Planing to dry camp? Or be prepared to stay in a parking lot when normal RV hookups are not available? Solar charging is a great silent source for “Green” power. Add a 110v inverter option and you can run microwaves, computers, TVs, etc. even at a roadside rests. According to many of our full-time customers, a single optional roof mounted 110+ watt rated solar panel keeps up with their average 12v dc power use. Nothing goes “putt, putt, putt”.
Now that statement is like “beauty is in the eyes of the beholder”. A single solar panel won’t keep up with a high demand, such a LED HD TV or microwave running all day long. Or, turning on all the lights and letting them run for long periods of time. However most of our customers are practical conservative users of 12v electrical power and therefore the single panel, with normal sunshine, keeps up with their 12v power demand. If you do want more available power, one way to get it is by adding additional golf cart batteries for additional power storage. The next step is to add an additional roof mounted solar panel or panels. We normally have the space available for at least 4 roof mounted solar panels.
The control panel shown above reads battery voltage, battery charging amps, battery charge condition and also acts as a voltage regulator, to help prevent overcharging.
Our custom battery box is vented. Our 4 golf cart battery option hooks 6v batteries in series to produce 12v, then the two 12v battery assemblies are hooked in parallel, with a rated maximum storage charge of 270 amp hours @12v. That’s a lot of 12v “juice”. The black wire loop sitting on the top of the batteries is the control cable loop for the optional 2000 w. 110v. inverter, which is normally ordered with solar power. Golf cart batteries last longer, charge faster and give up more of their charge in usable electrical form, than do RV/Marine deep cycle batteries.
Ron and Dan, with the mobile service trailer, are our normal solar and inverter installers, at the Elkhart, IN upfitting center. They often winter in Arizona.
Dave & Judy Fairbanks are pictured checking out in their new RT model at the Native Indian AVI KOA Resort, near our Colorado River factory order display location in Bullhead City, Arizona. Their solar system was ordered with 6 golf cart batteries, as their home park has a separate meter for each camper and they wanted to reduce their metered electrical grid power costs.


I recently got a new smoker… again! Yea! Char-Broil sent me one of their new digital electric smokers, this one with more intelligent guts, the SmartChef digital electric smoker!
What’s so smart about it? It’s run by a smart phone. That means I can set it up, check on it, modify what it’s doing, whatever, all from my iPhone!
The smoker itself is very similar to the digital electric smokers that came out earlier this year. There are four shelves with a decent amount of room, a large electric heating element, and a big smoke box. The range of temps is from 100F to 275F, and there’s an included probe for meat temp.
My first digital electric smoker had a solid door, while this one is glass. It’s easy to get it covered with grease, but also not too hard to clean off. There is a light, though, which shines inside well to see what’s going on, check temps, etc., in the dark. Love this feature!
The setup was simple. I connected to the smoker as a wifi spot, and configured via the app. Then both connect to the house wifi. The food to cook is easy to select, and a button is pushed on the smoker to start preheating and getting the wood ships smoking. The app prompts you to put in the meat, then the temp of the meat is check until it reaches about 5 degrees shy of desired temp. When that happens, the app alerts to check the meat and adjust if needed. If the meat is left in the smoker, once the desired temp is reached, the smoker cools down to a temp to keep the food warm and ready until it’s taken out.
My first use was for turkey, and I set it up in the morning before doing a TV appearance on a local lifestyle show. While getting ready at the studio, I was able to check on the turkey via the app and see that it was cooking as expected. When I got home, it was ready to take off the smoker!
Pros of the SmartChef digital electric smoker:
- Ability to control the smoker from anyone connected to the internet
- Preprogrammed instructions via the app for a variety of foods with an easy user interface
- Good smoke capability
- Great temperature range for an electric smoker
Cons of the SmartChef digital electric smoker:
- Manual setting of the smoker is difficult and buggy. I tried to change the temperature on a turkey cook, and it set it to the lowest temp, not the temp I requested.
- There’s no manual-only option; a preloaded set up has to be started, then modified (with buggy results)
- The unit can only be controlled via the app,w with no way to set up from the unit itself
- The smoker lost connectivity once, while I was away, which meant I had no way to monitor or control it until I got it reconnected.
- Being an electric smoker, it can’t be left outside if it might rain at all. This makes it difficult to set up and leave while at work, if there’s any chance of rain.
For the cons that have to do with connectivity and the app, I think that will be resolved pretty quickly. There are firmware updates that come through now and then. As the app improves, the inability to control it without the app will be less of any issue.
Overall, I really like the smoker, and the SmartChef addition is great! I’m going to keep using it, whenever it won’t rain!
For full disclosure, Char-Broil provided the SmartChef enable digital electric smoker at no charge, with the understanding that my review would remain unbiased.


VPH institute – Drives In Silico technology to the clinic
The VPH institute is an open community of scientists and clinicians focused on the development and uptake of computer modeling & simulation in healthcare. It is not just a scientific society as it involves a wide range of external stakeholders, such as industry and policy representatives, and federal agency employees that collaborate with the VPH Institute to advance the field of predictive medicine and make sure that in silico technology can make it to the clinic.
In silico medicine has the potential to revolutionise the future of healthcare. That is the reason why the VPH institute brings scientists and clinicians from the US and the EU together to further advance this potentially lifesaving technique.
Being a member of the VPH institute allows for the participation in a network of researchers to share ideas and work towards a common goal. The members are committed to making a real difference in the field of healthcare, and not just to publishing new scientific articles. The members joined the VPH Institute to become a part of an organisation that is working diligently to develop the use of in silico medicine and provide new and effective ways to treat diseases.
Further information can be found here: www.vph-institute.org.


NVD-3306 Barrier Opening Device with Mobile Phone (2K) can be controlled without the need for a remote control or a card reader to open the barrier entrances in the building, site and parking areas.
Only registered persons can open the barrier or gates.
Numbers can be added or removed easily. If desired, 2 doors can be controlled simultaneously.
It is quite simple to use. Log records of 50 people who opened the last door can be taken. 1280 numbers can be registered.
Numbers can be uploaded to the device via bluetooth with the application. Thanks to the password control, unauthorized persons are prevented from taking action.
The device has 2 modes Mod0 and Mod1. If it is Mode0, if the caller number is registered, it automatically puts it as busy and pulls the relay. If Mode1, if the caller number is registered, the device responds.
Relay statuses to the device are optional. It can be defined as opening and closing to the 2nd relay while only sending an open command to the 1st relay. Solutions can be produced for different, special projects, and different integrations can be made.
- 2 Relays ( 2 Door Control )
- ARM processor
- 1280 number registration
- Management via Bluetooth
- Many parameters such as trigger time, password can be adjusted via SMS.
- Contacts can be added or removed easily via SMS.
- 12V-24 DC voltage operating range
- 1 is input
- Optional RS232 input
- 100% Domestic Production
- Building doors and barriers
- sites gates
- On-off control of remote doors
- hotels doors


Google Announced Android Officially Named as “Marshmallow”
On Monday, Google announced the official version of the new system is Android 6.0; the name of the system is the Marshmallow. The enhancements of the latest version include fingerprint sensors and an updated power-saving mode.
As we all know, the name of Google Android operating system would often use certain kind of delicious desserts.
It’s said that the Google engineer Hiroshi Lockheimer in a blog reported that, in fact, the name of Android operating system do not necessarily follow the desserts , and it will includes some our favorite delicious food when Google software engineers work overtime at night.
By convention, in the Developer Conference, Google would often use a letter as the name of new Android version, the new name will be announced in the fall, and it often comes with the introduction of new Nexus. Before that, there was news said that its new version of Android will be “Android M” and the number may not be 6.0, but 5.2. But the message was wrong.
Google will launch a final version of the Android 6.0 SDK for all developers, and developers will use it to develop applications that are compatible with the latest version of the Android. Of course, Google’s Nexus smartphones and tablets will be first equipped with the latest version of Android – Official Android 6.0 which is called “Marshmallow”.
This year, the two new Nexus phone will be designed by Chinese Huawei Technologies and LG Electronics Corporation. And its screen size would be 5.2 inches and 5.7 inches, which will be on sale during the year.
In addition, Google will launch mobile phone “Andrews One” in some developing countries, which will also be the first upgrade to the new system.
After that, Google will provide the code of new system with open-source way, and Android manufacturers all over the world can be customized and modified to release their new Android version for their users.
Google had hoped to use the implant software store and Internet services as a return of Android development project. But in Chinese markets, Google’s services and software have been completely removed. And the various mobile phone manufacturers make their efforts to market their own brand Android interface.
In view of this situation, Google launches Nexus and Android One, which aims at strengthening the control of mobile phone system and software, avoiding their own software and services being unloaded by other Android manufacturers.
Are you attracted by the new Android system? Nowadays, changing mobile phone is more and more common. Most of mobile users will be frustrated with transferring files from phone to phone, especially when their phones are installed with different mobile operating systems. Mobile Transfer focuses on transferring various data between two mobile phones, which is also a great piece of news for new Android users.


