Cheek Bateman posted an update 1 month, 1 week ago
This write-up discusses some vital complex ideas linked with a VPN. A Digital Non-public Network (VPN) integrates remote workers, business offices, and business associates utilizing the Internet and secures encrypted tunnels amongst places. An Access VPN is utilized to join remote users to the organization community. The distant workstation or notebook will use an entry circuit these kinds of as Cable, DSL or Wi-fi to hook up to a local World wide web Services Supplier (ISP). With a client-initiated product, computer software on the distant workstation builds an encrypted tunnel from the laptop computer to the ISP employing IPSec, Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol (L2TP), or Level to Position Tunneling Protocol (PPTP). The consumer need to authenticate as a permitted VPN user with the ISP. After
vpn netflix usa is finished, the ISP builds an encrypted tunnel to the organization VPN router or concentrator. TACACS, RADIUS or Home windows servers will authenticate the distant person as an employee that is allowed entry to the company network. With that finished, the remote person must then authenticate to the neighborhood Windows domain server, Unix server or Mainframe host depending on in which there network account is positioned. The ISP initiated product is considerably less protected than the shopper-initiated design given that the encrypted tunnel is built from the ISP to the organization VPN router or VPN concentrator only. As properly the safe VPN tunnel is developed with L2TP or L2F.
The Extranet VPN will link business companions to a business community by building a safe VPN connection from the enterprise companion router to the firm VPN router or concentrator. The particular tunneling protocol utilized depends on no matter whether it is a router link or a distant dialup relationship. The options for a router linked Extranet VPN are IPSec or Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE). Dialup extranet connections will employ L2TP or L2F. The Intranet VPN will join business offices across a secure connection utilizing the identical procedure with IPSec or GRE as the tunneling protocols. It is critical to observe that what helps make VPN’s extremely cost successful and productive is that they leverage the present Internet for transporting firm targeted traffic. That is why several firms are deciding on IPSec as the stability protocol of decision for guaranteeing that details is secure as it travels among routers or notebook and router. IPSec is comprised of 3DES encryption, IKE essential trade authentication and MD5 route authentication, which give authentication, authorization and confidentiality.
IPSec procedure is really worth noting since it these kinds of a common security protocol utilized right now with Virtual Non-public Networking. IPSec is specified with RFC 2401 and designed as an open up common for secure transportation of IP throughout the general public Internet. The packet structure is comprised of an IP header/IPSec header/Encapsulating Security Payload. IPSec gives encryption providers with 3DES and authentication with MD5. In addition there is Web Essential Exchange (IKE) and ISAKMP, which automate the distribution of mystery keys between IPSec peer gadgets (concentrators and routers). Those protocols are essential for negotiating one-way or two-way safety associations. IPSec protection associations are comprised of an encryption algorithm (3DES), hash algorithm (MD5) and an authentication technique (MD5). Entry VPN implementations make use of 3 stability associations (SA) per link (transmit, obtain and IKE). An business community with several IPSec peer products will make use of a Certificate Authority for scalability with the authentication procedure rather of IKE/pre-shared keys.
The Entry VPN will leverage the availability and lower cost Web for connectivity to the business core office with WiFi, DSL and Cable access circuits from regional Net Support Providers. The principal problem is that firm information should be guarded as it travels across the Web from the telecommuter notebook to the organization main workplace. The client-initiated model will be used which builds an IPSec tunnel from every client laptop, which is terminated at a VPN concentrator. Every single laptop computer will be configured with VPN consumer application, which will operate with Home windows. The telecommuter should initial dial a nearby entry quantity and authenticate with the ISP. The RADIUS server will authenticate every dial link as an licensed telecommuter. After that is concluded, the distant person will authenticate and authorize with Home windows, Solaris or a Mainframe server before beginning any apps. There are twin VPN concentrators that will be configured for fall short in excess of with digital routing redundancy protocol (VRRP) ought to 1 of them be unavailable.
Every single concentrator is linked in between the external router and the firewall. A new characteristic with the VPN concentrators stop denial of provider (DOS) attacks from outside the house hackers that could have an effect on network availability. The firewalls are configured to permit supply and destination IP addresses, which are assigned to each and every telecommuter from a pre-defined range. As properly, any software and protocol ports will be permitted via the firewall that is necessary.
The Extranet VPN is designed to enable protected connectivity from each and every company partner office to the organization main place of work. Protection is the main target given that the Internet will be utilized for transporting all knowledge targeted traffic from every company companion. There will be a circuit link from each and every enterprise companion that will terminate at a VPN router at the company core place of work. Every single company partner and its peer VPN router at the core place of work will make use of a router with a VPN module. That module offers IPSec and large-speed components encryption of packets just before they are transported across the Internet. Peer VPN routers at the business main workplace are twin homed to distinct multilayer switches for link diversity ought to a single of the backlinks be unavailable. It is critical that traffic from one business spouse isn’t going to stop up at yet another organization spouse place of work. The switches are positioned between exterior and inside firewalls and used for connecting general public servers and the external DNS server. That isn’t really a security problem since the external firewall is filtering public Internet targeted traffic.
In addition filtering can be carried out at every single network switch as well to stop routes from becoming advertised or vulnerabilities exploited from getting company spouse connections at the organization core office multilayer switches. Individual VLAN’s will be assigned at each and every community change for each and every organization companion to enhance safety and segmenting of subnet targeted traffic. The tier 2 exterior firewall will take a look at every packet and permit those with organization associate resource and spot IP tackle, software and protocol ports they demand. Company companion classes will have to authenticate with a RADIUS server. After that is completed, they will authenticate at Windows, Solaris or Mainframe hosts ahead of commencing any purposes.


Welcome to my webpage!
I am currently a machine learning engineer at Fomoro AI.
I received my M.Sc. in computer science at the University of Massachusetts Amherst in the CS department. I did my undergraduate studies in computer science and mathematics, also at UMass. The focus of my studies / research was on machine learning and theoretical / computational neuroscience, and how they are related. I also studied computational complexity, statistics, causality, dynamical systems, and information theory.
During my masters studies, I was a research assistant in the BINDS lab, where we focused on developing spiking neural networks (SNNs) for machine learning. I was involved in constructing and training SNNs to do image classification, transferring trained artificial neural networks to SNNs while maintaining performance, and building a Python library for (GPU-enabled) SNN prototyping and simulation.
- I have a miniature Australian shepherd named Quinn.
- I have an Erdös number of 2 (path: Paul Erdös -> Miklós Ruszinkó -> Daniel Saunders).
- I played snare drum in the UMass marching band from 2012 - 2015.
- (1/7/19) I started as a ML Engineer at Fomoro AI.
- (12/17/18) I finished the requirements for my masters degree program!
- (11/13/18) Our paper (link) on our spiking neural networks simulation software, BindsNET, was accepted to Frontiers in Neuroinformatics.
- (9/17/18) I’ll be attending the PyTorch Developer Conference in San Francisco on October 2nd to present a poster on BindsNET.
- (6/6/18) We’ve released a pre-print on our spiking neural networks simulation software!
- (5/21/18) I’m interning at HealthcareSource as a data analysis intern for the summer.
- (3/15/18) Two conference papers accepted to IJCNN 2018!


