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Morning Briefing: Wildlife Officers on the Hunt for a Person Hurting Pelicans, Day 4 of Trump's Impeachment Trial, and 300 Million Americans Vaccinated by July? Good morning, Tampa Bay. Here's what you need to know today. Areas of sea fog could linger into the afternoon. It may feel a little muggier because moisture is increasing
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1 edition of Research on meteorology & climatology found in the catalog.
Research on meteorology & climatology
|Contributions||University Microfilms International.|
Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology. Issue In Progress. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology. March , Vol. 59, No. 3. Published online on Ma Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and . Time Series Analysis in Meteorology and Climatology provides an accessible overview of this notoriously difficult subject. Clearly structured throughout, the authors develop sufficient theoretical foundation to understand the basis for applying various analytical methods to a time series and show clearly how to interpret the results.
Meteorology is the study of the atmosphere, atmospheric phenomena, and atmospheric effects on our atmosphere is the gaseous layer of the physical environment that surrounds a planet. Earth’s atmosphere is roughly to kilometers ( miles) thick. Gravity keeps the atmosphere from expanding much farther. Meteorology is a subdiscipline of the atmospheric sciences, a term. Climatology is the study of climate, scientifically defined as weather conditions averaged over a period of time. This modern field of study is regarded as a branch of the atmospheric sciences and a subfield of physical geography, which is one of the Earth sciences. Climatology now includes aspects of oceanography and biogeochemistry.
Synoptic Climatology. Synoptic climatology, which is the study of the relationships between atmospheric circulation with local and regional climate, has historically been an important research emphasis at MSU. The focus of much of this research has been on the central United States and the Great Lakes region. Beginning with an overview of climatology basics, an introduction to the atmosphere, and a discussion on climatology vs. meteorology, the authors guide students in a thorough study of advanced climatology issues. From the climatology of storms, global climatic change, and atmospheric teleconnections, topics are covered in a fresh and.
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The paper traces the evolution of urban climatology since as a distinct research field within physical geography and meteorology, and its transition from observational monographs to process. Explore our list of Meteorology & Atmospheric Science - Climate & Climatology Books at Barnes & Noble®.
Receive FREE shipping with your Barnes & Noble Membership. Due. Climatology from the Oxford Bibliographies Online According to the American Meteorological Society (AMS) glossary, climatology is defined as “the description and scientific study of climate.” Climate is defined as “the slowly varying aspects of the atmosphere–hydrosphere–land surface system; Research on meteorology & climatology book characterized in terms of suitable averages of the climate system over periods of a Author: Lucinda M.
Hall. The book is a practical manual which has been created to support the syllabus of agro-meteorology courses specifically designed for graduate and post-graduate students. The Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology (JAMC) (ISSN: ; eISSN: ) publishes applied research on meteorology and climatology.
Examples of meteorological research include topics such as weather modification, satellite meteorology, radar meteorology, boundary layer processes, physical meteorology, air pollution meteorology (including dispersion and chemical processes), agricultural and forest meteorology, mountain meteorology, and applied meteorological.
The physical principles and computer models necessary for understanding past climate and predicting future climate are also discussed.
This book is recommended for upper division undergraduates and graduates in meteorology, atmospheric science, oceanography, and other environmental fields. This was the fourth postgraduate summer school on remote sensing to be held in Dundee.
These summer schools were originated by, and continue to remain in, the programme of EARSel (European Association of Remote Sensing Laboratories) Working Group 3 on Education and Training in Remote Sensing.
The first of these summer schools was held in on "Remote Sensing in Meteorology. Climatology Free pdf books from Bookyards, one of the world's first online libraries to offer ebooks to be downloaded for free. Lecture Notes on Climatology By Page 7 of 45 is the first day of the spring season and as such this date is called as the spring equinox.
Equinoxes mark the seasons of autumn and spring and are a transition between the two more extreme seasons, summer and winter. The Seasons File Size: 1MB.
View Meteorology & Climatology Research Papers on for free. Abstract. The Compendium of meteorology (Malone, ) was designed to review the field and to suggest new avenues of research.
In this great source book various aspects of climatology were discussed. Although not all facets of climatology were covered, the collection of articles gave an adequate picture of the state of knowledge as of the period just following world war by: 5. The climatology of hPa wind and rainfall in observations and CMIP5 models is shown in Fig.
In observations (Fig. A), the strong southwesterly winds flow from the Indian Ocean to the Bay of Bengal (BOB), all the way to the northern SCS, and then turn to eastern China, the Korean peninsula, and southwesterly winds affect the climate in East Asia with the southerly winds.
Research Guides Physics Sample Books: Meteorology & Climatology Search this Guide Search. Physics. This guide is intended to help you identify and locate scholarly and non-scholarly resources (books, articles, etc.) on the subject of physics. On this guide you'll also find information on library services, research tips, career information, and Author: Brian Ryckman.
Journal of Meteorological Research (previously known as Acta Meteorologica Sinica)publishes the latest achievements and developments in the field of atmospheric ge is broad, including topics such as pure and applied meteorology; climatology and climate change; marine meteorology; atmospheric physics and chemistry; cloud physics and weather modification; numerical weather.
Theoretical and Applied Climatology offers the latest and most significant developments from studies around the world in climate, atmosphere and meteorology.
Along with its sister journal Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, they are continuations of Archives for Meteorology, Geophysics and Bioclimatology, Series A and B. Journal of Climatology & Weather Forecasting is a academic journal and aims to publish most complete and reliable source of information on the discoveries and current developments in the mode of original articles, review articles, case reports, short communications, etc.
in all areas of the field and making them freely available through online. Books shelved as climatology: Solar by Ian McEwan, Cosmos by Carl Sagan, The Perfect Storm: A True Story of Men Against the Sea by Sebastian Junger, Stat.
About this book Published by the American Geophysical Union as part of the Antarctic Research Series, Volume This volume provides examples of the application of state-of-the-art technology to fundamental problems in Antarctic meteorology and climatology.
Book Description. Climatology is, to a large degree, the study of the statistics of our climate. The powerful tools of mathematical statistics therefore find wide application in climatological research.
The purpose of this comprehensive book is to help the climatologist understand the basic precepts of the statistician's art and to provide some of the background needed to apply statistical methodology Cited by: Discover the best Climatology in Best Sellers. Find the top most popular items in Amazon Books Best Sellers.
Climatology, the study of climate, is no longer regarded as a single discipline that treats climate as something that fluctuates only within the unchanging boundaries described by historical statistics. The field has recognized that climate is something that changes continually under the influence of physical and biological forces and so, cannot be understood in isolation but rather, is one Author: Shih-Yu (Simon) Wang, Robert R.
Gillies. Science 21 Oct Vol. 32, Issuepp. DOI: /scienceAuthor: Andrew H. Palmer. Hartwig Dobesch is a Professor at the Institute of Meteorology and Geodynamics of Vienna, specializing in meteorology and climatology. He is also President of the COST European research program "The use of GIS in climatology and meteorology".
Pierre Dumolard is a Professor at the Institute of Alpine Geography, Joseph Fourier University, Grenoble, France.


The term “air quality” refers to the degree to which ambient (outdoor) air is free of pollution. Air pollutants are those substances present in ambient air that negatively affect human health and welfare, animal and plant life, property, and the enjoyment of life or use of property.
Air in Utah is monitored by the Division of Air Quality (DAQ), within the Department of Environmental Quality. The mission of the DAQ is to protect public health and the environment from the harmful effects of air pollution. It is the responsibility of the DAQ to ensure that the air in Utah meets health and visibility standards established under the federal Clean Air Act (CAA). To fulfill this responsibility, the DAQ is required by the federal government to ensure compliance with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) statewide and visibility standards at national parks. The DAQ enacts rules pertaining to air quality standards, develops plans to meet the federal standards when necessary, issues preconstruction and operating permits to stationary sources, and ensures compliance with state and federal air quality rules.


Background The emergence of Zika virus (ZIKV) as a public health emergency in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) occurred during a period of severe drought and unusually high temperatures. Speculation in the literature exists that these climate conditions were associated with the 2015/2016 El Nino event and/or climate change but to date no quantitative assessment has been made. Analysis of related flaviviruses -such as dengue and chikungunya, which are transmitted by the same vectors- suggests that ZIKV dynamics is sensitive to climate seasonality and longer-term variability and trends. A better understanding the climate conditions conducive to the 2014-2016 epidemic may permit the development of climate-informed short- and long-term strategies for ZIKV prevention and control. Results Using a novel timescale-decomposition methodology, we demonstrate that extreme climate anomalies observed in most parts of South America during the current epidemic are not caused exclusively by El Nino or climate change -as speculated-, but are the result of a particular combination of climate signals acting at multiple timescales. In Brazil, the heart of the epidemic, we find that dry conditions present during 2013-2015 are explained primarily by year-to-year variability superimposed on decadal variability, but with little contribution of long-term trends. In contrast, the extreme warm temperatures of 2014-2015 resulted from the compound effect of climate change, decadal and year-to-year climate variability. Conclusions ZIKV response strategies adapted for a drought context in Brazil during El Nino 2015/2016 may need to be revised to accommodate the likely return of heavy rainfall associated with the probable 2016/2017 La Nina. Temperatures are likely to remain warm given the importance of long term and decadal scale climate signals.