LightPointe’s DualPath Kit
bundles two specially designed Layer 2 switches with
two high-performance unlicensed radios (raw data rates
up to 72 Mbps) to provide a high-availability upgrade
option for all LightPointe Optical Wireless linkheads.
When used as part of a LightPointe system, the DualPath
Kit provides redundancy via seamless, sub-second switchover
between primary (Optical Wireless) and secondary (RF)
links, ensuring up to 99.999% network availability even
switch firmware minimizes flapping issues and associated
port closures while providing network management functionality.
With the DualPath Kit, customers can now upgrade their
existing LightPointe Optical Wireless installations.
Radios can be channel-selected to operate from 5.4 GHz
to 5.8 GHz frequencies, making them compliant for regulatory
requirements of most countries. Please consult country-specific
rules for regulatory guidance on RF usage.
LightPointe’s FlightStrata 100 XA is our fully integrated
solution based on DualPath architecture for outdoor
wireless that includes web-based network configuration,
monitoring, management and advanced failover features.


General Hardware Failure" errors on XBOX360
Three red lights on the Xbox 360's ring indicator representing a "General Error requiring service of the Console or Power Adapter," commonly nicknamed the "Red Ring of Death."
Three flashing red lights around the Xbox 360 power button instead of the one to four green lights indicating normal operation represent an internal problem that requires service. Warning signs may include freeze-ups, graphical problems in the middle of gameplay, such as checkerboard or pinstripe patterns on the screen, and sound errors. These events may happen once or several times until the hardware failure occurs, or not at all. If the console freezes occasionally, the error will not necessarily follow.
This error code is usually caused by failure of one or more hardware components, although it can indicate that the console is not receiving enough power from the power supply, which can either be due to a faulty power supply or if the power supply cable is not fully inserted into the console. The 3 flashing lights can also be caused by power surges; if the console is connected to an outlet that receives a power surge, it may have a failure and the 3 lights will appear as long as the console is plugged into the outlet. Turning off the console, unplugging all power cables and plugging them back in, and restarting the console may fix this issue in some cases.
Distinct from the General Hardware Failure is a similar-looking error warning where four red lights appear, in which case the console does not detect an AV cable is plugged in; however, this error code is not generated on models equipped with the HDMI connection. The four lights can sometimes also be seen when power surges or very brief power outages occur while the console is running, in which the console needs to be unplugged and plugged back in again to reset the error. Two red lights appear when the system is overheated.
Xbox 360 S
The power button utilizes a different design that does not incorporate the same style of lighting that past models used. A flashing red light means that the console is overheating, similar to the two-light error code on the original model Xbox 360; however, an on-screen message also appears, telling the user that the console will automatically power off to protect itself from overheating. A solid red light is similar to the one-light error if an "E XX" error message is displayed and a three-light error code if the error message is absent. More recently, Microsoft has reinstated the use of the ringed LED lights on the panel of the touch sensor on models made after mid 2011. Microsoft released no reason for the reinstatement of the ringed LED lights on the Xbox 360 S.
General Hardware Failure" errors on PlayStation 3 (PS3)
Yellow Light of Death
The indicator light on the PlayStation 3 starts green, switches to yellow, and then quickly switches to red, and blinks indefinitely.
The PlayStation 3 will display this error for two different reasons. To determine what is causing the error on your console, turn the console on, and listen closely for the fan. If the fan powers on briefly, and then switches off, you have an issue with the motherboard. If the fan does not power on at all, then you likely have an issue with the power supply.
The most common cause of the YLOD error and the PlayStation 3 failing to boot is a hardware malfunction on the motherboard. The error is caused by the failure of the solder joints between the CPU and GPU and the motherboard. This error can be fixed by re-soldering the chips to the motherboard, and, while not a 100% guaranteed fix, it is the best option for repairing the YLOD. iFixit offers both kits and guides to facilitate this fix.
One cause of the PlayStation 3 not booting is a faulty power supply. A much smaller percentage of PS3 consoles will display the yellow light as a result of a faulty power supply. If the power supply is faulty, then it will need to be replaced.
PS3 Doesn't Read Optical Media
There are two models of Blu-ray drives for the fat models of PlayStation 3, each with parts specific to their own model. The easiest way to tell which kind of drive is in your PlayStation 3 is to take the drive out and look at it. If the drive has an exposed control board on the bottom of the Blu-ray drive, the Blu-ray drive's model number is KEM-400. If there is no exposed control board, then the Blu-ray drive's model number is KEM-410.
The most common PS4 problem we see is that the PS4 turns off randomly while gamers are using the console. This may also appear alongside the console not turning on when the owner pushes the power button.
If this PS4 problem is taking place users will see a blinking blue light or blinking red light on the console instead of a white light. This issue first appeared in November 2013, and Sony soon offered a collection of fixes for this PS4 problem, including an option to get a replacement if none of them work. If you have this problem you should:
If you are experiencing PS4 WiFi problems you should unplug your router, wait a minute and then plug it back in. Then on your PS4 delete the WiFi connection and then reconnect to your WiFi network. This may solve simple problems. You should check your router location and if possible move it to a higher location that is not obstructed.
NW-31297-2 PS4 error code showing after installing the PS4 4.5 update.
Users can try to reconnect to WiFi by re-entering password, but for many users, this will not fix it. There have been a lot of complaints on the PlayStation Forums from users who cannot fix this PS4 WiFi problem. With the PS4 5.0 update and higher this shouldn’t be an issue any more.


Why the Value Pack Retrofit Kit
The Value Pack Retrofit kit is based on the Value Series (VS) family of hot tub controls which were designed using Balboas patented M7 temperature and flow sensor technology. The VS systems have a plastic enclosure to eliminate corrosion and suppress water intrusion. Also, the connectors are built onto the circuit board to minimize wires and simplify service. The Value Pack is a kit that is known for reliability, ease of installation and serviceability.
Bringing an old tub into the 21st century is less expensive than buying a new tub. It also enhances the experience and increases the use of an existing tub.
Features & Benefits


The latest and the most convenient method of inspecting a sewer line, is with the help of a small fiber optic camera. Earlier the process of repairing sewer lines by finding out the blocks where painful and troublesome as it involves excavating large areas where ever the sewer lines are running. This process usually leads to a lot of property damage, time and money. Sewer line blocks are very common in New Jersey and are also the most troublesome plumbing problem. The latest, sophisticated and the most convenient method of inspecting a sewer line is with the help of a small fiber optic camera that is passed through the sewer line. This method has made the whole process of sewer line inspection easier and less destructive.
A plumbing company equipped with this latest technology when called for inspection, will pass the camera through the sewer lines that will provide them visual images of what is inside the pipe lines thus making it easier to detect the damages and the blocks without having to excavate a large area. Even the location can be detected accurately using this small but mighty camera. Almost all the problems like a crushed or broken pipe, blockage due to tree roots, pipes that have disjoined etc can be detected with the help of this camera. Once the location of the damages have been detected with the help of this technology only that area need to be dug thus saving you a lot of time, money and trouble.


