Tornadoes accompanied by rains and flash floods could strike parts of America. The severe thunderstorms are expected to sweep across the Midwest and East Coast today, bringing with them deadly weather conditions. Before you run out and try and stock up on batteries, water and other emergency supplies, the storm threat isn’t expected to be too severe.
As an Atlanta resident, you may think tornadoes are a rare occurrence, but the fact is they are more common than you may think. In fact, a tornado struck in the Atlanta metro area during late April in 2008, causing several million dollars in damages. Since 1950, there have been 35 tornadoes in the Atlanta metro area, with most striking in April or May. To put the risk of tornadoes in perspective, there is an average of 55 tornadoes in the US each year – most striking in the central states.
Heavy rain, thunderstorms and tornadoes could affect parts of California and other areas. The rains will bring welcome relief to areas experiencing drought, especially in Central and Southern California. The combination of drought and wildfires has devastated large parts of California. They destroyed the vegetation cover and disturbed the ecological balance. So when a tornado passes, it’s hard to imagine the loss of life and property that follows. According to CNN, nearly 83 percent of the western United States has been affected by the drought.
The concern for the central United States, however, is the possibility of severe weather that will follow, as more than 150 storms are predicted. They can be serious. That’s according to the National Weather Service office in Amarillo, Texas. It mentions thunderstorms in the eastern part of the peninsula with high winds, hail and tornadoes. The route runs from Wichita, Kansas to San Angelo, Texas.
May is the peak month for tornadoes across the country
The CPS Storm Prediction Center is warning of the possibility of severe storms. The authorities will closely monitor developments and progress. They warn that as a more advanced system develops, severe thunderstorms are possible in the southeast and mid-Atlantic later in the week.
Last March, tornadoes in Nashville and Tennessee killed at least 25 people. CNN adds that May is the top month for tornadoes nationwide. Areas in Texas, Oklahoma, Arkansas and Missouri may experience flooding. Of course, some drought-prone areas will welcome the rains. However, excessive rainfall over a short period of time can be dangerous due to flooding and landslides.
Waste can end up on congested roads and exacerbate the problems of those who use them.
TheSPC confirms that there were 34tornadoes this month.
Tornadoes have become a way of life for Americans. It is the climatic disturbances that cause the destruction of the infrastructure. Downed trees that fell on the roads disrupted travel plans.
Power outages due to damage to networks and substations are also possible. Repairing damaged roads, bridges, power lines and other infrastructure is a lengthy and costly process. It is clear that tornadoes and flash floods are a hindrance to the proper operation of the plants. When the power goes out, those who can use renewable energy sources can breathe a sigh of relief. CNN lists the number of tornadoes in April. It was lower than normal. The CPS tracks these events and reports that 34 confirmed tornadoes were recorded this year in April. This figure is well below the average of the last three years. Between January and March, the number of confirmed tornadoes was below average for the period.
According to the meteorologist, the end of April and the month of May is the peak of severe weather in the southern plains. In March, tornadoes in the Deep South disrupted lives and left a trail of destruction.
Tornado season has begun
According to USA Today, meteorologists say this long period of relatively calm weather is about to end. Sudden floods are expected, accompanied by severe storms with large destructive hail, destructive winds, tornadoes and heavy rainfall. According to the National Weather Service, this will happen over the next few days. People need to be prepared and take the necessary precautions. Meteorologist AccuWeather has identified the areas likely to be affected by the rage. The areas most at risk of flooding are urban areas, roads and small streams.
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This source has been very much helpful in doing our research. Read more about flash flood effects on the environment and let us know what you think.
Frequently Asked Questions
Can tornadoes cause flooding?
In the news: Deadly flooding is occurring in some parts of the country, including in the Midwest, where the Mississippi River has reached its highest levels in nearly 50 years. The floods are the result of record rainfall totals over the past few weeks in the Midwest. But some people are wondering if the floods were caused by tornadoes. Meteorologists have noted that a series of tornado outbreaks have coincided with the flooding. In fact, the deadliest floods occurred on the same day as the worst outbreak of tornadoes in U.S. history. The impact of tornadoes on flooding is twofold. First, tornadoes can cause flash flooding. When a tornado touches down, it can cause debris to fly into the air, blocking the flow of storm drains. Debris can also get lodged in the drains, causing them to overflow. This is a problem because the water has no place to go, and instead pools in streets, parking lots and yards, causing flooding. (This is the same effect that hurricanes have, with storm surges reaching high into neighborhoods.) Second, tornadoes can produce torrential rainfall. This can cause flooding in the same way that any sudden downpour can, with water pooling in streets, basements and yards.
Why is flash flood more dangerous than tropical storm?
Flash flooding is more dangerous and deadly than tropical storms. Not only are flash floods more likely to occur, but they also sweep away vehicles, destroy property, and kill. Flash flood can come from a tropical storm or a severe thunderstorm. Tropical storms, and their flooding, kill thousands of people around the world every year. Flash flooding can also be deadly, but more often it is the cause of property damage, injury, and even death. The difference between the two is simply the rate of rainfall. Flash floods are the result of heavy rainfall in a short amount of time, while tropical storms can last for days and dump just as much, if not more, rain.
Why do floods cause damage for longer periods of time?
As the weather heats up in the northern hemisphere, storms are becoming more common, and with them comes the potential for flash flooding. As it turns out, the flooded locations that seem to last the longest are also the ones that have no river nearby. And it’s not just homes and businesses that are affected – human health is also being impacted by flooding. Even though floods are known as an immediate threat for property damage, they are also known to have long term effects on health. For example, properties and surroundings that have been damaged by floods can cause health problems. These include but are not limited to diseases such as dysentery, typhus, cholera, and diarrhea.
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The anonymous source things always concerns me, no matter the subject, that said, I don't see anyone in the government or NASA coming out IF they are still employed or receiving a pension IF this is true.
“Having processed NASA GISS 250km T2m and 1200Km T2m global land anomaly data products I also processed Global Historical Climate Network (GHCN) daily mean temperature records from the 1,045 stations that have been continuously operative since 1900.
“Since these 1,045 stations form the backbone of the historical world meteorological network, and therefore NASA GISS products, we may expect results to be largely similar, though with the inflated variance within the GHCN-D data series (GISS anomalies are highly processed products). Not addressed in this study is the urban heat island effect which is known to contaminate the land-based record.
“Prior to 1970 there is an inexplicable divergence in that NASA GISS products show historic global land temperatures to have been cooler than those recorded by the 1,045 GHCN-D stations; this difference is most pronounced around 1930 when extreme heatwaves were experienced across the continental US and in other parts of the world (a fact recorded in newspapers of the day).
“The extremes of the 1930s/40s down to the cooler 1960s/70s prompted scientific discussion of a pending ice age.”
The retired top government scientist laments that he is old enough to remember the wild media scaremongering of the 1970’s global cooling.
He spoke of how the very same scientists and government bodies that were warning of an impending Ice Age in the seventies are the very same tax-zealous advocates hyping global warming today.
At this stage, the evidence may support skeptic claims that governments have an agenda to promote climate scaremongering.
Unlike the seventies, the only difference this time is the narrative is all about global warming, not the threat of an imminent ice age.


From the NASA website:
EIT (Extreme ultraviolet Imaging Telescope) images the solar atmosphere at several wavelengths, and therefore, shows solar material at different temperatures. In the images taken at 304 Angstroms the bright material is at 60,000 to 80,000 degrees Kelvin. In those taken at 171, at 1 million degrees. 195 Angstrom images correspond to about 1.5 million Kelvin. 284 Angstrom, to 2 million degrees. The hotter the temperature, the higher you look in the solar atmosphere.
tags: 1 million degrees kelvin, blue, bright material, corona, degrees kelvin, extreme ultraviolet imaging, hot, hot air, hot gas, nasa, solar, solar material, solar satellite, sun, the sun, ultraviolet


