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The appearance of rainbows after a rain shower and the disappearance of the Sun during a total solar eclipse are not the only observable natural phenomenon in the skies above. The Aurora Borealis, also known as the Northern Lights, are incredible displays of light that occur near the magnetic pole of the Earth’s Northern hemisphere.
But what causes this phenomenon, what makes the Northern Lights so colorful, and when can you actually see them? Let’s take a look at what causes the Aurora Borealis, or the Northern Lights, and how you can experience this amazing natural wonder of the world for yourself!
What Do The Northern Lights Look Like?
The Northern Lights are visible at night, and are best observed in parts of the Northern hemisphere that are devoid of light pollution. This includes places such as Northern Alaska, Norway, and Canada, or Southern Iceland or Greenland.
Like a rainbow, every appearance of the Northern Lights is unique. For many observers, the Northern Lights appear as bands of glowing greenish-blue arcs tinged with red that light up the sky, while others see the lights moving, pulsing, rippling, rolling across the sky!
What Causes the Aurora Borealis, Or Northern Lights?
The presence of the Northern Lights is actually connected to the Sun –– specifically, to solar activity. Part of what makes the Northern Lights so fascinating is this direct relationship between the aurora borealis and solar activity. This relationship was first considered back in the 1880s, and was later confirmed by more modern scientific methods in the 1950s. In fact, research is still underway today to study the Northern Lights at the University of Alaska at Fairbanks.
When the Sun’s atmosphere emits solar winds in the direction of the Earth, those winds carry with them charged particles: protons and electrons. Thanks to the solar wind, those particles eventually reach the Earth’s atmosphere.
Usually, the Earth’s magnetic field deflects the majority of these charged particles from the Sun. However, at the Earth’s northern and southern poles, that magnetic field is weaker. This creates an opening for the charged particles carried by the solar winds to penetrate our atmosphere and collide with gaseous particles in the upper atmosphere, typically oxygen and nitrogen. The result of the charged particles from the Sun striking the atoms of the gases floating above the Earth is a release of energy, which manifests in the form of colorful light.
Colors of the Northern Lights
What makes the Northern Lights so colorful are these collisions, but it all depends on the altitude and the type of gas with which the Sun’s particles are colliding. For example, the most common aurora is the often-photographed greenish-yellow band, which is produced by charged solar particles striking oxygen roughly 60 miles above the Earth’s surface.
There are rare instances where observers will see glowing red Northern Lights; this occurs when particles collide with oxygen at about 200 miles or more above the Earth’s surface. When particles strike nitrogen rather than oxygen at lower altitudes, it produces a blueish purple aurora.
In general, the Northern Lights can extend from 50 miles to nearly 400 miles above the surface of the Earth, with colors that cover the full rainbow spectrum –– from indigo and violet through orange and red!
When to See the Northern Lights
The Northern Lights tend to be most visible between the autumn and spring equinoxes, or in the late fall and early spring. They are at their most brilliant during the phase during the peak of the solar cycle when coronal mass ejections (CMEs) spike, or about every 11 years.
Of course, it is critical that you are in a geographic location that enables you to view the phenomenon, such as Northern Alaska or Southern Greenland. These are remote regions to travel to, and you’ll need to bundle up, but the challenge of getting there is part of what makes the Northern Lights such a rare and unforgettable experience in the first place!
Continue Your Study of Light
At Rainbow Symphony, we want to encourage the next generation of celestial explorers by creating educational tools to assist in your study of light and color. We provide a wide variety of eclipse shades for experiencing solar eclipses, diffraction glasses for observing the full spectrum of visible light, and so much more.
Satisfy your curiosity when you browse our entire inventory of products and find more educational resources when you read the rest of our blog. As always, be sure to contact us at by filling out our contact form!


Climate Change Resources
Features Tourism Climatic Bulletins as well as regional outlooks and technical reports from the Caribbean Institute for Meteorology and Hydrology (CIMH). Regional outlooks and technical reports can be downloaded from CariCOF site ftp://220.127.116.11/CariCOF/CariCOF_outlooks/
Caribbean Tourism Climatic Bulletin
The Caribbean Tourism Climatic Bulletin seeks to provide a broad overview of climate conditions and communicate tourism implications up to 6 months in advance, for use by the regional tourism (public and private sector) stakeholders.
The bulletin responds to the need to develop initiatives to enhance tourism sector Resilience to climate change, aware of the very fragile nature of the industry and its susceptibility to external shocks foremost of which are climate and weather conditions intra-regionally as well as in source markets. Designed as a quarterly publication, climate information delivered through this medium will better position the region’s tourism sector to become more resilient to climate change and extreme weather events while enhancing various aspects of tourism business operations, marketing and decision making.
Caribbean Drought Bulletins from the Caribbean Regional Climate Center:


A United Nations panel says temperatures in the Canadian Arctic have been rising at almost double the global rate, mainly because of greenhouse-gas emissions.
Coming on the eve of a G8 meeting looking for ways to reduce heat-trapping emissions from industry and automobiles, the UN's "Global Outlook for Ice and Snow" says Canada's Arctic, along with north-central Siberia and the Antarctic Peninsula, has registered the largest temperature increases of any place on Earth.
"Ice and snow are important components of the Earth's climate system and are particularly sensitive to global warming," says the report, citing "substantial," documented decreases in ice and snow over the last few decades.
"Changes in volumes and extents of ice and snow have both global and local impacts on climate, ecosystems and human well-being."
Arctic temperatures will continue to rise through the 21st century, melting glaciers that will raise sea levels by up to a metre, affecting millions of people worldwide, says the report by more than 70 experts. And with critics calling PM Stephen Harper's emissions-reduction plan at best ineffectual and at worst counter-productive, the UN report urges decisive measures to tackle the problem before it snowballs.
"To avoid further and accelerated global warming with major negative consequences, greenhouse gases must stop increasing and start decreasing no later than 15 to 25 years from now," says the document released earlier in the week.
"Economic assessments indicate this is achievable without significant welfare losses."
Harper has dismissed fixed caps on Canada's greenhouse-gas emissions, saying they will devastate the economy. He's in Europe this week touting a plan to link emissions to industrial production by establishing so-called "intensity targets."
Critics such as Green Party Leader Elizabeth May have called the plan a recipe for disaster.
The UN says Arctic sea ice has disappeared at a rate of 8.9 per cent a decade over the last 30 years, and it predicts a "mainly ice-free Arctic Ocean in summer by 2100 or earlier."
The declines in ice and snow will only compound the warming effects of greenhouse-gas emissions because snowless land masses and iceless oceans will absorb rather than reflect more of the sun's warmth, says the report.
While there has not yet been widespread thawing of permafrost, the report warns that climate change is expected to cause a thaw across the subarctic by century's end.
Such a melt would further compound global warming because permafrost, especially its upper layers, stores "a lot of carbon," the report says.
"Permafrost thawing results in the release of this carbon in the form of greenhouse gases which will have a (detrimental) effect to global warming."
The report warns some sea-ice dependent organisms from bacteria to polar bears are already at risk because of melting ice and declining habitat.
Ironically, it notes that the increasing extent of open water in the polar regions will allow easier access to exploration for oil and gas, energy sources responsible for much of the planet's greenhouse-gas emissions.


The last week in April has been quite stable following a minor disturbance on the 23rd apparently caused by a coronal hole. Details at: http://www.dxlc.com/solar/
From 27th to the 30th, the index has remained at 5 and the K at 2. The first week in May will be quite disturbed. On the 2nd May, the A index will peak at 20 and the K at 5, then by the 8th May, conditions will settle with the A index at 5 and the K index at 2 until May19th when conditions are likely to deteriorate with the A index rising to 10 and the K index to 3. The solar flux has a downward trend remaining at 75 for the last week in April, then dropping to 70 by 2nd May where it will remain till the 19th May when it again rises to 75.
The Ionosphere: A collection of ionized particles and electrons in the uppermost portion of the earth's atmosphere which is formed by the interaction of the solar wind with the very thin air particles that have escaped the earth's gravity. These ions are responsible for the reflection or bending of radio waves occurring between certain critical frequencies with these critical frequencies varying with the degree of ionization. As a result, radio waves having frequencies higher the lowest usable frequency (LUF) but lower than the maximum usable frequency (MUF) are propagated over large distances.
The lowest part of the ionosphere, the D-layer appears at an altitude of 50-95km. This layer has a negative effect on radio waves because it only absorbs radio-energy, particularly those frequencies below 7MHz. It develops shortly after sunrise and disappears shortly after sunset. This layer reaches maximum ionization when the sun is at its highest point in the sky and this layer is also responsible the complete absorption of sky waves from the 80m and 160m amateur bands as well as the AM broadcast band during the daytime hours.
This part of the ionosphere is located just above the D-layer at an altitude of 90-150km. This layer can only reflect radio waves having frequencies less than 5MHz. It has a negative effect on frequencies above 5MHz due to the partial absorption of these higher frequency radio waves. The E-layer develops shortly after sunrise and it disappears a few hours after sunset. The maximum ionization of this layer is reached around midday and the ions in this layer are mainly O2+.
Highest part of the ionosphere. The F-layer appears a few hours after sunset, when the F1- and F2-layers merge. The F-layer is located between 250km and 500km in altitude. Even well into the night, this layer may reflect radio waves up to 20 MHZ, and occasionally even up to 25 MHZ. Ions in the lower part of the F-layer are mainly NO+ and are predominantly O+ in the upper part.
Thanks to Mike Terry and Ken Fletcher for regular updates.