USA & SINGAPORE JOINT VENTURE
There are a few basic failure modes for lithium batteries
1. due to external heat source
2. high rate operation (causing heat)
3. internal short circuit (hot spot)
- if there are any impurities between the anode and cathode layer this may create a micro short. localised heating may form and accelerated temperature rises may ignite the unstable material in the cell
- internal short circuits are a byproduct of either poor manufacturing process or failure of the seperature material
- internal short circuits are almost impossible to discover when batteries are coming off the production line.
4. external short circuit
5. over charge/over discharge
- undervoltage causes the electrode layers to thin and possibly short circuit. upon charging again localised heating may occur and gases generated
- over charge causes heat and HF gases to be formed. See below for more detail
So as you can see its all about HEAT HEAT HEAT
Failure modes are always difficult to predict pre-event or decipher post incident due to lack of usable material
The above scenarios may cause excessive temperature above 400degC, venting, leakage and fires
In the RC game this is very difficult. The manufacturing process for RC lipo cells and say for example an OEM iPAD battery pack are very different. Although the chemicals be the same, the number of steps taken to release a cell from the factory varies amongst manufactures. The lesser the number of quality control steps the more likely a cell internal fault may occur. Of course more steps in the process costs more money.
In some way you get what you pay for so use a trusted brand where you know the cells have gone though a more stringent QC process and the dealer you buy them from won't disapear overnight
If in doubt..........don't do it.
Heat is the general cause for batteries swelling or bloating. It can be caused by over charge or over powering the cell causing excesive heat.
High cell temperatures induce cracks in the electrodes making way for the electrolyte to react with the surface. The interaction with the cathode released H+ ions and ultimately HF gas
- LiF + H+ > Li+ + HF
The HF reactes with Li2Co3 present in the electrodes causing fragility of the SEI protective film
- Li2Co3 + HF > 2LiF + Co2 + H20
Depending in the intensity of the current and cell temperature gas in the form of CO2, CH4, C2H6, and H2 are released due to electrolyte contact with the electrodes. These gases are explosive and any ignition temperature will cause combustion.
Ambient temperature effects your battery greatly
1. in cold wather lithiumION migration within the cells is more difficult
2. at higher temperatures (30 - 40degC) lithium cells have the best energy and power performance but be careful that you don't everheat the battery duing use as the critical thermal limit could be reached quite easily due to the already high ambient temperatures.
Lithium batteries also change in its resistance as you charge or discharge. Within the 'zone of temptation" individual cell IR's increase quite quickly as will the temperatures generated. So try stay above these levels.
Operating Li Po batteries. Motors, and ESCs is not unlike operating a model engine.
Confusion and danger has come about because too many do not understand or misinterpret the rating criteria for Li Po cells and quality standards of cells/packs have fallen. Here are the facts:
1. Cell capacity and discharge rates are specified at 0.2 times the rated capacity for the cell (0.2C) as the discharge rate. That is, if a cell has a nominal capacity of 1000 mAh, that capacity is measured at a discharge rate of 0.2X1000 = 200mAhr. This is by international standard. The scheme is not too useful for high current drain unless the curves are available for the expected operating range.
2. Li Po cells deliver a nominal 3.7V when discharged at 0.2C. Note that this is a nominal level, The average voltage for the particular cell above is almost 3.8V. This will vary some what from cell to cell but is the statistical average of many, many cells.
3. The discharge curve shows lower voltage and lower capacity as discharge rate is increased. The industry has drifted into the habit of specifying discharge rate as a multiple of the nominal C for a cell. This is because C is in
mAh or Ah, not amperes. This misclassification has created confusion.
4. That confusion created the “discharge rate race” in which manufacturers have begun to claim ever higher “Times C” rates. The maximum discharge rate is NOT the rate at which cell capacity is specified. Rather, it is the maximum, or “REDLINE” discharge that must not be exceeded and above which cell damage will almost certainly occur.
5. When using Li Po packs, we recommend that you:
- Set the cut-off above 3.0V, or nearer 3.3V in most situations.
- Avoid designing your pack so that it has to operate at the maximum allowable discharge rate.
- Stay out of the “zone of temptation.”
Now we can see from many of the answers on this website that heat and overvoltage kills the cells. So here are a few tips.
1. If you have a charger that has extended life battery charge mode... use it. This means the charge voltage per cell will be limited to say 4.1 - 4.15V and this lessens the stress on the anode and cathode material and will extend the life of your battery pack. Don't worry about the packs not being full as the extra energy (mahr) in the pack by charging up to 4.2V would be only increased by ~5%. RC Hobbists tend to stay above 3.5V upon discharge too, so you can limit the operation use of your pack from low end of say 3.3 to high end of 4.1, not only will you have a longer play time but also a safer pack as you won't get close to overcharging any of the cells either.
2. HEAT. Heat kills cells thus paying a little bit more for true higher C rated packs with lower IR will mean they will run cooler. The cooler your packs the longer they will last.
3. Charging. Try not to charge immediately after a flight. Packs are already warm and you'll just heat them up further. Give them an hour at least to cool down.


THE NEW CEECOACH HANDS-FREE DEVICE TALKS YOU THROUGH YOUR SKI TURNS
Ski Pros & Students Communicate On-hill in a Whole New Way
The award-winning CEECOACH® hands-free device developed by peiker, helps ski instructors communicate privately, quickly, and easily with their students. And when learning to ski, communication is key.
Based on Bluetooth technology, CEECOACH® is innovative technology enabling uninterrupted radio communication between coach and student at a distance of up to 1600 feet. Ski pros can offer their students tips on where to turn, how to balance, and ways to manage terrain — think of it as a voice in your ear that can talk you through your turns.
CEECOACH® was developed by the Hesse-based automotive supplier peiker, a leading provider of components for state-of-the-art communication technology in automobiles. Launched late last year, the system quickly caught the eye of innovators, winning 2015’s prestigious Red Dot Design Award. Soon after, the international jury at the ISPO AWARDS chose CEECOACH® as a “Gold Winner” in the product category of ski accessories, tracking hardware & mobile devices.
Tested on-hill by the German Association of Ski Instructors (DSLV), CEECOACH® is earning a reputation as invaluable in one-on-one ski training as well as in group instruction. Due to its high audio quality, a ski pro’s instructions can be heard clearly even in the presence of interference and loud background noises. Plus, students can respond directly to their coach’s instructions. “This makes training even more effective,” says Jeroen Brinkman, peiker CEE’s Commercial Director. “Learning success can be improved substantially.”
With one moderator and up to five participants, the system’s Full-Duplex technology allows teacher and students to converse clearly and simultaneously — users report excellent speaking and sound quality, plus more reliable performance over standard radio systems. What’s more, CEECOACH®’s use of Bluetooth technology permits users to communicate over a distance of 1600 feet (1/3 mile) without use of a smartphone or mobile network.
CEECOACH®’s fast Plug & Play design gives it easy and intuitive operation. With just three buttons, the device is extremely simple to operate, even while wearing gloves. CEECOACH® comes with variable mountain options, its battery is durable and long lasting, and the system is resistant to splashes of water, dust, heat, and cold.
Another noted advantage: CEECOACH® can be connected quickly to a mobile phone with the assistance of Bluetooth technology — incoming calls can be answered with comfort and ease.
For more information on CEECOACH® for ski instructors and students, visit www.ceecoach.com


Bringing most of the things into place has been made possible by the advancement in technology. Carrying out some of the activities effectively has been made possible by the fact that the items made from the technology can be able to assist in this. These items as a matter of fact have come to make sure that ourselves become easier in carrying out some of the activities. Drone is one of the inventions that have been brought into place by the technology. The drone can be considered as one of the previous technological devices to come into existence.
The lives of the people have become easier due to the drones which have come to play a key role in our lives. Drone review is one of the things that the people see it crucial. Drone review is the assessment of the various drones so that you can be able to decide on the best drone. Being able to review the drones before purchasing it is very crucial to the people. Reviewing of the drones help people to realize some of the merits.
Reviewing of the drones help you to be able to see and know the available variety of drones. This help you to get the variety of the drones that you can be able to get among the drones. Another benefit of the drone review is that one is always able to get the best price that he can be able to get the drone at. By being able to examine a variety of the available drones, one is able to get the best drone that he can be able to purchase. This will always help one to get the type of drone that he will be able to use all the time and is up and running.
Drone guide is also something that we should be able to take key notice when getting the drone. Drone guide can be said to be the guiding steps on how to use the drones. The drone guide can also be said to have a lot of advantages to us. One of the benefits of the drone guide is that it helps us to always know on the best way to handle the drone whenever we are a using it.
Another benefit of the drone guide is that we can always be able to refer to the guide if by any chance we forget something that is very crucial relating to the drone. This will help to make sure that we are able to handle the drone in the appropriate way possible. Another benefit of the drone guide is that we are always in a position to get the best guide on how to control the drone all the time.


Sigma weld data logger is the link between welding machine & PC. It is easy to connect to the inverter using plug & play principle. The logged data can easily monitor or remote PC. Also it transfer logged data on USB memory drive.
|Logging Memory capacity||Up to 20 MB|
|Supply voltage||230 V AC|
|Power consumption||5 W Max|
|Communication Port||One serial ports (RS 232/RS 422/RS485 level supported)|
|Ethernet Port||For Remote monitoring|
|USB host Port||Supports USB memory drive|
Can log welding voltage, welding current, arcing time for each equipment. Data can be collected and analysed in central server for resource utilization and parameter logging.