Climate change is a global issue that affects our planet every day. In order to fully understand the effects of climate change, you need to know what is causing it. The answer to this question lies in the greenhouse gas emissions produced by each country around the world. In the United States, the largest greenhouse gas emitter, the primary cause of climate change is the output of carbon dioxide (CO2). This greenhouse gas is released in the form of carbon emissions and it is the key to understanding the effects of climate change. This article will explore the effects of climate change and how the world’s largest greenhouse gas emitter, the United States, is being affected.
1. What is climate change?
Climate change is the term used to describe the observed or projected change in the climate. The average global surface temperature has risen by 0.8 degrees Celsius over the past century and experts predict that the temperature will rise by an additional 2-5 degrees Celsius by 2100. This will cause a lot of changes in the world such as drought, famine, and extreme weather events. These changes in climate will also cause a rise in sea level that will cause coastal flooding and erosion. The effects of climate change are already being felt and we are already experiencing a lot of the effects.
2. The effects of climate change
Climate change is the term given to the observed fact that the average temperature on Earth is rising due to the release of greenhouse gases. The greenhouse effect is the process by which the atmosphere traps heat from solar radiation, which would otherwise escape to space. Climate change has been occurring since the industrial revolution, with the trends in the last century being the most rapid. As the Earth’s climate is changing, different areas of the world are experiencing different effects. For example, some parts of the world are experiencing extreme weather events, while others are experiencing temperature increases. Order to combat climate change, there are a number of ways that can be taken.
3. The effects of climate change in the United States
The effects of climate change in the United States are being felt in many different ways. There are many people who are questioning whether or not climate change is really happening. However, the effects of climate change are proof enough that it is happening. These effects are surfacing in the form of extreme weather events, melting glaciers, and rising sea levels. The effects of climate change are being felt in the United States in the form of extreme weather events, melting glaciers, and rising sea levels. These effects are surfacing in the form of extreme weather events.
The effects of climate change are being felt worldwide. Scientists have warned that the effects will only become more devastating with time. In order to prevent the effects of climate change from becoming even more damaging, it is essential to take measures to reduce the amount of greenhouse gas emissions. There are many ways to do this. You can gradually reduce the number of emissions by making changes in your lifestyle and by supporting sustainable companies. You can also invest in green energy companies to help the world transition to a cleaner energy source. Lastly, you can invest in renewable energy sources that are not harmful to the environment.


Yesterday was absolutely beautiful but very warm. We got up to 82 degrees with lots of sunshine. It was a shorts and tshirt kind of day. I even got a little bit of sun on my arms while working outside. Today it is 61 with the wind gusting up to probably 25 miles per hour with sustained winds at 15. The weather around here has been spring then winter and vice-versa and I am ready for it to pick a season and stay. I am ready to start feeling better. I am also hoping for some rain. It seems like we are already behind on rainfall for the year and we are still very dry from the drought of 2011 and average rainfall of 2012. As a matter of fact, as of yesterday the first wildfire of 2013 was burning full steam ahead. There was also a large grassfire about 35 or so miles from us. Scary stuff.
Happy Tuesday! I hope you are enjoying the first days of March!!


The climate in Estonia is located in a transition zone. This transition zone is in the north of the temperate climate zone and between the sea and the continental climate. Northern Europe and Estonia are located at northern latitude, but have a temperate climate. The reason for this is that the North Atlantic Ocean is heated by sea air. Estonia is a country that experiences four seasons. February is the coldest month in Estonia with -5.7 degrees Celsius, while July is the hottest month with 16.4 degrees. The average temperature in the country is 5.2 degrees. Estonia’s climate is influenced by the North Atlantic current and Iceland’s minimum conditions. There is a lot of precipitation in Estonia. The annual average evaporation amount is less than the total precipitation. Therefore, Estonia is a humid country. The highest amount of precipitation in the country is seen in Sakala Haanja and west of the Uplands. Snowfall in Estonia continues from mid-December to the end of March. The climates in the four seasons of the Estonian country are different from each other.
What is the Estonian Climate like in Spring?
Spring in Estonia is generally dry and mild. Snowfall can be seen until the end of March. Snowfalls in March give way to thunderstorms in April. The hottest month of the spring season is May, when the temperature reaches 20 to 30 degrees.
What is the Estonian Climate like in Summer?
While the summer season in Estonia is warm and mild, it is cold in the Baltic Islands. On some days in April and May, the temperature can rise to 30 to 35 degrees. But generally the average spring temperature is 20 degrees. Although the hottest month is considered to be July, the highest recorded temperature was 35.6 degrees in August.
What is the Estonian Climate Like in Autumn?
Estonia usually has wet and windy weather in the autumn season . In mid-September, temperatures may be present, but it won’t be long before a thunderstorm gives way. Many hurricanes can be encountered in Scandinavia, while heavy rains are experienced in the autumn period in Estonia’s climate . Flooding can lead to onshore flooding or onshore winds, as some of the storms are experienced at speeds of up to 35 m/s. The beginning of snowfall may be towards the end of November. The strongest wind experienced in Estonia in autumn was measured as 48 m/sec in Ruhnu in 1969.
What is the Estonian Climate like in Winter?
The winter season in Estonia is experienced in January and February. These are the coldest days. The eastern part of Estonia has a cold climate, while the southern coastlines have a warmer climate. In Estonia, with -35 degrees in winter, January and February are the coldest periods in the country. But the lowest temperature in the country is known as -43.5 degrees. Snowstorms arrive in Estonia usually by cyclones. Cyclones carry warm air mass to the country in winter and cold air mass in summer. Sometimes, the snow effect brought by the sea effect causes a snowstorm in Estonia. Winter weather conditions in Estonia are generally harsh.
Located in the north of the Baltic countries in Northern Europe, Estonia’s climate is generally under the influence of the Baltic Sea. Although the breezes coming from the sea with the effect of the Baltic Sea temperate the climate of Estonia, the cold weather in the country does not lose its effect. Estonia, like the Baltic countries, spends the winter season with extremely cold and snowstorms. Estonia, which has a hot summer, also experiences the shortest nights in summer. During the summer season, Estonia experiences approximately 19 hours of daylight. Although the annual average precipitation in Estonia varies, it is approximately between 610 and 710 mm. This precipitation occurs mainly in the winter months. Although rare, it is also seen in the spring and autumn seasons.[/vc_column_text][/vc_column][/vc_row]
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Most people do not realize what is going on with the EPA and why. The EPA is taking their cue from global warming enthusiasts. Since the earth stopped warming, Al Gore started calling his initiative climate change. Unfortunately, there are very few climate scientists in the world today. I say this with strong conviction. By definition, a scientist is a person endeavoring to learn the truth. Climate change scientists do not tell the truth, because there is no money in it. Scientists get government grants only if they support the global warming initiative.
Climate change is no longer a science topic. It has become a political topic. The climate change community has developed computer models that predict what temperatures will be in the future. They started with actual temperature data and when the actual temperature did not fit their model, they changed the actual temperature data instead of changing their computer model. If you do not believe what I am saying, do some investigation on your own. They present the erroneous data as fact and get away with it, but honest climate scientists cannot get funding. This is the biggest con since social security.


Understanding Solar Radiation
The Science Behind : Solar Radiation
1.2. Initial Definitions :
Solar Energy is the amount of energy sent by the sun, meaning the maximum energy received by the Earth, without taking into account climatic conditions (clouds), date or time of day which impact the angle of the surface relative to the sun.
Solar Irradiance (or insolation) is the energy received by a given area of the Earth’s surface. It’s measured in Watts per square meter. As the angle between Sun and surfaces’ normal grows, the solar energy is spread over a larger surface, reducing solar radiance. Solar Irradiation is Solar Irradiance integrated over time.
10.2.2. Solar Angle and Irradiance
Both place and time come into play when calculating the the solar angle. Place concerns where we are : latitude and longitude :
There are two conjoined earthly movement to be taken into account.
- The rotation of the Earth around the Sun,
- The rotation of the Earth on itself .
Finally, we must keep in mind that the Earth’s rotation axes is inclined at 23°27 from the ecliptic plane. This tilt is at the origin of our yearly seasons : we consider the Earth tilted at +23°27 during summer (Souther hemisphere) and -23°27 during winter, the tilt beeing equal to 0 during the equinoxes.
Time concerns The day of the year and the time of day. All of these factors need to be taken into account before any more local analyses.
For Solar irradiation, we need to factor in time :
10.2.3. Atmosphere’s Interference
Radiation reaches the Earth’s surface in a more or less direct way, depending on the atmospheric interference. Water, dust and pollutants floating in the air will refract rays, dispersing sunlight in multiple directions. The higher the interference, the more diffused the sunlight will be when reaching the surface. The unit of measurement to describe the amount of cloud cover is called an Okta, where 0 Okta is a completely clear sky and 8 Okta is a completely cloudy sky.
10.2.4. Night-time Radiation
Any radiation received by the ground (or buildings) will start releasing heat the moment the air surrounding it turns colder than the soil, typically during night-time. The radiation emitted has changed to long-wave radiation. In a given urban model, for there to be energy loss (ie, heat loss), the radiation needs to escape back to the atmosphere. This implies a covisibility between the surfaces and the sky vault. More information on Sky View Factor and Radiation Local weather will greatly affect solar radiation, especially the presence of clouds. As the sun passes through them, the light gets reflected and defused.


