How to Maintain an E-Bike Battery
Electric bikes or e-bikes have become increasingly popular in recent years due to their convenience, eco-friendliness, and affordability. These bikes are equipped with a lithium-ion battery that provides the power to the electric motor, which assists the rider when pedaling. However, one of the biggest concerns for e-bike owners is how to maintain their lithium battery to ensure optimal performance and longevity.
In this article, we'll cover the best way to maintain a lithium battery on e-bike. From charging habits to storage tips, we'll provide you with all the information you need to keep your battery healthy and extend its lifespan. So, let's get started!
How to Maintain a Lithium Battery on E-Bike
To maintain a lithium battery on e-bike, you need to focus on two things: keeping it charged and healthy. Here are some tips to help you achieve both:
1. Charge Your Battery Regularly
The best way to maintain a lithium battery on e-bike is to keep it charged. Lithium-ion batteries have a limited lifespan, and their performance can degrade over time if they're not charged regularly. Ideally, you should charge your e-bike battery after every use or at least once every two weeks, even if you haven't used it.
2. Use the Right Charger
Using the right charger is crucial to maintain the health of your e-bike battery. It's essential to use the charger that comes with your e-bike or a charger that's recommended by the manufacturer. Using an incompatible charger can damage the battery or cause it to overheat, which can shorten its lifespan.
3. Avoid Overcharging
Overcharging your e-bike battery can cause irreversible damage to the battery cells, leading to reduced performance and even safety issues. Therefore, it's important to avoid overcharging your battery. Most lithium-ion batteries come with a built-in protection circuit that prevents overcharging, but it's still a good practice to unplug the charger as soon as the battery is fully charged.
4. Store Your Battery Properly
If you're not going to use your e-bike for an extended period, it's essential to store the battery properly. The ideal storage temperature for lithium-ion batteries is between 20°C and 25°C (68°F and 77°F). It's also important to store the battery in a dry place and away from direct sunlight or heat sources.
5. Avoid Extreme Temperatures
Extreme temperatures can affect the performance and lifespan of lithium-ion batteries. High temperatures can cause the battery to overheat, while low temperatures can reduce its capacity. Therefore, it's important to avoid exposing your e-bike battery to extreme temperatures. If you're riding in hot weather, try to park your bike in a shaded area, and if you're riding in cold weather, keep the battery warm by wrapping it with a blanket or a thermal cover.
6. Maintain the Right Level of Charge
Lithium-ion batteries should be maintained at a charge level between 20% and 80%. Keeping the battery at a full charge or a zero charge for an extended period can degrade its performance and lifespan. Therefore, it's essential to maintain the right level of charge. If you're not going to use your e-bike for an extended period, it's best to store the battery at a charge level between 40% and 60%.
7. Avoid Heavy Loads
The weight of the load on your e-bike can also affect the performance and lifespan of your battery. Avoid carrying heavy loads or overloading your bike, as this can cause the battery to drain faster and put additional stress on the battery cells. If you need to carry heavy loads, consider using a cargo trailer or panniers to distribute the weight evenly.
8. Keep Your Battery Clean
Keeping your battery clean is an essential part of maintaining its health. Dirt, dust, and grime can accumulate on the battery contacts and reduce its performance. Therefore, it's important to clean your battery regularly using a soft cloth or a brush. Avoid using harsh chemicals or water to clean the battery, as this can damage the contacts and lead to corrosion.
How long does an e-bike battery last?
The lifespan of an e-bike battery depends on various factors, such as usage, storage, and maintenance. On average, a lithium-ion battery can last between 2 to 4 years or up to 1000 charging cycles.
Is it okay to leave the battery on the charger overnight?
Leaving the battery on the charger overnight can overcharge the battery and reduce its lifespan. Therefore, it's best to unplug the charger as soon as the battery is fully charged.
Can I charge my e-bike battery with a power bank?
You can charge your e-bike battery with a power bank, but it's not recommended. Power banks may not provide the right voltage and current to the battery, which can cause damage.
Maintaining a lithium battery on e-bike is essential to ensure optimal performance and longevity. By following the tips mentioned in this article, you can keep your battery charged and healthy, and extend its lifespan. Remember to charge your battery regularly, use the right charger, avoid overcharging, store your battery properly, maintain the right level of charge, avoid heavy loads, and keep your battery clean. With these simple tips, you can enjoy a hassle-free and long-lasting e-bike experience.


An embedded Linux based telematics expert at Valeo with 11+ years of experience
Bishoy is very passionate about his career which is related to telematics and connected vehicles technologies such emergency calls, car to car and car to infrastructure solutions. He had designed, developed and lead software architecture for Linux platform on Telematic Unit and V2X ECU (C-ITS).
Bishoy had conducted several external and internal trainings related to Embedded Linux systems for automotive, he is a lecturer Nile University, Cairo University and at the Arab Academy for Science and Technology for Embedded Systems related courses.
Also Bishoy is always motivated by supporting Master researchers and a wide variety of graduation projects in his area of expertise.
Bishoy is proudly a graduate of the Faculty of Engineering, Helwan University 2011.


Annual Reports on NMR Spectroscopy, Volume 71
Protein Sci. Weak alignment NMR: a hawk-eyed view of biomolecular structure. Yan, J. A novel method for the determination of stereochemistry in six-membered chair like rings using residual dipolar couplings. Complete relative stereochemistry of multiple stereocenters using only residual dipolar couplings. Application of residual dipolar couplings in organic compounds.
Residual dipolar couplings for the configurational and conformational analysis of organic molecules. Gil, R. Cid, M.
Williams, A. Gschwind, R. Residual dipolar couplings — a valuable NMR parameter for small organic molecules. Constitution, configurational, and conformational analysis of small organic molecules on the basis of NMR residual dipolar couplings. Liu, L. The use of a combination of RDC and chiroptical spectroscopy for the determination of absolute configuration of fusariumin A from the Fungus Fusarium sp.
Start your review of [Annual Reports on NMR Spectroscopy]:
Sun, H. Challenge of large-scale motion for residual dipolar coupling based analysis of configuration: the case of fibrosterol sulfate A. Residual dipolar couplings as a tool in determining the structure of organic molecules. Trends Anal. Thiele, C. Use of RDCs in rigid organic compounds and some practical considerations concerning alignment media. Concepts Magn. Residual dipolar couplings RDCs in organic structure determination.
Stereochemistry determination by X-ray diffraction analysis and NMR spectroscopy residual dipolar couplings. Schuetz, A. Stereochemistry of sagittamide A from residual dipolar coupling enhanced NMR. Hallwass, F. Residual chemical shift anisotropy RCSA : a tool for the analysis of the configuration of small molecules.
Variable angle NMR spectroscopy and its application to the measurement of residual chemical shift anisotropy. Nath, N. Determination of relative configuration from residual chemical shift anisotropy. Liu, Y. Unequivocal determination of complex molecular structures using anisotropic NMR measurements. Science , 43 Troche-Pesqueira, E. Computer-assisted 3D structure elucidation of natural products using residual dipolar couplings. Milanowski, D. Unequivocal determination of caulamidines A and B: application and validation of new tools in the structure elucidation tool box.
Funatsu, K. A new approach to computer-aided molecular structure elucidation: the expert system structure elucidator. Application of a new expert system for the structure elucidation of natural products from their 1D and 2D NMR data. Lindel, T.
Application of anisotropic NMR parameters to the confirmation of molecular structure
A COCON analysis of proton-poor heterocycles — application of carbon chemical shift predictions for the evaluation of structural proposals. Plainchont, B. Nuzillard, J. Tutorial for the structure elucidation of small molecules by means of the LSD software. Mestrelab Research. Mnova Structure Elucidation. Mestrelab Research, Santiago de Compostela, Spain, Losonczi, J. Order matrix analysis of residual dipolar couplings using singular value decomposition.
A program for the use of residual dipolar couplings for structure elucidation of small molecules. Cornilescu, G. Validation of protein structure from anisotropic carbonyl chemical shifts in a dilute liquid crystalline phase. A practical strategy for the accurate measurement of residual dipolar couplings in strongly aligned small molecules.
- NMR Bibliography.
- Caught In The Rain;
- Supplies Management in the OR.
- Table of Contents!
- The Homeowners Hurricane Handbook;
Meddour, A. Proton-decoupled carbon NMR spectroscopy in a lyotropic chiral nematic solvent as an analytical tool for the measurement of the enantiomeric excess. Canet, I. Enantiomeric analysis in a polypeptide lyotropic liquid crystal by deuterium NMR.
Marx, A. Orientational properties of poly-gamma-benzyl- l -glutamate: influence of molecular weight and solvent on order parameters of the solute. Meyer, N.
Publications – Arbeitskreis Buntkowsky – Technische Universität Darmstadt
Polyacetylenes as enantiodifferentiating alignment media. Lei, X. Graphene oxide liquid crystals as a versatile and tunable alignment medium for the measurement of residual dipolar couplings in organic solvents. Zong, W.
An alignment medium for measuring residual dipolar couplings in pure DMSO: liquid crystals from graphene oxide grafted with polymer brushes. Luy, B. An easy and scalable method for the partial alignment of organic molecules for measuring residual dipolar couplings. Haberz, P. A DMSO-compatible orienting medium: towards the investigation of the stereochemistry of natural products. Stretched poly methyl methacrylate gel aligns small organic molecules in chloroform.
Stereochemical analysis and diastereotopic proton NMR assignment in ludartin using residual dipolar couplings and 3 J coupling constant analysis. Gil-Silva, L. Collection of NMR scalar and residual dipolar couplings using a single experiment. Stretched poly acrylonitrile as a scalable alignment medium for DMSO. Kuchel, P.
- Dreams of Disaster.
- Shma on Certainty, Hatred, and Polarization (Shma Journal: Independent Thinking on Contemporary Judaism Book 42).
- The War Prayer;
- Series: Annual Reports on NMR Spectroscopy?
- The Persuasive Edge?
Apparatus for rapid adjustment of the degree of alignment of NMR samples in aqueous media: verification with residual quadrupolar splittings in 23 Na and Cs spectra. Gayathri, C.


