A few people asked me to respond to Boris Johnson’s column on Monday about whether the snowy weather is “the start of a mini ice age”. I didn’t, but Prof Joanna Haigh of Imperial College did on our letters page, so I thought it was worth publicising more widely:
I’m delighted that the Mayor maintains his interest in weather and climate, but he should be wary of drawing generalised conclusions from his observations. He suggests that the cold weather in London is due to declining solar activity – but actually the Sun is more active now than it has been since 2009, and about the same as it was in 2004 and 1998.
On longer timescales – decades to century – the Sun may be very slowly declining in activity but this can’t explain year-to-year variations in UK winter weather. The Mayor makes an interesting point about the weather during the Maunder Minimum in sunspots and, although the cooler weather then was largely confined to north-west Europe, that may quite likely have been influenced by the Sun. But at that time solar energetic output was considerably lower than it is today.
What we have is the lovely variability and uncertainty of British weather sitting on top of a long-term global average warming due to greenhouse gas increases. This is not an issue of opinion but one of basic physics. We just don’t need to invoke mysterious effects of solar particles to understand long-term trends in global temperatures.
Prof Joanna Haigh
Professor of Atmospheric Physics
Faculty of Natural Sciences
Imperial College London


Building Climate Knowledge Infrastructures
A Lead Author of the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report, Paul N. Edwards, talks about knowledge infrastructures and geoengineering, as well as policy and visual aspects of the landmark report on climate change.
Unless you’ve been living under a rock, you’re probably familiar with the Sixth Assessment Report released by the International Panel for Climate Change (IPCC) in August 2021. According to the IPCC itself, the report addresses “the most up-to-date physical understanding of the climate system and climate change, bringing together the latest advances in climate science, and combining multiple lines of evidence from paleoclimate, observations, process understanding, and global and regional climate simulations.”
Read the rest at Strelka Magazine


Cheyenne Wells, Co, Usa Climate Graphs
The first graph shows the climate in Cheyenne Wells, Co, Usa in metric units and the second in English units.
The climate graphs depict monthly average temperatures, precipitation, wet days, sunlight hours, relative humidity and wind speed.
Cheyenne Wells, Co Climate Graph in Metric Units
Cheyenne Wells, Co Climograph in English Units
Cheyenne Wells, Co Climate Graphs Discussion
We are pleased to announce the release of the new discussion section. Here you will discover a wealth of knowledge about the various aspects of the local climate presented by our international community. We would like to invite you to help get discussion started by visiting those locations you are familiar with. Is there something noteworthy about the climate there that you can enlighten us about? Discussion is subdivided into specific topics such as the months of the year and aspects such as day length and temperature. When you have an idea of something fascinating to share please visit the specific page most fitting and add your post using the simple interface. No registration or third party network login is necessary.
Currently under general maintenance.|
Climate Graphs for Closest locations to Cheyenne Wells, Co, Usa:
- Lodgepole, Ne, Usa - 238.1 kms (148 miles) NNW
- Fort Morgan, Co, Usa - 207.6 kms (129 miles) NW
- Colorado Springs Ap, Co, Usa - 235.9 kms (146.6 miles) W
- Pueblo, Colorado, Usa - 231.3 kms (143.7 miles) WSW
- Las Animas, Co, Usa - 141.2 kms (87.7 miles) SW
- Holly, Co, Usa - 111.2 kms (69.1 miles) S
- Kenton, Ok, Usa - 239 kms (148.5 miles) SSW
- Imperial, Ne, Usa - 222.4 kms (138.2 miles) N
- Beaver City, Ne, Usa - 225 kms (139.8 miles) NE
- Norton, Ks, Usa - 204.5 kms (127.1 miles) ENE
- Goodland, Ks, Usa - 49.1 kms (30.5 miles) NNE
- Wakeeney, Ks, Usa - 172.8 kms (107.4 miles) E
- Hayss, Ks, Usa - 259.2 kms (161.1 miles) E
- Scott City, Ks, Usa - 141.2 kms (87.7 miles) SE
- Dodge City, Ks, Usa - 224.3 kms (139.4 miles) SE


Not another one! More bad weather set to hit Lincolnshire as warning issued again
Heavy showers and thunderstorms may cause some flooding and transport disruption in Lincolnshire tomorrow (Wednesday) according to a weather service.
The Met Office has issued a yellow warning for the whole of Lincolnshire for Wednesday, from 2pm to 10pm.
The warnings states: "Where flooding or lightning strikes occur, there is a chance of delays and some cancellations to train and bus services.
"There is a slight chance that power cuts could occur and other services to some homes and businesses could be lost."
Difficult driving conditions due to spray and sudden flooding may lead to possible road closures, the Met Office also warns.
And there is a "small chance" that homes and businesses could be flooded quickly.
It is yet another weather warning after heavy rain and strong winds affected the area on Friday and over the weekend.
More by this authorMarie Bond


TARJA lyrics - My Winter Storm (2007) album, including Wisdom Of Wind , The Seer , Enough. How to Prepare for a Winter Storm. Are Mother Nature's snow and ice spectaculars hitting your area hard this year? Having a few emergency supplies on-hand. Winter Storm Preparedness - Emergency Heat During a Power Outage - Conserving heat, dressing for warmth, food and water needs, hygiene issues. NEW YORK --Thursday's winter storm pummeled the Tri-State Area, but imagine being in the thick of it on a cruise ship in the Atlantic Ocean. For 21 members. A winter storm that's already responsible for 2 deaths will bring a mix of snow, sleet and freezing rain to portions of the central and eastern. Lenin was determined to lead his Bolsheviks to power by exploiting the war-weariness that affected Russian citizens and soldiers alike. Throughout. Winter Storm Information Portal: How To Guide How To Guide Delays, Closings, Other Information Due to Winter Storms Emergencies. As Winter Storm Wayne continues to drop snow across the state, numerous schools, organizations, and facilities are posting their cancellations or delays. A winter weather advisory means periods of snow will cause primarily travel difficulties, the weather service said. Expect snow-covered roads. A major winter storm is making its way into Arizona, bringing potentially record-setting snowfall in the high country, rain and cold temperatures. Near Denver, one interstate was shut down by authorities so first responders could rescue motorists stranded. We offer hurricane panels is aluminum, clear, and protextan. We carry the finest storm panels in the industry. A storm is any disturbed state of an environment or in an astronomical body's atmosphere especially affecting its surface, and strongly implying severe weather. Winter Storm Wayne packed quite the punch, particularly on the roads. Every state east of the Mississippi is likely to get winter storm effects Wednesday, including Detroit, Chicago, Philadelphia, New York, Washington. Glenfiddich Winter Storm was the third bottling in the Experimental Series, after Project XX and IPA. It was matured for 21 years in standard American. Between 15 and 20 centimeters of snow expected this weekend. Due to the major winter storm hitting our region this morning print delivery will be severely impacted. Ottawa and some surrounding areas could see up to 25 centimetres of snow over the next 24 hours, as Environment Canada has issued both a winter storm. A Winter Storm Warning - 3PM Wednesday to Noon Friday - remains in effect for areas along and north of a line from Canby to Litchfield to Cambridge. Most of Iowa is under a winter storm warning until Wednesday Environment Canada is warning that a winter storm is headed for Ontario, set to hit on Tuesday and overnight into Wednesday. The storm will bring between. How do winter storms form? Just like any other storm at other times of the year, the right combination of ingredients is necessary for a winter storm to develop. Hawaii battered by 191mph gusts, 40ft waves in rare winter snow storm (VIDEOS). The National Weather Service announced that a winter storm warning remains in effect from 4 p.m. this afternoon until. It's that time a year when winter storms begin causing havoc across the United States, and when rotating outages are common to help sustain the electrical. 4:53 a.m. Weather Service expands its winter storm watch to include the entire metro Atlanta area. 11:01 a.m. Weather Service issues another winter storm. Winter storm impacts start of spring sports season. Central Maine teams that were a day or two from getting on their fields see likelihood of postponed games. A major winter storm is bringing flight delays and cancellations from Chicago to Washington, D.C., and snow-covered and slippery roads across this corridor.


Our research has shown that shocking images like these will get viewers' attention but may leave them feeling helpless. Couple emotionally powerful photos such as this with images or text that clearly point to a constructive action that people can take in response.
WHAT IT SHOWS: A heap of garbage is set on fire causing air pollution and problems to the vehicle drivers at Narayanganj, near Dhaka. Unregulated trash burning around the city is pumping far more pollution into the atmosphere than shown by official records. Atmospheric Research estimates that more than 40% of the garbage is burned in such fires, emitting gases and particles that can substantially affect human health and climate change.


The numbers keep exploding beyond the ability of technology to keep up. This time the explosion is in the number of automobiles. The World Resources Institute in Washington, D.C., in a report called 'Driving Forces,' says the United States is losing the battle to control carbon dioxide from auto emissions because of the exploding numbers of vehicles. Four million more cars and trucks take the road each year and cancel out the gains being made in fuel efficiency. The report says that if Congress were to mandate one percent increases in the fuel efficiency of new cars every year from now to 2010, the total carbon dioxide emissions would still grow by several percent.
The worldwide situation is even worse. There is less carbon dioxide coming from each vehicle than there was 20 years ago, but the number of cars has increased to such a degree that cars and trucks spew at least 63 percent more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere now than in 1971. By 2010 that could mean a further increase of 20 to 50 percent of worldwide carbon dioxide emissions from motor vehicles.


Last winter, we suffered a severe cold snap. Okay, for those of you who live in more northerly climates, it wouldn’t seem all that cold to you perhaps. But, we had temps that ranged in the low 20’s for three days in a row, which is definitely below normal for us.
As a result, many trees and plants that normally stay green in the winter, suffered severe frost damage. That included my mother’s young Sissoo tree (Dalbergia sissoo).
That’s because it is.


