to operate a light, and by using a voltage tester once the switch plate is removed to confirm that the wires are not charged.
One of the biggest challenges facing smart home gadgets is the light switch. Brilliant CEO and co-founder Aaron Emigh, who was previously CTO of Shopkick and a VP at Six Apart, says he started the company so that he could make a device for his own home.
The company Brilliant has sprung up to fill that gap.


LWD - Logging While Drilling
In order to maximise the exposure in a target formation, Greka Drilling utilises Logging While Drilling (LWD) technology to achieve high quality results in the area of wellbore placement and trajectory control. With the geophysical properties of a formation transmitted in real time to the engineers and operators on the rig, they are able to map and adjust a wellbore’s trajectory to maximise exposure to a target formation and avoid any subsurface anomalies.
LWD Tools - Generates real time downhole data along with MWD parameters. Both the inputs will assist and improve the accuracy of wellbore placement in Directional and Horizontal well sections
Gamma - Focused gamma ray modules have a 0-120 degree sensor window enabling directional parameters to the gamma measurement
Annular Pressure - The module provides Annular Pressure measurements for over-balanced/under-balanced control and real time downhole vibrations


Electrical & Computer Engineering: An International Journal (ECIJ)
ISSN: 2201 – 5957
Scope & Topics
Electrical & Computer Engineering: An International Journal (ECIJ) is a peer-reviewed, open access journal that addresses the impacts and challenges of Electrical and Computer Engineering. The journal documents practical and theoretical results which make a fundamental contribution for the development Electrical and Computer Engineering.
This journal aims to bring together researchers and practitioners in all Electrical and Computer Engineering aspects, including (but not limited to):
- Communications and Networks
- Control, Intelligent Systems and Robotics
- Integrated Circuits and Embedded Systems
- Microelectronic Technologies, Devices, CAD and, VLSI
- Microwave, Nano Devices and RF
- Power and Energy Systems
- Signal Processing and New Media
- Applied Electromagnetics
- Artificial Intelligence and Artificial Life
- Hardware Formal Verification
- Software Engineering and Real-time Systems
Authors are invited to submit papers for this journal through the Submission System. Submissions must be original and should not have been published previously or be under consideration for publication while being evaluated for this Journal. For paper format download the template in this page.
- Submission Deadline :March 26, 2016
- Notification : April 28, 2016
- Final Manuscript Due : May 05, 2016
- Publication Date : Determined by the Editor-in-Chief
For other details please visit http://wireilla.com/engg/ecij/index.html
Posted on November 30, 2015, in Electrical and electronics. Bookmark the permalink. Leave a comment.
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Home automation is the system that allows you to control any aspect of your home from any location. It is commonly used in the home security system but can also be applied on almost everything – from appliances, lighting, cooling and heating systems, and a lot more. When a system works on two states such as on and off, it can easily be hooked into an automated network.
In big cities where most people are busy in their daily lives, home automation is a popular trend. Many homeowners like the convenience of having an automated home since it takes off their worries with the fact that they still have access and control in their home even if they’re far away.
Aside from scheduling your home systems, you can also turn them on or off at will when you have the app to access these systems. If you’re looking for experts in home automation Brisbane has some good ones you could trust.
How does home automation really work? Read along to learn more about this amazing breakthrough in technology.
As the name suggests, automation is one of the features of an automated home. Automation is the term that refers to the ability of your home systems or devices to be programmed according to schedule. For instance, you can set your home lighting system to turn on or off at certain times of the day.
In other cases, it might not be time-based but depends on the circumstances. One example of this is setting your lighting system to turn all the lights when the security alarm in your home gets activated. Generally, home automation makes your daily life easier and more convenient since it takes manual operation of these systems off your hands.
Remote Monitoring and Access
While there are some devices and systems that work well with scheduled automation, there are other devices that are just impractical to automate. A few examples of these would be your home’s thermostat, locking system, and most appliances. What you need in this case is remote monitoring and access to these systems. With smartphones and other mobile gadgets, we can now easily access our home’s automated network and control it as long as it is connected to the internet.
You can check your home’s temperature, security status, lighting, and many more even if you’re still hours away from it. For instance, when you’re on your way home, you can set your home’s cooling or heating system to maintain a certain temperature so that it’s comfortable when you get inside.
You can also program your security system to notify you when there’s a potential problem – from motion being detected and even harsh weather conditions. The possibilities of what you can do are now limitless with so many smart gadgets and appliances available in the market.
With the hectic lifestyle today, almost every one of us is busy chasing up to our schedules. Make your life easier and more convenient with home automation.


