The TDA1543 is a fairly old, but cheap, Philips 16-bit DAC. It seems quite popular with non-oversampling (NOS) people. It produces a current output, which then has to be converted into a signal voltage by an I/V converter. The data sheet shows that this can be done by using an inverting op-amp biased from Vref, so the DAC output connects directly with an AC virtual earth.
Some audio purists prefer to avoid op-amps at the replay end, even though they were probably widely used at the recording end. It must be admitted that the op-amp immediately after a DAC has a much harder job to do than an op-amp in a studio mixing desk. The virtual earth is therefore replaced with a simple resistor to earth. Then they find that the value of this resistor, and the associated bias current resistor, is very critical. The reason for this is quite simple: the TD1543 was not designed to feed into a resistor. Most people seem to manually tweak the resistors until it sounds right. Others use fixed values, some of which are clearly wrong! Many people have found that the chip works better at higher supply voltages. All of these results are easily explained.
The signal output of the chip is a current sink, which varies from zero to 2.3mA. There is also a current source, to bias the output, which can be programmed up to 5mA. The bias current is twice the current drawn from the Vref pin. The output voltage must be somewhere between 1.8V and Vdd-1.2V. There is also a limit of 25mV on the AC signal voltage, but this is significantly violated by all passive I/V designs. The main result of ignoring the AC limit is a little 2nd-order distortion, which is relatively harmless and may be preferred by some people. The TDA1543 is unusual in this respect, which is why it is often the one used with passive I/V; many other DACs would generate very high distortion under these conditions.
Putting these constraints (not the AC one) together in a spreadsheet, I found the results shown in the plots on the right. The valid area of operation is below the red line and above the green line, and is hatched in bluish-grey. Operation at 5V is not possible with a passive I/V to earth. As the supply voltage rises the available area increases but always remains quite narrow. The chip has manufacturing tolerances of 5-10% on most parameters, so the lines should be treated as fuzzy. This is why some people are able to operate outside these limits, but they may have a design which will require chip selection if they are to avoid peak limiting. The table below gives resistor values. The values for maximum Rref and Rout were read from the plots, because I was too lazy to solve the simultaneous linear equations, so are only approximate.
|Supply||Min Rref, Rout range||Max Rref, Rout value|
|6V||920, 750-920||1.0k, 1.0k|
|7V||920, 750-1.1k||1.1k, 1.4k|
|8V||920, 750-1.3k||1.25k, 1.75k|
|8.5V||920, 750-1.4k||1.33k, 2.0k|
It looks like to use a TDA1543 with passive I/V without adjustment one should use 1k for both resistors. If DAC chips are paralleled then the common resistor values should be divided by the number of chips. If you look at published circuits you will see that most use quite high values and as a result have quite a fine adjustment of bias current to steer a path between peak clipping on opposite sides. This shows up as 2nd (and higher) harmonic distortion on a spectrum analyser. The bias current adjustment is often, wrongly, described as a Vref adjustment; I guess this is because the bias current is set by drawing current from the Vref pin.
I have seen various comments on the AC output voltage limit. The 25mV limit in the data sheet cannot be met by a resistor to ground. Some have suggested a 480mV limit; another (a DAC kit supplier) had 1.6V rms with 0.3% THD. If people really must have passive I/V then the best option is to use a potential divider which will set a standing DC bias at the output, but very few designs do this. I suspect that not enough 'designers' have actually read and understood the data sheet!
There is a graph in the data sheet giving THD at various signal levels. At full output 1kHz this gives a typical figure of 0.015%. If we assume that this is all due to output second-order non-linearity, and was measured at 25mV out peak, then at 1.6V rms we would get 1.35% THD. So much of the distortion at low AC voltage outputs is not caused by output voltage linearity, but other effects such as DAC ladder errors. This suggests that a modest violation of the 25mV limit will not be too harmful. However, passive I/V referenced to earth necessarily gives a major violation of this limit. Is it possible that some of the popularity of this DAC with passive output is due to the second-harmonic distortion it produces? People who will tolerate significant peak clipping due to wrong I/V resistor values are unlikely to complain about a little 2nd harmonic!
Can we estimate the likely error, or work backwards? I assumed that the 16 current generators each had an output impedance which was not infinite (like a perfect current source) but had a high impedance which was inversely proportional to the current. This corresponds to the model of a current generator which sees it as a fixed high voltage Vswith a high resistance in series. The result is that the output voltage looks like:
This is about the simplest possible error in a current source, yet it gives rise to an infinite number of products! Using the figures above (0.3% at 1.6V rms) gives Vs = 770V. This is quite good for a 5-8v supply. At full output it corresponds to a source resistance of 335k.
Some people use a transformer output, but I hope they still satisfy the DC conditions otherwise their expensive DAC may remain silent! You cannot simply connect the transformer primary to ground. There needs to be a DC resistance as calculated above for Rout. The transfomer can either be in series with this (with the resistor bypassed) or in parallel (with a DC blocking capacitor). In either case the aim should be to reduce the AC impedance seen at the output.
I have bought a cheap NOS passive I/V DAC board which uses four parallel TDA1543s. This comes from a supplier in Hong Kong. It includes an asynchronous local clock, but I have not used that as I am not convinced that asynchronous re-clocking has any benefits - why would you want to deliberately drop or double dozens of samples every second?
The circuit is fairly straightfoward: standard CS8414 SPDIF receiver (mounted on carrier so it plugs into an 8412 DIL socket) feeding parallel TDA1543, then passive output with DC isolation. It has two inputs: 75ohm BNC, and optical Toslink. The supply uses three LM317, for receiver, DAC and crystal oscillator respectively. It needs two separate 9V AC supplies. It came in a random box, packed with scrumpled newspaper for padding, and just a circuit diagram. The diagram is generally OK, although some of the text is in Chinese and a few component values are wrong. The board itself is double-sided, includes component names, and seems to be reasonably well made. There are two adjustments: DAC supply (set to 8V) and DAC bias current.
I hooked it up to my CD player (RCD-06) and amplifier (modified 5-20) via a volume pot. It seems to work OK. Using a Hi-Fi News test CD (with the garage door track!) and an oscilloscope I adjusted the DAC bias as it was showing signs of limiting on positive peaks. I also checked it via an optical connection from my Freeview TV box - OK (at 48kHz?). The output is lower than my CD player. It uses 220R for I/V so I estimate about 1V peak, rather than the standard 2V rms. Incidentally, the SPDIF signal from the RCD-06 was very clean with a good open eye pattern. There was a 10% overshoot and some ringing after the signal transition but this should be harmless. Rotel have done a good job on the SPDIF driver.
Later I dropped the DAC supply to about 7.5V, then readjusted the bias to give minimum second harmonic according to my Pico ADC-212. With 0dB sine wave at 1001Hz this gave -58dB (0.13%) 2nd and similar amounts of other harmonics. Dropping to -20dB gave even harmonics around -76dB (0.016%) and odd harmonics at -63dB (0.07%). There were some spurious outputs visible on the spectrum at about -40dB around 4-5kHz, but I don't know if these are genuine signals or artifacts from the ADC-212 sampling. The high levels of 44.1kHz in the signal might be confusing it. Given that the DAC is being used well outside its datasheet envelope these figures are quite good. The DC quiescent output was about 2.5V, and this did not seem to change with signal. This is because the 8414 outputs binary zero if it has no valid signal, and the I2 bus uses 2's-complement data format, so the DAC sits at half FSD output current when there is no input. I need to re-check all this, as I might have adjusted it so that negative peak clipping generates just enough 2nd to partially cancel the non-linearity produced by exceeding the output AC compliance.
My eventual aim, once I understand things a little better, is to replace the passive I/V with an active load - probably a grounded-grid triode.
Back to audio home, modified Mullard 5-20, CD sampling and restoration
updated 22 Aug 2018: modified for new website


Emotion Exchange between Human and Plants by Nanotechnologyan
April 15, 2010
Emotion exchange between human and plants can be in many methods by nanotechnology. Our brain can send signals to plants and receive their response, the nanotechnology decodes/interprets these chemical signals and sends those signals through the wireless world around us. Most kinds of sensitive emotions between human and plants can be exchange based on this philosophy.
My experiment intends to design a interactive installation which people can interact with the 3D virtual plants created in processing to exchange emotions. Here are a few images for my inspiration.