To ensure our Fire Curtain systems function to the best of their capabilities we utilise high performance control systems. These systems are developed to ensure the fire curtain deploys under any circumstance. All of our fire curtain systems utilise a gravity fail safe system which ensures the curtain functions in the event of a power outage. We also provide emergency retract options for when egress is required.
These systems utilise our Variospeed® 6 systems. The Variospeed®6 BBU-CG and ERU-CG systems are used for Smoke / Fire Curtain(s) fitted with 24Vdc permanent magnet electrical motors fitted with an internal 24Vdc electromagnetic brake, as standard. When the Smoke / Fire curtain(s) are fully retracted, the internal electromagnetic brake is powered, keeping the Smoke / Fire curtain(s) in their retracted position. Power to the motor is completely isolated, prolonging the life of the motor and maintaining manufacturers supply warranty. The motors include built in short circuit and open circuit protection, meaning the curtains will deploy under total controlled gravity failsafe at a descent rate compliant with BS EN 12101 and BS8524 even if the motor wires are severed, i.e. shorted together or disconnected from the Motor Control Card (MCC).
To learn more about our control panels and battery back up units, click on the links provided below.


High temperature S-parameter imaging is a radio frequency measurement technique used to determine the material properties of a sample at elevated temperatures. In this technique, a vector network analyzer (VNA) is used to measure the reflection and transmission coefficients (S-parameters) of the sample over a range of frequencies, while the sample is heated to a high temperature.
To perform high temperature S-parameter imaging, a high temperature furnace is used to heat the sample while it is placed in the near-field of a probing antenna that is connected to the VNA. The VNA then measures the S-parameters of the sample at each frequency in the desired frequency range while the sample is at the elevated temperature. This process is repeated at multiple locations on the sample surface to create an image of the material properties across the surface at high temperatures.
The resulting S-parameter image can be used to extract various material properties of the sample, such as its dielectric constant and conductivity, at high temperatures. These properties are important in many high-temperature applications, such as furnace linings, turbine engines, and rocket propulsion systems.


The following events have been tested successfully in 7.3.4 and were still working in Oracle 9.2.
In Oracle 8.1.6 and above, the default value for the MAX_DUMP_FILE_SIZE is UNLIMITED. In Oracle 8.1.5 and below the default value is 512 database blocks. In either case it can be altered dynamically; however high volume trace may still rapidly fill up a disk.
If only the last few lines of the trace file are required, then a circular trace buffer can be used
To enable a circular trace buffer use:
ALTER SESSION SET EVENTS 'immediate trace name trace_buffer_on level level';
where level is the size of the buffer in bytes e.g.:
ALTER SESSION SET EVENTS 'immediate trace name trace_buffer_on level 65536';
creates a 65536 byte circular trace buffer.
Note that the following ORADEBUG command is equivalent:
ORADEBUG DUMP TRACE_BUFFER_ON level
The buffer is dumped to the trace file when the ksedmp function is called which is the case when an ORA-600 is signalled.
The buffer can be dumped on demand using the command
ALTER SESSION SET EVENTS 'immediate trace name trace_buffer_off';
ORADEBUG DUMP TRACE_BUFFER_OFF 0
Note that a message is included in the trace file if trace has been discared from the trace buffer. For example:
Trace output buffer of 65536 bytes wrapped 8 times
Also the following message is written to the end of the trace file when it becomes full:
*** Trace file full ***


1. Design: Compact, compact and easy to store.
2. Easy to use: professional electric sharpener, sapphire shape rotating at high speed and sharpening blade, easy to sharpen without any effort.
3. Wireless operation: powered by 4 AA batteries, wireless operation will not cause wiring chaos and is convenient to use.
4. Quick sharpening: The built-in guiding device fixes the blade at an ideal angle, and the collecting tray below can collect all metal scraps.
5. Safety in use: The anti-slip silicon pad at the bottom can keep the sharpener firm and enhance safety.
6. Commonality: Suitable for steel knives and scissors, such as chef knives, carving knives, bread knives, steak knife, peeling knives, Philip knives, cheese knives, shredders, meat cutters, scissors, precision tools, etc.
Type: portable sharpener
Material: ABS+ electronic components+grindstone
Gross/net weight: 0.23/0.22KG
1 * Electric sharpener (excluding battery)
1 * Instruction manual


the wonder of the solar system and learn about the
planets with this fascinating ducational model.
The 85cm diameter motorised solar system has eight
colour planets that rotate on three independent
orbits. Auto shut-off saves battery life. Battery
operated (3AA/2AAA) and remote-controlled.
Controlled, the motorised mobile has eight detailed
planets that orbit the sun. Simply assemble the
planets onto the three independent orbit mechanisms
on the sun and mount to the ceiling with the included
the remote control to operate the light up sun and
the rotation of the planets around the sun. As the
sun lights up it casts its glow on the planets.
Also, learn about the planets in the fascinating
and educational colour booklet. This product is
intended to be mounted onto the ceiling and fixings
are included for this installation. As it is battery
operated there is no need to worry about connecting
to the mains.


We all use our cellphone data networks, WiFi, Bluetooth and various other wireless electronic connections on a daily basis. We are in the booming ‘Age of Technology.’ But have we stopped to consider what impact these various Electromagnetic Fields(EMF) are having on our bodies’ and our brains?
WiFi or a wireless network consists of an antenna that is connected to the internet and to wireless devices, such as laptops, phones, tablets, etc. The electromagnetic frequencies of 5G networks and WiFi 2.4 Ghz UHF and 5 Ghz SHF bands are pulsed rather than continuous. This presents a critical issue, as the more pulsed an electromagnetic frequency is, the more they have a biological impact.
5G networks are now used by most major cellular phone companies, and soon cities will be filled with 5G towers supporting these networks. Due to the complexities of the waveforms, there will have to be mini towers built every 2-8 houses. This will increase the radiofrequency [RF] exposure from the multitude and densities of towers needed to support this network.
Electromagnetic frequencies cause premature aging and injury to the human body, including damage to brains, fertility, hearts and even DNA. EMFs activate the body’s Voltage-gated calcium channels, causing them to release excess calcium ions into the cell. This then leads to nitric oxide and superoxide which react to form free radicals that can damage DNA.
Recent research studies list the following potential health dangers of Wi-Fi, 5G and Radiofrequencies:
- Contributes to the Development of Insomnia
- Damaging to Childhood Development
- Affects Cell Growth
- Reduces Brain Activity
- Neutralizes Sperm
- Impacts Fertility by preventing egg implantation
- Potentially may be linked to Cancer
- Cellular DNA damage
- Endocrine or Hormonal Changes
- Apoptosis (programmed cell death)
- Oxidative Stress
- Calcium Overload
- Neuropsychiatric effects
- Sperm/Testicular Damage, Male Infertility
- Disrupts Development of Teeth
- Cardiac Changes, Blood Pressure Disruption, Erythrocyte Damage
- Growth Stimulation of Adipose Stem Cells and a possible Role in Obesity
- Abnormal Postnatal Development
- Disrupts MicroRNA Expression in the Brain
Several studies have shown that radiofrequency exposure for 1-2 months may have a relatively modest impact on biological health, but these changes could be reversed after removing the trigger. However, after 6 months or more there are irreversible effects on neurons and the brain. These results suggest that the changes induced by pulsed electromagnetic frequencies accumulate over time, with harmful long-term effects. Technology is a fundamental part of our society, so we must make an attempt to limit and protect ourselves where and when we can.
Things you can do:
- Keep the Wi-Fi modem away from bedrooms and rooms in the home that more frequented
- Turn your Wi-Fi modem off when not using it, especially overnight
- Connect your computer, television or other electronics via an ethernet cable rather than using Wi-Fi, as often as you can
- Use wired headphones rather than Bluetooth or wireless headphones or glasses
- Talk with your cellphone on speaker or through wire headphones rather than holding near the ear
- Keep your phone at least 3 feet away from you when a HotSpot is on
- Use your laptop unplugged and in battery mode as often as possible
- Always set your laptop on a table or desk, never on your lap
- Purchase EMF Absorber technology for home and office – Blueshield Tesla Technology or comparable products (Learn more during the 5G Crisis Summit)
- Place your WiFi router in a RF radiation guard to minimize the radiation emitted
- Always put phone in airplane mode, power off, or place outside the bedroom before going to sleep
- NO cellphones in your bra’s or front pockets
- “Ground “daily with bare feet on the earth if possible
Learn more about how to protect yourself and your family by signing up for 5G Crisis Summit airing for FREE June 1st- 7th.


