In electronic devices, printed circuit boards, or PCBs, are utilized to mechanically support electronic components which have their connection leads soldered onto copper pads in surface install applications or through rilled holes in the board and copper pads for soldering the element leads in thru-hole applications. A board style may have all thru-hole elements on the leading or element side, a mix of thru-hole and surface area mount on the top side only, a mix of thru-hole and surface area mount elements on the top and surface mount parts on the bottom or circuit side, or surface install parts on the leading and bottom sides of the board.
The boards are also used to electrically link the needed leads for each component using conductive copper traces. The component pads and connection traces are engraved from copper sheets laminated onto a non-conductive substrate. Printed circuit boards are designed as single agreed copper pads and traces on one side of the board just, double agreed copper pads and traces on the leading and bottom sides of the board, or multilayer styles with copper pads and traces on top and bottom of board with a variable number of internal copper layers with traces and connections.
Single or double sided boards include a core dielectric product, such as FR-4 epoxy fiberglass, with copper plating on one or both sides. This copper plating is engraved away to form the real copper pads and connection traces on the board surface areas as part of the board production procedure. A multilayer board includes a variety of layers of dielectric product that has been fertilized with adhesives, and these layers are used to separate the layers of copper plating. All of these layers are aligned and after that bonded into a single board structure under heat and pressure. Multilayer boards with 48 or more layers can be produced with today's innovations.
In a normal four layer board style, the internal layers are typically utilized to provide power and ground connections, such as a +5 V aircraft layer and a Ground aircraft layer as the two internal layers, with all other circuit and part connections made on the top and bottom layers of the board. Really complex board styles may have a large number of layers to make the different connections for different voltage levels, ground connections, or for linking the lots of leads on ball grid array gadgets and other big incorporated circuit package formats.
There are generally two kinds of product utilized to construct a multilayer board. Pre-preg product is thin layers of fiberglass pre-impregnated with an adhesive, and remains in sheet form, generally about.002 inches thick. Core product resembles a very thin double sided board in that it has a dielectric material, such as epoxy fiberglass, with a copper layer deposited on each side, typically.030 thickness dielectric product with 1 ounce copper layer on each side. In a multilayer board design, there are 2 approaches utilized to develop the desired variety of layers. The core stack-up technique, which is an older technology, utilizes a center layer of pre-preg product with a layer of core material above and another layer of core product below. This combination of one pre-preg layer and 2 core layers would make a 4 layer board.
The film stack-up method, a newer innovation, would have core material as the center layer followed by layers of pre-preg and copper product developed above and listed below to form the last variety of layers required by the board style, sort of like Dagwood constructing a sandwich. This approach enables the producer flexibility in how the board layer thicknesses are integrated to fulfill the completed item density requirements by differing the number of sheets of pre-preg in each layer. As soon as the material layers are finished, the entire stack undergoes heat and pressure that causes the adhesive in the pre-preg to bond the core and pre-preg layers together into a single entity.
The procedure of making printed circuit boards follows the actions below for most applications.
The process of determining materials, processes, and requirements to satisfy the client's requirements for the board design based upon the Gerber file details supplied with the order.
The procedure of transferring the Gerber file data for a layer onto an etch resist movie that is put on the conductive copper layer.
The standard process of exposing the copper and other locations unprotected by the etch withstand film to a chemical that removes the unguarded copper, leaving the safeguarded copper pads and traces in location; newer procedures utilize plasma/laser etching instead of chemicals to eliminate the copper product, permitting finer line meanings.
The process of lining up the conductive copper and insulating dielectric layers and pressing them under heat to activate the adhesive in the dielectric layers to form a solid board product.
The process of drilling all of the holes for plated through applications; a second drilling process Click here is used for holes that are not to be plated through. Details on hole area and size is contained in the drill drawing file.
The process of applying copper plating to the pads, traces, and drilled through holes that are to be plated through; boards are positioned in an electrically charged bath of copper.
This is required when holes are to be drilled through a copper location but the hole is not to be plated through. Prevent this process if possible due to the fact that it adds cost to the ended up board.
The procedure of applying a protective masking material, a solder mask, over the bare copper traces or over the copper that has actually had a thin layer of solder used; the solder mask secures versus ecological damage, provides insulation, secures versus solder shorts, and protects traces that run between pads.
The procedure of finishing the pad areas with a thin layer of solder to prepare the board for the eventual wave soldering or reflow soldering process that will take place at a later date after the parts have been put.
The process of applying the markings for component designations and part outlines to the board. Might be used to simply the top side or to both sides if elements are installed on both leading and bottom sides.
The procedure of separating numerous boards from a panel of similar boards; this procedure likewise permits cutting notches or slots into the board if required.
A visual assessment of the boards; likewise can be the procedure of inspecting wall quality for plated through holes in multi-layer boards by cross-sectioning or other methods.
The process of checking for connection or shorted connections on the boards by ways applying a voltage in between various points on the board and figuring out if a current flow happens. Depending upon the board intricacy, this process might require a specially developed test fixture and test program to incorporate with the electrical test system used by the board maker.


We’ve known for a while that Greenland’s ice sheet is melting worryingly fast. But a new study from Northwestern University and the University of Copenhagen has found that Greenland’s thousands of peripheral glaciers have entered a new and widespread state of rapid retreat.
In their research, published in Nature on Nov. 9, the team used satellite images and rarely seen historic aerial photographs of Greenland’s coastline to map the thousands of glaciers that aren’t part of the island’s vast central ice sheet. To complete the study, the researchers removed terrain distortion and used geo-referencing techniques to identify the exact locations shown in the photos. The unique data allowed the researchers to document and compare over a thousand glaciers, and the way they’ve changed over the last 130 years.
According to Yarrow Axford, Northwestern’s senior author of the study, some of the historic photographs were taken from open-cockpit airplanes during Greenland’s first mapping missions.
“Those old photos extend the dataset back prior to the satellite era, when widespread observations of the cryosphere are rare,” she said in a press statement. “It’s quite extraordinary that we can now provide long-term records for hundreds of glaciers, finally giving us an opportunity to document Greenland-wide glacier response to climate change over more than a century.”
The multiyear study has concluded that the rate of the glaciers’ retreat has increased twofold since the year 2000, and that rising air and ocean temperatures due to human-induced climate change is the reason for this negative record.
“Our activities over the next couple decades will greatly affect these glaciers,” said Laura Larocca, the study’s first author. “Every bit of temperature increase really matters.”


Dr. Gregory Welch
Gregory Welch is a Pegasus Professor, the AdventHealth Endowed Chair in Healthcare Simulation, and co-director of the Synthetic Reality Lab at the UCF Institute for Simulation & Training. A computer scientist and engineer, he also has appointments in the College of Engineering and Computer Science and in the Institute for Simulation & Training and is a member of UCF’s Learning Sciences Faculty Research Cluster. Welch’s research interests include human-computer interaction, human motion tracking, virtual and augmented reality, computer graphics and vision, and training-related applications. He has co-authored more than 140 publications in these areas, and his work has resulted in 18 patents to-date, including 10 at UCF. The simulation and modeling expert has received several awards for his contributions to the field, and has shared his expertise in numerous workshops and seminars and on numerous international program committees. Prior to joining UCF, Welch was a research professor at the University of North Carolina. He also worked at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory and at Northrop-Grumman’s Defense Systems Division.
September 29 Thursday


PID Tuner - Closed - Loop Axis Tuning
A PID controller (Proportional Integral Derivative controller) is a generic control loop feedback system that is widely used in industrial control systems. The PID loop calculates the difference between the target (intended) position and the actual (feedback) position. Using this data, the control system attempts to mitigate the difference by modifying the output.
· Provides real-time visibility into velocity or position feedback loops using advanced graphing software.
· Significantly reduces the expensive trial and error approach.
· Provides the ability to update weld head configuration files with one-touch.
· Compatible with any weld head that incorporates a feedback signal (potentiometer or encoder).
· The PID Tuner can be installed on any desktop or laptop PC and connected to an orbital power supply using a standard CAT 5 crossover cable.


Top Benefits of Digital Security Surveillance Systems
A few decades ago, businesses had to make do with grainy surveillance videos operating on analog technology. At the moment, analogue CCTV was a breakthrough in security surveillance. However, times have changed, and technology is not what it used to be. Today, digital security cameras are the go-to surveillance systems for business premises. This article highlights the benefits of digital security surveillance systems. Remote Monitoring It is one thing to have security personnel present on your business premise to monitor video surveillance screens and another to afford the necessary resources for such deployment.


MesaPy is a memory-safe Python implementation based on PyPy. In addition to PyPy's distinct features -- speed, memory usage, compatibility and stackless, MesaPy mainly focuses on improving its security and memory safety. On top of the enhancements, we also bring MesaPy into Intel SGX to write memory-safe applications running in the trusted execution environment.
We achieve the memory-safety promise through various methods: hardening RPython's type system (RPython is the language for writing PyPy), modifying PyPy/RPython's libraries, and verifying the RPython's libraries as well as its interpreter/JIT backend. Overall, there are four most notable security features of MesaPy:
Memory safety: To provide a memory-safe runtime, MesaPy replaces external libraries written in C, which could introduce memory issues, with Rust, a memory-safe programming language. This guarantees the memory safety across all libraries including those written in Python, but also external libraries.
Security hardening: PyPy is implemented with RPython, a statically-typed language with translation and support framework. We also enhanced memory-safety of RPython through hardening RPython's type system, i.e., the RPython Typer. For example, we improve RPython's list with runtime index check to avoid arbitrarily list read/write during PyPy's implementation.
Formal verification: Some code in RPython's libraries and its interpreter/JIT backend are still written in C, which may contain potential memory bugs. To prove the memory safety of RPython, we aim to formally verify its libraries and backend written in C using state-of-the-art verification tools.
SGX support: With the memory safety of MesaPy, we also port it to Intel SGX, which is a trusted execution environment to provide integrity and confidentiality guarantees to security-sensitive computation. Developers now can easily use MesaPy to implement SGX applications without worrying about memory issues.