- What is an example of the fifth state of matter?
- Is the sun plasma?
- Who discovered BEC?
- What are the 12 states of matter?
- Are atoms cold?
- What are the 7 states of matter?
- Is there a 5th state of matter?
- Is plasma the fifth state of matter?
- Who discovered the 5th state of matter?
- Can matter be created?
- Can a liquid turn into plasma?
What is an example of the fifth state of matter?
A gas, for example, can be ionised at high temperatures to form a plasma.
In 1995, researchers were able to prove that a fifth state of matter could be created at very low temperatures — the Bose-Einstein condensate.
In quantum mechanics, the Bose-Einstein condensate is used to conduct quantum experiments..
Is the sun plasma?
Our sun is essentially a big ball of hot plasma — an energetic state of matter made up of ionized gas. As the sun spins, the plasma spins along, too. This plasma movement in the core of the sun produces a magnetic field that fills the solar atmosphere.
Who discovered BEC?
The discovery and subsequent investigation of this new state of matter—termed the Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC)—has earned Eric A. Cornell, Wolfgang Ketterle and Carl. E. Wieman this year’s Nobel Prize in Physics.
What are the 12 states of matter?
The classical states of matter are usually summarized as: solid, liquid, gas, and plasma….Degenerate matter: matter under very high pressure, supported by the Pauli exclusion principle.Electron-degenerate matter: found inside white dwarf stars. … Neutron-degenerate matter: found in neutron stars.More items…
Are atoms cold?
Ultracold atoms are atoms that are maintained at temperatures close to 0 kelvin (absolute zero), typically below several tens of microkelvin (µK). At these temperatures the atom’s quantum-mechanical properties become important.
What are the 7 states of matter?
Erevything around us is made of matter. Matter is any thing that is made from atoms and molecules. ( Studios, 1995) . The seven states of matter that I am investigating are Solids, Liquids, Gases, Ionized Plasma, Quark-Gluon Plasma, Bose-Einstein Condensate and Fermionic Condensate.
Is there a 5th state of matter?
There are four states of matter common in everyday life — gases, liquids, solids, and plasmas. However, there is also a fifth state of matter — Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs), which scientists first created in the lab 25 years ago.
Is plasma the fifth state of matter?
The five phases of matter. There are four natural states of matter: Solids, liquids, gases and plasma. The fifth state is the man-made Bose-Einstein condensates.
Who discovered the 5th state of matter?
Albert EinsteinThis chilly substance was initially theorised by Albert Einstein and Satyendra Nath Bose in the early 1920s as the fifth state of matter, following solids, liquids, gases and plasma. It is a supercooled gas that no longer behaves as individual atoms and particles, but rather an entity in a single quantum state.
Can matter be created?
Water is composed of two hydrogen atoms bonded to an oxygen atom. Photograph by OJO Images Ltd. From port-a-potties to supernovas, matter makes up everything visible in the known universe. Because matter is never created or destroyed, it cycles through our world.
Can a liquid turn into plasma?
From a Liquid to a Plasma As Mohamed Zaghoo, a research associate at the LLE, and his colleagues observed, however, there is another way to create a plasma: under high density conditions, heating a liquid metal to very high temperatures will also produce a dense plasma.


Nuclear energy is produced when the structure of nuclei of an atom changes. These changes are the nuclear reaction. The energy released from these changes is called the nuclear energy or atomic energy. There are two methods of producing nuclear energy:
- Produced by the sun and stars producing heat and light by nuclear reaction.
- man-made operations
- Produced by a machine called nuclear reactor which can be found in the power plants.
The nuclear energy produced is to supply electricity to many cities. Nuclear energy is produced in two different ways:
- Happens when one large uranium nucleus combined with one neutron.
- In a highly excited state, the nucleus split into two lighter nuclei.
- Emits neutrons and Gamma rays and produces energy.
- When two small uranium nuclei are fused under a very high temperature condition and release a large amount of energy.
- The nuclei used by the sun and in experiments on earth are two isotopes of hydrogen called deuterium and tritium.
- Deuterium can be easily extracted from seawater, where 1 in 6500 hydrogen atom is deuterium.
- Tritium can be bred from lithium, which is abundant in the earth's crust.


Augmented reality architecture thesis proposal Anthony Webster. Blair MacIntyreWilliam Massie. Theodore Krueger We present our preliminary are employed in developing augmented reality systems to improve method of the development, inspection, and renovation of architectural structures. Augmented reality systems add virtual computer-generated material for that surrounding physical world.
I Thesis augmented reality my PhD in and submitted my draft thesis for examination in Junewhich was passed and the final version was submitted in February I invite you to read a copy of my thesis, which is available from this web page. I look forward to reading any comments you may have on my work, and hope you enjoy reading it.
Abstract This dissertation presents interaction techniques for 3D modelling of large structures in outdoor augmented reality environments. With the use of a mobile computer, augmented reality can also be experienced in an outdoor environment. Working in a mobile outdoor environment introduces new challenges not previously encountered indoors, requiring the development of new user interfaces to interact with the computer.
Current AR systems only support limited interactions and so the complexity of applications that can be developed is also limited. This dissertation describes a number of novel contributions that improve the state of the art in augmented reality technology.
Firstly, the augmented reality working planes technique gives the user the ability to create and edit objects at large distances using line of sight and projection techniques. A number of techniques that leverage AR working planes are developed, collectively termed construction at a distance: These techniques can be used to create and capture the geometry of outdoor shapes using a mobile AR system with real-time verification and iterative refinement.
To provide an interface for these techniques, a novel AR user interface with cursors and menus was developed.
This user interface is based around a pair of pinch gloves for command input, and the use of a custom developed vision tracking system for use in a mobile environment.
To develop applications implementing these contributions, a new software architecture was designed to provide a suitable abstraction to make development easier.
This architecture is based on an object-oriented data flow approach, uses a special file system notation object repository, and supports distributed objects. The software requires a platform to execute on, and so a custom wearable hardware platform was developed.
The hardware is based around a backpack that contains all the equipment required, and uses a novel flexible design that supports simple reconfiguration. Based on these contributions, a number of modelling applications were developed to demonstrate the usefulness of these techniques.
These modelling applications allow users to walk around freely outside, and use proprioception and interactions with the hands to control the task. These applications have been demonstrated in the field to verify that the techniques can perform as claimed in the dissertation.
I have also produced separate chapters so that you can download only the parts you need if bandwidth is limited.
You may share the complete thesis document with others, but please do not distribute the separate chapter files because they do not contain title information.Augmented Reality (AR) is a growing area in virtual reality research.
The world environment around us provides a wealth of information that is difficult to duplicate in a computer. This is evidenced by the worlds used in virtual environments. Augmented Reality (AR) is the synthesis of real and virtual imagery. In contrast to In contrast to Virtual Reality (VR) in which the user is immersed in an entirely artiﬁcial world.
Augmented reality (AR) is a technology that overlays digital information on a live view of the physical world to create a blended experience. AR can provide unique experiences and.
That thing is Augmented Reality. With Apple’s ARKit and from what I’m hearing a Google ARKit competitor for Android coming soon, these new tools will usher in . Visual Tracking for Augmented Reality Georg Klein King’s College A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy January This thesis explores the application of vision-based augmented reality in formal and in- formal educational environments.
It focuses on the common practices, concerns, and.