Designed for factories and plants, this next-generation disaster-prevention system detects unusual changes in temperature, to prevent fires before they can happen.
・Simple structure allows easy maintenance, and thus low running costs.
・Highly resistant to high temperature, humidity, dust, and corrosive gases, and so can be placed in any location.
・Measures changes in temperature at one-meter intervals, allowing accurate pinpointing of fire locations.
・Monitors placed in control rooms, etc., allow concentrated observation. Can be operated with minimum manpower.
・Detection is carried out using light as a medium, which is not affected by electromagnetic interference. Thus, OPTIAM is ideal for monitoring inside electric power cable ducts.
・OPTIAM is inherently explosion-resistant, enabling it to be installed in dangerous places.
Theory of temperature and position measurement
A laser pulse is sent through the optic-fiber cable from one end. As the pulsed radiation passes through the fiber, it produces backscattering according to the temperature. Temperature information is measured according to the strength of the backscattering, and distance is measured by the time taken for the backscattering signal to arrive. In effect, the optical fiber acts as a sensor, meaning that the structure, and thus maintenance, is simple.
Optical fiber/loop detection
By measuring through sending laser pulses alternately from either end of the optical fiber, detection accuracy is drastically improved, even over large distances. Furthermore, in the unlikely event that the optical fiber is cut, the system automatically continues monitoring, meaning that no areas are left unmonitored.
Multi-stage alarm output
With previous sensors, alarms are not issued until the temperature at areas surrounding the sensors reaches around 70°C. Also, because sensors are installed in the ceiling, by the time the alarm was activated, the fire has taken hold of the floors and walls in many cases. On the other hand, with OPTIAM, the temperature at which alarms are activated can be pre-programmed to any desired set of temperatures (example: 40°C, 50°C, and 70°C), and can be set to issue alarms at multiple levels. Thus, even the smallest fire is detected by OPTIAM.
Highly functional graphic software
Monitor temperature distribution at 1-meter intervals in real time using the color display. Because the location of any abnormalities can be pinpointed very accurately, fires can be detected before they erupt, and in the event of a fire, information needed for fire-fighting can be grasped and relayed effectively. The structure is simple – one optic-fiber cable to be laid.
Special heat-resistant optical fiber
Optical fibers in an SUS (stainless steel) pipe are operable in temperatures ranging between -50°C and 350°C. Naturally there is no effect from electromagnetic induction, something that can be a problem with electric temperature sensors.
Utility tunnels such as road and rail tunnels carry an increasing number of lifelines such as power and telephone lines. The main disaster-prevention function of these tunnels is to pinpoint the location of major infrastructure abnormalities. Because OPTIAM is able to measure temperature changes at 1-meter intervals, emergency situations can be located easily.
Electric power equipment
One of the main problems with fire prevention for electric power equipment is that the devices are often unmanned. Also, electromagnetic waves resulting from high voltage can adversely affect sensors. However, OPTIAM performs remote monitoring without interference from electromagnetic waves.
Buildings/multi-story car parks
Buildings are becoming taller and bigger, thus increasing the fire risk. However with OPTIAM, centralized monitoring from a control room is possible, thus reducing the manpower spent on disaster prevention. OPTIAM is also ideal for multi-story car parks, which are often unattended at night.
●DTS main body
|Measurement method||Semi-loop type||Loop type||Loop type or single-end type||Single-end type|
|No. of channels||1 channel||1 channel||2, 4, or 6 channels (3 types)||1-4 channels|
|Measurable ranges||1.5km||2km||4, 8, or 10 km (3 types)||15km||35km|
|Measurable temperature ranges||-100 to +400℃||-200 to +600℃||-200 to +600℃||-100 to +300℃||-20 to +120℃|
|Measurement times||10 sec.||10 sec.||Setting 10 sec./channel or greater is possible||Approx. 60 sec.||Approx. 60 sec.|
|Minimum heating length||5m||2m||2m||5m||8m|
|Temperature resolution||±1℃ (60sec.)||±0.5℃ (60sec.)||±0.5℃ (60sec.)||±1℃||±3℃|
|External output||Arcnet (also adaptable to Ethernet) + RS232C|
|Operating environment||0℃ to +40℃ Humidity not exceeding 95%||+10℃ to +35℃ Humidity not exceeding 95%|
|Power consumption||24 VDC, 20 W||100 VAC, 50/60 Hz, 200W|
|Outer dimensions||430(W) ×300(D) ×133(H)mm||538(W) ×342(D) ×337(H)mm||538(W) ×442(D) × 338(H)mm|
|Remarks||For simple observations||The temperature resolution shown is the value of the loop type with 4 km measurement range and 60 seconds measurement time. (This value varies depending on the measuring method, measurement range, and measurement time.)||For measuring ultra-long distances|
●Optic fiber sensor
|High temperature type H||General-purpose type N|
|Usable temperature range||-20℃ to +160℃||-50℃ to +350℃|
|Fiber stand||GI-50/125 Outer diameter 150 uM||GI-50/125 Outer diameter 250 uM|
|Stand coating||Specially processed organic coating||Specially processed organic coating|
|Armor||SUS304 Outer diameter 1.8mm||SUS304 Outer diameter 1.2mm|
|Tolerable flexural radius||150mm||50mm|
|Weight||Approx. 5kg/km||Approx. 5kg/km|
|Transmission band||200 MHz and above||200 MHz and above|


Yes, five years after revealing the concept, Volkswagen has finally made it official that we’ll be getting the production version of the ID. Buzz EV.
The VW ID. Buzz is an all-electric modernized version of the iconic T1 Microbus and it is based on Volkswagen’s Modular Electric Drive Kit (MEB) platform. The electric bus is powered by an 82 kWh battery and motor that produces 201 hp and 229 lb-ft of torque. The lithium ion battery can be charged using 11 kW AC power and when it’s plugged into a DC fast-charging station, it increases to as much as 170 kW, allowing for a charge from 5% to 80% in about 30 minutes. Additional battery options will be available with varying power output levels.
The ID. Buzz will support bi-directional charging which will enable the vehicle to send power from the battery to a customer’s home via a special DC bi-directional wall box.
Interior-wise, the ID. Buzz is more oriented towards space and comfort with ample room sufficient for five people and 1,121 liters of luggage capacity in the standard wheelbase model; if the second row of the seats is folded down, the load capacity increases to up to 2,205 liters. The vehicle features a standard 10-inch digital cockpit display and a 10-inch center console display, with an optional 12-inch display available. The ID. Buzz is also fitted with customizable ambient lighting, wireless app connectivity, USB-C ports, a wireless charging tray, as well as the ID. Light system, among others.
The European market will launch with a standard wheelbase model which measures 117.6 inches in length and features a five-seat configuration. The longer wheelbase model will launch in the US market with three rows and seven seats. The VW ID. Buzz is scheduled to arrive in Europe later this year while a US launch is set for 2024. Pricing info will be announced in May, which is around the time the vehicle goes on sale in Europe. The reservation books for American buyers will be open sometime in 2023. Check out the official photos below.


|FIMI A3 RC Quadcopter||
Diagonal Size: 323mm
Hover Accuracy: when GPS Positioning is active, Vertical: ± 0.5 m & Horizontal: ± 1.5 m
Max ascending speed: 6 m/s
Max descending speed: 5 m/s
Max cruising speed: 18 m/s
Max R/C distance: about 1km
Flying Limited Altitude: 500 m
Flight time: 25mins
(25mins flight time if fully charged by 4.35HV balance charger; about 21mins flight time if charged by original charger)
Wind resistance: ≤ 4
Satellite positioning systems: GPS+GLONASS
Operating frequency: 2.4-2.483GHz; 5.725-5.850 GHz (40CH)
Battery: 11.1V 2000 mAh 3S Lipo Battery
Package Weight: 1.68kg
Package Size: 344x292.5x107mm
Sceen resolution: 480*272
Screen size: 4.3inch
Frequency: 2.4-2.483GHz; 5.725-5.850 GHz (40CH)
Max R/C distance: About 1000m
Built-in Battery: 2950 mAh lipo battery with about 2.5h working time
Charge port type: Micro USB
DVR: 720*480 video resolution
Controlled Rotation Scope: 0° ~ -90° Pitch angle
Stabilizaton: 2-aixs mechanical and 3-aixs electronical gimbal
|HD 1080P Camera||
Lens: FOV 80°
Focal Distance: 3.54 mm
Equivalent Focal Distance: 27mm
Sensor: 1/3.2" CMOS
ISO Range: 100 - 3200 for video; 100 - 1600 for picture
Shutter Speed: 4 ~ 1/8000 s
Max Bitrate: 60Mbps
Max Photo Resolution: 8M 3264*2448
Video Resolution: 1920x1080 30 fps / 1920x1080 25 fps
File System: FAT32 / exFAT
Image Format: JPG
Video Format: MP4
DVR: 1920x1080 30 fps / 1920x1080 25 fps
Rated Output: 14V 0.8A
Rated Input: 100-240V ~ 50/60Hz 0.3A
Rated Output Power :11.2W
Rated Output: 11.1V 0.8A
Rated Input:14V 0.8A
Applicable Battery: 3S
Charging Limit Voltage: 12.75 V
Rated Voltage: 11.1 V
Rated Capacity: 2000 mAh / 22.2 Wh
Weight: about 162g
Item Name: Quick-release propeller
Remarks: The flight time is tested with constant speed in breeze, the maximum flight time is 21mins for the single cell voltage at 4.2V;
4.35V HV Lipo Battery Charger Link: URUAV 2-3S HV 1.5A Lipo Battery Charger (Tested by FIMI)
1. HD 1080P camera powered by Ambarella ISP processor and Sony CMOS sensor, provides perfect HD picture and video.
2. The 2-aixs mechanical and 3-aixs electronical gimbal provides stable and smooth footage in any situation.
3. With lightweight design, the drone flies faster.
4. Wth quick-release propellers, fast and powerful propulsion with durable,well balanced design.
5. Flight time is up to 25mins with 11.1V 2000mAh lipo battery.
6. 1km range 5.8G real time transmission system.
7. With DIY port, you can explore your way to play with the drone, like driving a servo, lighting a led.
8. Remote Controller is built-in LCD screen, DVR, and User Interface.
9. Headless Mode,no need to adjust the position of aircraft before flying .
Functions: Up/down, Forward/backward, Turn left/right, Sideward flight, One key taking on/off, GPS mode, Headless mode, One key return, Follow me, Orbit, Fixed-wing mode, Dronie, DIY supported, Low battery protection, Automatic return losing signal, mode 1/ mode 2 switchable
1 x RC Quadcopter( with camera)
1 x Transmitter
1 x Gimbal
1 x 11.1V 2000mAh Lipo Battery
1 x USB Cable
6 x Propeller
1 x Charging Cable
1 x Balance Charger
1 x Manual(Download)
When you order from HA-Mall, you will receive a confirmation email. Once your order is shipped, you will be emailed the tracking information for your order's shipment. You can choose your preferred shipping method on the Order Information page during the checkout process.
The total time it takes to receive your order is shown below:
The total delivery time is calculated from the time your order is placed until the time it is delivered to you. Total delivery time is broken down into processing time and shipping time.
Processing time: The time it takes to prepare your item(s) to ship from our warehouse. This includes preparing your items, performing quality checks, and packing for shipment.
Shipping time: The time for your item(s) to travel from our warehouse to your destination.
Shipping from your local warehouse is significantly faster. But shipping internationally is a lot slower but only applies to our globally sourced items
In addition, the transit time depends on where you're located and where your package comes from. If you want to know more information, please contact the customer service. We will settle your problem as soon as possible. Enjoy shopping!