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Cyclone Damien brought wind speeds of 194km/hr but didn’t leave Karratha completely in the dark with 288 GFS-200’s safely illuminating the streets and pathways when mains lighting supplied by the power grid had failed.
Full story here >
Tropical Cyclone Damien struck the WA cast earlier this month as a category 3 severe tropical cyclone at around 3:30pm on Saturday the 8th of February bringing with it severe, destructive winds, torrential rainfall and storm surges. The recorded rainfall for the region was 235.2mm received by 9:00am Sunday with about 10,000 residents affected by power outages and intermittent phone reception and over 100 calls for assistance.
The Bureau of Meteorology (BOM) said Karratha and Dampier residents were hit with the brunt of the storm with Karratha residents surviving the hardest impact as the eye wall crossed directly over them. Tropical Cyclone Damien was the third tropical cyclone for the season but the first to be classified as severe.
Weather conditions in the Pilbara region can be some of the harshest in Australia. The City of Karratha had trialed other solar lighting products in the past but few could endure the punishing conditions.
Green Frog Systems have established a name in this space, designing high performance solar lighting to withstand extreme environments such as these and agreed to supply the City with GFS-200 Solar Street Lights. These units carry a cyclone rated structural design (Region D – Severe Cyclonic ) and will reliably continue to operate through extreme temperatures, storms and flooding.
Since 2017 Green Frog Systems have worked with the City of Karratha, deploying almost 300 solar street lights with another shipment set for delivery. The City has been so impressed with the GFS-200 solar street lights that they have identified Green Frog Systems as their preferred supplier for all solar powered lighting.
From nearly 300 installed only three (3) solar street lights were damaged during Cyclone Damien from flying debris.


The Blizzard of 2015 is officially the snowiest storm on record in Worcester, Massachusetts. The final count: 34.5 inches of snow.
Assumption students are back in class after some welcomed snow days. And those in biology courses know of, or may be learning about, the many ecological effects a blizzard brings.
According to National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s National Weather Service, a snowstorm is classified as a blizzard by:
- Large amounts of snow
- 35mph winds or higher
- Visibility of less than ¼ mile
- Conditions present for three hours or more
Online newspaper, Seattle pi explains many effects that can happen after a blizzard.
“Temperatures quickly drop below zero during a blizzard, especially with the wind chill. Ice and winds cause trees to fall and plants to die.”
When storms like these cause damage to forests, excess carbon from decaying trees can cause an imbalance in a local ecosystem, which impacts other plants and wildlife.
“When other plants and flora are killed during a blizzard, their lack of availability also impacts the food supply for local animals and wildlife,” Seattle pi says.
Ongoing damp and wet conditions during the storm and its melt also encourage the spread of mold and fungi. While some mold and fungi is important to an ecosystem, some also “damage the environment by destroying plants and trees that provide food sources and are important to sustaining the local ecosystem.”
If snow melts too fast, blizzards can also lead to flooding, which can devastate plant and animal populations and impact food supply.
Assumption College students working towards their bachelor’s degree in biology can learn more about changes in ecosystems and the effects of extreme weather in courses like BIO 360 Ecology and BIO 480 Seminar in Life Sciences.


Published on Feb 18, 2014
The 2014 North American cold wave is an extreme weather event affecting parts of Canada and the United States east of the Rocky Mountains, extending as far south as Central Florida, and Northeastern Mexico. An Arctic cold front, initially associated with a nor'easter on January 2, tracked across Canada and the United States, resulting in heavy snowfall. Temperatures fell to unprecedented levels due to the front, and consequently low temperature records were broken across the U.S., leading to business, school, and road closures, as well as mass flight cancellations. Records of meteorological data have been kept by the National Weather Service since it was established in 1870. Altogether more than 200 million people were affected, in an area ranging from Rocky Mountains to the Atlantic Ocean and extending south to include roughly 187 million residents of the Continental United States.
Research on a possible connection between individual extreme weather events and long-term anthropogenic climate change is new and the topic of scientific debate. Prior to the events of January 2014, several studies on the connection between extreme weather and the polar vortex were published suggesting a link between climate change and increasingly extreme temperatures experienced by mid-latitudes (e.g., central North America). This phenomenon can be understood to result from the rapid melting of polar sea ice, which replaces white, reflective ice with dark, absorbent open water (i.e., the albedo of this region has decreased). As a result, the region has heated up faster than other parts of the globe. With the lack of a sufficient temperature difference between Arctic and southern regions to drive jet stream winds, the jet stream may have become weaker and more variable in its course, allowing cold air usually confined to the poles to reach further into the mid latitudes.
This jet stream instability brings warm air north as well as cold air south. The patch of unusual cold over the eastern United States was matched by anomalies of mild winter temperatures across Greenland and much of the Arctic north of Canada, and unusually warm conditions in Alaska. A stationary high pressure ridge over the North Pacific Ocean kept California unusually warm and dry for the time of year, worsening ongoing drought conditions there.
There has been long ongoing debate about a possible increase of tropical cyclones as an effect of global warming. However, as of March 2012, the latest IPCC report on extreme events SREX states that "there is low confidence in any observed long-term (i.e., 40 years or more) increases in tropical cyclone activity (i.e., intensity, frequency, duration), after accounting for past changes in observing capabilities." Increases in population densities increase the number of people affected and damage caused by an event of given severity. The World Meteorological Organization and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency have in the past linked increasing extreme weather events to global warming, as have Hoyos et al. (2006), writing that the increasing number of category 4 and 5 hurricanes is directly linked to increasing temperatures. Similarly, Kerry Emanuel in Nature writes that hurricane power dissipation is highly correlated with temperature, reflecting global warming. Hurricane modeling has produced similar results, finding that hurricanes, simulated under warmer, high CO2 conditions, are more intense than under present-day conditions. Thomas Knutson and Robert E. Tuleya of the NOAA stated in 2004 that warming induced by greenhouse gas may lead to increasing occurrence of highly destructive category-5 storms. Vecchi and Soden find that wind shear, the increase of which acts to inhibit tropical cyclones, also changes in model-projections of global warming. There are projected increases of wind shear in the tropical Atlantic and East Pacific associated with the deceleration of the Walker circulation, as well as decreases of wind shear in the western and central Pacific. The study does not make claims about the net effect on Atlantic and East Pacific hurricanes of the warming and moistening atmospheres, and the model-projected increases in Atlantic wind shear.


Laos has three distinct seasons. The hot season is from Mar-May, when temperatures can soar as high as 40°C and the humidity makes it feel like 50°C. The slightly cooler wet season is from May-Oct, when temperatures are around 30°C, tropical downpours are frequent (especially Jul-Aug), and some years the Mekong floods.
The dry season from Nov-Mar, which has low rainfall and temperatures as low as 15°C (or even to zero in the mountains at night), is “high season”. However, towards the end of the dry season, the northern parts of Laos — basically everything north of Luang Prabang — can become very hazy due to farmers burning fields and fires in the forests.
Being in transit by air, road or river in Laos can be as rewarding as the destination itself – but allow plenty of leeway in your schedule for the near-inevitable delays, cancellations and breakdowns.
Vientiane International Airport. Luang Prabang International Airport. A good source of bus timetables, including some basic town maps, can be found at hobomaps.com.