We found them! In a true miracle, the clouds parted (literally), long enough for us to catch a glimpse of the Northern Lights, and they were definitely the best and most anticipated sight of the trip.
What are they?
The Aurora Borealis, also known as the Northern Lights, is the stunning visual display that comes about as a result of charged particles from the sun interacting with the Earth’s atmosphere. There are a bunch of different possible colors depending on what gas particles are involved in the reaction. The most common color is green – caused by interactions with oxygen in the lower parts of the atmosphere. Higher interactions with oxygen cause rarer red auroras.
No matter what people say, or how many pictures you see of them, they are definitely best seen in real life. They don’t seem real, even (or especially?) when you’re watching them. Constantly in motion, they basically fade in and out of existence before your eyes. The ones we saw started very strong and got weaker over time. When we first walked out and saw them, there was a glowing green streak across the entire sky, starting over a mountain to the North, and stretching over the town until fading out in the East. They pretty much stayed in the same general area, though there were moments when they were visible further in each direction.
Also, it seems that every single picture of the Northern Lights is taken with a long exposure. I’ve seen everywhere from one to thirty seconds, and probably even longer. The pictures I took were only one second exposures, because that’s the longest I have on my little point and shoot camera, but they are still gorgeous. Admittedly, though, the pictures look bigger and brighter than the Aurora actually was; but the pictures are nowhere near as gorgeous, since they catch none of the motion.
Predicting the Northern Lights
The strength of the Northern Lights can be predicted, with increasing accuracy as the date and time draws nearer. They are typically strongest during the months of the equinoxes – spring in March and autumnal in September. Because the Earth’s magnetic poles are in line with the Suns’ emissions during these months, more of the charged solar particles make it into the atmosphere, where they interact with the atmosphere. Additionally, the solar emissions work on an approximately 11 year cycle; this cycle’s peak is predicted to be in 2013, or potentially early 2014.
Approximate predictions can be made a month in advance, because the Sun and the Earth line up in the same orientation every 27-28 days. If there is a strong solar storm one month, the probability of a good show the next month is higher. These predictions could be useful in deciding when to book flights for a trip, especially if one is heading into Alaska or Canada from the US, or into Scandinavia from Europe.
Better predictions can be made two to three days in advance, because the solar emissions take about two and a half days to get from the Sun to us. As a result, large solar flares that are observed can imply large Auroras two or three nights later. These predictions would be helpful for trips that are planned with start and end dates but nothing in between. We used it to help us decide where to stay our last night in Iceland.
The best predictions come one hour out, when the solar emission data is recorded by satellites as they enter Earth’s atmosphere. These were very helpful in determining when to head out for the night, but not very good for long term planning.
If you are planning a trip, the best predictions, by far, come from the University of Alaska, Fairbanks’ Geophysical Institute. You can look at different regions, or different days. A 28 day kp index prediction is also available in the bottom right.
There was a large solar flare right before our trip, a large storm on March 14, which resulted in a beautiful show the Sunday before we arrived. Seriously, that was all anyone could talk about whenever we asked about the Northern Lights. That night hit a 6 on the kp index, which measures the strength of the Northern Lights on a 1-9 scale. Based on what I’ve seen, it seems the kp index is typically at 2, and rarely reaches as high as 4. The night we saw the lights, they were a 2 and beautiful.
Catching Them in Iceland
People say you have to get away from the city lights to get the best view of the Aurora, and while I’m sure that is true, nothing in Iceland seems big enough to have much effect. We headed out into the countryside in Southern Iceland for the best shot, but the weather didn’t cooperate – the clouds were blocking the entire sky both nights we were out in the middle of nowhere. We even woke up at 2:30am each night to check on the cloud cover; there was no clearing.
For cloud cover forecasts, the Icelandic Weather site is incredibly helpful. Their site shows forecasts for cloud cover at three levels – high, medium, and low. The high and middle clouds are about the height that the Aurora occurs; the low clouds basically just block your view. On the right, you can see the kp prediction, as well as sunset, moonset, and sunrise times for the evening. The site is also great for temperature and wind speeds around Iceland – follow the links on the left of the page.
The night we did see the Northern Lights, we were staying at Hotel Ork in Hveragerdi, about an hour outside of Reykjavik to the south. Hveragerdi is a beautiful town, and the lights weren’t bright enough to limit our viewing abilities – the lights were bright and beautiful even over the city. We did drive a bit North to see them better, taking Road 1 about ten minutes out of town, where we stopped on a random side road at the top of a hill. If I had to guess, I’d say it was somewhere between Roads 38 and 39, but don’t take my word for it. From there, we had a splendid 360 degree view of the area, limited only by a small orange haze from Hveragerdi one way and a similar white haze from Reykjavik. At one point, a couple of tour buses on the Northern Lights tours came by, so we must have been in a truly prime viewing spot.
The biggest hurdle to our viewing wasn’t the city lights, but the clouds. Perhaps we were just there at an inopportune time, or perhaps March is a particularly stormy month, but we were limited by full cloud cover all but one night, and lots of wind every single day. I’d definitely say that the longer you’re there, the more likely you are to see the Northern Lights, which is exactly what happened to us. Happy hunting!


The 2017 hurricane season was a notable one in many respects. From a meteorological perspective, several storms exhibited extreme values for intensity, duration, and/or rainfall amounts. Several islands in the Caribbean experienced their worst losses in decades, and there is still uncertainty around the final insured losses. Perhaps most notable was the wide discrepancy in the catastrophe model loss estimates for Harvey, Irma, and Maria (HIM). Throughout the season, KCC monitored potential storm impacts and sent engineering teams to conduct post-disaster damage surveys in areas impacted by major hurricanes.


Today we ventured up to my parents' house for the long weekend. We were already to swim at the big swimming pool but instead were met by a summer storm with lightening and thunder. Definitely not safe swimming weather but so fun to experience. The kids watched for lightening and counted the time between the lightening and the thunder. Then we watched the clouds part and the full moon rise in the sky. Not what we expected but a great summer surprise.
|Playing in the summer rain.|
|We see blue sky|
|Full moon rising over the roof tops into the clear summer sky.|


Lincolnshire’s multi-agency Resilience Forum will be opening their major incident room this evening (Sunday) in anticipation of the possible damage caused by tonight’s forecast storm force winds.
Head of Specialist Operations for Lincolnshire Police, Superintendent Shaun West says the Lincolnshire Resilience Forum (LRF) plans carefully for storms such as the one anticipated overnight Sunday into Monday and are now working together to put those into action.
The Meteorological Office has issued warnings of severe weather in the form of heavy rain and very strong winds - up to 80 mph is forecast - from the early hours of Monday morning until early afternoon on Monday.
Superintendent West says the Met Office is predicting even stronger winds than 80 mph over high ground including the Lincolnshire Wolds.
“In the context of public safety this is of great concern and that is why we are mobilising representatives of all the emergency services overnight Sunday so that we are in a position to deal with matters and protect as far as we can, life and property,” he said.
“If this severe weather hits as predicted there will also be a great responsibility on everyone to protect themselves and each other.”
The LRF is urging everyone to ensure people and pets are safely indoors and that potential hazards, which may blow around and cause futher damage or injury, are secured.
Superintendent West says that the predicted wind speeds - which are infrequent in the United Kingdom - can be extremely dangerous and cause significant damage to property, disrupt transport, power supplies, telecommunications and other important services.
They have urged people to consider the impact of weather on travel and the school run.
The wind may also fell trees and could be severe enough to blow over high-sided vehicles and caravans and blow off-course motorcycles and pedal cycles -
They added that people should be mindful of falling masonry and branches, as wll as power lines.
It is thought the biggest risk of disruption will come from the winds, but the emergency services have advised people to keep up to date, as the flooding risk may rise.
Superintendent West added: “Listen to your local radio station. They and we are there to ensure the safety of everyone so heed the advice the emergency services will be giving out through the media.
“We will keep everyone informed about incidents and conditions as soon as we know about it.”