Right here. Apparently, a TSA agent told an angry mother--whose child was about to be groped by TSA agents--that the Rapiscan (yes that is its real name) used for screening used the same technology as a sonogram.
For reference, the Rapiscan uses microwave energy, while a sonogram (ultrasound) uses sound energy at a much lower frequency. Moreover, given that the frequency used for a Rapiscan is far different from a cell phone, it's really hard to tell which is safer, especially given that most clinical tests of the effects of microwave and RF radiation are inconclusive.
Now I don't expect TSA agents to be experienced in clinical trials, but I do expect them to know that their tool works with microwave radiation, not sound.
This Is My Town, Sparky - Thursday evening, I decided to walk down to Snelling Avenue to check out the situation. I saw broken glass at Lloyd’s Pharmacy, at the corner of Snelling a...
16 hours ago


Hashgraph is a distributed consensus algorithm and data structure designed to achieve high levels of scalability, security, and fairness in decentralized networks. It was developed by Leemon Baird and introduced in 2016. Hashgraph aims to address some of the limitations and challenges faced by traditional blockchain systems.
At its core, Hashgraph is a directed acyclic graph (DAG) data structure that records and orders transactions. Unlike traditional blockchains that rely on a linear chain of blocks, Hashgraph organizes transactions in a graph structure, which allows for parallel processing and faster transaction confirmation times.
The key principle behind Hashgraph is a consensus algorithm called “gossip about gossip” or “gossip protocol.” In this algorithm, nodes in the network communicate with each other by gossiping information about the transactions they have seen. This information includes both the transaction data and the history of communication between nodes.
By exchanging gossip, nodes gradually build a graph that represents the order and dependencies of transactions. Through a series of rounds and virtual voting, consensus is achieved on the order and validity of transactions. This consensus process is asynchronous, meaning that nodes can participate in the consensus algorithm at any time without relying on a fixed time slot.
Hashgraph also incorporates a Byzantine fault-tolerant (BFT) consensus mechanism, which ensures that the system can tolerate malicious nodes or attacks without compromising the security and correctness of the network.
Benefits of Hashgraph include high transaction throughput, low latency, fairness in transaction ordering, resistance to DDoS attacks, and strong security guarantees. However, it’s important to note that Hashgraph is a patented technology, and its implementation is subject to specific licensing terms.
Overall, Hashgraph presents an alternative approach to achieving distributed consensus and has gained attention for its potential applications in areas such as cryptocurrency, supply chain management, decentralized finance (DeFi), and more.
Here’s a simplified explanation of how Hashgraph works:
Gossip Protocol: Nodes in the network communicate with each other by gossiping information. Each node sends a message to a few randomly selected nodes, sharing the information it has about transactions and the history of communication.
Event Creation: Each node collects incoming messages and creates events. An event represents a specific action, such as a transaction or the receipt of a gossip message. Events are timestamped with the node’s local time and assigned a unique hash.
Event Ordering: Nodes use a consensus algorithm called “virtual voting” to determine the order of events. In each round, nodes exchange virtual votes that contain their preferences for the order of events. The voting process is asynchronous, allowing nodes to participate at any time.
Gossip about Gossip: In addition to gossiping about transaction information, nodes also gossip about the voting information they have received. This process is known as “gossip about gossip.” It allows nodes to build a directed acyclic graph (DAG) that represents the order and dependencies of events.
Hashgraph Data Structure: The directed acyclic graph (DAG) created through the gossip about gossip process is known as the Hashgraph. It contains the complete history of events and the voting information associated with each event.
Consensus and Finality: As nodes continue to exchange gossip, they gradually reach consensus on the order of events. Once consensus is achieved, the order of events becomes finalized, and nodes can determine the state of the network at any given point in time.
Byzantine Fault Tolerance: Hashgraph incorporates a Byzantine fault-tolerant (BFT) consensus mechanism. This means that the algorithm can tolerate a certain number of malicious or faulty nodes without compromising the security and correctness of the network.
By utilizing the gossip protocol, virtual voting, and the Hashgraph data structure, Hashgraph achieves high transaction throughput, low latency, and fairness in transaction ordering. It offers strong security guarantees and can resist various types of attacks.