Climate Change Is Real and It’s Happening Now
Climate change is a topic that has been making headlines for decades, and for good reason. It is a global issue that affects every living being on this planet. Despite the overwhelming evidence and scientific consensus, there are still some who deny the reality of climate change. However, the facts speak for themselves – climate change is real and it’s happening now.
What is Climate Change?
Climate change refers to the long-term changes in the Earth’s climate, including temperature, precipitation, and wind patterns. These changes are primarily caused by human activities, such as burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and industrial processes. These activities release large amounts of greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide, into the atmosphere, trapping heat and causing the Earth’s temperature to rise.
The Evidence of Climate Change
The evidence of climate change is overwhelming and cannot be ignored. Here are some key pieces of evidence that prove climate change is real and happening now:
- Rising Temperatures: According to NASA, the Earth’s average temperature has risen by about 1.1 degrees Celsius since the late 19th century. This may seem like a small increase, but it has significant consequences for our planet.
- Extreme Weather Events: The frequency and intensity of extreme weather events, such as hurricanes, heatwaves, and wildfires, have increased in recent years. These events are a direct result of climate change and have devastating impacts on communities and ecosystems.
- Shrinking Ice Sheets: The Arctic sea ice is melting at an alarming rate, and the Greenland ice sheet is losing an average of 286 billion tons of ice per year. This not only contributes to rising sea levels but also has a ripple effect on the Earth’s climate and ecosystems.
- Changing Seasons: Climate change is causing shifts in the timing and duration of seasons. Spring is arriving earlier, and fall is arriving later, disrupting the delicate balance of ecosystems and affecting plant and animal life cycles.
The Impact of Climate Change
The effects of climate change are far-reaching and have serious consequences for both humans and the environment. Here are some of the impacts of climate change that we are already experiencing:
- Rising Sea Levels: As the Earth’s temperature rises, so do sea levels. This is due to the melting of glaciers and ice sheets, as well as the expansion of seawater as it warms. Rising sea levels threaten coastal communities and low-lying areas, putting millions of people at risk of flooding and displacement.
- Loss of Biodiversity: Climate change is causing the extinction of many plant and animal species. As their habitats change and become uninhabitable, many species are unable to adapt and survive. This loss of biodiversity has a ripple effect on the entire ecosystem and can have devastating consequences for food systems and human health.
- Food and Water Insecurity: Climate change is affecting food production and water availability. Extreme weather events, such as droughts and floods, are becoming more frequent, making it difficult for farmers to grow crops and for communities to access clean water. This can lead to food and water shortages, which disproportionately affect vulnerable populations.
- Health Impacts: Climate change is also having a significant impact on human health. Rising temperatures and extreme weather events can lead to heat-related illnesses, respiratory problems, and the spread of diseases. Vulnerable populations, such as children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing health conditions, are particularly at risk.
What Can We Do About It?
While the effects of climate change may seem overwhelming, there are actions we can take to mitigate its impacts and prevent further damage. Here are some steps we can take to address climate change:
- Reduce Our Carbon Footprint: One of the most effective ways to combat climate change is to reduce our carbon footprint. This can be done by using renewable energy sources, driving less, and consuming less meat and dairy products.
- Support Climate Action: We can also support policies and initiatives that aim to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and promote sustainable practices. This can include voting for leaders who prioritize climate action and supporting organizations that work towards a greener future.
- Adapt to a Changing Climate: As the effects of climate change are already being felt, it is important to adapt to a changing climate. This can include building resilient infrastructure, implementing disaster preparedness plans, and protecting vulnerable communities.
Question: Is it Too Late to Stop Climate Change?
No, it is not too late to stop climate change. While the Earth’s climate has already changed, we still have the power to prevent further damage and create a more sustainable future. However, it is crucial that we act now and take meaningful steps towards reducing our carbon footprint and mitigating the impacts of climate change.
Climate change is real, and it’s happening now. The evidence is clear, and the impacts are already being felt around the world. It is up to each and every one of us to take action and make a positive impact on our planet. By reducing our carbon footprint, supporting climate action, and adapting to a changing climate, we can create a more sustainable future for ourselves and future generations.
Remember, the Earth is our only home, and it is our responsibility to protect it. Let’s take action now before it’s too late.


Last update: 15-12-2017 12:30 [Europe/Rome]
HOURLY SHORT TERM DATA
DAILY DATA AT 8.00AM
|Height of snow on the ground HS [cm]*||95||96||N.P.||96||96||98||99||89||97||85||84|
|Incremento neve al suolo DHS [cm]**||-1||N.P.||-1||-1||-3||-4||6||12||1||-6|
* Given the high snow on the ground is automatically acquired from a monitoring station and snow weather and is therefore not valid.
** The figure for the increase in snow on the ground is calculated with an automatic procedure since given high snow on the ground.


The solar cycle or solar magnetic activity cycle is the nearly periodic 11-year change in the Sun’s activity (including changes in the levels of solar radiation and ejection of solar material) and appearance (changes in the number and size of sunspots, flares, and other manifestations).
They have been observed (by changes in the Sun’s appearance and by changes seen on Earth, such as auroras) for centuries.
The changes on the Sun cause effects in space, in the atmosphere, and on Earth’s surface. While it is the dominant variable in solar activity, aperiodic fluctuations also occur. More at Wikipedia
The UCAR Center for Science has a lot of good articles on the sun….
The solar cycle is a 28-year cycle of the Julian calendar with respect to the week. It occurs because leap years occur every 4 years and there are 7 possible days to start a leap year, making a 28-year sequence. More at Wikipedia


The American Radio Relay League (ARRL) is a noncommercial membership organization of radio amateurs to promote Amateur Radio interest. The National Weather Service works with ARRL Section Amateur Radio Emergency Service volunteers at the local level to establish Skywarn® radio networks and/or other specialized weather emergency alert and relief systems. When severe weather and other disasters strike, these local Skywarn® radio organizations act as communicators and spotters. The working partnership between NWS and ARRL is formally documented through a Memorandum of Understanding. NWS Warning Coordination Meteorologists maintain this working partnership with the local ARRL Skywarn® volunteers.
Spring 2023 Skywarn Training
The National Weather Service of Paducah and the National Weather Service of St Louis are offering physical and virtual Skywarn classes.
The FEMA App: A simple and easy-to-use tool
- Receive fast and reliable weather alerts from the National Weather Service for up to five different locations nationwide.
- Learn how to prepare for emergencies and useful tips to keep you and your loved ones safe before, during and after disasters.
- Locate open shelters and disaster resource centers near you.
- Submit photos of damage in your area.
- Prepare your emergency kit, make a family plan, and set reminders.
Nationwide Convective Outlooks
Skywarn® and the Skywarn® logo are registered trademarks of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, used with permission.


You can use Domo's NOAA Weather connector to retrieve a weather forecast or current observations for a specified latitude and longitude from the public National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) data.
You create an NOAA Weather DataSet in the Data Center.
The NOAA Weather connector is a "Cloud App" connector, meaning it retrieves data stored in the cloud. In the Data Center, you can access the connector page for this and other Cloud App connectors by clicking Cloud App in the toolbar at the top of the window.
This topic discusses the fields and menus that are specific to the NOAA Weather connector user interface. General information for adding DataSets, setting update schedules, and editing DataSet information is discussed in Adding a DataSet Using a Data Connector.
Creating an NOAA Weather DataSet
There are two types of reports to choose from:
The Forecast report returns future forecast weather data at either a daily or hourly period.
The Current Observations report returns 1 row of the last recorded values for a specific weather station.
Latitude and Longitude
Provide the latitude and longitude for the coordinates you would like to return data for.
You must select a weather station when choosing the current observations report. The weather station drop-down list is populated with the closest stations to the latitude and longitude provided.
Then, schedule updates for your new DataSet in the Scheduling pane. For information about the remaining sections of the connector interface, including how to configure scheduling, retry, and update options, see Adding a DataSet Using a Data Connector.