For some time now I've been trying to solve a problem where the game simply freezes but sounds -- including UI sounds when you click or activate controls -- go on working. The game has to be forcibly quit form the Task Manager. The Event log will show an "Event ID 0" error from the graphics driver and immediately followed by a "Display" Warning with Event ID 4101 stating the display driver "stopped responding and has successfully recovered."
The graphics card is running on its stock settings (Nvidia, in my case).
It happens whether addons are present or not.
It happens whether the CPU is running on overclocked settings or not (and overclock is tested stable).
It happens whether memory is set to its XMP profile or not.
After some searching regarding fixes for crashes in another game (Control under DX12) I ran into another older thread here on the ESO forums where similar crashing had been extensively examined and the results posted -- and the resolution was to underclock the GPU slightly. Interesting. I tried it and it did indeed stop the kinds of freezes/crashes I was experiencing in both Control and ESO.
Underclocking the GPU by 50MHz worked on my system (the original posted solution was underclocking by 90MHz), but it got me thinking -- there's something else not quite right going on, because the crashes happen even when the graphics driver's power setting is set to "maximum performance" mode. And the computer's power supply is over-specced for the load being put on it; monitoring it with other software never showed any power issues.
So what's happening? It seems that the default power limits for the GPU are actually set too low for some games, and will cause the GPU to under-perform at even its stock speed -- leading to the freezes and graphics driver/display errors.
The solution is to use a tool like MSI Afterburner, EVGA Precision X1, or your GPU's included tweaking tool to increase just the GPU power and voltage limits. In the case of my GPU, a 2080 Super, they can safely be increased to their maximum limits because there's a had cap set in VBIOS that prevents them from ever going above a safe level. The GPU temperature limit was left alone at its default, and the cards memory and GPU speeds were left at the card's defaults. And the freezing/hanging completely vanished. There's no increase in heat on the card either -- it's simply allowed to run at the GPU manufacturer's full range of power and voltage as designed.
So why would a graphics card fail to perform adequately under its default settings for power and voltage limits? My best guess is that defaults were set up to be less likely to incur thermal throttling in pre-built and popular cases which may have limited airflow, and therefor GPU temperatures might climb very quickly under load. You won't have that problem if you PC's case is well-ventilated.
So if you're experiencing these kinds of freezes/hangs and related errors, it may be worthwhile to try increasing the GPU voltage and power (wattage) limits. You may not even need to run them wide-open if you're concerned with saving power. Just monitor your GPU temperature and make sure it stays below 84 degrees or so. Mine never leaves the mid-60s no matter what.
This isn't so much an ESO problem as it is a design/power settings issue with GPU manufacturers, since it's affecting a number of games.
Your mileage may vary; proceed with caution, of course. But these are considered "safe" settings to work with particularly on modern graphics cards, and their effect is to improve stability rather than introduce potential problems like GPU overclocking can.


Strong authentication (generally based on a single factor) is authentication based on a cryptographic mechanism whose parameters and security are considered to be robust (the secret element is generally a cryptographic key).
Authentication protocols that can be considered strong are often based on challenge-response protocols.
The message sent by the prover to authenticate himself depends on both a secret key and a variable challenge sent by the verifier.
When a prover wishes to prove his identity to a verifier, the latter sends him a challenge (a random value for example) and the prover must send him a response calculated from this specific challenge (a signature of this challenge for example).
In order to be considered as strong, authentication must be based on a cryptographic protocol which is able to resist certain attacks such as :
- eavesdropping, in which an attacker passively eavesdrops on the communication channel between the prover and the verifier;
- replay attacks, which consist of an attacker recovering authentication information (such as a password or its fingerprint) and using this information to replay it in order to usurp the target's identity;
- man-in-the-middle attacks, in which an attacker intercepts and modifies communications between the prover and the verifier during authentication without being detected;
- non-forgeability: if an attacker observes several authentication exchanges with a prover, he must not be able to usurp the prover's identity in a new authentication exchange.
Examples of strong authentication based on a possession factor include :
- certificate-based authentication (stored on smart cards, for example) ;
- the FIDO2 and FIDO U2F protocols ;
- OTP** (One-Time Password) protocols such as HOTP (HMAC-based OTP ), TOTP (Time- based OTP ) or OCRA (OATH Challenge-Response Algorithm ).
In each of these cases, the prover proves his identity to the verifier by indirectly demonstrating possession of a cryptographic key which must remain secret.
Examples of strong authentication based on a knowledge factor include :
- the Kerberos protocol  ;
- PAKE (Password-Authenticated Key Agreement) protocols such as SPAKE2  or OPAQUE .
Dastra helps you comply with the GDPR, request a demo to find out more.


Mega Industrial Expo 2023
More than 50,000 industrial materials, components and services are on display at the three-day International Advanced Components and Technology Expo-2023, which began in Dhaka yesterday.
Walton, the leading electronics manufacturer in Bangladesh, organised the mega industrial fair, being held at the International Convention City Bashundhara.
“Walton is making more than 50,000 industrial materials and components.
It is really a big deal. Bangladesh’s electronics industry will go further with the help of Walton,


Tempsens offers optical pyrometer that can be used in all processes where temperature plays an important role. Read full chapter. For most materials, emissivity is the opposite of reflectivity. Thermal object measuring apparatus US5973996A (en) * … Communications utilities to monitor up to 32 Modline 7 sensors. Single and Two-Color Infrared Thermocouple Thermometer Two-Color and Single Color Handheld Infrared Pyrometers. $62.99 $ 62. These pyrometers are used for specific applications. Infrared pyrometer. In 1987, Pyrometer purchased exclusive patent rights from Exxon Corporation to develop emissivity measurement systems. Definition: A temperature measuring device that is used to measure the temperature of molten metal’s, overheated material, furnaces otherwise liquids. Great cost and performance ratio for integration in industrial machinery. Your email address will not be published. Short-Wavelength pyrometers can be defined as those that are short than 3um. The optical system focuses the energy emitted by an object onto the detector, which is sensitive to the radiation. Large display with keypad to make the necessary adjustments of the fixed pyrometer. These usually project a visible red dot onto the center of the area being measured that identifies the spot being measured, but plays no part in the measurement. Required fields are marked *. Get it as soon as Thu, Jan 7. Simply select a suitable temperature sensor from one of the following product groups! The radiation pyrometer has moderate cost. Pyrometers, or infrared temperature sensors, have been around for quite some time now and as you can imagine come in all different types and varieties. Thermal cameras are much simpler to use and only require one employee to run the screening station. A thermometer is a device that measures temperature or a temperature gradient. So this article discusses an overview of what is an optical pyrometer, construction, and working. Pyrometer optris CS LT. Das Infrarot-Pyrometer optris CS LT eignet sich hervorragend für die Temperaturmessung in kleinen und beengten Umgebungen.Die robusten Messköpfe wurden für Anwendungen in einem Temperaturbereich von -50°C bis 1030°C entwickelt und können bis 80°C ohne zusätzliche Kühlung eingesetzt werden. Compared with Long-Wavelength pyrometers, errors are relatively small for moderate emissivity variation, optical obstruction and misalignment. Measuring systems for precise and reliable optical temperature measurement. A pyrometer or infrared thermometer is a device for non-contact temperature measurement.The pyrometer rests in terms of physics on the evaluation of electromagnetic radiation radiated from the object to be measured, proportional to the object temperature. There is difference between radiation pyrometer and optical pyrometer is given below. Application-specific algorithms correct for complex emissivity characteristics. Figure 9. Offering four different models to choose from these rugged pyrometers feature an IP65 (NEMA 4) enclosure, standard motorized focus control, as well as through-the-lens and laser sighting. Get it as soon as Thu, Jan 7. It has the capability to perform visual comparison between a calibrated light source and the targeted surface. The most common infrared thermometer is the spot infrared pyrometer or infrared pyrometer, which measures the temperature at a spot on a surface (actually a relatively small area determined by the D:S ratio). Step 2: Add very cold water until the water reaches about one half inch (1 centimeter) below the top of the ice. Below is a short description of each technology. In der folgende Liste sehen Sie als Käufer die Liste der Favoriten der getesteten Pyrometer vs ir thermometer, während die Top-Position unseren TOP-Favorit definiert. , Carbon-based flames, thin-film plastics, and website in this browser for the next time comment! 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The UMTS IuB Analyzer gives you a complete overview of the performance of your UMTS UTRAN. It is the perfect tool for analysis of the Quality of Service, trouble shooting, reporting, traffic analysis and analysis of performance of the radio network.
Automatic generation of performance report
Verification of cell and link setup
Analysis of Alcap procedures
Verification of RRC procedures
Vide range of filters
Based on a CDR file generated with Call Analyzer the UMTS IuB Analyzer builds a database where all information about calls and transactions are saved. By using the database the UMTS IuB analyzer can generate reports for e.g. throughput per cell or per subscriber, radio level per cell, radio bearer setup per domain etc. Combined with a vide range of filters for subscribers, cells, path ID, IP address, domain etc. any activity can be analyzed either for the entire network or for a specific part of the network.
The UMTS IuB Analyzer can also generate a user-defined web based report including all graphs and tables selected by the user thus enabling automatic report generation without opening the SW.
From any graph or table it is possible to zoom into details of the activities behind the statistic or by a simple double click to get the complete call trace call or transaction in question – thus making the UMTS IuB analyzer the perfect tool not only for analysing network performance but also for trouble shooting.
Analysis of UTRAN performance
Features for analysis of UTRAN performance include analysis of common and dedicated measurement reports, link setup and deletion as well as cell setup. Each of the functions includes reports and statistics not only for e.g. the measurement values but also for initialising the measurement reports.
Functions for measurement reports include display over time of received wide band power, transmitted carrier power, SIR error value as well as number of active calls.
For further details the measurement reports can be shown per measurement object, per measurement type etc.
The UMTS IuB Analyzer can also make reports and statistics for the different functions of the network like e.g. Alcap that is responsible for setting up channels. The many different reports for the Alcap functionality include analysis of Alcap establishment per channel and path ID as well as delay measurements for establishment of channels.
In case that establishments are suffering from a long delay or other problems are found a single double click takes you to the complete call trace for the transaction in question thus allowing detailed analysis of how the malfunction of the Alcap establishment is handled by e.g. the RRC call setup procedure.
The UMTS IuB Analyzer include several features for analysis of the many network functions that are handled by the RRC protocol such as call establishment, radio bearer setup and security mode settings. Each of the features includes analysis of delay, failures or rejects etc.
RRC call establishment can be sorted and analysed e.g. per cell, per establishment cause, as number of active calls over time, per reject cause etc.
Security mode setting allows verification per domain, per integrity algorithm as well as detailed delay measurements for the security mode setting.