News Flash Home
The original item was published from 7/18/2016 3:06:00 PM to 7/30/2016 12:00:08 AM.
Posted on: July 18, 2016
[ARCHIVED] Bayfield County Flood Information
On July 11, the southern half of Bayfield County experienced a heavy rain event. Rainfall totals ranged from 5 to 11 inches in about 12 hours. The deluge caused wide-spread flooding, road, and structure damage in the affected area.


What can quantum computers do more efficiently than regular computers?
A. Provide accurate warning of extreme weather events.
B. Automate routine hospital administrative tasks.
C. Map disaster areas after major adverse events.
D. Monitor medical equipment for greater efficiency.
The correct answer is A- Provide accurate warning of extreme weather events.
Quantum computers have the potential to solve certain types of problems much faster than classical computers, by utilizing the principles of quantum mechanics. One of the areas where quantum computers are expected to outperform classical computers is in the field of weather forecasting.
Weather forecasting involves solving complex mathematical models that describe the behavior of the atmosphere, oceans, and other elements of the Earth's climate system. These models require massive amounts of data and computational power to simulate weather patterns and predict extreme weather events accurately.
Quantum computers are well-suited to solving these types of problems because they can process and analyze large datasets and perform complex calculations simultaneously. Quantum computers use qubits (quantum bits) instead of classical bits, which allow them to explore many possible solutions at the same time, enabling them to quickly find the best solution.
Therefore, quantum computers have the potential to provide more accurate and timely warnings of extreme weather events, such as hurricanes, tornadoes, and floods, which can help governments and emergency services better prepare for these disasters and minimize their impact on people and infrastructure. However, it's important to note that quantum computing is still in its early stages of development, and it will likely be several years before quantum computers are widely available and can be applied to real-world problems such as weather forecasting.


Frost line: 1900 m
Frost line: 2400 m
Frost line: 2200 m
The day after tomorrow:
Frost line: 2600 m
Weather forecast:Under the large system of low pressure over Central Europe we will continue to be influenced by humid air. Such weather conditions will hardly make us jump for joy of course: the weather will be changeable with temporary clear spells and periods of thick cloud. There may also be scattered showers.
Weather trend:The next few days will not bring any significant changes in the weather. We will once again see a mix of sun, clouds and local showers.
copyright by Privater Wetterdienst Aufwind, Bernhard Gorgulla, 6020 Innsbruck
Copying of this content and linking to this page is not permitted without prior written consent.


What data formats are available?
Kinetic Analysis Corporation provides hazard and damage data as spatial polygons or as rasters via OGC-compliant web services.
At What Resolution are the data available?
Data are offered at two resolutions: a standard resolution of 120 arcseconds and a detailed resolution of 30 arcseconds.
What regions have hazard and damage ratio data?
Kinetic Analysis Corporation provides a consistent, global set of data. Clients may access tropical cyclone hazard and damage ratio data for any location affected by tropical cyclones.
How often are real-time data generated?
Real-time data are generated whenever forecast centers or forecast models release tropical cyclone forecasts anywhere in the world. Depending on the ocean basin and forecast source, this occurs every six or twelve hours.
How long after a forecast is released are results available?
The multi-model results from Kinetic Analysis Corporation are generally available 30 minutes after a forecast is released.
Any other questions?
Please contact us! We’d like to talk with you.


Over time,the level of household pollutants in your home can concentrate to the point where your health could be at risk. Side effects of polluted indoor air range from irritating to serious. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) reports that indoor air may pose one of the worst environmental hazards Americans face. Fortunately, methods exist to keep indoor air quality (IAQ) high using current technology.
Many products you use indoors contain volatile organic compounds (VOCs). You can find VOCs in cleaning supplies, new paint, finishes and solvents, fabrics, furniture and carpeting. They're also found in air fresheners, some cosmetics,tobacco smoke and vehicle exhaust. Some of the gases they emit have immediate health effects, while other problems develop over the longer term. Many alternative products are available that carry a clean air label or note that they're VOC-compliant.'
Mold, dust mite waste, pollen and animal dander are the most common indoor biological pollutants that cause allergic reactions. Mold is not only a health hazard; it can also damage many parts of your home, including drywall, insulation, carpeting and fabrics.
Managing Indoor Air Quality
Keep IAQ high by avoiding chemical household pollutants and altering those that occur naturally. Opt for alternative products with lower VOCs indoors, and consider a whole-house air purification system for an affordable approach to keeping indoor air quality high.
Air cleaning systems work in tandem with your forced-air system and use filtration to trap airborne particulates. The Carrier Infinity air purifier uses Captures and Kills tm technology and captures up to 95% of particles .30 to 1.0 in size and kills or inactivates up to 99% of germs, pollen and mold captured.
Learn more about managing household pollutants from the pros at Comfort24-7.com, or call us today at 855-GET-COMFY.


Earth science reference tables that will help you predict and understand the current weather.
A comprehensive, step by step reading of the following graphs can allow you to predict many important ideas inside your everyday life as earthquakes, eclipses, thunderstorms, hurricanes, tornadoes, blizzards, thunderstorms, hail storms, windstorms, snowstorms, heat waves, mudslides, droughts, heat waves, cyclones, hurricanes, blizzards, and a whole lot more.
You need to remain abreast of almost any advice write my college essay which can help gain useful knowledge concerning the weather patterns of the earth. Keeping a mention can help www.augusta.edu you also get valuable info about weather conditions and also help you forecast weather prepare weather.
You can find numerous weather conditions situations which you will need to be aware of to be able to be able to prepare yourself. You must learn about weatherstorms, torrential rains, and cyclones. When they can occur, In the event you review the ground science reference tables you will likely undoubtedly be prepared to deal with these kinds of climate.
Heavy rains, storm surge, tornadoes, A Dire weather conditions circumstance: Hurricanes, thunderstorms, heavy snow, blizzards, and other intense weather condition may occur at any time. To get a very excellent idea concerning weather circumstances, you may pay a visit to any department shop and examine the earth science mention graphs for weather requirements.
Hurricane, Tropical Storm, and Snowstorm:” should you are now living in a region in which there is some kind of tropical storm, then you must go online and learn about the current weather patterns and the many currents in sea. You might also perform a Google research about hurricane and tropical storm.
Cyclones: This is basically a typhoon that has gone through a crash with the land. A cyclone can produce substantial rain, flooding, and power outages.
Water Boiled Boats: All these water-borne climate states are generally localized to their ocean’s elevations. The major hazard linked with here really is that the hydro-cholera.
The Weather Condition: This is seen in the oceans. https://www.masterpapers.com/ Although this is not quite as dangerous because the other but remains the weather illness that is most frequently encountered.
The Fahrenheit Temperature Alignment anomaly: This is chiefly seen at Sealevel and will not influence the outside. If you travel alot and would really like to be prepared for such a weather condition, you can want to buy a climate monitoring satellite.
The National Weather Service station map: This specific channel map may provide you a basic idea about the variety. You can obtain this state’s channel map that you reside in by utilizing the Locate Station attribute on the website of a state.
Schedule of US nationwide Geographic maps: In addition to say maps, you will find a map that outlines the designation lines for the United States. The National Geographic maps will show that countries possess a good deal of weather-related troubles.
A broad knowledge of these elements of weather will help you prepare and prepare for weather related crises. Getting knowledgeable about everything when to prepare can assist you to keep protected and safe by the possible dangers related to the earth.


MeT Says 75% Possibility Of Rain, Snow Over Higher, Middle Reaches From Nov 1 to 4 In J&K
Srinagar, Oct 27: Weatherman on Thursday forecast mainly dry weather for now and light to moderate rain and snowfall over middle and higher reaches of J&K during November 1 to 4.
“As per today’s conditions, weather will be cloudy with possibility of light to moderate rain/snowfall over middle and higher reaches during 1st Nov onwards till 4th at isolated to scattered places of J&K (forecast confidence upto75%),” a meteorological department official said here, adding, “No heavy spell is expected during this spell.”
Regarding the temperature, he said, Srinagar recorded a low of 4.0°C against 4.7°C on the previous night. The temperature was 0.2°C above normal for the summer capital during this time of the year, he said.
Qazigund recorded a low of 3.2°C against 3.4°C on the previous night. The temperature was 0.1°C below normal for the gateway town of Kashmir, he said.


CONE is a sounding rocket instrument with an ionization gauge for in-situ measurement of fine scale neutral density fluctuations in the upper atmosphere between 60km and 120km altitude. It also measures the density of the charged particles, free electrons and ions.
The CONE experiment has been built by vH&S for the Leibniz-Institute for Atmospheric Physics in Kühlungsborn, Germany.
To request more info, please write E-Mail to:
- Dr.-Ing. Hartmut Henkel, E-Mail: henkel @ vh-s.de


Rapeseed and maize biodiesels were calculated to produce up to 70 per cent and 50 per cent more greenhouse gases respectively than fossil fuels. The concerns were raised over the levels of emissions of nitrous oxide, which is 296 times more powerful as a greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide. Scientists found that the use of biofuels released twice as much as nitrous oxide as previously realised.
The research team found that 3 to 5 per cent of the nitrogen in fertiliser was converted and emitted. In contrast, the figure used by the International Panel on Climate Change, which assesses the extent and impact of man-made global warming, was 2 per cent. The findings illustrated the importance, the researchers said, of ensuring that measures designed to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions are assessed thoroughly before being hailed as a solution.
Professor Smith told Chemistry World: “The significance of it is that the supposed benefits of biofuels are even more disputable than had been thought hitherto.”
It was accepted by the scientists that other factors, such as the use of fossil fuels to produce fertiliser, have yet to be fully analysed for their impact on overall figures. But they concluded that the biofuels “can contribute as much or more to global warming by N2 O emissions than cooling by fossil-fuel savings”.