Google Sync is an application that can be used to synchronize different devices like mobile phones, laptops, desktop and other kinds of gadgets. This application can simply provide fast and easy checking or browsing of information, email and updates. In short, it is best used if you have two or more computers that are running simultaneously. As long as your gadgets and computers are in sync, all information that will come can be checked by using different gadgets. The advantage of this application is that you will no longer carry a computer every time. Browsing emails and files can be done by only using a phone that is synchronized with your computer.
This synchronization service that Google offers significantly provides the best synchronization of your emails, application and calendar. This application can simply allow you to access different sites and emails by using your mobile phone that is also synchronized on your computer or laptop. This application is also capable of making alert tones and vibrations in case there is a new email in your inbox.
The user can customize different kinds of alert tones for various devices. This customization allows the user to know if he/she has a phone call, new text message or email in the inbox. The synchronization is very useful especially if you forgot to bring your laptop with you. A mobile phone is much more comfortable to carry and easy to use that is why it is also applicable for mobile devices.
The smart phones that have an OS that is capable of reading this application can be synchronized. Today, the power of mobile phones is quickly matching the basic capability of a laptop and even a computer. That is why the most preferred source of information for professionals is mobile phones.
However, some mobile devices have their advantages and disadvantages in synchronizing with your computer. For example, android phones are best to sync with Gmail and calendar set-up. On the other hand, mobile phones with window OS can sync with mail, calendar and contact that are much more applicable. BlackBerry phones are best to sync with Google contacts and at the same time Google calendar. This is because this mobile phone has a built-in calendar application and an address book.
Most mobile phone can have one or two synchronization capability. The wireless sync on Google contact may rely on the built-in application that a phone may have. Basically, it is all about having fast and easy access into different kinds of activities and updates that your Google account may have. Also, the basic capability of your mobile phone will not be disrupted by the synchronization.
The normal function of mobile devices will not be affected at all by Google sync application. Instead, its function and capabilities will be enhanced on a more computer-oriented way. The basic functions of your computer or laptop is transferred in your mobile phone. It is said that information is essential for everyday life especially for a person who makes information as his/her personal occupation. To get the entire benefits, you should look for a website that offers Google Sync download.


The radiology study reveals a head trauma, and trauma team members need to quickly go into action. Notifi can help. As soon as a trauma is indicated via a diagnostic study, Notifi can automatically inform all trauma team members with a single, soundless (no overhead paging) alert. Notifi can even track which team members are actually available to respond resulting in faster, better care.
The ability to send time-sensitive clinical information goes beyond trauma or code blue alerts. Many patients or clinical situations require time-sensitive communication to multiple clinical team members. Notifi has the intelligence to automatically route messages to multiple care team members based on the type of alert. It even knows who is on call and focuses only on these team members.


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The Cubis product range offers a wide range of solutions for fixed and mobile networks, fibre optic and broadband, CATV and telecommunication cabinet earthing applications.


November 17th, 2022
After reviewing and reconstructing its market strategy, business model, and organisation, Ecosteer announces it is coming out of stealth mode.
Marking a new beginning, it launches a new branded V2X technology V00X, presented today by Giada ZANATTA at the Automotive Forum in Munich.
V00X by Ecosteer is a leading-edge technology that enables privacy-centric multicast scenarios in the automotive industry.
By assigning data access control at its point of origin - any connected device – V00X provides an automated mechanism to granularly control third-party visibility over live data.
It allows data owners – drivers – to unilaterally grant and revoke data access to selected stakeholders, making any V2X scenario inherently privacy-compliant by design.
V00X uses a patented multicast end-to-end encryption scheme to establish a 1-to-1 disintermediated relationship between data owners and all the interested data users, thus, enabling neutral data exchanges. It is a future-ready means to control real-time data sharing in a decentralised, scalable, and ethical way.


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Each year more than 4,000 choose NUI Galway as their University of choice. Find out what life at NUI Galway is all about here.
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NUI Galway has earned international recognition as a research-led university with a commitment to top quality teaching across a range of key areas of expertise.
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At NUI Galway, we believe that the best learning takes place when you apply what you learn in a real world context. That's why many of our courses include work placements or community projects.
Welcome to the pulsar research page.
- Prof. Andy Shearer
- Eoin O'Connor
- Albaset Dhannoon
Some Past Members
- Dr. John McDonald
- Susan Collins
- Dr. Diarmad De Búrca
- NUI, Galway: Computational Astrophysics Laboratory [Schools of Physics and Mathematics]
An understanding the physical processes at work within the pulsar magnetosphere has remained elusive despite nearly forty years of observations and theory. There probably can not be an analytical solution to this and the consensus is that only numerical solutions will work. Under CosmoGrid 1 we developed DYMPNA3D, a next generation 3D multi-purpose plasma simulation code based on the Particle-In-Cell, (PIC), methodology. The beauty of this methodological approach is that it is free from the constraints of initial assumptions, from which many of the alternative fluid techniques suffer. The PIC methodology involves the imposition of a spatial mesh on the plasma filled region of interest, the plasma then interacts with this spatial mesh, on which the plasma attributes are deposited. This reduces the N squared problem of the Coulomb interactions to an Nlog(N) problem in which the plasma interacts indirectly through the imposed spatial mesh. The N squared order of a Coulomb problem makes it computationally infeasible for the simulation of large-scale plasma's. By reducing the order of the problem to Nlog(N), the Particle-In-Cell approach to modelling plasma's essentially yields a first principle's approach to modelling plasma's in which, no simplifying assumptions are required. This approach deals with the plasma itself on a fundamental level, depositing charge and current densities on the spatial mesh, solving the electromagnetic fields from Maxwell's equations, calculating the forces on the plasma particles and moving them accordingly.
The code is now entering its final development stages having completed its first, GenOne, and second, GenTwo, test phases and has been successfully applied in the regime of pulsar magnetospheric plasma distributions. The initial results correlate very well with theoretical predictions and with results of previous numerical simulations in this area. The primary design remit for the code was that it was to be constructed in an extremely modular fashion in order to facilitate ease of modification to investigate a plethora of kinetic phenomena in a diversity of astrophysical objects of interest ranging from objects as obscure as Pulsars and Brown Dwarfs to objects as familiar as the Earth, Jupiter and the Sun. The code is fully relativistic so that it is applicable to kinetic plasma phenomena in all areas of interest in which such phenomena are known to play a fundamental role in the atmospheric dynamics and emission mechanisms.
The code is fully parallel enabling it to make efficient use of modern large scale computing resources. This is a critical aspect of the codes development as most of the kinetic phenomena of interest in terms of its application are well below the best resolvable spatial scales of today's modern telescopes and thus large scale numerical simulation is our only means of probing such phenomena. The large computational requirements of such simulations and the computational methodology of the PIC approach advocate the need for the utilisation of modern high-end computing facilities to make the simulation runs temporally efficient. Another extremely important aspect of the developed code is that is has an immense amount of post-processing built in to it. One of the quintessential problems with today's large scale simulation codes and simulation runs is the vast amounts of data produced. The analysis of the resulting data can be expensive and time consuming as virtually of of the publicly available plasma simulation codes leave any and all post-processing to the user. DYMPNA3D allows for very accurate control of the simulation output with a plethora of inbuilt options for the output. The plasma data can be output to standard data files to allow for arbitrary post-processing, but the output can also be pre-formatted in VTK files which allow the plasma data to be readily visualised in any of the freely available front ends for VTK, like Paraview. All of the vector data from the simulation runs can be output in vectorised VTK files or in terms of their Cartesian components at either the end of the simulation run or at the end of each iteration of the code to allow study of the temporal evolution of the plasma. This makes the investigation of arbitrary kinetic plasma phenomena a much more viable proposition as the ease of modification of the code, (due to its modular construction), the flexibility and scalability of the code, the 3D nature of the developed code and the inbuilt post-processing provide a unique cutting-edge platform for such investigations.
As mentioned, the code has already been successfully applied to the investigation of plasma distributions in the pulsar magnetosphere confirming the postulated stable charge-separated non-neutral Dome-Torus plasma configuration with imminent publication of the obtained results. Future applications of interest include the simulation of the Brown Dwarf emission mechanism simulation of a proposed mechanism for the emission of Giant Radio pulses from pulsars, (GRP's) i.e. turbulent plasma wave packet collapse, and comparison and verification of the most popular pulsar high energy emission models through high-end simulation. Also, investigation of the possible mechanisms which would allow pulsar magnetospheric plasma to propagate beyond the identified trapped Dome-Torus distributions to generate the observed jets and equatorial outflows seen with the Chandra X-ray observatory would be included. Exemplar studies of the Earth's magnetosphere and Jupiter's emission mechanisms are also planned.