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Weather service issues tornado watch for ArkansasWeather service issues tornado watch for Arkansas; Texas, Louisiana already under watches
OKLAHOMA CITY (AP) ' Forecasters say more rain is in store for the middle of the country as wet and windy storms shuffle through the region again.
A slow-moving storm system that socked a corridor from Texas to Missouri on Monday could bring more flash floods, hail, strong winds and possibly tornadoes on Tuesday.
The National Weather Service issued Tuesday tornado watches for parts of Louisiana, east Texas and Arkansas. Two tornadoes in the San Antonio area injured at least eight people Monday night.
A meteorologist with the weather service's Storm Prediction Center says the storms are expected to stick around for the next few days, and then peter out as they meander east.
Related Keywords:Severe Weather,Weather,Tornados,Storms,Natural disasters,General news,Accidents and disasters


PHILADELPHIA — A swirling snowstorm clobbered parts of the mid-Atlantic and the urban Northeast on Tuesday, grounding thousands of flights, closing government offices in the nation's capital and making a mess of the evening commute.
This snow storm isn't too bad so far, but things look rough a block or so from our place...
The storm stretched 1,000 miles between Kentucky and Massachusetts but hit especially hard along the heavily populated Interstate 95
corridor between Philadelphia and Boston, creating perilous rides home for millions of motorists.
The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration said 10 inches of snow had fallen just outside Philadelphia in Drexel Hill by Tuesday evening and there was about 6 inches in Philadelphia. The National Weather Service said parts of New York City also had about 6 inches.
The snow came down harder and faster than many people expected. Forecasters said some places could get 1 to 2 inches an hour, with wind gusts up to 50 mph. A blizzard warning was posted for parts of Massachusetts, including Cape Cod.
Highways in the New York City metropolitan area were jammed, and blowing snow tripled or even quadrupled drive times.
In Jersey City, N.J., Stanley Gaines, wearing just a thin jacket and huddling beneath an overhang as snow stung his face, said he had been stuck for more than an hour waiting for a ride home from his appointment at a Veterans Affairs clinic.
"I'm waiting on anything I can get: a taxi, a shuttle, a bus," Gaines said, squinting to read the destination on an approaching bus in near white-out conditions. "I didn't really pay attention to the weather this morning because there was no snow on the ground, and now — this!"
In White Plains, N.Y., Anthony Schirrone pulled over his car to scrape snow from the windshield.
"I just did this five minutes ago," he said. "But it's coming down too fast."
Forecasters said the storm could bring up to 14 inches of snow to Philadelphia and southern New England and up to a foot in New York City, to be followed by bitter cold as arctic air from Canada streams in. Washington was expecting 4 to 8 inches.
As of Tuesday evening, there was mostly light snow across Connecticut, Rhode Island and eastern Massachusetts from the Boston area southward. Snowfall totals in the region ranged from about 5 inches to 6.5 inches.
In Maryland, 8 inches had accumulated in Westminster and at least 7 inches had fallen in Frederick. The storm was blamed for at least one death in Maryland after a car fishtailed into the path of a tractor-trailer on a snow-covered road about 50 miles northwest of Baltimore.


Astronaut Nick Hague posted this photograph of Hurricane Dorian to Twitter from the International Space Station. By Tuesday afternoon, the storm had spent 40 hours parked over Grand Bahama Island and dumped 24 inches of rain. NASA
The storm evolved swiftly and unpredictably. But it was other weather phenomena that caused Dorian to stall, devastating the island nation.
Jason Dunion has been flying on “hurricane hunter” planes for the past 20 years to collect data on tropical storms. Yet Sunday’s flight into Hurricane Dorian was the first time he had felt the awesome power of a Category 5 storm.
Dunion, a scientist at a National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration meteorology lab in Miami, was strapped into his seat along with the 18 other scientists and crew as winds approaching 200 miles per hour buffeted the P-3 Orion, an aircraft originally designed to hunt enemy submarines. When the plane dropped suddenly, he and the others felt a few moments of weightlessness.
“It was like a roller coaster, but you couldn’t see where the turns were,” Dunion says. “It was intense. It was like nothing I had ever felt.”
Once the plane had passed through the turbulence to the calm eye of the storm, Dunion looked out the window to see a swirling maelstrom of fast-moving clouds topped by a patch of bright blue sky above. “You appreciated the beauty, but you were completely surrounded by this hostile environment.” For Dunion and other scientists, Hurricane Dorian has defied predictions of both its strength and its path toward Florida and the southeastern US. The unpredictability has kept coastal residents on edge and made it tougher for relief agencies to anticipate where the worst effects will be felt.
“We’ve seen the track change hour by hour,” says William Porter, an operations planner for Team Rubicon, a disaster relief group comprised of US veterans. Porter says his volunteers have been moving equipment and supplies around the southeastern Atlantic coast in anticipation of Dorian’s eventual US landfall. On Tuesday morning, the first of its teams landed in Nassau, the capital of the Bahamas, to help assess the island’s damage. “If you look at what the storm was predicted to be a week ago versus what it is today, I don’t think anyone could have seen this significant a change.”
By all accounts, Dorian started out as a hurricane weakling. At first, Dorian was a loosely organized, slow-moving disturbance that was crippled by dry air from a Saharan dust storm that had moved over the middle of the Atlantic Ocean, according to NOAA’s Dunion. Hurricanes need warm water and air that rises rapidly into a moisture-rich atmosphere to grow. The Sahara’s dry air and dust particles, which can fill the air up to 20,000 feet, initially stifled the evolution of this storm.
After surviving the Saharan dust, however, Dorian headed northward across the eastern tip of Puerto Rico, then turned east and chugged across the Caribbean, picking up energy from the warm surface waters. That energy fed Dorian’s rapid intensification from Category 4 to Category 5 on Sunday—just as Dunion was flying through it.
By Labor Day weekend, NOAA forecasters updated their predictions: Dorian would stall before hitting Florida. That announcement was a big relief to the 6.7 million residents of South Florida, but bad news for the 70,000 people living in the Bahamas. By Tuesday afternoon, it had already spent 40 hours parked over Grand Bahama Island and dumped 24 inches of rain. Bahamas Prime Minister Hubert Minnis called Dorian’s trail of destruction a “historic tragedy.” So far, authorities say five people have died, but the death count is expected to rise.
Dunion says he was surprised at how fast Dorian grew from Category 4 to Category 5. “Usually you don’t see rapid intensification in just one day, usually that happens to weaker storms because they have more room to grow,” he says. “We went from Cat 4 to an extremely powerful Cat 5 in just a few hours. That was something that doesn’t happen very often.”
The storm stalled over the Bahamas because it was squeezed between two high-pressure systems, one to the northeast over the North Atlantic and one to the northwest over the US. Those intense wind currents prevented the storm from continuing its trek up toward the US coastline. Dorian has now dropped to a Category 2 hurricane. With those high-pressure systems now weakened, NOAA forecasters say the storm will head north along the Florida coast reaching South Carolina late Wednesday. It’s still not clear where it will make landfall, although widespread flooding and storm surge are expected all the way up to North Carolina’s Outer Banks.
Scott Braun, a research meteorologist at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, says that weather systems hundreds of miles away have been altering Dorian’s track. “The NOAA forecasts have been very good given the inherent uncertainty of a complicated system like this,” Braun says. But modeling a hurricane is inherently challenging, especially the farther it is from land. Satellites currently measure atmospheric wind speeds by watching the movement of clouds. But those measurements might not account for winds above or below a cloud. Barometric pressure readings are also difficult to detect remotely yet are key to accurate forecasts. “None of the measurements are perfect,” Braun adds.
Scientists say they are unable to link global climate change to the path or strength of a single hurricane, but they agree that warming sea surface temperatures contribute to a storm’s rapid intensification. Yet some of that effect may be tempered by the dry air spreading west across the equator from the Sahara Desert, an atmospheric condition which has also been linked to climate change.
“You are routinely seeing temperatures in the tropics 1.5 or two degrees warmer than normal,” Braun says about this hurricane season. “That tells you there’s more energy out there. The potential is out there for more storms, but it’s just a question of whether the atmosphere provides that favorable window.”
Braun and Dunion agree that scientists need a lot more meteorological data from places where they aren’t getting it right now, like the middle of the Atlantic Ocean, where hurricanes are created. Until then, Dunion and colleagues will keep running missions in the modified P-3 Orion aircraft. Dunion flew another leg through Dorian Tuesday morning and could see and feel that the winds had begun to weaken; there was no airborne rollercoaster this time.