Today is an exciting day, as I just put the last piece of the puzzle into play that upgraded our home network to Gigabit Ethernet. When I got home from work today, a Newegg package was in front of the door containing an Intel brand Gigabit speed network card that plugs into my desktop’s PCI Express 1 slot. As soon as it was in and the machine was on, I transferred a file to my Windows Home Server machine and saw my first ever Gigabit Ethernet speed, up significantly from my previous Megabit speed. Previously, file transfers were between 8 and 12 megabytes per second. Now they’re between 35 and 60!
I had previously replaced all older Cat5 cable in the house with either Cat5e or Cat6. A Gigabit speed Asus router and a few Gigabit speed switches completed the infostructure. The other computers have Gigabit LAN onboard. This network card was the last upgrade. And “phew!” It works!
Why did I want a faster LAN here in the house? Well, less waiting for transfers from one machine to the next, but with the fairly new Windows Home Server box (set up on a used P4 Dell machine), I plan to stream more 720p and 1080p HD video down to the home theater PC. I also stream a lot of lossless FLAC audio files. Having a lot more room to breathe is very satisfying. Now I know the network will never be the bottleneck.


12MP wide angle and telephoto primary camera with Dual optical image stabilization and Portrait Mode, Digital zoom up to 10x, Quad-LED True Tone flash and Slow sync,4K video recording at 24 fps or 30 fps or 60 fps and slow-motion video recording in 1080p at 120 fps, 7MP front facing TrueDepth camera with Retina Flash and Animoji feature
5.8-inch (diagonal) Super Retina HD Display. All-screen OLED Multi-Touch display with HDR Technology, 2436×1125 -pixel resolution at 458 ppi with 1,000,000:1 contrast ratio (typical), 3D touch with True Tone display
iOS 11 and iCloud operating system with A11 Bionic chip with 64-bit architecture and neural engine embeded with M11 motion coprocessor, 64 GB internal memory and single Nano-SIM
Non-removable Li-Ion 2712 mAh battery providing talktime up to 21 hours
Face ID, Wireless charging, Splash, Water and Dust resistant
1 year manufacturer warranty for device and in-box accessories including batteries from the date of purchase. In case phone is Dead on Arrival (DoA), Customer needs to get the same validated from Apple care by arranging a DOA certificate issued within 2 days of the delivery. No other open box returns will be accepted
This post was created with our nice and easy submission form. Create your post!


RRC.AP in close collaboration with the Ministry of Environment, Japan, the University of Tsukuba, and Pacific Consultants is working to bring the climate change downscaling system called – S8DS downscaling - a dynamic downscaling model that produces high-resolution results with a simplified process targeting non-specialists of climate modelling, online for the easy access and operation. The results obtained from the S8DS will assist government officials, planners, and researchers in preparing adaptation plans, project proposals, and other activities.
Figure 1: Virtual training on pseudo global warming downscaling
In this regard, before making the service available online among wider stakeholders, the developers of the S8DS provided a first virtual training in 2020 on the most recent developments of the S8DS user-interface. The sessions included participants from a local Thailand-based public organisation, Highland Research and Development Institute (HRDI), researchers at the Asian Institute of Technology (AIT), and RRC.AP staff. The training kicked off for three days focusing on the theory of pseudo-global warming downscaling; the S8DS user-interface; and operation and maintenance of S8DS user-interface.
The S8DS system will be further piloted in 2021 with stakeholders from Thailand. The findings from the demonstration of the pilot model will be fed into improving the user-experience to be made more widely available.


India's first unmanned moon vehicle launched from Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota on Wednesday mounted on PSLV.ISRO Chairman G Madhavan Nair declared the launch successful and the news brings the smiles on the faces of all Indians. Now India is the the sixth nation after the US, Russia, European Space Agency, China and Japan, to send a mission to the moon.
Chandrayaan will take around 5 days to get to the moon. Its mission is high-resolution remote sensing of the Lunar surface in visible, near Infrared, low energy X-rays and high-energy X-ray regions and prepare a three-dimensional atlas (with a high spatial and altitude resolution of 5-10m) of both near and far side of the moon.
It will also conduct chemical and mineralogical mapping of the entire lunar surface for distribution of elements such as Magnesium, Aluminum, Silicon, Calcium, Iron and Titanium with a spatial resolution of about 20 km and high atomic number elements such as Radon, Uranium & Thorium with a spatial resolution of about 40 km.


Wireless headphones are ideal for listening to your tracks on the move. You can enjoy your favorite music or podcasts without a cable getting in the way – perfect for a high-quality listening experience during your workout. Find out more about Sennheiser’s range of state-of-the-art wireless headphones – and discover your new favorite way to listen.
With no cable coming between you and your favorite tracks, Sennheiser’s top-notch wireless headphones will be sure to satisfy everyone, even the most demanding audio connoisseurs. While lossless digital RF-transmission is perfect for high-end home stereo use, Bluetooth®-equipped models work great with mobile devices. Reliable and easy to handle, Sennheiser’s wireless headphones really unleash the joy of sound.
Sennheiser offers a wide range of wireless models, catering to different needs--from IR-stereo TV listening systems, to audiophile digital home systems, to luxurious Bluetooth® travel headsets.
Wireless headphones, as the name implies, means no cable connection is needed between the headphones and the device to enable sound to travel between them. Some wireless headphones consist of two earphones linked together with a cable that fits around your head, and others – known as “true wireless” headphones – are individual earbuds that receive independent signals from your device. “Wireless” – it’s a wider category than it sounds!
The following types of wireless headphones can be found at Sennheiser:
Wireless headphones are convenient for many reasons:
That’s not all – some other great features of Sennheiser’s wireless headphones are:
A little history for you: the earliest versions of wireless headphones worked by feeding an amplified AF signal into an induction loop that went around the ear. The wireless headphones contained a coil that received the audio signal through the magnetic field of the induction loop. This technology is so sophisticated that it is still used in medical hearing aids today.
Curious about how wireless headphones work today? Here’s a breakdown of the science behind them.
Digital wireless headphones function via a digital signal, transmitted via wireless technology such as Bluetooth. The headphones then convert the digital signal into an analog signal, for the clearest possible sound.
Tip: Make sure both the audio source and your Bluetooth headphones are both using the same version of Bluetooth – the latest is Bluetooth 5.
In true wireless headphones, a signal is sent via Bluetooth to both the left and right earbud simultaneously. The separate, synced up transmissions means you can get top quality stereo sound, totally wire-free.
Always state-of-the-art, Sennheiser headphones incorporate the latest tech to ensure that our products are the best on the market.
Whichever type of Sennheiser wireless headphones you choose, you can be sure they will be expertly made with top quality sound. What makes Sennheiser headphones so exceptional? Here are some of the unique features that set them apart from any other headphones on the market.
Transparent hearing: Using this feature, it is possible to hear ambient noise and participate in conversations even while listening to headphones.