Welcome to the 2nd edition of the ABS Science and Technology Statistics Newsletter. We hope you find it useful and would very much appreciate any feedback you have to offer.
Please send any comments to Sheridan Roberts at firstname.lastname@example.org or phone (02) 6252 5019.
The purpose of the Newsletter is to let you know about the range of science and technology indicators which are produced by the ABS and to provide you with information on statistical developments and data releases.
For your interest, we have included some highlights from the most recent releases and a special feature article which provides 1999 data on the type of technologies used by businesses in Australia.


In a world where we have gotten used to paying for every bit of streaming content that we watch, you may be surprised to learn that free television still exists. Using a digital TV antenna, you can pick up free channels in your area and enjoy local news, sports and additional programming without paying any recurring fees.
We’ll be looking at the best digital TV antennas you can hang up inside, connect to the outside of your home or attach to your boat or RV. Of course, we’ll take price into account, selecting the best TV antennas that cost the least.
With this year’s Super Bowl being aired on Fox, you can enjoy the game live using a digital TV antenna. No need to pay for a streaming service to witness every touchdown; save that extra money for wings and beer.
Best Digital TV Antennas Compared
|Gesobyte Amplified HD Digital
|QLZLLF TV Antenna
|Indoor and outdoor
|PBD WA-2608 Digital Amplified
|1byone 360° Omni-Directional
|ANTAN Indoor Window
What Can I Watch With a TV Antenna?
You might be surprised by the amount of free television content you can obtain using a digital TV antenna. You won’t be able to pick up paid cable channels, but a large part of network television is available from CBS, ION, ABC, Fox, PBS, CW, ABC and NBC. You can enjoy network television stations as long as you can pick up a signal with your TV antenna.
Before purchasing a TV antenna, we recommend using an online tool to identify what TV signals and stations you can pick up from your location. The official FCC DTV Reception Maps webpage is the best pick for identifying signal strength. Any strong or moderate signals shouldn’t be a problem to pick up with a TV antenna, while weak signals will require a more robust solution.
Your TV must have a built-in HD tuner to utilize a digital antenna. Check your TV’s manual to confirm this feature before ordering a TV antenna. Otherwise, you will need a digital converter box.
Gesobyte Amplified HD Digital
Best Indoor TV Antenna
- Easy mounting on walls or windows
- A range of up to 250 miles
- Includes an 18-foot cable
Gesobyte Amplified HD Digital
TV antennas have come a long way from the days of rabbit ears on top of a wooden box. Our favorite designs for TV antennas are those that sport a flat wall or window mountable design (aka flat antennas). The Gesobyte Amplified HD digital TV antenna offers such a compact design, making it easy to hang on your wall or stick to a window.
The setup is effortless, with only two plugs needed for the TV antenna. Use the provided USB power brick to plug your indoor antenna into a power source, then use the traditional coaxial connection to connect it to your HD or 4K television to begin watching.
The TV antenna’s power source allows the unit to amplify its reach, picking signals up over a 250-mile range.
The Gesobyte is available in white or black, so you can pick the TV antenna color that best matches your interior.
QLZLLF TV Antenna
Best Runner-Up TV Antenna
- Large tower design for an increased signal range
- Includes tools for mounting to wall
- Can be mounted indoors or outdoors
At less than $35, this digital TV antenna from QLZLLF (no, we don’t know how to pronounce that) offers excellent reception with a 350-mile signal pickup. Due to its tower design, this TV antenna might not be the first choice for those who want a more minimal option, but the extra space it takes will give you a better chance of picking up weak TV signals.
The TV antenna tower can be placed on a TV stand or mounted high up on a wall for increased reception. We like that QLZLLF includes screws and wall studs with your purchase to help you with setup, but you will still need a power drill for wall installation. Alternatively, you can mount TV antennas outside for the best possible reception.
We don’t see anyone mounting these TV antennas on their roof; instead, you can install it outside of your house if your walls prevent strong reception. For those with older homes or those lined with brick, you likely already know how walls can block out your signals.
PBD WA-2608 Digital Amplified
Best Outdoor TV Antenna
- Includes mounting pole and 40 ft of coax cable
- Includes remote rotation for best signal pickup
- Supports simultaneous watching with 2 TVs
PBD WA-2608 Digital Amplified
So, you’re ready to go up on the roof and install one of the TV antennas you are eyeing. That’s dedication.
Installing the PBD WA-2608 as high as possible will result in the best signal pickup. Don’t be fooled by the 150-mile rating of this antenna; you’ll pick up solid signals to enjoy your favorite channels.
To help you with the installation, PBD has included a mounting pole and a 40-foot coaxial cable with your purchase. The antenna can be rotated upon its pole using an included remote, allowing you to face it in the direction of the station you wish to pick up for the greatest possible reception and reduced interference.
If you have multiple televisions in your home, the WA-2608 might be a solid consideration, as the antenna can output two separate signals, allowing two televisions to watch different channels simultaneously. Watch sports in one room and the news in another.
You won’t need to worry about TV antennas like these, which were designed for outdoor usage, being affected by the weather. The WA-2608 outdoor antenna features a weather-resistant design and is lightning protected. This outdoor antenna option from PBD is perfect for rural environments.
1byone 360° Omni-Directional
Best TV Antenna for Boats and RVs
- Compact omnidirectional design
- Shield protects against 4G/LTE interference
- Includes 39-foot coax cable
1byone 360° Omni-Directional
If you plan to watch television using a digital antenna in a boat or RV, you should consider the 1byone 360° Omni-Directional antenna. The compact design allows the antenna to be mounted on your boat or RV without the worry of it being struck.
The omnidirectional design of this 1byone outdoor TV antenna also helps to ensure that you pick up a signal no matter the direction your boat or RV is facing. Some antennas are directional, meaning you could lose the signal if you aren’t facing toward the transmitting tower — no worries about that here.
The 1byone 360° Omni-Directional outdoor antenna is designed for harsh weather conditions and can withstand water, snow and lightning. A built-in amplifier helps the antenna pick up signals further, and an integrated 4G/LTE filter stops cellular signals from interfering.
While we recommend this particular outdoor antenna for RVs and boats, it can also be used outside your home. No tools are needed for the installation, but 1byone does include a plastic wrench (spanner) with the antenna for ease.
ANTAN Indoor Window
Best TV Antenna for Tight Budgets
- Under $15 for those on a tight budget
- Great for picking up local TV stations
- Easy installation on wall or window
If you’re on a tight budget but still want to pick up a digital TV antenna, we’ve got an option that won’t make your wallet or purse cry. This indoor antenna from ANTAN comes in at less than $15 but still delivers a strong enough signal to pick up stations in your area.
What makes this TV antenna cheaper is its lack of a built-in amplifier. As a result, the range of the ANTAN indoor antenna is only about 45 miles. We highly recommend checking out stations local to you using the FCC DTV Reception Maps webpage. With a short-range antenna such as this, plan to pick up only stations with excellent signal.
If the limited range doesn’t bother you, you should enjoy the ANTAN antenna, which is flat and can be hung up on any wall or window. Included is a 16.5-foot coaxial cable — great for placing indoor TV antennas in the best possible spot while still reaching your television.
To select the best digital TV antennas for our readers, we began by researching the available options on the market and their features. We found the essential details for each antenna: their overall range, mounting options and ability to withstand specific environments (outdoor vs. indoor antennas), such as the outdoors or on a moving vehicle.
The criteria we established ensured we selected only amplified antennas with a pickup range of at least 100 miles, except for our budget pick. Even then, we ensured that the antenna could be easily mounted and pick up broadcast TV within an approximate 50-mile radius.
We also provided antenna options for different situations, such as indoor or outdoor mounting and using a moving boat or RV. Our selection of digital TV antennas shows you the best options for each situation without overwhelming you with the rest.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
Which Antenna Works Best?
Do More Expensive Antennas Work Better?
For the most part, cheaper antennas work just as well as their more expensive counterparts. We found that amplification is the most crucial feature when selecting an antenna. Any amplified antenna will work much better than non-amplified ones when attempting to pick up television signals.
Does a Higher Antenna Get Better Reception?
Yes, in general, antennas that are placed higher do receive better reception. We recommend mounting any indoor antennas on the wall as high as possible or at the top of a window. Outdoor antennas are an even better solution, as they can be mounted on the roof for the best possible reception.
Michael Archambault is a senior writer for The Penny Hoarder specializing in technology.


PT ASPA Sukses Abadi is a high-tech company which is found at 2016, although we are a very young lighting company, but we have experienced engineers some even working in this field more than 15 years, and high efficienct management team.As the hi-tech LED lighting manufacturer in China, PT ASPA Sukses Abadi has always been committed to developing, manufacturing, professional marketing indoor&outdoor LED lighting like street light, flood light, plant growth light, highbay lights, and wall lights.
Founded in 2016, a leading LED lighting company in Shenzhen now.
Occupies over 3,000 square meters factory.
Owns the international advanced production lines: SMT machines, automatically aging machines, advanced testing machines and assembly with the through-train programmed management.
Possesses the professional marketing and engineers’ team.
After 3 years of development, our main products cover indoor&outdoor lighting:
Indoor lighting includes: LED UFO High Bay, LED Linear High Bay etc.
Outdoor lighting includes: LED Street Light , LED Flood Light, LED Canopy etc.
And our products sell to over 18 countries and regions.
The factory operates under standard of SGS ISO9001:2008.Moreover, most of ourproducts pass ETL,DLC,TUV-GS,TUV-mark VDE,ERP, SAA PSE CE ROHS etc certificates.