Design of Analog CMOS Integrated Circuits by Behzad Razavi pdf free download.
The second edition of Design of Analog CMOS Integrated Circuits by Behzad Razavi, deals with the analysis and design of analog CMOS integrated circuits, emphasizing fundamentals as well as new paradigms that students and practicing engineers need to master in today’s industry. Since analog design requires both intuition and rigor, each concept is first introduced from an intuitive perspective and subsequently treated by careful analysis. The objective is to develop both a solid foundation and methods of analyzing circuits by inspection so that the reader learns what approximations can be made in which circuits and how much error to expect in each approximation. This approach also enables the reader to apply the concepts to bipolar circuits with little additional effort.
The previous reviewer said the revision does not have a “significant change”, and gave only one star.
I think that is unfair to give such a low rating. This revision has quite new comments and examples for most of the chapters.
Definitely, the revision is not going to be completely a new book.
Compared to other revised analog circuit books from other authors, this Dr. Razavi’s book provides quite a good revision.
I recommend to purchase this revised book.
About the Author
Size: 9.548 MB


Dr. techn. Olav Olsen is certified by the Norwegian Aviation Authority in the highest operating category (R03) for unmanned flight.
We can deliver 3D-models for computation and documentation developed using drones and photogrammetry. Our models are calibrated with ground control points measured with GNSS ground surveying equipment to ensure accuracy. With this procedure, we can deliver high quality, high accuracy models efficiently and with low cost.
Image resolution and position accuracy depends on flight altitude, flight speed, camera, optics as well as wind and sun conditions. With good conditions, we can achieve accuracy in the range of 1-2 cm for position of points in the models.
We use small drones with built-in cameras as well as our largest drone with a full frame mirrorless camera for extra high resolution depending on our costumer’s needs.
The models can be exported to recognized CAD-formats and used as «as built» documentation. In addition, since the models have photo-surface, they can also be used for condition monitoring, e.g. for detecting damages, concrete cracks, etc. Due to the high resolution required to study concrete cracks, we always recommend full frame photography for these missions.
Based on our 3D-models we can offer detailed air photography and analyses such as:
- Mass calculations
- Change in volume, elevation, distance etc.
- Automated counting, e.g. cars, containers etc. on large areas


Microsoft has long been rumoured to be working on a successor to the original HoloLens headset. It now appears that the company is gearing up to unveil the next generation Windows Mixed Reality (WMR) headset, tentatively called the HoloLens 2, later this month ahead of MWC 2019. Alex Kipman, credited as the mind behind the original HoloLens, has shared a cryptic video on YouTube hinting that Microsoft might announce the HoloLens successor at the company’s official event scheduled for February 24, 2019 in Barcelona, during MWC 2019. Not much is known about the next-generation HoloLens headset right now.
The posted by Kipman on YouTube, that he later on Twitter too, shows what appears to be a chip, melting metal, and other such fancy elements. However, it does not reveal anything specific about a mixed reality headset, and neither does it explicitly tease the HoloLens 2’s arrival itself. But with Kipman being among the hosts of Microsoft’s event later this month, there is a high probability that Microsoft will indeed unveil the HoloLens 2 or at least make some major announcements regarding the Windows Mixed Reality (WMR) platform.
As we mentioned earlier, not much is known about the HoloLens 2’s specifications, but if the teaser video is anything to go by, it might feature a sturdy build carved out of an amalgam of metal and carbon fibre. Back in July, Microsoft that the HoloLens 2 will come with a custom AI chip that will enhance the speed of mobile processing by eliminating the need to upload data to the cloud. The on-device processing is also expected to make processes more secure, thanks to the AI chip that will reportedly analyse and process data locally.
The AI chip is reportedly a customised version of the company’s Holographic Processing Unit (HPU) and is claimed to be a one-of-a-kind chip for mobile devices that was demonstrated at an event last year. Microsoft has reportedly created the chip from scratch, but the manufacturing duties will be handled by other partner companies. Some rumours suggest that the HoloLens 2 will be powered by a Qualcomm-made processor and will also sport a ToF sensor for better depth assessment as well as a wider field of view, but these are all rumours and must be processed with a fair share of scepticism.
Will MWC 2019 introduce port-less phones to the world? We discussed this on, our weekly technology podcast, which you can subscribe to viaor,, or just hit the play button below.


Technological progress can change absolutely any area of life. However, in some areas this may take centuries. At first Virtual reality devices was not well met by consumers, but after a while they gained mass popularity all over the world. The reason is that Virtual reality can give a competitive environment for the development and promotion for projects from any field. So, if in 2015 market met the emergence of virtual reality helmets quite skeptical and did not have high hopes for them, nowadays, this area is very promising both in the gaming industry and in almost any other field of activity.
Virtual reality glasses application areas.
Leading engineers implement their developments in healthcare, banking, robotics. With virtual reality glasses help it has become possible to control flying drones, which is an unimaginable progress even for our time. Virtual reality glasses popularity growth is achieved primarily due to the technology that allows to simplify the response process increasing its speed by improving the quality of textures in VR helmets.
Virtual reality in sports simulators.
Fans of sports racing simulators were waiting with awe of the VR helmet from Sony and were extremely satisfied. Instant response and the deepest drawing of details allows you to fully immerse yourself in the sports simulator and feel like a professional racer. But the possibilities of the helmet are not limited by racing simulators. The virtual platform allows you to feel like a doctor, participate in intergalactic battles, or try yourself in tennis tournaments. And this is only a small part of such inventions possibilities. Sports analysts say that in the near future, all sports matches will be broadcast in VR helmets with full immersion. This will allow all fans to feel emotions in the stands without leaving home. In addition to sports broadcasts, you can walk with a guide in any city, see the sights and much more.
New challenges for the virtual reality industry.
The key challenge for the industry at the moment is the low quality of the image, which spoils the impression. So, Sony made a helmet, traced the cars details to the highest level, but the very quality of graphics leaves much to be desired. When the quality of the image in the helmet reaches at least level 4K – that’s when you can really immerse yourself in the virtual reality atmosphere. In the meantime, because of the poor quality the vision and vestibular apparatus suffers. This is not the best experience. So far, developers have not been able to achieve a good resolution. The reason for this is the lenses that are inside the helmet. High-quality resolution will be possible only when each eye will come lens that allows you to display at least 4K format image.
Neurotechnology and virtual reality.
The next important task is to reach the VR device’s high-quality control. The use of brain-computer interface (BCI) in this case significantly increases interaction with VR device. The number of commands that can be used simultaneously using our technology is increasing. As you know, the brain reaction speed is much faster than the hands muscles reaction speed. Our technology allows you to control the VR device by the power of thought. And that qualitatively develops the idea of virtual reality. A person is immersed in the process by 100%. Separately, it is worth noting repeatedly increasing information exchange speed between a person and a computer. Today, few teams can boast of BCI’s high accuracy. OASIS project team has achieved such a great success, that VR technology will soon begin to be usual in our daily lives.
The emergence of virtual reality devices capable of meeting the persons needs will be possible when the production of 4K screens becomes cheap and begins the VR devices and BCI integration.
If you believe in the scientific progress of mankind, if you want to join the future today, you can support our project to develop the latest brain-computer interface. You can participate in OASIS tokens crowdsale to support our team.


Just a simple Google for ‘cell phone radiation’ yields all sorts of scary results involving studies of the radio waves from phones and their absorption into the brain and body. These effects seem be heightened when it comes to young kids so the absorption goes even deeper into the brain. Scary stuff.
Even best efforts can’t keep kids 100% off of phones since they still use them to talk to relatives at the very least, and Lola especially adores going through my photos.
I recently got this Safe Sleeve which integrates FCC accredited lab tested shielding technology that can block 99% of RF radiation and over 92% of ELF radiation from your phone. It also doubles as a wallet, magnetically closes, and can be used as a stand as well. They have them for most every phone and tablet type and come in some really beautiful colors. I feel better knowing my phone is safer for me and the kids, I’ll have one of these as long as I own a cell phone.
Cell phone RF absorption rates by age:
Post sponsored by Safe Sleeve, thoughts and words my own. Affiliate links present.