If you are fretting about our collective unwillingness to do anything about climate change, take hope: climate change is real. You know it, I know it, and those who disagree have run out of scientific legs to stand on. That may not seem like a source of hope, but scientific verification of environmental problems has been a powerful ally in the past. Indeed, through the efforts of activists, scientists, and governments we have already successfully solved some incredible air pollution problems. This article takes a look backward at where we have come from and suggests that, yes, we may still have a bright future ahead.
In December 1952, a shift in weather patterns trapped air over the city of London for five days, choking the city with sulfurous smoke from coal furnaces and reducing visibility to a few feet. In time this “Great Smog” killed more than 10,000 people. Images of the event are truly arresting: dense mustardy haze obscuring the sun, anonymous faces covered by dust masks, police desperately directing snarled traffic.
While Londoners were dying from coal smog, Arie Jan Haagen-Smit, a Dutch organic chemist working at Caltech, was investigating the ubiquitous eye-watering hazes of Los Angeles, which were strangely different from the coal burning smog of Europe and the American East. He described “photochemical smog:” a mixture of chemicals reacting with the sun to form high levels of ozone and particulate matter. Ozone, a cause of respiratory problems and long-term increases in mortality rates, regularly peaked in L.A. at levels more than five times the current ozone standard deemed “safe” by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA); the images of dust masks and haze in L.A. are no less dramatic than those from the Great Smog.
For all of the tragedy of sickness and death that they brought with them, the catastrophic smog events of the 1950′s fundamentally reshaped our society’s view of air pollution, spurring us to fight for cleaner air and, eventually, establish our country’s first air-based environmental regulations.
Soon after The Great Smog, Great Britain passed the Clean Air Act of 1956, which regulated industry and power plant emissions to significantly improve air quality in the UK’s industrial cities. It took us another decade to address our own toxic air problems, but our Clean Air Act of 1970 has proven to be one of the best, and most cost-effective, of our environmental laws.
The Clean Air Act of 1970, which addresses pollution by setting strict national air quality standards, has successfully mitigated pollution from an incredible range of sources, including power-plants, mobile vehicle, industries, and aircrafts. Environmental progress has been slow but steady.
Since the inception of the Clean Air Act, the number of days that ozone in L.A. has surpassed the federal standard has decreased from 200 to approximately 100, aided by increasingly tight regulations of ozone precursors. Studies suggest that meeting recently new standards would significantly protect a vast majority of asthmatic school children, while preventing hundreds of premature deaths in California alone. With each new environmental regulation has come industry opposition, however, ranging from cost objections to absurd claims: for instance, tests by a bus company in L.A. in 1954 showed “conclusively” that diesel engines do not pollute. They do. Despite well-funded opposition, regulators have been successful time and again, armed with facts and persistence.
It took decades for this country to address its pollution problems, but global issues have not always been so sluggish. The Antarctic ozone hole was addressed quickly and effectively by the international community despite industry objections, complex science, and dismaying projections of doom. We now know that the absence of swift international regulation banning chloroflourocarbons (CFCs) would have resulted in the near-destruction of the ozone layer (which blocks harmful ultraviolet rays) and a skyrocketing skin cancer rate. In 1974, predictions to that effect published by Drs. Stephen Rowland and Mario Molina were still unsupported by scientific observations and so were met with disbelief from industry advocates. However, when the first observations of ozone depletion were reported in 1985, a decade of scientific discussion had prepared the international community to act. Only two years after this first report of ozone loss, 46 governments signed the Montreal Protocol, an international treaty barring the production and use of ozone depleting substances. Supported by several amendments and addendums, levels of these compounds have since plateaued and are declining.
The current environmental push to address climate change is often frustrating and infuriating, with people denying the science, objecting to costs, and shifting the blame, but there have been some significant steps made in this country. In 2007, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the U.S. EPA may regulate greenhouse gases (Massachusetts v Environmental Protection Agency), as they “endanger public health and…welfare.” This is, in many ways, the federal government admitting the dangers of climate change, based off of peer-reviewed scientific literature. The state of California has gone further with Assembly Bill 32, which seeks to reduce greenhouse gas by 25% over this decade, and an effort to curb this reduction in emissions was defeated soundly. Internationally, every country except the United States has signed and ratified the Kyoto Protocol, which seeks to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, with precise goals left up to individual countries. Most importantly, these governments have been spurred to action by activists rallying through important non-governmental organizations such as 350.org.
Many people see the steps that the United States and the international community have taken as too little, too late. For instance, models have found that even small changes in rainfall can mean the difference between a grassland and a rainforest, and modest sea level rises could be disastrous for millions of people around the globe. The governments of the world are failing in their duty to protect our health and welfare, but there is some reason for optimism. The concerned community of activists, scientists, and environmental advocates need only look half a century into our own past to recognize our ability to persevere against stubborn governments and industries: deathly smog no longer blocks the sky, the ozone hole is healing, and lead paint no longer poisons children. We have fought air pollution in the past with some success, and we can do it again, but it might take longer than we want. Let’s hope it doesn’t take longer than we have.
U.S. EPA, Air Trends: http://www.epa.gov/airtrends
U.S. EPA, Origins of Modern Air Pollution Regulation: http://www.epa.gov/apti/course422/apc1.html
World Meteorological Organization, Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 2010, Accessible at: http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/csd/assessments/ozone/2010/report.html
Intergovernmental Panel On Climate Change, “Summary for Policymakers.” In: Fourth Assessment Report of the IPCC. Accessible at: http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/syr/ar4_syr_spm.pdf
Bell, M. L., Davis, D. L., Fletcher T., “A Retrospective Assessment of Mortality from the London Smog Episode of 1952: The Role of Influenza and Pollution.” Environmental Health Perspectives 112, 6-8, 2004. Accessible at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.6539


A recent report by the London-based think-tank Energy Transitions Commission estimates that carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) would store some of the greenhouse gas emissions from activities that manufacturers will not be able to decarbonize by 2050. This “ low-carbon but not carbon-free technology “, as the authors of the report write, will play a role ” vital but limited” to limit global warming to between 1.5 and 2°C.
In 2050, CCS would intervene in 3 stations: the impossibility of finding a clean alternative energy, the contribution to the reduction of CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere and, in certain specific cases, for economic reasons.
In the absence of alternatives to fossil fuels to operate certain industrial activities, such as cement plants, CCS would then be a good way to pursue these activities that emit greenhouse gases by reducing their climate impacts. CCS could also intervene to capture and lock up some of the carbon already emitted into the earth’s atmosphere so that it does not warm the planet. Finally, the use of carbon capture and storage could be justified in certain cases where this technology would be less expensive than decarbonized alternatives due to certain local specificities.
Around 40 million tonnes of CO2 are captured each year around the world, at around thirty sites. Even though CCS technology is developing, it still faces significant costs. However, future capture needs by 2050 are estimated at between 7 and 10 gigatonnes of CO2 per year, which represents up to a quarter of current emissions, according to projections by the Energy Transitions Commission. It hypothesizes that, by the middle of the century, the consumption of coal and oil will have decreased by 90% and that of gas by 30%.
The investments required in CCS infrastructure are “ important, but manageable” and estimated at 5,000 billion dollars, that is a tiny part (0.1%) of the world GDP expected by the middle of the 21st century. In addition, for the deployment of this method to be successful, the price of carbon must increase and governments must support these technologies.
The Energy Transitions Commission (ETC) is a coalition of several industry groups whose goal is to promote technologies to achieve net zero emissions by 2050, including through decarbonization, hydrogen and fuel technologies. electrification of many sectors.
Under what conditions can the capture of CO2 in the air be an interesting means of combating global warming?
Capture carbon dioxide in the air
The essentials of the new IPCC report on solutions to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and mitigate climate change
Carbon price: progress too slow to save the climate, according to the OECD


Robust1global variations in temperature means and extremes are expected if international warming reaches 1.5°C versus 2°C above the pre-industrial levels . For oceans, regional surface temperature means and extremes are projected to be greater at 2°C in comparison with 1.5°C of global warming .
Temperature means and extremes are also projected to be larger at 2°C in comparison with 1.5°C in most land regions, with will increase being 2–three occasions higher than the increase in GMST projected for some areas . Robust will increase in temperature means and extremes are additionally projected at 1.5°C in comparison with present-day values three.three.1, three.three.2. There are decreases within the incidence of chilly Positive Climate Future extremes, however substantial increases in their temperature, particularly in regions with snow or ice cowl three.3.1. Understanding the impacts of 1.5°C global warming above pre-industrial ranges and associated world emission pathways within the context of strengthening the response to the threat of climate change, sustainable improvement and efforts to eradicate poverty.
Chapter three explores noticed impacts and projected dangers to a variety of natural and human methods, with a concentrate on how threat ranges change from 1.5°C to 2°C of global warming. The chapter additionally revisits major classes of risk primarily based on the assessment of latest knowledge that has turn into obtainable since AR5. In October 2018 the IPCC issued a particular report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C, finding that limiting international warming to 1.5°C would require rapid, far-reaching and unprecedented adjustments in all aspects of society. With clear advantages to folks and pure ecosystems, the report discovered that limiting world warming to 1.5°C compared to 2°C could go hand in hand with guaranteeing a extra sustainable and equitable society. While previous estimates focused on estimating the harm if average temperatures were to rise by 2°C, this report shows that lots of the adverse impacts of climate change will come on the 1.5°C mark.
For instance, hotter common temperatures may improve air-con prices and have an effect on the unfold of illnesses like Lyme illness, however may additionally enhance conditions for rising some crops. More frequent and intense excessive heat occasions can increase sicknesses and deaths, especially among weak populations, and harm some crops. Ambitious mitigation actions are indispensable to limit warming to 1.5°C whereas achieving sustainable growth and poverty eradication . Ill-designed responses, nonetheless, may pose challenges particularly – however not completely – for countries and regions contending with poverty and people requiring significant transformation of their energy systems. This report focuses on ‘climate-resilient growth pathways’, which goal to satisfy the goals of sustainable development, including climate adaptation and mitigation, poverty eradication and lowering inequalities.
Climate Change is the defining issue of our time and we’re at a defining second. From shifting weather patterns that threaten food manufacturing, to rising sea ranges that improve the risk of catastrophic flooding, the impacts of climate change are international in scope and unprecedented in scale. Without drastic motion right now, adapting to these impacts in the future shall be harder and dear. Rising world average temperature is related to widespread modifications in climate patterns. Scientific studies indicate that extreme climate events such as warmth waves and enormous storms are prone to turn out to be extra frequent or more intense with human-induced climate change.
Our Earth is warming more quickly than it has in the past in accordance with the analysis of scientists. Hot summer days could also be quite typical of climates in many areas of the world, however global warming is inflicting Earth’s common international temperature to extend. The amount of photo voltaic radiation, the chemistry of the ambiance, clouds, and the biosphere all have an effect on Earth’s climate.
The report finds that limiting global warming to 1.5°C would require “speedy and much-reaching” transitions in land, power, business, buildings, transport, and cities. Global internet human-brought on emissions of carbon dioxide would need to fall by about 45 % from 2010 levels by 2030, reaching ‘net zero’ round 2050. This implies that any remaining emissions would have to be balanced by removing CO2 from the air. Long-term adjustments in climate can instantly or not directly have an effect on many aspects of society in potentially disruptive ways.
In 1982 the WMO agreed to update climate normals, and these have been subsequently accomplished on the idea of local weather knowledge from 1 January 1961 to 31 December 1990.
But any possible pathway that is still within 1.5°C includes synergies and commerce-offs . Significant uncertainty stays as to which pathways are extra consistent with the precept of equity.
While the climate can change in only a few hours, local weather changes over longer timeframes. Climate events, like El Nino, happen over a number of years, small-scale fluctuations occur over many years, and larger climate adjustments occur over tons of and 1000’s of years.


