MPLS and VPNs
MPLS creates the basis because that many species of VPNs offered on IP networks today, particularly Layer 3 VPNs. LSPs are favor the PVCs and SVCs that developed “virtually private” links across a common public network such as FR or ATM. LSPs space not yes, really the same as personal leased-line links, yet they show up to be to your users.
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Of course, if the course is constrained, the MPLS-based class 3 VPN is not actually doing anything distinct to secure the contents of the tunnel or to safeguard its integrity. So, this “security” worth is minimal to constraining the path. This to reduce the places where snooping or injection can occur, yet it does not replace other Layer 3 VPN an innovation for security (such together IPSec, questioned in thing 29).
Nevertheless, VPNs are often positioned together a security attribute on router networks. This is because, like “private” circuits, hackers can not hack right into the center of one LSP (VPN) just by spoofing packets. There space labels to be dealt with, regularly nested labels. The ingress and also egress routers are an ext vulnerable, yet it's no as easy to harm VPNs or the web page they affix as that is come disrupt “straight” router networks.
So, VPNs have a lot in typical with MPLS and LSPs—except the the terms space different! for example, the transit routers in MPLS are now provider (P) routers in VPNs. VPNs are disputed further in the protection chapters.
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Jean Walrand, Pravin Varaiya, in High-Performance communication Networks (Second Edition), 2000
Telephone companies are implementing the incorporated Services Digital Network (ISDN) follow to standards defined in succeeding recommendations finishing in
ISDN provides a variety of bearer services built on height of the an initial three OSI layers, higher-level services (called teleservices), and supplementary services. The teleservices room application-layer services in regards to the open Data Network model. The supplementary services are came to with speak to control attributes rather than communication per se, and also do not fit straight in the open up Data Network model.
The main bearer solutions are the deliver of audio and also digitized voice (at 64 Kbps), circuit-switched digital channels at prices that are multiples of 64 Kbps, packet-switched virtual circuits, and also connectionless service (datagrams). The teleservices include telex, facsimile, videotex, and teletex transmissions with specific coding and also end-to-end protocols. A message-handling service and a directory service are also being defined for ISDN. The supplementary services incorporate telephone solutions such as caller identification, contact forwarding, speak to waiting, and also conference calling. Figure 5.21 gives a schematic that the ISDN architecture. Circuit-switched, packet-switched, devoted point-to-point, and also call-control (common channel signaling or CCS) services are lugged together in ~ an ISDN switch and accessed by the user with a usual terminal equipment (TE).
The user interfaces come ISDN are identified as combinations of three species of channels: B, D, and also H. (See number 5.22.) The B channel is a 64-Kbps channel the transports a circuit-switched connection, an X.25 business (packet-switched, virtual circuit), or a long-term digital point-to-point connection. The D channel is a 16-Kbps or a 64-Kbps channel offered for signaling information (call control) and for low little rate packet-switched services. An H channel is a 384-Kbps, 1,536-Kbps, or 1,920-Kbps channel provided like a B channel but for higher-rate services. The ISDN criter specify the an easy access and also the primary access for users. The simple access is 2B + D; it consists of 2 full-duplex B channels and a full-duplex 16-Kbps D channel. The primary access is 30B + D (64 Kbps) in Europe, and also it is 23B + D (64 Kbps) in the unified States, Japan, and Canada.
The ISDN requirements specify a network-user user interface that deserve to be accessed directly by ISDN terminal devices such together digital telephones and, via terminal adapters or ISDN routers, by other gadgets such as computers.
We now summarize several of the ISDN criter for implementing the lower three OSI layers. For simple access, the physics layer of ISDN mentions an 8-pin connector to affix to the network, a pseudo-ternary encoding (1 is represented by 0 volt and 0 by additionally +0.75 volt and − 0.75 volt), a frame layout that has synchronization and also DC-level balancing bits, and also a line rate of 192 Kbps equivalent to the 144 Kbps of user data price (2 × 64 + 16 Kbps) to add the overhead bits. In addition, the physical layer mentions a contention-resolution protocol for accessibility to the D channel by as much as eight terminals attached come a common (multidrop) line. (See number 5.22.)
The data link layer the ISDN is LAPD for the D channel and LAPB for packet-switched connections on the B channel. For circuit-switched or long-term connections on the B channel, the users can pick the data link protocol and also can use the I.465/V.120 protocol characterized by the CCITT for such connections.
LAPD offers unacknowledged and acknowledged information-transfer services. The frame structure is essentially that that X.25: bit-oriented frames the start and end through an 8-bit flag the is avoided inside the structure by bit-stuffing; a 16-bit CRC is offered for error detection; 16-bit addresses are supplied to distinguish users connected to the very same interface and also different relationships with a given user (i.e., various service access points). The unacknowledged service is applied as a datagram; erroneous frames room discarded. The acknowledged company is applied as a virtual circuit through Go ago N attach error control. The receiver have the right to turn the sender off and also on by sending out it “receiver not ready” and also “receiver ready” frames.
The I.465/V.120 data attach protocol is a modified version of LAPD that gives asynchronous data transfer, HDLC synchronous data transfer, and bit-transparent asynchronous transfer. To use this move protocol, the users very first set increase a circuit top top the B channel by utilizing the D channel. As soon as the transfer is complete, the users release the circuit likewise by utilizing the D channel.
The network layer of ISDN specifies the routing, multiplexing, and congestion control, in addition to the call-control messages.
In summary, ISDN is an effort to diversify the bearer services readily available by the telephone network. The different services are provided by different networks (rather 보다 in one solitary network) accessed with a common ISDN switch. Diversity is minimal because these services are built on height of the classic 64-Kbps channels, i m sorry constrains the little bit stream prices that have the right to be supported.
June S. Park, in Encyclopedia of details Systems, 2003
III.D. X.25 and also Frame Relay
We have discussed WAN services based on circuit-switching technologies in the three preceding subsections. In the remaining component of section III we comment on packet-switched WAN services consisting of X.25, framework relay, switched multimegabit data business (SMDS), and also ATM services. This public packet-switched digital networks are created using PSTN or SONET as the underlying facility network. Packet-switched network service providers download packet switches ~ above the nodes the PSTN or SONET and link them amongst one another using existing wire infrastructure. Separation, personal, instance organizations have the right to use the general public packet-switched network solutions to build virtual private networks (VPNs). It is called virtual since sites room not associated by permanent specialized circuits, however by digital circuits or datagrams on request.
Old publicly data networks monitor a standard referred to as X.25 that was emerged by CCITT in the 1970s. X.25 supports permanent and switched online circuits and also datagram routing. Many X.25 networks work at accelerates to 64 Kbps. Because X.25 was created before an individual computers came to be popular, X.25 networks were originally engineered to affix ASCII terminals to remote time-sharing computers. Those dumb terminals might not inspect incoming transmissions for errors or notify the sending maker of one error and the need for retransmission. Moreover, copper wires were noisy and had a high propensity to cause errors ~ above the line. Therefore, X.25 had actually to be designed to do packet switches perform complex error checking and correction and flow control (i.e., a feedback system over a direct link that allows the recipient to accelerator the sender right into sending packets no much faster than the receiver have the right to handle the traffic).
During 1980s fiber optic networks were mounted throughout the united States substantially increasing the top quality of transmissions. Also with the widespread usage of clever desktops, it no longer was crucial for the WAN to execute error recovery and also flow control. ~ above the other hand, most organizations needed come interconnect their LANs in different locations using high-speed connections. CCITT and the American nationwide Standards institute (ANSI) occurred the structure relay typical to attend to this environment. The an initial frame relay organization became available in 1991. Structure relay go not provide error recovery or circulation control, thus avoiding a lot of the overhead processing. It offers data rates varying from sub-64 Kbps to T1, and more recently as much as the T3 speed.
Frame relay is a connection-oriented service supporting both permanent and also switched digital circuits. A PVC is comparable to a leased line in the the interaction path is predetermined in between the two sites. However, there are vital differences: for a leased line, the user must recognize the line capacity so that it is somewhat greater than the height transmission rate. As result of the queuing hold-up effect, the utilization price of a line volume at the height traffic fill should be, say, 80% or less. When a certain line capacity is acquired, however, the complete capacity can always be provided exclusively. For a PVC the user must identify the committed details rate (CIR) that shows the average web traffic volume in between the 2 sites. Data bursts over CIR can still be sent at full speed as long as the long-term average intake does no exceed the guaranteed CIR.
The carriers charge much much less for a PVC 보다 a leased line. Therefore, framework relay's PVCs are an ext attractive than leased lines once the website traffic demand in between two sites fluctuates and does not justify continuous dedicated bandwidth. SVCs establish the course on request and also last only for the duration of the interaction session as discussed in ar I. All significant telecommunication carrier in the world administer frame relay services. Many of them administer only PVC services due to the fact that PVCs are much less complicated to provision while adequately managing the routing and also the reconstruction of web traffic in situation of failures.
The cost of connecting a variety of sites through PVCs contains (1) the access charge because that connecting the CPE in ~ each site to that nearest POP, (2) the port charge for each site, and (3) the PVC fee for every PVC as presented in Fig. 3. The port charge is determined based upon the harbor speed, and also consists of a one-time surroundings charge and also monthly recurring charges. For each port used, the speed selected must be at least as great as the PVC speed for each PVC connected to the port. In Fig. 3 each port has four PVCs linked to it.
