On the right and left are his feet, which are indicated by long streaming clouds; above are his wings, and on each side are the different winds, each designated by an eye, and represented by the patches of cirrus clouds.
A sky drifted over with thin cirrus clouds and air changed with aqueous vapour amply accounted for the abnormal amount of scattering in 1870.
By then, the high cirrusclouds Verkan Vall had watched from the field were far below; they were well into the stratosphere.
It had been twenty minutes since he had backed the jeep into the barn, on that distant other time-line; the same delicate lines of white cirrus were etched across the blue above.
The barn vanished; blue sky appeared above, streaked with wisps of high cirrus cloud.
The cirrus is a light, fleecy cloud resembling a lock of hair or a feather.
The mackerel sky is a name given to an assemblage of cirrus clouds which are thought to imitate the barred markings on the side of a mackerel.
When long cirrus clouds or "cow's tails" are seen, it means rain.
The liquor is heated by steam blown in to over 212° Fahr.
It is extracted with water, which dissolves out the carbonate of sodium, which is sold as such or worked into "caustic" soda, as may be required.
One year afterward, the inventor had seen Fourcroy, Prony, and the great scientists of his epoch.
The strength of liquor found best adapted for the work is equal to a density of about 30° Twaddell.
After saturation the mud of bicarbonate of sodium is drawn off and passed into the "decomposer," a tower 35 ft.
The engineer in chief soon complained of him, but a committee appointed to investigate the charges that had been made against him affirmed that he was free from any reproach.
The one weak spot of the ammonia-soda process, as we mentioned before, is its inability to supply hydrochloric acid or chlorine, and so allow of making bleaching powder.
As might have been expected under the circumstances, the low dark cloud came out quite well, but there was not the faintest trace of the strato-cirrus on the negative.
The sea to the west still glimmered here and there in patches of dull rose from the reflections of a few still-lighted tufts of cirrus cloud.
It thus appears that the occasional iridescence of cirrus clouds is satisfactorily accounted for by the concurrence of conditions, each of which is known to have a real existence in nature.
Cirrus clouds take the most varied shapes, such as isolated tufts of hair--i.
At other times the margins themselves are fringed with filaments similar to cirrus clouds.
Whenever a thin veil of cirrus or cirro-stratus clouds overspreads the sky there is a likelihood that halos will be visible.
You can also be certain in looking at his pictures that if cirrus cloud is shown, then cirrus and not stratus cloud was in the sky: if it is not shown, then the sky was clear.
Cirrus cloud was moving across the face of the stars from the north, it looked rather hazy and thick to the south, but it is always difficult to judge weather in the dark.
Sometimes the upper edges have the compact form of cumulus, rising into massive peaks round which the delicate false cirrus floats, and sometimes the edges themselves separate into a fringe of filaments similar to that of cirrus.
Cirrus clouds, for instance, exhibit many forms, and these so diverse that they must be due to very different causes.
It is a horizontal sheet, above which the cirrus spreads, while the cumulus enters it laterally and from beneath.
Right across the moon there were drifting several luminous cirrus streaks.
Through the open door we can see out over the ice where the sun is glittering through white sailing cirrus clouds on the dazzling whiteness.
The direction of the cirrus movements in front and around a storm centre will usually point out the future movement of the storm, which tends to advance in the same general direction.
The mean height of the cumulus is about a mile, but the tops of the cumulo-nimbus, or thunder-shower cloud, sometimes penetrate into the cirrus level.
The average velocity of cirriform clouds is ninety miles an hour in winter, and sixty miles in summer, but occasionally in winter cirrus have been found to have the enormous velocity of two hundred and thirty miles an hour.
He concludes that cirrus plumes precede fair weather, while dense clots of cirro-cumulus are followed by rain.
For instance, it is found, in this region at least, and contrary to the general opinion, that cirrus clouds do not indicate rain, but do foretell a change of temperature that is proportional to the rapidity of motion of the clouds.
The observations of the cirrus clouds at Blue Hill indicate that at their level exists a cyclonic circulation above the anti-cyclone apparent at the earth's surface.
The moisture congealed in the cirrus clouds floating in the uppermost layer of the convective zone, is carried down in this vortex and first melted and in turn evaporated, due to the adiabatic effect.
The tops of the Cumulus, carried away by the upper equatorial currents, form the Cirrus clouds, which clouds must be frozen vapour, as they are generally from twenty to thirty thousand feet above the level of the sea.
Formed like a cirrus or tendril; -- said of appendages of both animals and plants.
In this form the patches of cirrus coalesce in long strata, between cirrus and stratus.
When the cirrus and cumulus are combined, in well-defined roundish masses, what is familiarly described as a "mackerel sky" is beautifully presented.
We will not say whether the old masters painted thiscirrus or not.
On the night of the 17th it cleared; light cirrus clouds covered the sky, and there was a ring about the moon.
Mount Engelstad lay in shadow, but on its summit rested a beautiful light little cirrus cloud, red with an edge of gold.
Filling the vision to the south-west was Aurora Peak, in crisp silhouette against a glorious radiant ofcirrus cloud.
The sun was bright, the barometer was steady, the wind fell to forty miles an hour and a fine radiant ofcirrus cloud spread out fan-like from the north; the first from that direction for months.
Bars of cirrus clouds covered the whole sky--the presage of a coming storm.
This would be a normal sky in winter about six hours after the veil of cirrus had begun to throw its haze about the sun.
From eight to forty-eight hours after the first cirrus is seen, depending upon the distance from the sea and the time of year.
If only the brightest show, a veil of cirrus is arriving.
The heaviest electrical disturbances have cirrus clouds a few hours in advance of them very much as their winter relatives.
If the storm is approaching from the southwest the precipitation begins near the coast about twelve hours after the cirrus clouds commence to thicken and about twenty-four after they were first seen.
Right; because if it is summer even the eastern horizon would show the humidity necessary enough to cause a thunderstorm, and in winter the cirrus clouds give several hours' warning.
The fine wavy cirrus clouds often increase in number, develop in texture until the blue sky has become veiled with a muslin-like layer of mist.
Warren The fine-spun lines of the cirrus proper drag this veil of whitish cloud over the sky.
The cirrus cloud is always the first to appear in the series that leads up to the storm.
The fact that a veil ofcirrus has not preceded the heavier clouds argues that the coming storm will not be of much consequence.
The absence of wind when there ought to be a lot shows it before even the first cirrus swims overhead.
And that is the reason that we see these cirrus clouds always eight, mostly twelve, often twenty-four and sometimes forty-eight hours before the storm is due.
The signs most to be heeded are the shift of wind to a point east of north or south, the gradual filming of the sky with cirrus and cirro-stratus, and the increase of temperature.
Before the larger storms these cirrus clouds are sent up as storm signals twenty-four and even forty-eight hours in advance.