A standout amongst other parts about viewing a TV appear on a 50″ LED screen is the true to life encounter you can get. With the most recent sound and Full HD show innovation, you would now be able to purchase Best 50 inch LED TV intended to give you a predominant survey involvement. These LED TVs accompany highlights like Dolby Digital Sound, Motion Sensor, worked in Wifi, Smart highlights that can convey an unmatched affair. They additionally accompany a scope of bleeding edge highlights, for example, its consistent plan and the remote alternatives, high determination, sharp hues and sound clearness giving you a full realistic affair. The best brands that offer best 50-inch LED TVs are Samsung, LG, Micromax, VU, Philips and Panasonic to give some examples. Given underneath is the value rundown of 142 from the greatest gadgets brands. The rundown is keep going refreshed on 27th February 2018 to keep you refreshed on the most recent entries in the 50-inch LED TV classification.
Top 10 50 Inch LED TV Under Best cost:
- Samsung 49K5300 49 inch Full HD Smart LED Rs. 60,000
- Samsung 49KU6470 49 Inch 4K (Ultra HD) Smart LED Rs. 1,02,999
- Vu LEDN50K310X3D 50 inch 4K (Ultra HD) Smart LED Rs. 44,999
- LG 49LH576T 49 inch Full HD Smart LED Rs. 52,999
- Samsung 50KU6000 50 inch Smart LED Rs. 90,670
- Sony KLV-49W672E 49 inch Full HD Smart LED Rs. 59,990
- Vu 49D6575 49 inch Full HD LED Rs. 29,999
- Samsung UE49K5100AK 49 Inch Full HD Smart LED Rs. 57,999
- LG 49UJ632T 49 Inch 4K (Ultra HD) Rs. 66,404.80
- Panasonic TH-49ES630D 49 Inch Full HD Smart LED Rs. 47,490
Littler 4K UHD TVs are for the most part less recommendable as home excitement frameworks for truly getting a charge out of the organization in light of the fact that 4K determination, in any event when appreciated at typical survey separations of 7 to 10 feet looks much better and makes more effect on a bigger screen. From an ideal or typical survey separation of around 8 feet, 4K determination tends to look relatively indistinguishable to Full HD if content in either pixel arrange has been all around designed and the TV being referred to (4K UHD or HD) is working ideally. Be that as it may, it is not necessarily the case that we don’t prescribe littler 48 to 50 inch 4K TVs for those of you who are ambivalent around 4K versus staying with 4K Full HD. A remarkable opposite.


every practical system is a nonlinear system . so we have to understand the control of this systems . this systems can be approximated to a linear system and controlling of linear system we know very well, we can do pole placement according to our desired response criteria.
so nonlinear system can be approximated to linear system at the equilibrium point. equilibrium points are the points where all states are constant or not changing, find that point and linearize the system for that point and do the rest of the analysis same as the linear system.
stability can be BIBO stability or stability in terms of the equilibrium point, in BIBO stability for a bounded input there should be a bounded output but for stability in sense of equilibrium point there should be convergence of system should be present when we disturb the system means system should come back to the equilibrium point if we disturb the system. this is useful when we don’t know the input for the system then we can use this stability condition.
solution of the any LTI system we know that is the addition of the zero input response and zero state response. for the stability of the system this both response sound be bounded. if we solve this one then we can see the exponential term in that so if it decays then it will decay exponentially. that is called asymptotically stable, hence the exponential stability and asymptotically stability are same. either it will decay asymptotically or it will be unstable.


What is the most important factors when cabling the office network?
Simplified cable layout to provide a safe working environment for staff.
Smooth voice call improve work efficiency.
In order to guarantee the confidentiality of public resources, it should be isolated by different department.
In order to guarantee the daily work efficiency, the office network is one of the most important factors. Wi-Tek is concerned on it and devote to optimize the office network.
24-48V PoE switch simplifies the Ethernet cable layout.
Wi-Tek design this series switch which is compatible to both 802.3af/at and passive 24V powered devices. The smart PoE ports instead of simple ports which does only support either 802.3af/at or passive 24V.
VoIP Qos PoE switch guarantee the quality of voice call.
Qos based on ports, it’s plug and play, no configuration step. It provides a convenient and cost-effective voice call solution.
VLAN realizes the public resources isolation.
The L2 managed switch does support 4k VLAN that the different department can be divided to different VLAN to isolate the public resources. It guarantee the confidentiality of public resources.


|Inventor: Jeffrey Cao||Country: China||Grade: 4|
Invention – Wall Painting Robot
It is a robot that helps to paint the wall. It can work by itself without people.It can paint fast as well as high quality. The painters will inhale formaldehyde gas harmful to human beings when working. The platform is driven by four electric motors and can move along the wall.The roller brush can move up&down by a lift.Paint is piped to the brush by a bump.Use ultrasonic sensors to help to keep a good distance from wall. The main components are include Arduino controller,DC gear motors with wheels, Servo motors and ultrasonic sensors.


Air Automation & Data Acquisition System
Our experienced auditors are required to test and analyze the condition, efficiency, and operating requirements of compressed air systems daily. As a result, our auditors have designed an automation system to maximize the efficiency of various compressors and system configurations. This system is the heritage of N2O2 Compressed Air Automation and Data Acquisition System.
- Compatible screw with any brand or type of compressor at any pressure
- Controls centrifugal, dry or lubricated screws, reciprocating, high or low pressures
- Interfaces to and controls any existing compressor control type or vintage
- Eliminates the costs of compressor control upgrades
- Controls multiple system pressures on a single platform
- Manage multiple complex systems with one automation platform
- Compatible with pressure flow controllers or load sharing system management
- Allows flexibility to manage each system in the most efficient manner
- Exclusive Cell Modem remote support by N2O2 compressed air professionals
- Eliminates the need to compromise the facility network for remote access
- Provides Ethernet ports for connection to plant network
Our standard Compressed Air Automation and Data Acquisition System hardware includes:
- A Main Panel that houses the processor, 19th color touch screen, power supply, analog inputs, communication master, and all other related connection hardware.
More About Air Automation & Data Acquisition Systems
Our Data Acquisition software runs in a discreetly partitioned Windows XP environment, thereby making it easy to interface and provide all recorded data to virtually any plant DCS or MIS software. This includes Wonderware, Intellution, RS View, etc. Our exclusive Cell Modem technology enables iZ’s compressed air experts to maintain long-term peak performance in the system. Moreover, our Data Acquisition software is easily expandable and scalable, allowing it to serve as the backbone for a plant-wide data system covering all facility equipment such as chillers, boilers, pumps, cooling towers, etc. We offer online demonstrations of this capability upon request.
The Overview Screen is a process flow schematic of the supply system storage and header pressures which displays individual compressor status, power and flow to provide a snapshot analysis of the system’s operation. Additionally, total system flow, power, efficiency and pressure are summarized in a table for a snapshot of system status and performance.