Definition :- AI is the study of how to make computers do things at which at the movement people are better.
- Its main aim is depend upon the situation to take the decisions automatically.
- AI is the scientific research, this research will begin from past 30 years , its origin is JAPAN.
- AI is the part of the Computer Science Concerned with designing, intelligent computer systems, that is systems that exhibits the characteristics we associate with intelligence in Human Behavior. Once again this definition will raise the following question. “Intelligent Behavior “, in view of the difficulty in defining the Intelligence, Let us try to characteristics that is a list of number of characteristics by which we can identify the Human Intelligence .
1. To respond situations very flexibility.
2. To make sense of out of ambiguity to the Contradictory messages.
3. To recognize the relative importance of different elements of a situation.
4. To find similarities between situations despite the differences which my
5. To draw distinction between situations despite similarities which may link
them. AI is the branch of computer science dealing with symbolic non
algorithmic methods of a problem solving.
AI is the branch of computer science that deals with ways of representing knowledge by using symbols rather than numbers and with rules of thumb, or heuristic methods for processing.
AI works with pattern matching methods which attempts to describe objects, events and processes in terms of their qualitative features and logical and computational relationships.
While reading the above definitions one must be remember keeping in mind that the AI is fast new developing science.
These are challenges now facing researchers in AI.


Biofeedback, quite simply is any technique which takes a measurement of the body, and provides a result. A scale can be said to be a biofeedback device that measures weight; a thermometer one that measures body temperature. We can measure factors of the body electric such as the voltage of the firing brain cells, the amperage of the heart muscle contractions, the voltage of the muscles and the resistance to the flow of electricity of the skin.
We can measure the oscillations of these factors and as seen by the EEG, ECG, EMG and GSR. The same technological theories that brought us biofeedback in the 1960’s, have also brought devices like the CAT Scan, MRI, TENS, ultra-sound, and many other sophisticated technologies to our healthcare systems.
The information measured with a biofeedback device is then “fed-back” to the client, informing them of various physiological parameters and stress responses within the body, and educating them about the need to retrain their body’s stress responses, balance the body electric, make lifestyle changes or learn to control physiological reactions, in order to achieve improved relaxation and better health overall.
How Does Biofeedback Work?
Biofeedback utilizes electro-dermal sensors to measure Galvanic Skin Resistance (GSR), also referred to as Electro-Dermal Response (EDR). GSR measures mild electrical impulses on the surface of our skin, which change due to moisture. The moisture of the skin changes according to the body’s degree of stress and/or relaxation. There is a direct relationship between sympathetic nervous activity and emotional arousal. GSR is so sensitive it can even measure fluctuations in emotional states; think about the lie detector, for example.
Biofeedback instruments measure muscle activity, skin temperature, electrodermal activity (sweat gland activity), respiration, heart rate, heart rate variability, blood pressure, brain electrical activity and blood flow. There are many types of biofeedback: GSR, EEG, CAT scan, MRI, etc. These technologies are able to capture the bodies’ analog electrical signals and translate those signals into meaningful information through complex algorithmic software that a technician can then decipher.
Research shows that biofeedback, alone and in combination with other behavioral therapies, is effective for treating a variety of medical and psychological disorders. Biofeedback is currently used by physicians, nurses, psychologists, counselors, physical therapists, occupational therapists, a host of other professionals and laypeople alike.
In 1987, Schneider found that biofeedback is effective in reducing physician visits, medication usage, duration and frequency of hospital stays, as well as reducing mortality and enhancing quality of life.
Studies by Jonas and Levin show biofeedback as an ideal intervention for patients who demand:
- Gentler, less toxic and less invasive first line interventions
- More integrative and alternative therapeutic options
- More information and choice in making the best possible decisions for their care
- More participation and involvement in their treatment
The Biofeedback machine we use is the tried and tested SCIO system. The SCIO device was the world leader and first registered quantum biofeedback device in 1989. The device we use is the third generation machine and is still today the industry standard which all other systems are measured but typically fall short of the SCIO.


Ding - a light less ordinary
Des Burns, a leading designer in the Australian car manufacturing industry, has developed a new bike headlight which provides not only superior lighting on the path ahead but also an innovative safety feature of illuminating the bike itself. He is about to launch his Safer Bike Light Design on Kickstarter in two weeks.
The DING bike light is designed in Adelaide and will be made in South Australia. Des says "We wanted a beam pattern that provided the optimum riding condition for both the rider and other road users. Our additional downward beam is inventive and we have applied for patents. Car lighting has improved over the last 10 years, it is now time for bicycle lighting".
I like the improved lighting on the path ahead and to the sides, which would be much more useful than a puny spot on the road ahead. You should get a better idea of what the wheel is about to hit.
The downwards light onto the front of the bike will enable drivers to see the shape of the bike and its direction of movement much more clearly, which should make riding at night safer. For those of us with e-bikes and bright battery indicators on the bars, it may also reduce the relative glare of the LEDs. They reckon "Having two beams also improves light adaption times whilst riding at night".
Get more details from the Ding webpage. And keep an eye out for the launch on Kickstarter, where you can support this project and pick up a Ding light of your own ahead of the crowd and at a special early bird price.


Take a Look
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A typical solar system, whether ground or roof, contains three major parts: the solar panels, the mounting structure, and the inverters. The panels are supported by the mounting structure, which will vary based on whether the system is ground or roof mounted. The panels typically consist of lightweight panels with metal frames and a glass surface that protects the solar cells, and can range from four to six feet in length.
Similar to a lightning rod, the solar cells draw in energy from the sunlight and convert it into direct current, or DC electricity. The DC energy then flows into the inverters, which convert it into alternating current, or AC electricity.
Like water, electricity flows down the path of least resistance, and so the AC electricity will flow from the inverters into the building that the system was designed to power. Once enough electricity is in the building to power it, any excess energy is siphoned off onto the electric grid. Additionally, for every 1000 kilowatt hours produced by the system, regardless of where that energy goes, the owner will be awarded one Solar Renewable Energy Credit, or SREC.