Tuesday's record high temperature follows another high reading of 63.3°F set just the day before. Until this week's heat wave, the highest-known recorded temperature on the continent was 62.6°F back in 1976.
The Antarctic Peninsula where the readings were made "is one of the fastest warming spots on Earth," reports The Weather Undergound. The website cites studies from 2012 that show the world is warming at a quickening pace.
Five nations and territories have tied or hit all-time high temperature records so far this year.
Credit Nature Climate Change
A fresh analysis of thousands of temperature measurements from deep-diving Argo ocean probes shows (yet again) that Earth is experiencing “unabated planetary warming” when you factor in the vast amount of greenhouse-trapped heat that ends up in the sea. This is not even close to a new finding, but the new study shows more precisely where most of the heat has been going since 2006 (in the Southern Ocean outside the tropics; see the red splotches in the map below).
WASHINGTON — The Pentagon on Monday released a report asserting decisively that climate change poses an immediate threat to national security, with increased risks from terrorism, infectious disease, global poverty and food shortages. It also predicted rising demand for military disaster responses as extreme weather creates more global humanitarian crises.
The report lays out a road map to show how the military will adapt to rising sea levels, more violent storms and widespread droughts. The Defense Department will begin by integrating plans for climate change risks across all of its operations, from war games and strategic military planning situations to a rethinking of the movement of supplies.
Defense Secretary Chuck Hagel, speaking Monday at a meeting of defense ministers in Peru, highlighted the report’s findings and the global security threats of climate change.
“The loss of glaciers will strain water supplies in several areas of our hemisphere,” Mr. Hagel said. “Destruction and devastation from hurricanes can sow the seeds for instability. Droughts and crop failures can leave millions of people without any lifeline, and trigger waves of mass migration.” (...)
Our planet is on a hot streak.
Over the weekend, NASA announced that last month was the warmest September since global records have been kept. What’s more, the last six months were collectively the warmest middle half of the year in NASA’s records—dating back to 1880.
The record-breaking burst of warmth was kicked off by an exceptionally warm April—the first month in at least 800,000 years that atmospheric carbon dioxide reached 400 parts per million.
According to the National Climatic Data Center, which keeps a separate record of global temperatures, this April ranked as the warmest April on record. Followed by the warmest May on record. Followed by warmest June on record. (July wasn’t quite as hot—just the fourth-warmest July on record.) But August—again, you guessed it—was the warmest August on record. The NCDC will release its numbers for September later this month. (...)


Hurricane Maria led off the month of September, forming as a tropical storm well east of the Leeward Islands on September 2. Maria reached its peak as a Category 3 hurricane on September 5, turning northeast and weakening before becoming extratropical on September 10. Unusually, this extratropical storm strengthened as it moved toward Iceland; its remnants struck Norway where one person was killed in a landslide.
Hurricane Nate formed southwest of Bermuda on September 5 and moved northeast as it strengthened into a strong Category 1 hurricane. Nate became extratropical on September 10; the storm never approached land, although it did interfere with Canadian naval vessels en route to the Gulf Coast to help in Katrina relief efforts.
Hurricane Ophelia formed as a tropical depression in the Bahamas on September 6 and almost immediately made landfall on Grand Bahama. It became a tropical storm off the coast of Florida before strengthening into a large Category 1 storm and raking a long stretch of the southern North Carolina coast with heavy winds and storm surge on September 12 and September 13. The hurricane's eye never made landfall and moved back out to sea before becoming extratropical on September 17 and striking Atlantic Canada. Damages were around $70 million (2005 USD; $78.7 million 2011 USD).[essential hypertensionLouisville Plumber


Another Solar Flares By Sun.
March 8, 2012 1 Comment
There was big issue that the huge solar flare occurred on Jan 27. Also, two days ago, the Sun released powerful solar storms that are the strongest solar storms in this year. This article said the solar flares ranked as X-class storms, the strongest type of solar flares the sun can have. There are 5 ranks depend on the solar flares strength. The five ranks are A, B, C, M, and X. A has the weakest strength solar flares, and, obviously, X has the strongest strength of solar flare. The difference between each rank is about 10 times, so B rank solar storm is about 10 times stronger than A rank solar storm. Also, in those ranks, it is broken down into subsets, from 1 to 9. For example, the solar storm on Jan was ranked as X1.7-class eruption. In only X rank solar flare, number can go higher than 9. This time solar flare was ranked as an X5.4-class eruption. Now, the Sun is under an active phase of its 11 year weather cycle, and it is known as Solar Cycle 24. NASA is expecting that in 2013, the Solar Cycle 24 will be reached its peak level of activity. So, we will see more news about Solar Flare occurring.


Learn what climate change is, and how it affects the planet
Climate Change poses an increasing threat to the stability of Earth’s systems. If we want to protect our planet from dangerous and unprecedented change, first we must understand the science behind climate change.
On this course you will explore this science, looking back across 4 billion years of Earth’s history to help you learn the difference between ‘natural’ from ‘human’ induced change; looking to the present to see how the impacts of climate change are already being felt; and finally looking to the future to see what it might hold for our planet.
You don’t need any prior knowledge of climate change, just an interest in science, nature and the environment.


- How We’ll Reach Carbon Neutral by 2035
In April of 2021, we took the next step toward committing to helping the environment.
We pledge to be carbon neutral in our facilities and operations by 2035, and to continue to investigate and evaluate carbon emissions up and down our supply chain and to quantify them and to address them where possible.
“Honeywell has a long history of improving our own environmental and sustainability profile while providing innovative products and services that improve our customers’ profiles as well,” said Honeywell chairman and CEO Darius Adamczyk. “We will continue to invest in our plants and in new technologies that will reduce our carbon footprint and contribute significantly to global efforts to mitigate climate change.”
Here’s a look at that promise.
Defining Carbon Neutral
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the most well- known of the greenhouse gases, which trap heat in our atmosphere. Other greenhouse gases can be measured using CO2 global warming potential, or “GWP,” as a unit (called “CO2 equivalent” or “CO2e”).
That has a negative impact on the environment.
To be carbon neutral means that we will eliminate CO2e emissions from our facilities and operations by 2035.
How We’ll Get There
We’ve already made major steps toward carbon neutrality. Since 2004, we have reduced our greenhouse gas intensity by more than 90%. We’ve done that by integrating sustainability with our core operating system, generating thousands of efficiency projects throughout our operations.
During the next 14 years, we’ll tackle the rest.
We will complete even more energy savings projects, converting to renewable energy sources, completing capital improvement projects in our sites, electrifying our fleet of company vehicles and using credible carbon offsets.
“Our full pledge is to both go carbon neutral for our operations and facilities, but also to continue to investigate and evaluate carbon emissions up and down our supply chain and to quantify them and to address them where possible,” said Honeywell Chief Sustainability Officer Evan van Hook.
Beyond Our Own Footprint
As carbon neutrality becomes prevalent around the world, we’re prepared to help other companies and our customers also achieve carbon neutrality.
We can do that through our products and technologies that help the environment.
For example, our Solstice line of low global warming potential refrigerants, propellants and solvents. Solstice has avoided emission of over 200 million metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent from being released in the atmosphere according to our estimates. This is equivalent to removing more than 42 million cars from the road for one year.