Each year, NASA’s most venerable space telescope photographs the outer planets of the solar system.
And so this fall, as usual, the The Hubble Space Telescope in turn turned to each planet. Tradition allows astronomers to monitor how the atmospheres of these worlds – Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune – change over time. But the photos are, of course, also stunning. NASA released footage from this year’s “grand tour” on November 18.
The images highlight the big differences between the four outer worlds and their inner, rocky counterparts: Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars. The outer gas giants are much larger and reside much further from the sun, up to 30 times further away than Earth, which means these worlds are also extremely cold, according to a NASA statement.
Related: The Solar System: A Guide to Things Orbiting Our Sun
“Unlike rocky terrestrial planets like Earth and Mars which huddle near the warmth of the sun, these distant worlds are mostly made up of cold carbonated soups of hydrogen, helium, ammonia, methane and deep water. around a compact core, intensely hot and compact. “, according to the statement.
From the orbit of Hubble, above that of the International space station and up to 3 billion kilometers from the outer worlds, the space telescope has documented striking changes in the planets’ atmospheres from year to year, including dynamic weather patterns and seasonal variations. Each year, scientists working on the Outer Planets Atmospheres Legacy (OPAL) program turn Hubble images into annual maps of each planet that allow researchers to study the dynamic forces that cause planets’ unusual weather patterns.
This year’s view of Jupiter’s ever-changing atmosphere shows several new storms and color differences near the planet’s equator. Taken on September 4, the image captured a darker, more reddish-than-expected equator and several elongated bright red storms called “barges”. The image also shows a smaller dot called “Red Spot Jr.”, under Jupiter’s famous big red spot.
âWhenever we get new data, the image quality and the detail of the cloud features always amaze me,â Amy Simon, planetologist at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Maryland, said in the statement. . “It hits me when I look at Jupiter, in the barges or in the red stripe just below you can see cloud structures that are clearly much deeper. We see a lot of structure here and variation in vertical depth.”
Hubble’s last view on Saturn, taken on September 12, captures the planet’s northern hemisphere entering in early fall. The seasonal change triggers rapid and extreme color changes of the yellow and gold bands in the atmosphere, which are caused by ultra-fast winds.
Conversely, the south pole of the planet, which comes out of the winter season, gives off a bluish tint. The Hubble image also captured The iconic hexagonal storm of Saturn, which was not as visible last year, the statement said. The storm circles the planet’s north pole and was first spotted by the Voyager mission 30 years ago.
Likewise, Uranus and Neptune also show changes. An image of Uranus from October 25 highlights the planet’s bright north polar hood. It is spring in the northern hemisphere on Uranus, which means that the north pole of the planet is pointing towards the sun – and due to the dramatic tilt of the planet’s axis, almost 90 degrees, that’s a drastic change.
The increase in ultraviolet radiation absorbed by the sun in spring changes the concentration of methane and haze particles in the planet’s atmosphere, which in turn causes the polar region to brighten, the statement said.
During this time, NeptuneThe northern hemisphere is darker than usual and shows a giant storm, represented by the dark spot in an image captured by Hubble on September 7. This dark storm – which scientists believe is wider than the Atlantic Ocean – has moved around the planet since it was first spotted by Hubble in 2018. In the new image, the storm has reversed its direction and move north.
The Hubble image also shows a black circle encompassing the planet’s south pole and a few bright clouds caused by red light being absorbed by the planet’s methane-rich atmosphere, the statement said.
On the four giant planets, the ability to track atmospheric changes over decades in such detail is only possible with a space telescope like Hubble.
âThis is something we can do best with Hubble. With the high resolution of Hubble, we can determine which group is actually changing,â said Michael Wong, a planetary scientist at the University of California at Berkeley, in the communicated.
âIf you were to look at this through a telescope on the ground, there is some blurring of our atmosphere, and you will lose some of those color variations,â Wong said. “Nothing on the ground will get visible light images as sharp. Like the one in Hubble.”


From: Nick Balaskas <nikolaos@YorkU.CA> Date: Wed, 31 Mar 1999 14:48:24 -0500 (Eastern Standard Time) Fwd Date: Thu, 01 Apr 1999 17:23:34 -0500 Subject: Sprites and UFOs Hi everyone. In recent years science has accepted ball lightning as a real natural phenomena and even rocks falling from the sky (and possibly from Mars too) as fact. More recently, certain red lights observed in the sky, often by farmers and pilots, are now also accepted as real and known as "red sprites". Below is an article which shows just how frequent these red sprites are. In an earlier post to UFO UpDates in March 1997, I suggested that red sprites, the related "blue jets", the flying saucer shaped "ELVES" and other similar natural phenomena may even account for some of the unusual UFO sightings made from the Space Shuttle while flying over the Earth's nightside. Nick Balaskas --- March 30, 1999 AGU RELEASE NO. 99-10 FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE AGU Contact: Harvey Leifert (202) 939-3212 email@example.com Joint release with the University of Massachusetts UMass Contact: Elizabeth Luciano - (413) 545-2989 - firstname.lastname@example.org Radio signals help scientists trace lightning-associated "sprites" WASHINGTON, D.C. -- For the first time, engineers and scientists have a reliable estimate of the number of "sprites" spawned by a single thunderstorm. Sprites, luminous red glows that are the high-altitude companions of some lightning strikes, are the focus of a new study by Steven Reising of the University of Massachusetts and Umran Inan and Timothy Bell of Stanford University in California. The team's findings appear in the April 1 issue of Geophysical Research Letters (GRL), published by the American Geophysical Union. The research was funded by NASA, the U.S. Air Force, and the National Science Foundation. Sprites accompany roughly one in every 200 lightning strikes. Studied primarily since 1994, they tower up to 55 miles above thunderclouds, occurring simultaneously with lightning strikes. Sprites can be seen with the naked eye, sometimes from as far away as 400 miles. They are electrical phenomena that appear above thunderclouds, reaching the lower ionosphere. These striated, glowing ribbons appear at several-minute intervals above all the major landmasses of the Earth, according to Reising. "I really enjoy this field because it's so newly discovered," said Reising."Sprites only began to be studied in detail about five years ago. It's remarkable that a phenomenon that's existed during all of human history essentially went unnoticed for such a long time." He added that for many decades, airline pilots reported seeing sprites, but were met with skepticism. "The pilots were vindicated," he said. Reising, an engineering professor who works with the University of Massachusetts Microwave Remote Sensing Laboratory, is embarking on an extension of the research using new portable radars to study the interior structure of clouds. In the GRL paper, the researchers focus on a thunderstorm that occurred on August 1, 1996, in western Kansas, above which 98 sprites were observed in a 90-minute period. The team recorded the sprites on videotape, along with the radio signals emitted by each lightning strike. For each visible sprite, they examined the corresponding radio wave measurements, using custom-designed antennas and receivers. Researchers found that the lightning strikes that produce sprites also tend to carry a distinctive radio signature. The radio signals the team "read" were emitted by the lightning itself, rather than by its companion sprite. The information gleaned in the study may have a bearing on climate monitoring and atmospheric chemistry, Reising said. "This marks the first time that independent measurements not requiring video have been used to estimate the number of sprites produced by a single thunderstorm," said Reising. A typical lightning strike occurs in one-tenth of a millisecond, but those associated with sprites emit a much longer-lived electrical current. "These electrical currents last for at least several milliseconds. In a relative sense, that's quite a long period of time, and radio measurements can easily tell the difference. We can't rely on video alone to count all the sprites, because many times, sprites are visually blocked by the clouds," he said. Also, it would be nearly impossible, and extremely costly, to video-monitor every thunderstorm in the hemisphere, or around the world. Sprites do not interfere with spacecraft launches, aircraft, or telecommunications satellites, Reising said. However, there is some concern in the scientific community regarding chemical changes that sprites could potentially produce in the atmosphere. But in order to address that issue, scientists first need a reliable estimate of how many sprites actually occur. Another application of the same lightning monitoring technique would be the monitoring of rainfall in remote areas. "Using four relatively low-cost receivers, you can count the number of lightning strikes and sprites in the Western hemisphere, 24 hours a day, and at very low cost. A storm in Brazil could be monitored by stations in California and Antarctica," said Reising. "You can do this from 12,000 kilometers away--a quarter of the way around the world."
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As lockdowns were imposed in countries around the world, news of improved environmental conditions started flooding social media feeds. In the the US, air pollution was reported to have dropped by 30%. Meanwhile, levels of carbon dioxide and volatile organic compounds inside homes increased by 15 to 30%.
In this article for Scientific American, Emily Anthes says that contamination of indoor air can be attributed to two activities: cooking and cleaning. With the lockdowns in effect and fear of the virus at its peak, frequency of these two activities have increased, hence leading to greater air pollution indoors. And as indoor air becomes toxic, a new kind of danger awaits those who are locked in their homes.
Editor’s Note: Indoor pollution is a reality for many homes, especially those who live in high rise buildings with centralized air condition systems (typically found in cities). As entire populations are forced to stay at home to prevent the spread of the coronavirus, they too, are slowly being poisoned by toxic indoor air.
As we continue to stay away from crowds and spend more time in our homes, let us keep in mind this article. Open your windows, and let the air in. If you can, spend some time outdoors to breathe cleaner air. Remember – toxic air is more deadly than the coronavirus. There is nothing to be paranoid about.
Click the button below if you wish to read the article on the website where it was originally published.
Click the button below if you wish to read the article offline.