● (16) bonded downstream channels w/ data rates that can be faster than 500 Mbps
● (4) bonded upstream channels with data rates that can be faster than 120 Mbps
● DOCSIS 3.0 & backward compatibility with existing DOCSIS 2.0, 1.1, and 1.0
● DOCSIS-compliant support for IPv6/IPv4
● Expanded tuning range, 88-1002 MHz
● Two-line embedded digital voice adapter for wired telephony service
● Toll-quality, high-compression, & high-fidelity (exceeding toll quality)
● One 10/100/1000BASE-T Ethernet ports to provide wired connectivity
● Dual-color LED status indicators on the front panel indicate cable modem operational status
● TR-068-compliant color-coded connectors & cables simplify installation & setup
● Remote manageability using SNMP V1/V2 and V3
The Cisco DPC3216 (Figure 1) uses advanced line interface technology to provide multi-country, toll-quality telephone service using existing in-home wiring. The Cisco DPC3216 features single-line or two RJ-11 telephone ports for voice, and it supports a total of 10 ringer equivalence number (REN) loading, 5 REN per phone line.
The Cisco DPC3216 is designed to meet PacketCable™ 1.5 and DOCSIS 3.0 specifications and is backward compatible with DOCSIS 2.0, 1.1, and 1.0 networks. It fully supports the CODECs specified in PacketCable 1.5. Additional CODECs are available through a software upgrade that includes a high-fidelity CODEC option for toll-quality-plus service. Standard VoIP call signaling is compliant with PacketCable Media Gateway Control Protocol/Network-based Call Signaling (MGCP/NCS) specifications. Software upgrades are available to support Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) call signaling.
|Cisco DPC3216 Manual||Cisco DPC3216 Specs||N/A|


Portable Fiber Laser Marking Machine 20W 30W
1. Model no.: ZE-FL1
2. Marking area: 110x110mm as standard
3. Laser power: 20watt, 30watt
4. Software: EZCAD
5. Payment: T/T(optional)
6. Application: gold and silver ring, all Metals, stainless steel, hard plastic, etc.
Portable Fiber Laser Marking Machine 20W 30W Features:
1. Mini laser marking machine is the integrated design,compact size.
2. Low consumption,long life-span,high efficiency.
3. Free from maintenance,convenient to be installed and taken away.
4. The weight of the machine is only 25KG,
5. The whole machine is of easy operation,and one key to control the power on
6. With strong extensive ability,the equipment can be available in all kinds of working environment.
7. And precise light spot,it is no need of consumable items.
8. The scanning galvanometer is imported with original packaging,
9. With compact size and fast speed,it is of precise location,
10. Its software operation is simple and function is strong
Laser power: 20W,30W
Lens size: 110x110mm
Beam quality: ﹤1.5
Marking speed: ≤7000mm/s
Smallest mark characters: about 0.3mm
Engrave depth: ≤0.5mm depend on material
Marking line width: 0.03mm
Cooling system: Air cooled
Indicate light: Red light
Support format: AI,PLT,JPG,etc.
Weight:Less than 30KG Cooling mode: Air cooling
Top brand fiber laser source:
1. The 20-100W Q-Switched Pulse Fiber Laser Series developed by Raycus/ Jpt/ Max are all the industrial marking and micromachining laser.
2. This series pulse laser has high peak power, high single-pulse energy and optional spot diameter.
3.It can be widely applied in the
fields, such as marking, precision processing, graphic engraving of non-metal, gold, silver, copper and aluminum with altitude.
High speed galvo laser head
1. Sino-galvo high-speed galvanometer scanner.
2. Professional and long life time.
3. With more precision for laser beam
4. Two red dots for easier focus
High light transmittance optical lens
1. High light transmittance optical lens
2. With different size from 70x70mm ~300x300mm.
3. wavelength or other brand
Ezcad control board and software
1. EzCad Card enables real-time control of scan system and lasers over a standard USB host interface.
2. Customers can integrate complete machinery easily over the EzCad Card due to its compactness and I/O capabilities.
3. Fast response times and short execution cycle times make the EzCad Card perfectly suitable for high performance applications.
4. It can load marking file via a removable MMC memory card.
1. Electronic and communication products, IC products, electric lines, cable computer components.
2. Every kind of precision parts,hardware tools,instrument appliance,aviation and spaceflight appliance.
3. Jewelry, garments, instruments, gifts, office devices, brand scutcheon, sanitary ware appliance.
4. Dishware ,food ,drinking,smoking and alcohol,etc.
Optional parts – Rotary attachment:
The laser marking machine rotary is for round shape products marking and engraving
A: You can import any jpg, bmp, plt, dxf and png files that you want.
2. Q: What’s the computer requirements?
A: Smart machines are compatible with Windows® XP/7/8/10 both 32-bit and 64-bit operating systems. The file transfer is performed via USB connection to the computer at speeds up to 500 KB per second or via USB flash drive direct transfer.
3. Q: Is there any laser machine maintenance?
A: All of the configurations of Smart laser marking machine is free-maintenance.
4. Q: How does the Smart machine working?
A: A laser machine works by directing a very powerful laser beam at a precise focal length onto a variety of materials. Depending on the speed and power set, the laser beam will either remove the surface of the material or cut through it.
5. Q: What are the consumables?
A: The Smart laser marking machine if free of maintenance and there are no consumables.


Commercial Business Radio carries only the best in radio communication equipment and systems.
Some of our specialties include:
Call or stop by today to find out how we can meet your communication needs!
Don’t settle for weak cell phone coverage and inferior security systems. If you live in Delta, UT, or the surrounding areas, get the premium wireless communication and security equipment you deserve at Commercial Business Radio, LC.
We carry state-of-the-art alarm systems and security equipment to better protect your possessions. You’ve worked hard to acquire your property, so don’t make it easy on thieves by leaving your facility unsecured. Installing a high-tech alarm system will give you peace of mind knowing your belongings are safer and will also help lower homeowners insurance.
At Commercial Business Radio, we also specialize in microwave wireless internet. Also known as fixed wireless, this technology provides generous amounts of bandwidth and transmits information at high speeds using radio waves. Take advantage of this wireless communications technology to upgrade the amount of data that can be transferred between two set of locations, as well as how quickly that information can be sent.
When you decide it’s time to invest in a premium alarm system, mobile radio, or any other wireless communications technology, make the wise decision and shop at our store first. You’ll benefit from the most affordable prices, friendliest staff, and best selection of tech equipment available in Millard County.


The Department of Energy has scheduled the first of two upcoming subcritical experiments -- physics experiments to obtain scientific data on the properties of nuclear materials -- for July 2. The experiment, named Rebound, is sponsored by the Los Alamos National Laboratory at the U1a Complex at the Nevada Test Site.
The scientific experiments will use chemical high explosives to generate high pressures that will be applied to nuclear material. The configuration and quantities of explosives and nuclear materials will be such that no nuclear explosion will take place. Thus, the experiments are consistent with the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT). They are called "subcritical" because no self-sustaining nuclear fission chain reaction will occur. Scientific data will be obtained on the behavior of plutonium by the use of high-speed measurement instruments.
The JASONs, an independent group of scientists, reviewed the designs of the first two subcritical experiments. They concluded that "these particular experiments will add valuable scientific information to our database relevant to the performance of our nuclear weapons, and that there is no conceivable scenario in which these experiments lead to criticality."
Subcritical experiments are essential to the United States' commitment to a world free of nuclear testing while maintaining a reliable nuclear deterrent. These experiments are integral to the department's stockpile stewardship and management program, the plan to maintain the safety and reliability of the nuclear weapons stockpile in the absence of underground nuclear testing. This confidence in safety and reliability is required by the President as a condition for his support of the zero-yield CTBT.
-- DOE --