PVCs space simplex (one directional). Duplex (two-way) traffic calls for the use of 2 PVCs. The 2 PVCs may have different speeds to assistance an asymmetric web traffic pattern. The PVC charge likewise consists the a onetime surroundings charge and also monthly recurring charges. Some carriers determine the PVC fee at each port based on the variety of PVCs linked to the port, and others based on the CIR of each PVC installed. Some carriers market an even more facility tariff, e.g., using usage charges based on actual volumes of traffic delivered on the PVCs. Uneven the IOC charge included in leased heat tariffs, the PVC charge is indifferent come the distance in between the two POPs connected.
An organization setup up a VPN using structure relay services have to decide the port rate at every site and also the CIR the the PVC in between each pair of interacting sites. That is possible to connect two sites, say, A and also C in Fig. 3, indirect via node B using two or an ext PVC links in tandem. However, the tariff structure of frame relay services offers less inspiration for together a partial-mesh topology than that that leased line services. The is, the network topology and also routing decisions have actually much less impact on the total cost of a VPN using framework relay services than the of a exclusive leased-line network.
Walter Goralski, in The portrayed Network (Second Edition), 2017
Network layer Routing and Switching
Are the differences in between connection-oriented and connectionless networking at the network class really that important? Actually, yes. The difference in between the means connectionless router networks take care of traffic (and link and node failures) is a major reason that IP has actually basically taken end the entire people of networking.
A switch in contemporary wide-area networking is a bit different than a top of rack or leaf-spine LAN move in a data center. In one ISP, a network node forwards packets towards a destination depending upon a locally far-reaching connection identifier end a resolved path. This fixed route is dubbed a virtual circuit and also is collection up by a signaling protocol (a switched digital circuit, or SVC) or by hand-operated configuration (a permanent online circuit, or PVC). A connection is a logical combination of two endpoints. Relations only require be referenced, not established by “to” and “from” information. A data unit sent out on “connection 22” can only flow in between the two endpoints whereby it is established—there is no need to specify more. (We’ve seen this already at great 2 when we looked in ~ the connection-oriented PPP frame.) As long as there is no man in the switch, link identifiers can be reused, and also therefore have what is called local meaning only.
Packets top top SVCs or PVCs are regularly checked for errors hop through hop and also are resent as necessary from node come node (the originator theatre no function in the process). Packet switching networks market guaranteed delivery (as least as error-free as possible). The network is also reliable in the sense that details performance assures in terms of bandwidth, delay, and so on deserve to be implemented on the connection due to the fact that packets always follow the same path through the network. A an excellent example the a switched network is the public switched phone call network (PSTN). SVCs room normal voice calls and also PVCs space the leased lines offered to attach data devices, but frame relay and also asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) are additionally switched network technologies. Fine talk around public switched network modern technologies such as frame relay and also ATM in a later chapter.
On the various other hand, a router is a network node that individually forwards packets towards a destination based on a globally unique deal with (in IP, the IP address) over a dynamic course that can readjust from packet to packet, however usually is reasonably stable end time. Packets top top router networks are rarely checked for errors hop by hop and also are only resent (if necessary) from host to organize (the originator plays a crucial role in the process). Packet routing networks offer just “best-effort” shipment (but as error-free as possible). The network is likewise considered “unreliable” in the sense that details performance promises in terms of bandwidth, delay, and so on can not be imposed from finish to end due to the fact that packets regularly follow different paths with the network. A an excellent example of a router-based network is the global, publicly Internet.
Before spring at how MPLS would manage a packet sent out from LAN1 come LAN2 end an MPLS tunnel, we must look in ~ the unique terminology connected with MPLS. In no particular order, the crucial terms are:
LSP—We’ve to be calling castle tunnels, and they are, yet in MPLS the tunnel is called a label-switched path. The LSP is a unidirectional link following the same route through the network.
Ingress router—The ingress router is the start of the LSP and also where the label is pushed top top the packet.
Egress router—The egress router is the finish of the LSP and where the label is popped off the packet.
Transit or intermediary router—There have to be at the very least one transit (sometimes dubbed intermediate) router between ingress and also egress routers. The transit router(s) swaps labels and also replaces the incoming values v the outgoing values.
Static LSPs—These space LSPs set up by hand, lot like permanent virtual circuits (PVCs) in FR and ATM. Castle are daunting to adjust rapidly.
Signaled LSPs—These room LSPs collection up by a signaling protocol used with MPLS (there space two) and also are comparable to switched-virtual circuits (SVCs) in FR and also ATM.
MPLS domain—The arsenal of routers within a routing domain the starts and also ends every LSPs form the MPLS domain. MPLS domain names can be nested, and also can be a subset the the routing domain itself (that is, all routers perform not have to understand MPLS; just those top top the LSP).
Push, pop, and swap—A push to add a brand to one IP packet or an additional MPLS label. A pop removes and also processes a brand from an IP packet or one more MPLS label. A swap is a pop adhered to by a push and also replaces one brand by an additional (with different field values). Lot of labels have the right to be added (push push …) or eliminated (pop popular music …) at the exact same time.
Penultimate hop popping (PHP)—Many the LSPs have the right to terminate at the very same border router. This router should not just pop and process all the labels but route all packets inside, plus all various other packets that arrive from within the ISP. To ease the fill of this border router, the router one hop upstream from the egress router (known together the penultimate router) have the right to pop the label and simply route the packet come the egress router (it must be one hop, so the result is the same). PHP is one optional function of LSPs, and keep in mind that the LSP is still taken into consideration to terminate at the egress router (not in ~ the penultimate).
Constrained path LSPs—These space traffic engineering (TE) LSPs set up by a signaling protocol that need to respect certain TE constraints imposed on the network with regard to delay, security, and also so on. Car is the many intriguing element of MPLS.
IGP shortcuts—Usually, LSPs are provided in unique router tables and also only obtainable to courses learned through BGP (transit traffic). Internal Gateway Protocol (IGP) shortcuts permit LSPs come be installed in the main routing table and used by website traffic within the ISP itself, routes learned by OSPF or an additional IGP.
Eric Conrad, ... Joshua Feldman, in CISSP Study overview (Third Edition), 2016
WAN Technologies and Protocols
ISPs and also other “long-haul” network providers, whose networks expectancy from urban to countries, regularly use vast Area Network technologies. Countless of us have actually hands-on endure configuring LAN technologies such together connecting Cat5 network cabling; it is less usual to have actually hands-on experience structure WANs.T1s, T3s, E1s, E3s
There space a variety of international circuit standards: the most prevalent room T carriers (United States) and also E carriers (Europe). A T1 is a devoted 1.544-megabit circuit the carries twenty-four 64-bit DS0 (Digital Signal 0) networks (such together 24 circuit-switched call calls). Keep in mind that the terms DS1 (Digital Signal 1) and also T1 are regularly used interchangeably. DS1 describes the flow of bits (via any medium, such together copper, fiber, wireless, etc.); a T1 is a copper call circuit the carries a DS1.
A T3 is 28 go together T1s, forming a 44.736-megabit circuit. The state T3 and also DS3 (Digital Signal 3) are additionally used interchangeably, through the exact same T1/DS1 distinction noted above. E1s are committed 2.048-megabit circuits that lug 30 channels, and 16 E1s type an E3, at 34.368 megabits.
T1 and T3 speed are often rounded turn off to 1.5 and also 45 megabits, respectively. This publication will use those number (and they space also an excellent shorthand for the exam). Beyond the scope of the exam is the little amount that bandwidth compelled for circuit frame overhead. This is the factor 28 T1s times 1.544 megabits equates to 43.232 megabits, a little lower than the T3 speed of 44.736 megabits. The very same is true for the E1→E3 math.
SONET (Synchronous Optical Networking) dead multiple T-carrier circuits via fiber optic cable. SONET provides a physics fiber ring for redundancy.Frame Relay
Frame Relay is a packet-switched class 2 WAN protocol that gives no error recovery and also focuses ~ above speed. Greater layer protocols carried by frame Relay, such as TCP/IP deserve to be used to provide reliability.
Frame Relay multiplexes many logical connections over a solitary physical connection to create Virtual Circuits; this mutual bandwidth version is an alternate to committed circuits such as T1s. A PVC (Permanent online Circuit) is always connected, analogous to a real devoted circuit choose a T1. A Switched virtual Circuit (SVC) sets up each “call,” move data, and terminates the connection after one idle timeout. Structure Relay is addressed locally via Data attach Connection Identifiers (DLCI, express “delsee”).X.25
X.25 is an older packet-switched WAN protocol. X.25 listed a cost-effective way to transmit data over long distances in the 1970s through beforehand 1990s, once the most usual other option was a direct speak to via analog modem. X.25’s popularity has actually faded together the net has become ubiquitous.
The worldwide packet switched X.25 network is different from the an international IP-based Internet. X.25 performs error correction that can add latency on lengthy links. It can lug other protocols such as TCP/IP, but because TCP offers its very own reliability, over there is no need to take the extra power hit by also providing dependability at the X.25 layer. Various other protocols such as structure relay room usually provided to bring TCP/IP.ATM
Asynchronous Transfer setting (ATM) is a WAN an innovation that offers fixed size cells. ATM cells are 53 bytes long, v a 5-byte header and also 48-byte data portion.