Regardless of which season(s) you choose to celebrate this time of the year – winter, summer, Christmas, Hanukkah, Kwanzaa, Festivus, something else, or none – AWRA wishes you a joyous, safe, and peaceful one. And make a wish or say a prayer for peace, health, clean water, and sanitation for all.
And today’s a great day for water displacement behavior. Just click here!
“I don’t speak for the scientific community, of course, but I believe the world’s getting warmer. I can’t prove that, but I believe based on what I read that the world is getting warmer. And No. 2, I believe that humans contribute to that … And so I think it’s important for us to reduce our emissions of pollutants and greenhouse gases that may well be significant contributors to the climate change and the global warming that you’re seeing.” –Mitt Romney, June 2011
“My view is that we don’t know what’s causing climate change on this planet. And the idea of spending trillions and trillions of dollars to try to reduce CO2 emissions is not the right course for us.” – Mitt Romney, October 2011


Global iWindsurf: Select your region for wind observations & forecasts:
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Latest Winter Weather Watch/Warning/Advisory by KDTX
Issued 3/10/2014 3:38 PM America/New_York.
Valid through 3/12/2014 3:00 PM America/New_York.
wwus43 kdtx 120752
including the cities of...saginaw...caro...sandusky
352 am edt wed mar 12 2014
...winter weather advisory remains in effect until 3 pm edt this
* snow will continue into the early afternoon. the snow may
become briefly heavy at times during the morning...especially
for areas south of m 46.
* visibilities will be reduced to between a half mile and one
mile in the falling and blowing snow.
* total snow accumulations will range from up to 2 inches north
of the the m 46 corridor to 5 inches in the southern portions
of saginaw...tuscola...and sanilac counties.
* northerly wind gusts over 30 mph are possible which will cause
some blowing and drifting of the snow.
* temperatures will fall into the teens during the afternoon...
while wind chill readings drop to around zero.
* roads will become snow covered and hazardous.
* visibilities will become poor due to both falling and blowing
* a winter weather advisory means that periods of snow and
blowing snow will cause travel difficulties. be prepared for
slippery roads and limited visibilities...and use caution
* prepare...plan...and stay informed. visit


Denver weather isn’t what most people relocating here from out-of-state expect.
For example, the temperature on March 1 was 74 degrees and the skies were sunny.
On days like this, people at Washington Park enjoy the “lakes”, views and some volleyball. Even the golf courses have the die-hards smacking the little white ball off brown fairway grass. Some of the greens actually are greenish by March. These photos were taken that day.
Temperatures are really moderate. Even winter has summer-like days.
Winters here are real but nothing like you’ll find in Chicago or the rest of the Midwest. Folks see the snow flying on Monday Night Football and think it snows constantly here. Fact is, those snow storms are usually over within several hours and the snow often melts off within a day or two.
How much snow do we get? Well, it averages 55.4 inches per winter in the city. Of course 20-40 feet is not uncommon in the mountains. Vail, for example, averages 348 inches annually. That’s almost 30 feet of snow. Even though our big snowstorms get plenty of publicity, they average less than 2 per season. Folks living in town do not even need four wheel drive vehicles. Kids who look forward to “snow days” when schools cancel classes are disappointed to find only 2 or 3 per year. Three snow days are scheduled annually in the Cherry Creek Schools.
January and February are our coldest months and the terrain is brownish. And, although March is our snowiest month, temperatures are warming. There is plenty of sunshine and snow tends to melt very quickly. There are even warm Spring Skiing Days in the mountains with celebrations, sun bathers and occasionally near-naked skiers swooshing over the declining snow base and sometimes ending up at the bottom of the hill falling into a slush pond.
Those are often same days we can be golfing or playing outdoor tennis “down the hill” in Denver. April is even warmer and there is very little snow accumulation. Most years, outdoor Easter services are comfortable and even shirt sleeves can be the rule except at the picturesque Red Rocks Amphitheater sunrise services. Those are always chilly.
Our springtime is gorgeous. Flowers bloom and leaves comes back on the trees. It’s pretty much like springtime anywhere. That can start anytime from the end of March to the middle of April. Rockies major league baseball begins this year on April 3 at home in Coors Field. That is a sure sign spring is nearly here.
Warm Days and Cool Nights in Summer
We do have warm summers but they are dry with little, sticky humidity and few bugs. An average high temperature is 88 degrees. But, our humidity is low and evenings cool to an average low temperature of 59 degrees. That’s cool enough that not all homes even have air conditioning. Attic fans and evaporation coolers are common. Whole house fans exhaust warm air at night leaving the home cool in the early morning. Evaporation coolers are less popular but do cool using evaporating water.
Thunderstorms are common in the late afternoons during summer in Denver. They are scattered usually so watching the weather develop in the afternoon is a spectator sport in high rise offices and condos. The only substantial rain comes during the “monsoon season”. It starts in July and runs for 2-3 weeks usually. Then, heavy, sustained rains can occur because of the moisture drawn up from the Gulf of Mexico. But, winds are rarely strong or sustained.
Tornadoes are rare and small. They are usually 10-30 feet wide even when they touch down. That’s not like Kansas or even eastern Colorado where tornadoes can reach a mile or more wide. So, tornado damage in Denver is rare and injuries almost non-existent. The last time there were injuries in a Denver area tornado was 1988 when 7 people were injured in Boulder, Colorado.
Colorful Colorado Autumns
Autumn here is colorful. Aspen trees first turn yellow and then red. The mix of colors with oak and maple tree leaves is dramatic. We often take a day trip to the nearby mountains just to see the colors. Although we can get an early snow in September or October, it never stays on the ground for more than a few hours. Thanksgiving usually marks the beginning of possible snow storms. Most years, snow melts quickly and rarely does it stay on the ground roadways long.
All and all, Denver is a great place to live. Our weather adds to my enjoyment…except for January and February which are my least favorite months. We try to keep all the snow and cold in the mountains. But, it can occasionally “escape” to Denver. At least, we usually stay mostly sunny then. Overall, there are over 310 average days of sunshine in the Mile High City – more annual days of sunshine than either San Diego or Miami Beach!


MA's hot so I blame her.
Last year when Newt, MA, and K(2) came to visit, it was the hottest weekend of the entire year and we all melted.
The forecast for this week (all temps in Celsius):
Today - Sunny and hot. High 31 except cooler near the lake.
Tuesday - High 32 except cooler near the lake.
Wednesday - Sunny hot hazy and humid. Low 17. High 32.
Thursday - Cloudy with sunny periods. 40 percent chance of a shower or thunderstorm. Low 19. High 29.
Friday - Cloudy. 60 percent chance of a shower or thunderstorm. Low 16. High 23.
Normals for the period - Low 12. High 24.
I will not be disappointed if it really does cool off by the end of the week.
Posted by Ripley on June 23, 2003
Comments are closed for this entry.


Climate change. It’s an issue that has been known for decades. But is it too late to stop it now? Or do we still have time?
by Kiersten Ngeow
2020 is a year unlike any other. From Florida to California, we see extreme weather that is devastating our environment. Extremely dry weather turned vast areas into tinderboxes, igniting even the slightest sparks into massive disasters. While storms in the east coast have occurred so frequently, that we’ve run out of names for them—and we’re not even close to the end of the hurricane season.
But why is this happening? What’s causing these drastic global weather changes?
Climate change is the abrupt increase in the Earth’s temperature through the increased release of greenhouse gasses caused by the burning of fossil fuels, which leads to the trapping of the Sun’s heat. The more heat we trap, the warmer our planet becomes. This has led to disastrous effects, from extreme heat, the rapid rise of sea levels, and the increased risk of wildfires and other natural disasters.
With these effects impending on our world, a trilemma arises: is it too late to stop climate change? Or are we able to change the course of history and stop it?
It’s too late:
According to National Geographic, climate change has been a serious issue that we’ve known about for over 30 years. Despite this, NASA reports that CO2 emissions have dangerously continued to increase by “47% above pre-industrial levels found in 1850”. To put this in perspective, the amount of CO2 in 1850 was 185 ppm (parts per million) and on September 16, 2020, stands at 414.87 ppm (parts per million).
This leads to our question: why is climate change still on the rise, if we’ve known about this for decades?
Climate change is a big issue that has drastically changed the world. To stop it, we would have to enact immense changes to have a chance at stopping climate change. These changes would fundamentally alter our way of life and the world as we know it.
But what drastic steps do we need to take?
To have a chance at stopping climate change, these are the steps Franzen says we’d need to take:
The entire world would have to enact severe measures in limiting its carbon emissions. This could mean shutting down entire countries’ economies and shutting down energy and transport infrastructures.
Countries must act correctly in fighting against climate change. Globally, the vast sum of money spent in hopes of stopping climate change must be precisely targeted towards projects that are the most effective, instead of being wasted in marginal measures.
Every human being on Earth today would have to accept and adapt to the drastic changes required to stop climate change. This would mean adopting extreme lifestyle changes to stop climate change. Additionally, these drastic changes would have to be willingly. The issue of climate change can’t remain in the back seats of our minds, as Franzen says, “Every day, instead of thinking about breakfast, they have to think about death.”
The list of challenges we will have to confront doesn’t end there. In 2019, the UN released this startling report explaining that, these 11 (now 10) years, doesn’t mean that the world will end by 2030. However, it does mean that in order to reach the necessary goal of cu