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Path delay fault testing using test points
S. Tragoudas, N. Denny
Inserting controllable/observable points in the test architecture has been shown to be a viable method for reducing the number of path delay faults that need to be tested in a circuit. In order to have a minimal impact on the operation clock and more...
Analysis of FPGA/FPIC switch modules
Yao-Wen Chang, Kai Zhu, Guang-Ming Wu, D. F. Wong, C. K. Wong
Switch modules are the most important component of the routing resources in FPGAs/FPICs. Previous works have shown that switch modules with higher routability result in better area performance for practical applications. We consider in this paper an...
Design theory and implementation for low-power segmented bus systems
W.-B. Jone, J. S. Wang, Hsueh-I Lu, I. P. Hsu, J.-Y. Chen
The concept of bus segmentation has been proposed to minimize power consumption by reducing the switched capacitance on each bus [Chen et al. 1999]. This paper details the design theory and implementation issues of segmented bus systems. Based on a...
Floorplan representations: Complexity and connections
Bo Yao, Hongyu Chen, Chung-Kuan Cheng, Ronald Graham
Floorplan representation is a fundamental issue in designing a floorplanning algorithm. In this paper, we first present a twin binary trees structure for mosaic floorplans. It is a nonredundant representation. We then derive the exact number of...
Transistor placement for noncomplementary digital VLSI cell synthesis
Michael A. Riepe, Karem A. Sakallah
There is an increasing need in modern VLSI designs for circuits implemented in high-performance logic families such as Cascode Voltage Switch Logic (CVSL), Pass Transistor Logic (PTL), and domino CMOS. Circuits designed in these noncomplementary...
On the properties of the input pattern fault model
R. D. (Shawn) Blanton, John P. Hayes
A review of traditional IC failure analysis techniques strongly indicates the need for fault models that directly analyze the function of circuit primitives. The input pattern (IP) fault model is a functional fault model that allows for both complete...
Search space definition and exploration for nonuniform data reuse opportunities in data-dominant applications
Tanja Van Achteren, Francky Catthoor, Rudy Lauwereins, Geert Deconinck
Efficient exploitation of temporal locality in the memory accesses on array signals can have a very large impact on the power consumption in embedded data dominated applications. The effective use of an optimized custom memory hierarchy or a...


In this article we will understand the relationship between IoT and blockchain.
The blockchain brings undeniable advantages in terms of security, reliability and immutability of information in everything that can be represented through a digital transaction.
The revolution of this new paradigm radically changes the world to which we are accustomed, where classically we have to „trust“ someone who guarantees something and who in one way or another pays a high price.
Today, thanks to the blockchain, the only thing we have to trust is mathematics.
This disruptive technology is revolutionizing the digital world, having as its only limit the fact of being confined to it.
IoT: what is it?
The technology called IoT, an acronym for Internet of Things, literally translated is the Internet of Things.
This technology makes it possible to exchange information to and from objects in the physical world via the Internet.
There are many applications of this technology, from the slightly more futuristic ones, such as the intelligent fridge that automatically orders the shopping, or the smart car that chooses the best route based on traffic and weather information, to the most common ones, such as the hoover robot, which tells us that cleaning is finished, or the wi-fi intercom, which allows us to talk to and welcome our guests even when we are away from home.
What are smart contracts?
Smart contracts or smart contracts, in short, are contracts that can independently verify that the conditions necessary for their execution are met and consequently self-execute themselves.
A typical example of „smart contract“ in the traditional world is the use of a vending machine for coffee, drinks or even petrol.
In the act of putting money into the vending machine, I actually enter into an automatic contract, with which I agree to pay the indicated countervalue in exchange for the goods in question.
For example, I enter 10 € into the vending machine and know that I will receive 7.2 litres of petrol in exchange, as the price per litre is clearly displayed.
With the advent of the blockchain, smart contracts take a giant leap forward, as they can now take advantage of all the advantages of this technology (transparency, immutability, decentralisation, incensurability, etc.), thus eliminating the need to trust a third party.
The marriage of the century between IoT and blockchain
Smart contracts on blockchain have, as Bitcoin Era software the only real limit, the need to exist only in the digital world. IoT technology is the natural solution to this problem.
Just as the merger of smart contract and blockchain has immensely expanded and enhanced the applications of both technologies, the merger of blockchain and IoT is having disruptive effects on countless aspects of the modern world.
A fascinating example is the traceability of the cold chain (useful for food and pharmaceuticals): today it is not possible to guarantee that at any given time (due to accidental or malicious causes) this chain has not been interrupted.
Let us imagine a refrigerated truck transporting medicines that must remain constantly below a certain temperature.
Any of the people involved in the transport, accidentally or to save money, could temporarily switch off the refrigeration of the truck and then switch it on again later, thus irreparably ruining all the medicines.
Until yesterday it was not possible to prevent, or even to identify in good time, such an event from happening.
Thanks to the application of very simple IoT temperature sensors, which send the temperature of the truck’s refrigeration compartment every few seconds and write them down immutably on blockchain, it is now possible to solve this problem once and for all, using very few economic resources.
The applications of the combination of blockchain, smart contract and IoT are truly endless and cover practically all areas: industrial, agri-food, urban planning, healthcare, financial and even legal.


Kids who use pen drives and external hard discs or even store data on the cloud will never know the essence of a floppy disk. Once computers reached homes, educational institutes and offices, floppy disk became an essential instrument to store, transfer, as well as share data.
Those PPT presentations and Word document projects or the Excel sheets containing the company’s financial data would be easily transferred to a floppy disk. Soon, floppy disk lost their fan-following once CD’s, especially re writable CD’s came into picture. Soon, CD’s phased out to an extent after pen drives came into use.
Those who have never heard of them before, let us talk about what is a floppy disk in the following article.
A Floppy Disk
A floppy disk was not a floppy instrument as the name suggests. This square shaped diskette was a storage media file that could store electronic data. It had a protective casing that kept the disk (which is actually floppy/ flexible) protected. It was coated with iron oxide and stored data magnetically.
Floppy disk was first created by IBM in the year 1967. It was created as an alternative to the super-expensive external hard drives. The floppy disks were initially used only for installation of a new computer program on the computer. They were about 8 inches in diameter and were read-only. This meant user could not write on these disks. The capacity of these disks was only 80KB of data.
By the year 1978, a new disk of about 5.25 inches was introduced that could hold about 360KB of data. Later a 5.25 inch floppy could store 1.2 MB dat. Then, in 1987 the 3.5 inch HD (high density) floppy disk were released that could hold 1.44MB of data were released. Soon, these 3.5 inch floppy disk became the standard instrument for distributing software as well as storing data.
How to Use Floppy Disk?
The older versions of computer did not have CD-ROM drive or a USB drive, instead there were slots to read floppy disk. Just like a CD, one had to push the floppy into the floppy drive slot in the computer’s CPU.
Is Floppy Disk In Use Today?
There are quite a few computers today that still support a floppy disk. Computers built after the year 2000 no longer came with floppy disk drive. Soon, Microsoft Windows no longer supported floppy drives.
Floppy disks were vulnerable to dust, moisture as well as heat. It was not very sturdy and could easily get damaged. Although floppy disks had many drawbacks including less storage space, they helped many users carry and store their data. Today, they are a thing of the past, but still had great use during their peak days.