ATM enables reliable network throughput compared to Ethernet. The answer to “How plenty of Ethernet frames deserve to I send every second” is “It depends.” common Ethernet frames can variety in size from under 100 bytes to over 1500 bytes. In contrast, every ATM cells room 53 bytes.
SMDS (Switched Multimegabit Data Service) is larger and comparable to ATM, additionally using 53-byte cells.MPLS
Multiprotocol label Switching (MPLS) provides a way to forward WAN data via labels, via a shared MPLS cloud network. This allows MPLS networks to lug many species of network traffic, consisting of ATM, frame relay, IP, and others. Decisions are based upon labels, and not encapsulated header data (such as an IP header). MPLS can bring voice and data, and be used to leveling WAN routing: assume 12 offices affix to a data center. If T1s to be used, the data center would require 12 T1 circuits (one to each office); v MPLS, the data center and also each office would require a single connection to attach to the MPLS cloud.SDLC and also HDLC
Synchronous Data attach Control (SDLC) is a synchronous class 2 WAN protocol that offers polling to transmit data. Polling is similar to token passing; the difference is a major node polls an additional nodes, which deserve to transmit data when polled. Combined nodes can act as major or secondary. SDLC support NRM transmission only (see below).
High-Level Data connect Control (HDLC) is the follower to SDLC. HDLC to add error correction and flow control, and also two additional modes (ARM and also ABM). The three modes of HDLC are:•
Normal response Mode (NRM)—Secondary nodes have the right to transmit when provided permission through the primary•
Asynchronous an answer Mode (ARM)—Secondary nodes might initiate interaction with the primary•
Asynchronous well balanced Mode (ABM)—Combined setting where nodes may act as main or secondary, initiating transmissions without receiving permission
David Large, James Farmer, in Broadband Cable access Networks, 2009
The third leg of network information capacity is how efficiently the available information volume is shared amongst users and applications. As stated previously, at an early stage cable systems delivered all video channels at the same time to all homes. In a mechanism with many networks and tiny nodes, however, that is most likely that some networks are no being watched in some nodes few of the time (in part small-node systems, in fact, there might be an ext viewing options than customers every node). If much less popular networks are yielded to nodes only when desired by a subscriber, it is feasible to offer more program an option without raising the total obtainable information capacity. A network able to carry out this incorporates a type of time sharing well-known as switched online circuit, through which a user is granted full-time use of a video clip stream for the expression of his or she use, after i m sorry the volume is freed up for various other users. The terms switched broadcast and switched digital video (SDV) describe the special situation where the mechanism delivers, come one or more viewers, routine streams that run on a continual schedule and are no under the manage of viewers. The ax video ~ above demand (VOD) is generally minimal to systems in which the content is streamed indigenous a server under the interactive manage of a particular viewer.
Providing a customer momentary use that a interactions path is the same principle used in the style of main office call switches, where usage of a “path” with a move is granted solely to who making a call but then is freed up for the following caller. Depending on the statistical usage pattern, switched-channel time sharing deserve to be a an extremely inefficient use of easily accessible information capacity. Most telephone callers, for instance, spend around the very same amount the time listening as talking and, also when talking, perform not speak in a consistent stream yet are silent for a surprising percentage of the moment (although us all recognize exceptions!). Thus, lock use just a portion of the mechanism resources specialized to them throughout the call.
Sometimes time sharing is ~ above a much smaller scale. Because that instance, a T1 telephony circuit in ~ 1.544 Mb/s is comprised of 24 digitized voice streams, every of which calls for 64 kb/s (plus a complete of 8 kb/s that “overhead”). Thus, 24 telephone call are carried over one datastream, with the moment slots of about 5 μs allotted come each call on a rotating basis. This is recognized as time division multiplexing (TDM); hierarchies are accessible up to multiple prices of gigabits every second. TDM techniques that provide a fixed percentage of the complete data rate to each user is known as the constant little rate (CBR). In the T1 example, every voice channel is a 64-kb/s CBR online circuit.
Where user demands are variable, an ext efficient share of a data channel results as soon as the capacity is divided among datastreams together needed, a method known as statistical multiplexing. Because that instance, where countless telephone calls re-publishing a usual circuit, that is possible to considerably increase the complete call capacity merely by no transmitting any type of bits when a caller is silent and using that volume for one more conversation. One more example of statistical sharing is the Ethernet local area network, where computers send data packets to other computers on the network only as needed. A final, and very important, instance is digital video, where the little rate forced for each video clip stream varies greatly, depending upon the degree of change from framework to frame of a video clip source. It is possible to squeeze an ext video programs right into a given datastream if us take benefit of the statistics of combining sources with varying data rates. In the instance of MPEG-2 compressed, standard-resolution video, it is feasible to incorporate as plenty of as 12 come 15 variable-bit-rate (VBR) programs into a solitary 6-MHz RF channel, compared with 8 to 10 because that CBR program or a solitary analog program.
Where countless nonsynchronized users should share a channel, a time-sharing scheme well-known as time department multiple access (TDMA) might be used. The upstream communications from cable modems are an instance of such a situation.
A key advantage of statistically sharing a digital datastream is that each application have the right to have access to optimal data rates that room much higher than required on average. This is particularly important in the case of highly bursty data solutions such as net access.
Time sharing deserve to be provided at various levels in the network. For instance, blocks of RF networks may it is in shared amongst analog video clip services, contribution streams in a multichannel digital video clip multiplex, or individual packets in an IP network.
Jean Walrand, Pravin Varaiya, in High-Performance interaction Networks (Second Edition), 2000
6.7.3 IP over ATM
IP is a an effective and widely used internetworking protocol. With IP we have the right to interconnect IEEE 802 networks easily. IP is a datagram network layer. In this thing we disputed the ATM technology and exactly how it deserve to be supplied to develop local area networks and broad area networks through a great control on the quality of organization it offers to applications.
For the ATM an innovation to be extensively implemented, it have to interoperate with the IP protocol suite. In this ar we describe how ATM networks deserve to transport IP packets. This possibility permits a progressive upgrade of the internet to the ATM technology. The advantage such an update would carry out is the applications request the tight manage of QoS have the right to be supported by ATM and not quickly by the TCP/IP protocols. Thus, progressively, the net would evolve right into a BISDN network while staying compatible v the set up base of best-effort services.
We explain three strategies: the classic IP model, the shortcut models, and also the incorporated models. Us then describe multicast IP over ATM. These strategies room being advanced by the IETF working group IP end ATM. (See RFC 1754.)Classical IP
The use of lane for IP transfer needs two levels of resolve resolution: the IP attend to must be fixed to a MAC address, and also the MAC attend to must be addressed to one ATM deal with using LANE. Classic IP straight provides IP-to-ATM address resolution using an ARP server, in order to reducing broadcast traffic.
Consider the situation shown in number 6.21. In the timeless IP model, the nodes attached come an ATM network room grouped right into logical IP subdomains (LIS). Routing between logical IP subdomains is via routers, as displayed in the figure. Note that AAL5 is offered so that the router reassembles the packet prior to forwarding.
Within one given logical IP subdomain, a node uses an address-resolution protocol (ARP) server. The station all recognize the ATM address of their ARP server. Thus, to discover a particular destination, rather of broadcasting a inquiry are friend node IP.address? to discover the physics address, below a node sends out a inquiry to the ARP server of the subdomain asking, what is the VCI that a details IE address?
In the situation of SVCs (switched virtual circuits), the nodes have to register with the ARP server. They carry out so by phone call the ARP server (using the ATM addresses). The server climate asks, what is her IP.address? and enters that info in the table
The IP and also ARP packets space encapsulated end AAL5. Two options exist: one of two people one VC is allocated every protocol (one for IP, one for ARP), or many protocols room multiplexed over a solitary VC per subnetwork attachment allude (SNAP). The maximum transmission unit in IP over ATM is addressed to 9,180 bytes. Other sizes (up to 64 KB) have the right to be i agree on by configuration (in the case of PVC or long-term virtual circuit) or by signaling (for SVC). The form of ATM link is one of two people CBR or VBR v specified height rates forward and also backward. Various other encapsulations are being proposed to get rid of or reduce the redundancy IP header. (See RFC 1483, 1755, 2225.)Shortcut Models
Instead the retransmitting via routers together in the timeless IP model, the idea of the faster way models is to go directly from resource to destination ATM nodes. In the welcomed terminology, the ATM network is dubbed a nonbroadcast multiaccess (NBMA) link layer. In number 6.22 we indicate just how a node S finds the NBMA address.
The NBMA following Hop Resolution Protocol (NHRP) extend the idea above. It allows a source wishing to connect over a NBMA subnetwork to identify the internetworking class addresses and also NBMA addresses of perfect “NBMA next hops” towards a destination station. Routers are forced to interconnect this subnets, however NHRP permits intermediate routers to be bypassed ~ above the data path. NHRP gives an extended deal with resolution protocol, which permits following Hop client to send queries between different subnets. Queries room propagated by next Hop Servers follow me the routed path established by a conventional routing protocol. This permits the establishment of ATM VCCs throughout subnet borders without routers in the data path.