Here in the Northern Territory we have two distinct climate zones: the tropical Top End, which has two seasons, and semi-arid Central Australia, which has four.
Weather in Darwin and the Top End
Imagine having sunshine and blue skies for most of the year.
Darwin and the Top End (which includes the Katherine, Kakadu National Park and Arnhem Land regions), doesn’t have a traditional summer, autumn, winter and spring like the rest of Australia. Here the climate is tropical and the seasons are broken up into two distinct season - the 'Wet' and the 'Dry'.
The wet season is from November to April. It is characterised by higher humidity, monsoonal rains and tropical storms. Temperatures typically range from 25C (77F) overnight to 33C (91F) during the day. Humidity can reach more than 80%.
With heavy rains, some roads can become flooded at this time of year, and there can be a risk of cyclones. But don't let this deter you.
This is the perfect time to take a helicopter or light plane flight over Kakadu to see thundering waterfalls, stone country and magnificent escarpments with lush foliage clean after the rains.
See the landscape come to life as refreshing rains cool things down and plants flourish with iridescent greens, see sunsets put on spectacular shows as the light catches the clouds and sorbet oranges, pinks and reds stretch across the sky.
Magnificent storms roll across the ocean every afternoon and lightening dances through the clouds as thunder rolls. It's not hard to see why many locals say the 'Wet season' is actually their favourite season - embrace our 'Tropical Summer'.
If you like the sound of clear blue skies, warm days and cool nights - the Top End’s ‘Dry season’ is for you. That’s between May and October.
While southern Australia are wearing jumpers and freezing through winter, the dry season in Darwin and the Top End enjoys relaxed balmy warm sunny days and cool nights.
The average temperature ranges from about 21C (70F) overnight, up to 33C (90F) during the day. It can get down to 16C on really cool nights in June and July. Humidity levels are much lower in the dry season: around 60–65%.
Darwin and the Top End are bustling in the dry season, with a packed calendar of events and festivals drawing visitors from near and far to make the most of the balmy outdoor celebrations.
Weather in Alice Springs, and Central Australia
This region includes Alice Springs, Tennant Creek, the Barkly Tablelands and Uluru/Kata-Tjuta, and it has a has a semi-arid climate.
Different to the Top End Central Australia does have Australia’s four typical seasons: summer, autumn, winter and spring.
Many visitors don’t believe it (or pack for it), but Australia's Red Centre is prone to extreme weather with hot summers and cold winters —sometimes to sub-zero temperatures.
Summer: (December - February). Average temperatures range between 20C (68F) and 35C (95F). January is the wettest month with around 40mm of rainfall, however the climate is considered dry and arid for most of the year.
Autumn: (March - May). Is considered one of the best times to visit Alice Springs with warm days and cool nights. Average temperatures range from 12 - 27°C (53.6 - 80.6°F).
Winter: (June–August). The average temperature range is 3–20C (37–68F). Temperatures can drop below 0C (32F) overnight in winter, sometimes leaving a thick frost on the ground like a carpet of snow.
Spring: (September - November). Spring starts to defrost and warm things up again with average temperatures between 13.8 - 30.6°C (56.8 - 87°F). Spring can also bring spectacular thunderstorms and cool evenings.
Make sure you check the weather before you visit Central Australia so you’re equipped for extremes.
See the following links for further information including current forecasts and temperatures.


Source: University of Toronto post
TORONTO — Air quality on Toronto subway platforms improved substantially with the rollout of new cars on Line 1, according to a new study by the University of Toronto’s Faculty of Applied Science & Engineering and Health Canada.
The researchers measured levels of fine particulate matter – the mass of tiny airborne particles smaller than 2.5 micrometers (known as PM2.5) per cubic meter of air – on subway platforms, as well as inside the trains. They compared levels of PM2.5 from 2010-2011 against levels measured in 2018-2020, which is after the adoption of more modern subway cars for Line 1.
The results show that air quality on an average Toronto subway platform is better than PM2.5 levels measured in the New York City and Boston subway systems, but not better than systems in Washington D.C., or Philadelphia. Concentrations varied across platforms within the Toronto system as well, with better air quality in those partially open to the outside such as Victoria Park Station.
Brakes, Tires Emit More Pollution than Tailpipes
The team found that PM2.5 levels on Toronto’s Line 1 platforms decreased by about 30 per cent and that levels inside Line 1 trains dropped by about 50 per cent compared to 2010-2011 levels. The finding is likely due to the switch to newer trains.
“The good news here is that air quality inside the trains, where people are spending more of their time, has improved and is much better than out on the platform,” says Evans, who also serves as director of the Southern Ontario Centre for Atmospheric Aerosol Research.
On Toronto’s Line 2, by contrast, where the new trains have not yet been rolled out, the results were more mixed. The researchers initially observed an increase in the levels of PM2.5 by almost 50 per cent on the platform and 13 per cent inside the Line 2 subway cars compared to 2010-2011.
The cause of the increase was identified as being related to brake dust, with subsequent changes in braking patterns after 2018 corresponding to PM2.5 levels below those measured in 2010-2011.
The researchers also compared PM2.5 in newly built subway stations against older stations to see whether dust built up over the decades was a factor. They observed that it didn’t take long for the air in new stations to become like the old ones — indicating that legacy dust was not an issue, and that new dust from braking materials and behavior were likely the two biggest contributors to air quality levels.
The composition of the airborne particles inside Toronto Transit Commission stations and trains also provided a clue as to their origins: they’re high in certain metals, such as barium and iron oxides, suggesting that they’re likely thrown off by the trains’ friction brakes – more so on the older model subway cars.
To view the entire post, click HERE.


Parts of New South Wales and Queensland are on flood alert as heavy rain continues to batter both states.
Record rainfall is expected in Queensland’s south-east interior and north-eastern New South Wales.
Forecasters say up to 120 millimetres is expected in the next 24 hours alone, and more is on the way.
Major cities will also be caught in the cross-fire with showers and thunderstorms set to hit Sydney and Brisbane.
Severe warnings are in place as the intense weather system moves across the eastern parts of the nation.


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Smart Sensor Devices was founded in 2016 in Stockholm by Axel G. Hammar. The company is working globally with the latest IoT solutions. The products HibouAir PM and CO2 Indoor and Outdoor Air Quality Monitoring Sensors and Services focus on the growing need of continuously measuring air quality in the indoor spaces inhabited by us.
The first step towards improving air quality is to measure it accurately. Smart Sensor Devices helps customers to measure the air quality and monitor it on site or even remotely. To address such needs, the company offers affordable HibouAir devices with simple plug in and play setup that provide relevant data in real time for timely intervention, if required.
Smart Sensor Devices provides a dashboard monitor, which connects to the cloud to help you know and manage the quality of air you are breathing. By simply using the monitor, customers can track real-time air quality data.
With growing urbanization, automation and mobility, the undesirable particles and airborne pathogens (bacteria, viruses, etc.) have also increased their presence in the air we breathe not only outdoors, but also indoors. Air quality within our homes, offices and other indoor environments is a major topic of interest, especially since the emergence of covid-19.
The HibouAir quality Monitoring sensors provide not only the concentration of different elements in the air, such as CO2 and volatile organic compounds (VOC), but also other parameters such as humidity, temperature, atmospheric pressure & light level that affect the ambient environment around us.
The requirement of each customer is different, which is why Smart Sensor Devices’ products can be customized to satisfy customers’ unique requirements.