Which technological fields benefit from knowledge in renewable energy?
In a new article Knowledge spillovers from renewable energy technologies: Lessons from patent citations published in Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions, my co-author Victoria Shestalova and myself unravel which technological fields benefit from knowledge developed in storage, solar, wind, marine, hydropower, geothermal, waste and biomass energy technologies.
Using citation data of patents in renewable technologies filed at 18 European patent offices over the 1978–2006 period, we examine the importance of knowledge flows within the same specific technological field (intra-technology spillovers), to other technologies in the field of power-generation (inter-technology spillovers), and to technologies unrelated to power-generation (external-technology spillovers).
The results show significant differences across various technologies. First, inventions in solar and storage energy tend to be particularly important: these patents receive a large number of citations and find applications in a large set of diverse fields (such as semiconductors, thermal processes and civil engineering)– combining two characteristics of highly valuable innovations and therefore warranting larger policy support.
Second, for wind technologies, once the stock of wind inventions is large enough, specific innovation subsidies may no longer be needed since the technological field will benefit from large intra-technology spillovers, ensuring that these technologies will continue to develop fast.
Finally, the results show that the knowledge from waste and biomass energy mainly flows to other fossil-fuel technological fields. Hence, policy support for waste and biomass may contribute to further increases the fossil-fuel knowledge base.
Read more: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2210422416300594


I recently took a Environmental Engineering graduate course about contaminant transport. Part of the course involved finite difference analysis and modelling so I thought I’d do a simple visualization with Processing to see the equations in action. The coding part was pretty simple but it was interesting to see how I could apply Processing to visualize a contaminant plume.
I’ll get into some basic contaminant transport equations but before I do that here are some terms and definitions:
Advection (v): the transport of a contaminant due to velocity and concentration
Dispersion (D): the transport of a contaminant due to changes in velocity leading to mixing and dilution.
Reaction Kinetics (K): refers to the rate of reaction of a contaminant as it propagates through a medium. For this model we’re assuming pseudo first order reactions, where the the reaction rate is dependent on a single component.
Given the terms above we can determine the change in concentration (C) at a given time based on advection (v), dispersion (D) and reaction (K):
We can then use the Taylor series finite difference method to obtain an explicit solution to the partial differential equation and determine the concentration at each point at the next time step:
Rearranging will give us:
To simplify the equation (and for simple testing of the model), we’ll assume values for a, b, c & d:
Since I’m using the finite different method it wasn’t the most efficient way to visually model the flow of the contaminant. It would be too intensive to calculate the values for the each pixel in the canvas in Processing so I created a sort of dot matrix with circles. The effect is reasonable and does manage to visually convey the plume although somewhat laggy. I’m interested to see how you could model advection-dispersion using some sort of particle system simulation based on something like this.
Here is the code
Reference: ENEN 627 Contaminant Transport, University of Calgary, J. Hollman (2017).


June 2, 2011
Featured Expert: Charles A. Nelson III
This article by Jon Hamilton from National Public Radio features the autism research of Center-affiliated faculty member Charles A. Nelson III, a member of the National Scientific Council on the Developing Child. Nelson’s work at Children’s Hospital Boston utilizes electroencephalography, a technology that monitors electrical activity in the brain, to help detect early signs of autism in infants. This technology is also providing hints about which therapies are likely to help children with autism spectrum disorders.


Why Omnibees? We are obstinate about your results. We have achieved a leadership position in technological solutions for tourism and hospitality in Brazil and LATAM, making our goal the success of our...
RESPONSIBILITIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES
- Technical Responsibility for the Administration of Network and Security Systems;
- Design Network and IT Security Solutions;
- Management, maintenance, monitoring, and failure analysis of network devices and systems (Firewalls, VPN, WLAN infrastructures, Switches/Routers, NAC);
- Ensure the best performance and security of systems.
REQUIREMENTS AND QUALIFICATIONS
- Mandatory Requirements:
- Degree in IT or similar;
- Professional experience in information security and network systems;
- Experience in project management;
- In-depth knowledge of security trends and tools;
- Advanced knowledge of IT infrastructure, such as network technology, operating systems and server systems;
- Knowledge of ITIL;
- ISO27001 Certification Knowledge


What is 192.168.1.1? – An advantage you should knowWhat is 192.168.1.1? – An advantage you should know
192.168.1.1 is an Internet Protocol (IP) address which is commonly used by Linksys, a company of Cisco. Linksys deals in broadband routers which are used all around the world and it uses this as a default gateway to configure its routers. Although this IP address is not exclusive to Linksys but other router companies mostly use different addresses while configuring their network. You can easily configure your router by entering 192.168.1.1 in your browser address bar. A page will appear asking you to create a new username and password for the future. If something else than this page appears, check if your router is on or not.
Use of 192.168.1.1 IP address?
One of the most common addresses for routers by different manufacturers is the IP address 192.168.1.1. This can be helpful through various tasks. It can also help you with administrative tasks aside from managing the settings.
What IP address- 192.168.1.1 can do?
After you open the website, 192.168.1.1, you can have permission to the router, then you can change various things from the settings like ADSL username, DNS connections, password, and different settings that has relation to the Wi-Fi, RIP, and other features which exist on your router. This can also help you to do some of the administrative tasks like trouble shooting.. The IP address can also be used to server, in order to reboot the router.
A Ping Command
A ping command is one of the most basic of network communication tools. It is designed to send data over a network of networks. In fact, it is not an actual communication technique but is merely a confirmation of a connection to a network that was initiated with the use of a ping command. There are many types of pings. They include ICMP-based ping, ICMPv6-based ping, and BIND-based ping.
Why 192.168.1.1 is not opening
An ICMP-based ping is used to confirm the connection to the network from the source computer, using a unique packet of information that has the IP address of the computer. There is no other method in using ICMP-based pings to send them by email. The advantage of ICMP-based pings is that the receiver will receive the data without making use of an external software or server to do it for him.
An ICMPv6-based ping, on the other hand, is a form of pinging that requires an Internet protocol version 6 (IPv6) address to operate. This makes it more compatible with various applications. It is considered to be an advanced version of an ICMP-based ping. Binder-based pings are used for connecting to various networks over a long period. It is not a direct means of communication but acts as a signal between two networks. In this case, the receiver must have an Internet service provider or an IP-based router in order to send a valid packet.
An advantage you would want to know
The main advantage of Binder-based pings is the simple fact that it is less complicated. Since there is no need for installation or networking hardware, it can easily be operated on a computer with just an Internet connection. On the other hand, an ICMPv6-based ping requires a router or an IP-based router in order to function. Remember, In order to access your JioFi (jiofi.local.html) admin page, you will need to type in jiofi.local.html or 192.168.1.1 on your browser’s address bar. Once you gain access to your router admin panel you can adjust its Settings.
This will involve several options regarding password, WiFi Network name, IP QoS, DNS, Proxy, LAN, WAN, network management, security options, WLAN settings, PPPoE, MAC, WPS, DSL, and DHCP client.
There are a lot of web-based software in the market that allows people to control the process of sending pings. Some of these software packages are even designed to simplify the operation of pinging. They are designed to be as user-friendly as possible to facilitate people who are not very technologically savvy. This way, they are able to control the operation of their pings without making use of any technical skills. Also while you are at it, you might also like another article about 192.168.l.l admin.
Pinging is an essential part of Internet communication. It is often used to verify the integrity of websites or systems, to detect viruses and worms, to perform network testing, and to monitor the performance of certain servers or applications. However, ping testing can also be used for malicious purposes, such as for malicious intent.
For example, an internet hacker might use the power of the Internet protocol to perform a series of spoofing ping tests in order to determine the integrity of a network or an individual’s computer. Because of this, it is very important to ensure that you are receiving only legitimate ICMPv6-based pings that are allowed to pass through.


The dangers of increasing reliance on artificial intelligence
We’ve all seen the many movies and TV shows that show a dystopian future in which robots or supercomputers take over and enslave all of humanity. While this reality is many years in the future if ever at all, it doesn’t mean that artificial intelligence (AI) isn’t an issue that needs to be tackled today.
But first, it’s important to define what AI is. AI is the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines. It can be narrow or weak AI, which is an AI system designed for a particular task. Yet it can also be strong AI, where an AI system can find a solution when presented with an unfamiliar task because it has enough human cognitive abilities to utilize the reasoning required.
Most of us already use AI and don’t even know it. Every time you’ve used Siri, Cortana, or any other voice recognition program, you’re using AI. These programs take into account your preferences so that later, your experience with them will be more personalized. The same type of AI system lies behind targeted advertising and getting directions on Google maps, among other things.
With AI starting to creep into all areas of our life, it does become a question of how much is too much. Any interaction with an AI, no matter how small, can be gathered to create huge amounts of data on users. The problem becomes then about who gets access to the data. The government can access a user's online history and data for security purposes, as well as some businesses and those with enough technical knowledge. This is a big problem for user privacy and security.
One of the other immediate fears with AI besides access to personal data concerns robots. While the technology and computer systems needed to create a powerful robot overlord aren’t quite there, they are certainly a possibility for the future. The more pressing concern however currently with robots is the rate at which robots will replace workers in factories, transportation, and other industrial sectors.
There are also concerns with the increasing use of robots and AI for military purposes. Already, drone strikes are being used in situations where it is a safer option than sending in conventional military troops. While it’s good that AI and robotics can decrease safety risks associated with military tasks, the consequences would be horrific if this technology falls into the wrong hands or becomes uncontrollable.
Beyond physical manifestations of AI, there’s also problems on the design side of AI. This is especially with the increasing popularity of machine learning, which allows AI systems to learn and improve without programming. The boundaries of this simulated sentience are being increasingly pushed. Without proper human supervision, this could create an AI with values or goals that don’t align with our own. Different goals or values could mean that down the road, there could be problems that involve life and death with technologies using AI like self-driving cars.
Also worth noting is the discussion about ethics surrounding AI. Since the data input into systems that helps them “learn” is from human sources, it reflects human experience. This means that any bias or stereotypes present in our systems and data can be replicated in AI. Those creating AI systems should be taking that into account, especially for AI being created for areas like law or medicine.
So, with all the risk and problems related to AI, should we stop using it? At this point, AI has already become entrenched in our daily lives, and probably won’t be going away anytime soon. However, the most prudent thing to do with it is to be aware of the problems that arise from using it, and what can be done to mitigate them.