How To Breathe Easier With Indoor Air Quality Monitoring Instruments
May 13/2023 HVAC &R
There is no way to overestimate the importance of indoor air quality (IAQ). Testo is aware that you don't want to think about the air quality in your facilities on a frequent basis. Despite being silent, air pollution may have a harmful effect on your employees and products. You can keep track of interior temperature, humidity, and carbon dioxide concentration levels with the use of an accurate and dependable indoor air quality monitor.
The importance of good indoor air quality
IAQ affects projects, experiments, testing, and other indoor operations in addition to having an adverse effect on the staff and personnel that operate in those conditions.
Pollutants are harmful to health
Carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, other hazardous gases, VOCs, and particulate matter are examples of indoor air pollution. All of these things have the potential to be harmful to the health of any workers who may be present in your facility. These levels can be continuously monitored by Testo’s IAQ monitors, which can also record the data. For instance, CO2 levels shouldn’t rise above 1,000 parts per million (ppm). The monitor’s sensors can measure the ppm in any interior environment and provide complete readouts to alert to the danger level of CO2 in the air.
The most frequent side effects include fatigue and a lack of attention. Additionally, it can cause the progression of heart problems and other potentially fatal ailments including lung conditions. In order to adequately aerate indoor spaces, ventilation systems are installed, but they need to be regularly maintained in order to function properly. Air monitoring is made easy with Testo’s IAQ monitors, which are able to detect any inconsistencies so that maintenance may be done before the air becomes hazardous.
Good air quality will improve breathing
Monitoring the indoor air quality in workplaces, workshops, classrooms, and public spaces can have an effect on how personnel or visitors breathe. The National Health and Medical Research Council’s (NHMRC) definition of indoor air specifies that it is any air in a “building occupied for at least one hour by people of varying states of health.” For individuals who work indoors or in offices all day, indoor air pollution is a major concern.
Due to this definition, experts in a variety of industries are required to keep an eye out for bad air quality at their workplaces. Poor air quality will eventually have an impact on the lungs and respiration in general. The inverse is also accurate. Potential health risks to workers, students, and customers will also be minimised by maintaining a certain standard of air in working facilities, even if it is not absolutely necessary for the sake of the work being done.
How an indoor air quality monitor can help
A building’s breathing air quality may now be measured and recorded using an IAQ monitoring system. With its superior measuring technology, clear measurement assistants, and innovative documentation techniques, Testo’s equipment can analyse and record IAQ and comfort level characteristics. A handful of the key analysis findings provided by the IAQ monitors are listed below:
- HVAC and air conditioning grid measurement
- Differential pressure
- Relative humidity
- Air temperature
Although each of these elements can be examined separately, Testo’s accurate and user-friendly solutions enable simultaneous measurement. As a result, it is simpler to avoid bad indoor air quality. What’s even better is that the testo DataControl measurement data management and analysis software makes it possible to do additional analysis with the testo 400 IAQ and comfort kit with tripod. With the use of these measurement equipment, it is simple to monitor the air quality at a given location over time and to monitor the outcomes directly. You will be able to quickly rectify a broken HVAC system or allow for increased ventilation thanks to Testo’s monitoring systems’ precision.


Problem and solution essay on global warming
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EPA Proposes New Air Quality Standards to Reduce Pollution from Soot
When people hear the word “soot,” they most likely associate it with the black, sticky substances that coat fireplaces or barbeque grills when hearth-gathering or cooking activities are over. But “soot,” according to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), is much more than a nuisance that requires cleaning. It is a serious pollutant with harmful health effects that the EPA is proposing new standards to reduce.
Soot, more formally known as PM 2.5, is a shorthand term for “fine particle pollution.” It is released by construction, unpaved roads, and fields as well as smokestacks and fires. In addition, it enters the atmosphere from industries, power plants and vehicles that emit sulfur or nitrogen oxides. When breathed in, fine particles can penetrate the lungs and have been linked to many health hazards, especially in low-income communities and communities of color. These “vulnerable populations,” including children, the elderly, and those with asthma, heart, or lung conditions, are the ones that the EPA hopes to help with its new, stricter soot pollution standards.
The Los Angeles Times explains that “fine particulate” is a “catchall term for any airborne debris 2.5 micrograms or smaller.” Fine particles are “nearly 30 times smaller than the width of a human hair.” They are definitely not noticeable when breathed in. A UCLA researcher quoted in the Times article also noted that locations close to freeways “have the highest toxicity levels in general.”
To combat soot pollutants, the EPA is proposing a new national ambient air quality standard (NAAQS) that will reduce soot allowances from 12 micrograms per cubic meter to between 9 and 10. EPA Administrator Michael S. Regan submitted the Agency’s notice to the Federal Register on January 5. The new rule, if enacted, would reduce current national PM 2.5 standards by 17% to 25%.
The Executive Summary of the EPA’s proposal, officially titled “Reconsideration of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Particulate Matter,” is a 569-page document. It explains that the new standards replace current ones, which scientific evidence and technical information have found to be inadequate to protect public health. Recent findings support “a causal relationship between long-and short-term exposures and mortality” due to cardiovascular problems, cancer and adverse effects on the nervous system effects. Current evidence that prompted the new EPA proposal was gathered from “animal toxicological studies, controlled human exposure studies, and epidemiological studies.”
The EPA’s jurisdiction over pollution is found in the federal Clean Air Act, passed in 1970. The comprehensive law is the basis for NAAQS, which are designed to protect the public welfare and regulate emissions of hazardous air pollutants.
When announcing his Agency’s new standards proposal, Regan said, “Our work to deliver clean, breathable air for everyone is a top priority at EPA, and this proposal will help ensure that all communities, especially the most vulnerable among us, are protected from exposure to harmful pollution.
The press release from the EPA also quotes Dr. Doris Browne, the former president of the National Medical Association. Dr. Browne stated, “No one should be sickened by the environment they live in and EPA’s proposal marks the start of changes that will have lasting impacts in communities all over…Harmful air pollution can have lasting and devastating impacts on people’s health, but by strengthening air quality standards, we can ensure healthier, more sustainable communities across this country.”
EPA last reviewed PM 2.5 standards in 2012. Science has learned a great deal since then. The agency claims that the new standards, when enacted, will annually reduce over 4,200 “premature deaths,” eliminate 270,000 lost work days, and save over $43 billion in health costs.
Not everyone is happy about the new proposed regulations. The Times quotes a representative of the American Lung Association who said, “The EPA’s advisory committee made clear recommendations to the administrator. These independent experts recommended that the range for a national standard should be 8 to 10, rather than the 9 to 10 micrograms per cubic meter that are in the current proposal.”
The industry response is not currently available, but it would not be surprising to find EPA’s proposal unwelcome.
A preliminary version of the new EPA fine particle pollution proposal is currently available at: https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2023-01/PM%20NAAQS%20NPRM%20-%20prepublication%20version%20for%20web.pdf. The official version will soon be on the Government Printing Office’s website. Public hearings will be held virtually.


Intense rainfall and life-threatening flash floods could hit large swathes of Australia’s most populous state this week as ex-tropical cyclone Kirrily continues its rampage across the country.
The Bureau of Meteorology issued a severe weather warning for the Upper Western region of NSW on Monday as the weather system shifts from Queensland to NSW.
“Ex-tropical cyclone Kirrily is currently positioned over the far northeast corner of South Australia near Innamincka. The system is tracking south-southeast and expecting to move into the Upper Western district of NSW later this morning before heading further southeast into central parts of NSW this evening,” the bureau stated early Monday morning.
“Heavy rainfall, which may lead to flash flooding, is expected in western parts of the Upper Western district during Monday morning and afternoon, extending to the eastern Upper Western and northeastern Lower Western during Monday afternoon and evening.
“Six-hourly rainfall totals between 50mm and 80mm are likely, with 24-hourly totals between 70 and 100mm likely.
“Locally intense rainfall, which may lead to dangerous and life-threatening flash flooding, is also possible, particularly on the southern flank of the low.
“Damaging winds averaging 60km/h to 70km/h with gusts in excess of 90km/h are possible in an area extending roughly between Tibooburra, Bourke and White Cliffs, easing during the afternoon.”
The bureau expects the system to sweep through much of the NSW interior as the week progresses, hitting Canberra and then Sydney by Tuesday.
“Canberra is right in the path to receive some of the heavier rainfall totals,” the bureau said.
“At this stage, it looks like the ex-TC will cross the coast south of Sydney, meaning Sydney itself may only see light or moderate rain on the periphery of the system, with the heavier falls possible from Wollongong down to the Victorian border.”
Weatherzone also warns the potential for “dangerous flash flooding and damaging wind gusts” is high.
“Fuelled by abundant tropical moisture, Kirrily’s trajectory is set to bring flooding rainfall to western, central, and southeastern parts of NSW and eastern VIC on Monday,” the weather service said on Monday morning.
“The impact is expected to contract to southeastern NSW on Tuesday and Wednesday, posing a threat to the ACT, including Canberra, and densely populated areas south of Sydney.”
NSW’s State Emergency Service advises residents to avoid driving, riding or walking through floodwater and to keep at least 8m away from fallen power lines or objects that may be energised, such as fences.
“Keep clear of creeks and storm drains,” the SES stated on Monday.
“If you are trapped by flash flooding, seek refuge in the highest available place and ring triple-0 if you need rescue.
“Be aware that run-off from rainfall in fire-affected areas may behave differently and be more rapid. It may also contain debris such as ash, soil, trees and rocks.
“After bushfires, heavy rain and the loss of foliage can make the ground soft and heavy, leading to a greater chance of landslides.”
In Queensland, the bureau has issued major flood warnings for the Flinders, Cloncurry, Moonie and Balonne rivers.
The state is recovering from Kirrily’s impact after the system first crossed into Townsville in the north on January 25 and wreaked havoc across different parts of the state.
On January 29, residents of Kynuna in McKinlay Shire, 730km west of Townsville, were evacuated to Cloncurry.
In the state’s southeast, some residents in the Moreton Bay Council area were hit by floodwaters rushing through their homes at 3am on January 30.
Read related topics:Brisbane