This paper shows the impact of climate change and increased sea temperatures on the intensity of hurricanes. Many different scientists are studying this by reviewing data from past hurricanes and past increases of temperature and their effects. The increase of hurricane intensity will impact the economy of the U.S., government and many other governments. The costliest hurricane, to date, was the cause of about 108 billion dollars in damage (Trenberth, 2007). This issue is not only an issue for us, but will be a large issue for future generations to come.
Hurricanes increase wind speed over warmer waters and decrease wind speeds over colder water. Average speeds of a hurricane are 150 to 200 miles per hour. The speed of a hurricane could increase 20 miles per hour with a one degree increase of the ocean temperature. Global warming is causing the ocean to warm which can also cause hurricanes to be more severe (Peach, 2016). If a hurricane goes over a warmer patch of ocean, it can easily go from a Category 1 Hurricane to a Category 5 Hurricane. A cyclone interacts with the top 100 meters of water, so if a hurricane goes over a deep area of warm water the jump to a Category 5 can occur. The release of greenhouse gases, such as chlorofluorocarbons, carbon dioxide, and water vapor are causing an increase in the SST (sea surface temperature) and this is overall making the sea warmer. The SST is an important part in the formation of hurricanes and it must be at least 79 degrees fahrenheit for formation (Trenberth, 2007). Hurricanes are becoming more destructive because of global warming and the warming of the ocean caused by it (Leavenworth, 2017). The cyclone that cost the U.S. the most money was Hurricane Katrina in 2005. The devastation caused by this single hurricane costs over 100 billion dollars in damage (Trenberth, 2007). Hurricane, cyclone, and typhoon are all used for the same meaning, each term is used to show a hurricane in a specific ocean (Trenberth, 2007).
C. Seiler and F.W. Zwiers use with data from 23 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) climate models for the purpose of comparison. The changes in the climate models in the past were caused by aerosols, greenhouse gases, etc. The objective-feature tracking algorithm, TRACK, is used to identify if a cyclone is strong enough to be considered an explosive hurricane. To be considered an explosive cyclone the cyclone must last 2 days or longer, be spread out at least 1,000 km, and have a deepening rate beyond 1 bergeron. To pass beyond 1 bergeron, the pressure has to drop more than 24 millibars in 24 hours.The deepening rate is the local surface pressure tendency which is usually used to analyze extreme hurricanes. The projected changes in cyclone intensity are compared to the changes in the environment that are expected to cause hurricane intensification. The sea surface temperature gradient is found from average monthly sea surface temperatures. C. Seiler and F. W. Zwiers took into account how much the projected changes were related to the changes of the environment (Seiler and Zwiers, 2016).
Dinan constructed a Monte Carlo Model to look at projections of hurricane damage in the U.S. The simulations begin with the four conditions that affect hurricanes and the amount of damage they cause. The four draws are picked randomly and consisted of the frequency of hurricanes in U.S., sea level rise, population, and income. The simulation first shows the amount of damage from climate change and then the simulation’s factors are adjusted to show how much damage each state will receive from the effects of developments of businesses and houses in coastal areas (Dinan, 2017).
Grinsted et al. reviewed records of cyclone surges in the last 90 years in order to understand how cyclone surges can relate to patterns of warming in the earth. To best predict cyclone surges in the future, a model of past cyclone surges was created by Ginsted et al. To assist in the making of the models, six tide gauges were stationed in in the southeast of the U.S. were used to provide information about sea level in the last 90 years in the Atlantic Ocean. The highest surge ever recorded is Hurricane Katrina; any events that surpass Katrina are labeled as “extreme” (Grinsted et al., 2013).
Seiler and Zwiers discovered through their experiments that the amount of explosive cyclones is not expected to increase dramatically. However, there is a 17% increase expected in the amount of hurricanes in the Atlantic Ocean. Tropical amplification, the tropospheric temperature is higher than the sea surface temperature because tropical temperature being in the troposphere, causes a one degree increase in SST to equal more than a 1 degree increase in the troposphere. This will give hurricanes an increased upper level support. ? of the models predicted that the wind speed of cyclones will increase. More events involving cyclones are expected to occur north of 46 degrees N latitude. Hurricanes’ vorticity (spinning action) is predicted to an increase by .6 10 ^-5 s^-1 (Seiler and Zwiers, 2016).
Dinan discovered that the damage caused by hurricanes in 2015 is 39 billion dollars and the predicted damage for 2075 is 151 billion dollars. Climate change alone is expected to increase hurricane damage by 35 billion dollars between now and 2075. The expected outcome may differ depending on the growth of the population and economy. A large increase in population will lead to larger damage. In 2075, 2.1%, about 10 million people, of the U.S.’s population will experience damage past 5%. An increase of 5% is considered a substantial amount. An increase in frequency of hurricanes was predicted, but the amount of increase is uncertain. (Dinan, 2017).
The surges in weather are influenced by the warming of the ocean and earth. Cyclones favor temperatures alike those in deserts. The sea level can be expected to increase by at most 50% and at least a decrease of 10%A slight increase as little as 4 degrees could be a catalyst to cause previously lower categorized hurricanes to become a higher category. This was shown during Hurricane Katrina when the hurricane passed over an area with a deeper amount of warm water and the hurricane increased from a Category 1 to a Category 5. The model created using MDR was less sensitive to warming.The distribution of the storm surge is not expected to change (Grinsted et al., 2013).
Figure 1 The graph shows the rise of the sea-surface temperature from 1945 to now. This increase is expected to continue on and the hurricanes will become more severe as the line moves upward (Trenberth, 2007).
Seiler and Zwiers conclude that the purpose of their research was to discover how much climate change will impact hurricanes. The east coast of the U.S. will experience a slight increase in the intensity of hurricanes, including the vorticity. The scientists conclude that the factors that make up the Eady growth rate have not been explored in enough detail. C Seiler and Zwiers believe that controlled experiments could result in the different processes that were mentioned in the study. Seiler and Zwier mention that they did not take a further look into the changes in the amount of rain, snow, and sleet that could be caused by hurricanes which may have an effect on their research. A decrease in the sea surface temperature is most likely going to also cause a decrease in explosive cyclones. There is a strong positive correlation between the amount of heat released by the ocean and cyclone intensity (Seiler and Zwiers, 2016).
The damage caused by a hurricane is expected to see a large increase. Climate change is not the only cause of hurricane intensification. Sea level rise is also playing a large part of it. As the water is warmed, it expands. This causes the sea levels to change. Dinan thinks that one of the biggest issues is that businesses and homeowners think they have no reason to not build on coasts (Dinan, 2017).
Figure 2 The line on the bottom graph shows the amount of extreme surges that have happened and that are expected to happen from now to 2050 (Grinsted et al., 2013).
The surge caused by warming turned out to be greater than previously expected. The Atlantic hurricane surge would see an increase if put into a warmer environment. At this point, events at the magnitude of Hurricane Katrina are more likely caused by global warming than any other action (Grinsted et al., 2013).
Conclusion and Implications
The damage that hurricanes are predicted to cause can be decreased if humans reduce the amount of greenhouse gases that are being released into the atmosphere. Also, if the amount of residential neighborhoods and businesses built on sea coasts were to decrease, a decrease in damage in dollars will be seen. The biggest issue is that the government pays for the neighborhoods and businesses built on coasts to be fixed after hurricanes hit. This gives businesses and homeowners no incentive to build elsewhere (Diana, 2017)
The climate change, that is being caused by greenhouse gases, will not cause an increase in amount of storms, but will increase severity of storms. A single hurricane can cause a lot of damage and destruction for the people in the path of the hurricane (Peach, 2016).
North and South America, along with other continents, will be affected by the rising of the sea surface temperature due to global warming cause more intense hurricanes to be experienced. This increase will not only affect our generation, but it will also affect future generations to come (Trenberth, 2016).
1. Dinan, Terry. “Projected Increases in Hurricane Damage in the United States: The Role of Climate Change and Coastal Development.” Ecological Economics, vol. 138, nos. 186-198, 2017, dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.03.0340921-8009/. Accessed 7 Dec. 2017.
2. Grinsted, Aslak, et al. “Projected Atlantic hurricane surge threat from rising temperatures.” PNAS, vol. 110, no. 14, 2 Apr. 2013, pp. 5369-73, www.jstor.org/stable/42582990. Accessed 22 Nov. 2017.
3. Leavenworth, Stuart. “Hurricanes Irma, Harvey restart debate on climate change and warmer oceans.” Miami Herald, 6 Sept. 2017, www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/article171632462.html. Accessed 22 Nov. 2017.
4. Peach, Sara. “Sea Surface Temperature Drives Hurricanes Strength.” Yale Climate Connections, 3 Aug. 2016, www.yaleclimateconnections.org/2016/08/warmer-oceans-stronger-hurricanes/. Accessed 22 Nov. 2017.
5. Seiler, C., and F. W. Zwiers. “How will climate change affect explosive cyclones in the extratropics of the Northern Hemisphere?” Climate Dynamics, vol. 46, nos. 11-12, 12 Aug. 2015. Springer, doi.org/10.1007/s00382-015-2791-y. Accessed 7 Dec. 2017.
6. Trenberth, Kevin E. “Warmer Oceans, Stronger Hurricanes.” Scientific American, July 2007, sec. 297, pp. 44-51, www.jstor.org/stable/26069374. Accessed 22 Nov. 2017.


What a difference one week makes.
On Saturday Feb. 7, folks were complaining that the morning low of 26 was “cold”. On this past Saturday 18 degrees was the forecasted high and people would have been very glad if it had warmed up to 26!
Extended cold snaps are hard on animals, both domestic and wildlife. Water sources freeze over.
Lake Altus-Lugert had significant amounts of ice rimming the shoreline and extending far across the lake.
Many pelicans and herons were spotted standing grumpily on top of the ice.
Lake Altus-Lugert is on the rise. Of course, with more than a 25 foot deficit (the lake is barely 19.6% full) it is going to take some time to fill.
For comparison, this week in 2020 the lake lacked only 10.52 feet from being full.
In 2019 it was nearly full lacking just 7.45 feet.
Of course, all it takes is a good 6 inch rain near Sayre and Lake Altus-Lugert can fill in 2 to 3 days.
WWW.Almanac.com has the entire winter warmer than average and precipitation less than average. Their spring forecast is for less than normal rainfall and warmer than normal temperatures.
They forecast that heat to continue through the summer with drier than normal conditions.
None of these predictions are encouraging for a lake to rebound to nearly full before irrigation season.


Over the week of the 9th of October, the five-day weather forecasts were predicting unseasonably warm weather for the weekend of the 14th, culminating on Monday 16th with temperatures in central England of up to around 22 degrees Celsius. As the week progressed it became clear that these temperatures would be due to warm air being dragged northwards by the remnants of a strong Atlantic hurricane; Hurricane Ophelia.
It was predicted that Ireland and the west of Britain would take the brunt of the battering by Storm Ophelia (downgraded to a ‘post-tropical cyclone’) on the Monday, with strong winds nevertheless predicted for Warwickshire through the afternoon and evening. Away from the worst effects of the storm, parts of south-east England would enjoy sunshine and temperatures approaching the mid 20s.
The predictions proved correct; Ireland and west Wales experienced high coastal winds and considerable damage. Elsewhere however, over extensive parts of England, the calm before the storm was marked by something strange – the so-called Red Sun.
Here in Warwick, we woke up to very mild temperatures and light rain. By mid morning the brightening skies were taking on an increasingly cloudy and hazy quality, bathing the town and surrounding area in a slightly eerie yellow-tinged gloomy light. These conditions persisted until the early afternoon. On a few occasions the sun peeked through the murk, appearing as a dull but striking orange disc. Social and mainstream media named this the ‘Red Sun’ and it was evident that the phenomenon was occurring right across England, even encroaching on the sunny south-east. On the ground in Warwick, the light quality was not unlike that of a partial solar eclipse. Automatic lighting came on, motorists were forced to use headlights, and many people were talking about the strange light, odd weather and red sun.
In Warwick, by mid afternoon, the freshening storm winds tracking up from the south-west had blown away the murk, leaving us with clear sunshine, and howling winds that persisted into the evening.
It turned out that the Red Sun phenomenon had been caused by a combination of Saharan dust and fine ash from forest fires over parts of Spain and Portugal, dragged up by the swirling remnants of the hurricane. The dust caused shorter wavelength blue light to be scattered, accounting for the red appearance. On the following day the local weather had returned to a cool seasonal average. Patches of pale dust on parked cars served as a reminder of the Red Sun, Storm Ophelia and its legacy.