Note that this method can likewise be offered for frame Relay, ISDN, and X.25 networks that perform not support broadcasting. (See RFC 1735, 2332.)Integrated Model
The incorporated model proposal aims to simplify the routing by completely addressing and routing that IP and also ATM. In this model, the ATM resolve could be a superset the the IP address. (This approach does not work-related with networks that use the E.164 addresses.) The IP router then maps the destination IP deal with into the ATM resolve of the location if it is straight reachable or of the finest router otherwise. The choice of the best router may be load dependent.Multicast IP over ATM
The key difference between ATM multicast VCs and also multicast IP is the the source must add brand-new destinations in the instance of ATM.
The device uses a Multicast address Resolution Server (MARS) the maps one IP multicast deal with to either the list of all the separation, personal, instance ATM addresses or to the ATM address of a Multicast Server (MCS). A cluster is a collection of master that usage the very same MARS. The communication between clusters works as the continuous IP multicast routing. We define the interaction within one cluster.
There room two viewpoints to multicast connections within one cluster. In the straight approach, every sender sets increase one VC every member the the multicast group. In the indirect approach, the sender sends out to an MCS, which climate sets up VCs to the group members.
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In the straight approach, the master send join and leave requests to the MARS. The MARS maintains a point-to-multipoint VC to all the resources (called the ClusterControlVC) to notify them of team changes. The join and also leave messages room retransmitted over the ClusterControlVC. Prior to sending, the resource asks MARS because that a list of ATM addresses. Then the sender sets up the VCs.
In the indirect approach, the sender knows just the MCS as a member that a group. The hosts register with MCS, and every MCS registers with MARS. (See RFC 2022.)


Our Body of Work NVIDIA pioneered accelerated computing to tackle challenges no one else can solve. Our work in AI and the metaverse is profoundly impacting society and transforming the world’s largest industries—from gaming to robotics, self-driving cars to life-saving healthcare, climate change to virtual worlds where we can all connect and create.
AI Application Frameworks Platforms NVIDIA NVIDIA NVIDIA HPC AI Omniverse Acceleration Libraries NVIDIA is built like a computing stack or Cloud-to-Edge Super neural network—in multiple layers: Data Center-to-Robotic Systems RTX DGX HGX EGX OVX POD AGX hardware, acceleration libraries, platform software, and applications. Each layer is open to computer makers, service 3Chips providers, and developers to integrate into GPU CPU DPU their offerings however best for them.
NVIDIA Works with Thousands of Customers and Millions of Developers Scientists, researchers, developers, and creators are using NVIDIA to do amazing things. More than 3.5 million developers and 12,000 startups create thousands of applications for accelerated computing. And some 35,000 companies use NVIDIA AI technologies.
The Developer Conference for the Era of AI and the Metaverse NVIDIA GTC is more than a conference for developers. It’s a global experience that brings together thousands of brilliant innovators, researchers, creators, thought leaders, and decision-makers who are shaping the future, from AI to the metaverse, from digital biology to digital twins, from autonomous vehicles to intelligent avatars.
NVIDIA Reinvents Modern Graphics We invented the programmable shading GPUs nearly a quarter century ago, defining modern real-time computer graphics. ™ With NVIDIA RTX , we have reinvented computer graphics, again. This new rendering approach fuses rasterization and programmable shading with ray tracing and AI to make PC games look much more beautiful and realistic—almost cinematic.
NVIDIA RTX Resets Gaming RTX is everywhere. More than 280 games and apps now use RTX to deliver stunning ray-traced graphics—including AAA blockbusters like Cyberpunk 2077, Fortnite, Minecraft, and more.
Full Ray Tracing Shader Execution DLSS Reordering
NVIDIA Cloud Gaming— Bringing RTX to Billions With the power of NVIDIA GeForce® GPUs in the cloud, GeForce NOW™instantly transforms nearly any device into a powerful PC gaming machine. Any gamer can stream titles from the top digital game stores. Over 20 million members in 100+ countries now have access to more than 1,400 games.
NVIDIA Studio—Accelerated Computing Platform for Creators Our industry-leading GPUs, paired with our exclusive driver technology and software, enhance creative apps with a level of performance and ability that is nothing short of inspiring. With NVIDIA Studio, creators are free to realize their most ambitious projects yet.
NVIDIA Turbocharges Science From weather forecasting and energy exploration, to computational fluid dynamics and life sciences, researchers are fusing traditional simulations and AI to solve the next grand challenges.
Deciphering Code from the James Webb Space Telescope Researchers at UC Santa Cruz are using AI and an NVIDIA-powered supercomputer to analyze images from the breakthrough telescope. Processing these images and learning from the data will enable scientists—and all of humanity—to see the universe as we've never seen it before.
World Record-Setting DNA Sequencing Technique Helps Clinicians Rapidly Diagnose Patients Researchers at Stanford using NVIDIA accelerated computing won the Guinness World Record for the fastest DNA sequencing technique, achieved in five hours and two minutes. The method allows clinicians to take a blood draw from a critical-care patient and reach a genetic disorder diagnosis the same day.
AI Learns the Language of Biology and Chemistry to Accelerate Drug Discovery The drug discovery space is practically infinite. Only about 50 drugs are approved each year, costing an average of a billion dollars to bring to market. AI’s ability to learn incredibly complex patterns and relationships has given researchers a powerful tool. NVIDIA BioNeMo is a digital biology framework for researchers and developers to create large language models that can decipher the meaning of DNA, proteins, and chemicals, and explore the vast universe of drug discovery at lightspeed.
NVIDIA Powers AI Factories Data centers process mountains of continuous data to train and refine AI software. Companies are manufacturing intelligence, and their data centers are becoming giant AI factories. NVIDIA is the engine of the world’s AI infrastructure.
Hopper: A New Engine for the World’s AI Infrastructure ™ The NVIDIA Hopper architecture will power the next wave of AI data centers. The first Hopper-based GPU, the NVIDIA H100, comes packed with 80 billion transistors and delivers an order of magnitude performance leap over its predecessor.
NVIDIA DGX: Purpose-Built for the Unique Demands of AI ™ Our fourth-generation NVIDIA DGX system is the world’s first AI platform to be built with the new H100 GPUs. Each DGX H100 provides 32 petaflops of AI performance at FP8 precision—6x more than the prior ™ generation. The next-generation DGX SuperPOD will expand the frontiers of AI with the ability to run massive workloads with trillions of parameters.
Grace CPU Superchip— Tailor Made for the Largest Computing Problems Designed to process giant amounts of data, Grace will be the ideal CPU for AI factories. Grace Superchip has 144 CPU cores and 1terabytes per second of memory bandwidth—over 2-3x the top Gen 5 CPUs that have yet to even ship.
Grace-Hopper Supercharges Recommender Systems Recommenders run the digital economy. They are the engines behind social media, digital advertising, e-commerce, and search. Grace-Hopper, which combines an Arm-based Grace CPU with a Hopper GPU that communicate over NVIDIA NVLink-C2C®, will be a giant leap for recommender systems.
Large Language Models Go Way Beyond Words Large language models are the most important AI models today. The engines behind generative AI and the burgeoning text-to-image medium (example pictured), LLMs are also driving recommender systems, conversational AI, drug discovery, and possibilities not yet imagined. NVIDIA Hopper, with its Transformer Engine, will make large language models accessible to everyone. Image created by Midjourney based solely on the text input; "Artificial intelligence, Leonardo da Vinci drawing style"
Democratizing the Miracles of AI AI is the most powerful technology force the world has ever known. The NVIDIA AI platform offers skills like computer vision, conversational AI, recommender systems, AI avatars, robotics, andaccelerated genomic sequencing to the world’s enterprises. Top left: NVIDIA cuOpt™ for planning optimization for delivery services. Top right: Clara™ Holoscan has made it possible to process and visualize streaming microscopy data in real time. Bottom left: NVIDIA Riva brings discussions with “Toy Jensen” to life. Bottom right: NVIDIA Maxine™ transforms the online meeting experience.
Foundations of the Metaverse The metaverse, the 3D internet, promises a world where virtual collaboration is effortless and companies across every industry can unlock new levels of operational efficiencies and innovation with digital twin simulations. Image courtesy of Amazon Warehouse
NVIDIA Omniverse™—The Platform for Creating and Operating Metaverse Applications Based on Universal Scene Description, Omniverse allows teams to build custom 3D pipelines and simulate persistent, large-scale virtual worlds. Factory Digital Twin Factory Planning Factory CAD Digital Human Training Physics Robot CAD Path Tracing AI MDL Robot Gym
NVIDIA Omniverse Goes to the Cloud Omniverse Cloud is an infrastructure-as-a-service that connects Omniverse applications running in the cloud, on prem, or on a device. Along with the NVIDIA Graphics Delivery Network, it enables individuals and enterprises to design, publish, and experience rich, interactive 3D internet applications from anywhere.
Amazon Robotics Builds Digital Twins of Warehouses in NVIDIA Omniverse Amazon has over 200 robotics facilities that handle millions of packages each day. Using Omniverse ™ Enterprise and Isaac Sim , Amazon Robotics is building AI-enabled digital twins of its warehouses to better optimize warehouse design and flow, and train more intelligent robotic solutions. Image courtesy of Amazon Robotics
Heavy.AI Uses Omniverse to Create Digital Twins of 5G Networks HEAVY.AI developed an application framework on Omniverse for telecommunications companies to build digital twins of their networks. This powerful application will allow them to combine multibillion- point lidar scans and satellite imagery with HEAVY.AI's RF propagation models to simulate performance of radio networks in real time.