As of 9 PM Wednesday evening, powerful Hurricane IRMA will maintain its severe intensity and will not change much; perhaps a slight decrease in core winds as the storm center will interface the north coast of the Dominican Republic and Cuba on Thursday & Friday. However, it will still be an EXTREME Hurricane! The storm’s track is in a stable WNW steering current and will remains so for the next 24-hours. After that, look for IRMA to slow down and begin a turn to a more NW to northerly track. The threat of direct hurricane impacts in Florida over the weekend and early next week has significantly increased!!


sexta-feira, 12 de fevereiro de 2016
Record ozone hole may open over Arctic in the spring
By Eric Hand
Antarctica isn't the only place with an ozone hole. Lingering atmospheric pollutants and frigid air have carved an unusually deep hole in Earth's protective ozone layer over the Arctic, and it threatens to get deeper this spring. Atmospheric scientists are analyzing data from weather balloons and satellites for clues to how the ozone will fare when sunlight—a third factor in ozone loss—returns to the Arctic. But they are already worrying about how extra ultraviolet light might affect humans and ecosystems below and wondering whether climate change will make such Arctic holes more common or severe. By next week, 25% of the Arctic ozone will be destroyed, scientists warn. But if the winds of the polar vortex persist in keeping the stratosphere cold for another month, ozone losses will become severe.


New Delhi : Delhi NCR weather update: The weather has suddenly taken a turn in Delhi-NCR. Today the morning has started with heavy rain in Delhi. It is raining in many areas of Delhi-NCR. This rain before Diwali can prove to be a boon for the people living here. It is believed that the rain will remove the blanket of air pollution in the sky. The sky will clear. People will get relief from continuous air pollution for the last several days.
Delhi’s air quality may improve
Delhi NCR weather update: Let us tell you that the Delhi government was trying to get artificial rain from the sky. The date of 20th November had also been fixed for this. Talks had also taken place between Delhi Government and IIT Kanpur. But before that, nature became kind and it rained heavily in Delhi-NCR today. It is expected that due to heavy rains the level of air pollution in Delhi-NCR will come down. Air quality index will improve. Which has remained above 400 for the last several days.
Action plan will be presented in SC today
Delhi NCR weather update: Let us tell you that the Delhi government will present its action plan regarding air pollution before the Supreme Court and will present its study report regarding odd-even in the Supreme Court. After which a decision will be taken on implementing odd-even in Delhi. Delhi government has said that artificial rain can be done in two phases on November 20-21, during which an area of 300 square meters will be covered in the first phase and 1000 square meters in the second phase. It will cost around Rs 13 crore to make artificial rain and he is ready to bear all the expenses.
Will odd-even be implemented in Noida also?
Delhi NCR weather update: Meanwhile, it rained in many areas of Delhi today. This can provide some relief from pollution. At the same time, after increasing air pollution in Noida adjacent to Delhi, the administration is working to improve the air quality. Here too, a new rule on the lines of odd-even can be implemented to reduce air pollution and reduce the number of vehicles on the roads.
Survey Form: Who will form the government in Chhattisgarh, who will become the CM? You can also cast your vote by clicking on this link
Survey Form: Who will form the government in Madhya Pradesh, who will become the CM? You can also cast your vote by clicking on this link


When planning a boat trip, it's important to check the weather to be prepared.
Published on January 1, 2020
Here are some helpful resources for the forecast so you don’t run into any surprises out on the water.
Top Marine Weather Websites
NOAA Marine Weather – The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Marine Weather tells the daily weather, storm warnings, and climate monitoring. You can also view wind and wave charts.
The Weather Company owns some of the top weather resources on the web that provide detailed real-time weather and forecast information for around the globe, including:
- The Weather Channel – in addition to real-time forecasts this website includes the day's top weather stories and expert insights.
- Weather Underground – operates independently from The Weather Channel. It is largely made up of a community of weather enthusiasts from all over the world, in addition to its own expert meteorologists. The community shares blogs, photographs, and real-time weather. One of its best features is Wundermap, which is a customizable, full-screen weather map that can be drilled down to local details.
- Intellicast Weather – outdoor enthusiasts rely on this website for detailed weather and forecast information around the globe. Features include: surface maps, charts, satellite imagery, and recreational outlooks.
Accuweather – up to the minute forecast on current conditions for local to international areas with world-class weather radar. Includes customized content and engaging video presentations.
Passage Weather – specializes in sailing weather forecasts. The website provides 7-day wind and wave forecasts to help sailors with their passage planning and weather routing. Before and during deliveries, ocean races, regattas, cruises, and all other types of offshore passages, the website has your whole route covered. The site’s sailing weather forecasts are derived using data from the most trusted and reliable weather sources.
FishWeather – is a great place to check the weather, especially if you plan to do a little fishing. This weather resource provides accurate, short-term, real-time reports on wind speed and direction. You can also get general weather forecasts. It provides radar and satellite images. The website offers free and paid memberships based on the level of information you may require.
PredictWind – many sailors' go-to weather app that provides two comparative forecasts so you can be confident in what to expect with the weather when out on the open water. The website offers free and paid packages based on the type of information you are looking for.
We hope these online weather resources help you safely plan your next boat trip. For further protection on the water, be sure to check out Markel boat insurance. Markel offers specialized boat insurance that protects you and your boat on (and off) of the water.
Find a licensed Markel Marine agent in your area, and start protecting your boat today.


Myles Allan: My biggest concern is with the much-touted line that “the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) says we have 12 years” before triggering an irreversible slide into climate chaos. Slogan writers are vague on whether they mean climate chaos will happen after 12 years, or if we have 12 years to avert it. But both are misleading. As the relevant lead author of the IPCC Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5°C, I spent several days last October, literally under a spotlight, explaining to delegates of the world’s governments what we could, and could not, say about how close we are to that level of warming. Using the World Meteorological Organisation’s definition of global average surface temperature, and the late 19th century to represent its pre-industrial level (yes, all these definitions matter), we just passed 1°C and are warming at more than 0..2°C per decade, which would take us to 1.5°C around 2040. That said, these are only best estimates. We might already be at 1.2°C, and warming at 0.25°C per decade – well within the range of uncertainty.
That would indeed get us to 1.5°C by 2030: 12 years from 2018. But an additional quarter of a degree of warming, more-or-less what has happened since the 1990s, is not going to feel like Armageddon to the vast majority of today’s striking teenagers (the striving taxpayers of 2030). And what will they think then? So please stop saying something globally bad is going to happen in 2030. Bad stuff is already happening and every half a degree of warming matters, but the IPCC does not draw a “planetary boundary” at 1.5°C beyond which lie climate dragons. What about the other interpretation of the IPCC’s 12 years: that we have 12 years to act? What our report said was, in scenarios with a one-in-two to two-in-three chance of keeping global warming below 1.5°C, emissions are reduced to around half their present level by 2030.
That doesn’t mean we have 12 years to act: it means we have to act now, and even if we do, success is not guaranteed. And if we don’t halve emissions by 2030, will we have lost the battle and just have to hunker down and survive? Of course not. The IPCC is clear that, even reducing emissions as fast as possible, we can barely keep temperatures below 1.5°C. So every year that goes by in which we aren’t reducing emissions is another 40 billion tonnes of CO₂ that we are expecting today’s teenagers to clean back out of the atmosphere in order to preserve warm water corals or Arctic ice.
The Conversation 18th April 2019


Fay, Fay Go Away!
Like a bad head cold, Tropical Storm Fay is still hanging around. Tuesday morning when I woke up, it was raining, just a good, soaking rain. No wind, nothing to be afraid of. Twenty minutes later, it was over. We kept an eye on the storm all day because, as you may have seen, Fay has been unpredictable. Tuesday around 6 p.m., the rains set in. Heavy, drenching rains with a moderate amount of wind. Nothing scary, just enough that’d make you want to stop driving and get out of the weather. At that time, Fay was heading west to east across the state and it was estimated she’d end up in the Atlantic where she’d turn into a hurricaine.
First things first, though, we had to get through the weather. Went to speak in Tampa yesterday and had moderate rains for the first half of the drive. On the way home, however, it rained the whole way. Now, I haven’t seen much of a forecast, but the rains are still coming (yes, still), the wind is as bad as it’s been and there’s water seeping in under the front doors. Certainly no flooding like you see on TV, but with all this rain, it’s gotta go somewhere.
Thus far, Fay hasn’t been a big deal. Keep your fingers crossed it’ll stay that way!


