In the last section (part 7) of this tutorial for writing your own bootloader for a toy operating system, we looked at protected mode. In particular, we examined the global descriptor table (GDT), which is a structure the CPU uses to determine access to memory and to allow a flat memory model, rather than a […]
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In the last section (part 7) of this tutorial for writing your own bootloader for a toy operating system, we looked at protected mode. In particular, we examined the global descriptor table (GDT), which is a structure the CPU uses to determine access to memory and to allow a flat memory model, rather than a segmented one like in real mode.
We analyzed the structure of the entries in the global descriptor table, and looked at some code to set up a simple GDT with three entries, which is all we need to run our kernel. In this section, we’ll look at another, but very similar structure: the interrupt descriptor table (IDT). But before that, we’ll need to see what interrupts actually are and what they are used for.
This article is part of a series on writing your own toy operating system.
An interrupt is a way of talking to the operating system. When a process requires some service from the operating system, it sends an interrupt. This interrupt is received by the kernel, which performs the service, and returns control to the process. On the other hand, an interrupt can be sent by hardware. When a key is pressed on the keyboard, then the keyboard chip sends an interrupt to the operating system, so that the kernel can respond to that keypress. When the mouse moves, an interrupt is sent. When a floppy disk drive is done reading the sector is was asked to read, it sends an interrupt. And so on and on. There are, in fact, a lot of interrupts being sent to the kernel at any given time.
More correctly, an interrupt isn’t actually sent directly to the operating system. Rather, an interrupt is a way of telling the CPU that something happened or that something is required. The CPU, then, executes a bit of code that belongs to the operating system to perform the requested service.
Why is this done this way? Couldn’t a process simply call some operating system function directly? It shouldn’t, for the following reasons:
- Pieces of hardware don’t know where the kernel lives, or how it works. After all, there are many different operating systems and they can all interface with, say, a keyboard. This is because the keyboard doesn’t know about the kernel. When a key is pressed, it simply tells the CPU about that, and the CPU lets the kernel know. That way, the only intermediary who has to know where are kernel lives, is the CPU.
- Ordinary user processes should not know where the kernel lives. In order to make a function call, you need the memory address where the function lives, and jump to it. This is all more information than we really want to give to a user process. It’s simpler for the user process to just say, “do interrupt 25” and let the CPU handle everything else.
- In protected mode, ordinary user processes run at a lower privilege level than the kernel. They cannot transfer control to kernel code, unless they go through the processor using an interrupt.
So, an interrupt is really just a fancy function call to the operating system, through the CPU.
Interrupts in real mode
Interrupts are not a new thing. They were around in the very first Intel processors (the 8088, for example). Although there was no protected mode, you would still use an interrupt to request a service from the operating system, and hardware would use interrupts to notify the CPU (and thus the operating system) of interesting events.
As a matter of fact, interrupt-handling code exists even when there is no kernel. The computer’s BIOS comes loaded with hundreds of interrupt routines, which we gratefully used in our boot loader code in order to access the floppy disk drive and write to the screen. When you think about it, the BIOS actually contains reams of tricky code that talks to peripherals. In the days of MS-DOS, the operating system would make use of the BIOS to talk to lots of hardware and you would only need device drivers for exotic hardware (remember adding those .SYS files to your CONFIG.SYS?). You’ll find a comprehensive list of BIOS interrupts in Ralph Brown’s interrupt list.
Intermezzo: a piece of bad news
This sounds like a good thing. Lots of tricky-to-write code to access hardware has already been implemented in the BIOS, so our future kernel could just talk to the BIOS, right? Now is perhaps a good time to break the bad news. In our kernel, we won’t be able to talk to the BIOS and we can’t use any of its services. This is because BIOS code is 16-bit code that cannot be executed in protected mode. The BIOS is inaccessible to us. We will need to write all required code to talk to hardware again, from scratch, in 32-bits. This will be difficult!
Calling an interrupt in real mode
We’ve used a number of interrupts in our first-stage bootloader code, and we can have a quick look at some of it to see how interrupts work. Here is the function that we used to write a string to the screen. It assumes that a string lives at address ds:si and prints the individual characters in that string until it encounters a NULL-byte:
lodsb # load byte at ds:si into al (advancing si)
or al, al # test if character is 0 (end)
jz WriteString_done # jump to end if 0.
mov ah, 0xe # Subfunction 0xe of int 10h (video teletype output).
mov bx, 9 # Set bh (page number) to 0, and bl (attribute) to white (9).
int 0x10 # call BIOS interrupt.
jmp WriteString # Repeat for next character.
In the middle of this function, an interrupt 0x10 is called. In the BIOS, this interrupt actually has a lot of functions, as you can see here. We must provide a value in register ah that indicates the function to execute. Our function (0xe) writes one character to the screen (“video teletype output”) and takes two additional arguments: the character to write in register al and the attribute (text color) to use in register bx. (Here is the specification).
The CPU is actually not aware that interrupt 0x10 has hundreds of subfunctions. When interrupt 0x10 is called, it simply transfers control the interrupt 0x10 handler in the BIOS, which presumably contains a big switch statement to execute the right function based on the value of register ah.
An interrupt call might have some return values. The can be placed in any register and depend on the specification of the function. For example, looking at the specification for interrupt 0x10, function 0x8 (specification) reads a character and attribute from the screen at the current cursor position. The resulting character is placed in register al, and the color in register ah. For a different interrupt, the registers and the meaning of their values will be different. It’s a lot like a function call.
Often, a (real-mode) operating system will want to redefine the way it responds to interrupts, rather than using the existing BIOS code. The CPU actually maintains a list of memory addresses where the interrupt routines live. Initially, these so-called interrupt vectors will all point to the memory occupied by the BIOS. The operating system (or even a completely different piece of software – it’s real mode, so anything is allowed, and crashes are commonplace) can change one or ore of these vectors to cause the CPU to execute code at a different location when an interrupt is called.
We will soon see that the situation in protected mode is similar, but safer.
Interrupts in protected mode
Now that we know what an interrupt is and how it works (at least in real mode), we can look at protected mode. Protected mode also has interrupts and from the perspective of a user program, they work the same way. You place some values in registers defined by the interrupt specification and call the interrupt.
On the CPU’s side, things are mostly similar too. In protected mode, the interrupt vector table still exists. However, since this is protected mode, the entries in that table no longer contain segmented real-mode addresses, but selectors, just like in the global descriptor table. In fact, this table is now called the Interrupt Descriptor Table (IDT). Another difference is that there is no default table. In protected mode, the BIOS is meaningless, so there are no interrupt handlers to execute. It is up to our kernel to set them all up. We will therefore have to provide our own interrupt descriptor table.
Moreover, for the CPU an interrupt call is now a slightly more complex affair. In lieu of simply transferring control to the interrupt handler code when the interrupt is called, the CPU changes the privilege level to match the level specified in the interrupt descriptor for the interrupt. After all, user processes run with a low privilege level, and use interrupts to talk to the kernel, which runs at a high privilege level. When the interrupt is done, the CPU lowers the privilege level again and returns control to the user process code.
Things to do for protected mode
Let’s take a short break and think about what we’ve seen so far and what we’ll need to implement to get to protected mode and run our kernel:
- Define a global descriptor table (GDT)
- Let the CPU know where the GDT lives
- Define an interrupt descriptor table (IDT)
- Let the CPU know where the IDT lives
- Provide interrupt handler code for CPU interrupts
That last point is new and it’s the last thing we need to discuss about interrupts. You see, user code and hardware aren’t the only callers of interrupts. The CPU itself can also call an interrupt routine!
Errors happen. In real mode, when a program overwrote a piece of memory it shouldn’t have, nothing happened except that your computer would most likely crash. In protected mode, the CPU acts as a guardian of memory and intervenes when something like this happens.
In fact, whenever a user program produces an error, the CPU notices this and calls an interrupt. It is then up to the kernel to do something about it. Usually, the kernel will terminate the offending user process. (If the problem is in the kernel itself, then all bets are off.)
Accessing out-of-bounds memory isn’t the only thing that can go wrong. Another culprit is a simple one: divide by zero. Or, calling an interrupt that has no handler. Here is a complete list of CPU interrupts:
- Divide-by-zero exception
- Debug exception
- Non Maskable Interrupt Exception
- Breakpoint Exception
- Into Detected Overflow Exception
- Out of Bounds Exception
- Invalid Opcode Exception
- No Coprocessor Exception
- Double Fault Exception
- Coprocessor Segment Overrun Exception
- Bad TSS Exception
- Segment Not Present Exception
- Stack Fault Exception
- General Protection Fault Exception
- Page Fault Exception
- Unknown Interrupt Exception
- Coprocessor Fault Exception
- Alignment Check Exception (486+)
- Machine Check Exception (Pentium/586+)
Most of these are gibberish at this point, but mostly they have to do with protected mode violations. In most cases, they result in process termination. In some cases, the kernel might be able to solve the problem. For example, a user process tries to access some memory that the kernel has recently swapped out to disk. The CPU notices that the memory is marked as out-of-bounds, and yelps. The kernel loads the data from disk into memory and tells the CPU that things are all right. The CPU then lets the user program continue running.
Interrupt Descriptor Table (IDT) structure
The interrupt descriptor table is a list of interrupt descriptors that lives somewhere in memory. We must define all the descriptors we need, then tell the CPU where the table is. It’s actually all very similar to the GDT.
The structure of an interrupt descriptor is:
Offset Size Name Description
0 2 bytes Offset (low) Low 2 bytes of interrupt handler offset
2 2 bytes Selector A code segment selector in the GDT
4 1 byte Zero Zero - unused
5 1 byte Type/attributes Type and attributes of the descriptor
6 2 bytes Offset (high) High 2 bytes of interrupt handler offset
We can see that a descriptor includes a selector from the GDT, so the IDT depends on the GDT. In the GDT, we must define a code segment (and we already have – the kernel has one huge code segment of 4GB) where the interrupt handlers will be stored. The interrupt descriptor then includes an offset to where the handler code begins.
The descriptor also defines an type/attribute byte with a number of flags:
Bits Code Description
0..3 Gate type IDT gate type (see below)
4 Storage segment Must be set to 0 for interrupt gates.
5..6 Descriptor privilege level Gate call protection. This defines the minimum privilege level the calling code must have. This way, user code may not be able to call some interrupts.
7 Present For unused interrupts, this is set to 0. Normally, it's 1.
The so-called task gates are three (plus some for 80286 processor that we can ignore):
0x5 80386 32-bit Task gate
0xe 80386 32-bit Interrupt gate
0xf 80386 32-bit Trap gate
We will be mainly concerned with interrupt gates and trap gates. The difference is that when an interrupt gate is called, the CPU automatically disables interrupts and enables then upon returning from the interrupt handler, which it doesn’t do for trap gates.
Implementing the IDT
Now for a bit of good news. We don’t actually need to implement any interrupt handlers in our second-stage boot loader. We will need to reserve enough memory to hold 256 interrupts (which is 2,048 bytes) and fill it all with zeroes. Then we tell the CPU where this table is, because only then will it allow us to switch to protected mode. The real IDT will defined by our kernel – and from C code, so much nicer – once it’s running.
In order to let the CPU know where the IDT is, we use an IDT pointer. This is the exact same structure we used for the GDT pointer:
|Size||2 bytes||Number of bytes (not entries) in the interrupt descriptor table, NOT minus one|
|Offset||4 bytes||Linear address of interrupt descriptor table|
So, we reserve 2,048 bytes for 256 entries, an set the linear address to 0x0. Why? Because our global descriptor table was placed at 0000:0x0800, which is precisely 2,048 bytes from the start of the physical memory. This way, everything lines up nicely. We then use the CPU’s lidt instruction to let it know here the table is:
.word 2048 # Size of IDT (256 entries of 8 bytes)
.int 0x0 # Linear address of IDT
There, we’re all set. At this stage, the CPU knows where the global descriptor table is, and where the interrupt descriptor table is – even though it’s filled with 256 interrupts that have no handlers. That’s all right – for the time being we’ll keep interrupts turned off (cli), which we had already done at the very start of our first-stage boot loader. This way the CPU will no inadvertently call non-existent interrupts should someone press a key on the keyboard.
What have we done so far?
- In the previous section, we learned about the global descriptor table (GDT) and how to set it up. It currently holds three entries: a NULL-descriptor (required), a code segment selector of 4GB, and a data segment descriptor of 4GB. This will be enough for our kernel.
- In this section, we learned about interrupts and how they work. We set up an interrupt descriptor table of 256 empty interrupts – which our kernel will fill later – which is required for switching to protected mode.
We’re still not quite ready to jump to protected mode, though. A few small issues remain, and we’ll have a look at those in the next section on enabling the A20 line.
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In today’s world it is imperative to ensure the safety and security of your house. For this purpose, Security cameras are installed in most houses, shopping malls, hospitals and many public places. There are a lot of benefits of these security cameras, some of which are briefed below.
Even when you are away from your house the security cameras do not stop working. So if there is any unwanted incident at your house like a burglary, each and every action of the burglars is recorded and it is easy for the detection of the crime. Some security cameras have accessibility to the internet and it is possible to keep an eye on what is happening at your house when you are not around. Parents get security cameras to ensure that their children are safe and do not get into any kind of unwanted situations when they are not at home.
Security cameras are of great help to keep an eye over your staff at home or outside. You don’t have to personally go and check what is going on everywhere but can observe everything sitting in your room.
The types of CCTV surveillance system cameras available today and their many features are most impressive ranging from compact, fixed cameras, to direction-controllable models and high-end “intelligent” cameras. The most sophisticated cameras capture the entire dynamic range of a scene regardless of the light conditions, which is very important for poorly lit stations or unlit outside areas.
When it comes to choosing surveillance cameras for a video security system, many people who desire video image capture in low- or no-light settings quickly become confused about whether to purchase a day-night or infrared camera. This section should clear up this all-too-common confusion.
A day-night CCTV camera uses a special imaging chip that kicks into action under low light levels in order to capture images effectively. True day-night cameras do not use any infrared lighting at all, so some ambient light – such as a streetlight or porch light – is necessary in order to capture a clear image at night.
Let us know what your surveillance needs are so that we can help make you choose the right video surveillance system for your home or business.
The ultimate choice of camera for a CCTV surveillance system depends on the job it is required to do. For example, fixed cameras are suitable for platform locations to observe cash register or entering and leaving a building. Dome cameras, with pan, tilt and zoom functions, mounted high up, are ideal for monitoring traffic flows in a public place, while special, vandal-proof reinforced dome cameras should be employed in areas where criminal actions are likely to occur.
Benefits of IP Camera
- With ip cameras you can watch your property over the internet from your cell phone.
- Emails with pictures get automatically sent to your phone any time motion occurs.
- Cameras conform to legal standards for facial recognition.
- Business owners can watch their cash registers, workers, and customers comfortably from any where.
- Landlords can affordably watch all of their properties.
- With Smart infrared Cameras you can easily watch your property when there is no light.