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TPA3118 - The DNA of the TPA3116 but in mono outline and also with fine sound.
Key specs: 4.5V-26V supply, 2x30W in 8 Ohm, 0.1% THD, 30mA quiescent current.
DC offset measured at outputs: 1mV / 2mV (19V supply).
The TPA3118 is a limited version of the TDA3116D2. The limitation seems obtained by different packages for the two chips. TPA3118 is supplied in a plastic package (HTSSOP32) with a cooling pad turned downward on the PCB while the TPA3116D2 package has a cooling pad on the top for a heat-sink. The TPA3118 is described in the common data-sheet as able to operate "without heat sink", which is no doubt correct for up to 19V supply voltage but may be arguable at full supply voltage.
The TPA3118 has a wide supply voltage range, even down to below 5 Volt. Being so versatile, it can be used for most audio applications in ordinary consumer products. For higher power levels TPA3118 is limited by the maximum in supply voltage of 26V and the possibility to cool the chip.
Low-cost TDA3118 modules in mono configuration (PBTL) were briefly tried out individually. That left the impression of clear and undistorted sound with no apparent flaws.
A stereo amplifier
It was tempting to build a stereo amplifier from two small boards and appreciate particular features of the chip. Based on the same chip as the TPA3116, the TPA3118 has output switches with an impedance of only 120mOhm (typ.). When the TPA3118 is used in a parallel coupling (mono), with the output switches operated synchronously, the resulting switch impedance becomes as low as 60mOhm. For comparison, a TPA3255 allowing up to 260W in 4 Ohm offers switch impedances of 85mOhm. Though restricted by supply voltage and the switch impedance not being the only characteristic of importance, the low switch impedance invites low impedance loads to be used and less heating of the chip. Loudspeakers with importantly varying impedance can be handled. Quite some output power can be provided and the amplifier is suited for automotive use, moderate PA equipment and guitar amplifiers.
If needed, the TPA3118 can be used with a supply voltage below 5V. Further, the modulation frequency may be set as high as 1.2MHz in return for higher idle losses.
Taking the attractive price into account the limitations are fair. A maximum supply voltage of 26 Volt makes the parallel-coupled TPA3118 less suited for 8 Ohm loudspeakers simply because its potential cannot be used. The chip cooling is generally adapted to the moderate supply voltage and can be somewhat improved with a heat-sink on top of the housing. The THD is not among the best in the group with the TDA8932 claiming 0.007%, but still it sounds fine. A new TPA325x series is launched by TI, that is at the top for monolithic class D amplifiers, but unfortunately at a somewhat higher price.
The implementation with the two low-cost boards put a few further constraints.
Four 330uF/25V electrolytic capacitors are used for decoupling of the power supply line. The total of about 1300uF on-board is a good start but not sufficient for an amplifier suited for low impedance loudspeakers. More importantly, the 25V rating means that a 24V supply voltage will use almost the full voltage rating of the capacitors and leave a moderate reliability. Electrolytic capacitors should be left with around 20% of their voltage rating unused, if possible. For the low-cost boards the supply voltage should not exceed 22V and 19V is suggested. That should allow 20-25 Watt in 8 Ohm and the double in 4 Ohm.
The initial LC output filters do not live up to the amplifier potential and should be replaced with better filters external of the board.
The input signal coupling capacitors are of a tiny ceramic SMD type. It is possible to identify the capacitors on the boards and even remove them, but it is very difficult to insert anything much better with the miniature size. Generally, the initial capacitors should be left in place.
Cooling of the TPA3118 chip is to the PCB and it is difficult to add a heat-sink on top of the housing because adjacent SMD components have a profile as high as that of the TPA3118. If implemented, a heat conductive spacer plate of 2mm thickness and the size of the TPA3118 housing should be put below the heat-sink, such that the heat-sink is elevated above the adjacent components. The TPA3118 chip housing is, luckily, bigger than the TPA3110 housing but somewhat smaller than for instance the TDA8932 housing.
On each of the two low-cost boards, an AWG 16 wire was connected on the rear side to the ground plane. This is needed for the external output filter. The initial output filter chokes were removed and left terminal points for external filters.
The polarity protection diodes were short-circuited.
The boards were mounted on a bigger board that serves as a mother-board. On the bigger board more power line decoupling was added. For each amplifier board, another 5500uF were added which leaves some 6800uF total for each channel.
A 3.5mm jack connector was used for the input signal.
It could be interesting to test the TPA3118 boards with different output filters as the boards can supply quite some current. Therefore, the wires for the external filters were taken to screw terminals on the bigger board.
Should the output filter be powered without loudspeakers, the TPA3118 chips may be permanently damaged. Therefore, protection diodes in the form of catch-diodes were included on the bigger board, next to the screw terminals for the external filters. These diodes are of a 1A Schottky type and prevent the voltage of any chip output to go much above or much below the supply voltage rails. 1A is sufficient because Schottky diodes have much higher surge ratings and the loading, if invoked, will be surge only.
As a first output filter, a 22uH(5A)/680uF LC filter was connected to the screw terminals. For prudence reasons, the amplifier was first tried with a 12V supply and worked. Also with a 5V supply it functioned. Then, the supply voltage was increased to 19V. Even with 19V supply, the TPA3118 surface temperatures did not go above 40 degrees Celsius without heat-sink.
The sound was without obvious flaws and disturbing hiss. A characteristic was a powerful bass that made bass drums and synthesized deep bass be heard as on more powerful amplifiers. In general the sound was, as could be expected, very similar to that of the TPA3116. In particular if the cost of the amplifier is taken into account, the TPA3118 stereo amplifier construction is largely worth every penny spent.
Comparative tests have not yet been performed.
Copyright © 2017 DIYBudgetAudio.com


25 years with Truxor
2019 marks 25 years since the first Truxor machine was launched on the market. Since the start in 1994,
a lot has happened in the development of the machines. Our long experience of technology and
product development as well as our close contact with customers and retailers around the world form the
basis of the new generation of Truxor machines.
The new T-series has been updated with several new features:
– Lightweight chassis in high-tensile steel
– Lifting arm with parallel movement
– Quick bracket X4
– LED work lights
– Digital screen
– Digital technology that improves machine performance and facilitates service
The digital screen provides information from the engine and other systems. Digital troubleshooting facilitates service and maintenance. The digital screen also makes it possible to adjust some of the machine’s functions, such as drive band balance and speed, flow adjustment of hydraulic outlets, emergency operation etc.
Hydraulic system with thermostat
A modern hydraulic system increases the performance when the hydraulic oil temperature exceeds 40 degrees. To achieve optimum temperature, there is a thermostat controlling the minimum temperature. The right hydraulic oil temperature improves performance and ensures better operating economy.
The T-series presents machines with different type of engines, adapted to serve the environmental requirements and conditions on a world market.
The movable driver’s cab is hydraulically adjusted and works as counterweight during heavy lifts in water.


The Smart Materials and Robotics Laboratory is an interdisciplinary research lab within the
Department of Mechanical & Materials Engineering at the
University of Nebraska-Lincoln.
We are creating new multifunctional materials that are safe for human interaction and exhibit the extraordinary resilience of natural biological tissue.
These efforts lie in the emerging fields of wearable computing, soft robotics, and robotic materials.
Wearable Computing Electronic skin for gesture monitoring
Robotics Soft robotic quadruped
Advanced Material Development Robust soft-matter electronics
Our research receives support from NASA Nebraska EPSCoR.
Congratulations to Aaron Haake and Vince Chong for receiving 2020-2021 academic year UCARE funding.


Are you worry about the signal on your phone while traveling? Everywhere you go, there may not be the same signal. This may be due to the geographical background. But for those of you who are worried, this is a great solution. A pocket Wi-Fi router with a SIM card is a smart option if it’s essential for you always to be online. This mobile router converts a 3G or 4G connection into a private Wi-Fi signal to your various devices.
There are many benefits of using a pocket Wi-Fi device and similar devices to stay on the Internet. A portable Wi-Fi router is a small wireless hot spot that connects to the Internet through a mobile phone network. Nowadays, everything is expected to be broadcast and portable. We can identify pocket Wi-Fi as a battery-powered mobile router.
If you often travel but always want to connect to the internet, you should invest in the best portable Wi-Fi hotspot. Pocket Wi-Fi always comes with integrated accessory packages to ensure that you can keep it in your pocket, bag, or wallet.
This device specially designs for travelers. It also provides internet connectivity in many countries and regions. The biggest thing is that most Wi-Fi hotspots can support multiple devices at a time.
Thus, you can do it together with your friends and family. Moreover, you can use Pocket Wifi with all devices, including smartphones, laptops, and tablets. It is worth finding the right equipment for all your needs.
Why do you need the best pocket Wi-Fi
If you plan to travel with your family, the best pocket Wi-Fi hotspot is an inexpensive way for you and your kids to stay online. Portable Wi-Fi is easy and cheap for you to get rid of those hefty hotel fees, compared to hotel Wi-Fi.
The Pocket Wifi router is very cheap compared to the hotel wifi. It is possible to reduce your excess hotel rate to some extent. It is also a very safe tool to protect your personal information from being passed on to others. The best thing is that you can get it anywhere you want.


|Terms of Trade:||FOB|
|Min. Order:||1 Bag/Bags|
|Delivery Time:||35 Days|
|Place of Origin:||CHINA|
Model No.: YMJ-MF/COB-3000
Full Auto Double Sheets Module Mounting Machine is designed for smart card module or chip on board mounting process. It can be applied in modules and chips, only need to change the feeding plate. Material auto feeding function is realized by vibrating plate. The module/COB taking device will take two modules or COB to waiting platform one by one, which is preparing for module/COB mounting heads.
Module/COB taking heads can take two modules/COB at one time , which is pushed by cylinder.
Imported servo system ensure the high precision of module/COB mounting process.
1. It is suitable for mounting bulk COB or modules. The mounting process is controlled by the digital vibration feeder;
2. High efficiency with two working tables;
3. Fiber sensor detect good or bad chips, bad chips will be picked out and rejected;
4. Stable feeding with high precision vibrator and PLC;
5. It can mount chips on two sides of sheet through operating HMI;
6. It can be used for taping type or gluing type, which can be selected by HMI;
7. The direction of COB or IC can rotate 45/90 degrees.
8. Two working tables can running at the same time. Or only single working table running;
9. It suits for different layouts, and can produce two different layouts at the same time. (Such as: one layout is 3*8, the other layout is 5*5);
10. It is easy otload Plastic Sheet and easy to adjust;
11. Unique module correction design ensure accurate location;
12. Servo motor controls the location;
13. Delta PLC and color touch screen are used, and alarm system.
|Overall dimension:||L 1300*W 1200*H 1970 mm|
|Power supply:||AC 220V 50/60Hz|
|Air pressure:||6 kg/cm2|
|Air consumption:||150 L/min|
|Servo precision:||X, Y=0.01 mm|
|Applicable materials:|| |
0.08~0.13 mm copper wire, 0.125-0.3 mm PVC/PEG/ABS.(The speed is relevant to the materials).
|Output:||10 seconds a wire (5 turns) per head. Max. 8 wiring heads|
|Product percent of pass:||99.8%|
Shenzhen Yuanmingjie Technology Co., Ltd was founded in 2010 for research and development of intelligent manufacturing equipment. With many years innovations and development, Yuanmingjie has become the High Technology Corporation who has got high reputation in China and overseas. Yuanmingjie is the Shenzhen innovative enterprise and the member of Shenzhen software industry association, we also got Guangdong province credible enterprise identification.
Yuanmingjie integrated R&D, manufacturing and sales, who concentrates on supplying better equipment and supporting facilities solution for smart card factories. Our main products include production line for contact smart card, contactless smart card, dual interface smart card, RFID electrical labeling and personalized equipment.
Elites are valued by Yuanmingjie technology, lots of professionals with more than 10 years experience in equipment development gather here. With so many years of technical innovation and experience, Yuanmingjie breakthrough the traditional dependence of domestic enterprises on foreign techniques, reaches a leading position in China, who firstly adopts advanced Ultrasonic Embedding technique and Precision Vibrator Bowl. Meanwhile dual interface smart card equipment and milling and embedding two in one equipment have got National Invention Patent and CE certificate.
Spirit of Yuanmingjie: To develop ourselves by guide of market, to gain customers by credibility, to gain reputation by better quality.
Mission of Yuanmingjie: To create value for customers and society constantly.
Vision of Yuanmingjie: With continual technical innovation, wisdom and efforts from members of yuanmingjie, we will fulfill customers current need and create high needs, to be the top automatic equipment and technical solutions supplier.
Shenzhen Yuanmingjie Technology Co., Ltd. has been among the leading intelligent machine manufacturer in China since the founding year 2010
Yuanmingjie specialized in R&D, Assembly, Design, Sales of RFID machine, Smart Card machine and IOT one window solution.
After tireless efforts under supervision of top engineers and R&D teams, Yuanmingjie develop and start manufacturing state of the contact cards machine, Contactless cards machine, Dual interface Cards machine, RFID machine and highly customized automated machine as our main products. Yuanmingjie also is among first manufacturer in china to use ultrasonic technology to embed the wire into PVC and Vibrating feeding technology.
We have advanced technology equipped with cutting edge technology for improving reliability, and performance. Our leading technology and experience has helped all our customers to succeed. Cost effective top quality eco-friendly customized solutions with life time after sales service support is our first priority.