Technical expertise and profound knowledge for technology related challenges
As a research company, we are focused on cutting-edge technology projects and provide specialised engineering services for areas such as security requirements, technology roadmaps, IT infrastructure services and technical documentation.
Security Policies and Requirements
We develop and evaluate security policies and requirements for embedded systems and resource constrained software packages.
The clear definition, validation and management of requirements and respective use cases is key for all our research topics in various areas. We have profound knowledge and experience in setting-up the requirements engineering process and manage the requirements development continuously.
Road Maps and Technology Projection
We research technology roadmaps and perform impact studies. Our work spans from the strategic objectives to the detailed functional individual needs. We strongly consider the given technology and budgetary frame, mitigate risks and adhere to time constraints.
We model, develop and optimize novel security concepts for electronic solutions based on hardware/software entangled security anchors. Among these hardware-based anchors are a variety of architectures with HSM-Modules like TPMs or PUFs. Furthermore, our Root-of-Trust solutions enable a trustworthy authentication of each single edge device by applying a challenge/response principle based on a PUF. Our patented solutions have been integrated in widely available products for secure boot, secure key data storage or secure remote update and upgrade functions.
Our well-defined requirements engineering process includes the requirements specification, verification and validation to produce formal requirement models. All the specifications include functional and non-functional requirements and given constraints for a correct functionality. We are using several tools and methodologies such as data flow diagrams, function decomposition diagrams, V diagrams among others.
Our technology roadmaps allow our customers to strategically address and appraise the future benefits of novel technological solutions. We pave the way for technology rollout by using a defined process including the assessment of the current state, composition of the assumptions and objectives, definition of the strategic technological goals and the development of success metrics.
Our Way to Success
It is mandatory that emerging technology and true innovation are accompanied by explanatory material. We design, manage and create professional support material for customers and end users. We provide methods, solutions and support for the documentation of technical systems and products. We are committed to making complex technological products, solutions, relations, or systems understandable. We speak engineering.
Open-Source Platforms and Tools
We develop, maintain and provide various secure collaboration tools to monitor and manage RTD work. These services reside on redundant, high-availability servers in multiple European locations. Our open source collaboration tools serve approximately 3500 concurrent users with single-sign-on functionality. Our IT services based on secure and high-availability virtualised cloud- and on-premise server systems provide the highest level of flexibility due to self-developed features based on our customers’ needs.
We have been working for more than 15 years with and for the European Industry and leading Universities. We brought in our engineering work such as security concepts, solutions and benchmark studies to various international research projects and the respective outcome (white papers, deliverables, patents, etc.) has been widely published. We are proud to share our results, here you can find some of our engineering contributions to the research projects funded by the European Commission:
We have worked with industry and leading universities for many years in the field of “Physically Unclonable Functions” (PUF). A multitude of international projects have been successfully conducted. We have created security concepts, solutions and benchmarks. Our results have been patented.
Randomness is a critical topic in the cryptographic domain. On most computers, a random number is based mainly on predictable information and the level of randomness is almost zero. As a result, we supply a True-Random-Number-Generator as a service, which is entangled by a PUF, providing a real level of randomness.
Publications / Sharing is caring
We are proud to share our results. A white paper on PUF-based authentication scheme for Internet-of-Thing scenario can be found here:
Retrofit for security solutions
The steady battle in the field of cybersecurity adds constant pressure for IoT manufacturers. To change the underlying hardware often is very disruptive, especially in cost sensitive areas. Additional costs during the development phase leads in turn to reduction of security levels. At this point in the story, we are coming into the picture. We offer retrofit security solutions for devices already available on the market. We use existing and unexploited hardware features to ramp up your product security.


Sunday, October 27, 2013
Video: Virtual World as a Process Modelling Cultural Probe
This is a video of a virtual world we have developed for eliciting expert information from stakeholders. The intention is that the virtual world prompts the user to remember more about their work processes. Our example shows a sparse visualisation of the University of Vienna Department of Computer Science. This part of a collaboration with Simone Kriglstein, Sonja Kabicher-Fuchs and Stefanie Rinderle-Ma at the University of Vienna.
The video can be found here.


Alpha Bank enables its e-Banking
and Alpha Mobile Banking
Subscribers to activate, if they wish to, the Additional Password Services
. In case you have activated the Additional Password services
, in order to sign-on to the service, you must also fill-in in the respective OTP
field 6-digits code that is produced by the Additional Password
smartphone token or hardware device. The usage of an OTP
is also required for the execution of certain critical transactions (e.g. fund transfers to third-party accounts, transaction authorizations, and account and card orders submission).
The usage of Additional Password Services
combined with the User ID and Password provides stronger identification and protection of the User. The unique code that is produced each time by the device is used only once and is based on an algorithm, unique for the device key.
Additional Password Services:
OTPWeb applications present a complex set of security issues for developers and users alike. Alpha Bank recognizes that the most secure Web applications are those that have been built from the ground up with security in mind. To address such issues Alpha Bank provides two additional security measures, the Alpha Safe Access
smartphone token and the “OTP” Token Device hardware token.
The application, which is simple and user-friendly, enables Subscribers to take advantage of the Additional Password Services
without purchasing the security token device. Whenever a Subscriber requires obtaining an Additional Password
(i.e. a one-time password produced by a complex algorithm in order to use the Additional Password Services
), he/she simply has to access the Alpha Safe Access
application to get the 6-digit password on their screen. The application automatically generates a new password every 30 seconds.
Moreover, Subscribers who use Smartphone and Tablets have the option to copy the “Additional Password” generated by the Alpha Safe Access
, and paste it to Alpha Web Banking
or Alpha Mobile Banking
. The application is available to all Smartphones and Tablets which use the iOS, Android and Windows Phone operating systems
The OTP Token Device combines high security with convenience on executing your electronic transactions. It is small (6 cm long), light and has a long life span (its battery lasts for up to 5 years) and after its activation, the device is uniquely associated with your subscription. Each time that you press the button, a one-time 6-digit password (“Additional Password”) is produced based on a complex algorithm. This number appears and remains displayed on the device’s screen for 30 seconds, giving you enough time to fill it in the "One Time Password (OTP)" field of the transaction you wish to conduct.
You will be using the Additional Password Services
to sign on to Alpha e-Banking
as well as to execute any of the above transactions.
Alpha Bank’s system verifies the “Additional Password” each time and thus authenticates, during the execution of each transaction that it derives from you, the owner of the specific device.
Additional Password Services is mandatory for approving and/or executing transactions such as transfers to other Alpha Bank Clients or other Domestic or Foreign Banks and submission of Generic Payment Orders
Also, the above services can be used for the verification of users that log in to Alpha e-Banking
using the triple authentication method which is: User ID, Password and Additional password Services code.


So many interesting things going on in space these days! Here is a page from NASA JPL that shows the size of Sedna relative to the Earth, Moon, Pluto, and Quaoar. Then there’s the close asteroid fly-by. And of course, there’s the UFO that the Spirit Rover recorded on Mars. Not to mention the upcoming Venus Transits this year and in 2012. As well as those two comets that are zinging in at each other sometime this summer. Maybe I should trade in the TV for a huge telescope – LOL.


Powering the future of multi-sensory experiences
The LumaSonic Engine is a powerful suite of tools with a familiar workflow for authoring and distributing the next generation of immersive, multi-sensory content. Whether you are creating relaxing inner journeys, precise brainwave entrainment sessions, high framerate audiovisual art, or exploring the deep somatic benefits of adding vibration to light and sound, the LumaSonic Engine was designed for you.
Composing experiences with multiple senses can feel intimidating and cumbersome. Combining and synchronizing different technologies together is possible, but rarely straight-forward. This can impede the creative process and complicate distribution. And yet, the benefits of well-crafted multi-sensory experiences are beyond profound.
Using a unified workflow, and accessible encoding and decoding technology, the LumaSonic Engine allows you to spend more time in creative flow, and less time troubleshooting and configuring.
The LumaSonic Engine is designed around industry standard audio technology, building on top of the audio skills, software, and hardware that you already know and love. Color control information is invisibly encoded into digital and analog audio signals, and efficiently decoded at playback by the LumaSonic Decoder.
Choose your favorite Digital Audio Workstation and use our VST3 or Audio Units plug-ins to get creating multi-sensory content quickly on macOS and Windows.
The decoder is easy to port to nearly any device. Create your content once, and run it on the hardware that best fits your needs.
The LumaSonic Encoder and Decoder are lightweight, cross-platform software modules that can run on anything from a $5 microcontroller to a Raspberry Pi, as well as all major operating systems: macOS, Windows, Linux, iOS, and Android, including on Virtual Reality devices like the Meta Quest and Meta Quest 2.
AudioVisual Stimulation (AVS) devices that support AudioStrobe or SpectraStrobe encoding like the MindPlace Kasina are also compatible.
No decoder? No problem - your composition still plays as a normal audio signal on any audio device or music player.
Achieve visual frame rates up to 250 frames per second, tightly synchronized with the underlying audio. Precise high-framerate visuals are critical for applications like brainwave entrainment, Virtual Reality, or moving animated light.
Light modulated at these frame rates can reveal exquisite closed and open eye visuals, producing bursts of fractal patterns over the viewer's visual field via the Ganzfeld effect.
Since the color information is encoded into the audio signal, anything that you can do with audio, you can also do with light. Fade, pan, modulate, or animate light along with sound.
Distribute your content as standard audio files such as .wav or .mp3, or create a live multi-sensory broadcast using established audio streaming technology like Icecast.
Companies we are collaborating with to bring our vision to life.