MiniKelvin LED Table Lamp
Antonio Citterio with Toan Nguyen for Flos - 2011
A miniature version of the innovative and popular Kelvin LED series of lamps for Flos. The flat, square head houses 30 LEDs and with a simple tap you can control the light output to two intensities (100%-50%-0%). The MiniKelvin is perfect for providing direct light to smaller work surfaces. The MiniKelvin LED Table Lamp is available in a chrome finish.
FLOS Refresh Your Space Sale 15% off until Aug 20
Fused aluminum alloy body. Die-cast aluminum outer head, with injection-molded methacrylate diffuser. External base cover in ABS. On/Off switch with Soft Touch technology and light flow adjustment to 2 intensities (100% - 50% - 0%). Light source: 36 TOP LED 3000K 97lm CRI 80 - 4W. The base separates from the lamp body and is held in place with a safety locking pin.
4.72" base W x 11.81" arm H x 2.36" diffuser W


The development of powerful, ultra-low cost computing will accelerate the development of the Internet of Everything and the risks associated with it.
A kickstarter campaign to launch a computer costing just USD9 is another important milestone on the road to hyper-connectivity, creating risks and opportunities for insurers.
The C.H.I.P. is a tiny computer equipped with a 1 GHz ARM processor, 512 MB of DDR3 RAM, 4 GB of storage, and Bluetooth connectivity, all in a package smaller than a box of cigarettes. It runs on a Debian Linux operating system, is designed to work with most monitors and keyboards, and comes pre-loaded with a number of apps and a web browser.
The device is entering a market that already includes the Raspberry Pi, BeagleBone Black and Arduino, small computers which are increasingly being used by hobbyists and businesses to connect sensors, switches and relays across what is becoming known as the Internet of Everything. What is remarkable about the C.H.I.P., however, is its price point, roughly a quarter of its competitors, marking a major step in the mass production of these tools.
That has investors scrambling to jump on the bandwagon, with nearly 18,000 people contributing over USD 900,000 within just a few days of the launch of the initial kickstarter campaign, which had a target of just USD 50,000.
Regardless of the projects success, it also has enormous implications for the insurance industry. The dwindling cost of connectivity is likely to accelerate the rate at which new devices connect to the internet.
One with everything
This hyper-connectivity will generate enormous volumes of data, which will allow businesses and insurers to generate far more granular insights into their business requirements and the risks that they face.
At the same time, a rapid increase in the number of devices connected to the internet will create new vectors for cyber-attack, generating significant volumes of highly sensitive data while also potentially creating new hazards as hackers will be able to directly interact with a range of new devices, from fridges to shipping manifests and safety sensors.
As a recent report by the ESADE Center for Global Economy and Geopolitics and Zurich Insurance Group illustrates, the global governance framework in place to manage these risks is woefully inadequate, so businesses will need to develop their own robust risk management frameworks to build resilience against attacks.
Access for everybody
Another benefit of this cheap technology is that it makes internet access more affordable for people on a low income. The C.H.I.P., for example, is being offered in a USD 35 mobile handset.
This kind of connectivity is a vital tool for delivering financial services and the protection of micro-insurance to a greater number people on low incomes around the world.


Benefits Of IT Skills
Information technology is the use of processors to retrieve, transfer and store information. People use the knowledge of information technology to use computers to generate and make changes to useful pieces of information. Most activities in the current world have been upgraded and are more digital and thus require the help of computers to perform them efficiently.
Information technology has lots of benefits for instance making the communication process faster through the use of electronic means such as electronic mail. It has enabled boosting productivity since everything is done using computers thus saving on time and energy.
Storage of information through electronic means has been made a reality by information technology. Nowadays people can store information safely since information technology has enhanced security. Only accredited people have the right to access your work and make any changes to the documents. The information is protected from hacking through information technology security techniques.
It’s possible to go through your job from anywhere at any stage with the help of the knowledge you have in information technology. This enables you to be more productive since you work at any time regardless of where you are working from.
IT ensures constant communication. Communication is critical especially in for those in business to ensure things flow in a consistent manner to ensure maximum productivity.
Organizations performance is improved since it automates its processes to ensure the constant flow of information. An individual who is well skilled in information technology has a wide variety of fields to practice their skills. One can help others get to know about what information technology entails by becoming an IT trainer or consultant.
You can also work as an information security analyst who deals with any security matters. Such a person specializes in ensuring no illegal activities such as the hacking of sites. When registering a new account online, you have to provide significant details such as your contact so that they can get to you in case of security issues.
One can also become an architect dealing with computer networks to ensure that the network connections are well done. Proficiency in IT can make you a good web developer. The web developers are experts in creating and developing websites attractively.
One can specialize in advising people about computing.
Information Technology equips you with skills that can enable you to be in demand in the job market since it is a very marketable course. With the skills in information technology, you can deal with any computer difficulties you might encounter.


There are a lot of elements that go into selecting the right processor for your COMPUTER. You have to consider things like the velocity of gripping, riveting, dependability, and design functionality. You also need to think about how much money you’re willing to spend and what your needs are within a processor. It has hard to get the best out of your computer until you have the proper processor, so it’s critical to find one that fits your requirements.
ADVANCED MICRO DEVICES processors experience various advantages above Intel processors. They are cheaper, way more versatile with overclocking, and have better graphics features. They are ideal for PC builders who have don’t require the top-of-the-line features proposed by Intel potato chips.
The company’s latest chips count on the 5nm TSMC method to stuff in a a large amount of overall performance cores and cache memory into a small package. The 7600X, for instance , http://mediabruh.com/why-we-need-avast-management-console is actually a technical marvel that gives impressive gambling performance due to its $250 price. It’s 8% faster than the previous generation in 1080 pixels games, and has a very good higher overclocking ceiling.
Similarly, the Ryzen 3 5800X3D uses advanced chip-stacking technology to supply 128MB of L3 casemate. The extra random access memory allows the CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT to perform better in game titles and article marketing applications. Moreover, it can cope with 64-bit centered applications better than the previous versions. In addition to this, the new processor incorporates a number of various other features which make it the best choice intended for gamers.


STUDIO COOL 2+2 Phase Dim, Hanging Model
Click here for PHOTOMETRIC DATA (PDF)
The ARRI STUDIO COOL provides fluorescent source lighting in studio quality fixtures. These units offer three lamp configurations, a choice of reflectors, and three control options in a rugged cast and extruded aluminum housing.
The ARRI STUDIO COOL is available as a 2 lamp unit, a 4 lamp unit (vertical configuration) and the 2 + 2 lamp unit (horizontal configuration). Each configuration offers three control possibilities -- a simple on/off switch, internal dimming with DMX control or phase control dimming that can be plugged into the output of any dimmer.
Unique to the ARRI STUDIO COOL is a hinged front door that allows for fast lamp access without disturbing the mounted accessories. The slide-in lamp support and locking lampholder provides a secure lamping system. Power can be daisy-chained between fixtures via locking power connectors.


IoT (Internet of Things)
The Internet of Things, or "IoT" for short, is about extending the power of the internet beyond computers and smartphones to a whole range of other things, processes, and environments.
- Quizzes No
- Skill level Mid Level
- Language Bangla
- Duration 04:32:15 H
- Total Enrollments: 1
The internet of things, or IoT, is a system of interrelated computing devices, mechanical and digital machines, objects, animals, or people that are provided with unique identifiers (UIDs) and the ability to transfer data over a network without requiring human-to-human or human-to-computer interaction. We all know that IoT is changing industries across the board – from agriculture to healthcare to manufacturing and everything in between – but what is IoT, exactly? Working for an Internet of Things (IoT) company, I get asked that question all the time and, over that time, I’ve worked hard to boil it down to something anyone can understand. Here’s everything you need to know about the internet of things.
Understand the definition and significance of the Internet of Things
Discuss the architecture, operation, and business benefits of an IoT solution
Examine the potential business opportunities that IoT can uncover
Explore the relationship between IoT, cloud computing, and big data


Web Specials from Bankers Advertising
Limestone Wireless Charging Series
Cut the cord with these laser etched, wireless charging desk accessories! Both can be used anywhere in the home or office to make your life just a little bit easier. Your logo will be the first thing seen when their phone is fully charged! Offer both options to maximize impressions and have your LOGO be wherever your consumers are most. Charging Pad allows you to charge your smartphone without the cables. It supports three different wireless charging modes, 7.5W for iPhone X/8/8 Plus/XS/XS Max/XR/11/11 Pro/11 Pro Max/12/12 Pro/12 Pro Max/12 Mini; 10W for Samsung Galaxy S9/S9 Plus/S8/S8 Plus/Note 8/9 and more, and 5W standard charging for all enabled devices. Desk Clock can be used on any desk, end table or night stand. The top surface has a 5W wireless charging pad for compatible devices with the USB-A cable that needs connected to a power source. The clock operates separately with the included AA battery. If you want to charge an iPhone series before iPhone 8 with wireless technology, an external wireless charging receiver or receiver case is required. It works with most plastic phone cases on. Both includes a 39" integrated cable. The limestone material is fragile. Packaged in a premium gift box.
- Expiration Date:
- Grey and Cork
- Setup Charge:
- Item Number:
- 7143-26 Charger; 7143-28 Desk Clock
|Quantity||20 (Charger)||20 (Desk Clock)|
- Miscellaneous Information:
- Size: 7143-26: 2 1/4”h x 5” w x 5”d. 7143-28: 3 1/4” h x 3”w x 4 3/4”d. Imprint Areas: 7143-28: 1” H x 3” W. 7143-26: centered on cork panel, 2.5” diameter
Prices are subject to change without notice. Contact your Bankers Advertising Promotional Consultant for more information.
Can't find what you need? Contact your Bankers Promotional Consultant to select the right promotion to meet your needs.