(a) If y is the height above sea level, show that the decrease of atmospheric pressure due to a rise of dy is given by
where M is the molar mass of air, g is the acceleration of gravity, and T is the temperature at the height y.
(b) If the decrease of pressure in part (a) is due to an adiabatic expansion, show that
(c) From parts (a) and (b), using some of the numerical data of Sec. 5.7, calculate dT/dy in kelvin per kilometer.


| < January >
|Normal Max/ High Temperature
|Min/ Low Temperature
|Number of Wet Days (probability of rain on a day)
|Average Sunlight per day
|Average Daylight per day
|Sunny (Cloudy) Daylight Hours
|Sun altitude at solar noon on the 21st day.
- The average temperature in Timbuktu in January is really warm at 22 °C (71.6 °F).
- Afternoons can be very hot with average high temperatures reaching 31 °C (87.8 °F).
- Overnight temperatures are generally mild with an average low of 13 °C (55.4 °F).
- The mean daily temperature range/ variation in January is 18 °C (32.4 °F).
- The weather in January is bone dry with no rain. An airy 0.5mm (0in) of fluid is deposited across an average of 0.5 days.
- The heavens above Timbuktu are sunny with on balance a sizable 9:05 of resplendent sunshine daily.
- The shortest day is 11:08 long and the longest day is 11:22 long with an average length of 11:14.
- There are approximately 2:01 per day when bright sunshine is absent due to cloud, haze or the sun being too low on the horizon to register.
- It is sunny approximately 81.8% of daylight hours and cloudy 18.2% of daylight hours.
Check the distance to and compare the Timbuktu January averages with somewhere beginning with:
A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | All
Weather Trend Graph for January in Timbuktu, Mali
Navigate to January Weather in Locations Surrounding Timbuktu:
- Nema, Mauritania - 453 kms (281.5 miles) W
- Nioro, Mali - 698 kms (433.8 miles) WSW
- Nara, Mali - 489.6 kms (304.2 miles) WSW
- Mopti, Mali - 275.8 kms (171.4 miles) SSW
- Segou, Mali - 503.3 kms (312.7 miles) SW
- San, Mali - 428.7 kms (266.4 miles) SSW
- Bamako, Mali - 707.3 kms (439.5 miles) SW
- Bko-S, Mali - 709.3 kms (440.8 miles) SW
- Koutia, Mali - 554.1 kms (344.3 miles) SSW
- Bougoun, Mali - 766.5 kms (476.3 miles) SW
- Sikasso, Mali - 667.4 kms (414.7 miles) SSW


Carbon dioxide is the main greenhouse gas which contributes to global warming. Burning of fossil fuels such as oil, gas, and coal contribute to global warming due to the carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere. Firelogs are wood fuel which is considered greenhouse-gas neutral since it releases similar amounts of carbon dioxide if it burns or is left to decay. But smoke from inefficient wood burning is a serious atmospheric pollutant.
The highly compressed logs goes thorough two stages of a burn: the ignition and the heat conversion stage. During the ignition stage the logs burn with a flame and the wood breaks down into charcoal, volatile gases and liquids. The volatile gases and liquids burn in flame and produce little heat, but it its the charcoal which glows with flameless fire which produces the most heat. Our compressed firelogs are able to produce more heat because of the patented technology which compresses the log to the core allowing it to burn in the heat conversion stage longer.
Due to the high amount of sawmill waste in British Columbia, all our logs are produced with wood waste. The bio-extruder can also be used to compact other waste material such as wood byproducts, peanut shells, sunflower seed shells - virtually any bio-mass that contains natural lignin - and transforms it into a useable commodity. This commodity may be formed into either a solid log or briquette for use as home heating or industrial fuel, or as a cooking fuel in countries where burning material is scarce and/or impractical.


The Missouri Department of Transportation released a warning for all drivers to take extreme caution due to ice, heavy rain and snow expected in north and central counties of the state late Monday, Feb. 11 and early Tuesday, Feb. 12.
Forecasts of freezing temperatures and new precipitation could cause new ice and refreeze of wet roads overnight and into tomorrow, mostly in the north and central counties of Missouri. MoDOT is told communities near the Iowa state line can expect snow as well.
Predicitions of snow and ice peak for the northeastern corner of the state. That is also where the most impact from occasionally gusty conditions are expected. Northwest winds are forecasted at a steady 15-20 mph with gusts up to 45 mph. Drivers of high profile vehicles, especially those carrying no or lightweight loads, are advised to take extra care.
In the southeast, up to two inches of rain is expected to fall in the Bootheel region. Avoid low-lying areas and be prepared to move quickly if flash flood warnings are issued.
Do not expect to run at the speed limit on highways north of I-70, and those in a triangle from Kansas City to Columbia to the Lake of the Ozarks region. Speed limits are set for movement in ideal conditions. Tonight, conditions will not be ideal.
Plan to leave the highway for a warm, safe parking location at the first indication of icy roads. Remember, it is not just your load and your safety at risk, emergency services personnel have been seriously injured this winter while responding to calls.
For road condition information, consult MoDOT’s Traveler Information Map – http://traveler.modot.org/map/ – before leaving and during breaks from the road.


Series: NILU OR 10/2015
NILU OR 10/2015 (pdf)
Summary: This report is part of the development of a National Modelling System for local air quality (the "Nasjonalt Beregningsverktøy" or NBV project). The work focussed on the methods to estimate emissions and identified the main information sources of the needed input data for emissions. This report presents the most common methods to determine emissions and includes recommendations for future improvement of the emission calculations. The main purpose of the report is to identify the most relevant sources of emission information and the emission input data requirements necessary for modelling air quality in Norwegian cities and agglomerations.


Special Report on
Extreme Weather and Natural Disasters
Extreme Weather and Natural Disasters - Trends
Latest Trending Story:
Heat waves can often have severe effects upon the landscape, causing famine, destruction of vegetation, and possible deaths to livestock and wildlife. Heat waves are long periods of abnormally high temperatures. There is generally no universal definition of a heatwave because of the variation within temperatures are different in geographic locations. 2 Along with the excessive heat, they are often accompanied by high levels of humidity. These two characteristics increase the relative temperature or heat index to dangerous levels. Because heatwaves are not visible as other forms of severe weather are, like hurricanes, tornadoes, ...
You don’t have to be a meteorologist, seismologist, or any other ologist to see that the frequency and intensity of natural disasters and extreme weather events seems to have significantly increased over the last few decades. Massive flooding from extreme precipitation; raging wildfires from prolonged droughts; monster hurricanes or super tsunamis or giant earthquakes all seem to have become much more common headlines over this time period. As Chart A below shows, the number of declared disasters has skyrocketed in the U.S. since the 1950’s. 1 FEMA’s web site states that ... Read More
SURVEY RESULTS FOR
EXTREME WEATHER AND NATURAL DISASTERS
Climate Change Conference - Part 4
Davos Open Forum 2010 - Climate Change: Financing Urgent Adaptation
- Space Politics » Planetary Society webcast about the new NASA plan
- CDC Anthrax | Webcast: Anthrax: What Every Clinician Should Know ...


"…While we cannot say climate change "caused" Hurricane Harvey (that is an ill-posed question), we can say is that it exacerbated several characteristics of the storm in a way that greatly increased the risk of damage and loss of life. Climate change worsened the impact of Hurricane Harvey." -- Michael E. Mann, Director of the Earth System Science Center at Pennsylvania State University
View the recorded workshop Climate Changes Health: Extreme Weather, Vulnerable Populations and the Many Benefits of Taking Action.
It seems standard that weather changes day-to-day. Yet severe weather events like intense rain and snowstorms, flooding, extreme heat, drought, storms, hurricanes and tornadoes are becoming more frequent and extreme due to climate change. Superstorm Sandy and Hurricanes Katrina, Harvey and now Irma all have shown how severe weather can disrupt human health and safety, putting communities at risk.
Burning fossil fuels — such as coal, oil and gas — releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Once released it traps heat, causing the Earth’s temperature to rise, which then changes wind, moisture and heat circulation patterns and leads to extreme weather events. Some relationships between extreme weather and health include:
Severe storms and floods (PDF)
- Water contamination caused by bacteria, parasites and toxins can result when heavy precipitation overwhelms drainage or wastewater treatment systems.
- Drowning in floodwaters poses a direct risk.
- Injury can result from intense storms that knock down trees and power line and generate debris.
- Mold can grow in flooded buildings, affecting indoor air quality and leading to increased asthma attacks and respiratory tract infections, such as pneumonia.
- Loss, displacement, and job insecurity can increase stress and anxiety and worsen the mental health toll.
- Standing water that remains after flooding creates a favorable environment for disease-carrying vectors including mosquitoes, increasing risk of vector-borne disease transmission including the Zika and West Nile viruses.
Extreme heat (PDF)
- Dehydration, heat exhaustion and heat stroke may lead to death or permanent disability.
- Warmer temperatures lead to increased pollutants. Increased particulate matter can cause lung and heart problems and shorten overall life expectancy.
- Increased ground-level ozone can promote asthma attacks and aggravate allergy symptoms.
- Extreme heat events are linked to worsened mental health conditions, including dementia and schizophrenia.
- Drier soil and vegetation increase the risk for larger and more intense wildfires, which can harm lung and heart health.
- Drought-induced disruptions in food production can affect food security, and reduced access to healthy foods can contribute to malnutrition. Rising temperatures, variable climates and higher carbon dioxide levels in the air also decrease nutrients in crops.
- Water shortages can have a severe impact on communities. People with livelihoods or cultural practices tied to the land — agricultural and indigenous communities, particularly — have a higher water shortage burden.
- Stress and anxiety about land conditions can make existing mental health problems worse.
Children, older adults, people with chronic disease or mental health issues, those who work or exercise outdoors and live in low-income and minority communities need special attention. Neighborhoods with the fewest resources are most susceptible to extreme weather. Redlining practices (restricting access to housing and services based on race or ethnicity) have contributed to communities overpopulated with people of color in areas that are less desirable and more climate-vulnerable, such as flood zones and urban heat islands. Poor construction and low availability of affordable housing add to the unjust burden during and after a disaster.
Follow the conversation using the hashtag #ClimateChangesHealth.
CLIMATE CHANGE AND HEALTH SPOTLIGHTS


Rain most of the way from Swift Current to Winnipeg.
I saw some blue sky peeking through occassionally, but it gradually faded.
Temperatures started out around 60 and ended up in the low 50's, with dark clouds on every side.
A shot of the typical rural gas station. Brings back memories of the Dalton Highway!
I thought this was a cool cloud formation.
If you zoom in, you can see the column of rain in the center of the cloud.
With the cloud ring around ground zero, it reminded me of a nuclear bomb detonation.
Yep, it's a Motel 6 night for me.
Can you tell which way the wind is blowing the mist?