This is today, February 4th. One month of summer to go.
After the hot weather that we had last week (4 days over 40c) and the 2nd driest January on record (0.8mm of rain for the month) it looks like the European type deciduous trees have gone into shock & dropped their leaves very very early. 2 weeks ago these trees were a very healthy green enjoying the summer growing season with not a fallen leaf to be seen, but now these trees on our street are suffering. Will they survive? I hope so..
Autumn? No. Global warming? Maybe.
All I know is that the weather patterns are changing and we will have to adapt.


When the monsoon clears the air, a beautiful display starts to appear at the West Coast of India...
In one of my earlier posts, I was photographing the Western Ghats mountain range from the coastal city of Mangalooru, situated about 50km Line of Sight (LOS) away from them. Although the distance seems pretty small, the mountains are not visible year-round due to the atmospheric haze. This article will explore more about haze and its impacts on visibility.
You can easily see the effect of haze on visibility in the above comparison. The blue mountain range visible at the last layer of the clear photo is the Chandradrona range of Chikkamagaluru, of which Mullayyanagiri is the highest peak (1930m, which also happens to be the highest peak in the South Indian state of Karnataka). The haze was low in the first photograph due to the unusually heavy Northeast monsoon rains. The hazy second photo was captured nearly one week after, with the effect of the haze clearly visible. The haze obscures the mountain range, masking it. It also contributes to the loss of contrast in the landscape, in general.
The Culprit — PM2.5
The leading cause of the haze in the Indian subcontinent is the tiny particles in the atmosphere named PM2.5. The “PM” stands for Particulate Matter. The number 2.5 in the subscript refers to their size, in this case, referring to the particulate matter whose diameter is less than 2.5μm (For comparison, they are 30 times smaller than a single strand of the human hair). Their small size contributes to the greater scattering of the light particles, thus reducing visibility. Apart from the visibility, they also contribute to a wide range of health issues from respiratory illness to nonfatal heartattacks; the Apex court of India proposed a mini-lockdown in the national capital New Delhi due to high PM2.5 levels impacting the population.
The PM2.5 levels in India get gradually better during the onset of Southwest monsoon rains and the rains covering the entire country. Southern India enjoys a longer period of low PM2.5 levels than its Northern counterpart, as monsoon rains stay in the south for a relatively long period. As soon as the monsoon withdraws, the PM2.5 levels increase in North India, subsequently carried to South India by the winds. In the Northeast monsoons and the cyclones associated with them, parts of South India get relief from high PM2.5 levels for a shorter period.
There are many sources of PM2.5, ranging from natural causes like forest fires to human-made causes like industries. The Indo-Gangetic plains hosts many of the Indian industries and is the most polluted region of India; the rivers there, like Ganga and the Yamuna are highly water-polluted, and many cities in the basin are the worst (both in India and the world) in terms of Air Quality Index (which accounts PM2.5 into consideration in a large proportion).
The haze does not exist from the surface to all the way above into the upper atmosphere. The boundary where the haze ends is called the ”Haze Line.” The boundary is marked by an inversion in lower-atmosphere temperature where the low-altitude air is cooler than it is in high-altitude (the natural trend is ”the higher altitude, lower the temparature”).
In late-morning hours, the haze line is so high in the sky that it can not be observed from the ground. Since airplanes fly above the haze line most of the time during their flight, the entry into the haze line and the view below can be easily seen.
Once above the haze line, the sky appears blue and clear, and it is hard to observe below the haze line.
Sometimes, the haze line is closer to the ground. In that case, anything above the haze line looks clear.
The inversion altitude is much near the ground during early morning hours when the sun has just risen. During that time, the earth’s surface is much cooler, and the air above is relatively hot due to its exposure to sunlight. The earth’s surface takes more time to heat up when compared to the air mass above it, making the temperatures relatively stable. This is a very low altitude inversion. This inversion causes a beautiful sea of mist at its boundary; clear sky, and a less-haze atmosphere above it. As time progresses, the inversion layer slowly moves upwards. Once it disappears, it leaves behind a hazy atmosphere, where the visibility is reduced to a much greater extent.
The relatioship between high PM2.5 levels and morning mist is not clear. From my emperical observations, the less the morning mist it is, the visibility is more, suggesting low PM2.5 levels. If you know any research supporting this, please share it with me 🙏.
Colored Sunsets and Mountain Layers
The presence of haze means more scattering of light. Thus, it makes the sunset more colorful and red. When the haze is moderate, the mountains with their foothills appear as stacked layers, as the visibility reduces as the distance increase.
Fixing the Haze
While the PM2.5 from natural sources can not be avoided, the human-made PM2.5 can be certainly regulated by enforcing air-quality standards on industries. Doing this not only benefits the visibility levels on the ground, it also improves the health of the citizens, making their life more enjoyable and enduring.
The high levels of PM2.5 seem to be a problem restricted to several places like India, China, and some African countries. These countries need to understand that the well-being of their citizens in terms of health is more important than the cash inflow.
When it comes to photographing landscapes, taking pictures in RAW format with Polarizer filter on, and using the “Dehaze” function in Adobe’s RAW pre-processor, followed by some color and lightness correction, seems to do well in low-haze conditions. However, it can dramatize the photos in some situations.
The better way to avoid haze is to be at the mountain peak in the very early morning and capture the distant mountains with inversion layers. This would be great both in terms of the photographic effect of inversion, and the visibility.
Another option would be to visit the mountains during the “Monsoon-break” in India when the monsoon rains reduce typically for a week. While this is good for visibility, not all of the mountains would be clearly visible as they would be cloud-capped.
Many people in South India think that the problem of haze and excess PM2.5 in air is a problem restricted to North India. Whenever the haze occures, it is commonly thought as mist 😅. It is important to realize that they are seperate phenomenon, although one might influence the other during the winters. The people should urge the government to make ”breating the clean air” as a fundamental right, and government must take all steps to ensure it, prioritizing it over any economical concerns.
- earth.nullschool.net — An interactive view of weather data with around a 5-day forecast and a decade of history, all with 1-hour granularity. An excellent resource for observation and research. The ”PM2.5” overlay under ”Particulates” section can be used as a proxy to Air Quality Index (AQI) since AQI calculations vary across the countries — lesser PM2.5 level are better.
- Evaluating the Impacts of Haze on Air Traffic Operations — The title is suggestive of the content. Figure 2.2 (page 2) describes the haze layer and its association with temperature.
- Layers of the Atmosphere — A US National Weather Service article describing the layers of the air. The second image illustrates the temperature variation in the atmosphere, suggesting the trend ”the higher altitude, lower the temperature” in the lower atmosphere (the “Troposphere”).
- IQAIR — A good resource for monitoring AQI and PM2.5 levels across the globe. Provides a AQI map similar to earth.nullschool.net and summary data aggregated across a year.
- animate-earth-nullschool— Source code for animating earth.nullschool.net footage used to make animations for this post.


Indoor Air Quality (IAQ)
What is IAQ?
Indoor air quality (IAQ) is a term which refers to the air quality within and around buildings and structures, especially as it relates to the health and comfort of building occupants. IAQ can be affected by gases (including carbon monoxide, radon, volatile organic compounds), particulates, microbial contaminants (mould, bacteria, viruses) or any mass or energy stressor that can induce adverse health conditions.
Determination of IAQ involves the collection of air samples, monitoring human exposure to pollutants, collection of samples on building surfaces and computer modelling of airflow inside buildings.
Why is IAQ important?
Indoor air is becoming an increasingly more concerning health hazard than outdoor air. Most contaminants are produced indoors and are a result of human activity.
Since we spend over 70-90% of our time indoors, having a safe, comfortable and healthy environment is essential. Hence, sufficient attention concerning indoor air quality should be paid.
How to maintain a good IAQ?
One method to control the air quality is by limiting the pollutants emission. However, changing our activities, habits, and necessities to limit such emissions are neither feasible nor possible. Therefore, alternatives to reduce the risk of such pollutants have to be applied.
There are three fundamental methods of improving IAQ according to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA):
- Source control
- Air Cleaning