In today's scientific landscape, small laboratories face numerous challenges when it comes to managing research processes effectively. Limited resources, manual data entry, and cumbersome workflows can hinder productivity and the ability to maximize research efficiency. However, with the advent of Laboratory Information Management Systems (LIMS), small laboratories now have a powerful tool at their disposal. In this article, we will explore the benefits of LIMS systems for small laboratories and how they can significantly enhance research efficiency.
Understanding LIMS Systems
Laboratory Information Management Systems (LIMS) are software platforms specifically designed to streamline laboratory workflows, data management, and regulatory compliance. LIMS systems serve as a central hub for managing and organizing various laboratory operations, including sample tracking, data storage, experiment management, and result analysis. With LIMS, small laboratories can automate manual processes, reduce errors, improve collaboration, and achieve higher levels of research efficiency.
Benefits of LIMS Systems for Small Laboratories
- Efficient Sample Tracking and Data Management: One of the key features of LIMS systems is their ability to track and manage samples throughout their lifecycle. LIMS provides a centralized database where researchers can easily log and track samples, ensuring proper labeling, storage, and retrieval. Moreover, LIMS systems enable automatic data capture, eliminating the need for manual data entry, reducing errors, and improving data integrity. This streamlined sample tracking and data management significantly improves research efficiency and saves valuable time for laboratory personnel.
- Workflow Automation and Standardization: LIMS systems allow small laboratories to automate repetitive tasks and standardize workflows. Researchers can create customized templates for experiment protocols, data entry forms, and result analysis, ensuring consistency across experiments and reducing variability. By automating routine processes, LIMS systems free up researchers' time, enabling them to focus on more critical aspects of their work, such as data analysis and interpretation.
- Improved Collaboration and Data Sharing: LIMS systems enhance collaboration within small laboratories by providing a centralized platform for sharing data, protocols, and results. Researchers can access and share information in real-time, which facilitates effective teamwork. Moreover, LIMS systems allow secure data sharing with external collaborators, enabling seamless collaboration between different research institutions or industry partners. This enhanced collaboration and data sharing accelerates research progress and fosters scientific advancements.
- Enhanced Regulatory Compliance: Small laboratories often operate within a regulatory framework that requires strict adherence to quality control standards and data integrity. LIMS systems offer built-in features to ensure compliance with regulatory guidelines, including audit trails, electronic signatures, and data traceability. These features not only improve data integrity but also simplify the process of audits and inspections. LIMS systems help small laboratories maintain compliance, reducing the risk of penalties and ensuring the integrity of research data.
- Data Analysis and Reporting: LIMS systems provide advanced data analysis tools and reporting capabilities, enabling researchers to extract meaningful insights from their research data. These systems often integrate with analytical instruments, allowing seamless transfer of data for analysis. Researchers can perform statistical analysis, generate visualizations, and create customized reports, facilitating data-driven decision-making and accelerating the pace of scientific discovery.