A digital factory is a manufacturing organization where the entire production process is controlled and monitored through a computer-based system. This system digitally captures all aspects of the process from design to delivery, allowing for a more efficient and streamlined workflow.
The use of digital technologies has revolutionized the manufacturing industry, making it possible to produce a wider range of products at a lower cost. Today, we’ll examine the history of digital factory software and its development over the years. Keep reading to learn all you need to know about digital factories.
The Development of Computer-Aided Design
The history of digital factories begins with the development of computer-aided design (CAD) technology. CAD software allows designers to create and edit digital models of objects. This technology was the first step in making the digital factory a reality.
CAD technology was first developed in the early 1960s. At that time, it was used to create simple drawings of objects. Over the next few decades, this technology evolved and became more sophisticated. By the late 1990s, CAD software was being used to create complete 3D models of objects.
This technology was critical in the development of the digital factory. It allowed engineers to design products in a digital environment, which made it easier to manufacture them. Additionally, CAD software made it possible to create detailed instructions for manufacturing products. This helped to streamline the manufacturing process and improve efficiency.
The development of CAD technology was a major milestone in the history of the digital factory. It paved the way for further innovation and helped to make the digital factory a reality.
The Development of Computer-Aided Manufacturing
The development of computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) software in the early 1970s was the second step in the history of digital factories. CAM software was developed to help manufacturers create tool paths for computer numerical control (CNC) machines.
Tool paths are instructions that tell a CNC machine how to cut a product from a sheet of metal or plastic. The first CAM software was developed in the early 1970s. CAM software creates two types of tool paths which include contour paths and pocket paths. Contour paths cut a product from a sheet of metal or plastic. Pocket paths are used to create pockets, or holes, in a product.
By automating the production process, CAM software helped factories become more efficient and streamlined. This allowed them to produce more products in a shorter amount of time, which ultimately led to increased profits. Additionally, CAM software made it easier for factories to adopt new technologies, which allowed them to stay ahead of the curve and stay competitive in the global market.
The Development of 3D Printing Technology
The third step in the history of the digital factory was the development of three-dimensional (3D) printing technology in the late 1980s. This technology allowed for the production of three-dimensional objects by printing successive layers of material on top of each other. This process could be used to create a wide variety of objects, including both functional and non-functional items.
One of the early pioneers in the development of 3D printing technology was Charles Hull. Hull was the co-founder of 3D Systems, one of the leading companies in the 3D printing industry. 3D Systems was founded in 1989 and has since been at the forefront of the development of 3D printing technology.
One of the main benefits of 3D printing technology is its ability to produce customized objects. This is due to the fact that 3D printers can print objects with a high degree of precision. This makes them well-suited for producing objects that need to be tailored to the individual needs of the customer.
The Development of the Digital Factory
The digital factory was finally born of the ever-increasing power and flexibility of digital technology. With the rapid advances in computing and networking technology in the early 1990s, businesses could finally start to envision a future where the physical and digital worlds were truly integrated.
This led to the development of the digital factory, which aimed to bring together all the various elements of the manufacturing process into a single, cohesive system. This has allowed businesses to manage and control every stage of the manufacturing process, from design to delivery, in a single, digital environment.
The History of the Digital Factory
The digital factory has proved to be a powerful tool for businesses of all sizes. By bringing together all the various aspects of the manufacturing process, it has allowed businesses to become more efficient and more responsive to the needs of the market. It has also allowed them to reduce their costs and improve the quality of their products.


T-4-MC-4 comparable, 40mm Black Frame on Black Backsheet, BoB, 60 Cell, Mono-PERC, 20A Fuse, 1000VDC, 270.8 PTC, CS6K-295MS-Black.
Canadian Solar‘s new SuperPower modules with Mono-PERC cells significantly improve efficiency and reliability. The innovative technology offers superior low irradiance performance in the morning, in the evening and on cloudy days, increasing the energy output of the module and the overall yield of the solar system.
CANADIAN SOLAR INC. is committed to providing high quality solar products, solar system solutions and services to customers around the world. As a leading PV project developer and manufacturer of solar modules with over 16 GW deployed around the world since 2001, Canadian Solar Inc. (NASDAQ: CSIQ) is one of the most bankable solar companies worldwide.
11% more power than conventional modules. Excellent performance at low irradiance of up to 97.5%. High PTC rating of up to 91.87%. Improved energy production due to low temperature coefficients. IP67 junction box for long-term weather endurance. Heavy snow load up to 5400 Pa, wind load up to 5400 Pa.


FaradayRF is a company that has developed the Faraday radio platform. Joining the FaradayRF newsletter will enable you to to receive updates about our engineering, production, and news related to the Faraday platform. This is a low-volume newsletter that will not exceed one email per week on a regular basis. By joining the newsletter now you will obtain the latest information when we publish details about Faraday.
Faraday is an open digital radio that will enable radio amateurs to determine the future of ham radio
Brent Salmi, KB1LQD, setting up a Faraday ruggedized base station in Palos Verdes, CA for our 24 mile (40km) distance test over the Santa Monica Bay
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The d-scan is an inline, compact and high-performance device for the simultaneous measurement and compression of even the most demanding ultrashort laser pulses
Sphere Ultrafast Photonics is committed to finding the best solution for measuring your laser system, providing custom solutions covering different wavelength ranges, pulse durations and repetition rates
Benefiting from more than 15 years of experience, Sphere Ultrafast Photonics offers a new generation of products and services in the ultrafast pulsed laser regime
"Our integrated d-scan device from Sphere has been a game changer in terms of running our high-intensity few-cycle laser-plasma experiments: It has brought the pulse diagnostic one step closer to the interaction point, making it more accurate, more reliable and ultimately something less to worry about"
"The D-scan system is working fantastic! I think all our four attosecond labs have a better handle on their pulse durations as a result of the d-scan"
"The d-scan system allowed us to characterize our pulse where other diagnostics can't go. It is an easy alignment diagnostic tool capable of providing accurate pulse measurement in a few minutes, from initial alignment to measurement and retrieval. Moreover, the Sphere team has a long expertise and is very helpful and efficient. The installation of the system was great and we use the system everyday without any problems. I definitely recommend d-scan as a basic tool in any ultrafast laser laboratory. "