In a radical break from the current trajectory of its tablet PC offering, Apple’s latest iPad, the iPad 3, is completely made of wood and utilizes a screen with the same size and resolution capacity as the original Nintendo Gameboy.
According to tech analysts, the final product is absolutely stunning.
“What Apple has accomplished here is incredible,” wrote tech blogger Russell Flanagan. “I think this product is going to re-revolutionize how the public envisions tablet computing.”
Mike Simons of the Wall Street Journal called the iPad 3’s new design a “refreshing addition” to Apple’s lineup.
“Leave it to Apple to have enough foresight to choose balsa instead of oak. When holding it, it’s as though the iPad 3 just completely disappears in your hand. And the capacity for flotation is incredible. It just sits right on top of the water. Never again will Apple users have to fear dropping their iPads in the pool or ocean and watching them sink to the bottom.”
Oddly enough, Apple’s new CEO, Tim Cook, was less than thrilled with the overwhelmingly positive reception for his company’s newest product.
When told how the tech world has responded to the newest iPad, Tim Cook seemed frustrated and confused.
“They like this thing? You’ve got to be kidding me,” he told reporters gathered outside Apple’s headquarters in Cupertino, CA. “It’s a freaking piece of wood! We didn’t even build the screens ourselves. We put up Craigslist ads for old Gameboys and just glued the screens to the front with Elmers. What the hell is wrong with you people?!”
When asked whether Apple’s visionary Steve Jobs designed the newest iPad, perfectly predicting the exact moment when customers would tire of touch screens and fancy graphics, Tim Cook told the reporters gathered at Cupertino to “fuck off” and “take Steve Jobs’ wrinkly balls out of [their] gaping mouths.”
Even with a formidable price tag of $1500 and no support for Wifi or 3G internet, the iPad 3 has already sold 50 million units. And though it’s only been on the market for a short time, many analysts are already excited to see what Apple does next. In fact, one Apple insider, who asked not to be named, said the iPad 4 might not even have a screen.
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Workshops are an integral part of all FOSS4G Asia meets. They are a chance to learn more about Open-source software in the field of Geo-informatics. They also provide a platform to network and build lasting relationships.
Workshops at FOSS4G-Asia 2021 cover a variety of topics like python, Deep learning, Web mapping, etc. The workshops are 3 hours long. Details of the workshop are given in below.
You can enroll for a workshop in the registration form available on the registration page
WS-01 – Python for geospatial analysis and machine learning
Instructor : PRAKASH P S
Affiliation: IIT Kharagpur
Workshop Brief :This workshop covers Python programming basics and prominent libraries for remote sensing and geographic information system practitioners. The course will introduce participants to an understanding of Python programming, libraries for geospatial data handling, spatial analysis and also tools in building machine learning applications pipeline.
Participants must have : Working knowledge of any GIS tools such as ArcGIS, QGIS etc. A laptop/desktop with 64 bit Windows operating system and 8 GB or higher RAM, advisable in using two screens/monitors, Webcam, audio and mic facility
WS-02 : Web Mapping Using GeoServer and OpenLayers
Instructor : Shailesh Chaure
Email : email@example.com
Affiliation : Govt. Holkar Science College, Indore M.P., India
Workshop Brief : This workshop will cover the fundamental concepts of Web-GIS in a brief session followed by a hands-on session. The hands-on session will cover the various aspects of web-GIS application development using GeoServer and OpenLayers.
WS-03 : MS4W: Easy Step-by-Step Serve & Deploy on Windows
Instructor : Jeff McKenna
Email : firstname.lastname@example.org
Affiliation : GatewayGeo
Workshop Brief : MapServer for Windows (MS4W) is a longtime popular installer that makes it easy to serve spatial data through various mapping standards (WMS/WFS/WPS/CSW, etc). Attendees of this workshop will be able to install and configure their mapping service through MS4W, and learn various tips for deploying their spatial data services through MapServer.
Participants must have : Windows instance with Administrator rights (or can follow along on other systems)
WS-04 : Introduction to Re:Earth – An innovative WebGIS OSS l which uses Cesium
Instructor : Hidemichi Baba
Email : email@example.com
Affiliation : Eukarya Inc.
Workshop Brief : “Re:Earth” is a WebGISOSS that can use Cesium with no coding. It enables users to edit, compute, visualize, and publish 3D geospatial data on the web without coding by engineers. In this workshop, we will build the environment for developing “Re:Earth” at the beginning and actually develop Re:Earth itself. Let’s use your technical skills to further expand the possibilities of this innovative WebGIS tool.
Participants must have : The knowledge of basic Linux and Docker command. It is better if you have the knowledge of Go, React, TypeScript, GraphQL.
Software requirements: Latest Docker, Latest Google Chrome, Git v2+, Go v1.16+, Node.js v14+, yarn v1.2+”
WS-05 : Spatial Data Collection for Society with Epicollect5
Instructor : V. Ravi Kumar
Email : firstname.lastname@example.org
Affiliation : Director (retired), Geological Survey of India and Secretary, OSGEO India
Workshop Brief : This workshop will introduce the paradigm of open source mobile mapping, navigation and data collection applications. Additionally workshop will deal with demonstration of one such application Epicollect5 for multi mobile, multi-location and single form based field and research data collection.
No pre-requisite knowledge is required. Acquaintance with GIS will be advantageous.
Participants must have : Smartphone for data collection, Access to Laptop/Desktop, to design forms
WS-06 : Deep Learning with the PyTorch Package for High-level Earth Observation Analysis
Instructor : Thomas Y. Chen
Email : email@example.com
Affiliation : Academy for Mathematics, Science, and Engineering
Workshop Brief : In this session, we delve into the basics of utilizing the PyTorch library of Python to train deep learning models (especially convolutional neural networks – CNNs) for object identification, classification, and semantic segmentation, in addition to change detection in multitemporal data, in satellite imagery.
Participants must have : Familiarity with basic Python programming and syntax is strongly encouraged and recommended.
WS-07 : Tethys: A platform for developing and hosting GIS/RS Science applications
Instructor : Rajesh Thapa (firstname.lastname@example.org) and Kiran Shakya email@example.com
Affiliation : International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD)
Workshop Brief : It is a python-based tool with Django web framework for processing and visualizing the GIS/RS near real-time data. The platform provides a software suite including PostgreSQL, PostGIS, Geoserver, Thredd server and so on. SERVIR-HKH at ICIMOD has developed many science applications using this framework.
– Streamflow prediction
– Extreme Weather outlook
– Drought watch system”
WS-08 – Building Standards Compliant Geospatial Web Applications – The Quick and Easy MapMint Way.
Instructor : Gérald Fenoy
Affiliation GeoLabs SARL
This workshop will introduce the MapMint framework that provides a quick and easy way to build and manage geospatial web applications using Open Source, Open Standards, and Open Data. The MapMint is a development framework based on ZOO-Project, MapServer, GDAL OGR on the server-side and jQuery, Bootstrap, and OpenLayers on the client-side.
WS-09 MapMint4ME data collection
Instructor : Gérald Fenoy & Rajat Shinde
Affiliation : GeoLabs SARL
MapMint4ME means MapMint 4 (for) Measure and Evaluation, It is an Android application which allows you to edit geolocated data in online or offline mode. During this workshop, the MapMint Table module will be introduced, new tables will be created and configured to be edited in the field. After a short session outside for recording data, the data will be then uploaded back to the MapMint server. Using the collected data, the way to generate reports and maps will be presented.
WS-10 – ZOO-Project Introduction Workshop
Instructor: Gérald Fenoy
Affiliation: GeoLabs SARL
The ZOO-Project is an open-source software which provides a WPS (Web Processing Service) compliant and developer-friendly framework to easily create and chain OGC Webservices. The OGC API – Processes will also be highlighted during the workshop including its benefits and potential part that would benefit to be enhanced.