Glucostratus has developed a remote blood glucose monitoring system (Smart + Balance) to measure glucose levels of elderly patients, while allowing their remote follow up, guidance and better patient↔healthcare professional communication. The Smart glucometer has a built-in 3G mobile data connection which automatically sends the readings to the cloud platform (Balance) through an encrypted connection. Balance is thus a secure data storage, with embedded functionalities for data sharing (patient↔healthcare professional) and for data analysis & decision support.
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New technologies in medicine are changing the way healthcare is delivered. This can save time and money for patients and doctors.
Smart medical equipment can be networked together to monitor and alert the patient of any changes or emergency situations. This technology is particularly useful for people who have chronic health conditions.
Artificial intelligence (AI) has become an important part of healthcare, and is helping doctors make more accurate diagnoses. It can also be used to speed up the process of drug research, discovery and development. This reduces the time taken to develop new treatments.
Machine learning can detect cancers early and 30 times more www.medisoftreports.com/the-main-goals-of-using-a-digital-office-solution/ quickly than conventional methods. It can also help to reduce the need for biopsies, saving both patients and doctors valuable time.
AI can also be used to detect and monitor chronic diseases, as well as help patients manage their symptoms and medication. This data could be used to develop new digital therapies that improve patient outcomes while reducing healthcare costs.
3D printing has become a hot topic within the medical industry, as it allows doctors to create prosthetics based on an individual’s measurements. These bespoke products are more comfortable and have higher performance outcomes than the same-size versions.
Remote monitoring in medical technology is another major trend. This is especially useful in COVID-19 since it allows medical staff to save time by monitoring vital parameters.


Engineering and Manufacturing
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Mechanical Design Engineer with 4 years experience in circuit board test fixture design using Solidworks. Worked through all aspects of the design process from designing 3D models of the product, to making machining prints, to the assembly and testing of the test fixture.Contact MDS Staffing about this Candidate.
MDS-15970 Entry-Level Electronics Tech
Entry-Level Electronics Tech that recently completed training that included AC and DC circuits, Electronic Components, Regulated Power Supplies, Troubleshooting Digital Systems. Use of Equipment like Oscilloscopes, Power Supplies and Signal Generators. Also possess BSEE from the University of NE and background that includes Software Engineering, Verification and Validation for software used on medical devices such as insulin pumps. Open to Electronics Tech or Engineering opportunities.Contact MDS Staffing about this Candidate.
MDS-15948 Electrical Engineer, EI
Electrical Engineer, EIT with one year experience designing electrical instruments, facilities, components, equipment and systems for industrial and commercial purposes. Seeking role in medium or high voltage sector.Contact MDS Staffing about this Candidate.
MDS-15957 Electrical Engineer
Electrical Engineer specializing in Power Systems Design. Comfortable creating breaker replacement schemes and retrofitting legacy systems. Designed concept to client solutions for a 345kV breaker. Worked on the underground planning phase, specifically low voltage cable schemes for breaker power.Contact MDS Staffing about this Candidate.
MDS-15961 Entry-Level Mechanical Engineer
Entry-Level Mechanical Engineer recent UW Stout graduate. Trained in Allen Bradley PLC, Python, C++, FEA, Solidworks and manual machining.
Contact MDS Staffing about this Candidate.


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Our EcoXpert BMS MASTER certification ensures proven expertise in delivering optimized facility and energy efficiency, comfort and safety through HVAC applications. In addition, proven expertise in the integration of building management systems into other systems such as access control, video surveillance, lighting control and power distribution solutions.
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The basic version of the Fire Phone, with 32 gigabytes (GB) of storage, will cost $199 (£117) on top of a two-year contract with AT&T - the only network to offer it initially - on 25 July.
The Fire Phone has a 4.7-inch, 720p display, aluminum buttons, a Qualcomm processor, Adreno 330 graphics, and 2GB of RAM. It's 0.35 inches thick, and weighs 5.64 ounces. Bezos talked a lot about the phone's build, from the injection-molded connectors to the chamfered edges. There's a set of stereo speakers that Bezos promised are better than your average phone, and a set of headphones he swears that won't tangle. (That last bit sounds impossible, but we'll have to wait and see.)
Quickly identify printed web and email addresses, phone numbers, QR and bar codes, plus over 100 million items, including movies, TV episodes, songs, and products—simply press and hold the dedicated Firefly button to discover useful information and take action in seconds
The "dynamic perspective" effect is made possible by the inclusion of four "ultra-low power" cameras coupled with four infrared LEDs, which permit the device to keep tracking the position of the user's eyes and mouth in the dark.