The La Niña phenomenon has officially arrived and disaster response teams around the world might need to brace themselves for heavier monsoons, bigger and more frequent hurricanes, and angrier cyclones.
“There is global consensus that we are at the beginning of a La Niña, but we cannot pronounce the intensity of the event yet – we have to wait for it to evolve,” said Rupa Kumar Kolli, Chief of the World Climate Applications and Services Division at the World Meteorological Organization (WMO).
La Niña is characterised by unusually cold ocean temperatures in the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean; El Niño is characterised by high temperatures, the US government’s National Aeronautics and Space Administration says on its website.
The colder-than-normal ocean temperatures prevent rain-producing clouds from forming over the eastern equatorial Pacific region, including the open ocean south of Mexico and Central America, but enhance rainfall over the western equatorial Pacific region of Indonesia, Malaysia and northern Australia.
This in turn affects the jet streams, or strong wind-flows, in the upper levels of the atmosphere and the behaviour of storms outside of the tropics in both the northern and southern hemispheres. In short, La Niña is a global phenomenon.
The National Hurricane Centre at the US government’s National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) has been expecting a La Niña to occur, and by May 2010 predicted a 70 percent chance that there would be 14 to 23 named storms, with wind speeds of more than 62km per hour. This is far more than the average of 11 named storms during the hurricane season in the Atlantic region, which began in June.
The first hurricane of the season, Alex, hit Mexico on 30 June. NOAA said it was the first hurricane to be recorded in June in the Atlantic Basin since 1995, and the strongest in that month since 1966.
On the Caribbean side of Central America, La Niña is bad news for vulnerable islands such as Haiti, which is still recovering from the earthquake that struck it in January 2010.
Source: JOHANNESBURG, 8 July (IRIN)
La Nina is:
* Snow and rain on the west coast
* Unusually cold weather in Alaska
* Unusually warm weather in the rest of the USA
* Drought in the southwest
* Higher than normal number of hurricanes in the Atlantic
Source: Relaxed Politics
Another useful site, from NASA: here


WillyWeather 67,420 . Advertisement. We recognize our responsibility to use data and technology for good. Currently: 37 °F. Great Falls Park weather forecast updated daily. Highs in the mid 30s. For each station, the records are corrected for the elevation difference between that station and Great Falls according to the International Standard Atmosphere , and by the relative change present in the MERRA-2 satellite-era reanalysis between the two locations. December Temperature Washington/Dulles International Airport, DC (7.5 miles) 2020 November December. Mostly cloudy More Details. Highs in the lower 40s. Great Falls Nike Park weather forecast updated daily. The water level at Great Falls is running low after a long stretch of very dry weather, Oct. 2, 2019. One important thing I would make it a point to mention is about the Crocodile Park located about 1 KM from the falls. Winds S at 5 to 10 mph. A weather disturbance will cross the Northern Rockies today through Monday afternoon and bring a prolonged period of snow to some locations. Especially on Friday a strong wind from the southwest. Lows in the upper 20s. Summers can be hot and humid, so be sure to bring water with you. Great Falls 14 Day Extended Forecast. Electric City Water Park, Great Falls: See 35 reviews, articles, and 8 photos of Electric City Water Park, ranked No.9 on Tripadvisor among 48 attractions in Great Falls. Annual Weather Averages Near Great Falls. Park hours are 7 a.m. until dark, every day. Mostly cloudy in the Evening, then becoming partly cloudy. Be prepared for the day. Humidity 89%. West Winds 5 to 10 Mph. The first option will be automatically selected. Find the most current and reliable 14 day weather forecasts, storm alerts, reports and information for Great Falls, MT, US with The Weather Network. 29° F. RealFeel® 23°. Northwest Winds 15 to 20 Mph with Gusts up to 40 Mph. Humidity 77%. Highs in the mid 40s. Temperatures in Paterson, NJ. There are four seasons, with no extremes in temperature. Clear. The parking lot was very full and we were worried about too many people. Visit their website for visitor information and directions. Hi/Low, RealFeel®, precip, radar, & everything you need to be ready for the day, commute, and weekend! Temps in the 60s and the sun high in the sky. Check out our current live radar and weather forecasts for Great Falls, Montana to help plan your day Averages are for Great Falls International Airport, which is 4 miles from Great Falls. UV Index 0 of 10. If you would like to see the falls from the Maryland side, it will be necessary to drive. See more current weather. Mostly sunny. The weather was pleasant and we thoroughly enjoyed our stay and bath at the falls. Watch: Surfers Take on 40-Foot Swells in Hawaii, Here Are 4 Things We're Watching This Week, Deadly Quake Drives Tens of Thousands from Homes; Dozens Killed, Santa Anas Increasing Fire Danger in the West, Deadly 6.2 Magnitude Earthquake Strikes Indonesia, Exploring the Enchanted Ice Castles in North Woodstock, New Hampshire, How Winter Fashion Has Changed in 100 Years (PHOTOS), Heavy Rains and Wind Trigger Landslide in Oregon (PHOTOS), How To Protect Yourself From Getting Sick While Traveling, 11 Reasons You Should Get Your Flu Shot This Year, Here’s What to Know About the Universal Flu Vaccines Being Studied, Check Our Interactive Map and Informational Hub, Democratic Republic of the Congo | Français, State of Vatican City (Holy See) | Italiano. Monthly averages Great Falls Longitude: -111.295, Latitude: 47.5081 Average weather Great Falls, MT - 59401. Mostly clear, with a low around 33. Date Weather Pre. Over the course of the year, the temperature typically varies from 26°F to 87°F and is rarely below 13°F or above 95°F . Low 17F. West southwest wind 11 to 13 mph, with gusts as high as 21 mph. Chance of snow 40%. Get the forecast for today, tonight & tomorrow's weather for Great Falls, MT. Chance of snow 40%. Get the forecast for today, tonight & tomorrow's weather for Great Falls, VA. Hi/Low, RealFeel®, precip, radar, & everything you need to be ready for the day, commute, and weekend! Based on the tourism score, the best times of year to visit Great Falls for warm-weather activities are from early June to early July and from early August to late September. 7 pm. 37%. Partly cloudy, with a low around 34. Winds WSW at 5 to 10 mph. Scattered Flurries in the morning. Weather in Great Falls Park is typical for the mid-Atlantic. The daily high increases from 3 degrees on Wednesday to 20 degrees on Friday. West wind 7 to 9 mph. Here, you will find information to help you plan your visit to the park. Up to 90 days of daily highs, lows, and precipitation chances. Use up and down arrows to change selection. Today’s and tonight’s Great Falls, VA weather forecast, weather conditions and Doppler radar from The Weather Channel and Weather.com West Winds 10 to 15 Mph with Gusts up to 25 Mph. Based on weather reports collected during 1985–2015. The average temperature in summer is approximately 75 degrees F. Summer days in the mid-90's with high humidity are not uncommon. Great Falls Weather 30 Day. The three falls overlooks are located within a five to ten minute walk from the visitor center and parking lots. … WillyWeather 67,433 . Low around 25F. Mostly sunny. Current conditions, warnings and historical records. NOAA weather radar, satellite and synoptic charts. Moonrise 7:33 pm. (Weather station: Great Falls International Airport, USA). Great Falls Park has many opportunities to explore history and nature, all in a beautiful 800-acre park only 15 miles from the Nation's Capital. Southwest Winds around 5 Mph. Partly cloudy. Lowest 15 … Last updated: April 10, 2015. Average Weather in September in Great Falls Virginia, United States. December Temperature Washington/Dulles International Airport, DC (11.2 miles) 2020 November December. No bridges connect Great Falls Park with C&O Canal. Spring: 50-70F, sunny with some rain Summer: 70-90F, mostly sunny with some rain Winter: 0-35F, snow is common Fall: 50-70F © Copyright TWC Product and Technology LLC 2014, 2021. Low 37F. There are 3 weather stations near enough to contribute to our estimation of the temperature and dew point in Great Falls. Expect dry conditions over the next six hours. Saturday, January 16 Special Weather Statement. Take control of your data. Average Weather in Great Falls Montana, United States In Great Falls, the summers are short, warm, and mostly clear and the winters are freezing, dry, windy, and partly cloudy. There is usually a line to enter the park on those days. Want to know what the weather is now? Check the current conditions for Great Falls, VA for the day ahead, with radar, hourly, and up to the minute forecasts. Type at least three characters to start auto complete. Current Weather. It was a perfect weather day in mid-December. (Kevin Ambrose) Great Falls was raging after record-breaking rainfall, Sept. 30, 2018. Recently searched locations will be displayed if there is no search query. Forecast: Great Falls Region: While on Wednesday it is still considerable cloudiness, the two following days it becomes clear. WSW 8 mph. Trail maps are available at the visitor center and entrance station. Daily high temperatures decrease by 10°F, from 82°F to 72°F, rarely falling below 63°F or exceeding 90°F. Use escape to clear. Lows around 30. Great Falls Park is a unique destination in the Washington D.C. area. Abeytas, Abiquiu, Acomita Lake, Weather in Massachusetts. There is a lot going on in terms of water flow, almost appears to be coming … Know what's coming with AccuWeather's extended daily forecasts for Bengaluru, Karnataka, India. All holders of America the Beautiful Interagency Passes, Golden Passports, Great Falls Park passes and those under 15 years old and younger will be exempt from payment of fees. Unit Settings Measurement preferences are saved ... Great Falls Park Temperature Statistics . 5:48 AM. Air quality is considered satisfactory, and air pollution poses little or no risk. Cloudy skies with late-night snow showers. Over the course of the year, the temperature typically varies from 18°F to 86°F and is rarely below -8°F or above 96°F . Passes allow free entrance to individual pass holders under the conditions stated on the pass. Expect high crowds and delays entering the park on weekends and holidays when weather is nice. Wind Gusts 25 mph. 37°. Unit Settings Measurement preferences are saved ... Great Falls Nike Park Temperature Statistics . 17°. Entrance Fees and Passes. West southwest wind 9 to 17 mph, with gusts as high as 25 mph. Mailing Address: Great Falls Park c/o … Station Data. Our boat man however suggested the best time the falls is during September (after the monsoon) when the falls is in its true splendour. Lowest 15 … Southwest Winds 5 to 10 Mph. Monthly: 1981-2010 normals Chance of rain 70%. Mostly sunny with scattered Flurries. Lows in the lower 30s. Please come early. Hourly Weather-Great Falls, VA. As of 7:00 pm EST. Some things to keep in mind while planning your trip: The busiest times are on nice weekend afternoons. West wind 9 to 11 mph, with gusts as high as 20 mph. NOAA weather radar, satellite and synoptic charts. Wind SW 8 mph. At Great Falls, the Potomac River builds up speed and force as it falls over a series of steep, jagged rocks and flows through the narrow Mather Gorge. Cloudy with occasional light rain...mainly in the evening. The overlook that you see across the river in Maryland is located within C&O Canal National Historical Park. NOAA National Weather Service Great Falls, MT. Great Falls Weather Forecasts. Weather Underground provides local & long-range weather forecasts, weatherreports, maps & tropical weather conditions for the Great Falls area. Current conditions at Great Falls, Great Falls International Airport (KGTF) Lat: 47.47333°NLon: 111.38222°WElev: 3675ft. Air Quality Fair. Great Falls Park: BEAUTIFUL - NO MATTER THE WEATHER - See 1,331 traveler reviews, 1,051 candid photos, and great deals for McLean, VA, at Tripadvisor. Snow accumulations less than one inch. Showing: All Year Climate & Weather Averages in Great Falls. Once on the trails, there was very little traffic. Sunny, with a high near 52. But snow will fall on Wednesday. Low; Fri 1/15: A couple of showers: 46°F: 37°F: ... Guantanamo Bay Naval Base, Phillips Park, Weather in New Mexico. 69%. Washington/Dulles International Airport, DC (11.3 miles), 18.4mph (20.7mph Gusts), Whidbey Island Naval Air Station - Ault Field, WA, Miller (Knox Regional Shoreline), CA 94801. Contact the Park. WNW 12 mph Cloudy with snow showers mainly during the evening. ... After visiting, I can assure you that Great Falls Park in its own way is every bit as awe inspiring as Niagara. Organized Non-Commercial Groups in vehicles with a capacity of 15 or less are charged the $20.00 vehicle permit. Winds WNW at 10 to 15 mph. Abington, Agawam, Allston, … Current conditions, warnings and historical records. West Winds 5 to 10 Mph. 5 days, 7 days, 10 day, 14 days, 15 days, 16 days, 25 days, 30 days, 45 days, 60 days, 90 days. Hi. High Temp: 84 °F. Partly cloudy. S 6 mph. The Patowmack Canal offers a glimpse into the early history of this country.