Dodecahedron loudspeaker Nor276
- Country of manufactureNorway
Dodecahedron loudspeaker. A high power loudspeaker with omnidirectional characteristics. Improved loudspeakers elements have reduced both weight and dimensions compared to the previous Nor270 model. The low weight of less than 9 kg has been obtained by the use of specially designed loudspeaker elements with neodyme magnets. The Nor276 has been designed for continuous operation for more than one hour at full power.
- Fulfils the directional characteristics required by the ISO 140-3 and-4 Standard.
- Fulfils ISO 3382-2.
- Delivers a continuous sound power level of 120 dB when driven with pink noise over the frequency range 50 to 5 000 Hz via the Nor280 Power Amplifier.
- Dimensions 332 mm (13”) diameter. Weight 9,3 kg (20,5 lb).
|Sound power output||Using the Nor280 with pink noise, and equalisation: 120 dB (Lin)|
|Power (broadband)||200 WRMS Peak 1000 W|
|Diameter||355 mm (14”)|
|Weight||<9 kg (19,8 lb)|
|Tripod mounting rod||1” diameter|
|Accessories incl||- Speakon NL4FC plug replaced by a 5m assembled cable, if ordered with Nor280 - -Tripod|
Nor276 PDF Website: http://www.norsonic.com/filestore/PDF-filer/Product_Data/PDNoiseExcitEd6Rev1Eng1114-web.pdf


Ben Sayers Lithium Electric Golf Trolley
The Ben Sayers golf trolley Features the very latest in on course tech Including a digital screen displaying speed and battery life. It also features an advanced digital distance function which allows you to to send your trolley 10, 20 or 30 metres.
Also included, Free with the trolley
Trolley Carry Bag
Drinks Bottle Holder
Accessory panel, Including Scorecard Holder
- Features a 200W motor which will tackle even the steepest of slopes. This trolley comes with an 18-hole lithium battery, which has a life span that is up to five times longer than a traditional lead-acid battery.
- A lightweight aluminium frame ensures easy transportation.
- The trolley is fitted with a nine-speed control dial, along with a pre-set distance function which allows you to send your trolley forward by 10m, 20m or 30m.
- A unique memory feature allows you to pre-set your required speed.
- Fitted with an automatic cut-off charger to prevent the battery from overcharging.
- One year manufacturer's warranty.


|Deciding the Perfect Radio Controller for Your RC Helicopter|
RC helicopter is a very popular toy for children and adults alike because of its complexity and the stunts it can do in the hands of a very expert helicopter hobbyist. But even if you were able to purchase a very efficient and performance oriented RC helicopter, you have to decide whether to use the stock radio controller that comes with your toy helicopter or opt to buy a more efficient and long ranging radio controller to maximize the performance of your RC helicopter.
RC radios are very important components of any RC toys. In a toy helicopter, the RC radio is the one that transmits the signal which enables the toy to perform while in the air. Its gliding and rolling stunts as well as its hovering ability cannot be performed if the signal from the radio is weak or out of reach. Prices for these radios can vary depending on its features like distance range, height, and power signal. The number of channels included in the radio controller also matter a lot in determining its price range.
RC helicopter radio controller is a very complicated device especially for newbie. It can be quite confusing to see a lot of switches and led lights but once you are able to test it for several times, playing with it can be quite fun and easy. Different switches in the controller corresponds to different actions the RC helicopter can perform including its rotor speed, blade angle for swerving sharply or veering to another direction, and the lifting power of the helicopter. Typical radio controllers for RC helicopters can contain six to nine channels and the more channels it got the more expensive the radio controller becomes.
There are radio controllers for RC helicopters in the market today that can cost up to $1500 and these are for a more serious RC helicopter hobbyist who is willing to spend a lot of money for a more efficient and performance oriented RC helicopter which can match the helicopters primed for RC competitions. But if you just want to experience the joy of flying an RC helicopter, you can always opt using the stock RC controller or buy a less expensive one which can provide an added boost for your toy helicopter.
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- OS: Android v7.1.1 nougat.
- SIM: Dual Sim, Dual standby (Nano-SIM).
- Front camera: 8 MP.
- Main camera: 13 MP.
- Display Size: 5.7 inches.
- Weight: 143 gram.
- Battery: 3180 mAh.
- Memory: 32GB Built-in, 3GB RAM.
A.I. Beauty recognition technology
Based on a global image database of human faces, the A83’s smart camera can recognize your gender, age, skin tone and skin type, then precisely refine 200+ facial feature spots, so as to capture the real you.
8MP front camera13MP rear camera
Powered by a built-in artificial intelligence technology and beautify algorithm, the A83’s 8MP front camera brings out your photogenic best.The 13MP rear camera, in “Ultra-HD” mode, can take multiple shots to create a 50MP photo automatically.
5.7’’ HD+ Full screen
The 5.7＂ full screen, featuring 1440x720 pixels, is aesthetically fitted within a narrow frame and is visually immersive, whether you are flipping through e-books, watching videos or playing games.
Inspired by the curved exterior of the airfoil, the A83 is designed to combine visual slimness and a comfortable feeling in the hand. The curve is honed from countless design calibrations to arrive at its elegant look and feel.
3GB RAM + Octa-Core CPU
The 3GB RAM and Octa-Core CPU (up to 2.5 GHz) ensure smoother gaming and multitasking, with 40% increased function performance. Meanwhile, overall energy consumption is reduced.
Speedy facial unlock
Facial unlock offers convenience especially when your hands are wet or wearing gloves. The phone will be immediately unlocked when you put your face in the front of the front camera.
A83 is equipped with a massive 3180mAh battery that allows phone use for more than 13hr 30min*. It alsoprovides a fast and safe charging experience.
ColourOS 3.2, Android 7.1
The latest interface based on Android 7.1 embraces more human and features speedy optimization. O-share ensures that file transmission between OPPO devices has speeds up to 100 times faster than Bluetooth. The split screen enables you to run two apps simultaneously e.g. Whatsapp and YouTube.ColourOS 3.2 takes away the gaming frustration, by offering a choice of whether to answer a call or continue with the game.
Weight: about 143g
Operating System: ColourOS 3.2, based on Android 7.1
GPU: ARM Mali G71 MP2 770MHz
Storage: 32GB (Expandable up to 256GB)
Size: 5.7 inches
Colours: 16 million colours
Touchscreen: Multi-touch, Capacitive Screen
Rear Sensor: 13-megapixel
Front Sensor: 8-megapixel
Flash: LED Flash
Aperture: f/2.2 for both cameras
Frequencies: FDD B1/3/5/7/8 TDD B38/40/41 WCDMA B1/5/8 GSM 850/900/1800/1900
SIM Card Type: Dual Nano SIM Cards & Micro SD Card(Total 3 slots)
Wi-Fi: 2.4/5GHz 802.11 a/b/g/n
In The Box
Micro USB cable
SIM ejector tool
In order to make the front view of the phone more concise, we have hidden the light sensor at the top of the screen. Films with poor light transmission, such as color or darkness, may have the possibility of blocking the light-receiving holes and affect the normal use of the mobile phone.
You can refer to the design draft of OPPO original phone case and screen protector to see the specifications.