Hello, Hello..anybody out there?
Thursday, November 06, 2008
I've got it bad - I am a chronic weather forecast watcher...I will search every weather website I can find and watch the weather forecast on TV only to find out that what I see when I look out the window is what the weather will be.
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Representative: A policeman directs people to leave as waves approach the shore ahead of Cyclone Tauktae’s landfall, in Veraval, Gujarat, May 17, 2021. Photo: Reuters/Amit Dave
- Cyclone Gulab made landfall between Srikakulam and Visakhapatnam on the eastern coast.
- Despite losing its moisture supply, i.e. the waters of the Bay of Bengal, the system kept moving west, bringing rain over Maharashtra.
- The IMD has said that this wind-water system will exit into the Arabian Sea as Cyclone Shaheen around October 1.
Bengaluru: After remnants of Cyclone Gulab that hit the eastern coast of the country brought torrential rains to central Maharashtra, a senior India Meteorological Department (IMD) official said that India witnessed a rare occurrence as the weather system could generate another cyclonic storm.
Jayant Sarkar, head of the regional meteorological department of the IMD, said such phenomena don’t happenoften, “though it is known among our fraternity.”
“It did bring excess showers over Maharashtra and put most of the regions, such as Konkan, Madhya Maharashtra and Marathwada, into surplus precipitation category,” he told PTI.
A cyclone starts with a depression – a low-pressure zone around which air currents begin to swirl, drawing moisture from water bodies below to form heavy rain clouds. Generally, a cyclonic system becomes less severe once it crosses over land, because it loses its moisture supply.
Cyclone Gulab made landfall between Srikakulam and Visakhapatnam on the eastern coast. But despite losing its moisture supply, the system kept moving westwards, bringing intense rain over parts of Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh and even Gujarat over three days, Sarkar said.
He added that the system is expected to ‘exit’ land from the Saurashtra region into the Arabian sea. Then, “with more moisture, it could intensify from a depression to a deep-depression to cyclone,” he said.
If this happens, “it will take away moisture from the coastal areas and reduce rainfall over Gujarat’s Saurashtra region as well as north Madhya Maharashtra and the Konkan,” according to him.
Climate change is expected to make cyclonic storms more intense. As land and ocean surfaces warm, they heat the air above them as well. Warmer air carries more moisture, so cyclones of the future are expected to be laden with more moisture than before.
The Bay of Bengal has been warming more and more faster, as a result the cyclones off India’s east coast have been becoming more intense.
But the Arabian Sea has been warming as well. Historically, cyclones off India’s west coast have been rare; but they are poised to become more common in the era of global warming.
Sarkar concluded saying that if the erstwhile Gulab system became another cyclone, it would be called ‘Shaheen’. And the IMD has already said that Cyclone Shaheen is expected to take shape from October 1.
The IMD has predicted Shaheen’s trajectory will take it northwest into Pakistan, specifically the coastal parts of Balochistan.
According to LiveMint, the department expects
* “Heavy to very heavy and extremely heavy” rain – over parts of Gujarat, Daman, Diu, Dadra and Nagar Haveli
* “Heavy to very heavy” rain – over the north Konkan
And over the next two days itself, the IMD has predicted heavy to very heavy rain over Amreli, Anand, Bharuch, Bhavnagar, Rajkot and Jamnagar districts.
Note: This article was edited at 3:02 pm on September 30, 2021, to correct the dateline from Mumbai to Bengaluru.
With PTI inputs


Expect heavy rains as Dindo exits PH
MANILA - State weather bureau PAGASA warned the public Friday evening to expect moderate to heavy rainfall as Typhoon Dindo (international name: Lionrock) exits the country.
In its 11 p.m. weather bulletin, PAGASA said Dindo has slightly weakened and accelerated as it continues to move east-northeast over the Philippine Sea.
The typhoon is packing maximum sustained winds of up to 150 kilometers per hour with gusts of 185 kph.
PAGASA said the center of the typhoon was spotted at 1,200 kilometers east-northeast of Itbayat, Batanes as of 10 p.m. Friday.
The typhoon is moving east-northeast at 9 kph.
While no tropical cyclone warning signals were raised, the public is advised to take appropriate actions.


For Los Cabos and the East Cape of Baja California Sur, Mexico
Preparedness Overcomes Fear!
SPECIAL TROPICAL WEATHER OUTLOOK
Please see this link for hurricane protection for your home and family
Tropical Storm Alerts For 2017.
Coordinates for the tip of Baja are 22.9N 109.9W. One degree equals 69 miles.
To view the current update and more forecast information, please check: NOAA Weather updates NOAA Weather updates several times each day
Turquoise Highlight ~ Low pressure is located in the general vicinity of Baja Sur
Blue Highlight ~ A named tropical depression has formed in our area
Yellow Highlight ~ A named tropical storm has formed.
Red Highlight ~ A named hurricane has formed.
Ths information is provided as a service to our clients by P.G. Zenone, Director, East Cape Group


Can the Amazon emit more greenhouse gases than the US?
A severe drought in the Amazon rain forest last year was worse than the "once-in-a-century" dry spell in which damaged the forest 2005 and may ultimately have a bigger impact on global warming than the United States does in a year, British and Brazilian scientists said on Thursday.
Simply put, trees and other vegetation in the world's forests soak up heat-trapping carbon dioxide as they grow, which helps to cool the planet, but they greenhouse gases when they die and rot.
"If events like this happen more often, the Amazon rain forest would reach a point where it shifts from being a valuable carbon sink slowing climate change to a major source of greenhouse gases that could speed it up," said lead author Simon Lewis, an ecologist at the University of Leeds.
The study, published in the journal “Science”, found that last year's drought caused rainfall shortages over a 1.16 million square-mile (3 million square km) expanse of the forest, an increase of 50% of the square miles that were affected in the 2005 drought.
The drought was also more intense, killing more trees while having three major epicenters, whereas the 2005 drought was mainly focused in the southwestern Amazon.
As a result, the study predicted the Amazon forest will reverse its role as a carbon “sponge” and become an emitter of carbon gases. Instead of absorbing its usual 1.5 billion metric tons of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere in both 2010 and 2011, the affected areas will release 5 billion metric tons of the gas in the coming years, for a total impact of 8 billion metric tons. The combined emissions caused by the two droughts will probably be enough to cancel out the carbon absorbed by the forest over the past 10 years. In comparison, the United States emitted 5.4 billion metric tons of carbon dioxide from fossil fuel use in 2009.
The widespread drought last year dried up major rivers in the Amazon and isolated thousands of people who depend on boat transportation, to the surprise of climate scientists who had billed the 2005 drought as a once-in-a-century event.
The two droughts fit into predictive models developed by some climate models that call for the Amazon forest to face greater weather extremes this century, with more intense droughts making it more vulnerable to fires, which in turn could damage its ability to recover.
Under the most extreme scenarios in these models, large areas of the Amazon of the forest could evolve into an African savannah-like ecosystem by the middle of the century with much lower levels of animal and plant biodiversity.


| < December >
|Average Daylight per day
|Sun altitude at solar noon on the 21st day.
- The average temperature in Ifrane in December is cool at 4.7 °C (40.46 °F).
- The weather in December is very faintly moist. Some 141.8mm (5.6in) of water is laid down.
- The shortest day is 9:55 long and the longest day is 10:04 long with an average length of 9:57.
Check the distance to and compare the Ifrane December averages with somewhere beginning with:
A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | All
Weather Trend Graph for December in Ifrane, Morocco
Navigate to December Weather in Locations Surrounding Ifrane:
- Jerez De La Frontera, Spain - 370.4 kms (230.2 miles) NNW
- Cadiz, Spain - 352.7 kms (219.2 miles) NNW
- Gibraltar, Gibraltar - 295.1 kms (183.4 miles) N
- Tangier, Morocco - 256.6 kms (159.5 miles) NNW
- Kenitra, Morocco - 159 kms (98.8 miles) NW
- Rabat, Morocco - 159.1 kms (98.9 miles) WNW
- Meknes, Morocco - 53.8 kms (33.4 miles) NW
- Casablanca, Morocco - 231.8 kms (144.1 miles) W
- Safi, Morocco - 403 kms (250.5 miles) WSW
- Marrakech, Morocco - 340.6 kms (211.7 miles) SW
- Ouarzazate, Morocco - 328.7 kms (204.2 miles) SSW