RAVPower 2-Pack Car Charger Combo RP-VC017, 24W Dual Ports USB Car Charger RP-VC006, RP-CB030 1M Lightning Cable – Black
- Compact, scratch-proof, and features interior LED lights
- Two 2.4A USB ports simultaneously charge even the most power-demanding devices.
- Optimizes charging speed whilst preventing over-voltage, over-current and over-heating
- Certified 1m lightning cable meets Apple’s high performance standards
- Save time and money by buying both charger and cable together


Best 10 Drones With Camera For Beginners Under $200 [July 2019]
What’re the best 10 drones With Camera under $200 For Beginners?
Drones have the power that will help you make extra of each journey you are taking. Just flying a drone is a journey in and of itself!
Are you a beginner to the drone world?
In that case, getting the best drone match for a beginner is all you have to get started, so you will not have to spend more than 200$. Basic drone models provide you with a flight without the worry of breaking a really costly piece of kit.
Our review consultants have seemed by dozens of drones, and these 10 Drones stand out as the very best 10 drones With Camera under $200 for beginners.
Check Out Some Best Drones in 2019 on Amazon
List of Best 10 Drones With Camera Under $200 in 2019
1. Force 1 U45W Blue Jay – Best FPV Drone
The first Best drone we would wish to introduce is the Force 1 U45W Blue Jay. This drone has quite a lot of nice options for a beginner model, such as high-quality FPV capabilities.
The main draw of this drone is good FPV settings. The first-person-view syncs with both your smartphone or a VR headset, and you may watch the world from the drone cockpit after syncing. This FPV is straightforward to ease, and it is intuitive for smartphone users.
Blue Jay has a built-in HD digital camera. It could actually capture 720p pictures and movies with a 2MP digital camera.
It is even potential to do 360° views with this digital camera, which is nice for VR users. Images could be saved on to your synced phone; videos save to the memory card.
The Blue Jay could be very beginner-friendly due to the straightforward, customized controls. It is potential to auto-hover after takeoff and land gently with only one button push. You can even draw a custom route in your smartphone, and your drone will fly the route itself.
Like many drones on this value vary, the batteries leave a lot to be desired. When you should get 8 minutes of flight time when the drone is new, these batteries might put on out after a couple of uses and will be replaced. The Blue Jay comes with two batteries and an additional energy pack.
If you need a high-quality FPV drone, that is the best Drone selection. At the same time as a beginner, hooking this drone as much as your phone is straightforward to be able to get cockpit experience. Fly around and see every little thing because it happens with the Force 1 U45W Blue Jay drone.
Check Out this Top Best Drone at the Best Price
2. Holy Stone F181- Best Beginner Controls & Durability
The next Best drone to take a look at is the Holy Stone F181, often simply referred to as the F181. This drone with a built-in digital camera has various controls that make it straightforward to control, even when that is your first time flying a drone. Even for those who wreck it, it should maintain flying.
The controls that this drone comes with are very straightforward for beginners to make use of. You’ll be able to fly the drone in 4 completely different modes – from 25% to 100% – to fit every degree. Headless mode additionally helps beginners maintain their drone below control.
F181 is very durable; it could actually stand as much as quite a lot of bumps and crashes. That is best for the beginner and intermediate drone pilot who’re still studying to do tricks and fly. The equipment additionally comes with further propellers.
The battery charges in about 80 minutes and the F181 comes standard with two batteries, which is nice for while you will not wish to stop flying after just 8 minutes of flight time. The transmitter has its personal set of batteries which you will also want to switch as needed.
One potential downside of this drone is digital camera quality. While you can capture movies and pictures, the quality is not enough for semi-professional aerial video. Still, the digital camera could be very easy to make use of and nice for beginners.
When in search of a top drone that can stand as much as you learn the best way to fly it, try the F181 by Holy Stone. It is a holy grail product amongst beginner drone users due to how easy it’s to be taught to fly. The controls will help train you the best way to fly, and it is a tough drone to break.
Check Out this best Drone at the Best Price
3. DBPOWER MJX 400W- Great Drone For Recreational Fun
The DBPOWER MJX X400W drone is also called The Hawkeye-VII. It is among the best drones under 200$. You will get awesome 360-degree views with this beginner quadcopter.
What makes this drone great for the brand new, the recreational drone pilot is its durability. You are going to crash while you first be taught to manage your drone, and this drone can take that damage properly. There are even spare rotors included so you may change something that will get bent.
One other good side of this recreational drone is that it has a great range. The drone will fly without the problem at up to 100m in open areas, and you’ll expect as much as 50 to 60m in busier areas. In case you are using the FPV or flying at night time, the transmission distance might be reduced.
The guide provides an incredible clarification of the best way to use this drone. Studying it’s going to train you how to sync the drone with the controller, the best way to use the controls, and the best way to sync the controller to your phone or headset. All of that is easy to do with the detailed directions DBPOWER.
One negative of this recreational drone is digital camera quality. Capturing visuals at only 0.3MP, you can’t anticipate high-quality pictures. Nonetheless, you may take pleasure in seeing what your drone sees regardless of it not being the most effective amongst drones with digital camera choices.
Easy-to-control and easy-to-fly, this drone is nice for many who wish to check out the hobby of drone flying without spending some huge cash. For recreational functions, this drone has all the things you want.
Check Out this amazing Drone at the Best Price
4. DBPOWER UDI U842- Best Beginner Drone
In case you are a beginner or intermediate pilot trying to work in your drone control skills, the DBPOWER UDI U842 is the best drone for you. This model exceeds many different of the most effective drones under 200$ for its flying control, intuitive design, and overall performance.
The training curve on this drone could be very brief. When you power it up and evaluate the controls, you can pilot it very quickly. While you may crash at first, your number of crashes will scale back rapidly. There are totally different modes for beginners and extra advanced learners to fly in.
One other great feature for beginners is how rugged this drone is. You are going to crash it occasionally, and this drone can take a beating. It’s fairly giant however still light-weight, so it would not crumble when you need to let it drop.
The U842 has LED nighttime lights on the nose. This lets you take pleasure in flying at night time and still be capable of orient which course you’re flying in. Plus, the lights look cool!
One massive downside of the U842 drone is how long it takes the batteries to charge. Most drone batteries take between 70 and 100 minutes, however, this battery takes 150 minutes to charge. Still, backup batteries can be found, and also you get around 9 minutes of flight time for every battery.
The best beginner drone is, surely, the UDI U842 by DBPOWER. The controls on this drone are easy to know and can show you how to learn to work a drone. Using this model is enjoyable and sensible for users of all experience ranges.
Check Out this amazing Drone at the Best Price
5. UDI U818A- Best Value Bundle Deal
UDI makes an incredible drone often known as the U818A. Whereas the controls on this drone are value mentioning, one of the best factors is all of the add-ons. This model comes as an incredible worth bundle, making it one of the best drones under 100$.
The bundle comes with all the features you want:
Two batteries, an external power bank, and a two battery charger. Plus, you get 4 further drone blades, a 4GB SD card, and an SD card reader. All of those add-ons are needed for the brand new drone pilot.
This model has great maneuverability due to the 6-axis gyro function. The gyro offers further stability and wind resistance whereas additionally making the drone easier to manage. Headless mode additionally helps to make directing the drone quite simple.
One more reason that is such an incredible worth drone is as a result of it’s sturdy. Even for those who run it into trees or expose it to components such as snow, it’s going to preserve running. It’s nice for the hobbyist who needs to be taught to fly without worrying about ruining their drone.
The wind could be a large problem with this model as a result of it’s so light. If the wind is stronger than 5 MPH, crosswinds may carry this model out of range, and you’ll lose control. One nice strategy to repair potential wind issues is to all the time reset the gyro before flying.
Buying the UDI U818A drone is a great worth purchase. For a small value, you get a sturdy drone with quite a lot of further components and batteries. Every part the hobbyist wants is included with this set.
Check Out this amazing Drone at the Best Price
6. MJX Bugs 3 – Best Flying Time
The MJX Bugs 3 Quadcopter is a brushless drone made by RCtown. This model has the longest flying time of every other drone on our best drones checklist today at over 15 minutes. The fun won’t ever end with this drone!
The actual draw of this drone is it is lengthy flight time. With no digital camera connected, this drone can fly for 18 to 20 minutes. With a digital camera, it’s going to fly for between 13 and 16 minutes. On high of that, the drone comes with a backup battery.
One other good side of this drone is the long range it has. At peak performance, the drone can fly as much as 500m. You’ll be able to attain these distances when in open areas. The transmitter has a feature to point when the drone is sort of out of vary so you may pull it again.