What is a Ground Loop?It is video noise or audible hum that plays through your speakers that occurs when multiple ground points with slightly different potentials are connected together through your equipment. More on this is available from Jensen Transformer's web site. It's called a loop because it's actually that, a closed circuit. All we have to do is either connect everything to the same ground, or break the loop in the safest and most convenient location.
A clue to a ground loop is that the hum stays constant whether you play music or video or not. Sometimes equipment such as a TV doesn't even have to be on to help cause in the loop.
Note that this is not mechanical hum. If you hear the chassis or transformers vibrating and making more of a buzzing sound your problem is more likely DC on the line. I'll cover that in another post, but this is often caused by PCs, light dimmers, and modern compact florescent bulbs.
Ground Loops and Digital SignalsThe usual "scientific" belief is that digital signals are immune or at least very resistant to noise. While it is true that digital circuits are resistant to many types of noise these circuits, including digital video, can participate in a ground loop which can cause enough jitter to be audible or visible. This includes HDMI, coaxial and USB circuits. Optical digital connections however are completely immune to all external noise, including ground loops.
Ground loops will not occur in Ethernet cabling unless there was a fault in the switches / routers. In other words, almost never since preventing ground loops was part of the design of the entire Ethernet eco-system.
Diagnosing the CauseThere are a few common culprits:
- Cable TV or Satellite Dishes
- External antennas like FM or television
- Audio or video cables from a Personal Computer
- Laptops! (Problem goes away when you disconnect USB or charger) See USB fixes, below.
Lethal Fixes and MythsOne type of fix can be lethal to you and your neighbors. That's a "cheater plug like this one. Any attempt to defeat the ground pins in equipment that has them may be lethal. Do not do it. Do not rely on signal grounds to work the same way. They don't.
Pangea originally sold "high end" IEC cables with removable ground pins. Don't buy them, don't let your friends buy them. They appear to be discontinued, probably due to safety concerns. There is now a 2 conductor C7 version with a removable pin, but that's perfectly safe, and the feature is kind of useless.
I recently heard this argument:
I've been removing ground pins for years and never had a problem.The problem is these pins are like safety belts. So imagine me telling you this:
I've not had a car accident in 20 years, so I no longer wear a seat belt.That should sound dangerous to anyone who drives a car. That's how we electrically minded people think when we hear of audiophiles removing ground pins for that last bit of audio nirvana. There are better and safer ways. Another myth, spread by audiophiles who do not understand the safety ground or the life safety issues involved in UL certification and the National Electric Code:
Your system will be grounded by your RCA cables. No problem!If no problem means dead and on fire, they're right.
Free FixesIf your problem is caused by a piece of audio/video gear, try connecting it all to the same power strip or conditioner. This ensures all the ground wires are at the same potential.
Another free fix may be to use XLR cables. XLR cables are not usually quieter in homes than balanced, BUT! there is a difference. XLR cables don't mix the ground and signal together. You avoid this contamination and XLR inputs often have a safe "Ground Lift" switch. It prevents the grounds loop from occurring at all.
Not A Ground LoopSome issues have nothing to do with ground loops but are caused by induced noise from other sources. This noise can come through the power lines OR be induced by proximity to interconnects and electronics. Things to try turning off, disconnecting, or removing from the environment:
- Compact Flourescent bulbs - VERY noisy!
- Wall warts - These tricky bastards stay on, and polluting even if the device they are feeding is off.
- Wall dimmer switches
- PC and laptop power supplies (yes, again!). Disconnect your PC or laptop cables to your stereo, TV, etc. If the problem comes and goes with the PC/laptop being plugged in, then you have a noise problem and will need to relocate it.
- WiFi devices, including routers, streamers, receivers, modems, etc. If your Wifi device is part of your stereo, try moving the antenna or putting it on a different power strip/conditioner.
Noiseless CablesSometimes the problem is noise our cables pick up. Especially problematic in apartments with a heavy concentration of WiFI signals or near transmission or cellular towers. Some electronics will help pick this up more than others.
Make sure your interconnects are 100% shielded. Most cheap and a lot of expensive RCA cables use a braided ground, which is more of a pick-up antenna than anything else. Regardless of whether you use RCA or XLR cables, the best use 2 conductors plus a foil shield. In essence they are built of conductors:
- Positive conductor
- Negative conductor
- A super thin and delicate foil shield