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Get the forecast for today, tonight & tomorrow's weather for Middelburg, Zeeland, Nederländerna. Hi/Low, RealFeel®, precip, radar, & everything you need to be
Golden Tulip and Middelburg. There is a terrace for sunny weather. Ta del av lokala väderleksrapporter och väderförhållanden för Middelburg, Nederländerna. Aktuella förhållanden för Middelburg, 48-timmarsprognos, Middelburg, Mpumalanga 159 följare clay bricks: · Durable building material · Protection against major weather conditions · Aesthetically pleasing · Manages kuiperspoort, middelburg, Zeeland, Netherlands. Why I love Holland. serious weather by Wilco van der Laan Fotografie on 500px Skåpbilar, Väder, Moln,.
Sjani Campher 1 minute read. Wind and weather statistics for Middelburg Mpumalanga, South Africa contains detailed information about average local wind speed and air temperature. A special diagram on the map shows a dominant wind direction and includes average data for every year. Weather Middelburg - Weather forecast: - for today, - for tomorrow, - for a week, - for a month. Going outside or planning your trip in advance the best way to avoid an awkward situation, like staying under the rain without umbrella or to be dressed up lightly in cold weather, is to check weather forecast. The best times to visit Middelburg for ideal weather are.
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Today’s and tonight’s Middleburg, FL weather forecast, weather conditions and Doppler radar from The Weather Channel and Weather.com
The favorite subject of postcards: weather looms large on vacation, where a rainy day can ruin a perfectly planned outing and a sunny, 72-degree one can mak The Netherlands has moderate temperatures throughout the year.
The humidity will be 35% and there will be 0.0 mm of precipitation. Get the forecast for today, tonight & tomorrow's weather for Middelburg, Mpumalanga, South Africa. Hi/Low, RealFeel®, precip, radar, & everything you need to be ready for the day, commute, and
2 dagar sedan · Middelburg - Weather warnings issued 14-day forecast. Weather warnings issued. Forecast - Middelburg. Day by day forecast. Last updated today at 17:03.
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This Afternoon: Local Briefing Page · Local Climate Page · Florida Weather Roundup · Tropical Cyclones · Local Text Products Middelburg (South Africa) Weather Forecast. Access detailed hourly and 14 day forecasts, current conditions, maps, warnings, meteograms, historical data and Weather in Middelburg, 31.03.2021 - On Thursday it will be fair with patchy clouds until noon.
This WeatherCity Weather Forecast for Middelburg, Eastern Cape, South Africa is computed using a computer-generated forecast model and should be considered experimental. Please confirm this forecast with the forecast issued from your local weather bureau.
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Middelburg 7 day weather forecast including weather warnings, temperature, rain , wind, visibility, humidity and UV. Weather in Middelburg, 22.03.2021 - On Monday it will be widely overcast, but mainly dry until afternoon. In the afternoon we can expect mostly cloudy weathe Wind, wave & weather forecast for Middelburg Mpumalanga, South Africa: wind speed and direction, gusts, wave height and period. Special forecast for Middelburg Weather · Today April 13 Clear skies 48° 32° · Tomorrow April 14 Sunny intervals 46° 35° · Thursday April 15 Cloudy skies with light rain 60% · Friday Middelburg Weather.
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Weather for the week in Middelburg, Netherlands Looking at the weather in Middelburg, Netherlands over the week, the maximum temperature will be 15℃ (or 58℉) on Wednesday 24 th February at around 4 pm. In the same week the minimum temperature will be 7℃ or 45℉ on Friday 26 th February at around 10 pm.
The hotel rooms 5 m/s. 82%. 0.02 mm. 766 mm kvicksilverpelare.
Weather for the week in Middelburg, Germany. Looking at the weather in Middelburg, Germany over the week, the maximum temperature will be 10℃ (or 50℉) on Wednesday 24 th March at around 1 pm. In the same week the minimum temperature will be -2℃ or 29℉ on Saturday 20 th March at around 4 am.
Weather Underground provides local & long-range weather forecasts, weatherreports, maps & tropical weather conditions for the Middelburg area.
Tell us about fish living in the vicinity of Middelburg. Add information about the number of fish inhabiting the waters around Middelburg.


Task Summary Reports
This project began by digitizing all hand-written meteorological observing
records from the pre-1948 era yielding a database totaling 370 stations
with some records dating back to the 1850's. This database was merged
with the post-1948 observations and stored using the Summary of the
Day (SOD) format as defined by the National Climate Data Center (NCDC).
A summary of the task and listing of available stations in the database
can be viewed here.
For Task 2 of this project, the snowfall, precipitation, temperature
and wind records for Minnesota were analyzed generating the following
statistics: snow accumulation season, mean seasonal snowfall, percentile
rankings and probability of exceedence, snow water equivalence and finally
wind frequency distributions. This report summarizes the techniques
used for the analysis and provides a link to each product.
Following the guidelines of Dr. Ronald Tabler (1994) and utilizing the
climatological products developed in task 2, snow transport models were
run for Minnesota. Also a field study was conducted to investigate some
of the agricultural implications of living snow fences. Visit this link
to learn more about the impact of living snow fences.
Included in this report is a brief summary of the Web Site hosting the
climatological products and instructions on how to retrieve climate
data from the Minnesota State Climatology Office Web Site.


A recent Boulder Economic Council (BEC) meeting focused on Boulder’s research economy and the impact of Federally funded research labs. The meeting was hosted by UCAR (the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research), whose leadership briefed BEC investors on the latest developments in weather and climate research being conducted by UCAR and its affiliate, the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR). UCAR’s briefing is accessible by clicking here. Presentations were also made by two local companies, Global Weather Corporation and Xcel Energy, who have successfully applied UCAR/NCAR research in commercial use. The Global Weather Corporate and Xcel Energy presentation is accessible here. The meeting concluded with an overview of CO-LABS, a statewide consortium of federally funded scientific laboratories, universities, businesses and leaders. The CO-LABS overview is accessible here. CO-LABS produces a bi-annual study of the “Economic and Fiscal Impacts of Federally Funded Research Facilities in Colorado.” The latest study will be released early in 2017; the study will posted on the CO-LABS and BEC websites.


There’s a more than 60% chance that the Earth’s temperature will bump up against the warming level that has shaped global climate policy — 1.5 degrees Celsius, or 2.7 degrees Fahrenheit — within the next five years, the United Nations weather organization said Wednesday.
A flirtation with that increase in average temperature would likely be fleeting, driven by a temporary blast of heat from El Niño, a cyclical, naturally occurring weather phenomenon.
But the development is still one to watch, scientists say, because an increase in man-made global warming means that when El Niño layers on its temperature boost, the dangerous implications of potentially extreme heat on human health, agriculture, healthy oceans and more are worsened.
Don’t miss: Non-smoking lung cancer is on the rise. Blame pollution, says American Lung Association.
The World Meteorological Organization forecasts a 66% likelihood that between now and 2027, the globe will log a year that averages 1.5 degrees Celsius warmer than the average temperature in the mid-19th century. That’s the routinely used comparison that tracks the modern industrial age from its beginnings up to current times, as coal, natural gas NG00, -0.24% and oil CL00, +3.19% — which emit greenhouse gases that warm the atmosphere — continue to power much of modern life.
Average temperatures are then expected to drop back down but to continue on their long-term upward trend, the WMO said in a report.
The 1.5-degree guardrail was set by the voluntary 2015 Paris climate agreement. Since then, more countries have pledged to limit long-term warming to this line, if possible. Steps include converting more energy sources to solar, wind and nuclear and swapping gas vehicles for electric. As 1.5 degrees of warming drives the agenda, scientists have warned that a sustained 2-degree warming could prove catastrophic.
“This report does not mean that we will permanently exceed the 1.5 C level specified in the Paris Agreement which refers to long-term warming over many years. However, WMO is sounding the alarm that we will breach the 1.5 C level on a temporary basis with increasing frequency,” WMO Secretary-General Petteri Taalas said in a statement.
“We haven’t been able to limit the warming so far and we are still moving in the wrong, wrong direction,” Taalas said at a press conference on Wednesday.
Read: A retirement safe from climate change? Ask the tough questions about real estate and property insurance
In other recent reports, the UN climate division has suggested that without more aggressive reductions in greenhouse-gas emissions, the planet is on track to warm by an average of 2.1 to 2.9 degrees Celsius over preindustrial levels by 2100.
The chances that a single year will hit the 1.5-degree threshold within five years have increased from 48% last year, 40% the year before, 20% in 2020 and 10% about a decade ago, UN data show. The WMO report is based on calculations collected at 11 climate-science centers across the globe.
The report’s authors say that while they are highlighting the potential for more frequent single-year breaches of the 1.5-degree line, it’s important to remember that one year’s weather and temperature events do not typically make a trend. Climate scientists are more concerned with 30-year averages.
Read more of MarketWatch’s Living With Climate Change coverage.
This article was originally published by Marketwatch.com. Read the original article here.


-I’m coming for the snow. What’s the best month to visit in winter?
Traditionally, August is peak season, but thanks to fantastic snow-making technology, conditions in June and July can be ideal for skiing and frolicking in the snow too. If you like sunny days, September is the answer!
-What’s the weather like?
Beautiful – any time of the year! We do experience four distinct seasons. We’re located in an alpine region, so expect cool, crisp air. In January, average daily temperatures can reach up to 33 degrees Celsius, however in July, it can be a chilly minus 6 degress Celsius. Cool evenings can be experienced throughout the year, so it’s wise to rug up, or curl up in front of the fireplace, at night.
Mountain weather can be extremely unpredictable, so we advise walkers to be prepared for all conditions and check weather forecasts before setting out.