Deutsche Bahn Increases Capacity, Efficiency, and Sustainability with Omniverse Digitale Schiene Deutschland, part of Deutsche Bahn German national railway, is using Omniverse to design, build, and operate a digital twin of 40,000 trains, 5,700 stations, and 33,000 km of track to maximize existing railway capacity and reduce its carbon footprint.
Lowe’s Uses Omniverse to Optimize Retail Operations and Enhance the Shopping Experience With over 2,000 stores and 300,000 retail associates, Lowe’s is combining the amazing Magic Leap 2 headset and Omniverse so associates can enter a mixed physical-digital world to explore new store designs.
NVIDIA Is Building the Earth-2 Initiative to Accelerate Climate Research Our Earth-2 initiative will be a digital twin of Earth. This simulation of the world will help predict the complex multi-physics of Earth's atmosphere, land, sea, and ice caps at sufficiently high resolution. This will enable us to better predict the regional impacts of human actions over decades.
NVIDIA NVIDIA NVIDIA HPC AI Omniverse Deloitte, the world’s largest professional services firm, and its 350,000 professionals are helping the world’s enterprises use NVIDIA AI and Omniverse platforms to build modern multi-cloud applications for customer service, cybersecurity, industrial automation, warehouse and retail automation, and more.
Everything That Moves Will Be an Autonomous Machine AI is enabling new applications that were previously considered science fiction—and impacting nearly every industry. Autonomous machines take advantage of AI to solve some of the world’s toughest problems.
NVIDIA Isaac Powers the Robotics Revolution From smart automation in manufacturing to last-mile delivery, robots are becoming more ubiquitous in everyday life. NVIDIA Isaac is our platform for accelerating and enhancing robotics—from development to simulation to deployment.
NVIDIA Robotics Across Industries NVIDIA-powered robots are everywhere, from manufacturing and agriculture to security and home-based healthcare. Jetson is our robotics computer, with a million developers and used by some 6,000 companies, including 1,000 startups.
NVIDIA AI-Powered Medical Devices AI-powered medical devices can help clinicians detect and measure anomalies, up-level surgical skills, enhance image quality, and optimize workflows. Here we see Accuray, a radiation therapy company, using its AI-powered system to follow a tumor’s movement and deliver treatment options with sub-millimeter accuracy. Image courtesy of Accuray
NVIDIA DRIVE®—Full Stack Autonomous Driving Platform The NVIDIA DRIVE family of products for autonomous vehicle development covers everything from the car to the data center. DGX Data Center Hyperion™8 Development Car Omniverse Digital Twin
NVIDIA DRIVE Sim™Turbocharges Developer Productivity to Get Self- Driving Cars on the Road With NVIDIA DRIVE Sim features such as road elevation, road markings, islands, traffic signals, signs, and vertical posts are replicated at centimeter-level accuracy. Autonomous vehicles can drive millions of miles in a wide range of simulated scenarios so they hit the road running, safely.
NVIDIA DRIVE Thor Unifies AV and Cockpit Functions on a Single Computer Thor will power the centralized car computers of autonomous vehicles starting in 2025. Like Orin, Thor will be the processor for robotics, medical instruments, industrial automation, and edge AI systems.
Mercedes-Benz, NVIDIA Partner to Build the World’s Most Advanced, Software-Defined Vehicles Starting in 2024, every next-generation Mercedes-Benz vehicle will include this first-of-its-kind software-defined computing architecture that includes the most powerful computer, system software, and applications for consumers, marking the turning point of traditional vehicles becoming high-performance, updateable computing devices.
NVIDIA Powers the Software-Defined Vehicle Revolution Automakers Robotaxis Trucking Tier 1s
NVIDIA is a Learning Machine NVIDIA is united by a unique culture—the operating system of our company. We dream big, take risks, and learn from our mistakes together. Speed is the key to our success. Craftsmanship is a passion. There are no org charts—the project is the boss. These beliefs inform everything we do, from designing amazing products to building one of the world’s great companies—a place where people can do their life’s work.
We're One Team Tackling Challenges No One Else Can Solve NVIDIA employees are dedicated to building technology that moves humanity forward and to supporting the communities in which they work and live. We’ve been recognized as a top company in social responsibility, and our employees are passionate donors to hundreds of charities around the globe.
“Best Places to “Most Innovative “World’s Best Work in 2022 ” Companies” Performing CEO” Glassdoor Fast Company Harvard Business Review “World’s Best “100 Best Companies “50 Smartest CEOS” to Work For” Companies” Barron’s Fortune MIT Tech Review Founded in 1993 Jensen Huang, Founder & CEO 22,500 Employees $26.9B in FY22
“Nothing makes me prouder than the incredible people who have made NVIDIA the company it is today. We want our company to be where they can do their life's work, so it's a true honor that we were ranked No.1on Glassdoor's Best Places to Work list for large U.S. companies. Employees alone drive this ranking, and I am so grateful. “Together, we continue to drive advances in AI, HPC, gaming, creative design, autonomous vehicles, and robotics—some of the world’s most impactful areas. “I want to thank NVIDIA developers, partners, customers, and families for the amazing work you do. Exciting new frontiers lie ahead. Let's seek them out together.” Jensen


If you’re in the market for a smartphone packed with all of the bells and whistles, your choices are the iPhone XS, Google Pixel 3, Galaxy Note 9, or the new Huawei Mate 20 Pro. Unless you live in the United States that is, in which case you can scratch that last one off your list, as the Chinese smartphone maker isn’t welcome in the US anymore.
And that’s a shame, because Huawei makes some great phones. So much so that after nearly a decade of iPhone loyalty, I made the switch earlier this year to the Huawei Mate 10 Pro, and I couldn’t be any happier with my decision. The phone takes amazing pictures (which is most important to me), and it comes packed with cutting-edge features.
Now, Huawei is raising the bar with the Huawei Mate 20 Pro, with an even greater focus on AI, a Leica Triple Camera, a new 7nm chipset, a larger 4200 mAh battery, wireless charging, and an in-screen fingerprint scanner. This phone features a 6.39-inch curved OLED screen with a 3120 x 1440 resolution (19.5:9 aspect ratio).
Perhaps the most noteworthy feature on the Huawei Mate 20 Pro is that Leica Triple Camera, which houses a 40 MP main camera, a 20 MP ultra wide-angle camera, and an 8 MP telephoto camera. Together, the trio of lenses supports a wide range of focal lengths (equivalent to the performance of a 16-270 mm zoom lens), enabling it to mimic the results from professional cameras, while still small enough to fit in your pocket.
In addition, the Mate 20 Pro features the Kirin 980 processor, which gives a huge improvement in both speed and power efficiency over the outgoing model (which was no slouch itself). It also allows the phone to step up it’s AI efforts. Real-time image processing can be done on video now, not just photos, while real-time object segmentation is more precise.
Besides superb performance, the Huawei Mate 20 Pro also features some big improvements on battery life. The smartphone’s large, high-density 4200 mAh battery supports SuperCharge, giving the device a 70% charge in 30 minutes. It also supports Wireless Quick Charge, along with Wireless Reverse Charge – where the phone acts as a power bank for other devices. Neat feature if you need to charge up your Bluetooth headphones or something.
Much like Face ID the iPhone XS, the Mate 20 Pro gets facial unlocking, which can be used not only to access your phone, but for specific software too. App Lock will allow you to secure individual apps, while File Cabinet will do the same thing but for files. In addition, the Mate 20 Pro gets an in-display fingerprint sensor, allowing you to press your fingertip against a certain part of the screen to unlock your phone.
All in all, the new Huawei Mate 20 Pro sounds like quite the phone, at least based on its specs. But seeing as how we can’t go to our local Best Buy or AT&T store to play with it for ourselves, it’s an expensive gamble to order one from Amazon sight unseen. And therein lies the rub.
What do you think of the Huawei Mate 20 Pro?
Apple Unveiled Three Different iPhones. Which One Should You Buy?
Every year, we look forward to Apple’s September event, where they unveil their new phones and gadgets. Most years have been fairly predictable, with either an all-new iPhone model or an iPhone “S” model being introduced.
But this year was a little different, as Apple unveiled not one, not two, but three new iPhones, making this year’s choice perhaps the hardest one to date.
In the past, I would simply upgrade my iPhone every two years when my contract was up for the newest iPhone (if I had an iPhone 6, I’d skip the iPhone 6S and upgrade to the iPhone 7), and I was usually able to do an even swap thanks to generous trade-in deals, so my out-of-pocket cost was pretty close to zero.
This time around, Apple’s Tim Cook introduced the iPhone XS, iPhone XS Max, and iPhone XR, three phones that look similar but have some key differences between them. Honestly, we were a little surprised by the decision to release 3 phones at once. But Apple wants to offer a specific model for every need. Here, we break down the different models for you:
The iPhone XS (“Ten S”) is the successor to the iPhone X, and it retains the same design, with a 5.8″ Super Retina HD display and edge-to-edge design, along with that dreaded notch at the top. As with most “S”, the phone gets some minor upgrades, with a more powerful A12 Bionic chip, dual 12-megapixel wide and telephoto cameras for even better photos, and a new 512GB capacity option. Pricing for the iPhone XS starts at $999.