Quantification of uncertainty in the simulation results becomes difficult for complex real-world systems with little or no experimental data. This paper describes a validation and uncertainty quantification (VUQ) approach that integrates computational and experimental data through a range of experimental scales and a hierarchy of complexity levels. This global approach links dissimilar experimental datasets at different scales, in a hierarchy, to reduce quantified error bars on case with sparse data, without running additional experiments. This approach was demonstrated by applying on a real-world problem, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from wind tunnel flares. The two-tier validation hierarchy links, a buoyancy-driven helium plume and a wind tunnel flare, to increase the confidence in the estimation of GHG emissions from wind tunnel flares from simulations.


Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Municipalities Act on Climate Change
Over the past few months, Cities Initiative staff have inventoried action on climate change by member municipalities in the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Region.
Of our 119 members:
- 73 are taking action on climate change in some way
- 31 have implemented greenhouse gas reduction targets
- 17 have joined the Compact of Mayors, an international effort for local greenhouse gas reductions.
When combined, the 31 cities with greenhouse gas reduction targets have reduced carbon dioxide emissions by over 27 million tons of CO2.
- 1-page summary of greenhouse gas reduction targets in member municipalities
- Full inventory of greenhouse gas reduction targets in member municipalities (11 pages)
Fast Facts on Climate Change
If your municipality is considering creating a climate change adaptation or mitigation plan, visit the Best Practices Library and select “Climate Adaptation Plans” to view plans from other municipalities.


Have you ever felt that post-lunchtime slump at work, around 2 p.m.? You probably blamed it on the California burrito you ate, or a morning coffee crash. The more likely culprit turns out to be carbon dioxide.
A research study conducted earlier this year by Harvard, Syracuse, and SUNY Upstate Medical Universities studied office environments and determined the level of carbon dioxide in the average office environment reaches its daily peak around 2 p.m. The CO2 level of 1,000 parts per million is 2.5 times the level of carbon dioxide in the outside atmosphere. Read more about this study in the Harvard Business Journal.… Read More


CSRC Hall of
Northeast Climate Science Center
01003 - USA
My interests are in paleoclimatology, numerical climate modeling and Arctic change and variability during the Pleistocene. Currently, I am researching the "super-interglacials" of Marine Isotope Stage(s) 1, 5e, anomalously warm 11c and 31 in the Arctic. My research area is Lake El'Gygytgyn in Far East Russia. Using General Circulation Models (GCMs), We can simulate climate sensitivity tests of the Arctic based on proxy data recovered from a 318 m core taken from Lake El’Gygytgyn. Analysis of GCM output will provide mean summer surface temperatures, precipitations rates, vegetation and astronomical forcing values such as insolation at the surface along with other surface and atmospheric variables.
In addition to my intesrests in Arctic variability, I am also a meteorologist. I am interested in the processes that govern severe storm and tornado development. Though my research is not specifically in meteorology, reading about tornadogenesis and severe storm development is something that I follow on my own free time.


|Today and tomorrow – July 21 and 22 – are Ozone Action days|
|SEMCOG members: Please inform your residentsSEMCOG announces that today and tomorrow are the first Ozone Action days of the year. This is the 21st year of the voluntary program that helps keep Southeast Michigan’s air clean. There were three Ozone Action days in 2013; there were 20 in 2012.Summer-like conditions are returning to Southeast Michigan for the next few days. That means plenty of sunshine, warm temperatures, and increased humidity. Weak winds will come from the south/southwest on Sunday into Monday. Moisture moving in allows humidity levels to rise.
With mostly sunny skies, ozone levels will rise. Those favorable conditions will continue into Monday. Temperatures at both the surface and upper levels continue to increase, making an upsurge in ozone likely in Southeast Michigan.
Here are some simple things that Southeast Michigan residents can do to help keep the air clean on the region’s first Ozone Action day of the season:
Additional information on Ozone Action days is available on SEMCOG’s website at www.semcog.org; look for Ozone Action under “Hot Topics” on the home page. Those interested can also follow us on Facebook, Twitter, or LinkedIn. In addition to our traditional e-mail notifications, we will use these pages to keep Southeast Michigan residents up-to-speed on a variety of topics related to air quality.
Residents wishing to be added to SEMCOG’s Ozone Action e-mail notification list should send an e-mail to firstname.lastname@example.org; put “notification” in the subject line and include name, phone number, and e-mail in the body of the e-mail.
Thanks to a regionally coordinated effort, Southeast Michigan’s air quality has steadily improved over the past two decades. That is due, in part, to the actions that residents take on Ozone Action days – and that gives credence to one of SEMCOG’s key messages – that a single action by many can make a difference. View the positive trends in effect for ozone, carbon monoxide, and fine particulate matter.
Contact: Sue Stetler, SEMCOG.
SEMCOG Regional Update


The Davis VantagePro 2 weather system has been running well now for perhaps 5 years.
We got actual rainfall the other day, a real soaker probably 0.5-0.75 inch. We last had rain back in January; even when it rains in the area it typically misses us.
Well, the data was pretty strange. It showed we got 68 inches that night…. Probably not.
I went out and removed the rain shield; it had a small dead bug, but wasn’t particularly blocked. The buckets were clean, I don’t see anything wrong.
Toggled the bucket back and forth a few times, but didn’t see any response. It should register 0.01 inches per tip.
Called Davis support. As we were talking, I started seeing a steady amount of rain being registered. It was a constant 0.12 inches every 30 seconds. It was certainly not raining! Conclusion: something is wrong with the transmitter device.
They mailed a replacement device ($60). I got it installed OK, seems to be reading OK. Sprayed some water into the rain cone, saw it register. It takes a minute or two to register due to the update frequency of the console and of weather display. Sent back the old one.


Enjoying the Cold
|By: Dr. Ricky Rood, 6:22 AM GMT on March 04, 2014||+27|
Enjoying the Cold
In the last couple of weeks several people have sent me this comic, Cold, from xkcd. The cartoon draws from the work at Climate Central, an organization that is doing excellent work with data and communication about climate, weather and climate change. The point of the cartoon is that if you look back at the weather of not so long along ago, we saw cold temperatures like we have seen in the U.S. this winter. The planet was warmed up enough that we are not used to it being cold.
Every month the National Climatic Data Center releases an update on its Climate Monitoring page. In the February update, the graph of the differences (anomalies) from the 1981-2010 average shows that the eastern half of the continental U.S. was 4 – 5 degrees Celsius colder than average. Northern Siberia was also very cold. Look at Alaska (part of the U.S.), Greenland and China – downright toasty.
Figure 1: January 2014 temperature differences from a 1981-2010 average. From the National Climatic Data Center.
When the cold of the eastern U.S. is put into a global perspective, January 2014 was the 4th warmest global average since 1880. The U.S. was 53rd coolest, near the middle. If you go back to my blog on the behavior of the Arctic Oscillation, I show maps of 2010 and 2011 which were so cold that they motivated congressional hearings about climate change. In that blog, I also show figures from 1979, which was the coldest winter in the continental U.S.
As I started to put this into context, the first thing that I noticed was that those hearings-motivating winters of 2010 and 2011 were about 8 degrees Celsius warmer than 1979. This winter, 2013 – 2014, is objectively cold, but it is not colder than 1979. If you examine the figure above, the anomaly was calculated from the average 1981-2010, which includes the warmest decade we have measured since 1880. Therefore, the anomaly looks larger than it would if calculated against an earlier 30 year period or a 20th century average.
The last month when the global mean monthly average was below the 20th century average was February 1985. If I count correctly, then it has been 29 years, or 348 months, since we, globally, have experienced a month colder than the 20th century average. If we look at years, rather than individual months, then this span of time extends back to 1976. I remember the fall and winter of 1976 – 1977 very well. I had moved to Tallahassee. It snowed. People raked it under the trees to take pictures. People left their sprinklers on to see ice. They destroyed their trees.
Figure 2: Annual average temperature differences from a 20th average. Calculated using tools from National Climatic Data Center.
The extraordinary string of months and years above the 20th century average will continue. In a year, we will have gone 30 years, the official averaging time of climate, since we will have experienced a “cool” month. This locally cold winter in the eastern U.S. is more like the late 1970s than the nineties in the comic above. A big difference is that this locally cold winter still does not affect the average enough to keep January 2014, globally, from being one of the warmest on record. The cartoon is right, not only are we not used to it being cold, many of residents of the U.S. have never actually experienced such cold. Same is true for the stink bugs of Virginia.