Dr. Bruno Bastos Sales is our first special guest for the 4th European Young Engineers Conference. He is an experienced researcher in the field of Renewable Energy, more specifically developing the Capacitive Blue Energy technology. This technique uses the adsorption capacity of activated carbon to alternately store and release ions. The physical chemical process is particularly interesting when applied to regions where rivers meet the sea, and the difference in salinity allows the generation of electricity (Blue Energy).
Deadline for registration have been moved. You have time to fill the registration form until 5th of January 2015. We will close the list of participants at 11:59 pm. You can find the registration form in the main menu or just open this post and click the link.


Education and Outreach
An important aspect of this research is to ensure a high impact of the cluster towards educational and outreach goals. Towards this end, our graduate courses have started using the cluster. We have also enriched our current coursework with research results obtained on the cluster. The coupled cluster with a large-area high-resolution display screen is serving as a valuable resource to present, interactively explore, evaluate, and validate the ongoing research in visualization, vision, scientific computing, human-computer interfaces, and computational biology with active participation of graduate as well as undergraduate students.
Roller Coaster Simulator on the Display Wall
GPU Accelerated Fractal Browser
One of the important contributions of this infrastructure has been in the education of graduate and undergraduate students at the University of Maryland. During Fall 2006, PI Varshney taught his graduate computer graphics class (CMSC 740) on the cluster. Co-PI Duraiswami has been using the cluster for projects in his Advanced Scientific Computation courses (AMSC 663/664). A number of undergraduates have been involved in various stages of the building, deployment, and use of the CPU-GPU cluster.
The CPU-GPU cluster has also been serving a pivotal role in bringing together a community of scientists from different parts of the campus together. Professor Bill Dorland and Dr. George Stantchev (Center for Multiscale Plasma Physics, UMD) have been using the cluster to explore gyrokinetic data for the study of turbulence in high temperature, ionized gas using GPUs for stochastic volume visualization. Professor Raj Shekhar (Department of Diagnostic Imaging, UMD Medical Center) is using the cluster for registration of volumetric data from multiple modalities, and is using the GPUs for rapidly solving the non-linear warping equations. Professor Jim Reggia (Computer Science, UMD) is involved in a simulation of large-scale neural networks on the GPU cluster. Professor Larry Davis (Computer Science, UMD) is involved in exploring segmentation of images and videos using GPUs and CPUs. The cluster is also accessible by Life Scientists throughout the University of Maryland using Lattice - a Globus-based grid developed by Mike Cummings, one of the senior investigators on this project.


Back to school is the perfect time to invest in wearable technology, such as the Apple Watch Series 6. This smartwatch monitors heart rhythm, blood oxygen level and sleep patterns, and is also useful for paying with Apple Pay. Apple Watch Series 6 can also send out an emergency SOS signal and track calls and messages from parents. This gadget will make a great back to school gift for any aspiring student. And it’s sure to keep your kids safe with its ability to track your location.
Coolest gadgets for men
There are many cool gadgets available for men today. Some of the latest gadgets include smart glasses, waterproof speakers, portable chargers, and even a virtual assistant. You might not know this but some of the newest tech gadgets for men are actually quite affordable. If you’re looking for a cool gift, consider buying one of these gadgets for your man. You’ll be glad you did once you get your hands on it.
Whether you use a smartwatch for fitness purposes or simply as a piece of electronic jewelry, they are becoming an essential part of our daily lives. The interface on smartwatches allows you to initiate phone calls and text messages, access the weather, listen to music, dictate emails, and more. You can also access your digital assistant’s information from your wrist. If you are a hardcore athlete, smartwatches may not be the best option.
The list of must-have gadgets for your home may be long, but there are some key items that you simply cannot live without. Those gadgets include air conditioners and thermostats. The Wink thermostat delivers 8,000 BTUs of cooling goodness, and can be controlled with an iOS or Android app. It can also learn your preferences and turn on and off based on your location. In addition, the Wink thermostat can be programmed to cool any room at any time of day, and it has a variety of options, including three cooling modes, three fan speeds, and retractable wings.
A Bluetooth keyboard is a great device to have when working on a computer. Bluetooth technology allows you to connect wirelessly to a computer or other device. Bluetooth keyboards pair easily with compatible devices. Before pairing, make sure your Bluetooth keyboard is in the discoverability mode and is ready to connect. Once connected, the Bluetooth keyboard should take just a few seconds to pair with your computer. For a more convenient connection, you can customize the keys with the included Logitech Options software.
Withings is a consumer electronics company with headquarters in Issy-les-Moulineaux, France. Its products are distributed worldwide and are known for their innovative designs in the world of connected devices. The company introduced the first Wi-Fi scale in 2009 and has since developed a smart sleep system and automatic activity tracking watches. In addition to these products, Withings also produces B2B solutions for researchers and healthcare providers.
If you’re looking for an e-reader that can read digital books, the new Amazon Kindle Paperwhite is the answer. Its larger screen and USB-C port are a step up from the entry-level Kindle. The new model also includes a warm-light feature and a USB-C charging port. Even better, it lasts for weeks on a single charge.


Published : 2018-02-08 16:35:58 - Categories : Expos
from February 16 to March 17 2018
Exhibition by Philippe Fretz FOREVER YOUNG
Opening on Friday February 16th from 5 pm to 7 pm
Good news from elementary particles
Young's slits refer to an experiment in physics, first performed by Thomas Young in 1801, of passing photons through two small holes in an opaque plan. On a screen disposed opposite, there is then a pattern of interference fringes specific to the superposition of waves.
The experiment highlights the dual nature - particle/wave - of light. It was later refined by quantum physics. Indeed, the same patterns of interference are observed when one makes the experiment by passing electrons of any material through a similar device, and this even if they are projected one by one. The matter, in its fundamental structure, resists the fragmentation and representation of a modelizable world peculiar to scientific concepts and tools.
In other words, reality is composed of a fabric of relationships that surpasses in beauty and complexity our effort to measure it. The repercussions of such a conclusion are so beautiful that I welcome this experience as good news of elementary particles.