The iPhone XS Max is essentially the same as the iPhone XS, only bigger, with a massive 6.5″ screen, making it the largest display yet on an iPhone. But thanks to it’s edge-to-edge display, it actually manages it in a smaller form factor than previous “plus size” models like the iPhone 8 Plus. Pricing for the iPhone XS Max starts at $1,099.
Last but not least is the iPhone XR, and this is where things get a little confusing. You see, the iPhone XR offers many of the same great features from the iPhone XS, with a slightly larger screen (6.1″), but at a significantly lower price, starting at just $749. So how’s it $250 cheaper? By cutting a few corners along the way. The iPhone XR uses aluminum for the frame, with 6 colors to choose from. In addition, the XR features an LCD screen (which Apple calls “Liquid Retina Display”), rather than the OLED of the XS/XS Max. It also comes with a single camera setup rather than dual lenses, though Portrait Mode is still supposed to work.
While the iPhone XR seems like a good deal, until we’re able to compare both phones side by side and see how different the two phones are, it’s really hard to make a decision one way or another. And to further complicate matters, Apple is releasing the iPhone XS and XS Max nearly a month before the XR.
In the end, I’m not sure if Apple made the right move giving people too many options like this. Only time will tell I guess.
What do you think of the new iPhone XS, XS Max, and XR phones?
Samsung Unveils The Galaxy Note9, Galaxy Watch, And More At Unpacked Event
Yesterday, we headed up to Brooklyn for Samsung UNPACKED, where the company unveiled the highly anticipated Samsung Galaxy Note9, the latest in Samsung’s premium Note series, along with a few other surprises thrown in for good measure.
First on deck was the Galaxy Note9, which expands on the popular Note8 with a bigger screen, larger battery, massive storage space, faster processor, intelligent camera, and new S Pen. It’s clear that the Note9 is gunning for the iPhone X, and it’s got the specs to back it up. Pull up a chair while we break it all down for you.
The Samsung Galaxy Note9 features the largest edge-to-edge displays ever on a Note, with a 6.4-inch Super AMOLED Infinity Display and stereo speakers tuned by AKG, to provide a truly immersive experience whether you’re playing games like Fortnite (which is coming to Android next week) or simply watching YouTube videos.
While the larger screen is nice, the real story here is with the insane 4,000mAh battery, which promises to deliver all-day performance so you don’t need to be constantly hunting for a free outlet to recharge your phone. Leave that charging cable behind and live worry free!
Storage concerns are also a thing of the past, with the “base” model Note9 coming with 128GB of internal storage, and the upgraded model sporting 512GB of storage. Paired with Samsung’s upcoming 512GB MicroSD card, the Note9 can hold up to 1TB, so you will never have to worry about running out of space again. Seriously, that’s more space than my laptop has..
The Galaxy Note9 is powered by a 10nm 64-bit Octa-core processor, and they have upped the ante with the addition of a Water Carbon Cooling system, along with an on-device AI-based performance adjusting algorithm to deliver powerful yet stable performance, keeping things cool no matter how processor-intensive your game or app is.
More would argue that the most important thing on a phone is the camera, so Samsung pulled out all of the stops here, with a unique combination of advanced intelligence features and premium hardware. Dual 12MP rear cameras (one wide-angle, one telephoto) capture all the action, with a Dual Aperture lens that adjusts to light just like the human eye to deliver a crystal clear shot no matter the setting.
But it’s the Note9’s new “intelligent camera capabilities” that have us excited, taking the work out of getting the perfect picture. The Scene Optimizer automatically identifies elements of a photo, classifies it into one of 20 categories, and optimizes the photo accordingly. And Flaw Detection lets you know if there’s something wrong (someone blinked, the image is blurry, a smudge on the lens, etc) so you can take another picture before the moment is lost.
Lastly, the Note’s signature S Pen has evolved. What began as a tool for writing and drawing is now putting more power and control in your hands. Now, with Bluetooth Low-Energy (BLE) support, the new S Pen allows you to take selfies and group pictures, present slides, pause and play music, and more with just a click. The S Pen charges in the phone in just under a minute, so it’s ready for you in a matter of moments.
The Samsung Galaxy Note9 will retail for $999.99 for the 128GB version and $1,249.99 for the 512GB version. Both phones will be available for purchase starting August 24th online and in stores, and they’re currently available for pre-order.
In addition, customers who pre-order either phone between now and August 23rd can choose between a pair of AKG noise-cancelling headphones ($299 retail) or the Fortnite Galaxy skin with 15,000 V-bucks ($150 retail) or get both for just $99.
Overall, we think Samsung really knocked it out of the park with the new Galaxy Note9. Sure, it’s easy to get a case of sticker shock when you see the price tag. But for those power users who rely on their phones on a daily basis, we think it’s a no-brainer.
Visit www.samsung.com to learn more about the Galaxy Note9. And stay tuned, as we’ll have more about the rest of the devices unveiled at Unpacked in the coming days!
Apple Introduces New (RED) iPhone 8 / Plus Special Edition
Apple is doing it again, unveiling (PRODUCT)RED Special Edition versions of the iPhone 8 and iPhone 8 Plus, which sport a beautiful glass enclosure, now in red, with a matching aluminum band and a sleek black front. Other than that, it’s exactly the same as other iPhone 8 models.
Not only do the new phones look great, but as part of Apple’s long-time partnership with the (RED) campaign, a portion of the proceeds go directly to fighting HIV/AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa through the Global Fund. Since partnering with (RED) in 2006, Apple has raised over $160 million for this great cause.
“We are proud to support (RED) with this bold new iPhone and hope customers think it is as special as we do,” said Greg Joswiak, Apple’s vice president of Product Marketing.
The iPhone 8 and iPhone 8 Plus (PRODUCT)RED Special Edition will be available in 64GB and 256GB models, with pricing starting at $699. Pre-orders start tomorrow, and you’ll be able to buy it at Apple stores on Friday. So if you’ve been thinking about getting a new iPhone, here’s your chance to support a worthy cause while getting a great phone. But don’t wait too long, as these will sell out before you know it!
And don’t feel left out iPhone X users, as you can still support the cause by purchasing a dark red leather folio ($99), which is crafted from specially tanned and finished European leather for a luxurious look and feel. This case will be available for purchase starting tomorrow.
What do you think of the iPhone 8 (PRODUCT)RED Special Edition?


This site is provided by Safe Frontier to demonstrate the benefits of Intel® Active Management Technology (Intel® AMT) using new deployment and infrastructure concepts. This site is a functional online demonstration where administrators can provision and scale Cloud Intel® AMT infrastructure enabling Intel® AMT functionality to be delivered over the Internet, independent of corporate networks. This site demonstrates core functionality and does not include any business-related logic or functions.
Out of Band Manager Demo is intended for IT administrators that have no less than intermediate knowledge about Intel® AMT, and allows them:
- Transparently provision and scale geographically distributed enabling infrastructure.
- Initialize, configure, and manage (KVM) Intel® AMT enabled devices over the Internet, including "Zero-Touch" (port 16992/16993 must be open if device is behind NAT) and Host-Based (standard Internet ports) provisioning methods.
- Control access of multiple service providers to a single device.
- Transparently transfer devices (re-provision) between geographically distributed gateways.
- Un-configure/un-provision device over the Internet
All infrastructure is provided online. You can KVM remote control your Intel® AMT computer out-of-band in a matter of minutes.
Intel® Core™ vPro™ enabled devices that: 1) Support Intel® Active Management Technology (Intel® AMT) 7 or later. 2) Have the Intel® vPro™ technology activated in the Management Engine BIOS extension (MEBx). Intel® AMT may not be available or certain capabilities may be limited when connecting wirelessly, on battery power, sleeping, hibernating, or powered off.
1) KVM Remote Control feature must be enabled in the BIOS/MEBx (note: some OEMs disable these features by default).
2) Have Intel® Core™ i5 vPro™ or Intel® Core™ i7 vPro™ processor with embedded Intel® Integrated Graphics (systems that also have alternative graphics, must be switched to Intel® card). Other graphics cards are not supported (note: not all Intel® Core™ i5 vPro™ and Intel® Core™ i7 vPro™ processors support integrated graphics or KVM Remote Control. For more information, please contact the device manufacturer.


8 Inch Multi-Color LED Square Shaped Shower Head
The item is a novelty and funny square shaped LED shower head, which is made of durable hard ABS material, and self powered by force of running water, no batteries or wire needed. When water flows down, the LED light will give off auto color-changing colorful light, and the change of LED color will not be subject to the temperature of water. Therefore, it is really a wonderful LED shower head for choice.
- Shell color: as shown in the pictures.
- LED light: colorful (auto color-changing).
- Material: durable hard ABS.
- Size (L*W*T): 200*200*15mm /8*8*0.5inch.
- Connector diameter: about 20mm
- 100% brand new and high quality Multi Color Changing LED Shower Head Bathroom Water Faucet Light.
- No batteries and external power supply required, it will illuminate after water flows down.
- Automatic control: When water flows down, the shower head will give off bright auto color-changing colorful light. (Note: The change of LED color will not be subject to the temperature of water.)
- Brightness is such enough even no other lighting fixtures need.
- Novelty design, easy to install and safey to use.