Space freighter on NASA TV.Posted: March 31, 2008
Normally I don’t have links to news articles however the BBC actually has decent science reporters and here’s a good article on the Automated Transfer Vehicle used to transfer gear to the International Space Station. The test maneuvers tonight will probably make good viewing on NASA TV.
March 31, Monday
10 a.m. – 12:45 p.m. – Coverage of the “Jules Verne” Automated Transfer Vehicle’s Second Demonstration Test Approach to the International Space Station (Closest Approach to 36 feet scheduled at approximately 12:30 p.m.) – JSC (Public and Media Channels)
All times are Eastern U.S. time.


PhD student @ University of Amsterdam
I am a PhD candidate at University of Amsterdam, supervised by Prof. dr. Theo Gevers. Also, I am so fortunate to have the opportunity of discussing research problems with Dr. Fatemeh Karimi Nejadasl and Deyvid Kochanov from TOMTOM. Before that, I obtained my Master's degree under the supervision of Prof. dr. Zhi Liu.
I focus on point cloud and semantic segmentation. I also have a background in other computer vision fields, including visual attention modeling, saliency prediction and object segmentation.
- [04/2021] I join in the ATLAS Lab and settle in Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
- [02/2021] One paper got accepted to Signal processing: Image communication.
- [10/2020] I am granted the National Scholarship.
- [06/2020] One paper got accepted to Neurocomputing.
- [07/2019] Won the winner award of Saliency4ASD (Grand Challenge of ICME 2019)
 R. Shi, G. Li, W. Wei, Z. Liu, "Fixations based personal target objects segmentation," *ACM Internation conference on Multimedia in Asia,", Mar. 2021.
 R. Shi, G. Li, W. Wei, X. Zhou, Z. Liu, "Personalized image observation behavior learning in fixation based personalized salient object segmentation," Neurocomputing, vol. 445, pp. 255-266, Jul. 2021.
 Z. Wang, Z. Liu, W. Wei, H. Duan, "SalED: Saliency Prediction via Encoder-Decoder Neural Networks," Image and Vision Computing, vol. 109, pp. 104149, May, 2021.
 W. Wei, Z. Liu, L. Huang, Z. Wang, W. Chen, T. Zhang, J. Wang, and L. Xu, "Identify autism spectrum disorder via dynamic filter and deep spatiotemporal feature extraction," Signal Processing: Image Communication, vol. 94, pp. 116195, May. 2021.
 G. Li, Z. Liu, R. Shi, Z. Hu, W. Wei, and H. Ling, "Personal fixations-based object segmentation with object localization and boundary preservation," IEEE Transaction on Image Processing, vol. 30, pp. 1461-1475, Dec. 2020.
 L. Huang, W. Wei, Z. Liu, T. Zhang, J. Wang, L. Xu, W. Chen, and O. Le Meur, "Effective schizophrenia recognition using discriminative eye movement features and model-metric based features," Pattern Recognition Letters, vol. 138, pp. 608-616, Oct. 2020.
 W. Wei, Z. Liu, L. Huang, A. Nebout, O. Le Meur, T. Zhang, J. Wang, and L. Xu, "Predicting atypical visual saliency for autism spectrum disorder via scale-adaptive inception module and discriminative region enhancement loss," Neurocomputing, Sep. 2020. [Preprint]
 G. Li, Z. Liu, R. Shi, and W. Wei, "Constrained fixation point based segmentation via deep neural network," Neurocomputing, vol. 368, pp. 180-187, Nov. 2019.
 W. Wei, Z. Liu, L. Huang, A. Nebout, and O. Le Meur, "Saliency prediction via multi-level features and deep supervision for children with autism spectrum disorder," presented at IEEE Int. Conf. on Multimedia & Expo Workshops (ICMEW), Jul. 2019. [Poster].
 A. Nebout, W. Wei, Z. Liu, L. Huang, and O. Le Meur, "Predicting saliency maps for ASD People," presented at IEEE Int. Conf. on Multimedia & Expo Workshops (ICMEW), Jul. 2019. [Poster].
Education & Experiences
PhD student in Computer Science.
Apr. 2021 - present. University of Amsterdam
M. Eng. in Signals and Information Processing.
Sep. 2018 - Mar. 2021. Shanghai University
B. Eng. in Communication Engineering.
Sep. 2014 - Jul. 2018. Shanghai University
Awards & Honors
- [10/2020] National Scholarship. SHU
- [10/2020] Tier 1 Scholarship. SHU.
- [10/2019] Tier 1 Scholarship. SHU.
- [10/2018] Tier 1 Scholarship. SHU.
- [07/2018] Outstanding Graduate. SHU
- [07/2019] Champion of the ICME2019 Grand Challenge -- Saliency4ASD Track 1
- [12/2018] Our team (Guangjin Pan, Chuxuan Cheng and Weijie Wei) won the second prize of China Post-Graduate Mathematical Contest in Modeling
- [11/2016] Our team (Jinxue Liu, Zhiming Yi and Weijie Wei) won the first prize of the National Undergraduate Electronic Design Contest (Shanghai division)


In a press release posted today, Apple surprised everyone with battery life details for the iPhone which is slated to ship on June 29th. Originally Apple boasted that the iPhone would feature 5 hours of talk time back in January when it was first introduced. That was a great number to start with considering how poor the battery life typically is with Smartphones, however, they have confirmed that the iPhone will in fact be capable of an impressive 8 hours of talk time.
Additional Battery Life Details:
- 6 hours of Internet use
- 7 hours video playback
- 24 hours audio playback
- 10 days of standby
To put this into perspective, Apple included talk time data for some of their competitors. The iPhone beat out the closest competitor, the Samsung Blackjack, by two and a half hours. With phones like the Nokia N95, the Blackberry Curve 8300, and the Palm Treo 750, the iPhone beat their talk time by 4 hours!
Clearly they changed something with the battery to boost the numbers like they did, but Apple hasn’t mentioned whether they started using an entirely new battery, or if better management contributed. The graph below details the changes in battery-life since January:
Another upgrade that they mentioned in the press release deals with the surface of the phone. Steve Jobs says: “We’ve also upgraded iPhone’s entire top surface from plastic to optical-quality glass for superior scratch resistance and clarity.” All of their other competitors that were mentioned use plastic.
Come June 29th, the iPhone will be available at Apple retail stores, online stores, and at certain AT&T stores. Oh, and probably eBay too.


What is its relevance? The interaction of drugs with cells, biocompatibility of surgical implants, sensors for clinical diagnostics, and allergic reactions are just a few of the areas in which molecular recognition, especially at liquid/solid and air/solid interfaces, lies at the core. Recent experimental and theoretical advances have enabled a coherent bridge between the macroscopic, mesoscopic and microscopic (molecular) phenomena to be built for the first time. The Centre is dedicated to applying this knowledge to practical problems.
Who should be interested? The Centre exists to promote scientific exchange between academic institutes and the regional, national and international community of medical and environmental experts. A wide range of theoretical and experimental expertise is available to facilitate joint research at the interfaces between biology, chemistry, physics and their applications, an interdisciplinary approach which is especially attractive to industry.
Why a partnership relation? The major challenges of high technology solutions to medical and environmental problems can best be met by a concerted, convergent approach of scientists and engineers from different backgrounds and disciplines. The Centre provides an attractive, flexible framework sustaining applied and fundamental work.
How can my organization join? Prospective partners should contact the Director, CMR, with whom a framework for the first year will be established (e-mail: email@example.com).