Application of machine learning techniques to weather forecasting
MetadataShow full item record
Weather forecasting is, still today, a human based activity. Although computer simulations play a major role in modelling the state and evolution of the atmosphere, there is a lack of methodologies to automate the interpretation of the information generated by these models. This doctoral thesis explores the use of machine learning methodologies to solve specific problems in meteorology and particularly focuses on the exploration of methodologies to improve the accuracy of numerical weather prediction models using machine learning. The work presented in this manuscript contains two different approaches using machine learning. In the first part, classical methodologies, such as multivariate non-parametric regression and binary trees are explored to perform regression on meteorological data. In this first part, we particularly focus on forecasting wind, where the circular nature of this variable opens interesting challenges for classic machine learning algorithms and techniques. The second part of this thesis, explores the analysis of weather data as a generic structured prediction problem using deep neural networks. Neural networks, such as convolutional and recurrent networks provide a method for capturing the spatial and temporal structure inherent in weather prediction models. This part explores the potential of deep convolutional neural networks in solving difficult problems in meteorology, such as modelling precipitation from basic numerical model fields. The research performed during the completion of this thesis demonstrates that collaboration between the machine learning and meteorology research communities is mutually beneficial and leads to advances in both disciplines. Weather forecasting models and observational data represent unique examples of large (petabytes), structured and high-quality data sets, that the machine learning community demands for developing the next generation of scalable algorithms.


We have recently uncovered a bug in the delivery software that started to be in use as of February 2020, which led to the possibility that the incorrect copy of 561 files have been downloaded. Please check here.
Meteorological data for Chajnantor, including the precipitable water vapour, are now available from the ESO archive. The data are obtained from the APEX weather station and radiometer. The ESO archive database contains all available APEX weather data from January, 1st 2007 onwards.


Global tropical cyclone climate has been investigated with indicators of frequency trade-off between intensity and frequency of global tropical cyclones. Abstract records of atlantic basin tropical cyclones (tcs) since the late nineteenth century indicate a very large upward trend in storm frequency this increase in documented tcs has been previously interpreted as. Tropical cyclones get which are two ways of monitoring the frequency, strength, and duration of tropical north atlantic tropical cyclone activity. Tropical cyclones and climate change thomas r decreases in the globally averaged frequency of tropical cyclones, by 6–34% balanced against this. Tropical cyclones 505 figure 3503a storm tracksthe width of the arrow indicates the approximate frequency of storms the wider the arrow the higher the frequency.
Reduced death rates from cyclones which is especially important given the likelihood of a rise in sea level and an increase in tropical storm frequency and. Fiji meteorological service (fms) director ravind kumar says the current el nino has the potential to change the distribution and frequency of tropical cyclones in the region. Tropical cyclones are amongst the most powerful and destructive information on the frequency and tracks of recent tropical cyclones tropical cyclone. Tropical cyclones tropical cyclones (hurricanes and typhoons) are the natural events at the top of the scale for natural disasters with a concern for the consequences of an increase in global temperatures it is natural for people to be concerned about any effect of global warming on either their frequency and/or their intensity. The northwest australian coastline between broome and exmouth is the most cyclone-prone region of the entire australian coastline, having the highest frequency of coastal crossings as shown below on average about five tropical cyclones occur during each tropical cyclone season over the warm ocean.
The bureau of meteorology also reports on cyclone frequency and intensity: the srex predicted for tropical cyclones that intensity may increase but. The hot or wet season in vanuatu, which starts on november to april of the following year, is also known as the tropical cyclone season the geographical location of the archipelago in the southwest pacific, occasionally it is where tropical cyclones traversed by, which by general definition are associated with wind speeds of at least 34 knots.
Exogenous factors tropical cyclone frequency refers to the number of tropical depression, tropical storms, and typhoons that enter or originate in the philippine area of responsibility (par) in a given year. And climate change has been found to have significantly increased the rainfall in tropical cyclones increased frequency intense cyclones climate signals. Hurricanes likely to get stronger & more frequent: study by the study compared the frequency and intensity of tropical cyclones during the period from 1950 to.
6 tropical cyclone graphical products to convey analysis and forecast information on tropical cyclones, the national hurricane center (nhc) and the. Earlier studies assessed in the tar showed that future tropical cyclones would likely become decrease in tropical cyclone frequency globally and in the north.
Australian region tropical cyclone there remains uncertainty in the future change in tropical cyclone frequency (the number of tropical cyclones in a. Here are five questions about tropical cyclones that you need answered has the frequency of tropical cyclones changed i want to.
Factcheck: is global warming intensifying tropical cyclones versus weaker ones suggest the frequency or total number of cyclones in. Ranking and naming a cyclone tropical cyclone tracks tropical cyclones in both the northern and southern climatic variations and tropical cyclone frequency. The increased frequency of tropical cyclones ``is largely a response'' to a 1 degree celsius rise in sea water temperatures since 1905 that was caused by greenhouse. How can you examine the frequency of tropical cyclones throughout history when they have not been systematically registered today cyclones are monitored from satellites and you can follow their progress and direction very accurately. 1 introductionthe frequency of landfalling tropical cyclones is known to vary at seasonal and multi-decadal timescales due to variations in tropospheric steering winds and ocean basin wide sea surface temperature oscillations, respectively. This indicator examines the frequency, intensity, and duration of hurricanes and other tropical storms in the atlantic ocean, caribbean, and gulf of mexico. What is a tropical cyclone how do tropical cyclones form the models also indicate that tropical cyclone frequency will either remain unchanged or decrease.


Europe Longterm Weather Forecast by Sakis Arnaoutoglou - Thessaloniki, Greece
Analogue model -European Long Range Forecast for the period of :
High pressure should remain over the UK through the beginning of the period, much of western and northern Europe remaining largely dry and fine with some good spells of pleasant sunshine and mostly light winds. Some localised frost and mist or patchy fog forming overnight but this soon dispersing through the morning. However, this large high pressure is expected to decline away by the end of the period allowing a low pressure system developing to the north-west of Europe which is expected to push cloudier and wetter conditions east through much of UK and Scandinavia.
Western Europe: High pressure influence through western Europe may be eroded late in the period as low pressure attempts to push Atlantic rain in to France and Iberia.
The Balkans: Low pressure should be controlling the pattern over the eastern Balkans moving slowly eastwards though and gradually weakening across all areas. Showers can be expected, these will be thundery and heavy in places and as winds begin to ease they will become slow moving. There should be some sunny breaks between the showery outbreaks and these spells of sunshine should become lengthier as the period progresses, low pressure weakening and pressure beginning to rise once more all over the Balkans.
5/5 - 10/5
Two High pressure systems look set to be controlling the whole of this period , one across the majority of south-western Europe and the other much of Scandinavia. High pressure influence through central and south Europe as well as the Balkans is very likely to be eroded late in the period as low pressure attempts to push Mediterranean rain in those areas.
10/5 - 15/5 Western Europe: If the analogue forecast patterns prove to be reliable, then a ridge of high pressure building into south-western Britain should give much of western Europe mostly dry weather with variable mounts of cloud, some good sunny spells and only a scattering of showers across northern and eastern areas.
Northern Europe: A Low pressure will be close to the west of Scandinavia, so western and northern areas will be rather windy and cool with bands of heavy rain and showers. Southern areas of Scandinavia will still be rather unsettled too, although there is a greater chance of seeing drier and sunnier interludes from mid-period when a rise in pressure is anticipated.
Southern Europe & the Balkans: A short high pressure system over central, and eastern Europe is expected to decline away by the end of the period allowing a low pressure system developing first to central Europe and later to western Balkans and central Mediterranean.


Only a Bush-appointed EPA chief can claim progress in reducing green house gases (GHGs) when the report issued by the agency he heads states pointedly that GHG emission had risen 16% by 2004, relative to emissions in 1990. Here is a direct link to the report at the EPA:
Here is a local link to the “Fast Facts” document, which is also accessible through the above link:
US Emissions Inventory 2006
One wonders why GHG generation was down 1.3% in 2001. Could it have anything to do with airplanes not flying for a few days after 9/11? Or the economic slowdown that followed?
After examining the document, one might find it interesting that carbon dioxide emission increases as auto fuel efficiency decreases, and that emissions for electricity generation hold relatively steady. Clearly, regulations have an effect, and when cars–SUVs, specifically–aren’t regulated, the results are unsurprisingly dismal.


Boundary-Layer Meteorology publishes papers on the physical, chemical and biological processes occurring in the lowest few kilometres of the Earth's atmosphere. Boundary-Layer Meteorology has become the primary medium for the publication of theoretical, numerical and experimental studies of the atmospheric boundary layer over both land and sea surfaces.
Subject areas covered in the journal include agriculture and forestry, air pollution, air-sea interaction, hydrology, micrometeorology, the planetary boundary layer, surface processes, mesoscale meteorology, numerical modelling of the lower atmosphere, remote sensing, and urban meteorology. Occasional special issues are published that cover a particular topic in great depth.
Duration of manuscript handling phases
Characteristics of peer review process


The northern lights will continue appearing across parts of the contiguous U.S. this week, Accuweather reports, giving stargazers rare access to the most epic light show on Earth.
Viewers reported seeing the lights on Monday night and early Tuesday morning in Michigan and Iowa, thanks to a massive solar storm. The University of Alaska Fairbanks’ Aurora Forecast predicts it will continue Tuesday in parts of Vermont, Nebraska, Indiana, Maryland, Montana, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Oregon, Idaho and Wyoming.
The northern lights aren’t commonly seen in the lower 48 states; on our continent, they’re typically easier to spot in places like Alaska and Canada. But sometimes, when conditions are right, they appear further south — and it’s remarkable.
And if you can’t catch the northern lights stateside, you just might just have to take a trip somewhere exotic.