Both WS2812 LED units are the same color here, so the CH1 sequence repeats itself and passes along this same data to CH2. The second sequence (and resulting color), could be different depending on the user's desired effect. Zooming out on this type of signal below, we see a comparatively long gap before the next set of color signals transferred . General description WS2812B is a intelligent control LED light source that the control circuit and RGB chip are integrated in a package of 5050 components. It internal include intelligent digital port data latch and signal reshaping ampl This is much lower than the 50 to 60 mA per LED budget that's often mentioned. Here is a macro shot of the actual chip in these LEDs: Type B - Approx 52.5 mA Maximum. Since the first test turned out so low, I also dug up a small strip of WS2812 LEDs from a project made a couple years ago WS2812: Intelligent control LED integrated light source: WORLDSEMI CO., LIMITED: WS2812B Intelligent control LED integrated light source: WS2812C Intelligent control LED integrated light source: WS2812S Intelligent control LED integrated light source: WS2812T Jiwioung outer package LED light source But on the other hand, WS2812 can control 1 LED each. So, if you need a control granularity of 1 LED, you should be going for WS2812 instead of WS2811. WS2811 Vs WS2812 Difference In Power Consumption. As WS8211 operates at 12V, the amount of power consumed by it is significantly more
I have worked with led strips in large installations and have had serious issues with voltage drop. Cheap strips have very thin and uneven copper conductors causing the voltage drop and localised heating. Even quality strips suffer to a lesser degree, a solution is to run a 14 / 16 awg wire and connect it at 2 metre intervals This controller IC, usually WS2812, allows you to access multiple LEDs with a single digital pin by assigning an address to each LED and providing one wire communication. But unlike simple LEDs, these types of LEDs do not turn on only by applying voltage, they also require a microcontroller Amazon's Choice for ws2812 led strip. BTF-LIGHTING WS2812B RGB 5050SMD Individual Addressable 16.4FT 60Pixels/m 300Pixels Flexible Black PCB Full Color LED Pixel Strip Dream Color IP30 Non-Waterproof Making LED Screen LED Wall Only DC5V. 4.4 out of 5 stars 1,550. $30.88 $ 30. 88 Arduino RGB LED modul WS2811 je jednoduše použitelný modul, který lze zapojovat do velmi dlouhých řetězců diod. Zde je pak obrovská výhoda v adresování díky použitému čipu WS2811, kdy můžeme pouze pomocí tří pinů ovládat klidně stovky či tisíce LED diod a nastavovat různé barvy každé z diod jednotlivě
RGB LED modul 7 x NeoPixel WS2812. Modul pro mikrokonroléry se sedmi adresovatelnými LED. Videa Návody . Skladem 14 . 65 K. The WS2812 RGB LED module provides full PWM control of the three LED channels in a single IC with control from a single pin. The IC is mounted on a small PCB that suits 0.1 pitch protoboards and breadboards
WS2812 LED in detail. Each LED with WS2812 controller has four ports. 5V +, GND, DI and DO. DI stands for Data In, DO stands for Data Out. There are different WS2812 strips and LEDs. The assignment of the connections may vary. WS2812 Circuit . First, let's take a look at the power supply. Each WS2812 LED needs up to 60mA LED strip with WS2811 may have separate red, green and blue LEDs (buy string on eBay) WS2812: All-in-one 5050 (5mm x 5mm) RGB LED - 6 pins (hard to buy now) WS2812B: All-in-one 5050 (5mm x 5mm) RGB LED - 4 pins (this is by far the post popular at the moment) (buy on eBay) APA104: A clone of the WS2812B. All-in-one 5050 (5mm x 5mm) RGB LED - 4 pins WS2812 LED Strip Working. WS2812 LED strips are an addressable Flexible strip which is very useful in adding beautiful lighting effects. These LED Strips are powered by a 5050 RGB LED with a WS2812 LED driver inbuilt within it. Each LED consumes 60mA current and can be powered from a 5V DC supply Modul pro mikrokonroléry s osmi adresovatelnými LED. Modul s osmi adresovatelnými diodami WS2812. Všechny LED lze nezávisle | arduino-shop.c Arduino Ws2812 LED or Neopixel Led Strip or Ring Tutorial: In this instructables we will learn how to use the neopixel or ws 2812 or fast led with Arduino.These types of LED or strip or ring are controlled by only one single Vin pin and all the LEDs are individually addressable so these are also called ind
WS2812 is a intelligent control LED light source that the control circuit and RGB chip are integrated in a package of 5050 components. It internal include intelligent digital port data latch and signal reshaping amplification drive circuit. Also include a precision internal oscillator and a 12V voltage programmable constant current control part. WS2812 NeoPixel LED Strip Construction & Working. WS2812 LED strips are addressable and programmable Flexible LED strips. These LED Strips are powered by a 5050 RGB LED with a WS2812 LED driver integrated within it. Depending on the intensity of the three individual Red, Green, and Blue LEDs we can simulate any colour we want
We also offer denser WS2812 LED strips that have 60 LEDs per meter: 1 meter, 60 LEDs; 2 meters, 120 LEDs; Our highest-density strip has its WS2812 LEDs packed together as tightly as possible, resulting in 72 LEDs on a 0.5 meter strip (i.e. 144 LEDs per meter). The information on this page applies to all of the WS2812-based LED strips we sell WS2812 VS WS2812B General description WS2812 family is a intelligent control LED light source that the control circuit and RGB chip are integrated in a package of 5050 components. It internal include intelligent digital port data latch and signal reshaping a mplification drive circuit. e. LED emergency lights for use on model / toy vehicles and other projects. Uses Arduino UNO and GY-WS2812B-8 RGB LED Module from DIYmall. LED Emergency Lights using WS2812 RGB LED Modul WS2812 LED Strip Programmieren. Arduino Forum > International > Deutsch (Moderator: uwefed) > WS2812 LED Strip Programmieren; Print. Go Down. Pages:  Topic: WS2812 LED Strip Programmieren (Read 3342 times) previous topic - next topic. Balisto. nOoB; Full Member; Posts: 233. LED Strip Effects Generator. Create your animation for the Neopixel LED Strip and press Generate Arduino Code to get it as code. Speed factor: 1x. Current: 0A (max: 0A) RAM: 0 bytes. Flash: 4.4 kb. Effects. Strip Settings. Please select a LED strip to access the settings. Import
Adafruit Industries, Unique & fun DIY electronics and kits 5050 RGB LED with Integrated Driver Chip - 10 Pack ID: 1379 - Make your own smart LED arrangement with the same integrated LED that is used in our NeoPixel strip and pixels. This tiny 5050 (5mm x 5mm) RGB LED is fairly easy to solder and is the most compact way possible to integrate multiple bright LEDs to a design Intelligent control LED integrated light source, WS2812 datasheet, WS2812 circuit, WS2812 data sheet : ETC2, alldatasheet, datasheet, Datasheet search site for Electronic Components and Semiconductors, integrated circuits, diodes, triacs, and other semiconductors
Cheap LED Strips, Buy Quality Lights & Lighting Directly from China Suppliers:1m 2m 4m 5m WS2812B Led Lights WS2812 RGB Led Strip Light Individually Addressable Led Light Strip Black White PCB IP30 65 67 5V Enjoy Free Shipping Worldwide! Limited Time Sale Easy Return Quality ws2812 with free worldwide shipping on AliExpress. If you're still in two minds about ws2812 and are thinking about choosing a similar product, AliExpress is a great place to compare prices and sellers ws2811,ws2818,ws2812b,ws2813b,ws2815,rgbw led,digital led The WS2812 and WS2812B LED has four pins: power, ground, data in, and data out. The idea is to feed a string of these LEDs some power, send data in, and the LEDs will light up. The WS2812 and. WS2812 LED STRIPS: The author of both Instructables has updated the code to allow control over WS2812 LED strips. And we are going to use it in this project. The ones i used for this project was just a simple 5 meter 150 LED strip off of EBAY. I happen to choose a black strip with the molded silicone weather proofing
A curated list of awesome resources for ws2812 LED strips and matrices. arduino esp8266 electronics esp32 led diy ws2812 led-strips ws2812b led-matrices Updated Apr 14, 2020; djcysmic / NeopixelBusFX Star 23 Code Issues Pull requests NeopixelBusFX plugin for ESPEasy. plugin esp8266. A WS2812 is a complete single LED package that includes the LED elements and also the constant-current driver and decoding electronics. The WS2811 is the driver chip which integrated into to the WS2812 LED module Ovládací čip WS2812 zabudován v každé LED diodě zvlášť. Počet diod až 144 na metr, napájení 5V DC, možno dodat s 30 LED/9watů, 60 LED/18watů a 144 LED. Počet pixelů: 30/60/144/meter 1) WS2812 only one data signal when one led broken may affect the other led working, which only die is package in 5050 RGB LED Chip. But WS2813 led have 2 data signal, any pixel's failure won't affect signal transfer and its total emitting effect, unless two consecutive adjacent LED are Broken This tutorial is aimed at getting some instant gratification from your WS2812 LEDs (also known as NeoPixels). I'll briefly cover a bare-bones setup for Arduino. If you've never used an Arduino before, we've got you covered with our free, online Arduino Workshop for Beginners. Parts Required for this Project An Arduino Board Some WS2812 or NeoPixel LEDs A 5V Power Supply (Optional) A DC Barrel.
WS2812FX - More Blinken for your LEDs! This library features a variety of blinken effects for the WS2811/WS2812/NeoPixel LEDs. It is meant to be a drop-in replacement for the Adafruit NeoPixel library with additional features This LED Stick is a small chainable board with eight 5050 WS2812 RGB LEDs. The WS2812s are each addressable as the driver chip is located inside the LED. Each LED Stick has ~18mA constant current drive so the color will be very consistent even if the voltage varies, and requires 5V Description. LED Matrix 8×8 WS2812B RGB, works with Neopixel Library for Arduino. A matrix of 8×8 fully addressable RGB LEDs in the big 5050 SMD package (5×5 mm), compatible with Adafruit's Arduino library for WS2812B LEDs (google for neopixel library) This 10-pack of 5 mm through-hole RGB LEDs offers an easy way to add colorful and complex lighting effects to a project. Each diffused LED features an integrated WS2811 driver that operates at 5 V and is controlled through a high-speed one-wire digital interface that allows multiple LEDs to be connected together to form a chain of addressable RGB LEDs LED Edit Software Download Links: Ledsoft-LedEdit 2013_V1.56.zip Ledsoft-LedEdit 2014_V2.4.rar 1、T-1000S System features 1、32—256 Gray level，Support software Gamma correction。 2、Support the rules and special-shaped handle. 3、Single-port output，can support 2048 pixels。 4、Off-line(
Description. We all love WS2812 serial LEDs because they are so easy to control as a full color LED. But the previous version dimensions are big, the package size are 5050, and high current, now this 2020 version is changed, the package size is only 2020, only ⅛ of the 5050 size, and low power consuming (5mA), which makes it easy to embed into small dimension PCB projects WS2812 NeoPixel LED Strip Working. WS2812 LED strips are addressable and programmable Flexible LED strips which are very useful in creating the custom lighting effects. These LED Strips are powered by a 5050 RGB LED with a WS2812 LED driver inbuilt within it. Each LED consumes 60mA current and can be powered from a 5V DC supply WS2812. WS2812 neopixels are addressable RGB LEDs. The integrated controller chip allows you to change the color of the LED and address each individual LED. The WS2812 comes in two versions (WS2812 & WS2812B), and the most evident difference between the two types is pin configuration and internal structure This is a demo for the WS2812 LED driver library. The the timings of the bit banging operation are very sensitive. Depending on the platform, you will need to change the timing values in the WS2812 constructor. The default values in this demo are for the K64F. Here are a few other values for other platforms: K64F, KL46Z: 0, 5, 5, 0. LPC1768: 5.
Tento modul obsahuje 8x RGB LED diodu WS2812, kterou můžete nalézt také pod označením NeoPixel. Díky kontroléru ve WS diodách ale můžeme všechny diody řídit pouze pomocí jednoho datového pinu a dvěma napájecími piny. Pro napájení celého LED pásku můžeme použít napětí v rozsahu 4-7 Voltů Readytosky WS2812 LED board set. € 13,63. Na cestě - 3. 12. 2020. HGLRC 2812 LED Controller. € 9,57. Skladem. iFlight programovatelný LED pásek (4ks) € 7,65. Na cestě - 11. 12. 2020. HGLRC WS2812 LED pásek (4ks) € 7,65. Na cestě - 4. 12. 2020. HGLRC R554A - LED Race Wire (4ks) € 7,38. Není skladem. HGLRC WS2812 LED & Buzzer. WS2812 LED jacket. 32 leds, two battery packs, arduino pro mini, nrf24l01, bmp180, that must make a nice height dependent color changing jacket
For those who have read the article Arduino - Controlling a WS2812 LED strand with NeoPixel or FastLED might have gotten infected by urge to get more effects, after all some of these LEDStrip effects look pretty slick! With the holiday coming up real soon, I figured this would be a great opportunity to create and post some cool effects for your LED strips Ws2812b Ws2812 100cm Rb 144 Led 5050 Smd Tira De Luz Constru $ 4.571. en. 12x $ 380, 92. sin interés. Internacional. Ws2812b Rgb Led Strip 5050 Leds 1m 60 Leds Flexible Led Luce $ 4.727. en. 12x $ 393, 92. sin interés. Internacional. 1pc Ws2812b 8x8 De 64 Bits A Todo Color 5050 Rgb Led De La L $ 6.265. en. 12 I'm trying to power some WS2812 LEDs from my ESP8266 ESP-12E NodeMCU board (circuit here).I'm simply trying to use the NeoPixel Strandtest which works perfectly on my Arduino UNO with the same LED strip, but when I change the #define pin 6 to #define pin D4 (or 12 as GPIO) only the first LED lights up and it's green. I did throw in a 470 ohm resistor between data and DIN, but that didn't do. WS2812 DISPLAY ARDUINO CONTROLL 24BIT COLOR. Saved by Jercio LED. A simple mount for ws2812 (neopixl) 8bit RGB LED. you can use the mount at this link: https://www.thingiverse.com/thing:318858
DIGILENT WS2812 LED STRIP | Pásek LED; Pracuje s: NPPG-03,NPPW-03 - Výrobek je dostupný ve firmě Transfer Multisort Elektronik. Prohlédněte si naši širokou nabídku There are 144 RGB LEDs per meter of this type of digitally-addressable LED strip, and you can control each LED individually. Each LED can be controlled by shift-registers that are chained up and down the strip so you can shorten or lengthen the strip.The strip is sold by meter WS2812 LEDs are amazing devices - they combine a programmable constant current controller chip with a RGB LED in a single package. Each LED has one data input and one data output pin. By connecting the data output pin to the data input pin of the next device, it is possible to daisy chain th I modeled the WS2812 B RGB LED (a 5050 SMD package) that is used in many products as a lighting source. Adafruit sells these under the brand neopixel and you can also source them from china (Ray-Wu's store on alibaba) inexpensively. I've included a video of a staff that uses these LEDs in strip format
Full Color Drive LED RGB 40 Bit 5X8 Rectangular WS2812 Lamp Board - Black Gearbest.com Installing and testing the Arduino NeoPixel shield. Make sure you power the shield with an external 4-6VDC power supply wired to the shield's terminal block. See the instructions that came with the Arduino NeoPixel shield on how to do that These leds are commonly available in many of the individually controllable RGB led strips. Recently, the package of this chip has been updated. The newest version is called the WS2812B. This new chip operates on the same timing protocol as the WS2812 but has a number of improved mechanical features that really make it easier to deal with
Arduino Forum > Using Arduino > LEDs and Multiplexing > FastLED Chase Sequence with Multiple Colors (3) WS2812 LED Stri
4-Pin WS2812B WS2812 LED Chip. Features : Intelligent reverse connects protection, the power supply reverse connection does not damage the IC. The control circuit and the LED share the only power source. Control circuit and RGB chip are integrated into a package of 5050 components, form a complete control of pixel point Make Offer - SP110E Bluetooth Pixel light Controller WS2811 WS2812B ws2812 dimmer Led Strip I 16.4ft 150LED Alexa Smart Home WIFI Wireless RGB Waterproof Strip Neon Light Kit C $17.2 OctoWS2811 is a high performance WS2811 & WS2812 & WS2812B LED library, written by Paul Stoffregen, featuring simultaneous update to 8 LED strips using efficient DMA-based data transfer (technical details below).Minimal CPU impact and double buffering allows complex animation
An improved version of the WS2812, the WS2812B is an intelligent control LED light source, with the control circuit and RGB chip integrated directly into a 5050 RGB LED. As a digital LED strip, each addressable LED has an integrated driver that allows the brightness and color of each LED to be controlled individually, that is, an LED can be a. Matek WS2812 LED controller v kombinaci s Matek LED pásky s konektorem změní montáž a servis LED osvětlení vašeho stroje v jednoduchou skládačku - celá soustava LED je řešena přes konektory (plug & play).. Matek Led controller lze ovládat integrovaným tlačítkem, nebo PWM vstupem. Disponuje možností přepínat mezi 7mi barvami, 7mi variacemi blikání a zároveň poskytne. DIGITAL LED WS2812 Upgrade Instructions 2018-12-06 10:16:11 DIGITAL LED WS2812 Upgrade Instructions. 1 LED lights led showcase the popular causes. LED lights with just initials, full name is a semiconductor light emitting diodes. 2.