Firstborn - Intel 4004
Intel sold its first microprocessor in 1971. It was a 4-bit chip with the code name 4004. It was designed to work together with three other microchips, ROM 4001, RAM 4002 and shift register 4003. 4004 performed the calculations directly, and the remaining components were critical for the processor. The 4004 chips were mainly used in calculators and other similar devices, and were not intended for computers. Its maximum clock speed was 740 kHz.
4004 was followed by a similar processor called 4040, which, in fact, represented an improved version of the 4004 with an extended command system and higher performance.
8008 and 8080
With the help of 4004 Intel announced itself in the market of microprocessors, and to benefit from the situation introduced a new series of 8-bit processors. Chips 8008 appeared in 1972, then in 1974 appeared processors 8080, and in 1975 - chips 8085. Although 8008 is the first 8-bit microprocessors of Intel, it was not so well known as its predecessor or successor - model 8080. Thanks to the possibility Processing data with 8-bit blocks 8008 was faster than 4004, but had a rather modest clock speed of 200-800 kHz and did not particularly attract the attention of system designers. 8008 was produced using 10-micron technology.
Intel 8080 was much more successful. The architectural design of 8008 chips was changed due to the addition of new instructions and the transition to 6-micron transistors. This allowed Intel to more than double the clock speeds, and the fastest 8080 processors in 1974 worked at a frequency of 2 MHz. The CPU 8080 was used in countless devices, and several software developers, for example, the newly formed Microsoft, focused on software for Intel processors.
Ultimately, the later 8086 microchips had a common architecture with 8080 to keep backward compatibility with the software written for them. As a result, the key hardware blocks of the 8080 processors were present in all the x86-based processors that were ever produced. The software for the 8080 can also technically work on any x86 processor.
Processors 8085, in fact, represented a cheaper version of the 8080 with increased clock speed. They were very successful, although they left a small footprint in history.
8086: the beginning of the x86 era
The first 16-bit Intel processor was 8086. It had significantly higher performance than the 8080. In addition to the increased clock speed, the processor had a 16-bit data bus and hardware execution blocks, allowing the 8086 to simultaneously perform two 8-bit instructions. In addition, the processor could perform more complex 16-bit operations, but most of the programs of that time were developed for 8-bit processors, so support for 16-bit operations was not as relevant as multitasking. The bit size of the address bus was expanded to 20-bits, which gave the processor 8086 access to 1 MB of memory and increased performance.
8086 also became the first processor on the x86 architecture. He used the first version of the x86 command set, on which almost all AMD and Intel processors are based since the appearance of this chip.
Around the same time, Intel released the chip 8088. It was built on the base of 8086, but it had half of the address bus turned off, and it was limited to the performance of 8-bit operations. However, he had access to 1 MB of RAM and worked at higher frequencies, so it was faster than previous 8-bit Intel processors.
80186 and 80188
After 8086 Intel introduced several other processors, all of which used a similar 16-bit architecture. The first chip was 80186. It was designed to simplify the design of ready systems. Intel relocated some hardware elements, which were usually located on the motherboard, to the CPU, including a clock generator, an interrupt controller, and a timer. By integrating these components into the CPU, the 80186 has become many times faster than the 8086. Intel also increased the chip clock speed to further improve performance.
The 80188 processor also had a number of hardware components integrated in the chip, but it cost an 8-bit data bus, like the 8088, and was offered as a budget solution.
80286: more memory, more performance
After the release of 80186 in the same year appeared 80286. It had almost identical characteristics, except for the extended to 24-bit address bus, which, in the so-called protected mode of the processor, allowed it to work with RAM up to 16 MB.
IAPX 432 was an early attempt by Intel to get away from the x86 architecture in a completely different direction. According to Intel calculations, iAPX 432 should be several times faster than other solutions of the company. But, in the long run, the processor failed due to significant architecture flaws. Although x86 processors were considered relatively complex, iAPx 432 raised the complexity of CISC to a whole new level. The configuration of the processor was rather cumbersome, which forced Intel to release the CPU on two separate crystals. The processor was also designed for high loads and could not work well in conditions of a lack of bus bandwidth or data entry. IAPX 432 was able to overtake 8080 and 8086, but it was quickly eclipsed by newer processors on the x86 architecture, and eventually it was abandoned.
I960: Intel's first RISC processor
In 1984 Intel created its first RISC-processor. It was not a direct competitor to x86-based processors, since it was intended for secure embedded solutions. These chips used a 32-bit superscalar architecture, in which the Berkeley RISC design concept was applied. The first i960 processors had relatively low clock speeds (the younger model worked at 10 MHz), but over time the architecture was improved and transferred to thinner processes, which allowed raising the frequency to 100 MHz. They also supported 4 GB of protected memory.
I960 was widely used in military systems and also in the corporate segment.
80386: x86 to 32-bit transition
The first 32-bit processor on the x86 architecture from Intel was 80386, which appeared in 1985. Its key advantage was the 32-bit address bus, which allowed to address up to 4 GB of system memory. Although at that time, almost no one used memory, the limitations of RAM often harmed the performance of previous x86 processors and competing CPUs. In contrast to modern CPUs, at the time of the appearance of 80386, increasing the amount of RAM almost always meant an increase in performance. Intel also implemented a number of architectural improvements that helped improve performance above 80286, even when both systems used the same amount of RAM.
To add more affordable models to the product line, Intel introduced the 80386SX. This processor was almost identical to the 32-bit 80386, but was limited to a 16-bit data bus and supported the work with RAM only up to 16 MB.
In 1989, Intel made another attempt to get away from x86 processors. She created a new CPU with a RISC architecture called i860. Unlike the i960, this CPU was designed as a high-performance model for the desktop market, but the processor design had some drawbacks. The main one was that, in order to achieve high performance, the processor fully relied on software compilers, which were supposed to place instructions in the order they were executed when the executable was created. This helped Intel save the crystal size and reduce the complexity of the i860 chip, but when compiling programs it was almost impossible to correctly position each instruction from start to finish. This forced the CPU to spend more time processing data, which drastically reduced its performance.
80486: FPU integration
The 80486 processor was Intel's next big step in terms of performance. The key to success was more dense integration of components in the CPU. 80486 was the first x86 processor with L1 cache (first level). The first samples of the 80486 had 8 KB of cache on the chip and were manufactured using a 1000 nm process technology. But with the transition to 600 nm the cache volume L1 increased to 16 KB.
Intel also included in the CPU FPU, which previously was a separate functional unit for data processing. Moving these components to the central processor, Intel noticeably reduced the delay between them. To increase the throughput, the 80486 processors also used a faster FSB interface. To improve the processing speed of external data, many improvements have been made in the core and other components. These changes significantly increased the performance of processors 80486, which at times overtook the old 80386.
The first processors of the 80486 reached a frequency of 50 MHz, and later models produced by the process technology of 600 nm could operate at a frequency of up to 100 MHz. For customers with a smaller budget, Intel released 80486SX, in which the FPU was blocked.
P5: The first Pentium processor
The Pentium appeared in 1993 and was the first Intel x86 processor that did not follow the 80x86 numbering system. Pentium used the architecture P5 - the first superscalar microarchitecture x86 Intel. Although the Pentium was generally faster than 80486, its main feature was the significantly improved FPU. FPU of the original Pentium was more than ten times faster than the old block in 80486. The significance of this improvement only increased when Intel released the Pentium MMX. In terms of microarchitecture, this processor is identical to the first Pentium, but it supported the Intel MMX SIMD instruction set, which could significantly increase the speed of individual operations.
Compared to 80486, Intel has increased the amount of L1 cache in new Pentium processors. The first Pentium models had 16 KB of the first level cache, and the Pentium MMX already received 32 KB. Naturally, these chips worked at higher clock speeds. The first Pentium processors used transistors with a process technology of 800 nm and reached only 60 MHz, but subsequent versions created using the Intel 250 nm manufacturing process reached 300 MHz (the Tillamook core).
P6: Pentium Pro
Soon after the first Pentium, Intel planned to release a Pentium Pro based on the P6 architecture, but faced technical difficulties. Pentium Pro performed 32-bit operations much faster than the original Pentium due to the extraordinary execution of commands. These processors had a highly redesigned internal architecture, which decoded the instructions in micro-operations that were performed on general-purpose modules. In connection with additional decoding hardware, the Pentium Pro also used a significantly extended 14-level pipeline.
Since the first Pentium Pro processors were designed for the server market, Intel again expanded the address bus to 36-bit and added PAE technology, which allows addressing up to 64 GB of RAM. This is much more than the average user needed, but the ability to support large amounts of RAM was extremely important for server customers.
Also, the cache memory system of the processor was reworked. The L1 cache was limited to two 8 KB segments, one for instructions and one for data. To make up for the 16KB memory deficit compared to the Pentium MMX, Intel added from 256K to 1MB of L2 cache on a separate chip attached to the CPU case. It was connected to the CPU using an internal data bus (BSB).
Initially Intel planned to sell the Pentium Pro to simple users, but, in the final analysis, limited its release to models for server systems. The Pentium Pro had several revolutionary features, but continued to compete with the Pentium and Pentium MMX in terms of performance. Two older Pentium processors were significantly faster when performing 16-bit operations, while 16-bit software was predominant. The processor also grabbed the MMX command set support, as a result, the Pentium MMX overtook the Pentium Pro in optimized MMX programs.
The Pentium Pro had a chance to stay in the consumer market, but it was quite expensive in production because of a separate chip containing the L2 cache. The fastest Pentium Pro processor reached a clock frequency of 200 MHz and was produced using 500 and 350 nm process technology.
P6: Pentium II
Intel did not abandon the architecture of the P6 and in 1997 introduced the Pentium II, which corrected almost all the shortcomings of the Pentium Pro. The underlying architecture was similar to the Pentium Pro. He also used a 14-level pipeline and had some kernel improvements that increased the speed of execution of instructions. The volume of the L1 cache grew - 16 KB for data plus 16 KB for instructions.
To reduce the cost of production, Intel also moved to cheaper cache chips attached to a larger processor casing. It was an effective way to make the Pentium II cheaper, but memory modules could not run at maximum CPU speed. As a result, the L2 cache clock rate was only half that of the processor cache, but this was sufficient for early CPU models to increase performance.
Intel also added a set of MMX commands. The core of the CPU in Pentium II, codenamed "Klamath" and "Deschutes", was also sold under the Xeon and Pentium II Overdrive brands, server-centric. The models with the highest performance had 512 KB of L2 cache and a clock speed of up to 450 MHz.
P6: Pentium III and 1 GHz battle
After Pentium II, Intel planned to release a processor based on the Netburst architecture, but it was not yet ready. Therefore, in Pentium III, the company again used the P6 architecture.
The first Pentium III processor was code-named "Katmai" and was very similar to the Pentium II: it used a simplified L2 cache, running at only half the CPU speed. The basic architecture has undergone significant changes, in particular, several parts of the 14-level conveyor have been combined to 10 steps. Thanks to the updated pipeline and the clock speed increase, the first Pentium III processors, as a rule, slightly outperformed the Pentium II.
Katmai was produced using 250 nm technology. However, after switching to a production process of 180 nm, Intel was able to significantly increase the performance of the Pentium III. In an updated version codenamed "Coppermine", the L2 cache was moved to the CPU, and its volume was reduced by half (up to 256 KB). But since it could run on the processor frequency, the performance level still improved.
Dr. Thomas Pabst of Tom's Hardware discovered instability in his work. Coppermine participated in the race with AMD Athlon for 1 GHz and succeeded. Later, Intel tried to release a 1.13 GHz processor model, but eventually it was withdrawn after. As a result, the chip with a frequency of 1 GHz remained the fastest Pentium III processor based on Coppermine.
The latest version of the Pentium III core was called "Tualatin". When it was created, a 130 nm process technology was used, which allowed to achieve a clock frequency of 1.4 GHz. The L2 cache was increased to 512 KB, which also allowed a bit to improve performance.
P5 and P6: Celeron and Xeon
Together with the Pentium II, Intel also introduced the Celeron and Xeon processors. They used a Pentium II or Pentium III core, but with different cache sizes. The first models of Celeron processors based on the Pentium II base had no L2 cache at all, and the performance was terrible. Later models based on Pentium III had half of its L2 cache size. So we got Celeron processors that used the Coppermine core and had only 128 KB of L2 cache, and later models based on Tualatin are already 256 KB.
Versions with half the cache were also called Coppermine-128 and Tualatin-256. The frequency of these processors was comparable to the Pentium III and allowed to compete with AMD Duron processors. Microsoft used a Celeron Coppermine-128 processor with a frequency of 733 MHz in the Xbox game console.
The first Xeon processors were also based on the Pentium II, but had more second-level cache. At entry-level models, its volume was 512 KB, whereas older brothers could have up to 2 MB.
Before discussing the architecture of Intel Netburst and Pentium 4, it is important to understand the advantages and disadvantages of its long pipeline. The concept of a pipeline means moving instructions through the kernel. At each stage of the pipeline, many tasks are performed, but sometimes only one single function can be performed. The conveyor can be increased by adding new hardware blocks or by dividing one stage into several. And you can also reduce it by removing hardware blocks or combining several processing steps into one.
The length or depth of the conveyor has a direct effect on delay, IPC, clock speed and throughput. Longer pipelines usually require more bandwidth from other subsystems, and if the pipeline constantly receives the required amount of data, then each stage of the pipeline will not idle. Also, processors with long pipelines can usually work at higher clock speeds.
The disadvantage of the long pipeline is the increased delay in execution, since the data passing through the conveyor are forced to "stop" at each stage for a certain number of cycles. In addition, processors with a long pipeline can have a lower IPC, so they use higher clock speeds to improve performance. Over time, processors that use a combined approach have proven effective without significant flaws.
Netburst: Pentium 4 Willamette and Northwood
In 2000, the architecture of Intel Netburst was finally ready and was released in Pentium 4 processors, dominating for the next six years. The first version of the kernel was called "Willamette", under which Netburst and Pentium 4 existed for two years. However, this was a difficult time for Intel, and the new processor barely outperformed the Pentium III. Netburst's microarchitecture allowed higher frequencies to be used, and the Willamette-based processors could reach 2 GHz, but in some tasks the Pentium III with a frequency of 1.4 GHz turned out to be faster. During this period, AMD Athlon processors had a greater performance advantage.
The problem with Willamette was that Intel expanded the pipeline to 20 stages and planned to beat the 2 GHz band, but because of the limitations imposed by power consumption and heat generation, it could not achieve its goals. The situation improved with the appearance of Intel's "Northwood" microarchitecture and the use of a new 130 nm process technology that allowed to increase the clock speed to 3.2 GHz and double the L2 cache size from 256 KB to 512 KB. However, the problems with the power consumption and heat dissipation of the architecture of Netburst have not gone away. However, Northwood's performance was significantly higher, and it could compete with AMD's new chips.
In high-end processors, Intel has implemented Hyper-Threading technology, which increases the efficiency of using kernel resources in multitasking environments. The benefit of Hyper-Threading in Northwood chips was not as great as in modern Core i7 processors - the performance gain was a few percent.
The Willamette and Northwood cores were also used in the Celeron and Xeon series processors. As in the previous generations of Celeron and Xeon CPUs, Intel accordingly reduced and increased the size of the second-level cache to differentiate them in performance.
Netburst microarchitecture was developed for high-performance Intel processors, so it was quite power-intensive and not suitable for mobile systems. Therefore, in 2003, Intel created its first architecture, designed exclusively for laptops. The Pentium-M processors were based on the P6 architecture, but with longer 12-14-level pipelines. In addition, the first time a variable-length pipeline was implemented - if the information necessary for the command was already loaded into the cache, the instructions could be followed after 12 steps. Otherwise, they had to go through two additional steps to download the data.
The first of these processors was produced on a technical process of 130 nm and contained 1 MB of L2 cache. It reached a frequency of 1.8 GHz with a power consumption of only 24.5 watts. A later version with the name "Dothan" with 90 nanometer transistors was released in 2004. The switch to a more subtle production process allowed Intel to increase the L2 cache to 2 MB, which, combined with some kernel improvements, markedly increased the performance per clock. In addition, the maximum CPU frequency has risen to 2.27 GHz with a slight increase in power consumption to 27 watts.
The architecture of the Pentium-M processors was subsequently used in mobile chips Stealey A100, the replacement of which came from the Intel Atom processors.
The core of Northwood with the architecture of Netburst lasted on the market from 2002 to 2004, after which Intel introduced Prescott core with numerous improvements. The production process used a 90 nm process technology, which allowed Intel to increase the L2 cache to 1 MB. Also, Intel introduced a new LGA 775 processor interface, which had support for DDR2 memory and expanded four times the FSB bus. Because of these changes, Prescott had more bandwidth than Northwood, which was necessary to improve Netburst's performance. In addition, based on Prescott, Intel showed the first 64-bit x86 processor, which has access to larger RAM.
Intel expected that the Prescott processors would be the most successful among the chips based on the Netburst architecture, but instead they failed. Intel again expanded the pipeline execution of commands, this time to 31 stages. The company hoped that the increase in clock speeds would be enough to compensate for the presence of a longer pipeline, but they managed to achieve only 3.8 GHz. The Prescott processors were too hot and consumed too much energy. Intel calculated that switching to a 90 nm process technology would eliminate this problem, but the increased density of transistors only complicated the cooling of the processors. It was impossible to achieve a higher frequency, and changes in the Prescott core negatively affected overall performance.
Even with all the enhancements and the extra Prescott cache, at best, it went up one level with Northwood in terms of arbitrariness per beat. At the same time, AMD K8 processors also made the transition to a thinner process technology, which allowed them to increase their frequencies. AMD has dominated the desktop CPU market for some time.
Netburst: Pentium D
In 2005, two major manufacturers competed for the championship in the announcement of a dual-core processor for the consumer market. AMD first announced dual-core Athlon 64, but it was long out of stock. Intel sought to bypass AMD, using a multi-core module (MCM) containing two Prescott cores. The company christened its dual-core Pentium D processor, and the first model was code-named "Smithfield".
However, Pentium D was criticized because it had the same problems as the original Prescott chips. Heat dissipation and power consumption of two cores based on Netburst limited this to a frequency of 3.2 GHz (at best). And because the architecture's efficiency was highly dependent on the congestion of the pipeline and the speed of data arrival, Smithfield's IPC score dropped significantly, because the bandwidth of the channel was divided between the two cores. In addition, the physical implementation of the dual-core processor was not elegant (in fact, they are two crystals under one lid). And two cores on a single chip in AMD CPUs were considered a more advanced solution.
After Smithfield, Presler appeared, which was transferred to a 65 nm process technology. The multi-core module contained two Ceder Mill crystals. This helped reduce the heat dissipation and power consumption of the processor, and raise the frequency to 3.8 GHz.
There were two main versions of Presler. The first had a higher heat capacity of 125 watts, and the later model was limited to 95 watts. Due to the reduced size of the crystal, Intel also doubled the L2 cache size, eventually each crystal had 2 MB of memory. Some models for enthusiasts also supported Hyper-Threading technology, which allows the CPU to perform tasks in four threads simultaneously.
All Pentium D processors supported 64-bit software and more than 4 GB of RAM.
Top 10 CPU by score
Random CPU: AMD Phenom II X2 570 BE
|Processor Base Frequency||3500 MHz|
|Socket||Socket AM2+, Socket AM3|