How Has The PC Security Gone Way Too Far?
PC Security always refers to the ways by which the different software technologies are efficiently employed to secure the PCs, laptops or any such personal devices including the smartphone that works on the internet. This security covers all the public, as well as the private computer network systems and any intrusion from the unauthorized contact, is strictly prohibited from tainting any digital data, devices or other features.
Updating the PC Security is always essential as they can explicitly prevent any kind of mutilation or destruction occurring due to spiteful threats. Since it involves the protection of computers and their processing system, the PC security can be also referred to as the cybersecurity or the IT security. Further, it is regarded as a potential protective measure that helps to maintain the confidentiality of the involved digital data during the transmission process along with the concerned digital assets like servers, desktop and everything connected to the internet.
About the Vulnerabilities
A part of any system is said to be vulnerable when they are susceptible to any kind of unwanted threats. The process of vulnerability can cause
A defect or error on the system
The slow or fast invasion of the hacker to the defect and thereby accessing the content
Or even the hacker starts exploiting the error without the main user’s knowledge
Thus, all these system vulnerabilities are always an open source of system attack for the hacker and are also known as the attack surface.
The different types of Attacks
Prior to securing your computer, you should have the thorough knowledge of the possible threats and attacks that your system faces. This includes Know about the backdoor algorithm. This is a type of hacking software that can easily surpass the authentication and validation of the system security and thereby aids the cybercriminals to easily access any kind of private data and remains undetected. The distributed service denial attack or the Dos. The cybercriminals generate special software that can make the targeted machine unusable for its current users and are denied from accessing the internet resources as well. There can be chances of an unauthorized remote source of attacks using computer worms from the cybercriminals. This can easily tap the systems’ security and other keyloggers and makes it possible for the criminals to retrieve all the remote sensitive softcopy of the users’ data.
Cases of eavesdropping. This includes the illegal tracing of the private communication occurring over the phone or through emails or any other similar services that employ the internet option. This is rather a silent attack which never processes the normal functioning of the target PC and hence always occurs without the knowledge of the people sending and receiving the messages and not at all aware of it. This attack exploits the security loopholes present over the connected network. The process of spoofing. This is the way by which the cybercrooks approach the security backlogs that are present in the network whereby they act as an authorized section to remotely handle the users’ sensitive info. Tampering attempt made. The expert hackers can easily mutate the given software program that further poses a threat to the user’s system. Account of data Breaches occurring within a company’s network system. The cyber lawbreakers transfer the critical info of the company to an untrusted environment.
Modules of PC Security
PC Security is always important because
It prevents the stealing away of the data
It can inhibit damage pointing to the hardware
It can avert any disruptions occurring to the system software or to its concerned service The system security developers were in a constant effort to design such a PC Security application or features that suits the present as well as next-gen technologies to beat the malware-related issues. Moreover, they make sure that this application meets the needs of the individual and an organization’s use. Hence, they developed these basic elements that effectually deal with the PC Security. The Antivirus application. When the PC is scanned using this software, it can easily detect the presence of any malware like viruses, rootkits, ransomware, keyloggers or so. Frequently update the latest version of the antivirus scheme so that it can prevent any future vulnerabilities of the user’s system.
Install a firewall. This can seriously avoid all kinds of unauthorized access occurring to the system while remaining connected over the internet. Thus, it scans every in and out passing through the network and checks whether it matches the security criteria. If any message does not stick to the established security features, then they remain blocked for the lifetime. The multi-screening security software or the so-called internet security suite. This software can host the aspects of antivirus, anti-spyware, firewall, characteristic scanning and other scheduled scanning and thereby completely implements exploratory security and prevention. The cloud storage criteria. This also is an added application feature that effectively contributes to the user’s content safety and the respective PC Security. Users are provided with a content storage space in the cloud concept and are asked to free up their hard-disk space so that the intruder is no longer surfaced to access the individual data. This is a great concept with regard to both memory space and system.
General tips to maintain the PC Security


POWERFUL LED LIGHTING
- USE LED 3000K--6000K light illumination.
- Switch three colors of light.
EASY TO INSTALL
- Installation with Vertical or Horizontal .
- No need to assemble the product, take it out after unpacking and hang it on the wall, you can use it immediately.
- Slim 2.56 inch depth with no visible screws or switches.
- 5 mm ultra-thick mirror, more sturdy, not easy to break.
TWO CONTROL SYSTEMS
- Three super-sensitive touch button , you can turn on/off the light. USE LED 3000K--6000K light illumination , short or long touch can control color temperature , dimming four levels 5%,30%,60%,100% , or dimming level 5% to 100%. Control the color of the light, switch between three colors of light. You can switch as you like.
- Automatically anti-fog.
- This mirror has an automatic anti-fog function, away from the troubles caused by water vapor.
- 24'' X 36'' X 2.5''
- 5MM ultra-thick mirror


Getting The Best Surge Protection Services.
Prediction of power surging occurrence is very hard since power surging occurs when man spikes of electric power are on a power grid. Since you cannot predict the occurrence of power surging in a normal operational day Power surging companies have been installing power surging protection equipment in homes and companies to avoid the occurrences.
Factors such as lightning striking the utility pole, using electrical devices that are highly powered and poor power lines have been said to be the major causes of power surging.
Without protecting your home from power surging a lot of electrical equipment are damaged this cases you to spend a lot money in purchasing other electronics such as computers and refrigerators or even repairing them yet all this could have been avoided by using power surge protection equipment which are installed by the Power surging companies.
Power surge also …


Scientists have developed a new technology that can turn any surface — including walls, furniture and steering wheels — into a touch screen using tools as simple as a can of spray paint.
The “trick” is to apply electrically conductive coatings or materials to objects or surfaces, or to craft objects using conductive materials, researchers said.
By attaching a series of electrodes to the conductive materials, researchers from Carnegie Mellon University in the U.S. showed they could use a well-known technique called electric field tomography to sense the position of a finger touch.
“For the first time, we have been able to take a can of spray paint and put a touchscreen on almost anything,” said Chris Harrison, Assistant Professor at Carnegie’s Human – Computer Interaction Institute.
With the new technology dubbed Electrick, conductive touch surfaces can be created by applying conductive paints, bulk plastics or carbon-loaded film.
Yang Zhang, a PhD student at the institute, said that Electrick is both accessible to hobbyists and compatible with common manufacturing methods, such as spray coating, vacuum forming and casting/molding, as well as 3D printing.
Like many touchscreens, Electrick relies on the shunting effect — when a finger touches the touchpad, it shunts a bit of electric current to ground.
By attaching multiple electrodes to the periphery of an object or conductive coating, Mr. Zhang and his colleagues showed they could localise where and when such shunting occurs. Electrick can detect the location of a finger touch to an accuracy of one centimetre, which is sufficient for using the touch surface as a button or slider, Mr. Zhang said.
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This tutorial shows a way to get the Android device uptime information and how to show it to the user.
In this article we take a look at how to get the device battery information. Android provides detailed info about the battery technology, health and charging state.
This tutorial shows how to install an application shortcut to the home screen. Also we'll see how to to uninstall the installed shortcut.
This tutorial shows how to add onclick listeners to UI components to handle user clicks.
In this this tutorial I'll show you how to parametrize your Android build by setting different built types and variants in the build.gradle file and also how to set different parameters based on type and variant


About the Client
Our client is leading supplier of security products and services in the Nordics. Their platform which is an integrated product for technical security solutions such as access control, alarm handling, CCTV and Fire detection, is a market leader when it comes to large and complex solutions like hospitals,universities and prisons.They are part of a group which is the premier multi-technical service provider in the Nordics, with about 11000 employees and deliver specialist services as well as complete electrical, heating and plumbing, and HVAC solutions, offering everything from design and project planning to installation, operation and maintenance.
· Individual development and education
· Flat and flexible organization
· Social activities
· Flexible working hours
About the Role
We are looking for a firmware developer to join a small, lean, fast development team of equal partners contributing in a variety of roles.
Be part of a team of top professionals in the field of SW development and Embedded systems. These are transnational projects of a long-term nature.
Responsibilities include development and maintenance of firmware for our card readers and other devices. You must have 2+ years’
experience developing commercial applications and have participated in full life-cycle development. Work will require some international
traveling. Being an international company our main language of communication is English.
Programming work for embedded Linux systems in the MS Windows environment.
Programming work for Real Time embedded systems based on ARM.
Solution of projects in the field of access and security systems for corporate customers based on embedded systems.
Development of modern applications, creation of new applications and development of new devices (HW + FW).
Participation in testing of developed devices.
- University degree in informatics or electrical engineering
- B2 English level (written & verbal)
- C/C++ - advanced
- Cross-compilation, toolchains
- Knowledge of embedded microcontroller units
- Ability to work in a team
- Ability to work independent
Nice to Have Skills
- Knowledge of working with Microsoft Visual Studio
- Knowledge of smart cards (Mifare, Mifare Plus, DESFire, ..), NFC - will be an advantage
- Assembler basics
- Experience with implementation of communication protocols
- Experience with source code version control systems (Git)
- Experience with HW development is welcome
- Knowledge of agile development methods and tools (e.g. Jira)
- Location Žilina
- Type Full-time
- Cooperation type Contract
- Desired start date -
- Job title FW developer
- Knowledge of programming multitasking applications
- Knowledge of network communication TCP / IP, RS485, CAN bus
- Knowledge STM microcontrollers families STM32F4 and STM32H5