Climate change: Part 1
• Climate change versus hurricanes and forest fires.
• A new book on climate change.
• What causes climate change?
• Can we predict climate change effects?
• Should the USA buy insurance against climate change?
Just to clarify: this blog and (I hope) the next one will center on Science and Energy.
CLIMATE CHANGE IS CONTROVERSIAL, but recent events in September of 2017 force us to think about it once again. I’m referring to hurricane Harvey which went through Houston and hurricane Irma which hit Florida, both causing billions of dollars of damage within the past month.
BUT I’M ALSO REFERRING TO FOREST FIRES which are raging across the western part of the USA. Until this week there were about 40 of them. Many of these fires were started by lightning strikes.
As stated here: Particle pollution from wildfires, long known for containing soot and other fine particles known to be dangerous to human health, is much worse than previously thought, a new study shows. Naturally burning timber and brush from wildfires release dangerous particles into the air at a rate three times as high as levels known by the EPA.
A NEW BOOK ON CLIMATE CHANGE HAS JUST COME OUT, called Climate of Hope. The book gives the data behind climate change. It goes on to take a different look at how the USA needs to deal with climate change, when the US federal government is stymied due to political ideologies. In my opinion, this book offers sensible and practical solutions on a city-by-city basis, rather than waiting for the federal government to act.
In this Part 1, we excerpt from the book’s pages on data and facts in regard to climate change, as follows:
• The greenhouse gases capture some of the sun’s radiation energy as it passes through. Without such gases the earth would be like the moon (253F in daytime, -243F at night). And unlivable.
• Water vapor captures 60% of the solar energy, carbon dioxide (CO2) is next, methane (natural gas) is third. This stored energy in the atmosphere drives the entire weather cycle: winds, cloud creation, hurricanes, heat waves.
• Burning fossil fuels (e.g. coal), cutting down forests, and degrading soils increases the CO2 in the atmosphere (see graph below). This causes the atmosphere to retain more energy, and has two effects: (1) it causes temperatures to rise – hence global warming, (2) it makes the atmosphere more energetic, just like heating a pot of spaghetti sauce makes it bubble more.
• The overwhelming consensus of scientists who study this agree that current levels of man-made greenhouse pollutants are large enough to seriously disrupt the climate, and that these effects can already be measured.
• HOW THE CLIMATE ALTERS IS COMPLEX AND DIFFICULT TO PREDICT. Climate is a linked system, where one change can produce numerous reactions. A warmer atmosphere can mean more droughts. But it can also mean more water evaporates from the oceans, which can mean more snow in Canada, and stronger hurricanes in the Caribbean. [IDP: the recent forest fires and hurricanes in the USA seem to support such changes.]
• Climate change dissenters think we shouldn’t take any action to reduce the risks because we can’t predict how big the changes will be or how soon they might arrive. But of course we buy fire insurance even though our house may never burn down.
• [IDP: A 10-year drought occurred in parts of Australia about 15 years ago, and everyone I talked with over there came to believe in climate change. Hurricane Sandy, the second costliest in US history with $75 billion in damages, devastated New York and New Jersey in 2012 (Hurricane Katrina in 2005 cost $108 billion). As a result, the mayor of New York City, Michael Bloomberg, became a believer in climate change. Probably a lot more people living in Houston and Florida are now believers.]
I also found this quote in my research: A 2012 prediction by the National Hurricane Center states that due to global warming the number of future hurricanes will “either decrease or remain essentially unchanged” overall, but the ones that do form will likely be stronger, with fiercer winds and heavier rains. Wow….right on the money!
IF ANYONE SERIOUSLY DOUBTS GLOBAL WARMING, see the graph below, which shows a close correlation between carbon dioxide levels (the primary greenhouse gas) in the atmosphere and average global temperatures in recent years. I cannot think of any other explanation for this graph, other than made-made greenhouse gases causing the heating of our planet. I discussed this graph in a previous blog.
For more details on global warming caused by human activities, you can read an excellent article by two Australian colleagues, Julian Pfitzner and Mark Schubert (click here).
CLIMATE CHANGE: PART 2 WILL BE COMING SOON. Meanwhile, I’d love to hear your opinion on climate change….please add a comment in the Comment box at the bottom of this page.
If you would like to receive by email each blog I write, please write Add me to your send-out list in the Comment box at the bottom of the blog (you need to add your email but it is totally protected). If you decide later not to receive these blogs, it’s easy to unsubscribe any time with one click.
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Home' Target 100 : Greener Farming Contents Greener farming: reducing emissions
About the guide
Explain (article one)
The rise and rise of greenhouse gases
the VoluMe oF greenhouse gases causing global
warming has risen to new highs, the UN World
Meteorological Organisation (WMO) says, warning it is
becoming increasingly unlikely the world can limit rising
temperatures to UN-backed targets.
Pointing out that the worst warming gases – carbon dioxide
(CO2), methane, and nitrous oxide – had all reached new highs in
recent years, the agency’s Secretary-General Michel Jarraud said
“it is getting increasingly unlikely” that a UN-backed pledge to
limit global warming to 2°C (3.6° Fahrenheit) could be achieved.
“Between 1990 and 2011, there was a 30% increase in
radiative forcing – the warming effect on our climate – because
of carbon dioxide and other heat-trapping long-lived gases,” the
Levels of CO2
– the single most important man-made
contributor to climate change – rose to 390.9 parts per million
(ppm) in 2011, which is 2.0 ppm higher than in 2010, reported
the WMO. In April 2012, CO
levels were recorded as reaching
almost 400 ppm (399.72), the first time they have reached this
level in three million years.
CO2 levels are at more than 140% of the pre-industrial level
(before 1750), with about 375 billion tonnes of carbon released
into the atmosphere as CO2 in the past 260 years.
“ These billions of tonnes of additional CO2 in our atmosphere
will remain there for centuries, causing our planet to warm
further and impacting on all aspects of life on earth,” Jarraud
said in a statement. “Future emissions will only compound the
situation,” he added.
Taking the long view on data to smooth out year-on-year
anomalies, the WMO showed that while CO2 in the atmosphere
increased on average 1.5 ppm during the 1990s, the average
annual hike from 2000 to 2010 stood at 2.0 ppm. “So it’s not
just increasing, it’s increasing exponentially,” WMO scientific
officer Oksana Tarasova told reporters.
Jarraud, meanwhile, pointed out that so-called ‘carbon sinks’,
including oceans, have until now absorbed nearly half of the
CO2 emitted by humans, but stressed that “this will not
necessarily continue in the future.”
The level of atmospheric methane (CH4), the second most
important greenhouse gas after CO2
, has also reached new
highs at 1,813 parts per billion (ppb). This is 259% of the
pre-industrial level, the WMO said, blaming mainly human
activities like fossil fuel exploitation, cattle breeding, rice
agriculture, landfills and biomass burning.
As a greenhouse gas, methane is estimated by the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change to be between
21–23 times the potency of CO2
Also worrying was the increase in nitrous oxide (N2O) levels,
the WMO said, since its impact on climate is almost 300 times
greater than that of carbon dioxide.
The gas, emitted into the atmosphere from natural and
artificial sources, also plays an important role in the
destruction of the ozone layer, which protects the Earth
from harmful ultraviolet rays.
According to the WMO, the atmospheric concentration of
nitrous oxide in 2011 was about 324.2 ppb, which is up 1.0 ppb
from 2010, and at 120% of pre-industrial levels.
– A F P and staff writers
the Australian picture
ACCORDING TO 2010 data from the Department
of Climate Change and Energy Efficiency, Australia
produces only about 1.5% of the world’s greenhouse gas
emissions. However, per capita, Australia is one of the
world’s worst polluters, with emissions of about 24.4
tonnes carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) per person –
more than four times the world average.
Australia’s greenhouse gases emissions are mainly
(about 74%) in the form of CO2
, most of which are
generated by the energy sector. Methane accounts for
a further 20%, with nitrous oxide making up most of
The main human activities increasing the amount of
carbon dioxide in the atmosphere are:
n electricity production (involving the combustion of
fossil fuels, which releases CO2)
n transport (motor vehicles, trains and planes all burn
fuel, which releases CO2)
n land clearing (when forests are cleared, there are
fewer trees to store carbon and to convert CO2 during the
process of photosynthesis).
For methane emissions, the main contributing activities
are livestock production (since livestock, such as cattle
and sheep, produce methane during their digestion
process) and mining for fossil fuels, which releases
methane. Nitrous oxide, the third major greenhouse gas,
mainly comes from the production and application of
nitrogen fertilisers, which are used to help crops grow.
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