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Who are we?
Track record of Jan Verspecht
"Jan Verspecht b.v.b.a." is a high-tech company located near Brussels, Belgium. The company was established in January 2003 by Jan Verspecht, who has more than 19 years of experience in the RF and microwave instrumentation industry. The company specializes in consulting and intellectual property development related to the measurement and modeling of nonlinear microwave components and systems. Example applications and topics are: X-parameters, poly-harmonic distortion (PHD) model, nonlinear distortion, fundamental and harmonic loadpull, "Hot-S22", "Large-Signal Network Analysis", spectral regrowth, black-box frequency domain modeling, harmonic phase calibration, current and voltage waveform measurements, high-speed digital signal integrity, broadband oscilloscope calibration, ...
Jan Verspecht graduated from the "Vrije Universiteit Brussel" (VUB) in 1990 and he joined the Hewlett-Packard Co (HP) the same year. He started working as a research engineer for the "Network Measurement and Description Group", at that time part of HP's Network Measurement Division. During the first 5 years Jan was sponsored by the "HP Fellowship Program" which allowed him to combine his job with working towards a Ph.D. degree. He received the doctoral degree from the "Vrije Universiteit Brussel" in November 1995. As a Ph.D. student Jan developed calibration procedures for a measurement system to characterize nonlinear microwave devices. The most significant contributions of this period were the advancement of the "nose-to-nose" calibration procedure for broadband sampling oscilloscopes and its use as a harmonic phase standard for voltage/current waveform measurements. During the same period, Jan contributed to the RF hardware and system level software of the first 4-channel prove-of-concept prototype of the "nonlinear network measurement system" (NNMS).
From September 1991 until October 1992 Jan interrupted his job at HP in order to fulfill his compulsory military service. As an officer of the reserves he worked for the microwave lab of the Belgian army. His main responsibility was the development and characterization of anti-radar stealth technology.
After receiving his Ph.D. degree Jan continued to work on maturing the prototype NNMS system. At the same time he started investigating how the NNMS system could be used for extracting measurement based black-box frequency domain models for systems and components. Being confronted with the limitations of the Volterra theory to describe so-called "hard nonlinear" behavior he invented a multi-frequency "Describing Function" concept. Unlike the Volterra theory, which can be considered as a special case of the "Describing Function", the new mathematical framework allows to describe very hard nonlinear behavior as encountered in e.g. comparators, harmonic mixers, samplers and other hard clipping devices.
Confronted with the need for smart experiment design in order to extract "Describing Function" models, Jan started experimenting with the combination of loadpull technology and the NNMS. The result was a cooperation with researchers from the French IRCOM institute where it was shown how efficient power amplifiers could be designed by "waveform engineering". This technique implies the tuning of fundamental and harmonic impedances while monitoring the voltage and current waveforms at the terminals of a power transistor.
In 1995 Jan added modulated measurement capability to the NNMS. This made it possible to perform unique voltage/current waveform measurements under modulated large-signal operating conditions.
In 1999 Jan started working for Agilent Technologies, the HP spin-out company. Jan was promoted to the position of "Technical Lead" for the "Measurement Center of Technology", an internal consulting organisation. While working on further developing the NNMS (by that time called "Large-Signal Network Analyzer" or LSNA), he also assisted early customers with using the NNMS system for their specific applications. This work resulted in 5 patent applications.
Early 2003 Jan founded the company "Jan Verspecht b.v.b.a." and started working as an independent consultant.
Working as an independent consultant for Agilent Technologies Jan has since that time developed the X-parameters, which are based on the "poly-harmonic distortion" (PHD) model. This is a black-box frequency domain model that can be derived from simulations as well as from measurements. The X-parameters are fully compatible with the Agilent Advanced Design System (ADS) simulator.
Together with the XLIM institute in France (formerly IRCOM) Jan has developed advanced time domain loadpull techniques for characterizing microwave power transistors.
In 2007 Dr. Jan Verspecht was elevated by the IEEE Board of Directors to the grade of IEEE Fellow.
In 2008 Jan co-founded the company Verspecht-Teyssier-DeGroote SAS (www.vtd-rf.com). This company, in short named VTD, is a spin-off from the XLIM research institute and is based in Brives-la-Gaillarde, France. VTD builds and sells the SWAP-X402 and wave probes. The SWAP-X402 is a broadband receiver that, in combination with wave probes, provides an affordable way to add time domain loadpull capability to virtually every loadpull setup.
In 2009 Jan won the IMS 2009 Best Oral Paper Presentation Award for Wednessday, June 10th, 2009 with the paper "Extension of X-parameters to Include Long-Term Dynamic Memory Effects".
Large-Signal Network Analyzer Technology
Automatic RF Techniques Group (ARFTG)


Humanity is very close to achieving a nearly endless and clean energy source. It is called nuclear fusion. It is different than the nuclear fission reaction that is used in today’s nuclear reactors. Nuclear fission is based on splitting large atoms such as uranium or plutonium, and even though it releases a great amount of energy, it also generates radioactive waste.
But nuclear fusion is the way stars generate their energies, and it is based on fusing light atoms such as hydrogen to generate larger ones such as helium. This generates a huge amount of energy, and no radioactive waste.
The energy generated by this process is a lot more than the fission energy, but the problem is that you need to basically generate a small star in your reactor. This reaction requires extremely large amounts of pressure, which is also equivalent to extremely high temperatures. You need to generate millions of degrees celsius, and there is no known material in the universe that can contain such a reactor. It would melt its own container long before you even approach these temperatures.
Nuclear fusion reaction is achieved in the hydrogen bomb, which releases a lot more energy than the typical atomic bombs. But the reason it was possible there was because we didn’t need to contain this reaction in a controllable manner to harness its energy and put it to good use. The purpose was to generate an extremely large destructive power, and the hydrogen bomb was able to achieve that.
Luckily, there are ways to achieve these large temperatures in the lab environment without having to use any material. The trick is to use magnetic fields to hold ionized hydrogen plasma together, without having to touch any container walls. Many experimental reactors have been built by nations with advanced scientific capabilities in many locations over the years, and the work to achieve controllable fusion has been going on for a long time.
But there was significant progress in this area in the last few decades, and especially in the last decade. We have been hearing good news after good news from fusion researchers lately.
The latest one was actually released today from Germany, which prompted me to write this article.
The experimental fusion reactor in Germany finally achieved the desired temperatures in a controlled environment long enough for fusion to occur. This is a breakthrough, and even though the actual fusion reaction hasn’t been achieved yet, this is a great accomplishment that promises a successful fusion reaction in a controlled environment in the near future.
The beauty of this type of nuclear reactor is that its fuel is hydrogen, which can be obtained from water. And it generates enormous amounts of energy with no radioactive waste. And the other good news is that, thanks to the amount of water we have in the oceans, this technology promises to fulfill the energy needs of humanity for thousands of years.
It sounds too good to be true, but that is the beauty of it. Building and maintaining these experimental fusion reactors cost billions of dollars every year, but in the end, it is worth it.
We may be looking at a future with no fossil fuels, no radioactive waste, and clean and unlimited energy.
But initially, these reactors will be so large and expensive that they will only be used to provide electricity for cities and towns. The next challenge at that point will be trying to create smaller versions of these reactors that can power your cars, etc. Whether this is possible or not, this is still a very exciting development.