WARNING: This product can expose you to chemicals including nicotine, which is known to the State of California to cause cancer. For more information, go to www.P65Warnings.ca.gov
The Exxus 510 1600 mah Spinner V2 Battery is perfect for vaping for long periods of time on a single charge. It is quality rechargeable lithium ion battery. It also has a common Go/510 thread and comes with adjustable voltage settings.
If you have a vaporizer from Exxus, you have purchased the very best. Exxus vaporizers are made to last. Whether you have a dry vaporizer, portable vaporizer, concentrate vaporizer or e-liquid vaporizer, you have a premium product. However, you may find the vaporizer is not working properly at some point due to some sort of damage, or you may have lost a component. It is probably not necessary to replace the entire vaporizer. You may need to simply purchase a replacement part. One of the replacement parts Exxus carries is the Exxus Spinner V2 Battery. If you have lost your battery or need a new one for any reason, consider purchasing a brand new Exxus 1600 mah Spinner V2 Battery today.
The battery works with all types of tanks and atomizers. You can vape e-liquids as well as dry herb blends and concentrated essential oils. The battery is very versatile and allows you to vape with freedom of movement, not being bound by a power cord.
All you need is a compatible charge. Before first use, the battery should charge for eight hours. After first use, it takes only one to three hours to fully charge. The battery comes with a lock and unlock feature. If you push the LED button five times you will turn the battery on. The battery's LED button will blink three times upon being turned on. A 15 second auto shut off feature turns the battery off if the LED button is held for 15 seconds. The battery turns off by pressing the LED button five times. The LED button will blink three times prior to shutting off.
The battery comes with an alert system to let you know when the battery needs to be recharged. The LED button will blink several times in a row. As the battery charges the light glows red. It will change to green once it is fully charged. The battery can be recharged up to 300 times.
At the base of the Exxus Spinner V2 Battery is the operation dial. This dial controls the built in variable voltage feature. This feature allows the vaper to adjust the battery from 3.3V to 4.8V.
Available in five stylish colors, the Exxus Spinner V2 Battery comes with a 1 year warranty. You can buy with confidence, knowing that Exxus has you covered should anything happen to the battery beyond normal wear and tear.
Order your Exxus Spinner V2 Battery today, and be one of Exxus' many satisfied customers.
WARNING:Do not charge with a powerbank of 5V or higher. Do not charge in your car. Do not overcharge or use any other charging cable other than what comes with your battery. Failure to follow these instructions could result in battery damage and frying of the internal system.
The vape is simple but came in the wrong color that i ordered, they changed it for me but still a minor inconvenience
I cant figure out why all these awesome 4 & 5 star reviews. I have purchased 2 of these p. o. s. Batteries. The end material is shite and too easily malformed. I cant make them work properly no matter what I do. It is not because they are complicated devices. I purchased them from an “all sales final” place and they come in a flimsy little box with nothing inside except for the battery. So if there is some awesome warranty that covers the thing I dont have any way of knowing this. So. Based on these facts I have to review this item poorly.
Works just how I needed it too and lasts awhile on a full charge.
I've had this battery for over a year and it works great, last a very long time on a single charge.
This bad boy is compact making it one of the most portable variable voltage device. Don't forget the high capacity powerful battery... Vape for hours on a single charge!


Geobit and ISTI
provide a complete seismic monitoring solution
With 65+ years of combined experience, GEObit and ISTI are joining forces to become the most competitive and fastest growing joint venture group in the seismic monitoring services industry.
Providing state-of-the-art seismic instruments, network design, installation techniques, data monitoring and processing services, our group is able to deliver a cost effective total solution to the energy exploration & production industry, especially to the oil, gas and geothermal sector. Our key benefits are that we produce in-house hardware and software while installing and maintaining the microseismic monitoring network to ensure a high level of data quality and availability. In other words, we make the technology – we apply the technology – we offer the technology.
We have worldwide experience having installed and operated seismic networks all over the world, from Indonesia/Papua jungle to the Middle East desert, from Alaska glaciers to Himalayan Mountains. In the USA, we are currently running many dedicated microseismic monitoring projects with over 200 stations installed in the past 10 years.
GEObit provides high sensitivity wide-band and near broad-band seismic sensors, surface or borehole type, and high dynamic range, low power 32bit ADC data loggers with local data storage and real time telemetry over seedlink protocol. We are focusing to low power and cost efficient solutions so we provide to our customer seismic networks with low installation and maintenance costs. Our instruments are ideal for local and regional seismicity and micro-seismicity monitoring and for seismic events such as those induced by unconventional hydrocarbon extraction. Our high fidelity data loggers ensure that these signals are recorded with the highest resolution and timing accuracy.
ISTI specializes in developing custom data acquisition, analysis and processing software for the geophysical sciences.. Micro-seismic data acquisition and processing is performed by custom solutions using existing open source software as a foundation, saving our customers both time and money. ISTI provides several products and services covering all geophysical applications and monitoring needs of the industry.


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The S series of 6 phase alternators offers incredible output in a compact and durable package. Highly efficient, these units use less horsepower than conventional 3 phase alternators. 12 diodes, twin rectifier plates and outstanding airflow ensure long service life, even in severe conditions. This alternator runs on stock size belt.
All we do is Alternators. Mechman Alternators can build a high output alternator for almost any application with outputs ranging from 150a to 370a. We specialize in bolt-in high output charging solutions for your vehicle, with applications to fit almost any application.


I'm making this blog post from my old IBM Thinkpad 600E, which is powered by a Pentium-II 366MHz processor and 64MB RAM. It runs Opera 9.64 on Windows 98 and can send/receive email and post to my blog without breaking a sweat. It makes you wonder how newer machines have lots and lots of processing power but you only need so much to get the job done.
I must admit though that for the amount of processing power I get, I do spend an awful lot of electricity. With the same number of electrons it takes to power an old computer, I can run a brand new shiny Thinkpad. My newer Thinkpad T60 also generates lesser heat, so I'm guessing the cooling fan uses lesser electricity and I'm less likely to turn on the air conditioning.
Anyway, I do my part by shutting down the 600E when it's not in use so let's all just take pride in knowing that an old Thinkpad 600E is still alive and in service on the frontlines.
PS: I would install Linux on it but I can't find a driver for the USB interface of my SpeedStream ADSL modem.


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AudioQuest - Pearl digital audio interconnet, USB A to USB B (0.75m - single) 4.5 out of 5 stars 57. 0 Reviews. The built-in Lightning/Micro-USB adapter means that you only need one cable for all your devices. Alibaba.com offers 1,963 usb cable 5 meter products. It is backwards compatible with USB 1.1 and 1.0 devices. Info: Audioquest carbon USB A to B 1.5 meter cable. Kemket Hi-Speed USB 2.0 Type A to B Printer and Scanner Excellent Rreplacement Cable for Products for Brother, Canon, CyberPower, Dell, Epson, Fujitsu, HP, IOGEAR, Lexmark,and Panasonic Printer and Scanner 1.5 Meter, 3 Meter And 5Meter Golden Head Cable (5 Meter) Certified by Intel. it provides up to 2.4 A data transfer and high-speed charging. This page was last updated: 12-Dec 05:57. Perfectly fitting and easy to use, Caseco brings you durable engineering built to last. Usually ships within 2 to 3 days. 5 meter USB to 8pin Lightning Cable for Charging and Data Sync for iPhone XR, iPhone XS Max / iPod. Caseco Micro USB Cable - 1.5 Meter quantity. Prime members enjoy FREE Delivery and exclusive access to music, movies, TV shows, original audio series, and Kindle books. Micro USB Cable YOSOU Android Cable 2M 2Pack Nylon Braided USB Cable Fast USB Charger Charging Cables Compatible with Samsung S7/S6/S5, HTC, Huawei, Sony, Nexus, Nokia, PS4 Controller and More. and 2 more promotions. Caseco 2-in-1 Lightning/Micro USB Cable – 1.5 Meter. BUY 2 GET 1 FREE - [ADD 3 TO BASKET AND PAY FOR 2 ], 100% Official Samsung 1.5M Extra Long Lead (5000+ SOLD), BUY 2 GET 1 FREE 48HR OFFER SAME DAY DISPATCH 3PM UK, Elbow design,2 Right Angle C2C,10ft 5A/16ft 3A No Stuck, Amounts shown in italicized text are for items listed in currency other than Canadian dollars and are approximate conversions to Canadian dollars based upon Bloomberg's conversion rates. Description MangoRX USB Cable – .5 Meter, MangoRX Standard USB Cable. ADAPTERS/CHARGERS Mango … Watch Report This Ad. Only 7 left in stock (more on the way). CDN$ 47.62 . Get it Tomorrow, Dec 9. Not recommended … There's a problem loading this menu right now. The Lightning to USB Cable (0.5 m) makes it easy to charge and sync your iPhone, iPad, or iPod to your Mac or PC. I can confirm that it works with my Seagate Backup Plus 4TB external drive. CDN$ 58.33 . L-com's CAU31CA series of USB cables feature simple "plug & play" connections to hand held devices and other situations where a USB 2.0 Type C to USB 2.0 Type A connection is required. The three sizes of USB to USB Cable 5 meter connectors are the default or standard format intended for desktop or portable equipment, the mini intended for mobile equipment, and the thinner micro size, for low-profile mobile equipment such as mobile phones and tablets. Highlights. This 0.5-meter cable is great for close-range connections to charge and sync your mobile devices with your laptop. This cable makes it MUCH easier to access the port without having to move my PC and plug in 'by braille'. ADAPTERS/CHARGERS 2 Pack USB-C Magnetic Cable $ 14.99 Add to cart. Twisted pair data lines help reduce crosstalk and allow for maximum cable flexibility I have used a 5 meter usb extension cable + the 1 meter camera cable for a security camera in another room that was no problem but it looks like that is the safe limit. Ships from and sold by Amazon.ca. Shop with confidence. FOR SALE! You Save: 500 (62%) 5% off with HSBC Cashback card; 10% off with AU Bank Debit Cards; See Details. Something went wrong. It features 1 type A male USB and 1 type A female USB. You can move large files or transfer movies can be done in seconds, at twice the speed of USB 3.0 and 20x faster than USB 2.0. This device repeats the USB signal up to 25 meters (82 ft.) with maximum reliability and performance. 1 Meter. 1-24 of over 50,000 results for Computers & Accessories: Accessories & Peripherals: Cables: USB Cables See available choices boAt Rugged v3 Extra Tough Unbreakable Braided Micro USB Cable 1.5 Meter … 5.0 out of 5 stars 6 ratings. Iphone 5 usb cable 5 meter products are most popular in North America, Western Europe, and South America. This non-standard 0.5-meter cable is great for close-range connections to charge and sync your USB Type-C™ mobile devices from your laptop. Asking Price: CAD $ 170.00. 99. MangoRX Standard USB Cable- .5 Meter, Black. FOR SALE! Up to three cables can be connected in series, but devices with high power consumption may require a powered USB hub between the cable and the device. Get help buying. The Sabrent USB 3.0 Active Extension Booster 5M cable (16FT) extends your USB 3.0 devices up to 5 meters. Size : 0.5 Meter 0.5 Meter. MangoRX USB Cable – .5 Meter, MangoRX Standard USB Cable. The USB2HAB5M 5-meter USB A-to-B cable features one USB 'A' male connector and one USB 'B' male connector, providing a high quality connection to USB 2.0 peripherals such as USB printers, scanners or external USB hard drives. Retail Price: $7.99. Find great deals on eBay for usb cable 5m and usb extension cable 5m. Find a Club 3D USB to USB 5 Meter Repeater Cable at Staples.ca. The three sizes of USB to USB Cable 5 meter connectors are the default or standard format intended for desktop or portable equipment, the mini intended for mobile equipment , and the thinner micro size, for low-profile mobile equipment such as mobile phones and tablets. Cable Tie and Mount Kit. The 5 Meter USB 2.0 Extension Cable is perfect for extending the distance between USB devices and your computer. About Seller: Follow user. $15.89. 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The impressive developments and innovations in computing and technology, both for private and commercial use, seem to improve immeasurably month after month, with no end in sight for the progression of such technology.