The MJX Bugs 3 has an amazing brushless motor. This prevents extra friction throughout the components, serving to the motor last more. Since you might be mounting an expensive digital camera on this drone, the reliability from the brushless motor is essential.
On negative of this explicit drone is that there isn’t an included digital camera. Rather than a digital camera, this drone sports activity a digital camera holder. That is good and dangerous. You’ll be able to select what digital camera high quality you need and connect it to the drone, such as GoPro, however that might be at your own further expense.
In case you’re in search of a drone that may fly far and for a very long time, that is the precise alternative. Many newbie drones cannot fly for greater than Eight minutes. This drone nearly doubles each flight time and range from other sub-200 models.
Check Out this Best Drone at the Best Price
7. Holy Stone HS200 – Best Budget Drone
When it comes to price range, the Holy Stone HS200 FPV drone is high among the many finest drones under 200$. This drone doesn’t cost a lot, however, it still has many options that each recreational drone pilot will wish to check out.
Many drones at this low of a value level don’t have FPV, first-person view, capabilities. This drone does. All you do is sync your phone or VR goggles to the drone, and you may expertise the cockpit view. This feature could be very simple to make use of and makes piloting extra enjoyable.
The HS200 comes equipped with further options which might be great for beginner and intermediate pilots. One button take-off is possible with this drone. Simply push the button, and it’ll hover at Three toes above the bottom, awaiting extra instructions.
Durability shouldn’t be an issue with the HS200. This drone can stand as much as many crashes, and it even comes for a couple of further props simply in case. For the reason that drone is light, high drops don’t cause heavy damage. Your enjoyable will not finish with a broken drone.
This drone equipment doesn’t include any further batteries, so you’ll have to purchase your own. Shopping for no less than three further batteries and a high-quality charger might be sufficient to be sure you can prolong your drone enjoyable.
The HS200 is a drone that may be crashed time and time once more, and it’ll still work. The FPV makes it a really enjoyable drone to pilot. Each beginner on a price range can have a blast with this drone.
Check Out this amazing Drone at the Best Price
8. Holy Stone HS300- Best Camera Drone
A slight improvement from the HS200, the HS300 is one other best drone from Holy Stone. This drone features the nicest digital camera you could get from the best drones under $200.
The actual draw of this drone is the impressive digital camera able to creating good aerial footage. The 5MP digital camera can record 1080p movies at 30fps. The digital camera additionally features a 120-degree wide angle lens for the most effective panoramic photographs.
This drone has an honest flight time at 8 to 12 minutes, and the drone comes with a backup battery so you do not want to buy one. Relying on native interference, this means you could fly for between 20 and 30 minutes without having to recharge anything.
The HS300 is bigger and heavier than different drones under 200$. This weight helps the drone compete with stronger winds and stand as much as injury. A few of that weight is within the propeller guards and touchdown gear, which assist the durability.
Regardless of its good digital camera, this drone doesn’t supply FPV (first person view). You can’t see what your drone is seeing, which might make filming hard. It’s, however, possible to swap the digital camera out for one with WiFi capabilities to repair this problem for those who want FPV.
In case you are on a good price range and wish to create cool aerial photographs, that is the drone for you. The impressive digital camera and dependable performance are all of the beginner drone photographers must get started.
As this Drone Is Currently Out of Stock, Check the Alternate One at the best Price
9.RYZE TELLO-Best cheap drone :
Best cheap drone, this budget camera drone is a sky-going bargain. If you’re looking for a titchy but very well equipped ‘selfie’ type drone that stays in the air for 13 minutes at a time, comes with digital image stabilisation, shoots video in pretty decent 720p, snaps 5mp stills and hovers on the spot without the aid of GPS, then consider this remarkable little contender from Ryze.
If you think the Tello is the first drone to reach the higher echelons of this page that doesn’t have any connection to DJI, then think again because most of the electronics inside this remarkable entry-level model are produced by none other than, you guessed, DJI. This is a very good thing because, aside perhaps from Parrot, DJI’s flight controllers and other electronic gubbins are the industry benchmark for efficiency and reliability.
The Tello weighs just 80 grams and measures 98mm at its widest point. In other words, it’s small enough to tuck in a jacket pocket despite not being foldable like the DJI Mavic range. Although designed for indoor flying, this little craft is also adept at flying outdoors, as long as it’s not too windy
REASONS TO BUY
REASONS TO AVOID
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10. Kidcia- Best Portable Drone
One other model not but mentioned, Kidcia, makes a beginner Best Drone quadcopter with FPV live digital camera choices that’s foldable, and thus, very moveable. This model is simple to carry together with you on any journey.
The Kidcia has a pleasant, light-weight design with foldable arms. You can also make it very compact by folding within the propeller, after which that is simple to carry along on any journey. You do not even want the main controller; the drone could be managed out of your phone by itself.
One other cool feature you will only discover with the Kidcia is the Gravity Sensor function. This function syncs the drone to move in the same means that your phone strikes. Simply move your phone within the desired direction, and the drone will follow along.
The battery life on this drone is best than many others at this value level, although it still is not the number one choice. You’ll be able to fly the drone for 10 plus minutes without a problem. with an additional battery or two, you can fly to your heart’s content material.
One large negative on this model is the digital camera quality. At only 0.5MPs, the quality of any video and pictures captured won’t be superb. Still, the digital camera can be used for FPV viewing through the app on a phone, which is a pleasant touch.
The Kidcia quadcopter has foldable arms, making it essentially the most moveable drone at this value level. Use it to discover the world and learn to fly, anyplace you go.
Check Out this amazing Drone at the Best Price
Drones Purchaser’s Information
These best 10 drones under $200 can also offer the beginner and intermediate drone pilot a unique experience. These drones are easier to fly than cheaper or more expensive drones due to their simplified however sturdy features. Moreover, they’ve sufficient durability to allow you to learn to fly, even for those who crash a couple of times.
Still, selecting one product out of many could be tough. So, our Drone purchaser’s information will break down the main options seen among the many finest drones.
Expected Features Of Drones In This Price Range:
Most drones that price lower than $200 might be equipped with the following options:
- Take HD Images & Movies
First Person View: You’ll be able to see the drone’s point of view from a controller.
- Acrobatics: The drones can do flips and rolls. Not quick sufficient to race.
- Digital camera & Digital camera High quality
One reason that many beginners and intermediates use drones is to capture impressive pictures or movies. When selecting between drones with digital camera options, it is best to take a look at the digital camera specs.
The very first thing to notice is that not all drones have built-in cameras. Some only have the house for a digital camera, and you could add one your self. This may be an added expense by way of each money and time.
Most beginners will wish to go along with a drone that has a built-in digital camera. Most built-in cameras have limited photograph and video quality.
At all times check the specs of the digital camera on the drones you’re looking at. It would be best to examine the megapixel score of the digital camera and in addition what video settings it will possibly report in. The perfect drones can have a gimbal to stabilize any pictures or video taken whereas the drone is flying.
Flight time of the most costly drones can final for greater than 25 or 30 minutes, however, sub-200 drones won’t ever be capable to fly for that lengthy. You’ll be able to anticipate common batteries in these drones to final for between 7 and 12 minutes of flight time.
Purchase backup batteries and have all of them fully charged. When initial flight time is up, change to the following set to play along with your drone longer without having to recharge something.
One other important function to consider is the range that the drone can cover. The range is how far the drone can fly from the controller.
Whereas models on the top end of this value level may be capable to fly as much as 500 meters, most will high out around 100 meters. How many meters do you wish to cover along with your drone? Determine this, after which narrow your choices.
What Are So-Called FPV Drones?
Some drones are often known as FPV Drones. Which means that you’ve gotten FPV, or first-person view, whereas controlling them.
FPV drones could present you FPV on the controller, otherwise, you could possibly experience this view through an app. Both means, you get the true cockpit experience alongside along with your drone.
In case you get a non-FPV drone, you will not have a primary individual view. You will not be capable to see what the drone is seeing in the actual time since there isn’t a show.
Personal preference dictates whether or not or not it is best to search for an FPV drone. However, many beginners and intermediate drone pilots discover FPV to be essentially the most thrilling a part of flying.
All these Best 10 drones under $200 work for those who’re in search of the best bang on your buck as a beginner. You do not want more than a basic drone if you find yourself first taking flight, and all of those drones offers you hours of enjoyable without spending an excessive amount of cash.