This hurricane has continued to wreak havoc as its wind intensity diminishes. Its capacity for rain though has caused multiple deaths in New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania. Meanwhile in the mid-Atlantic Hurricane Larry has already recorded wind speeds close to 130kph. Its course is too early for great predictions but could cause problems in a weeks time. At present it looks like it could cause problems in the Bermuda region and then then Canadas Atlantic provinces, having been deflected away from the USA coast by the jet stream. It is only the start of September so we can expect more activity over the next 6-8 weeks.


TROPICAL CYCLONE INFORMATION BULLETIN NR.1:
…TROPICAL DEPRESSION #5 RAPIDLY BECOMES TROPICAL STORM ELSA…
INFORMATION MESSAGE NO. 1
Date: 01 July, 2021 Time: 6AM local time
At 5:00 AM AST (0900 UTC), the center of Tropical Storm Elsa was located near latitude 9.4 North, longitude 48.8 West. This is over the open waters of the Central Atlantic at 1390 KM East of the Windward Islands. The Storm is moving rapidly toward the west or 275 degrees near 22 knots or 41 km/h. An even faster motion to the west-northwest is expected over the next 24 to 36 hours. On the forecast track, the system will pass near or over portions of the Windward Islands or the southern Leeward Islands on Friday, move into the eastern Caribbean Sea late Friday and Friday night, and move near the southern coast of Hispaniola on Saturday. Maximum sustained winds are near 35 knots (64 km/h) with gusts to 45 knots (85 km/h).
This system poses no threat to the local area. Nevertheless, The Meteorological Department Aruba will keep a close eye on the developments of this system.
FORECAST POSITIONS AND MAX WINDS
INIT 01/0900Z 9.4N 48.8W 35 KT 64 KM/H TS
12H 01/1800Z 10.3N 52.0W 40 KT 74 KM/H TS
24H 02/0600Z 11.7N 56.7W 50 KT 93 KM/H TS
36H 02/1800Z 13.2N 61.8W 50 KT 93 KM/H TS
48H 03/0600Z 14.9N 66.9W 55 KT 101 KM/H TS
60H 03/1800Z 16.7N 71.2W 55 KT 101 KM/H TS
72H 04/0600Z 18.0N 74.5W 50 KT 93 KM/H TS
*TD = Tropical Depression
**TS = Tropical Storm
Next bulletin: Today at 6 PM.
Meteorological Department Aruba, 01 July, 2021 6 AM local time


The weather forecast and current conditions are shown on the right.
A detailed forecast, including weather warnings, can be found at the Met Office's website, using the link in the sidebar to the left.
The average maximum temperature during the Winter months is around 7-8° Celsius.
Average temperatures start rising in March
to 10° through to 13° in April and 17° in May.
The Summer months produce temperatures of 19° to 23°, peaking in August.
Autumn sees the average back down to 15° in October and 10° in November.
Source: Met Office, 1971-2000 averages
January sees the least sunshine, with an average of between 44-52 hours over the month (around an hour and a half per day).
This rises to over 100 hours in March and up to 200 from May to August (over 6 hours a day on average).
September sees the figure drop to around 140 hours and then to just over 100 in October. November on average has 66-68 hours of sunshine, with December marginally sunnier than January.
Frost and Precipitation
Hertford sees just 4-7 days a year with snow lying.
Ground frost will occur on 105-125 days.
More than 1mm rain will fall on 110 days of the year.


What if we named the most devastating storms caused by climate change after climate skeptics? This is exactly what folks at ClimateNameChange.org have done!
Since 1954, the World Meteorological Organization has been naming extreme storms after people. But we propose a new naming system. One that names extreme storms caused by climate change, after the policy makers who deny climate change and obstruct climate policy. If you agree, sign the petition at http://www.climatenamechange.org/#/petition
Hilarious and poignant at the same time.


The Clean Air Campaign works to reduce auto traffic and improve air quality by creating customized, metric-driven programs that benefit companies, schools and communities as a whole.
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"Floating in a hot air balloon feels as if you're suspended in the wind. The earth appears to be turning below. The horizon rises as you dip to kiss the treetops, then falls away until the landscape spreads to incredible dimensions. A mere whisper of wind on your cheek tells you that the balloon has changed direction, moving with the breezes through the crystal blue sky."
Each balloon flight is a unique experience. Flights are usually at dawn when the winds are the calmest. In fact, hot air balloons are launched only if the winds are less than 10 miles-per-hour.
BALLOON FACTS & TRIVIA
The pilots and the balloons operate under F.A.A. regulations.
The balloons usually fly about 1 hour.
It is not much colder in the gondola than it is on the ground.
Only about 3 degrees cooler per thousand feet of altitude.
Balloon Instruments include an altimeter, variometer (rate of climb) and a pyrometer (temperature gauge).
Changes in altitude are made by simply adding heat from the burneror
allowing the air in the balloon to cool slightly.


Ozone Production in Nature
Ozone is naturally produced by ultra-violet rays from the sun and lightning-based corona discharge. These two methods account for nearly all natural ozone creation on Earth.
During a lightning storm, oxygen near the ground in the presence of corona discharge creates ozone.
From the sun, oxygen from the atmosphere in the presence of light creates ozone.
Oxygen (O2) is forced between high voltage plates to simulate corona discharge. The oxygen is broken apart and recombines into ozone (O3).