- The drain wire which is used to attach the foil to a ground conductor on the RCA or XLR jack
My favorite brands for non-esoteric cables:
- DH Labs
Cable TV & Antenna ProblemsThis problem can also cause Internet access issues. I use a dedicated Cable TV isolator like this one. You put it immediately inside the RF plug, unless you have a satellite dish. More on that, below.
Satellite DishesMake sure the satellite dish cable is grounded before entering your home. Even though it is required by code, installers often fail to do this, and ends up in having your receiver or antenna getting fried by heavy wind causing static as it blows across the dish.
Unlike Cable TV and overhead local antennas, satellite dishes require DC power to operate the RF amps built into the little head. For this reason isolating them is a little trickier. Normal isolators block DC in all forms.
The trick is to buy a separate DC power supply for your antenna. Place the ground loop eliminator closest to your receiver, and your antenna power supply closer to the antenna.
HDMIYour best / cheapest way to eliminate issues from your television over HDMI are to fix any connections going to it such as cable tv, satellite, a PC, etc.
USB/DACEarly in the history of external DACs ground loops could occur through coaxial cables. Most good DAC's today provide what is called "galvanic isolation" meaning that there is no DC or ground loop path between the input plugs and the rest of the circuits in a DAC. This can be done by purpose built transformers or modern monolythic IC's. Unfortunately no magazine or agency I know of tests for this so there is no way to 100% guarantee a DAC's isolation. Of course, the way to test this is to disconnect your USB input and see if your hum goes away. There are also cases where you have very little ground loop noise. To fix either use a USB isolator like this inexpensive model designed for medical professionals, but works just as well with USB 2.0 DACs.
Another fix is to use a purely optical cable between your source and DAC such as the Audioquest Forest or Monoprice both of which come in a variety of lengths. Check the size of the plugs, some may interfere with other sockets on your equipment. Optical cables are also a very good choice for going from PC to a DAC or receiver if the PC supports it since PC's are such noisy environments.
Of course, since the entire point is to avoid a current path, gold plated optical cables are kind of silly.
Audio Signal IsolatorsAudiophiles hate putting anything in the signal path, and some fussy recording engineers may also, but pro's also know that it's far better to put in a transformer than delaying a show, so here are a couple of isolation products from Ebtech that are reasonably inexpensive.
I'm currently working on Cable Mittens, a new concept to warm up the sound of an amplifier while breaking ground loops and reducing noise. Until then, the choices below are the best available!
The Hum Eliminator takes 1/4" jacks, but adapters are easily found. For a little more you can get the XLR version shown here.
The EbTech models, especially at their prices, are very good, but audiophiles who only want the very best turn to Jensen Transformers for the gold standard in high quality audio isolation. If that's what you need, I present the RCA Jensen Iso-Max for your approval. It's usually the best solution for PC audio problems.
The XLR Iso-Max, below, is also available for around $250.
Last Ditch EffortsIf your problem is your electronics and the single power strip idea doesn't work, the only remaining almost safe way to prevent the problem I know of is the Ebtech Hum X. The Hum X is only rated for 6A which limits it to line level electronics. You cannot use it on power amps, which is not really a problem because we can prevent the ground loop at either end. You will find it just as effective by putting this on a preamp, TV or source as on the amps. It should also be effective on PCs, but I'm not sure if it could cause other problems.
I say it's "almost safe" because it has not yet been UL approved. The 6A rating is probably why, as there's no way to guarantee users will only plug-in 6A devices.
Iffy SolutionsIf you are an audiophile you might have gotten to the end of this article wondering why the real "power conditioners" weren't mentioned. The truth is that the solutions provided above are the most effective in solving ground-loops than almost any high-end power conditioner. Balanced power conditioners, which are often touted as the best solution for this, may or may not fix actually fix a ground loop problem. Bill Whitlock and Jamie Fox of Jensen wrote a great paper for the Audio Engineering Society on the matter. Balanced conditioners ARE completely effective at removing DC from an AC line however, and very effective at reducing other types of incoming AC line noise.
Other types of power conditioners will have no effect at all on ground loops but may reduce other types of noise or provide surge protection and, as mentioned, connecting all your electronics to a single strip or conditioner may also eliminate the problem but don't go spending big bucks on them trying to fix ground loop issues, or ignore the solutions above because they don't seem high-tech or expensive enough.