Pairing your watch with your phone is quick and easy.
Step 2. Open the Wear OS app on your phone and follow the prompts to pair your phone and watch over a Bluetooth® connection.
Step 3. You can also stay connected over Wi-Fi when you leave your phone in another room or at work. To turn Wi-Fi on or off, swipe down on the watch face, then tap Settings > Wi-fi settings
Step 4. Turn on watch notifications so your phone can send updates to your watch. You can turn Wear OS notifications on or off at any time on the phone’s Settings menu.


[vpnc-devel] no response from target / hybrid auth does not read certificate
Christoph.Vedder at HS-Karlsruhe.de
Wed Sep 24 15:31:05 CEST 2008
I experience a strange situation when I try to connect to my vpn
There is no evidence that the concentrator certificate is loaded by vpnc.
When I start vpnc using the config below, it starts the tap device (which
stops acquiring an ip address after a very short time (1-2s))
and then vpnc aborts after 10-15s with "no response from target".
Let's talk about my system first.
I'm running XP x64 (AMD64) and have compiled vpnc 0.5.1 using cygwin
(2.573.2.2) and openssl support.
The current version of the openvpn tap drivers (184.108.40.206/2.1_rc11) are also
The concentrator I want to connect is the vpn concentrator of the university
which uses hybrid authentication.
As shown in other threads it is possible to use vpnc to connect to this
(sorry, german only:
My config looks like this:
IPSec ID vpn-split
IPSec gateway vpn.uni-karlsruhe.de
IPSec secret <sorry>
IKE Authmode hybrid
## To add your username and password,
## use the following lines:
Xauth username <sorry>
Interface name TAP-Win32-0901
Interface mode tap
Local Port 0
# Script /etc/vpnc/custom-script.sh
When I monitor vpnc using strace or sysinternals filemonitor, it doesn't
seem to access the CA-File.
And without the certificate it truely cannot connect to the vpn
I already checked the library dependencies using 'objdump -p' and
'depends.exe' and both show up the dependency to cyggcrypt-11.dll,
thus openssl should be available to vpnc, but why isn't it using the
I've attached a debug-3 output for convenience, but couldn't find any errors
Hope, you folks can find something I missed.
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On-chip multi-processors can remove some horizontal waste. Coarse and fine-grained multithreading can remove some (or all) vertical waste. Yet, there has to be a way to have cake and eat it too. Such is the philosophy of a yet more advanced form of multithreading, called Simultaneous Multithreading (SMT).
The high concept for SMT is to have the ability to run instructions from different threads, at any given time, in any given functional unit. By rotating through threads, an SMT chip acts like a FMT processor, and by executing instructions from different threads at the same time, it acts like a CMP processor. Because of this, it allows architects to design wider cores without the worry of diminishing returns.
'a' is a traditional super scalar, while 'b' represents a Simultaneous Multithreading architecture.
Figure b) shows an example of a 4-issue, 4-way SMT processor. The figure shows it as nearly "fully utilized" with 4 threads (which is not to say that it will happen that way in real life). However, it is realistic for SMT to achieve higher efficiency than FMT due to its ability to share "unused" functional units amongst differing threads. So in this way, SMT shows the efficiency of a CMP machine. Unlike a CMP machine, an SMT machine makes little to no sacrifice (the small sacrifice is discussed later) for single threaded performance.
The reason for this is simple: whereas much of a CMP processor remains idle when running a single thread -- the more processors on the die, the more this is pronounced -- an SMT processor can dedicate all functional units to that thread. While obviously not as nice as being able to run multiple threads, the ability to balance between single thread and multithreaded environments is a wonderful feature. This means that an SMT processor can exploit thread-level parallelism (TLP) if it is present, and if not, will give full attention to instruction level parallelism (ILP).
>> SMT Induced Changes/Concerns About SMT


Paper Town VR
Interactive art installation, created as a group project during my undergrad studies. A user utilizes a VR headset to see a miniature papercraft village through a live camera. As the user turns in space, a mechanism rotates the camera in real time so as to accommodate the new viewing angle.
I was responsible for programming the physical mechanism which rotates the camera, as well as the VR-enabled Unity scene, and essentially getting the two to communicate nicely with each other.
This installation ended up getting some traction in the tech/art community, and was featured at the ACM Siggraph conference in Los Angeles, California.