As BBS Information Technologies, our work in the field of cyber security continues rapidly. Increasing cyber attacks in the digital world, especially during the pandemic period, created new requirements. During this period, cyber attacks on states increased. However, ransomware (ransomware) attacks sent to companies have also accelerated. In this direction, BBS Information Technologies aims to prevent these attacks by producing new technologies.
This week, we hosted our guests from Nigeria. Nigerian Police Headquarters Chief of Police responsible for cyber security Mr. Bello and his team were with us. Mr. Two full meetings were held with Bello and his team. In these meetings, Nigeria’s deficiencies and weaknesses in cyber security were mentioned. Mr. Bello expressed their expectations and wishes in this regard.
As BBS Information Technologies, we made the presentation of our product “Atagüç”, which works “NO DATABASE”, which is the first in the world that we received an award in the field of cyber security in Dubai. In addition, our “Vortex Secure” cyber security software, which is also unique in the world with its instant fix feature, was presented.
Mr. Bello; “I want to use such technologies in my own country. Cyber attacks are our big problem as everyone else. In this regard, I would like to say that we are open to joint cooperation with BBS Information Technologies. ” He made statements.
As BBS Information Technologies, Mr. Many thanks to Bello and his team. We would like to announce that we will give good news in a short time.


HotWire Spark Plug Wire
HotWire Spark Plug Wire creates the most powerful spark possible. Hotwires are engineered with a special built-in capacitor, exclusive only to HotWires. This revolutionary design allows energy from the ignition coil to accumulate in the capacitor until the voltage at the spark plug electrodes reaches the ionization point. At that split second point the entire power of the stored spark is discharged at once, creating a spark 300 times more powerful. The result is faster, more complete combustion, and most importantly, MORE SPARK = MORE HORSEPOWER.
HotWire Spark Plug Wire:
- Increased horsepower and torque
- Ideal for high performance or racing
- Ultra-powerful spark
- Cleaner, more complete combustion
- Smog legal
- Increased fuel efficiency
- Faster starting in cold weather
- Spark plugs last longer
- Easy installation
- Costs much less than most ignition upgrades
HOTWIRE SPARK PLUG WIRE – FAQ
Question: How can HotWire spark plug wire be so good? It looks like conventional ignition wires, except for the ground wire and the heavy insulation.
Answer: HotWire spark plug wire is not just ignition wires, it’s more like a complete ignition system. Each HotWire spark plug wire has a capacitor built into the section closest to the spark plug. This creates the most powerful spark possible. Look at it like a CD ignition system for each spark plug.
Question: Doesn’t a spark that hot melt a hole in the piston?
Answer: No. A spark can never be too hot. All the thermal energy (heat) from the spark is absorbed by the fuel/air mixture, where it initiates combustion. Thermal energy (heat) created by the combustion, is converted to kinetic energy (piston travel). Since the HotWire spark plug wire improves the combustion efficiency, more of the thermal energy is converted to kinetic energy and the exhaust temperature is actually lower.
Question: Why does an engine benefit from a hotter spark?
Answer: When the spark occurs, all the thermal energy (heat) is transferred to the fuel/air mixture, where it initiates combustion. A hotter spark will transfer more thermal energy and therefore accelerates flame front propagation. The fuel is used more efficiently and engine performance increases.
Question: Doesn’t a spark that hot, melt the spark plug?
Answer: No. All the thermal energy from the plasma (spark) is absorbed by the fuel/air mixture, and the spark duration of only 4 nanoseconds is too short for a significant thermal transfer to take place at the spark plug electrodes. Not only is the temperature important, but also the time the temperature is present.
Question: Doesn’t a spark that powerful, accelerate spark plug wear?
Answer: No. The spark duration of only 4 nanoseconds is so short, electrode erosion is decreased. It is not the power of the spark that is primarily responsible for spark plug wear, but the length of time the spark is present (spark duration). Therefore, a shorter spark duration results in less spark plug erosion (electrode wear).
Question: Can a spark be too powerful and actually push away the fuel/air molecules, preventing ignition?
Answer: No. This would be like saying, “the campfire is so hot it pushes all the wooden logs away”. It is not actually the “spark” that ignites the fuel/air mixture, but the temperature of the plasma that is generated between the spark plug electrodes. The HotWire spark plug wire spark is so hot that instantaneous and complete combustion takes place.
Question: Why do I even need a hotter spark? Isn’t the spark of my ignition system sufficient to ignite the fuel/air mixture?
Answer: Yes, it is sufficient, if you are satisfied with the performance and efficiency of your engine. But any improvement in flame front propagation will improve combustion and therefore increase engine performance and efficiency.
Question: A spark, is a spark, is a spark, isn’t it?
Answer: No. The hotter the spark the easier ignition occurs, and the sooner combustion is completed. A spark made by a flint, the spark of an ignition system, a lightning bolt, a spark is a spark is a spark? You decide! A match, a blow torch or a napalm bomb. What will completely burn, (ignite), a one-acre parcel of forest quicker?
Question: What about other plug wires, especially those thick 8mm wires. Which one is the best?
Answer: The thickness of the wire has absolutely no effect on the power of the spark. Thicker wires only have more insulation, primarily for looks. The conductor on the inside of the wire is no different from most other wires. If changing to a thick wire would make the spark more powerful, we would all change the wiring in our house to make the lights brighter.
Question: What about plug wire resistance. Isn’t lower better?
Answer: In general, yes. But only if you are talking about using plug wires with 1,000 Ohm resistance instead of 10,000 Ohm resistance. However, using plug wires with 100 Ohm resistance instead of 1,000 Ohm is not significant enough to increase performance.
Question: Why is a short duration spark better than a long duration spark? If the spark duration is long, am I guaranteed ignition?
Answer: No, just because the spark duration is long doesn’t guarantee ignition. A weak spark will be weak regardless of the duration and if ignition doesn’t take place at the exact time (ignition timing), performance suffers. The ultra-powerful, short duration spark of HotWires spark plug wire guarantees exact ignition timing and complete and efficient combustion, every time.
Question: Why is a long duration spark not as powerful as the ultra-short duration spark made by the Nology HotWire spark plug wire?
Answer: Consider a long duration spark that releases 100% of the energy over a long period of time. At any point along this timeline only a fraction of the energy is available. In other words, the energy is stretched out over a long period of time. Now take the same 100% of energy and release it all at once. This is the HotWires spark. A good analogy would be if we were to burn 1,000 gallons of gasoline (100% of the energy) over a long period of time (days), or blow it up, all at once, in a gigantic explosion lasting only 1 second. The energy released is the same, but the latter is much more powerful.
Question: Isn’t there any benefit to a long duration spark?
Answer: No. A long duration spark is a complete waste of energy. At 7500 rpm the spark of a conventional ignition system, with a duration of 3 milliseconds, will take 135 degrees of crankshaft rotation to finish. That means there is a spark between the spark plug electrodes long after TDC. A complete waste of energy. However, if ignition has not been initiated 10 or 15 degrees after the optimum ignition timing, performance suffers greatly. The HotWires spark plug wire spark needs less than one degree of crankshaft rotation to complete. With a spark duration that short ignition timing is much more precise and spark power is increased substantially. Flame front propagation is much quicker and combustion more complete, resulting in increased horsepower and a cleaner burn.
Question: What about a multi-spark ignition system?
Answer: Most people are not aware that there is no multi-spark at higher engine rpm. There just isn’t any time for multiple sparks. So what are multi-spark ignition systems good for? Maybe it’s just a sales gimmick! If the first spark is powerful enough to initiate combustion, multiple sparks are not necessary. By the way, if a multi-spark ignition system generates 6 sparks, which one of the sparks would you want to be the one to ignite the mixture? # 2 or # 4 or maybe # 1?
Question: Do I have to use non-resistor spark plugs together with HotWires, and what will happen if I use resistor spark plugs?
Answer: To take full advantage of the performance gain possible when using HotWires, non-resistor spark plugs are best. If for any reason resistor spark plugs must be used, performance gain is less, because the resistor is impeding the spark, however, performance will still increase.
Question: Why do car manufacturers recommend resistor spark plugs, aren’t they needed to suppress interference (EMI) with my radio or engine management system?
Answer: There are many reasons for OEMs to use resistor plugs. One reason is actually emissions. Since the resistor is a obstacle it forces the spark voltage to be higher, assuring combustion in a lean mixture. Also, resistor plugs are MUCH cheaper to produce. You will never find resistor plugs in serious race cars, yet these cars use some of the most sophisticated engine management systems and data acquisition systems. But these cars have no EMI problem. Why? Because the resistor in the plug is NOT needed to suppress EMI. The spark happens inside the combustion chamber where he is completely shielded by the metal cylinder head. No EMI can escape the combustion chamber.
Question: Do I have to change ignition timing after installing HotWire spark plug wire, and if yes, why?
Answer: Yes, some engines need less timing advance. Mostly engines with a large cylinder bore diameter, or inefficient combustion chambers. This is the direct result of much faster and improved combustion.
Question: What about fuel mixture setting?
Answer: If you’re looking for performance, fuel flow can be increased. The HotWire spark plug wire spark is so hot even the added fuel will be ignited, which increases performance. If you’re looking for economy, fuel flow can be decreased. Even this lean fuel/air mixture will be ignited reliably.
Question: Are there situations where I absolutely have to change jetting?
Answer: Yes. Because a hot spark will burn the fuel/air mixture in the combustion chamber more completely, and since some engines run lean to begin with, re-jetting could be necessary.
Question: How come that with other ignition systems I don’t have to make so many additional changes to my engine, such as timing and jetting?
Answer: Because Hotwire spark plug wire is the only ignition system that influences the combustion process positively. Other ignition systems that don’t require changes to perimeter settings probably don’t do anything more than your stock ignition system.
Question: What about on modern computer-controlled engines where timing or fuel flow cannot be adjusted?
Answer: The computer collects all the data and makes the necessary adjustments automatically.
Question: What if I have a “hotter” chip in my computer with more timing advance?
Answer: If the timing is too advanced from the stock setting, and the engine is not equipped with a knock sensor, caution should be taken so the engine does not experience detonation. In some cases, timing has to be returned to the stock setting.
Question: Do I need to use a spark plug with a different heat range when I use HotWire spark plug wire?
Answer: No. Spark plug heat range stays the same.
Question: Won’t a “hotter” spark plug make a hotter spark?
Answer: No. A hotter, or colder spark plug refers only to the ability of the spark plug to dissipate heat.
Question: Will the HotWire spark plug wire cause interference (EMI) with my radio or engine management system?
Answer: No. HotWire spark plug wire is manufactured using spiral-core technology, which prevents substantial amounts of EMI. Only low-quality aftermarket stereos, or badly installed stereos (wiring) could be a problem. However, there are thousands upon thousands of satisfied users without any EMI problems whatsoever.
Question: Why do car manufacturers recommend resistor spark plugs and high-resistance plug wires, aren’t they needed to suppress interference (EMI) with my radio or engine management system?
Answer: There are some EMI issues, but only ONE resistor is needed on the secondary side of the ignition system. The resistor could be in the spark plug, or in the plug wire (not in both). Most US cars use resistor plugs and carbon core wires (resistance is too high and causes performance loose). European cars don’t use carbon wires. They use solid or spiral core wires with resistors in the plug or in the plug wire connectors. HotWire spark plug wire uses spiral core technology and sometimes we add resistive distributor connectors. No resistor plugs are needed. There are many reasons for OEMs to use resistor plugs. One reason is actually emissions. Since the resistor is an obstacle, it forces the spark voltage to be higher, assuring combustion in a lean mixture. Also, resistor plugs are MUCH cheaper to produce. You will never find resistor plugs in serious race cars, yet these cars use some of the most sophisticated engine management systems and data acquisition systems. But these cars have no EMI problem. Why? Because the resistor in the plug is NOT needed to suppress EMI. The spark happens inside the combustion chamber where he is completely shielded by the metal cylinder head. No EMI can escape the combustion chamber and the spiral core wire is taking care of the “ringing” that may find its way back to the coil etc.