The Internet of Things, like blockchain and artificial intelligence, is a field that is increasingly catching on in the public domain. The potential for these technologies to improve our lives has stirred an excitement that is palpable.
IoT is an internet fed and sustained by devices – smartphones, smartwatches, sensors in cars, refrigerators and even clothes – which sense data, communicate it to other devices and applications, and in turn process that data to deliver better services and experiences.
In the business field, IoT could have a tremendous impact. One such industry that could benefit is supply chain management, which is growing in value every year. Supply chain management is fraught with problems,and brands, logistics personnel and companies along the chain are all desperately looking for solutions to the problems they currently experience.
Blockchain is a potential savior that could make the use of IoT more effective in supply chain management, and projects like DiscoveryIoT aim to lead the charge.
DiscoveryIoT Aims to Rectify Common Product Tracking Issues
The DiscoveryIoT project is on a quest to plug the holes in the IoT infrastructure. It’s no small task, because it requires an effort to overhaul IoT infrastructure from top to bottom. It includes solving the issues associated with large-scale use of IoT, but with a particular focus on bringing artificial intelligence and modern computing methods to the platform.
Described as an “AI Blockchain 4.0 IoT Network,” DiscoveryIoT’s platform wants to bring the first truly decentralized IoT infrastructure solution. The founder of DiscoveryIoT, Selvam VMS, spent years researching cell biology and genetics, and has considered how information transmission in cells could work in an IoT system. This biomimicry is the salience of DiscoveryIoT’s platform, which manifests itself in the use of AI and edge computing.
Different projects approach IoT use cases differently, and in particular DiscoveryIoT wants to tackle the problems that brands face in tracking their products and managing their stock.
Some common issues include the following:
- Tracking across the supply chain is ineffective at best
- Stock and sales data is inconsistent, which further leads to impractical stock levels
- Data on consumer demands could be leveraged better
The common theme in these issues is the lack of data for making more effective and efficient decisions in managing products and stocks.
Brands have trouble understanding stock and sales data, which pushes them into taking a one-size fits all approach for their trade marketing spends. This suboptimal approach results in over-spending in some markets and under-spending in anothers.
The direct consequence of this is that some retail outlets are overstocked and others understocked. The enormous sums of money that brands spend on trying to attract customers to retail outlets is often wasted, because they lack the real-time data which could help them supply different outlets in the right proportions, avoiding understocked shelves.
It isn’t just the stock levels that real-time data could help with. Real-time data could also lead to a better understanding of what the consumer wants, which is the primary indicator for brands to more effectively design, launch and tailor products for their target market. For example, if a brand is aware of when a consumer runs out of shampoo, stock levels and general remarketing goals become significantly easier.
Lastly, all of these benefits come together to eliminate product obsolescence, by eliminating the problem of overstocking and understanding when a consumer needs new products.
How Will DiscoveryIoT Build an Infrastructure for IoT?
The DiscoveryIoT solution consists of three layers working together to solve these supply chain issues:
- Cliot: A hardware IoT tag that can be tacked onto various products and costing as low as $0.10.
- User Community: Community members can install a mobile app on their phones which powers the network.
- AI and Data Analytics Layer: An analytics layer that turns the flood of information produced by the infrastructure into actionable information for the brands.
The Cliot tag is perhaps the most interesting aspect of their solution. Working on the backscatter technology, the tag charges independently and doesn’t require power. The low cost of $0.10 makes it possible to manufacture large numbers of these tags even for products like shampoos and cereals, allowing broad application.
The user community also has a large role to play. According to the DiscoveryIoT team, community members act as data collection nodes, with the project effectively harvesting data in a distributed manner. When a user enters within a 30-meter vicinity of a Cliot, the two devices enter into a smart contract and the blockchain records the presence of the Cliot. Without the users, the system would not work.
While no specifics have been mentioned, the team plans to employ AI techniques to help brands deal with important marketing and sales questions, like predicting when a store might run out of stock of a particular product.
The inclusion of AI in the DiscoveryIoT platform means that it gets smarter the more data and information it has; over time, this will improve the quality of insights and predictions regarding sales and stock levels. Ultimately, this could help brands increase sales and save costs.
Brands can enjoy following benefits when using the DiscoveryIoT solution:
- Low Cost Tracking: The tracking cost per product is expected to be as low as $0.04 per month, which makes this solution ideal for rapid and mass adoption of a range of products.
- Real-time Visibility: Real-time access to stock and sales data will be available. This allows business decisions to be made in real-time, without the time latency involved in traditional market research environments.
- No Retailer Involvement: DiscoveryIoT will not rely on retailers for support concerning data, which has always been a challenge and also very costly to obtain.
- Custom Reports: The data analytics layer of the infrastructure supports custom report building, which can be built to suit the unique requirements of each brand.
- Artificial Intelligence: The incorporation of AI will provide predictive and actionable information for brands. Based on historical and other related information available, the DiscoveryIoT interface guides brands to make decisions in order to avoid stock-outs, stock obsolescence and so on.
Community members also benefit, in these ways:
- Instant Rewards: All financial rewards for the lending of cellular data are transferred daily without any delays.
- Passive Income: If they keep the DiscoveryIoT mobile application running on their smartphones, it automatically pairs with Cliots and earns them money passively.
- Privacy and Security Guaranteed: Data collected is de-granularized and individually identifiable information is not shared with any other participants.
- Configurable Settings: Users can configure their individual preferences into the application. For instance, they will be able to set data usage limits, geographical limitations and other such details.
The IoT industry undoubtedly needs a lot of work to gain traction in the world. The infrastructure is just not there yet, though it is gaining steady progress.
The arrival of a project like DiscoveryIoT signals a broader appreciation for the kind of work needed to bring an internet for devices into the world. The project’s focus on AI and clever node schemes brings some out-of-the-box solutions to infrastructure development. DiscoveryIoT has a practical application in the supply chain industry, and could solve the issues association with product tracking and managing stock levels.
It will be interesting to see how it plays out, for there is a long way to go before any of this hits the field, and IoT solutions are certainly something that must be verified practically.


OEM components for low volume dispensing applications
All BioFluidix dispensing components are available for OEM integration to set up customized production lines for high throughput production. Our system AddOns implement improved performance and long term stability for production purposes.
Single channel dispensers
SiJet | PipeJet® | ValveJet
Our dispensing technologies for the picoliter, nanoliter as well as the microliter range are available as single channel components. The components can be integrated in any existing or new device. In combination with our control unit, the dispensing channels implement a reliable, robust and very precise dispensing application.
We support you to integrate our components into your specific production lines or automation units to implement your needs.
All our components - dispensers [pl | nl | µl] and control units, SmatDrop calibration systems, SmartReservoirs, etc. - can be integrated into any kind of production lines. We develop specific gantry solutions, small space automation units or specifically aligned printheads, with respect to your specifications. If your process requires customized integration - please get in touch!
Control ElectroniX 200
The heart for every dispensing platform supports all dispensing technologies to address a dynamic volume range from picoliters to microliters.
BioFluidix developed a control unit for all requirements. Combine any dispensing technology available in our product portfolio and achieve a precise dispensing from picoliter, nanoliter to microliter droplet volumes. The control unit handles up to 12 channels and allows for a seamless integration into a production line, supports serial communication and Dynamik Link Library (DLL).
Longterm stability for high throughput application
The PipeJet technology is a non-pressurized, passive dispensing system in general - which is based on capillary refill. Standard applications are limited in their reservoir volume, to cope with the given requirement. However, high throughput applications required an increased media storage, such as large reservoirs. The SmartReservoir allows for the combination of hich reservoir volumes and improved stability by compensating any pressure variation in the fluidic channel!


Insightful research related to cybersecurity practices and tools.
A 5G Security Overview
The emergence of the fifth generation of cellular technology will revolutionize the world and facilitate unprecedented use of internet-connected devices.
VotingWorks Security Compass ARLO Audit
The CISO's Guide to DevSecOps
Learn how to align your organization with DevSecOps principles.
Managing Application Security
Investigate our managing application security research results to learn about how security is addressed in modern organizations.
Gap Analysis of Code Scanners
Learn about the gaps left behind by code scanners as well as proposed solutions to this problem.
Cybersecurity Challenges in the Automotive Industry


- "I have never seen people nitpick such a good film to death."
- ―Kevin Grazier on unfair criticism of Gravity.
Dr. Kevin R. Grazier is an astrophysicist and primary scientific advisor for Gravity.
Grazier earned B.S. degrees in Computer Science and Geology from Purdue University, and a B.S. in Physics from Oakland University, as well as M.S. degrees in physics from Purdue and Geophysics and Space Physics from UCLA. He did his Ph.D. in Planetary Physics at UCLA, and his dissertation title was "The Stability of Planetesimal Niches in the Outer Solar System: A Numerical Investigation". He currently works at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) on the Cassini/Huygens Mission to Saturn. In addition to that he is teaching classes in astronomy, planetary science and cosmology at UCLA and Santa Monica College, and is a planetarium lecturer at LA's Griffith Observatory.


- 1. Department of Geodesy and Geoinformation, TU Wien, Wiedner Hauptstraße 8, 1040 Vienna, Austria
- 2. Zentralanstalt für Meteorologie und Geodynamik (ZAMG), Hohe Warte 38, 1190 Vienna, Austria
- 3. Environmental Remote Sensing Group, Institute of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtzstraße 10, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- 4. VanderSat, Wilhelminastraat 43A, 2011 VK Haarlem, the Netherlands
- 5. College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QE, UK
Gross Primary Productivity (GPP) describes the amount of carbohydrates that is produced by vegetation's synthesis of CO2 and is therefore crucial in the assessment of the global carbon cycle. VODCA2GPP represents the first microwave remote sensing derived GPP dataset and covers the period between 1988-2020. The data is sampled on a regular 0.25°x 0.25° grid and is based on the novel sink-driven GPP estimation approach introduced by Teubner et al. (2019) and Teubner et al. (2021). It utilizes the new merged-frequency Vegetation Optical Depth Climate Archive (VODCA CXKu; Zotta et al., in preparation) in combination with ERA5-Land air temperature data to produce a coherent long-term data record of global GPP.
The dataset also includes an uncertainty metric (var_name: 'Uncertainties') which indicates regions where VODCA2GPP estimates tend to be less robust. We advise users to take these uncertainties into account when analyzing the VODCA2GPP data.
For more details concerning the production of VODCA2GPP and its accuracy assessment please be referred to our dataset paper which is currently in open discussion for Earth System Science Data (https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2021-209).