Not so long ago (actually, a weekend or two ago), I was presented with a real-life issue – an issue that needs to be taken care of… ASAP!
Production was suffering. Production of high-quality foods in my mom’s kitchen, that is! 🙂
So, what was the issue?
To better help you understand the issue, we need to introduce you to the environment first – there’s my mom’s kitchen, from where many amazing dishes come out on a daily basis.
And there’s a small FM radio in this kitchen, providing her company when cooking alone – nothing special, but it’s an essential part of the kitchen (and the overall cooking process)!
About two weekends ago, the user (mom) starts complaining that the radio is having issues with the reception of her favorite FM station. It’s not good when users start complaining, of course. Especially if they are the important ones!
If this isn’t taken care of, production (of food) may suffer! 🙂
So, let’s solve the issue.
As nothing has changed from the FM radio perspective, it seems that the issue is somewhere else. After a short research, it seems that adding a new frequency to the user’s favorite radio station somehow impacted the remaining two (one of which we were using)… and now we’re having bad reception.
Tried to switch to the other two frequencies… didn’t help. This station is transmitted in at least three frequencies, but none of it provides us a good reception anymore.
Even tried with another antenna… no luck.
Switching to another radio station… is not an option. 🙂
When I was thinking about other options, I remembered that this radio station also streams over the Internet (like the example I’m using below)!
As I had this spare Raspberry Pi just standing there, collecting dust, an idea was born – turn it into the “Internet radio”!
The initial solution needs to be basic as possible, headless, work as soon as connected, wireless (as much as possible), and stream the radio station in question. Rather than ditching the FM radio, I’ll use it for the output part – so, Raspberry Pi’s 3,5mm output as an input to the AUX IN of the FM radio, using its amplifier and speakers (switching to AUX input is just one click away, which is fine).
I started by preparing my Raspberry Pi:
- downloaded Raspberry Pi Imager
- used it to download and customize the Raspbian image (Raspberry PI OS (32-bit)):
- set hostname
- enabled SSH
- set username and password
- configured wireless LAN
- configured locale settings
- booted my Raspberry Pi and did additional configuration via the included raspi-config utility:
- configured System Options – Boot/Auto Login – Console Autologin
- configured some other tiny things (like extending the storage, etc.)
Now it seems that I’m prepared for bringing up the “software part”.
After some reading and trying things out, I decided to go with VLC Player.
Now I just need to make it play what I want, play it on power on and without any other interaction.
Luckily, it’s not thaaat hard! 🙂
### check that you have your radio station's stream address (the right one)!
### i'll use https://audio.radio-banovina.hr:9998/stream, not https://www.radio-banovina.hr/uzivo/
# install all updates:
sudo apt update && sudo apt dist-upgrade -y
# install VLC (if not already):
sudo apt install vlc -y
# when I tried to play the stream, I got an error stating that the TLS certificate is not trusted
# so, I downloaded and copied CA (AlphaSSL CA - SHA256 - G2) and Root CA (GlobalSign Root CA) certificates into the /usr/local/share/ca-certificates/:
sudo cp *.crt /usr/local/share/ca-certificates/*
# and updated the certificates in use:
# that took care of the TLS error and stream could finally run:
Great! That works if I manually start it… and there are no issues.
For the autostart part, I’m choosing to run it as a service, so:
### create the service file /etc/systemd/system/runRadio.service:
sudo nano /etc/systemd/system/runRadio.service
### inside the file, insert something like this:
ExecStart=/usr/bin/vlc -I dummy "https://audio.radio-banovina.hr:9998/stream"
### to register this service, I'm using standard commands:
sudo systemctl enable runRadio.service
sudo systemctl start runRadio.service
sudo systemctl status runRadio.service
### - VLC shouldn't start with 'root', so this is why I'm using a user 'tomica'
### - -I dummy is something I learned during troubleshooting - it doesn't work (as a service) without specifying the correct (I)nterface!
### - also, I'm using sleep 30 to make sure everything is up before starting a player (could be nicer, but... works!)
And… that’s it!
With a few hits and misses, there’s finally a simple wireless Internet radio, which starts playing once Raspberry Pi powers on (and connects to WiFi, and waits for 30 seconds, of course)! No more bad FM reception and the user is satisfied! 🙂


Lithium Ion Batteries are Changing
It doesn’t seem like that long ago we were happy to have a 2.0 lithium ion battery. Lithium was such a better battery than ni-cad, we thought we had died and gone to heaven.
Then there was 3.0
Next came 4.0
Today we have 5.0 and a number of manufacturers are working on a 6.0
But the transportation community may have something to say as there are shipping restrictions on shipping lithium batteries over 5.0
The challenges of free enterprise!
Just how much power do we need? Or, is it that we want all we can have. Just like the computer industry, as computers get faster software keeps improving.
Cordless is the fastest growing sector of the power tool industry, with the introduction of brushless motors which deliver between 20-30% more power and in many applications rival an electric tool from a power standpoint.
Take a look at the video on the Milwaukee 7-1/4″ Circular Saw if in doubt.
Just had a visit from a major power tool company who has a prototype out for a cordless table saw.
Stay tuned as we race toward a better cordless tool


Extreme Ultraviolet (UV) light is blocked by our atmosphere (fortunately for us, because they are dangerous for our skin). Even from space it is very hard to measure. At the moment there is no single satellite telescope that can give information about this part of the spectrum. Bad news for astronomers, because they really want to know how many of such ionizing photons are emitted by massive stars. Such photons play a very important role in heating their surrounding clouds where low mass stars and their planets are still forming. These photons are also believed to have played a very big role early in the history of our Universe. They ionized the intergalactic H during the Cosmic Epoch of reionization. This made our universe transparent and ended the so-called Cosmic Dark Ages.
For this study we use a trick proposed by Scoville & Murchikova (2013) that allows to indirectly measure the extreme UV using ALMA. ALMA is an array of antennas in the dry desert of Chile (image), which can observe the sky in (sub)millimeter wavelengths, i.e. in wavelengths that are too red to see with the naked eye. Instead of measuring the ionizing photons directly, we will measure the effect they have on the surrounding H and He gas by measuring the “high-order recombination lines” that ALMA is sensitive too.
This proposal ALMA 2016.1.01015.S (PI De Mink) has been awarded 6.6 hours. The project design and analysis is lead by E. Muchicova (Caltech) under supervision of N. Scoville (Caltech). Image credit: Credit ALMA/NAOJ/NRAO J. Hills
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The Federal Authorities of Nigeria, by way of the Ministry of Communications, Innovation and Digital Financial system, has entered right into a partnership with a British computing training charity, the Raspberry Pi Basis, to launch Code Golf equipment throughout Nigeria.
The initiative is made for college kids aged 7 to 17, and Code Golf equipment signify a collection of extracurricular actions synthetic intelligence (AI) programming golf equipment geared toward fostering progressive and digitally literate younger minds in Nigeria.
Saying this system in a press release launched on Wednesday (Nov 8), the ministry mentioned the Code Golf equipment would introduce members to the world of coding and digital expertise and encourage them to deploy inventive options to issues of their each day lives. These golf equipment, which can initially begin from 17 data trade facilities, will later increase to different areas throughout the six geopolitical zones of Nigeria.
Constructing a pipeline of technical expertise is way simpler when younger persons are uncovered to science and expertise early. So I am excited to announce that we have partnered with the Raspberry Pi Basis. @RaspberryPi_org to create Code Golf equipment throughout Nigeria, beginning with 17… pic.twitter.com/x5lruL0HGW
– Dr ‘Bosun Tijani (@bosuntijani) November 8, 2023
Bosun Tijani, Minister of Communications, Innovation and Digital Financial system, highlights the significance of fostering a data pipeline in Nigeria by way of free coding golf equipment in collaboration with the Raspberry Pi Basis. The initiative goals to speed up Nigeria’s digital financial system by bettering technical data and expertise growth.
As a part of this collaboration, the Raspberry Pi Basis will present educators and youth members with complete toolkits, assist and pointers. Concurrently, the ministry will oversee the creation and operation of Code Golf equipment nationally by way of a partnership framework.
Companions, together with enthusiastic people, instructional entities, and organizations devoted to the development of laptop science training, will probably be assisted with sources, assist, and operational steerage by a specified central group.
The ministry mentioned the tutorial pathways supplied to Code Membership companions will embody a variety of coding and expertise subjects, overlaying robotics and electronics, sport growth, algorithms and downside fixing, l Introduction to coding, fundamental ideas, internet growth, programming languages, and project-based studying.
In October, the Nigerian authorities unveiled a program present 5 million naira ($6,444) in grants to 45 AI-focused startups and researchers. The initiative is a part of Nigeria’s new synthetic intelligence analysis agenda, geared toward selling the widespread software of AI for financial progress.