If you want to introduce just a few brand-new and exciting technological elements into your own home, then continue reading to discover four ways to make your home considerably more tech-centered.
1. A Robotic Vacuum
If you are a fan of social media platforms such as TikTok and Facebook, you will probably already have seen the odd entertaining video whereby a family pet is traveling, ticket-free, across the living room on a robotic, circular vacuum cleaner.
Such gadgets save tech-savvy consumers considerable time in vacuuming and cleaning, as robotic cleaners travel throughout the home cleaning and polishing the floor. What is more, due to the simple fact that robotic vacuums have been on the market for some time now, some makes and models are the same price of an ordinary vacuum.
2. Smart Lighting
Another excellent way of bringing your home décor and overall ambiance into the modern world of home technology is to treat yourself to a couple of LED wireless connected lightbulbs to replace your ordinary ones to introduce smart lighting.
This way, not only can you control which lights throughout your home are switched on. But you can also place your lights on a timer (helpful when the house is empty for the evening) and create colorful vistas too.
Naturally, with such impressive, Star Trek-esque fixtures and functions, it is necessary for you to upgrade to the more reliable fiber internet in Phoenix, which is faster and safer than regular cable and also matches download with upload speed every single time.
3. A Smart Thermostat
Just as choosing to introduce smart lighting into your home will save on your energy bills, so too, and in an even bigger way, will the purchase of a smart thermostat.
There are, as you might expect, many different types of smart thermostat, with more basic and therefore, cheaper, models simply monitoring your spending and with more advanced and expensive models that are compatible with your Google or Amazon smart speaker.
With the latter types, you are also able to switch the heating on and off even when you are far away from your home and also to pre-program when and in what room the radiators are turned on, all from your smartphone.
- A Water Saver
The fourth and final impressive and effective way to transform your home into a mecca of the latest in technological innovation is to treat yourself to a smart water saver, such as the Waterpebble.
Essentially, the computer within such a device will base both the duration and temperature of your average shower and bath and then use this as a benchmark for future morning washes. Again, this is another fantastic device that will allow you to see just how much money you are spending on water usage every month.


Raveman TR-300 USB RECHARGE 300 LUMEN LED TAILLIGHT
With 3 high lumen CREE XP-E2 red LEDs, TR300 provides larger viewing angle and max 300 LED lumens on flashing modes to keep the rider clearly visible in both daytime and night riding. The light also comes with an optional Auto on-off function under which the light will turn on automatically when sensing a motion and switch off after staying still for 2 mins.
3 red LEDs with max 300 led lumens and various flashing modes, providing great visibility for both daytime and night riding
When activated, the light will turn on automatically when sensing a motion and switch off after staying still for 2 mins
Providing brighter side visibility with the internal stripes reflecting the light
Two pads and rubber bands in different sizes and length for various sizes of round and aero seatpost; solid and lightweight anodized aluminum body
1. Flashing modes with max 300 LED lumens, providing great visibility for daytime riding
2. Internal side reflecting stripes, enhancing the side visibility and increasing the rider's safety
3. Auto on-off mode for convenient use
4. Solid and lightweight anodized aluminum body
5. Compatible with round and aero seatposts
6. Micro USB charging port, compatible with most phone chargers
7. Intelligent memory circuit remembers the last used brightness level and mode when turned on again
Not Ready to Buy?
Try a rental first! We offer bikes and E-bikes to best suit the needs of almost any rider.
Call us at: (262) 236-9719
Or Book online Here


We’ve been talking about wearable tech for 20 years, but 2015 looks like the year when it’s going to break through in a big way. These are some of the most exciting products you can look forward to over the next 12 months.
The big piece of tech everyone’s talking about this year is, of course, the Apple Watch. Even though no-one really knows what it does yet, Apple’s marketing know-how means it’s sure to be a game-changer. It’s not the only smart watch coming out this year, however, so keep an eye out for others, such as Android’s revamped LG G Watch R, which promises to employ 4G technology, and Xiaomi’s eagerly anticipated budget version, which will probably be no less smart.
The ultimate in training aids, Viper was originally designed for soccer players but can be adapted to many different sports. Strapped across…
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Our First Generation Product
The SmartCap system is a fatigue monitoring tool for vehicle drivers or operators of heavy vehicles that provides real-time measurements of fatigue, based on direct physiological measurement rather than estimation via measures of related symptoms.
Click to view our latest innovative wearable Life by SmartCap.
The SmartCap can be worn as a cap, hat, beanie, headband or other headwear variant that is fitted with a sophisticated removable sensor. The SmartCap is capable of reading electrical brain activity (EEG) and processing that information to determine an individual’s fatigue (alertness/drowsiness) level. The system operates inside the cabin of a (heavy) vehicle and uses a Bluetooth wireless connection to transmit data from the SmartCap to an in-cab display.


Research and development especially in the Artificial Intelligence industry can turn into a never-ending endeavor with little to no benefit in the end. Figuring out something new and unique is only as good as how much the market can benefit from it.
As an industry leader in AI-based video analytics, Ultinous understands that R&D must be forefronted with a deep understanding of what are the actual business needs and desires. This allows us to streamline prototyping phases and deliver solutions that are beneficial for the market.
Our research team is continuously tracking and monitoring the most recent and relevant developments in the AI deep learning field and is capable of deriving capabilities and demonstrating the business value is achievable with the latest trends.
This is where the expertise provided by Ultinous comes into play. Fundamentally through its research lab’s deep understanding of AI modeling coupled with its engineering department’s rapid prototyping capability Ultinous can deliver tailor-made solutions in quick successions while simultaneously satisfying customer needs on an individual level.
The difficulty with developing AI-based technologies stems from the lack of a deep understanding of the subject. Many organizations attempt to develop their own solution and end up investing a lot of time and money in training their own people to even get a grasp of how the project should be done. Most of the effort is relegated to understanding the basics and developing toolkits that later can be used to develop actual products. It turns into a long-shot investment instead of a robust project launch.
Ultinous already carved its way through all of this. The Research and development team already spent years establishing an environment that is suited for AI modeling and prototyping and contains all the necessary toolkits that allow rapid pace technology production.
AI-driven projects are still relatively new and highly complex even today. There are no by default solutions or concepts how each AI-based solution should work or solve specific challenges. In fields such as this, the most important thing is the level of expertise the research and development team possesses as they need to create custom solutions to address each particular customer need. Have the capability to fully understand the requirements and define a product that can exactly produce the required results.
The Ultinous team spent years studying, practicing, and operating in the AI field. They possess the capability to define and develop solutions in an opinionated manner that meets customer requirements and suits market needs.