Severe Summer Weather Awareness Week
WHEREAS, severe summer storms can cause damaging winds, hail, tornadoes, wildfires, flash flooding, hazardous materials releases and power outages, and have the potential to cause serious property damage, injury and death; and
WHEREAS, experience has demonstrated that a well informed and prepared public can better cope with and survive life threatening severe summer storms; and
WHEREAS, individuals, families, schools and businesses in North Dakota are encouraged to develop a disaster plan identifying protective actions to follow when severe weather strikes; and
WHEREAS, the National Weather Service and the North Dakota Department of Emergency Services are collaborating with local emergency managers, state, local and tribal officials, volunteer agencies and businesses to inform and educate the public on preparation for potential severe weather hazards and disasters this summer may bring; and
WHEREAS, North Dakotans are encouraged to become informed of available community programs and warning systems, including outdoor siren warnings, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration all-hazard radios, the emergency alert system, and other radio and television warning broadcasts, along with Community Emergency Response Team training and Storm Ready recognition for their communities.
NOW, THEREFORE, as Governor of the State of North Dakota, I do hereby proclaim April 30 - May 4, 2012, SEVERE SUMMER WEATHER AWARENESS WEEK in the state of North Dakota.


Weather in Florida
Florida weather is seldom extremely cold although there have been cases of frost in the winter, not good for the orange groves. I have been at Christmas and it was sunny and warm enough for shorts and t-shirts although the locals were seen at Disney in Puffa jackets, hats and gloves ! It can be chilly at night between November and March in the north and coastal areas but daytime winter temperatures are normally around 70 degrees F / 20 degrees C.
Summertime temperatures average in the 80s and higher inland. Expect a brief thunderstorm most afternoons in the summer - quite refreshing and cools everything down for a brief period. Some attractions close in the case of severe thunderstorms.
Also be aware of Hurricanes between June and November - if you are advised to stayed in doors or leave the area then please do, it could save your life.


What is weather how do we measure it graphical displays to describe typical weather conditions expected during a for what is weather 3rd grade science . Forecast the weather a weather watch lesson for grades 3 5 students will analyze different weather conditions before creating their very own first person report . Natures weather clues mini lesson the restless air mini lesson more mini lessons printables for grades weather resources for history class weather 3rd grade . Grade 3rd grade 76 close relations weather climate and water lessons lesson 3 close relations weather climate and water. Third grade what is weather fun lesson for kids 3rd 4th and 5th grade weather english for kids vocabulary esl kids lesson flv
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Abhijit Ray, Kolkata: Durga Puja has started in Bengal. The whole state is decorated with lights. Crowded pandal from Mahalaya. It is needless to say that this crowd will increase several times in Saptami-Ashtami. But bad news for the people of the state at the beginning of Puja.In this year’s Puja (Durga Puja 2022), both Bengals may float in rain, said the Hawa office. That is, rain can be a hindrance to pandal hopping. However, meteorologists have not been able to say anything about this for sure.The power of Corona has decreased a lot. As a result, this year’s puja is different for everyone. From Mahalaya, people flocked from pavilion to pavilion. As the night progresses, so does the crowd. In this situation, the forecast of the weather department is the responsibility of the people of Bengal. Sanjeev Banerjee, an official of the Meteorological Department, said on Monday afternoon, “It is believed that a cyclone may form in the northeast Bay of Bengal on October 1 i.e. on the 6th.”Due to which heavy rain is likely to occur in South Bengal from October 2, Saptami. Chance of rain in North Bengal from October 4.” However, there is no chance of rain till the 1st, according to Alipur Meteorological Department.


The Eastern and Northeastern parts of Sri Lanka are highly vulnerable to cyclones that develop in the Bay of Bengal during the months of November and December. The North central and Northwestern partshave also been affected by the cyclones but to a lesser degree. The Department of Meteorology under the purview of the Ministry of Disaster Management and Human Rights, was mandated to issue warnings in the case of cyclones.
Major floods in Sri Lanka are associated with the two monsoons. During the Southwest monsoon season (May-September), the Western, Southern and Sabaragamuwa Provinces have high risk of being affected by the floods. During the Northeast monsoon (December-February), the Eastern, Northern and North central Provinces are also prone to the floods. Rivers along the Western slopes of the hilly central areas also cause floods to the lower plains of Kalu Ganga and Kelani Ganga, particularly during these periods. For more information: http://www.meteo.gov.lk/index.php?lang=en