FFT, FMM, and Multigrid on the Road to Exascale: performance challenges and opportunities Ibeid, H., Olson, L., and Gropp, W. Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing
FFT, FMM, and multigrid methods are widely used fast and highly scalable solvers for elliptic PDEs. However, emerging large-scale computing systems are introducing challenges in comparison to current petascale computers. Recent efforts have identified several constraints in the design of exascale software that include massive concurrency, resilience management, exploiting the high performance of heterogeneous systems, energy efficiency, and utilizing the deeper and more complex memory hierarchy expected at exascale. In this paper, we perform a model-based comparison of the FFT, FMM, and multigrid methods in the context of these projected constraints. In addition we use performance models to offer predictions about the expected performance on upcoming exascale system configurations based on current technology trends.
Learning with Analytical Models Ibeid, H., Meng, S., Dobon, O., Olson, L., and Gropp, W. IEEE International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium Workshops (IPDPSW)
To understand and predict the performance of parallel and distributed programs, several analytical and machine learning approaches have been proposed, each having its advantages and disadvantages. In this paper, we propose and validate a hybrid approach exploiting both analytical and machine learning models. The hybrid model is able to learn and correct the analytical models to better match the actual performance. Furthermore, the proposed hybrid model improves the prediction accuracy in comparison to pure machine learning techniques while using small training datasets, thus making it suitable for hardware and workload changes.
Fast Multipole Preconditioners for Sparse Matrices Arising from Elliptic Equations Ibeid, H., Yokota, R., Pestana, J., and Keyes, D. Computing and Visualization in Science
Among optimal hierarchical algorithms for the computational solution of elliptic problems, the fast multipole method (FMM) stands out for its adaptability to emerging architectures, having high arithmetic intensity, tunable accuracy, and relaxable global synchronization requirements. We demonstrate that, beyond its traditional use as a solver in problems for which explicit free-space kernel representations are available, the FMM has applicability as a preconditioner in finite domain elliptic boundary value problems, by equipping it with boundary integral capability for satisfying conditions at finite boundaries and by wrapping it in a Krylov method for extensibility to more general operators. Here, we do not discuss the well developed applications of FMM to implement matrix-vector multiplications within Krylov solvers of boundary element methods. Instead, we propose using FMM for the volume-to-volume contribution of inhomogeneous Poisson-like problems, where the boundary integral is a small part of the overall computation. Our method may be used to precondition sparse matrices arising from finite difference/element discretizations, and can handle a broader range of scientific applications. It is capable of algebraic convergence rates down to the truncation error of the discretized PDE comparable to those of multigrid methods, and it offers potentially superior multicore and distributed memory scalability properties on commodity architecture supercomputers. Compared with other methods exploiting the low-rank character of off-diagonal blocks of the dense resolvent operator, FMM-preconditioned Krylov iteration may reduce the amount of communication because it is matrix-free and exploits the tree structure of FMM. We describe our tests in reproducible detail with freely available codes and outline directions for further extensibility.
Communication Reducing Algorithms for Distributed Hierarchical N-Body Problems with Boundary Distributions Abduljabbar, M., Markomanolis, G., Ibeid, H., Yokota, R., and Keyes, D. International Supercomputing Conference (ISC)
Reduction of communication and efficient partitioning are key issues for achieving scalability in hierarchical N-Body algorithms like Fast Multipole Method (FMM). In the present work, we propose three independent strategies to improve partitioning and reduce communication. First, we show that the conventional wisdom of using space-filling curve partitioning may not work well for boundary integral problems, which constitute a significant portion of FMM’s application user base. We propose an alternative method that modifies orthogonal recursive bisection to relieve the cell-partition misalignment that has kept it from scaling previously. Secondly, we optimize the granularity of communication to find the optimal balance between a bulk-synchronous collective communication of the local essential tree and an RDMA per task per cell. Finally, we take the dynamic sparse data exchange proposed by Hoefler et al. and extend it to a hierarchical sparse data exchange, which is demonstrated at scale to be faster than the MPI library’s MPI_Alltoallv that is commonly used.
A Performance Model for the Communication in Fast Multipole Methods on High-performance Computing Platforms Ibeid, H., Yokota, R., and Keyes, D. International Journal of High Performance Computing Applications (IJHPCA)
Exascale systems are predicted to have approximately 1 billion cores, assuming gigahertz cores. Limitations on affordable network topologies for distributed memory systems of such massive scale bring new challenges to the currently dominant parallel programing model. Currently, there are many efforts to evaluate the hardware and software bottlenecks of exascale designs. It is therefore of interest to model application performance and to understand what changes need to be made to ensure extrapolated scalability. The fast multipole method FMM was originally developed for accelerating N-body problems in astrophysics and molecular dynamics but has recently been extended to a wider range of problems. Its high arithmetic intensity combined with its linear complexity and asynchronous communication patterns make it a promising algorithm for exascale systems. In this paper, we discuss the challenges for FMM on current parallel computers and future exascale architectures, with a focus on internode communication. We focus on the communication part only; the efficiency of the computational kernels are beyond the scope of the present study. We develop a performance model that considers the communication patterns of the FMM and observe a good match between our model and the actual communication time on four high-performance computing HPC systems, when latency, bandwidth, network topology, and multicore penalties are all taken into account. To our knowledge, this is the first formal characterization of internode communication in FMM that validates the model against actual measurements of communication time. The ultimate communication model is predictive in an absolute sense; however, on complex systems, this objective is often out of reach or of a difficulty out of proportion to its benefit when there exists a simpler model that is inexpensive and sufficient to guide coding decisions leading to improved scaling. The current model provides such guidance.
A Generic Buffer Occupancy Expression for Stop-and-Wait Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request Protocol over Unstable Channels Darabkh, K., Ibeid, H., Jafar, I., and Al-Zubi, R. Telecommunication Systems
Recently, there has been a rapid progress in the field of wireless networks and mobile communications which makes the constraints on the used links clearly unconcealed. Wireless links are characterized by limited bandwidth and high latencies. Moreover, the bit-error-rate (BER) is very high in such environments for various reasons out of which weather conditions, cross-link interference, and mobility. High BER causes corruption in the data being transmitted over these channels. Therefore, convolutional encoding has been originated to be a professional means of communication over noisy environments. Sequential decoding, a category of convolutional codes, represents an efficient error detection and correction mechanism which attracts the attention for most of current researchers as for having a complexity that is dependent to the channel condition. In this paper, we propose a new queuing study over networking systems that make use of sequential decoders. Hence, the adopted flow and error control refer to stop-and-wait hybrid automatic repeat request. However, our queuing study is a novel extension to our prior work in which the lowest decoding complexity was fixed and did not account for the channel state. In other words, our proposed closed-form expression of the average buffer occupancy is totally generic and parameterized by not only channel condition and packet incoming rate, but also those that are automatically adapted to the channel conditions which include lower and upper bound decoding limits.
Fast Multipole Method as a Matrix-Free Hierarchical Low-Rank Approximation Yokota, R., Ibeid, H., and Keyes, D. International Workshop on Eigenvalue Problems: Algorithms, Software and Applications in Petascale Computing (EPASA)
There has been a large increase in the amount of work on hierarchical low-rank approximation methods, where the interest is shared by multiple communities that previously did not intersect. This objective of this article is two-fold; to provide a thorough review of the recent advancements in this field from both analytical and algebraic perspectives, and to present a comparative benchmark of two highly optimized implementations of contrasting methods for some simple yet representative test cases. The first half of this paper has the form of a survey paper, to achieve the former objective. We categorize the recent advances in this field from the perspective of compute-memory tradeoff, which has not been considered in much detail in this area. Benchmark tests reveal that there is a large difference in the memory consumption and performance between the different methods.
Petascale Molecular Dynamics Simulation using the Fast Multipole Method on K Computer Ohno, Y., Yokota, R., Koyama, H., Morimoto, G., Hasegawa, A., Masumoto, G., Okimoto, N., Hirano, Y., Ibeid, H., Narumi, T., and M., Taiji Computer Physics Communications
In this paper, we report all-atom simulations of molecular crowding — a result from the full node simulation on the “K computer”, which is a 10-PFLOPS supercomputer in Japan. The capability of this machine enables us to perform simulation of crowded cellular environments, which are more realistic compared to conventional MD simulations where proteins are simulated in isolation. Living cells are “crowded” because macromolecules comprise ∼30% of their molecular weight. Recently, the effects of crowded cellular environments on protein stability have been revealed through in-cell NMR spectroscopy. To measure the performance of the “K computer”, we performed all-atom classical molecular dynamics simulations of two systems: target proteins in a solvent, and target proteins in an environment of molecular crowders that mimic the conditions of a living cell. Using the full system, we achieved 4.4 PFLOPS during a 520 million-atom simulation with cutoff of 28 Å. Furthermore, we discuss the performance and scaling of fast multipole methods for molecular dynamics simulations on the “K computer”, as well as comparisons with Ewald summation methods.
Toward Accelerating the Matrix Inversion Computation of Symmetric Positive-definite Matrices on Heterogeneous GPU-based Systems Ibeid, H., Kaushik, D., Keyes, D., and Ltaief, H. IEEE International Conference on High Performance Computing (HiPC)
The goal of this paper is to implement an efficient matrix inversion of symmetric positive-definite matrices on heterogeneous GPU-based systems. The matrix inversion pro- cedure can be split into three stages: computing the Cholesky factorization, inverting the Cholesky factor and calculating the product of the inverted Cholesky factor with its transpose to get the final inverted matrix. Using high performance data layout, which represents the matrix in the system memory with an optimized cache-aware format, the computation of the three stages is decomposed into fine-grained computational tasks. The data flow programming model can then be represented as a directed acyclic graph, where nodes represent tasks and edges the dependencies between them. Standard implementations of matrix inversions as well as other numerical algorithms (e.g., linear and eigenvalue solvers), available in the state-of-the- art numerical libraries (e.g., LAPACK), rely on the expensive fork-join paradigm to achieve parallel performance and are characterized by artifactual synchronization points, which have to be removed to fully exploit the underlying hardware capabilities. Our tile algorithmic approach allows to remove those bottlenecks and to flawlessly execute the tasks, as soon as the data dependencies are satisfied. A hybrid runtime environ- ment system becomes paramount to dynamically schedule the numerical kernels on the available processing units, whether it is a hardware accelerator (i.e, GPU) or a homogeneous multicore (i.e., x86), and this is transparently carried out from the user. Preliminary results are shown on a dual-socket quad- core Intel Xeon 2.67GHz workstation with two nVIDIA Fermi C2070 GPU cards. Our implementation (448 Gflop/s) results in up to 5 and 6-fold improvement compared to the equivalent routines from MAGMA V1.0 and PLASMA V2.4, respectively, and 10-fold improvement compared to LAPACK V3.2 linked with multithreaded Intel MKL BLAS V10.2, with a matrix size of 24960× 24960.
Fast Multipole-Based Elliptic PDE Solver and Preconditioner.
Exascale systems are predicted to have approximately one billion cores, assuming Gigahertz cores. Limitations on affordable network topologies for distributed memory systems of such massive scale bring new challenges to the currently dominant parallel programing model. Currently, there are many efforts to evaluate the hardware and software bottlenecks of exascale designs. It is therefore of interest to model application performance and to understand what changes need to be made to ensure extrapolated scalability. Fast multipole methods (FMM) were originally developed for accelerating N-body problems for particle-based methods in astrophysics and molecular dynamics. FMM is more than an N-body solver, however. Recent efforts to view the FMM as an elliptic PDE solver have opened the possibility to use it as a preconditioner for even a broader range of applications. In this thesis, we (i) discuss the challenges for FMM on current parallel computers and future exascale architectures, with a focus on inter-node communication, and develop a performance model that considers the communication patterns of the FMM for spatially quasi-uniform distributions, (ii) employ this performance model to guide performance and scaling improvement of FMM for all-atom molecular dynamics simulations of uniformly distributed particles, and (iii) demonstrate that, beyond its traditional use as a solver in problems for which explicit free-space kernel representations are available, the FMM has applicability as a preconditioner in finite domain elliptic boundary value problems, by equipping it with boundary integral capability for satisfying conditions at finite boundaries and by wrapping it in a Krylov method for extensibility to more general operators. Compared with multilevel methods, FMM is capable of comparable algebraic convergence rates down to the truncation error of the discretized PDE, and it has superior multicore and distributed memory scalability properties on commodity architecture supercomputers. Compared with other methods exploiting the low rank character of off-diagonal blocks of the dense resolvent operator, FMM-preconditioned Krylov iteration may reduce the amount of communication because it is matrix-free and exploits the tree structure of FMM. Fast multipole-based solvers and preconditioners are demonstrably poised to play a leading role in exascale computing.