Early 2000, a team of professors and researchers became operational in developing the original implementation of the Face Recognition Biometrics Algorithms whose evolution is actually used in iB3.
In 2004 a full immersion of the research was well established. The main endeavors were focused on conducting in depth assessments of this discipline.
By 2007 renewed direction in the development of the study of Facial Biometrics. These experiences added to the value of complete project integration and experience.
Since 2013 we research into Deep Learning algorithms.
Our software offers a reliable, user-friendly environment to provide identity services over a wide variety of applications. We develop state-of-the-art 2D and 3D low and high-resolution facial recognition solutions for organizations with identity verification and access control needs.
For more than a decade, iB3 has been developing and refining advanced facial recognition software technology and algorithms. Through our knowledge and expertise, we have perfected the capability, among others, of scanning large or small crowds and identifying a person of interest whose image is stored in a closed database, all within seconds in accordance with international standards.
In addition to our state-of-the-art facial recognition software, we have created a solution that is user friendly, cost effective and flexible enough to adapt to existing systems, platforms and cameras.
A facial recognition system is a computer application for automatically identifying or verifying a person from a digital image or a video frame from a video source. Our software has the additional ability to understand and decode facial expressions as an important part of nonverbal communication.
The advantages of facial recognition are manifold:
- Positive verification based on the person, not a manufactured device that can be duplicated or forged;
- Privacy: our software operates in secure, closed-loop environments, ensuring the privacy of our recognition processes and the users’ identity;
- Flexibility: our software can operate over any mix of network and data system infrastructures, enabling seamless integration into existing platforms and databases;
- Passivity: our software can operate without the cooperation of the subject being identified in such environments where there are crowds, movement and non-optimal illumination
- Reduces manpower needs for crowd surveillance while increasing the likelihood of identifying selected individuals.
In a society where we are eager to have a safer environment, security control is on the rise. Our low-resolution and high-resolution facial recognition software are applicable to lots of different fields and situations.
iB3 is your source, for a secure environment.
Our software offers the perfect solution to personal identification in a rapid and passive manner with no possibility of fraud or identity theft. Using advanced facial recognition technology, the users’ face becomes his ID card.
While other forms of identification are subject to fraud, forgery or theft, facial recognition is virtually flawless. Additionally, the technology is passive, does not require equipment any more elaborate than a camera and has virtually no restrictions regarding pose, illumination or facial expression.


Newegg, Amazon Japan and Amazon Singapore Added as Distribution Channels, Enabling Greater Access to Lightning-Fast Connectivity
IRVINE, Calif., July 21, 2020 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) — Cosemi Technologies Inc. today announced that it has expanded worldwide retail distribution channels for its hybrid active optical cables (AOCs). Now Cosemi’s USB, HDMI and DisplayPort AOCs will be available on Newegg, Amazon Japan and Amazon Singapore. These sites build upon Cosemi’s existing retail channels of Amazon U.S. and Amazon Europe to give Cosemi a truly global footprint – all as part of the company’s quest to bring fiber optic connectivity to the masses.
Quenching an insatiable thirst for higher bandwidth, faster speeds, longer distances, and greater flexibility, Cosemi’s cables deliver brilliant 4K/8K content from the source to bring the clearest, most intense images possible to a variety of applications – from consumer to enterprise applications like video collaboration, gaming, AR/VR, proAV, medical and machine vision. Says Samir Desai, senior VP of business development at Cosemi, “With a substantial increase in the number of remote workers, there is an even greater need than ever before for plug-and-play, direct-attach cables that support the latest video interconnect standards in HDMI and USB communication, as applications such as video collaboration are skyrocketing. This is an ideal time for us to grow our retail presence to support the work-from-home market inevitability.”
In addition to its strong B2B base of customers including proAV and video collaboration, American online retailer Newegg also caters to consumers for their gaming needs with an extensive selection of consumer electronics peripherals. On the Asia Pacific front, the addition of Amazon Japan and Amazon Singapore is in support of the rapid growth and demand for high-speed connectivity in the region. In fact, the market for 8K TVs is forecasted to be most prevalent in the Asia Pacific region by 2023.
Cosemi’s AOC lineup includes:
- USB – Supporting USB 3.1 Gen 2 standards, which boast a 10 Gbps data transfer rate, Cosemi is widely considered to have the broadest line of USB cables on the market. These cables are a popular choice for streaming 4K/8K video, in addition to video collaboration in conference and huddle rooms, and leading-edge peripherals like cameras, hubs, media servers, monitors, projectors, storage devices, and more. Connections available include A-A, A-C, C-C and A-mB.
- HDMI – Anywhere a powerful, lightning-fast connection is needed – in home theaters, conference room video systems, gaming or virtual reality environments, digital signage, medical displays, and more – Cosemi’s HDMI 2.0 and 2.1 cables can make fiber optic connectivity an affordable reality.
- DisplayPort – Supporting the latest DisplayPort 1.4 standards, Cosemi’s DisplayPort cables offer 144hz refresh rates, which makes HD video used in applications like gaming more natural and clear. Cosemi’s DisplayPort cables are also well suited for A/V distribution in conference and huddle rooms, classrooms, training rooms, lecture halls, houses of worship, digital signage, and other commercial and residential A/V applications.
“Our family of active optical cables are designed with cutting-edge technology – and considered the most diverse on the market – with the ability to deliver fast, seamless connectivity for the home entertainment, gaming, AR/VR and video collaboration applications,” added Desai. “As we continue to expand our retail channels around the world, that brings us one step closer to our mission of making high-bandwidth, fiber optic technology accessible and affordable for all.”
As Cosemi keeps its eye toward the future, the company will continuously evaluate additional sales channels to ensure its cables are readily available on a global scale. Future planned retail channels include Amazon Australia and Rakuten. For more about Cosemi, please visit www.cosemi.com.
About Cosemi Technologies
A global leader in innovative high-speed connectivity solutions, Cosemi Technologies Inc. is focused on enabling optical connectivity everywhere. Cosemi designs and manufactures active optical cables for infrastructures supporting today’s unprecedented data growth. The company offers a comprehensive portfolio of quality solutions that service the data center, home entertainment and consumer electronics markets. To learn more about Cosemi, please visit www.cosemi.com or follow the company on LinkedIn and Twitter.
Lages & Associates
A photo accompanying this announcement is available at https://www.globenewswire.com/NewsRoom/AttachmentNg/872c06d8-e1c3-4ed8-8792-cb57869d904a
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Originally published in The Clarion | October 27, 2010
Radio Frequency (RF) is literally all around us. Electromagnetic waves from broadcast television stations, AM and FM radio stations, cellular telephone towers, satellites, wireless remote controls, cordless telephones and civil, commercial, amateur and governmental two-way radio systems travel at the speed of light in the same air and atmosphere from which we breathe. We can’t see it, feel it, taste it or smell it but it is always there. Radio waves are also used to prepare meals in microwave ovens and are used in various manners in the medical field. RF can also be contained within copper wiring and even fiber optic cables for the delivery of Cable TV, Internet and Voice services to your home or business. A result of the invention of the telegraph and telephone, a world without RF is simply unimaginable.
RF itself was not invented, but discovered in the mid-to-late 1800’s. Before the end of the 19th Century, wireless communications testing had begun using RF. Experimentation continued into the early 20th Century and, seemingly as fast as the speed of the RF signal itself, AM and eventually FM radio stations were ‘on the air’. Broadcast television followed along with other new technologies including the ones mentioned above.
In the United States, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) regulates the use of the entire spectrum of RF frequencies, allocating individual frequency bands to a plethora of communications services. Because the transmission of RF frequencies can be contained within physical media (coaxial, twisted-pair and fiber optic cables), many RF frequency allocations overlap and are used ‘in the air’ alongside physical media. The same frequency you receive your favorite television channel on may also be used for wireless two-way communications services. Because of this, companies who use physical media to deliver telecommunications services to your home or business are held to strict standards so that their transmissions don’t leak into the atmosphere and interfere with wireless transmissions on the same frequencies.
Rules modifications by the FCC in the last couple of decades have transformed how we communicate in our day-to-day lives. As new transmission technologies have come about, RF spectrums have been modified and reallocated to accommodate the modern technologies we enjoy and depend on every day. Digital transmissions over RF have revolutionized the communications industry, allowing larger amounts of content to be transmitted in equal or even less bandwidth than by using analog transmissions. By transmitting content digitally, more spectrum has become available for new services in both the public and private sectors. The latest technologies to be approved and allocated by the FCC are being referred to as ‘white space’ in the broadcast television frequency bands. In the upcoming months, wireless high-speed Internet services will be offered in these ‘white spaces’ and will once again change the way many Americans communicate using the Internet. It is going to be very interesting to see how this new allocation is implemented and what new broadband services are born in this sector of technology.