Ronald L. Dougherty's Research
(Ph.D., Missouri University of Science & Technology)
Office: 3118 Learned Hall
Current and Recent Research
Radiative Transfer including Polarization Effects
From recent theoretical and experimental studies, it appears possible to “probe” fluid/particle suspensions with polarized light in order to characterize the particles in suspension. There are significant differences in the signals exiting the suspension, depending upon the type of polarized light used. In particular, the behavior of linearly polarized [laser] light as opposed to that of circularly polarized [laser] light is extremely interesting, and is the current area of interest in this research.
Dynamic Light Scattering
Laser light scattering from very "thin" fluid/particle suspensions can be used to determine the size of the particles suspended in the fluid and the viscosity of the fluid. Research is underway to extend this capability from "thin" suspensions to very dense suspensions - wherein the particles may occupy 2% - 10% of the total suspension volume. Both theoretical and experimental aspects of the problem are being addressed from two points-of-view: directly “handling” the multiple scattering in dense suspensions, and suppressing the multiple scattering to sift out the single scattering signals. In addition, both stagnant and flowing fluid/particle suspensions are being studied.
Two-Phase Heat Transfer in Oil and Gas Pipelines
This project involves the examination of open literature heat transfer coefficient correlations; the determination of important parameters affecting the heat transfer coefficient; and the improvement of those correlations. Project application is to the flow of multi-component multiphase fluid flow in pipes with orientations ranging from horizontal to vertical, considering laminar and turbulent flow regimes, and considering the various flow patterns that may arise in such flow situations.
Laser Doppler Velocimetry Applied to Filtration
This project is concerned with the use of an LDV system to determine the local characteristics of automotive filters. The LDV system allows for the non-intrusive study of particle laden air flow fields, and the very small size of the LDV probe volume makes it possible to obtain local data upstream and downstream of a filter, yielding local filtration efficiency results. These results have been compared to the theoretical predictions of other researchers in automotive air filtration.
Radiative Transfer including Reflection/Refraction Effects
When electromagnetic energy passes from one material to another (eg. air to water), the light waves are reflected and refracted. Depending upon the relative refractive index, the angle of incidence, material absorption and scattering characteristics, and material thickness, the change in the light wave intensity leaving the material can be significant. This work is directed toward computing those effects, comparing to measurements, and applying the results to a variety of semi-transparent material interfaces, such as those for air-water interfaces in solar ponds and larger bodies of water.
Radiative Transfer within Layered Materials
This research is studying, experimentally and analytically, the effects of layering fluids or layering particles suspended within those fluids upon a laser beam propagating through and reflected within the layers. The purpose is to explore various combinations of fluids and particles which could effectively trap the radiation within the material, increasing absorption. Application is directed toward better understanding of solar ponds and improvement of their efficiency.


At Green Bean Battery, we are passionate about innovation in battery technology, constantly developing new approaches to testing, reconditioning, and remanufacturing. We understand that the hybrid battery in your vehicle represents a significant investment from when you first purchased the vehicle. That’s why we have developed proprietary reconditioning and testing procedures that have proven these batteries can last for many years with proper care and maintenance. As a result, if you’re facing hybrid battery issues, you don’t have to settle for purchasing a replacement battery from a dealership.
Even if your vehicle is still worth the investment to keep it running, a brand-new replacement battery can be costly. That’s why Green Bean Battery offers an affordable alternative. Our batteries are in like-new condition, have equal performance to a dealer replacement, and come with a much longer warranty and considerably lower price.
We take pride in every battery we manufacture, and our mission is to produce quality hybrid battery packs for our customers. You deserve the best, and that’s what we aim to provide.


The CHR restaurant of Yunnan Railway Bureau took the lead to adopt wireless print server and portable
Wireless order printing system was used in the restaurant of MU trains. Order tool is tablet computer.
In the kitchen, they chose our portable printer (RG-MPT-II) and wireless print server (RG-WP100).
The customers can directly order the dishes from the tablet computer and the order will be sent to the
kitchen through wireless network and then be printed out.
Wireless print server adopts the international WIFI standard IEEE802 network data transmission
protocol and a data loss preventing protocol is added on the application layer, which realizes the real
order anti-lost. Because of the compact and portable appearance of the printer and printer server, a lot
of space is saved for the kitchen and looks nice. This is the first case of using wireless order printing
system in our railway system. The related officer of Ministry of Railways thought the wireless order
printing system has a good performance, and will promote this among all the restaurants in MU trains
and high-speed railways, which will make China Railways’ restaurant application a better improvement.


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Micanite Etched Foil Heater 100mm x 100mm
The Mica heaters are an etched foil element, sandwiched between layers of mica.
Mica material creates a fairly rigid heater, but is also able to handle extreme temperatures.
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Data Center Monitoring & Control
Data Center monitoring and control is a critical element of maintaining maximum availability for your critical operations. ARPCO emphasizes utilizing IP and Web technologies to oversee and control critical support systems from just about anywhere.
ARPCO’s criteria for both support infrastructure systems monitoring and information technology infrastructure monitoring is the same. We believe it vital that monitoring and control systems be cost effective, quickly deployed and implemented, easy to use, utilize intuitive alarming and escalation methodologies and provide robust reporting all from a central, secure, location.
Data Center Implementation Services constitute the pre-installation, installation, testing, and turnover of IT infrastructure within a data center, computer room, server room, or network operations center (NOC) facility.