Grand Prairie Night Vision IR Surveillance Cameras : Home & Business. Also Dome, Hidden, IP, PTZ, Speed Dome and Wireless Security Cameras in Grand Prairie
Infrared security cameras in Grand Prairie have the potential to be able to take online video during low light and no light places. Infrared cameras (IR) can be recognized as IR cameras or "Night Vision Security Cameras". Infrared cameras contain IR LEDS located around the external sides of the camera lens that gives the camera its "Night Vision". Infrared Cameras can easily take acceptable video altogether, darkness, plus greater good video in low light. A good small amount of ambient light can help the overall night vision ability of IR cameras a whole lot. IR cameras can be bought in numerous entire body styles, to provide an example, dome and also bullet styles.
By way of enhancing video images in low-light surroundings and allowing the magic involving vision in whole darkness, IR night-vision cameras present superior security.
By way of improving video images in low-light conditions and also allowing the miracle associated with perspective in whole darkness, IR night vision cameras in Grand Prairie give you improved security. Probably finest characteristic of night vision cameras is that they are genuine 24-hour cameras, because they are really the only cameras having the ability to record just about any event from a secured area around the clock when linked to DVR. This miracle of sight in total darkness is created with the use of infrared light-emitting diodes. Infrared light is actually a low-energy radiation that you can't see utilizing your eyes yet supplies the source of light that is needed for an infrared-equipped camera to see very clear images in darkness. The genuine 24-hour camera delivers images in full coloration in normal light circumstances, and whenever the particular intelligent indicator in the camera identifies a lack of needed light the camera changes to white and black images for viewing in darkness. There's really no substitute for the 24-hour cameras that offer a genuine record of any event and the capability to properly identify people present at the event, though security alarms serve their intention.
Bullet-design cameras are available in a lot of shapes and sizes together with looking at performance coming from a compact place to highly intelligent cameras being able to discover license plates on a motorized vehicle travelling at 50 Miles an hour at distance up to 150 ft in entire darkness. The key advantages of the installation of genuine 24-hr night vision cameras in houses or companies include things like:
• The power to identify people present in the event
• The power to view both recorded as well as live pictures remotely (with a connection to the web)
• Law enforcement authorities appreciate video evidence of a reported crime and may have a greater capability to solve the crime swiftly.
• There’s a proven claim that a good a video camera system noticeably lowers the chance of a criminal offense developing on your residence. When searching for a new surveillance camera, there are various points that need to be taken into consideration. If you are not cautious, you could possibly obtain a camera that does very little to absolutely nothing to enhance the overall security of your residence or company. By way of example, you're going to need to have a camera which includes long-range night vision if you wish to keep an eye on an enormous, dark area. Without night vision, it could definitely be impossible to view out overnight, whenever the majority of crime comes about. Plus, without the need of long-range vision, the actual camera would likely fall short of covering the whole spot.


Beginning next month, a new program will see “Little Ripper” drones and artificial intelligence used to track Australia’s beaches for sharks, in an attempt to improve safety conditions for swimmers and surfers.
The drones are battery-powered and provide live video to an operator who uses shark-spotting software to identify threats in real time. Dr. Nabin Sharma, a research associate at the University of Technology Sydney’s School of Software told Reuters that people only have 20-30 percent accuracy when identifying shark activity from aerial videos. Detection software increases that rate to 90 percent.
“It’s not about replacing human beings all together, it’s about assisting human beings to get the work done in a better way with more accuracy. That’s what the application is meant for,” Sharma told the news agency.
The University has been working with Little Ripper Group since 2016, and began a trial last year. The Little Ripper drones will be able to warn swimmers when a shark is detected through a megaphone, and will start patrolling beaches from September. The company has also said that a life raft and an emergency beacon can be dropped from the drone and it is developing an electronic shark repellent.
Earlier in 2017, Australia installed protective nets designed to keep sharks away from swimmers, following a series of attacks, but environmental experts have said the nets could harm other wildlife.


Linking Land, Air, Sea, and Space to Dominate the Battlefield of Tomorrow
The most important element in the battlefield of the future won’t be rockets, bullets, or robots, but data, the ability to collect it at any point and send it precisely to where it needs to be. The shareability of data is at the heart of the U.S. military’s next-generation Multi-Domain Operations concept, a vision of the future in which every tool in the U.S. arsenal, in the land, air, sea, space and cyberspace, can communicate instantaneously at high bandwidth. This panel will look at the future of that idea, what it means for tomorrow's warfare and the challenges and opportunities ahead. Featuring a session presented by our underwriter Adobe.
Preston Dunlap, Chief Architect, Department of the Air Force
Dr. Tim Grayson, Director, Strategic Technology Office, Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
Lisa Sanders, Director, Science and Technology, Special Operations Command (SOCOM)
Patrick Tucker, Technology Editor, Defense One
Yasir Saleem, Senior Solutions Consultant, Adobe


Networks provide the backbone of modern-day businesses, which means they require specialized care. When you entrust your businesses network to ABS, you are in good hands. We will design and implement a network that allows you to take advantage of the latest cloud-based tools, the latest in Next Generation technology and provides predictable financial requirements.
Beyond that, our SPOC monitors your networks 24/7 and defends it against every conceivable cyber-attack. We use the latest technology and bandwidth management techniques to guarantee a lightning-fast network, always.
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Apple iPad with FaceTime is very slim and lightweight and thus easy to hold and carry. This iPad Pro is integrated with a fast and glitch-free OS. It can’t get more simple, quick, and exciting than the Apple iPad Pro 2017 with FaceTime. Do everything you love without breaking a sweat with its super fast processing speed, highly responsive multi-touch display, and built-in handy features. It has a 12.9inch Retina screen that reveals stunning details highlighted by bright and natural colors. You can make the screen your canvas to draw masterpieces. The iPad has 512GB internal storage so you can pack it with your personal multimedia files. With its FaceTime HD front camera, you know your selfies are going to turn out flawless. It also makes your video chats feel real and intuitive. This cutting edge device has WiFi 802.11a/b/g/n/ac connectivity, which gives you excellent speed to surf, stream, and download content from the web.
2732 x 2048
A10X Fusion chip with 64‑bit architecture
12 MP Rear Camera
7 Front Face time Camera
4K video recording at 30 fps
Built‐in 41‐watt‐hour rechargeable
HAS THE POWER TO DELIVER
This Apple iPad Pro never backs down from a challenging and demanding task. It has A10X Fusion chip with 64bit architecture that makes the device super fast and glitch-free, allowing you to edit a 4K video, play graphic-heavy games, and create 3D models without breaking a sweat. Its 41W Lithium Polymer battery lets you surf the web, watch videos, listen to music for up to 10 hours on a single charge. The 512GB internal storage maintains the device’s sleek performance and gives you space for saving loads of content.
EASY IS THE WAY TO GO
This Apple iPad with FaceTime is loaded with the iOS 10 operating system that personalizes and simplifies your user experience. It has a beautiful and intuitive interface, which is smart and very advanced. It gives you suggestions at the right time, protects your critical data, and lets you connect the iPad to other Apple devices. A simple tap, swipe, and scroll and you have mastered the OS and its ways. And because it uses metal framework, every touch on the screen is always smooth with a highly responsive result.
THE WORLD’S MOST ADVANCED DISPLAY
This iPad Pro features a 12.9inch, diagonal, LED-backlit, multi-touch screen. This fully laminated display offers stunningly clear, vibrant, and sharp images at a resolution of 2732 x 2048 pixels. The antireflective coating ensures the screen does not catch exterior light and cause eye strain and unclear vision. It is also infused with a ProMotion technology that provides a refresh rate of 120Hz. This makes the fast paced actions in movies, and games, look spectacularly sharp and clear.
This Apple iPad has a 12MP rear camera with f/1.8 aperture and Optical Image Stabilization for crystal clear and stable pictures. It captures videos in incredible 4K picture resolution without any shaky blurs or stutters. The iPad also has a FaceTime HD front camera with 7MP sensor, f/2.2 aperture, Retina flash, and 1080p HD video recording to give you the most beautiful selfies, and excellent clarity during video conferences. It also changes the way you video chat forever.