Dr. Jian-Hua (Joshua) Qian
office: Olney 223A, Phone: 978-934-4861
Jian-Hua (Joshua) Qian is an Associate Professor in Atmospheric and Climate Science in the Department of Environmental, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences at University of Massachusetts Lowell, USA. He received his Ph.D. in Atmospheric Science from North Carolina State University in 1996. He was a postdoctoral scientist in the Climate and Global Dynamics Division of NCAR from 1996 to 1998, and a research staff in the Mesoscale Atmospheric Processes Branch of the NASA Goddard Space Fleight Center. He was an Associate Research Scientist (2000-2007) and Research Scientist (2007-2011) at the International Research Institute for Climate and Society (IRI) at Columbia University in the City of New York.
He is now an Adjunct Research Scientist at the IRI. He has experience in regional weather and climate modeling over North and South America, and East, South and Southeast Asia. He also has experience in mesoscale precipitation processes, land-atmosphere interaction, global nonhydrostatic atmospheric model development and theory of atmospheric nonhydrostatic normal modes.
Qian is interested in understanding atmospheric physics and dynamics and using weather and climate information and forecasts towards good stewardship of the Earth's natural resources, including agriculture, ecosystem, water resource management, environmental protection, and sustainable development.
Qian works on the development, testing and validation of regional scale forecast systems, and downscaling methodologies to address nesting strategies, physical parameterizations, initialization, forecast validation and analysis, and the dynamics of regional scale climate variability. Qian is also interested in nonhydrostatic atmospheric dynamics and tropical meteorology.
Research areas include:
- Seasonal climate forecast "http://connect.extension.iastate.edu/p39803893/ (audio video)
- Climate downscaling and prediction using global and regional climate models such as http://www.ictp.trieste.it/~pubregcm//
- Climate analysis using the http://iridl.ldeo.columbia.edu IRI Data Library and
Climate Predictability Tool (CPT)
- Atmospheric dynamics and physics
- Land-ocean-atmosphere interaction
- Interdisciplinary studies on climate risk management
- Robertson, A.W., V. Moron, J.-H. Qian, C.-P. Chang, F. Tangang, E. Aldrian, T.Y. Koh, and L. Juneng, 2011: Chapter on the Maritime Continent monsoon, World Scientific Series on Asia-Pacific Weather and Climate, Vol. 5, World Scientific Publication Company, Chang, C.-P., Y. Ding, N.-C. Lau, R. H. Johnson, B. Wang, and T. Yasunari, Eds., 608 pp. Qian,
- J.-H, A.W. Robertson, V. Moron, 2010: "http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/2010JAS3348.1
- "Interactions among ENSO, the monsoon and the diurnal cycle in rainfall variability over Java, Indonesia. J. Atmos. Sci., 67, 3509-3524. Qian,
- J.-H., and L. Zubair, 2010: "http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/2010MWR3191.1" The effects of grid spacing and domain size on the quality of ensemble regional climate downscaling over South Asia during the northeasterly monsoon. Mon. Wea. Rev., 138, 2780-2802. Moron, V., A.W. Robertson, and Qian,
- J.-H., 2010: Local versus large-scale characteristics of monsoon onset and post-onset rainfall over Indonesia.. Clim. Dyn., 34, 281-299. Ceccato, P., I. Nengah Surati Jaya,
- J.-H Qian, M.K. Tippett, A.W. Robertson, S. Someshwar, 2009: Early warning and response to fires in Kalimantan, Indonesia. In: Advances in Operational Weather Systems for Fire Danger Rating. Michael Brady and Mannava Sivakumar (Eds). Springer Qian,
- J.-H., 2008: "http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/2007JAS2422.1"Why precipitation is mostly concentrated over islands in the Maritime Continent. J. Atmos. Sci., 65, 1428-1441. Qian,
- J.-H., 2008: Seasonal climate forecasts, in the "http://www.gpisd.net/vertical/Sites/%7B1510F0B9-E3E3-419B-AE3B-582B8097D492%7D/uploads/%7B1BED3562-05F9-4B43-B2AD-ED849D5157DD%7D.PDF"Corn and Climate Report, published by the Great Plains Institute, 30-33, available at http://www.gpisd.net/. Qian,
- J.-H., 2007: Application of a variable-resolution stretched grid to a regional atmospheric model with physics parameterization. Advances in Earth Science, 22, 1185-1190. Giannini, A., A.W. Robertson, and
- J.-H. Qian, 2007: A role for tropical tropospheric temperature adjustment to El Nino - Southern Oscillation in the seasonality of monsoonal Indonesia precipitation predictability. J. Geophys. Res., 112, D16110. Seth, A. S. Rauscher, S.J. Camargo, and J.-H. Qian, J. Pal, 2007: "http://ejournals.ebsco.com/direct.asp?ArticleID=4DDC8BBB6D5A21E40501" regional climatologies for South America using reanalysis and ECHAM global model driving fields. Clim. Dyn., 28, 461-480. Rauscher, S., A. Seth, B. Liebmann,
- J.-H. Qian, and S.J. Camargo, 2007: Regional climate model simulated timing and character of seasonal rain in South America. Mon. Wea. Rev., 135, 2642-2657. Rauscher, S.A. A. Seth,
- J.-H. Qian, and S.J. Camargo, 2006: "www.springerlink.com choice in an experimental nested modelling prediction system for South America. Theor. Appl. Climatol., 86, 229-246. Seth, A., M. Rojas, B. Liebmann, and
- J.-H. Qian, 2004: "http://www.agu.org/journals/gl/gl0407/2003GL019220/"Daily rainfall analysis for South America from a regional climate model and station observations. Geophy. Res. Lett., 31, L07213, doi:10.1029/2003GL019220. Qian,
- J.-H., W.-K. Tao, and K.-M. Lau, 2004: "http://ams.allenpress.com/perlserv/?request=get-abstract&doi=10.1175%2F1520-0493%282004%29132%3C0003%3AMFTRAW%3E2.0.CO%3B2"Mechanisms for torrential rain associated with the Mei-Yu development during SCSMEX-1998. Mon. Wea. Rev., 132, 3-27. Qian,
- J.-H., A. Seth, and S. Zebiak, 2003: "http://ams.allenpress.com/perlserv/?request=get-abstract&doi=10.1175%2F1520-0493%282003%29131%3C2857%3ARVCSFR%3E2.0.CO%3B2"Reinitialized versus continuous simulations for regional climate downscaling. Mon. Wea. Rev., 131, 2857-2874. Qian,
- J.-H., and A. Kasahara, 2003: "http://www.springerlink.com atmospheric normal modes on beta-planes. Pure and Applied Geophysics, 160, 1315-1358. Roads, J., S. Chen, L. Druyan, M. Fulakeza, S. Cocke, T. Larrow,
- J.-H. Qian, and S. Zebiak, 2003: "http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2003.../2002JD003201.shtml"International Research Institute/Applied Research Centers (IRI/ARCs) regional model intercomparison over South America. J. Geophys. Res., 108(D14), 4425, doi:10.1029/2002JD003201. Tao, W.-K., Y. Wang,
- J.-H. Qian, C.-L. Shie, K.-M. Lau, and R. Kakar, 2003: Mesoscale convective systems during SCSMEX: simulations with a regional climate model and a cloud-resolving model. Weather and Climate Modeling, INDO-US Science and Technology Forum, eds: V. Singh, S. Basu, and T.N. Krishnamurti, 77-92. Kasahara, A. and
- J.-H. Qian, 2000: "http://ams.allenpress.com/perlserv/?request=get-abstract&doi=10.1175%2F1520-0493%282000%29128%3C3357%3ANMOAGN%3E2.0.CO%3B2"Normal modes of a global nonhydrostatic atmospheric model. Mon. Wea. Rev., 128: 3357-3375. Qian,
- J.-H, F. Giorgi, and M. S. Fox-Rabinovitz, 1999: "http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/1999/98JD02649.shtml"Regional stretched grid generation and its application to the NCAR RegCM. J. Geophys. Res., 104: 6501-6513. Qian,
- J.-H., F.H.M. Semazzi and J. Scroggs, 1998: "http://ams.allenpress.com/perlserv/?request=get-abstract&doi=10.1175%2F1520-0493%281998%29126%3C0747%3AAGNSLA%3E2.0.CO%3B2"A global nonhydrostatic semi-Lagrangian atmospheric model with orography. Mon. Wea. Rev., 126, 747-771. Semazzi, F.H.M.,
- J.-H. Qian, and J. Scroggs, 1995: "http://ams.allenpress.com/perlserv/?request=get-abstract&doi=10.1175%2F1520-0493%281995%29123%3C2534%3AAGNSLA%3E2.0.CO%3B2"A global nonhydrostatic semi-Lagrangian atmospheric model without orography. Mon. Wea. Rev., 123, 2534-2550.
- Qian, J.-H., 1993: Dynamic Climatology, chapter in Principles of Climatology, edited by S.-W. Pan, Chinese Meteorological Society.
- Qian, J.-H., and Y.-F. Qian, 1993: The numerical simulation on the effects of the Southern Asian high pressure system with a limited-area model. Climate Research, 3, 73-82, Chinese Meteorological Society.
- Qian, J.-H., 1991: Dynamic Climatology, Nanjing University Textbook.
- Qian, J.-H., 1989: The feedback among radiation, water vapor and cloud amount in an energy balance model. Climate Research, 1, 225-234, Chinese Meteorological Society.
Published Papers and Books
Manuscripts Submitted or in Preparation
- Qian, J.-H, A.W. Robertson, V. Moron, 2011: Diurnal cycle of rainfall in different weather regimes and the impact of ENSO on Borneo climate, to be submitted to J. Climate. Moron, V., A.W. Robertson and
- J.H. Qian, 2011: Scale interactions in climate system: case study of the impact of warm phase of El Nino Southern Oscillation in Indonesia. Climatologie, in press.
- Qian, J.-H., et al., 2011: Ensemble regional climate downscaling and seasonal forecast over Southeast Asia. Koide, N., A.W. Robertson, A.V. M. Ines, and J.-H.
- Qian, 2011: Predictability of rice production in the Philippines with seasonal climate forecasts. to be submitted to J. Appl. Meteorol. Clim.
Representing the IRI around the World
- Invited Meteorology Colloquium Speaker, Department of Meteorology, Penn State University, State College, PA, U.S.A.,Multi-scale climate processes and rainfall variability in the Maritime Continent. March 16, 2011.
- Invited Principle Speaker, Multi-scale climate processes in Southeast Asia. Understanding and Predicting Regional Climate: A Workshop, National University of Singapore (NUS), co-organized by NUS and the U.S. National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), March 7-11, 2011.
- BMKG Indonesia Seminar: Multi-scale climate processes and rainfall variability in the Maritime Continent. Jakarta, Indonesia, March 4, 2011. Seminar, Department of Meteorology and Geophysics, Bogor Agricultural University (IPB), Bogor, Indonesia, March 2, 2011.
- Seminar on Indian Northeast Monsoon - Recent Advances and Evolving Concepts (INEMREC-2011), The effects of grid spacing and domain size on the quality of ensemble regional climate downscaling over South Asia during the northeasterly monsoon. Chennai, India, February 24-25, 2011.
- AGU 2010 Fall Conference: 1. How useful are regional climate models for downscaling seasonal forecasts? (with Robertson et al.). 2. Predictability of rice production in the Philippines with seasonal climate forecasts (with Koide et al.). San Francisco, U.S.A., December, 2010.
- Seminar: Multi-scale climate processes over the Maritime Continent. University of Oxford, England, United Kingdom, July 2010.
- Tsinghua University, invited speaker, Summer Colloquium on Earth System Modeling, Beijing, China, July, 2010.
- Invited Seminar: Multi-scale climate processes of ENSO, monsoon and diurnal cycle in rainfall variability over the Maritime Continent. Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART) Centre, and ASEAN Specialized Meteorological Centre, Singapore, June 2010.
- Invited lecture: Multi-scale climate processes of ENSO, monsoon and diurnal cycle in rainfall variability over the Maritime Continent of Southeast Asia. Presented at "http://cdsagenda5.ictp.trieste.it/full_display.php?ida=a09151" the 5th ICTP Workshop on the Theory and Use of REGional Climate Models . May-June 2010, Trieste, Italy.
- Seminar: Role of multi-scale climate processes of ENSO, monsoon and diurnal cycle in rainfall variability over the Maritime Continent. Argonne National Laboratory, Chicago, May 2010.
- AGU fall meeting: Role of multi-scale physical processes in the spatial and temporal variability of rainfall over the Maritime Continent. San Francisco, December, 2009.
- Iowa State University invited presentation: "http://connect.extension.iastate.edu/p39803893/" Seasonal forecast (audio video) . Bioeconomy conference - 2008 Corn and Climate conference. Ames, Iowa, September 2008.
- Bogor Agricultural University (IPB), Climate forecast and application, Bogor, Indonesia, May 2008.
- Application of seasonal climate forecast on peatland fire risk management. Palangkaraya, Kalimantan, Indonesia, December 2007.
- Second International Symposium on Arid Cliamte Change and Sustainable Development (ISACS). Section chair, invited presentation: Application of regional climate models in physical process and climate forecast studies. Lanzhou, China, September, 2007.
- ASEAN Seasonal-Interannual Climate Prediction and its Applications Workshop, invited lecturer, ASEAN Specialized Meteorological Centre (ASMC), Singapore, May 2007. BMG of Indonesia, lectures on regional climate downscaling and forecast over Indonesia. Jakarta, Indonesia, May, 2007.
- BMG of NTT Indonesia, three lectures on global and regional climate modeling and prediction. Kupang, Indonesia, February 2007.
- BMG of Indonesia, lectures and training on regional climate downscaling and seasonal climate forecast over Southeast Asia. Jakarta, Indonesia, April 2006 and January 2007.
- IRI CFA project visit and training, PAGASA, Quezon City, The Philippines, 2006.
- Asian Winter Monsoon Symposium, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 2006.
- Workshop on Climate Risk Management in Southeast Asia, Bangkok, Thailand, 2005.
- National University of Singapore, 2005.
- First Forum on Regional Climate Monitoring, Assessment and Prediction for Asia, two invited lectures, Beijing, China, 2005.
- Section Chair, International Symposium on tropical weather and climate, Guangzhou, China, 7-12 November 2004.
- WMO international monsoon workshop IMW-III, Hangzhou, China, 2-6 November 2004.
- Department invited seminar: Tropical climate modeling with applications over South America and Asia, Department of Marine, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 13 September 2004.
- Second workshop on the theory and use of regional climate models (invited lecturer), ICTP, Trieste, Italy, May 31 - June 9, 2004.
- Department of Meteorology of Sri Lanka, Colombo, Weather and climate modelling with application for Sri Lanka, Colombo, Sri Lanka, 25 May 2004.
- Seminar at the Faculty of Engineering, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, and presentation at the 10th Asian Congress of Fluid Mechanics, High-resolution regional climate downscaling over Sri Lanka, Kandy, Sri Lanka, 17-24 May 2004.
- NOAA 28th Climate Diagnosis Workshop, Reno, Nevada, 20-24 Oct. 2003.
- ICTP Regional climate modeling workshop (invited lecturer), Trieste, Italy, 1-6 July 2003.