Enjoy bright, clear images with the NEC NP-P605UL 6000-Lumen WUXGA Laser 3LCD Projector. Its 6000 lumens of brightness can overcome ambient light in most conference room and classroom settings, while its 600,000:1 dynamic contrast ratio can help ensure discernible detail in most images. The projector’s native WUXGA 1920 x 1200 resolution is suitable for most video and file formats and will accept up to 4K UHD sources.
The NP-P605UL has HDBaseT, VGA, and two HDMI inputs to support various input types, plus an analog audio input and built-in 20W speaker that will provide audio for your video. The 1.23 to 2:1 throw ratio and 1.6x zoom allow you to place the projector near the back of the room in most cases. It is controllable via Ethernet, RS-232, the included IR remote control, or Crestron RoomView software.
- The built-in 20W speaker is designed to provide the volume needed for large rooms.
- Advanced AccuBlend helps ensure detailed images when non-native resolution sources are connected.
- Auto Power On turns the projector on as soon as it’s plugged into a power outlet.
- AutoSense syncs the projector with most computer signals and features one-touch image optimization.
- The Carbon Savings Meter calculates the positive effects of operating the projector in ECO Mode, which is encouraged by an optional message at startup; a green ECO Mode button on the remote control makes switching easy.
- Cornerstone Correction allows for horizontal, vertical, and diagonal image correction for aligned images when the projector is set up at an angle to the screen.
- Crestron RoomView provides unified management, including the ability to switch the power on and off for multiple projectors connected to a network.
- Dual HDMI inputs, which are HDCP-compliant, help ensure quick switching between presentations and allow for simultaneous digital connections of HD sources, such as Blu-ray players, cable/satellite boxes, and computers.
- The sealed optical block minimizes the effects of dust, helping to ensure crisp, distortion-free images.
- ECO Mode extends lamp life, lowers audible noise, and helps reduce the total cost of ownership.
- Landscape/Portrait capability allows for distortion-free display of content in various orientations, creating new application opportunities. Portrait Mode allows you to install the projector on its side to create a 10:16 aspect ratio image.
- Vertical and horizontal lens shift enable flexible projector placement.
- Remote Diagnostics lets you monitor and make adjustments to the projector from a remote location.
- Tilt-Free Installation allows the projector to be rotated freely (360°) to point it up or down depending on your installation requirements.
- The integrated RJ45 Ethernet connection allows for a wired connection to your LAN.
- An optional adapter lets you transmit images from your compatible computer to the projector wirelessly, eliminating the need for cables.
- MultiPresenter enables audio and video transmission from up to 16 sources simultaneously over the network.
- NaViSet Administrator 2 is a free software solution designed to simplify administration and management of larger display device installations.
- Additional features include USB Viewer for photo files, a variable audio output, Virtual Remote, picture-in-picture, and built-in wall color correction.
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With the popularity of different films such as “Jurassic Park”, “Lord of the Ring”, “Shrek” and “Toy Story”, the computer animation get into focused. Computer animation is used in number of different fields. With the lot of advantages of CGI, there have been a lot of disadvantages. These are as follows:
CGI animation requires special programs and expensive hardware in order to process and obtain the data.
In order to perform the CGI animation, well skilled technical animators are required.
Bringing and creating a realistic environment is one of the hardest tasks to perform.
In CGI animation if the tasks are not done properly then it leads to major disasters.
Bu using GCI it is difficult for one to make a truly real human figure such as body part, hairs etc.
All the tasks should be handled cleverly. The problem in one part can cause an issue in the overall creation.
Computer technology is getting fast day by day. People are introducing new things in this field, such as 3d kitchen. There are a lot of enhancements occurs in the field of computer science. The development in computer science especially in the field of graphic designing leads to the creation of CGI.


Programs for download and the science behind them.
This page describes how easy it is to start contributing CPU-power to evolution@home.
This page describes the details of semi-automated global computing for evolution@home. In order to participate you have to download tasks from a website and submit results by email. Despite all work on a full-automated system, the semi-automated mode will continue to operate for quite some time to come for various reasons.
Download the hottest simulators of evolution@home from this page.
Simulator005 investigates the the accumulation of harmful and beneficial DNA-changes in non-recombining populations. These asexual systems can experience a phenomenon called "Muller's ratchet" and might help to understand the evolution of human mitochondrial DNA.


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A Publication in a Prestigious Journal Opens Up New Possibilities for the Production of Inorganic 3D Nanostructures
The research by Prof. Mangirdas Malinauskas, a member of the Young Academy of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences, together with Dr Darius Gailevičius and Edvinas Aleksandravičius, researchers at the Laser Research Centre (Faculty of Physics, VU), Greta Merkininkaitė, and Prof. Simas Šakirzanovas, was published in the prestigious scientific journal Opto-Electronic Advances [Impact Factor 9.682].
The interdisciplinary experimental work demonstrates that laser multiphoton lithography combined with high-temperature calcination can be used to materialise three-dimensional nano-particles from a variety of crystalline phases, which depend on the initial chemical composition of the hybrid organic-inorganic polymer being processed and on the parameters of heating.
The results achieved by the researchers open up conceptually new possibilities for the optical 3D printing of micro- and nano-particles, using the widely used photopolymerisation process, simultaneously endowing the final product with the properties of inorganic materials (temperature resistance, mechanical hardness, transparency, chemical inertness, etc.). This is a major breakthrough in the fabrication of resilient micro-optical, nanophotonic, biomedical, micro-mechanical, or microfluidic cells. Devices made of such components have a long lifetime and can operate in vacuum or under widely varying temperatures and pressures, e.g. in open space.
Prof. Malinauskas gave a remote presentation on this topic when launching the Laserlab-Europe Talk webinar series on 9 February (17:00 EET). The video recording of the presentation is freely available here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hWF-Fh-yHAs.
The original publication – Merkininkaitė G, Aleksandravičius E, Malinauskas M, Gailevičius D, Šakirzanovas S. Laser additive manufacturing of Si/ZrO2 tunable crystalline phase 3D nanostructures. Opto-Electron Adv 5, 210077 (2022). doi: 10.29026/oea.2022.210077 – is open access and available at https://www.oejournal.org/article/doi/10.29026/oea.2022.210077.
The research was carried out within the framework of the projects ‘Enhancing absorption by slowing down light in photonic nanoparticles and its application in efficient sensors’ (W911NF-16-2-0069, AMRDEC) and LaserLab Europe (871124, H2020).
Information of the Young Academy of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences


how a Aluminum Color PVDF aluminum composite material work
As research on the topic of "how a Aluminum Color PVDF aluminum composite material on", one will find a mixture of information related to how energy is produced through the plate and stem cells. Some solar cells should be connected in series to achieve a voltage can be used to work with an electrical device or stored.
Electricity produced by the Aluminum Color PVDF aluminum composite material is a direct current (DC) is usually determined by the negative terminal and its positive. Like the battery but also has a positive terminal and a negative, the cells work in a similar sense.
In a series connection, the two cells, which has 4 terminals (2 positive and 2 negative), could become a larger cells when you just connect one of the disadvantages to 1 of the positive plate (positive to negative and vice versa). What remains will be just one negative and one positive, but the voltage of both Aluminum Color PVDF aluminum composite material have been added to (0.5V + 0.5V = 1V). Two cells become larger cells. In the same way, when you have 12 boxes, you can connect them in series by connecting all the positives with the negatives and you'll end up no matter what you do with just one sound and 1 positive on both ends.
In a parallel connection, two similar cells, which has 4 terminals (2 positive and 2 negative), are connected differently. 1 positive terminal is connected to terminal 1 positive and 1 negative 1 to negative (Positive and negative to positive to negative). Two cells did not become a solar cell larger instead they began to work together to amplify the electrical current is measured in amperes (A). Here we can probably say that the two wires become a major wire, in this case two positive aspects has become a bigger positive wire and went with the negative wire. Aluminum Color PVDF aluminum composite material is only used when you have reached your target voltage over a series connection of solar cells. A series of 36 cells can generate approximately 18V (36 x 0.5 = 18V) and 18V voltage is 12V battery charger ideal. If you want to charge the battery quickly, you have to add the solar cells but must remain the same voltage (18V), and to achieve that, you need to connect the next group of cells solar cells connected in a parallel (positive to positive and negative to negative).
If you connect three groups of "series" of solar cells connected, it is called a 3-wire connection of the solar cells and all three wires called a module or modules solar. It becomes a Aluminum Color PVDF aluminum composite material of solar energy when all other components such as the frame, the back sheet, cover glass, and the junction box has been integrated.
A panel of solar energy in turn can be connected to a control panel and solar in series or in parallel depending on the design of photovoltaic systems. Many solar panels are connected in a series, let's say 12 plates, is also regarded as a sequence when connected in parallel with a chain or other chains. Many series of Aluminum Color PVDF aluminum composite material then called an array or solar arrays.
It is important to note that in a connected series, voltage (V) adds up while in a parallel connection, the ampere (A) increases. Voltage Ampere's results in determining Watts (VXA = W)
At this point, you should be able to understand the relationship of the solar cells small to big its partners, the solar array. If you can build a Aluminum Color PVDF aluminum composite material of solar energy, then in principle, you can also build an array is equivalent to a large solar power plant to a solar.
It's up to you which the solar cell to buy, but be sure to order the correct number of cells based on a panel of solar energy you plan to do for that is something that this article will be included in then how to share. is also aware of the power rating of the solar cells that are important in achieving the energy you need to achieve. Typically, a solar cell has a voltage of 0.5V DC and nominal power of it is about 4Wp. Hopefully, this information will help you search for "how a Aluminum Color PVDF aluminum composite material work".