In any real-life project, getting the code written, compiled, and successfully linked is only the first step. The system still needs to be tested, validated, and tuned for best performance and resource consumption. A single-step debugger is frequently not helpful because it stops the system and exactly hinders seeing live interactions within the application. Clogging up high-performance code with
printf statements is usually too intrusive and simply unworkable in most embedded systems, which typically don't have adequate screens to print to. So the questions are: How can you monitor the behavior of a running real-time system without degrading the system itself? How can you discover and document elusive, intermittent bugs that are caused by subtle interactions among concurrent components? How do you design and execute repeatable unit and integration tests of your system? How do you ensure that a system runs reliably for long periods of time and achieves optimal performance?
Techniques based on software tracing can answer many of these questions. Software tracing is a method for obtaining diagnostic information in a live environment without the need to stop the application to get the system feedback. Software tracing always involves some form of a target system instrumentation to log interesting discrete events for subsequent retrieval from the system and analysis.
In a nutshell, software tracing is similar to peppering the code with
printf statements for logging and debugging, except that software tracing is much less intrusive and more selective than the primitive
printf. This quick overview introduces the basic concepts and describes some features you can expect from a commercial-grade software tracing system.
The picture above shows a typical setup for software tracing. The embedded Target system is executing instrumented code, which logs the trace data into a RAM buffer inside the Target. From that buffer the trace data is sent over a data link to a Host computer, which stores, displays, and analyzes the information. This configuration means that a software tracing always requires two components: a Target-resident component for collecting and sending the trace data, and a Host-resident component to receive, decompress, visualize, and analyze the data.
A good tracing solution is minimally intrusive, which means that it can provide visibility into the running code with minimal impact on the target system behavior. Properly implemented and used, it will let you diagnose a live system without interrupting or significantly altering the behavior of the system under investigation.
Of course, it's always possible that the overhead of software tracing, no matter how small, will have some effect on the target system behavior, which is known as the probe effect (a.k.a. the "Heisenberg effect"). To help you determine whether that is occurring, you must be able to configure the instrumentation in and out both at compile-time as well as at run-time.
To minimize the "probe effect", a good trace system performs efficient, selective logging of trace records using as little processing and memory resources of the target as possible. Selective logging means that the tracing system provides user-definable, fine granularity filters so that the target-resident component only collects events of interest—you can filter as many or as few instrumented events as you need. That way you can make the tracing as noninvasive as necessary.
To minimize the RAM usage, the target-resident trace component typically uses a circular trace buffer that is continuously updated, and new data overwrites the old when the buffer "wraps around" due to limited size or transmission rate to the host. This reflects the typically applied last-is-best policy in collecting the trace data. In order to focus on certain periods of time, software trace provides configurable software triggers that can start and stop trace collection before the new data overwrites the old data of interest in the circular buffer.
To further maximize the amount of data collected in the trace buffer, the Target-resident component typically applies some form of data compression to squeeze more trace information into the buffer and to minimize the bandwidth required to uplink the data to the Host.
However, perhaps the most important characteristic of a flexible software tracing system is the separation of trace logging (what is being traced) from the data transmission mechanism (how and when exactly the data is sent to the Host). This separation of concerns allows the transmissions to occur in the least time-critical paths of the code, such as the idle loop. Also, clients should be able to employ any data transmission mechanism available on the Target, meaning both the physical transport layer (e.g., serial port, SPI, USB, Ethernet, etc.) as well as implementation strategy (polling, interrupt, DMA, etc.). The tracing facility should tolerate and be able to detect any RAM buffer overruns due to bursts of tracing data production rate or insufficient transmission rate to the host.
Finally, the tracing facility must allow consolidating data from all parts of the system, including concurrently executing threads and interrupts. This means that the instrumentation facilities must be reentrant (i.e., both thread-safe and interrupt-safe). Also, to be able to correlate all this data, most tracing systems provide precise time-stamping of the trace records.
As mentioned in the introduction, software tracing is especially effective and powerful in combination with the event-driven active object frameworks, such as QP/C or QP/C++. A running application built of active objects is a highly structured affair where all important system interactions funnel through the active object framework and the state-machine engine. This offers a unique opportunity to instrument these relatively small parts of the overall code to gain unprecedented insight into the entire system. For example, the Q-SPY trace data is thorough enough to produce complete sequence diagrams and detailed state machine activity for all state machines in the system. You can selectively monitor all event exchanges, event queues, event pools, and time events because all these elements are controlled by the framework. Additionally, if you use one of the kernels built into QP (the cooperative QV kernel or the preemptive QK kernel), you can obtain all the data available to a traditional RTOS as well, such as context switches and mutex activity.
Q-Spy is a software tracing system that enables a live monitoring of event-driven QP applications with minimal target system resources and without stopping or significantly slowing down the code. The Quantum Spy system consists of the target-resident component, called QS, and the host-resident component running on a host workstation, called QSPY.
The target-resident component of the Q-Spy tracing system is called QS. The QS target component consists of the QS ring buffer, the QS filters, as well as the instrumentation added to QEP, QF, QK/QV, and the application, as shown in figure below. Additionally, starting from QP 5.5.0, the QS target component contains the receive-channel (QS-RX), which can receive data from the QSPY host component.
The main difference between the Q-SPY tracing system and peppering the code with
printf statements is where the data formatting and sending is done. When you use
printfs, the data formatting and sending occur in the time-critical paths through the Target code. In contrast, the QS Target-resident component inserts unformatted binary data into the QS ring buffer, so all the time-consuming formatting is removed from the Target system and is done after the fact in the Host. Additionally, in QS, data logging and sending to the Host are separated so that the target system can typically perform the transmission outside of the time-critical path, for example in the idle processing of the target CPU.
A nice byproduct of removing the data formatting from the Target is a natural data compression. For example, formatted output of a single byte takes two hexadecimal digits(and 3 decimal digits), so avoiding the formatting gives at least a factor of two in data density. On top of this natural compression, QS uses such techniques as data dictionaries, and compressed format information, which in practice result in compression factor of 4-5 compared to the expanded human-readable format.
Most QS trace records produced by the Target are time-stamped with high-resolution. QS provides an efficient API for obtaining platform-specific timestamp information. Given the right timer-counter resource in you Target system, you can provide QS with as precise timestamp information as required. The size of the timestamp is configurable to be 1, 2, or 4 bytes.
Obviously, QS cannot eliminate completely the overhead of software tracing. But with the fine-granularity filters available in QS, you can make this impact as small as necessary. For greatest flexibility, QS uses two complementary levels of filters: Global Filters and Local Filters described below. Combination of such two complementary filtering criteria results in very selective tracing capabilities.
The Global Filters are based on trace record type. This filter allows you to disable or enable each individual trace record type, such as entry to a state, exit from a state, state transition, event posting, event publishing, time event expiration, and over 60 other standard and application-specific event types (see QSpyRecords). This level works globally for all state machines and event publications in the entire system.
The Local Filters are component-specific. You can setup a filter to trace only a specific state machine object, only a specific active object, only a specific time event, etc. The following table summarizes the specific objects you can filter on:
|Example||Applies to QS Records|
One of the greatest strengths of the Q-SPY tracing system is the data transmission protocol. The Q-SPY protocol is very lightweight, but has many the elements of the High Level Data Link Control (HDLC) protocol defined by the International Standards Organization (ISO). The protocol has provisions for detecting transmission errors and allows for instantaneous re-synchronization after any error, such as data dropouts due to RAM buffer overruns.
The Q-SPY protocol has been specifically designed to simplify the data management overhead in the target, yet to allow detection of any data dropouts due to the trace buffer overruns. The protocol has not only provisions for detecting gaps in the data and other errors, but allows for instantaneous re-synchronization after any error to minimize data loss.
The QS protocol transmits each trace record in an HDLC-like frame. The upper part of the figure above shows the serial data stream transmitted from the target containing frames of different lengths. The bottom part of the figure above shows the details of a single frame:
01111110binary string (
0x7Ehexadecimal). Please note that the Q-SPY protocol uses only one HDLC Flag at the end of each frame an no HDLC Flag at the beginning of a frame. In other words, only one Flag is inserted between frames.
The QS target component performs the HDLC-like framing described above at the time the bytes are inserted into the circular trace buffer. This means that the data in the buffer is already cleanly divided into frames and can be transmitted in any chunks, typically not aligned with the frame boundaries.
One of the most important characteristics of HDLC-type protocols is establishing very easily identifiable frames in the serial data stream. Any receiver of such a protocol can instantaneously synchronize to the frame boundary by simply finding the Flag byte. This is because the special Flag byte can never occur within the content of a frame. To avoid confusing unintentional Flag bytes that can naturally occur in the data stream with an intentionally sent Flag, HDLC uses a technique known as transparency (a.k.a. byte-stuffing or escaping) to make the Flag bytes transparent during the transmission. Whenever the transmitter encounters a Flag byte in the data, it inserts a two-byte escape sequence to the output stream. The first byte is the Escape byte, defined as binary
0x7D). The second byte is the original byte XOR-ed with
Of course, now the Escape byte itself must also be transparent to avoid interpreting an unintentional Escape byte as the two-byte escape sequence. The procedure of escaping the Escape byte is identical to that of escaping the Flag byte.
The transparency of the Flag and Escape bytes complicates slightly the computation of the Checksum. The transmitter computes the Checksum over the Fame Sequence Number, the Record ID, and all Data bytes before performing any “byte-stuffing”. The receiver must apply the exact reversed procedure of performing the “byte-un-stuffing” before computing the Checksum.
An example may make this clearer. Suppose that the following trace record needs to be inserted to the trace buffer (the transparent bytes are shown in bold):
Record ID = 0x7D, Record Data = 0x7D 0x08 0x01
Assuming that the current Fame Sequence Number is, say
0x7E, the Checksum will be computed over the following bytes:
Checksum == (uint8_t)(~(0x7E + 0x7D + 0x7D + 0x08 + 0x01)) == 0x7E
and the actual frame inserted into the QS trace buffer will be as follows:
0x7D 0x5E 0x7D 0x5D 0x7D 0x5D 0x08 0x01 0x7D 0x5E 0x7E
Obviously, this is a degenerated example, where the Frame Sequence Number, the Record ID, a Data byte, and the Checksum itself turned out to be the transparent bytes. Typical overhead of transparency with real trace data is one escape sequence per several trace records.
In addition to the HDLC-like framing, the QS transmission protocol specifies the endianness of the data to be little-endian. All multi-byte data elements, such as 16-, 32-, or 64-bit integers, pointers, and floating point numbers are inserted into the QS trace buffer in the little-endian byte order (least-significant byte first). The QS data inserting macros place the data in the trace buffer in a platform-neutral manner, meaning that the data is inserted into the buffer in the little-endian order regardless of the endianness of the CPU. Also, the data-inserting macros copy the data to the buffer one byte at a time, thus avoiding any potential data misalignment problems. Many embedded CPUs, such as ARM, require certain alignment of 16-, 32-, or 64-bit quantities.
The QS Trace Buffers (transmit QS buffer and receive QS-RX buffer) store only complete HDLC frames, which is the pivotal point in the design of the QS target component and has two important consequences.
First, the use of HDLC frames in the buffers enables the last is best tracing policy. The QS transmission protocol maintains both the Frame Sequence Number and the Checksum over each trace record, which means that any data corruption caused by overrunning the old data with the new data can be always reliably detected. Therefore, the new trace data is simply inserted into the circular trace buffers, regardless if it perhaps overwrites the old data that hasn't been sent out yet, or is in the process of being sent. The burden of detection any data corruption is placed on the QSPY host component. When you start missing the frames (which the host component easily detects by discontinuities in the Frame Sequence Number), you have several options. Your can apply some additional filtering, increase the size of the buffer, or improve the data transfer throughput.
Second, the use of HDLC-formatted data in the trace buffers allows decoupling the data insertion into the trace buffers from the data removal out of the trace buffers. You can simply remove the data in whichever chunks you like, without any consideration for frame boundaries. You can employ just about any available physical data link available on the target for transferring the trace data from the target to the host.
Next: QSPY Host Application