Many technology lovers in the UK are getting excited about Google Glass – a piece of wearable technology that could be released for consumers within the year.
The device is comprised of a camera, display, touchpad, battery and microphone built into the frame of a pair of glasses. The prism screen sits above the user’s right eye, aiming to overlay data into their vision.
However, Google have now issued warnings that the device isn’t yet suitable for everyone – particularly those who are young or who have had laser eye surgery.
This scenario will be familiar news to those who wanted to use the full function of the Nintendo 3DS as the 3D mode was discouraged for young gamers, and Nintendo warned that all of those using the device may experience tired eyes after extended game play.
Google have been clear that Google Glass could harm developing vision, meaning that it won’t be appropriate for those under the age of 13. They’ve also said it could be damaging for those who have had a LASIK treatment, leaving millions of people around the world unable to use the device.
As Google Glass is still in development, consumers will need to wait for further news to see whether any of these issues can be resolved in the future.


Maglite® Mini LED 2AA
Whether for work or recreation, the black Mini Maglite 2-Cell AA LED Flashlight with Presentation Box from Maglite offers dependable performance in a compact package. With a maximum output of 127 lumens, the Mini Maglite features a bright beam that adjusts from spotlight to floodlight with a twist of the light’s head. Along with high and low power, this torch features blink and SOS modes for distress signaling. Runtimes range from 11 hours on high power to 32 hours on low. 10 hours of illumination on high and 31 hours of illumination on low.
- 4 Selectable Modes: High Power, Low Power (25%), Blink Mode (blinks approximately once a second), and SOS
- 127-lumen LED with an adjustable spot-to-flood beam
- Rugged anodized aluminum alloy construction that is corrosion, impact, and weather-resistant
- The lightweight design converts to LED candle mode by removing the head
- Powered by 2 AA batteries – included!
- Handy presentation box that serves as a gift box and protective case, + extra battery storage
- Agency insignia laser etched on head
- Made in the U.S.A.
- Order Min: 36


Computer Forensics in Small Municipalities: Importance and Benefits
In today's digital age, computer forensics has become increasingly important in the investigation and prosecution of cybercrimes. Small municipalities, just like larger cities, can be targets of cyberattacks, making it essential for them to have a solid understanding of the importance of computer forensics. This article will provide an overview of computer forensics and its role in small municipalities.
Overview of Computer Forensics:
Computer Forensics is the process of investigating and analyzing digital evidence to solve crimes. The primary purpose of computer forensics is to uncover evidence that can be used in legal proceedings. In small municipalities, computer forensics can play a crucial role in identifying and prosecuting cybercriminals.
Importance of Computer Forensics in Small Municipalities:
Small municipalities are not immune to cyberattacks. In fact, smaller organizations can be more vulnerable to attacks due to their limited resources and expertise. Computer forensics can help small municipalities detect, prevent, and respond to cyber incidents.
What is Computer Forensics?
Computer forensics is the application of investigative techniques to find, analyze, and preserve electronic evidence. It involves the identification, acquisition, analysis, and preservation of digital evidence. In small municipalities, computer forensics can be used to investigate cyber incidents, such as hacking, data breaches, and other cybercrimes.
Applications of Computer Forensics in Small Municipalities:
Computer forensics can be used to investigate various types of cyber incidents in small municipalities, such as unauthorized access to computer systems, intellectual property theft, cyberstalking, and cyberbullying. In addition, computer forensics can help identify vulnerabilities in the organization's digital infrastructure and provide recommendations to strengthen security.
Role of Computer Forensics in Law Enforcement:
Computer forensics plays a crucial role in law enforcement investigations. It can help identify suspects, uncover evidence, and provide digital evidence for legal proceedings. In small municipalities, law enforcement agencies can use computer forensics to investigate cyber incidents and prevent future attacks.
Process of Computer Forensics:
The process of computer forensics involves several steps, including identification, preservation, acquisition, analysis, and reporting of digital evidence. It is essential to maintain the chain of custody throughout the process to ensure that the evidence is admissible in court.
Importance of Maintaining Chain of Custody in Computer Forensics:
Chain of custody refers to the chronological documentation and tracking of the evidence from the time it is collected until it is presented in court. It is crucial to maintain the chain of custody to ensure the integrity of the evidence and prevent tampering.
Tools Used in Computer Forensics:
Computer forensics tools include hardware and software used to extract, analyze, and preserve digital evidence. These tools include forensic imaging software, write blockers, data recovery software, and network forensics tools.
Benefits of Computer Forensics for Small Municipalities Computer forensics offers several benefits to small municipalities, including:
Helping solve cyber crimes
Providing evidence for legal cases
Protecting sensitive information
Challenges in Computer Forensics for Small Municipalities:
While computer forensics can be beneficial to small municipalities, there are also several challenges to overcome. Smaller townships might not even have their own cyber investigation department, and may have to defer to the county or state. There can be other obstacles to overcome such as:
Lack of expertise
Adapting to constantly evolving technology
In conclusion, computer forensics plays a critical role in small municipalities' ability to combat cyber threats and protect sensitive information. By investing in the right tools, training, and expertise, small municipalities can effectively investigate cyber crimes, provide evidence for legal cases, and safeguard their systems and data. While the challenges are significant, they can be overcome with strategic planning, resource allocation, and a commitment to staying up-to-date with the latest technology and techniques. As cyber threats continue to evolve, small municipalities must stay vigilant and proactive to protect their communities and assets.


A great transistor from inside the cutoff setting is actually from — there is no enthusiast newest, hence zero emitter most recent. It almost ends up an open circuit.
To get a transistor into cutoff mode, the base voltage must be less than both the emitter and collector voltages. VBC and VElizabethnd up being must both be negative.
To operate in active mode, a transistor’s VEnd up being must be greater than zero and VBC must be negative. Thus, the base voltage must be less than the collector, but greater than the emitter. That also means the collector must be greater than the emitter.
In reality, we need a non-zero forward voltage drop (abbreviated either Vth, V?, or Vd) from base to emitter (VGetting) to “turn on” the transistor. Usually this voltage is usually around 0.6V.
Amplifying for the Productive Setting
Productive means is considered the most powerful means of one’s transistor given that it transforms the system on an amplifier. Newest going into the foot pin amplifies current entering the collector and out of the emitter.
Our shorthand notation for the gain (amplification factor) of a transistor is ? (you may also see it as ?F, or hFE). ? linearly relates the collector current (IC) to the https://datingranking.net/std-dating-sites/ base current (IB):
The actual worth of ? may vary by transistor. This is usually up to one hundred, but can range between fifty to help you 200. even 2000, based and therefore transistor you might be playing with and exactly how much newest was running all the way through it. In the event your transistor got a great ? away from a hundred, particularly, that’d imply an insight newest off 1mA into the legs you may create 100mA latest from enthusiast.
What about the emitter current, IE? In active mode, the collector and base currents go into the device, and the IE comes out. To relate the emitter current to collector current, we have another constant value: ?. ? is the common-base current gain, it relates those currents as such:
? is usually very close to, but less than, 1. That means IC is very close to, but less than IE in active mode.
If ? is 100, for example, that means ? is 0.99. So, if IC is 100mA, for example, then IE is 101mA.
Just as saturation is the opposite of cutoff, reverse active mode is the opposite of active mode. A transistor in reverse active mode conducts, even amplifies, but current flows in the opposite direction, from emitter to collector. The downside to reverse active mode is the ? (?R in this case) is much smaller.
To put a transistor in reverse active mode, the emitter voltage must be greater than the base, which must be greater than the collector (VBe<0 and VBC>0).
Opposite productive function actually constantly a state in which you require to push a transistor. It is best that you learn it’s indeed there, however it is rarely designed on the a software.
Regarding the PNP
After everything we’ve talked about on this page, we’ve still only covered half of the BJT spectrum. What about PNP transistors? PNP’s work a lot like the NPN’s — they have the same four modes — but everything is turned around. To find out which mode a PNP transistor is in, reverse all of the signs.
For example, to put a PNP into saturation VC and VE must be higher than VB. You pull the base low to turn the PNP on, and make it higher than the collector and emitter to turn it off. And, to put a PNP into active mode, VE must be at a higher voltage than VB, which must be higher than VC.