Oak Openings Carbon Offset Fund
Question: How much carbon does an average U.S. resident produce?
Answer: In 2012, U.S. greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions were 20.8 metric tons of CO2.
Question: How many trees would need to be planted to sequester one year’s worth of carbon for one person? How much prairie would need to be planted to sequester one year’s worth of carbon for one person?
Answer: For the average person, it would take 10 trees or 25 acres of prairie to sequester 1 year’s worth of carbon from CO2 emissions.
With the rise in awareness and concern about the effects of climate change, we encourage you to consider making a contribution to offset the carbon you produce.
Click on the donate button below to provide funds to the Oak Opening region Green Ribbon Initiative. These funds will be used in restoration projects such as prairie installations and tree plantings by the partners of the Green Ribbon Initiative.


Question: What is Global warming
Mark Kennedy answered on 10 Nov 2016:
Global warming is the gradual increase of Earths atmosphere that we’ve seen since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution.
When humans figure out how to build mechanical objects that needed power to run, westarted burning all of the coal and peat we could get their hands on. Then, around World War 1, we realised oil was a really good energy source, and started burning that. Then we figured out how to bottle and store natural gas, and we started burning that.
Burning all of these resources has led to a massive increase in the amount of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere. Having lots of CO2 in the atmosphere is a real problem because its very good at trapping heat, so more the heat that comes from the Sun is kept here on Earth. This might sound like a good thing because maybe Ireland will get weather like Spain some day. But it’s not a good thing.
As the atmosphere heats up, the ice caps melt. This further increases the problem, because the ice caps (which are pure white) used to reflect a lot of sunlight away from the Earth. But the ice caps being smaller, even more heat from the Sun is trapped in the Earths atmosphere. Which heats us up even quicker.
The lose of the ice caps will lead to massive rises in sea levels across the Earth, and the increased temperature around the Earth will see deserts become bigger, and more barren.
However, it isn’t all bad. There’s a big push to reduce our CO2 output (by moving to renewable energy, such as solar and wind). And also, eating less meat helps too (producing beef releases lots of methane into the atmosphere, which is also a problem). So doing simple things like eating less beef, and turning off lights, and using cars less, really help. This is a problem we’re all facing together, and we’ll solve it by working together.
Roisin Jones answered on 10 Nov 2016:
Mark has covered this very well! Global warming (or climate change as it’s now often called) is probably the single largest problem we as a race have faced, and it’s only by working together and implementing ways to curb our CO2 and methane production that we’ll be able to reverse or at least halt the effects.
Gavin Coleman answered on 10 Nov 2016:
Mark pretty much nailed the answer! Most of the things we use for fuel, like coal, oil and gas are made up of lots of carbon, and when you burn it, it combines with oxygen in the air to make CO2 (carbon dioxide). This is a problem as CO2 and other greenhouse gases, while necessary for a lot of life, are being produced much more than they can be used up, as humanity is burning more, and farming more animals than would naturally exist (cows burp out methane A LOT). These molecules absorb the heat from the sun, raising temperature on earth, melting the ice caps and messing with global weather, leading to some countries becoming too hot, others too cold, spreading deserts and increasing the severity of storms. No matter what, it leads to bad things, so humanity needs to work hard at swapping to cleaner energy sources, and lowering waste!
Karen answered on 12 Nov 2016:
I think Mark has nailed this answer!
@gavin do you believe in god or do you think its all science
what do scientists mostley do in their laboratory
what is the word science basically what does it mean?
How do rainbows work?
Do you play an instrument and if you don’t what instrument would you like to play ( I play bodhrán, fiddle and tin


None are so empty as those who are full of themselves. ...Andrew Jackson
Current Weather Conditions Chicago, IL 60610, USA 11/28/2015 3:22:03 AM
Mostly Cloudy Mostly cloudy throughout the day. Temperature 37.0°F [2.8°C] Feels Like 29.3°F [-1.5°C] Wind NE at 11.53 Mph Precipitation 20%, rain Visibility 4.04 Miles Humidity 82% Predicted High 44.2°F [6.8°C] Predicted Low 36.2°F [2.3°C] Sunrise 6:56 AM / Sunset 4:23 PM More Details Weather Alert!


Waters around the UK and Ireland have been classified as experiencing a category 4 (extreme) marine heatwave, as the North Atlantic ocean continues to see extraordinary warmth
Ocean waters around the UK and Ireland are in the grip of one of the most severe marine heatwaves on Earth at the moment, with meteorologists warning temperatures are up to 4°C above normal for the time of year in some places.
The North Atlantic ocean has experienced record-breaking temperatures for the past three months, with average surface temperatures peaking on 17 June at 23°C (73.4°F), 0.2°C above the previous high set in 2010.
Much of the heat is currently concentrated on waters surrounding the UK and Ireland, with scientists at the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration categorising the region as being hit by a category 4 (extreme) marine heatwave.
Waters off the UK’s east coast, from Durham to Aberdeen, and off the west coast of Ireland are especially warm. Off Seaham, on the coast of Durham, water temperatures on 18 June hit 15°C, well above the 12°C average for the time of year. Some parts of the UK coast now have waters approaching 20°C, according to Rodney Forster at the University of Hull, UK.