The Cleanest Air in LA? Check Out Our Top 20 Neighborhoods
Overall air quality is improving in the U.S, thanks to a combination of stricter environmental regulations, cleaner technologies and other factors. Levels of particulate matter have fallen by around 50% over the past 30 years in most areas.
However, Los Angeles still ranks among the worst.
How many hours are you exposed to clean air in your neighborhood? We examined the air quality of 251 neighborhoods, cities and towns across LA county hour by hour for almost an entire year.
We looked for the areas where air quality (concentrations of PM 2.5) was frequently below 50 on the Air Quality Index scale, which is considered healthy. We examined 6802 hourly readings between November 2016 and October 2017.
What we found:
A note of caution: There are many variables that determine air quality. Measuring the number of hours that a neighborhood experiences high or low levels of PM 2.5 is only one way of understanding the differences in air quality among areas in Los Angeles. Areas that have consistently low levels of PM 2.5 may also have other characteristics that could impact overall air quality.
1. Altadena. 3878 hours
Altadena, at the edge of the Angeles National Forest, is first on our list. It had 3878 hours of good air quality out of our observed 6802 hours.
2. Glendora. 3798 hours
Glendora, also near the southern border of the Angeles National Forest, comes in second place.
3. Lopez/Kagel Canyons. 3703 hours
This area sits in the steep terrain of the San Gabriel foothills. However, it was also the site of the recent Creek Fire, which occurred after our data-collection period.
4. Pacific Palisades. 3700 hours
Los Angeles’s Pacific Palisades neighborhood is buffeted by ocean breezes and has no major freeways running through it.
5. Lake View Terrace. 3696 hours
This Los Angeles neighborhood is tucked in between two regional parks at the foot of the San Gabriel Mountains.
Here’s a list of other neighborhoods which frequently register good air quality based on our data:
6. Val Verde: 3679 hours
7. La Habra Heights: 3679 hours
8. Westlake Village: 3679 hours
9. Tarzana: 3677 hours
10. Brentwood: 3676 hours
11. North Whittier : 3676 hours
12. La Crescenta-Montrose: 3674 hours
13. Duarte: 3671 hours
14. Bel-Air: 3670 hours
15. Griffith Park: 3661 hours
16. Encino: 3659 hours
17. Rolling Hills: 3658 hours
18. La Verne: 3655 hours
19. Stevenson Ranch: 3651 hours
20. Highland Park: 3646 hours
How we did it:
We collect hourly readings of PM 2.5 levels (particles smaller than 2.5 µm in aerodynamic diameter) from the 12 monitoring stations of the Environmental Protection Agency and the South Coast Air Quality Management District located throughout Los Angeles County. The air quality data is updated every hour. The data we receive is based off of raw PM 2.5 measurements that have been converted to the Air Quality Index scale. PM 2.5 levels are generally proportional to AQI. (However, the actual AQI number is calculated using several different variables and is a 24-hour average.)
We then use a process developed by our partners at the USC Spatial Sciences Institute that takes into account the surrounding geographic context of every neighborhood or area in the entire county of Los Angeles. We use geographic data from OSM (OpenStreetMap) to generate a “geographic abstraction” for each monitoring station automatically. The geographic abstraction is used to describe the neighborhood environment for a given location. For example, we compute the built environment, including the length of various road types, the point number of various locations types, area of open spaces, and so on. Then we build geo-context by selecting important features based on the air quality data.
We create a fishnet of grid points across Los Angeles County. With the geo-context, we are able to compute PM2.5 values for the locations in the fishnet that do not have monitoring stations. We have around 3,000 points in total, four points within one square mile. For each point, we predict an hourly PM 2.5 AQI. We then map that against library of neighborhood boundaries created by The Los Angeles Times.
Have questions? Write us at email@example.com
*This post was updated on June 21 to include language that better reflects the degree to which this analysis can be interpreted.


Averages for Goa in December
Goa's good weather continues in December.
With plenty of sunshine seen each day, the weather remains very hot and sunny throughout with barely any
rain seen during the month.
This may be winter, but the temperatures remain high, so expect beach weather.
The average daily temperature for this month in Goa is 27°C which can reach 32°C or drop to 21°C.
There is an average of 10 hours of sunshine each day in Goa.
The average temperature of the sea during this month is 27°C.
The average amount of rainfall this month is 10 mm over 1 day.


Indoor air quality has become a health concern, leaving many people to question how they can improve the air in their home or office. Studies show indoor air has more pollutants than air outside, with airborne particles, gases, chemicals, and volatile organic compounds contributing to the problem.
One way to improve the quality of your indoor air and protect your health is through the use of air purifiers. Air purifiers are designed to clean and purify the air people breathe. They can reduce airborne pollutants and odors that contribute to poor air quality. Additionally, pollen, mold, and dust are common allergens that can be removed by using air purifiers.
Cleaner air benefits everyone, especially those distress with allergies, asthma, or any other respiratory illness. Air purifiers can be permanently installed, or a portable model can be utilized to clean the air in smaller areas.


Artbook can order English books according to our customers' needs
Predicting Meteorological Events : Mathematical ApproachSKU: 9788173195730 Supplier: Narosa Publishing House Out of stock
Author: N.C. Mahanti
Format :Hardback | 170 pages
Dimensions: 160 x 240 x 19.05mm | 498.95g
Publication date: 30 Jul 2005
"Predicting Meteorological Events: Mathematical Approach" deals with some important problems covering various important areas of atmospheric and meteorological sciences. These include cyclonic storms, monsoon prediction, monsoon depression over the Indian region, disaster management using satellite data. This volume will be highly useful for practising meteorologists working in the National Weather Services and scientists involved in the development of mathematical and statistical models of various meteorological events.


The National Weather Service in Cleveland has issued a heat advisory from noon to 9 p.m. Friday for eight northeastern Ohio counties, including Trumbull and Mahoning.
The heat index values will be between 100 and 104 degrees mainly in the afternoon and evening.
The excessive heat advisory with a combination of hot temperatures and high humidity can create a situation in which heat illnesses are possible.
Health administrators are advising people to drink plenty of fluids, stay out of the sun, stay in air-conditioned rooms and check on relatives and neighbors. People should wear light weight and loose fitting clothing and drink plenty of water.


Our Sun, like other stars, gives off gases called stellar winds which are known to play a key role in forming new stars and seeding new galaxies. Now it appears that these winds have another effect too: warming the atmosphere on planets like Jupiter.
Astronomers observed Jupiter’s auroras at its poles, like the Northern Lights here on Earth, which are caused by stellar wind. They found that the energetic particles of the solar wind interact with the planet’s atmosphere to create a heating effect.
“The solar wind impact at Jupiter is an extreme example of space weather,” James Sinclair, a researcher at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) and leader of the research team, said in a statement. “We’re seeing the solar wind having an effect deeper than is normally seen.”
When solar wind hits Jupiter, the atmosphere and temperature of the planet are effected within just one day. The chemistry of the atmosphere changed and the temperature rose, as you can see in the heatmap image above. Around Jupiter’s poles are two bright spots indicating high temperatures, which is where the auroras are located.
The heat image was collected using the Subaru Telescope in Hawaii, operated by the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan. The telescope has an instrument called the Cooled Mid-Infrared Camera and Spectrograph (COMICS) which can record thermal images of the stratosphere.
These findings were unexpected because Jupiter is so large, but the effects of the solar wind still propagate very fast. “What is startling about the results is that we were able to associate for the first time the variations in solar wind and the response in the stratosphere — and that the response to these variations is so quick for such a large area,” JPL’s Glenn Orton, co-author and part of the observing team, said in the same statement.
The results are not only relevant to the study of Jupiter. They could shed light on the role of solar wind in changes in atmosphere and temperature on other planets and even inform understanding of our own planet’s history, according to Yasumasa Kasaba, researcher at Tohoku University and a member of the observation team: “Such heating and chemical reactions may tell us something about other planets with harsh environments, and even early Earth,” Kasaba said.


Peter B. Lord Seminars: Extreme Weather
Predicting and Responding to Extreme Weather Events
September 20, 2013
9:00 a.m.-12:00 p.m.
The Providence Journal
75 Fountain Street
The seminar was held in The Providence Journal’s auditorium. For additional information on climate change impacts and adaptation in southern New England, please view presentations and videos from past Peter B. Lord Seminars on the Environment.
Click on speakers’ names to see their presentations.
Ginis will describe the fundamentals of hurricane formation and compare the attributes of the 1938 Hurricane and Hurricane Sandy, two devastating regional storms with very different origins. Ginis will also describe the tremendous advances in forecasting hurricane tracks and intensity in recent years.
One of the most dangerous aspects of hurricanes and other major coastal storms is the resulting storm surge and coastal inundation. Walsh will describe the development of updated inundation maps for the region and a related Hurricane Evacuation Study that analyzed hazards, vulnerability, shelters, and transportation.
After a Storm Comes Calm…or Another Storm
David Vallee, National Weather Service Northeast River Forecast Center
New Englanders are accustomed to “crazy” weather. After all, if you don’t like the weather here, you only need to wait a few minutes, right? This session will outline regional precipitation patterns and projected future trends, as well as the big picture of extreme events in the region within the context of climate change.
Responding to Extreme Weather Events
Peter Gaynor, City of Providence Emergency Management Agency
Jamia McDonald, Rhode Island Emergency Management Agency
Paul Morey, Federal Emergency Management Agency Region I Risk Analysis Branch
As extreme weather events approach and in their immediate aftermath, municipalities, states, and federal agencies must work closely to anticipate a wide variety of public safety, communication, transportation concerns. Using the city of Providence as a case study, panelists will provide insights into the structure of these urgent collaborations and how relevant offices plan ahead to improve their responses.
Networking lunch for all speakers and registered attendees
This seminar was held in partnership with The Providence Journal.


Jits tuesday, google decided to celebrate the start of the winter season 2021 with a Doodle celebrate the longest night of the year as good as shortest daywhich occurs in the upper half of the Earth, the northern hemisphere.
In the Google Doodle for this Tuesday, December 21, a hedgehog can be seen walking on the snow, a clear reference to the start of the winter season and the winter solstice.
Do you know what the winter solstice is?
the winter solsticealso known as December Solstice, hibernation solstice Where hemal solsticebegins just today and occurs when one of the Earth’s poles moves away from the sun at its maximum distance.
As a result, the day is shortened by the reduction of daylight, followed by the longest night of the yearan event that takes place every December, between the 21st and 22nd, around the world in countries like the USA, India, UK, China, Russia and Canada.
How long is the winter season?
In the northern hemisphere, the winter season begins on December 21 and ends on March 20, 2022, i.e. three months.
On this day, with the winter solstice, the sun travels the shortest path, while the day receives the least sunlight and the night is the longest.
Even in parts of India, very low temperatures have started such as in its capital, Delhi, registering 4 degrees Celsius, four levels below normal.