There is something called “Unhappiness in the Mind” and this something called unhappiness in the mind, we call them different names. If you compare human to a computer, a computer has two things: hardware and software.The body can be compared to the hardware and the mind could be the software. If the software contains viruses, the computer will not work properly . There are also viruses in the mind as well which cause the mind to function incorrectly. There are three major kinds of viruses/impurities in the mind.


Vacuum Interrupters Inc. introduces the MAC-TS4 vacuum interrupter tester, the third generation test set using its patented technology for determining the condition of vacuum interrupters in the field, shop or laboratory.
New Technology - Better Results: Not a simple Go/No-Go ac high potential test, Magnetron Atmospheric Condition (MAC) vacuum interrupter test equipment predicts the usable life of a vacuum interrupter. Covered by United States Patent numbers 9,032,795 and 9,026,375.
If you're looking for a meaningful vacuum interrupter bottle test, take a look at the outstanding capabilities of our new vacuum bottle tester, the MAC-TS4, our third generation vacuum interrupter test set.
We are proud to introduce our multi-function CBT-1201 circuit breaker timer and CBTI-1201 circuit breaker timer interface units which are designed to operate and interact with all types of circuit breakers.
Circuit Breaker Timer and Timer Interface Units
Both units incorporate a 120VAC/120VDC power supply for charging, opening and closing spring charged breakers while outside their cubicle and are available with unique cable sets which significantly simplify and speed connections to the circuit breaker under test. Both units also have provisions to accept and distribute variable voltages from an external power supply.
The CBT-1201 circuit breaker timer unit incorporates a built-in timer which captures trip, close and bounce times. The CBTI-1201 circuit breaker timer interface unit is designed to easily and quickly interface with an external timer.
These circuit breaker testers are covered by United States Patent number 9086447.
Use the following links for additional information on the circuit breaker timer or the circuit breaker timer interface unit.
If you already have had a vacuum interrupter failure, we can provide you a replacement vacuum interrupter (vacuum bottle interrupter), for virtually any manufacturers' medium voltage circuit breaker or contactor.
If You Already Have Had A Vacuum Interrupter Failure
Contact Us to discuss your requirements or request additional information on our vacuum interrupter and/or circuit breaker test sets.
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Magic - yes, magic is what we can create with modern day technology. This latest technology - Augmented Reality - combines virtual experience with real-time environment is no lesser than a great magic. And we understand that it can be a great tool to generate your brand interaction with your consumers. With a comprehensive use of mobile and other interactive environment, we can guarantee you to provide you a interactive solution like no other.
With the use of this technology, the computer generated sensory inputs, such as sound, video graphics or GPS data modifies the the view of reality where it enhances the current perception of reality and replaces it with the simulated virtual reality.
We take pride in being one of the first agencies with a calibre to bring this magic into reality. Just drop in a call or send us an email to discuss the possibility of bringing your brand alive in an amazing interactive environment. We know you will find this technology to be a game changer one in your branding and promotional exercise.
As a result, the technology functions by enhancing one’s current perception of reality. By contrast, virtual reality replaces the real world with a simulated one. Augmentation is conventionally in real-time and in semantic context with environmental elements, such as sports scores on TV during a match. With the help of advanced AR technology (e.g. adding computer vision and object recognition) the information about the surrounding real world of the user becomes interactive and digitally manipulable. Artificial information about the environment and its objects can be overlaid on the real world.


Day 1. Agenda for day 1 of AI Summit London. AI Behaves The Way We Make It: Engineering AI Right AI Engineering Best Practice AI Ethics and Governance - Practical Insights and Roadmap AI Hardware and Accelerators AI Implementation Case Studies - From POCs to Scale AI Product Management - Designing Delivering and Optimising The Commercial Impact …ScaleUp:AI Conference 2022: Four Key Takeaways From the Premier AI Summit. Sumeet Wadhwani. At the ScaleUp:AI Conference, business executives discussed key differentiators that can help successfully unlock the potential of AI/ML.The power to scale AI is the power to transform the world we live in. Praveen Akkiraju Managing Director If you don’t get it right from an investment perspective, ... Scale Up with AI. Network …Cision PR Newswire. Insight Partners Celebrates Inaugural ScaleUp Series with AI Conference, ScaleUp:AINov 15, 2022 · Top AI Conferences 2022 & 2023 - Unite.AI AI Conferences & Virtual Events We only list conferences which have a significant amount of content on AI, big data, and machine learning. If you are a conference organizer please view our partnership opportunities or contact us. 5 European scaleups using AI for good. Artificial intelligence is a key element in responding to the growing challenges of the 21 st century. With a number of applications in big data, computer vision, natural language processing, and more, AI is revolutionizing businesses, industries, and people’s lives. Considered to become one of the main ...Elevate Scaleup takes over Toronto Sept. 26. BusinessApr 11, 2022 · Cision PR Newswire. Insight Partners Celebrates Inaugural ScaleUp Series with AI Conference, ScaleUp:AI Feb 09, 2022 · February 9, 2022. NEW YORK , Feb. 9, 2022 — Today New York-based global private equity and venture capital firm Insight Partners announced its premier Artificial Intelligence (AI) industry conference, ScaleUp:AI, which will take place on April 6-7 in New York City. The hybrid event will bring together the foremost thinkers, doers, users, and ... Anyscale, allows us to focus on accelerating AI-driven scientific outcomes versus investing time and effort on building AI infrastructure. AI and machine learning (ML) are …Nov 15, 2022 · Top AI Conferences 2022 & 2023 - Unite.AI AI Conferences & Virtual Events We only list conferences which have a significant amount of content on AI, big data, and machine learning. If you are a conference organizer please view our partnership opportunities or contact us.
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SANTA CLARA CONVENTION CENTER, CA +44 (0) 117 980 9023 | [email protected] Panel: Built to scale – Ramping up AI projects. Start Time: 09:30AM. End Time: 10:10AM. ...A new meetup-series in which different scale-ups will share their AI ambitions, challenges and successes. On… 擁有 LinkedIn 檔案的 Nick Jetten：We proudly present: The AI Scale-up stories!It employs a secure approach and enhanced developer productivity through visual programming and the application of AI-augmented development (AI Code Mentor). Using AI and automation across the software development lifecycle, ODC helps customers achieve high-performer status (as defined by DORA) when it comes to their CI/CD practices.12 thg 8, 2022 ... This list of the top AI conferences and machine learning ... How to prepare your team for piloting and scaling AI. ... 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Speaking during a keynote at ScaleUp:AI, Ng, referred to a McKinsey report that suggested AI would add $13 trillion to the global economy by 2030.Over 1,700 attendees from 50 Countries Across the Globe Joined to Discuss the Impacts of AI Insight Partners Celebrates Inaugural ScaleUp Series with AI Conference, ScaleUp:AI | News | wfmz.com ...Apr 22, 2022 · This is an opinion article about ScaleUp:AI event that happened on April 6 -7, New York. The article presents the importance of commercial or applied artificial intelligence events and conferences. ScaleUp: AI Product & Tech THE FUTURE OF AI IS NOW Join us for 2 days to transform your AI strategy into commercial reality. Hear from the foremost AI thinkers, doers, users, and investors to navigate your path to success. Unlock your AI growth potential with insights from the leading AI performers. Participate in hands-on workshopsThe stage is set and the countdown has begun for tomorrow's Tech Summit 2022 "From Start-Up to Scale-Up"! 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Dental imaging has come a long way from traditional X-rays and two-dimensional imaging. The advancements in technology have led to the development of 3D cone beam technology, which has revolutionized the field of dentistry. This technology has made it possible to generate high-quality, detailed, and accurate images of the oral cavity, teeth, and surrounding structures. The use of 3D cone beam technology in dental imaging has improved diagnosis, treatment planning, and patient outcomes.
The future of dental imaging is exciting, and 3D cone beam technology is at the forefront of this revolution. The potential applications of this technology are vast, and dentists and oral surgeons are exploring new ways to harness its power to improve patient care. From implant dentistry to orthodontics, Chapel Hill Family Dentistry professionals are changing how they treat and diagnose patients using 3D cone beam technology.
1. Advantages of 3D Cone Beam
The 3D cone beam technology has revolutionized the field of dental imaging and has become an essential tool for dental professionals. The advantages of 3D cone beam are numerous, including improved diagnostic accuracy, reduced radiation exposure, and enhanced treatment planning. The 3D images generated by cone beam technology provide a comprehensive view of the patient’s oral structures, allowing for more accurate diagnosis and treatment planning. Additionally, the reduced radiation exposure compared to traditional CT scans makes it a safer option for patients. Furthermore, the 3D images can be easily manipulated and viewed from various angles, providing a more complete understanding of the patient’s anatomy. Overall, the advantages of 3D cone beam technology make it a valuable asset for dental professionals and an essential tool for modern dental practices.
2. Enhanced diagnosis and treatment planning
The use of 3D cone beam technology in dentistry has revolutionized the field of oral imaging, allowing for enhanced diagnosis and treatment planning. With 3D imaging, dentists are able to obtain accurate and detailed images of the patient’s teeth, jawbone, and surrounding tissues, which can aid in the detection of a variety of dental conditions. This technology has become particularly valuable in the fields of orthodontics, oral surgery, and implantology, allowing for precise planning and placement of orthodontic appliances, surgical guides, and dental implants. The ability to view the patient’s oral anatomy from multiple angles and in three dimensions provides a level of clarity and detail that was previously unattainable with traditional 2D imaging. As the technology continues to advance, we can expect to see even more sophisticated applications of 3D cone beam technology in the field of dentistry.
3. Reduced radiation exposure
The advancement of 3D cone beam technology has brought several benefits to dental imaging, including reduced radiation exposure. Compared to traditional computed tomography (CT) scans, 3D cone beam technology uses lower radiation doses. This is due to the fact that the cone beam technology is able to capture 3D images of the mouth and jaw region with a single scan, whereas CT scans require multiple images to be taken from different angles. Additionally, the 3D cone beam technology allows for targeted scanning, meaning that only the area of interest is scanned, further reducing radiation exposure. This reduced radiation exposure makes 3D cone beam technology a safer and more effective alternative to traditional dental imaging methods.
4. Improved patient understanding
The applications of 3D cone beam technology in dental imaging have the potential to revolutionize the way dental professionals communicate with patients. One key benefit is the improved patient understanding of their oral health. With the ability to generate high-quality 3D images dentists can show patients a detailed and interactive view of their teeth, gums, and bones. This visual aid can help patients better understand the condition of their oral health and the treatment options available to them. Additionally, 3D cone beam technology allows for accurate treatment planning and better predictability of treatment outcomes, which can further improve patient satisfaction and confidence in their dental care. Overall, the incorporation of 3D cone beam technology into dental practices has the potential to enhance patient education and improve their overall oral health.
5. Future potential for advancements
The future potential for advancements in 3D cone beam technology for dental imaging is vast. As the technology continues to evolve, it is expected to become even more precise, efficient, and cost-effective. The use of artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms is also likely to become more prevalent in the field, allowing for more accurate and automated analysis of imaging data. Additionally, the integration of 3D printing technology with 3D cone beam imaging has the potential to revolutionize dental implantology, by enabling the creation of patient-specific surgical guides and prosthetics. Overall, the continued advancements in 3D cone beam technology are poised to greatly enhance the accuracy, efficiency, and effectiveness of dental imaging, and to ultimately improve patient outcomes.
3D cone beam technology is revolutionizing the field of dental imaging with its numerous applications. From improving diagnosis accuracy to facilitating treatment planning and enabling minimally invasive procedures, the technology offers many benefits for both dental practitioners and patients. As the technology continues to evolve, it is expected to become even more prevalent in dental practices and contribute to the advancement of oral healthcare. Goodridge Family Dentistry provides comprehensive dental care. Professionals in the dental industry, it is essential to stay informed about the latest advancements in imaging technology to provide the highest quality care to patients.