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The Wowcube is a Rubik’s Cube-like fidget toy on steroids on a less than 24 OLED screen, running a variety of custom games that require you to physically twist taps to move and tilt the cube sections around. We’ve seen it as an ongoing work at CES for over three years and it never fails to turn heads, but in the end, it’s a real product.
Billed as the WooCube Entertainment System, is this really a fun clever tech toy, or would you be better off with an actual Nintendo? let’s find out.
Note that we are reviewing prototype hardware, which is not yet available for purchase. It will be crowdfunding in early April 2022, and while the hardware is mostly finalized, there are some known issues that we’ve been assured have been fixed in the final product. For the sake of transparency, these are.
Out of the box, the Wowcube is a little less wow. This is a shiny black plastic 4×4 Rubik’s Cube. By the time you don’t twist it, 24 tiny OLED screens come to life (yes, twenty-four of them!).
In truth, it’s one of the most unique and innovative pieces of hardware I’ve ever reviewed—but it’s not only visually stunning. The complex mechanics, electronics, and software that go into making it are remarkable achievements in themselves. You would be forgiven for thinking that there is a core computing unit that sends display signals and reads sensor data from each block of the screen.
but it’s not like that. As far as I know, this is the first consumer example of physical distributed computing. Each module is basically a block of plastic to facilitate movement.
Each of the 8 modules is a separate computing unit with a CPU, screen driver, battery, three OLED screens, etc. They communicate with each using a system of ball bearings similar to slip-discs. On a technical level, this is really remarkable.
Basic package includes charging base, USB-C cable, 5V 3A charger and App Store coupon. Our press kit also included a sturdy carry case and optional silicone bumpers. Despite the inclusion of these bumpers, I’ll add that the hardware feels surprisingly sturdy—by which I mean my son hasn’t broken it yet. The plan to sell replacement modules and other parts for easy self-repair is also commendable.
Software and UI
Wowcube takes a while to get used to, which is understandable considering the completely unique user interface that it uses. But the first thing you need to know is that to turn it on, you just twist it. Turning it off is a bit more complicated: You’ll need to triple shake to return to the main menu, rotate and tilt until the power icon is highlighted, then double-tap to power down.
That set of instructions includes all the ways you can interact with the Wowcube: shaking, tilting, rotating the face, and tapping. When I say “tap”, the screens are not touch sensitive; Rather it uses motion sensors to detect physical movements. In our prototype unique, I found the double-tap gesture a bit unresponsive. It takes a habit, but I believe it can be improved in the final product.
From the main menu, you select an app or game by moving the cube around and tilting between faces, then double-tap to load that app.
You should go ahead and download the Wowcube app, which can then connect over Bluetooth to remotely manage your Wowcube. This lets you download new games and apps, change settings, customize screensavers, and more. I haven’t included screenshots because it’s a bit bare at the moment, and there are no additional apps available yet.
To charge the device, you must use the provided 5V 3A charger. Gently pull it aside and then plug it into the charging base.
Gaming on Wowcube
Our prototype consisted of about fifteen games, although more will be available on the Wowcube App Store at launch. Some of them available now are demos of branded titles, while most are variations of the same core concepts.
While you may be familiar with some of those titles, you should know that these are not simply sideloaded versions of existing games.
Each has to be made to be displayed on 24 screens from the beginning, and use only the limited set of interactions offered by Wowcube. While titles like Cut the Rope are thematically obvious, playing on the Vocube requires vastly different game dynamics.
Wowcube will launch its own app store, though exactly how many developers will jump on board is unknown. You won’t be able to sideload existing Android games. In fact, it doesn’t even run Android OS. It’s such a unique bit of hardware that an entirely new OS had to be designed. You can download the SDK and do programming your own software.
Personally, I haven’t found any of the current lineups to be so appealing. Mostly I found them frustrating and stressful.


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Our flagship project is the Australia-Asia Power Link (AAPowerLink), which will harness and store solar energy from one of the most reliably sunny places on the planet in the Northern Territory of Australia, for 24/7 transmission to Darwin and Singapore via a high voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission system.
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(Map route is indicative)


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