Beginning from the premise that the science which demonstrates evidence of and support for climate change is simply a matter of liberal hokum designed to perpetuate wholesale lies on the American public and the world at large, why should their efforts not be believed? Public opinion in the United States is trending towards a widespread belief in and concern about climate change. And those beliefs are even more pervasive in other countries.
Those who support the belief that climate change is real have devoted hundreds of hours and thousands of pages to research supposedly proving the existence of climate change. They have conducted experiments, poured over data and run numerous tests in order to prove their hypothesis that climate change does exist. Even if these scientists have manipulated the data and their results in order to come to a predetermined conclusion that climate change is real, this is still a tremendous undertaking. And in the process they have been able to convince a majority of elected representatives that the science is correct.
In contrast, those who deny climate change are only able to point to a limited number of studies which say climate change is not real. Or they point to Bible verses. Or the continued existence of ice, cold and snow.
The science of climate change is not definitive. So if you want the American people and the world to believe climate change is not real at least be more industrious. Be more imaginative.


Midwestern and eastern Great Lakes and central Plains states will be hit by heavy snow and gusty winds on Thursday. There’s a good chance of a blizzard, with heavy snow and wind gusts of more than 50 mph.
Millions of people worldwide will feel the effects of a powerful storm system beginning this week, with the worst of it hitting from Thursday through early Saturday.
Concurrently, showers will move over the region, beginning in the Southeast and moving Northeast across the Middle Atlantic and into the Northeast. While snow is falling in the Midwest and Great Lakes, the I-95 corridor is going to be hit with a deluge of rain and severe winds.
On the verge of the weekend, and particularly on Friday, we’ve got some major problems, “Meteorologist Britta Merwin from FOX News Weather warned. “On Friday, one of the busiest travel days of the week, we may expect heavy snowfall, gusty winds, and plenty of rain throughout the East Coast.
In spite of the fact that rain is forecast to be the most common kind of precipitation from the Mid-Atlantic to the Northeast, the storm’s departure and the onslaught of cold air on Friday might turn the rain into a snowstorm.
Heavy snow, fed by precipitation from the Great Lakes, will thereafter be able to blanket large swaths of the Midwest. In the days leading up to Christmas weekend, severe gusts and accumulating snow may limit visibility to near zero, making driving almost difficult in certain sections of the region.
By the end of the week, a major winter storm will hit the country. Pay careful attention to the forecast during the next several days if you live in or plan to visit the eastern region of the United States.


Planet Waves temperature and humidity sensor
The Planet Waves temperature / humidity sensor is a precision digital hygrometer which indicates the relative humidity from low values (less than 20%) up to 99%. The temperature is displayed in degrees centigrade or farenheit, from -35 to 50 ° C (-32 to 122 ° F). The HTS sensor includes a programmable threshold and a memory function indicating the time and date of the highest and lowest temperature / humidity readings to which the instrument has been exposed. Take one for each of your instruments. Installing and using an HTS sensor and a Planet Waves humidifier in each of your cases is a wise investment that you will not regret.
Accurately indicates humidity and temperature
Memory function records recent peaks
Integrated clock and calendar
Take one for each of your cases
Brand reference number:PW-HTS


I never really outgrew my passion for the stars and the way the tides move with the changes of the moon. I think as I grew into adulthood I found an even greater love for the sky, both day and night.
Tonight there is a meteor shower caused by a comet passing by and as the earth spins through the particles of the tail of this comet the particles will burn in the Earth's atmosphere causing a light show in the night sky. The Perseid Meteor Shower is believed to be most easily visible by the naked eye tonight and tomorrow night.
During the day we can not see the particles burning in the atmosphere and being disintegrated but at night it is like fireworks in the distance. We can not hear the sounds of them without special equipment but I have heard that the comet sings as it passes the earth. The particles whizzing by are said to make a lovely sound like the sounds of a meditation song.
I can imagine the view from outside the city lights on the open plains of western Kansas...wow, it must be amazing! This would be a great reason, if for no other, to call it "The Land of Awe's." It must look as though the sky meets the Earth in all directions and be absolutely spectacular to see!
For more information on the Perseid Meteor Shower check out the following links:


Recycling helps prevent global climate changes by reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Manufacturing paper, plastics, glass and metal from recycled materials requires less energy than manufacturing these products from original materials because the recycled materials have already been processed.
Recycling keeps materials out of landfills. This is important because materials in landfills can decompose and release methane gas, which is a greenhouse gas that is thirty times more dangerous to the environment than carbon dioxide.
Waste combustion from incinerators can release greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere. Recycling can reduce these emissions by keeping materials out of incinerators.
Trees help combat the global climate changes by absorbing carbon dioxide from the air and storing it in wood in a process called carbon sequestration. Continued efforts to recycle paper would allow more trees to continue to absorb carbon dioxide. Recycling one ton of office paper saves 24 trees.


Rainfall Advisory No. 6 VIS-PRSD- Iloilo Radar
Weather System: Southwest Monsoon Issued at 5:00 AM, Monday, July 17, 2023
Light to moderate with at times heavy (2.5-4.5 with occasional 7.5-15 liters/meter² per hour) rains are affecting over Negros Occidental(Sipalay City, Cauayan);
which may continue for 2 to 3 hours and may affect nearby areas.
The public and the disaster risk reduction and management council concerned are advised to monitor the weather condition and watch for the next advisory to be issued 8:00 AM.
For more information and queries, please call telephone number (033) 321-6420 or log on to bagong.pagasa.dost.gov.ph.
(Source: Bacolod City Public Information Office)


+A 5680-year tree-ring temperature record for southern South America
González-Reyes, A. [Univ Mayor, Fac Ciencias, Hemera Ctr Observac Tierra, Santiago, Chile]
Aravena, J. C.
Luckman, B. H.
It is widely documented that the Earth's surface temperatures have increased in recent decades. However, temperature increment patterns are not uniform around the globe, showing different or even contrasting trends. Here we present a mean maximum summer temperature record, based on tree-ring widths, over the past 5682 years (3672BC - 2009AD) for southern South America (SSA), covering from mid-Holocene to the present. This is the longest such record for the Southern Hemisphere (SH), and expands available annual proxy climate records for this region in more than 2060 years. Our record explains 49% of the temperature variation, and documents two major warm periods between 3140 -2800BC and 70BC - 150AD, which coincide with the lack of evidence of glacier advances in SSA. Recent decades in the reconstruction (1959-2009) show a warming trend that is not exceptional in the context of the last five millennia. The long-term relationship between our temperature reconstruction and a reconstructed total solar irradiance record, with coinciding cycles at 293, 372, 432-434, 512 and 746 years, indicate a persistent influence of solar forcing on centennial climate variability in SSA. At inter-annual to interdecadal scales, reconstructed temperature is mainly related to the internal climate variability of the Pacific Ocean, including El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and longer oscillations. Our study reveals the need to characterize regional-scale climate variability and its drivers, which in the context of global-scale processes such as anthropogenic warming, interact to modulate local climate affecting humans and ecosystems. (C) 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
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Xiaomi Aqara Temperature Humidity Sensor
Working with the Xiaomi multifunctional gateway remote control, it can detect the real-time temperature, humidity and atmospheric pressure condition
- High-quality sensor
- Automatic alarm
- Multiple application
Real-time Detects the Temperature,
Humidity and Atmospheric Pressure Condition
Through the APP, you can know the present and historical record of the temperature, humidity and atmospheric pressure of your home anytime and anywhere.
Automatically Alarm When Data is Abnormal
You can set the comfort zone via the APP. When the temperature, humidity and atmospheric pressure detected are abnormal, it will send alert to
your phone. It is perfect for the elderly and children.
Help You to Protect Your Baby’s Health
With the sensor installed in the baby’s room, you can timely know the change of the temperature and humidity.
Dehumidification of Your Wardrobe
You can install the sensor in your wardrobe. When the humidity is too large, if will send alert to you.
Say Goodbye to the Dry Air
You can connect the sensor with Xiaomi smart outlet. If the humidity detected is too low, it can turn on the outlet and power the humidifier.
No Longer Stand Hot Weather
You can connect the sensor with the versatile controller. If the temperature detected is too high, it can autonnatically turn on the air conditioning.
Easy to Connect
When the multifunctional gateway remote control is in the energized state, you can easily connect to the Xiaomi Aqara temperature humidity sensor according to the APP.
Add the Xiaomi Aqara temperature humidity sensor in the “Xiaomi Smart Home” APP
Press the “Reset” button of the sensor
Place or Stick, Simple to Install
You can place or stick,the sensor anywhere.
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