CCTV stands for closed circuit television, In Closed Circuit TV (CCTV), the picture is viewed or recorded, but not broadcast, and it is a visual surveillance technology designed for monitoring a variety of environments and activities. CCTV systems typically involve a fixed (or “dedicated”) communications link between cameras and monitors. It was initially developed as a means of security for banks however, today it has been developed to the point where it is simple and inexpensive enough to be used with Home Security Systems, and for everyday surveillance. CCTV has many industrial and scientific applications, including electron microscopy, medical imaging and robotics, but the term “closed circuit TV” refers most often to security and surveillance camera systems.
Uses of CCTV:
1. Detecting crimes or solving a crime that’s already occurred.
The use of CCTV cameras in crime prevention is well known. The security of banks and other government establishments in the present day and age is incomplete without the installation of CCTV camera systems. They can be used to keep a record of things and in instances when there is a crime, the sequence of events can be studied later on. Quite naturally, these cameras are put in place in city centers, shopping malls, and gas stations where there are more chances of such untoward incidents happening. Although CCTV is used in crime prevention but no evidence to really back that up, for instance about 20 percent of the world’s CCTV cameras are implanted in the UK and about 78 percent of the governments crime prevention budget was spent on CCTV cameras during the 1990’s which is a huge amount of money on something where there’s no proof that it has actually been effective.
CCTV is most commonly used for surveillance, CCTV networks can be used in hospitals to allow nurses to keep an eye on multiple patients at the same time, and they can also be used to monitor traffic at busy intersections.
3. Improving the safety of public transportation systems.
The installation of these cameras on strategic positions helps authorities to be doubly sure that nobody is near the doors when a train is starting, for instance.
4. Recording events.
To be used as an evidence and to inform investigations. For instance, on the boundaries of the Parliamentary estate, police on patrol alert CCTV operators of incidents via radio links. CCTV operators then record incidents as they unfold.
5. Other common forms of CCTV.
These forms include live on-site video displays for special events such as various conventions, arena sports and concerts as well as pay-per-view telecasts of sporting events such as boxing and pro wrestling. Also a common user of CCTV is “in-house” television channels that broadcast to very small and specific receivers such as in hospitals, airports, racetracks, schools, malls, grocery stores, and municipal buildings. The latest use of CCTV cameras is in cars and vehicles to assist drivers in parking and reversing.
What are the different types of CCTV lenses, and how does one choose which lens to use?
There are four types of lenses for CCTV use: Fixed Aperture, Manual Iris, Auto Iris, and Zoom. If the area you wish to observe experiences infrequent changes in light, use a manual iris lens, which can be adjusted for light only by hand. If the area the Security Camera will be observing experiences frequent changes in light, use an auto-iris lens. These lenses adjust to light changes automatically. Auto-iris lenses come in Video or DC, and cameras generally support one format or the other. Be sure your lens matches the camera. To perform close-ups, get a zoom lens, manual and motorized zoom lenses are easily available from most retailers.
A drawback of CCTV;
The widespread availability and use of CCTV cameras has a draw back in that they may be used by criminals to gather vital data about other innocent victims. Secretly installed cameras around ATM machines can track the pin number of an unsuspecting user and transmit the data wirelessly to the criminal. There is also the possibility that hidden cameras might be used by perverts to pry on their victims remotely or record them in compromising positions and use this data to black mail or extort money.
Your class now is over and now all of your questions are answered. CCTV has many advantages and a few disadvantages because of that, it is commonly used all over the world, I believe CCTV 101 tells you why.


Have you collected your soggy clothes from the washer only to find out that your dryer isn’t working?
Then you’ll have to check the different parts of a dryer that keeps it working. Namely the start/push-to-start switch, safety door switch and thermal fuse. Here’s how:
3 Dryer Parts To Check
1. Start Switch Or Push-to-Start Switch
The first thing you should check is the start switch. Most of the time a busted start switch is a culprit for a dryer that won’t work.
You will need a multimeter to check if this is working. Make sure that the clothes dryer is unplugged. Unscrew the panel that covers the back of the controls from behind the appliance.
Locate the start switch and remove its connectors with the probe from the multimeter. After the connectors are removed, set the multimeter to continuity and use it to see if the switch is working.
Place the probes onto the terminals where the connectors should be and press the switch from the front panel.
The multimeter should emit a beeping sound if it is working fine, otherwise, the start switch needs to be replaced.
2. Safety Door Switch
Most dryer models have a safety door switch that keeps the appliance from running when the door is open.
If this particular safety feature of your clothes dryer is broken then this is probably the reason why it isn’t working.
To check the safety door switch, you should first open the door of your clothes dryer.
Inspect the opening of the drum. You should be able to see a small switch on the edges of the clothes dryer’s opening.
Gently press on the switch to check if there is a clicking sound. If the switch does not click then this might be the problem. In which case, the safety door switch will need troubleshooting.
3. Thermal Fuse
If the first two parts you’ve checked are working fine, the last thing for you to check is the thermal fuse.
This nifty fuse keeps the dryer from running when it starts to overheat.
However, the next time you try to start the dryer it won’t run even when plugged in.
Again, you will need a multimeter for this and you should make sure that the dryer is unplugged.
Depending on the model of your clothes dryer, you may have to remove covers or lint duct to access the thermal fuse.
Once you’ve accessed the fuse, remove the wires from the terminals. Set the multimeter to continuity and place the probes on the terminals.
If the multimeter does not emit a beeping sound when you apply the two probes, the fuse will need replacing.