In today’s digital age, the financial industry has undergone a paradigm shift. Trading automation has become a game-changer for investors, traders, and financial firms alike. With advanced technological advancements such as algorithms and machine learning, automation has transformed the way trading is done. Automated trading has enabled traders to execute trades in real-time with minimal human intervention.
Algorithms are the driving force behind trading automation. They are computer programs designed to automatically execute trades, based on predefined rules and conditions. Since algorithms can analyze vast amounts of data within seconds, they can identify trading opportunities that may be impossible to detect by humans. Furthermore, algorithms are designed to eliminate excessive human emotion, which can be a significant disadvantage in trading.
Machine learning, on the other hand, takes trading automation to new heights. Machine learning algorithms are designed to learn and adapt to market trends and conditions. By analyzing historical data, these algorithms can make predictions about future market movements, enabling traders to make informed decisions. Additionally, machine learning algorithms can identify patterns and anomalies that humans may miss, providing traders with a competitive edge.
The role of algorithms and machine learning in trading automation cannot be understated. These technologies have revolutionized the financial industry by enabling traders to make better decisions while simultaneously minimizing risk. Moreover, they have led to the rise of quantitative trading, which utilizes mathematical models to make investment decisions.
Trading automation has also led to increased efficiency and speed in the financial industry. Trades can now be executed in milliseconds, allowing traders to capitalize on market movements in real-time. Additionally, automation has significantly reduced transaction costs, making trading more accessible to individual investors.
The role of algorithms and machine learning in trading automation is undoubtedly crucial. The combination of these technologies has enabled traders to make informed decisions based on data, while eliminating human emotion and reducing risk. As the financial industry continues to evolve, trading automation will remain a significant force, providing traders with innovative ways to stay ahead of the curve.


Chapter headings. Preface. Introduction. Methodology of materials characterisation by NMR. Historical aspects of NMR spectroscopy. Brief description of the NMR experiment. Further reading. Physical Background. Fundamental interaction with external magnetic fields. Internal interactions. One dimensional methods for improving resolution. Dipolar decoupling. Spin-locking. Cross-polarisation. Two-dimensional methods. NMR relaxation. Experimental Approaches. Basic experimental principles of FT NMR. Instrumentation. Practical acquisition of NMR spectra. Static broad line experiments. One-dimensional high resolution techniques. Two-dimensional experiments. Summary of approaches for examining quadrupole nuclei. Multiple resonance. Techniques for determining relaxation times and motional parameters. NMR under varying physical conditions. NMR under varying physical conditions. 29Si NMR. General considerations. Si-O compounds. Order-disorder effects in minerals. Identification of silicate minerals. Thermal decomposition of silicate minerals. Relationships between 29Si chemical shift (&dgr;) and structure. Five and six-coordinated Si-O compounds. Cross-polarisation (CPMAS) experiments. Glasses, gels and other amorphous materials. Si-N and Si-O-N compounds. Si-Al-O-N compounds. Other metal silicon nitrides and oxynitrides. Si-C, Si-C-O and Si-C-N compounds. Other materials. 27Al NMR. General considerations. Chemical shifts in 27Al spectra. Five-coordinated Al-O. Aluminium oxides. Amorphous aluminium compounds. Aluminophosphates. Aluminium borate and molybdate. Aluminium fluorides. Thermal decomposition reactions. Cements. Nitride and oxynitride compounds. Sialon compounds. 17O NMR. Introduction. Background. Binary oxides. Crystalline ternary ionic systems. Aluminium and gallium-containing systems. Silicates
Techniques of solid state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy are constantly being extended to a more diverse range of materials, pressing into service an ever-expanding range of nuclides including some previously considered too intractable to provide usable results. At the same time, new developments in both hardware and software are being introduced and refined. This book covers the most important of these new developments.
With sections addressed to non-specialist researchers (providing accessible answers to the most common questions about the theory and practice of NMR asked by novices) as well as a more specialised and up-to-date treatment of the most important areas of inorganic materials research to which NMR has application, this book should be useful to NMR users whatever their level of expertise and whatever inorganic materials they wish to study.
For all practitioners of NMR spectroscopy of inorganic materials.
- No. of pages:
- © Pergamon 2002
- 26th April 2002
- eBook ISBN:
- Hardcover ISBN:
Victoria University of Wellington, Advanced Materials Group, New Zealand and Visiting COE Professor, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Department of Metallurgy and Ceramics Division, Japan
Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK


Joined: 03 Jan 2018
Location: Far, Far Away
|Posted: Wed Jan 03, 2018 12:50 pm Post subject: Samsung UN55D6003SFXZA- Screen goes blank after Startup
|Samsung 55" LED TV
T-con Board #- T546HW02
Main Board #- BN94-05429D
When I plug tv in, the Samsung SmartTV startup screen comes on for a few seconds then screen goes blank. The red indicator light at bottom right flashes a total of 5 times after plugging in. Pushing power button on tv or on remote leads to 1 blink from indicator light.
I received this TV from a friend. He thought the power supply was faulty. I tested the backlight by unplugging the main board from the power supply-- Backlight appears to be working. I replaced T-con board since part was reasonably cheap. Same symptoms as before replacement. My next step was to replace the main board but cannot find any online. Now I plan to have the main board repaired, but would like to make sure that is the issue before spending 125 dollars on this item.
I am not very skilled with electronics outside of plug and play type situations. The main board does not appear to have any burnt spots or anything like that....best I can tell. I can post pics of anything needed, just need to know what will help.
Thank you all for your time,


After the break you will find two videos about the amazing, and strikingly alien life which is all around us. From the protists and microscopic life of Clemens Wirth’s ‘Micro Empire’ – to the strange world of praying mantises shown in Cokau’s ‘Prie Dieu’. These are just some of the alien worlds all around us.
Darwin Tunes isn’t new, its been around since 2009 – but its been steadily growing in popularity. Darwin Tunes is based on a simple premise – can we evolve music? In order to do this they use an evolutionary algorithm which uses human ratings as a means to judge short sound clips. Higher rated sound clips get to breed and effect the next generation, while unappealing clips die and are excluded from breeding. The awesome thing about the project is that it works – and quite well. It won’t be competing with human artists yet, but its very clearly music. Evolutionary algorithms hold great promise for design in general, but their application in areas such as aestheticism is currently under-explored – Darwin Tunes is making great progress in fixing that.
Check out Darwin Tunes to hear some of their clips and get involved yourself! You can also read their recent PNAS paper here.
Taking us one step closer to cybernetic brains, a research group has been able to create an artificial synapse (the connections between neurons in our brains). This device should be able to mimic the major features of human memory and can be interfaced with natural neurons. This leads to the possibility of cyborg/augmented brains which contains both natural and electronic parts. Alternatively it could eventually be used for the long coveted ideal of brain uploading. Read more at Machines Like Us.
The Mars Space Laboratory (MSL), otherwise known as Curiosity – is a large car-sized rover, which today successfully landed on mars. To have landed was a monumental task and an amazing achievement. The picture above is the second one we received from the craft, showing its shadow on Mars – confirming its successful landing. Now the rover is ready to begin its long mission to find out a huge number of things about Mars, including looking for signs of life.
The overarching goal of systems biology is to understand how all of the individual small molecules which make up cells (and thus organisms) work together to create the an overall phenotype. A huge step forward in this field has come with the first “entire cell” simulation – a program which predicts the phenotype of a cell in different internal states. This work was done by a collaboration between scientists at Stanford University and the J. Craig Venter Institute. This initial simulation is for one of the simplest cells possible – but it is nonetheless a huge step towards the goals of systems biology made possible by rapidly improving computer speeds.