An inter- and trans-disciplinary framework based on a European-South American research cooperation is implemented to underpin climate services in South America.
Climate variability patterns linking the South American Monsoon region, including Amazonia, with south eastern South America, influence climate extremes and impact several societal sectors.
More than 200 million people live in the region that is one of the world largest agricultural producing region and where the second world largest hydroelectric power plant is situated.
Besides recent progress, further efforts are needed to better understand and predict regional climate variability.
Project objectives are:
- to better understand the combined role of remote and local drivers on South America climate variability from sub-seasonal to decadal timescales, and its impact on the occurrence and intensity of extreme events. Special focus will be placed on an improved understanding of the effects of land use changes from the Amazon to the subtropics and their impact on extreme precipitation events;
- to assess the predictability levels associated with regional climate pattern from sub-seasonal to decadal time scales;
- to develop innovative regional prediction tools not only of climate variability but also of climate impact on both agriculture and hydrology in SSA on subseasonal and seasonal time scales;
- to analyze climate knowledge co-production in order to revise how climate data are used by various stakeholders in their socio-cultural contexts; and
- to analyze communication conditions of interdisciplinary and trans-disciplinary process of knowledge co-production that determines the usefulness of climate information in the process.
The project contributes to the implementation of the "Southern South America Regional Climate Centre (CRC-SAS)
", and it includes actors from the national meteorological services, agriculture and energy stakeholders and organizations.
Innovative technologies will be codeveloped to produce tools and products for the CRC-SAS, with focus on both agriculture and hydropower sectors.


The Meteorological Service of Jamaica has reported that at 10:00 am the centre of Tropical Storm Chantal was located near Latitude 16.5 degrees North, Longitude 72.0 degrees West, or about 470 kilometres (290 miles) east-southeast of Morant Point, Jamaica or 245 kilometres (155 miles) south-southwest of Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
Jamaica should feel the effects of the Tropical Storm tonight.
Are You Prepared? leave those and other comments below.
- Tropical Storm Chantal nears Dominican Republic, Haiti, creating flooding fears – Fox News (foxnews.com)
- Tropical Storm Chantal On Its Way (bahamasfinder.wordpress.com)
- Jamaica under storm watch as weaker Chantal approaches (caribbean360.com)
- Tropical Storm Chantal tracking toward Florida (TBO.com)
- Tropical Storm Chantal weakens, could become tropical wave (al.com)
- Read more: http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/news/Tropical-Storm-watch-issued-for-Jamaica2013-07-10T08-47-10#ixzz2YftU0oEP


Associate Researcher at Research Centre for Atmospheric Physics and Climatology, Academy of Athens
Stavros Solomos is a graduate of the Department of Physics of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (EKPA, 2001) with a postgraduate degree in Environmental Physics / Meteorology (EKPA 2003) and a Ph.D. in Atmospheric Physics / Atmospheric Model Development (ATM model).
From 2006 to 2013 he worked as a Ph.D. candidate and postdoctoral researcher at the Atmospheric Model Laboratory of the University of Athens. From 2013-2020 he worked as a postdoctoral researcher at the Institute of Astronomy, Astrophysics, Space Applications & Remote Sensing of the National Observatory of Athens (IAADET-EAA). In 2020 he was elected a Third Level Researcher at the Atmospheric Physics and Climatology Research Center of the Academy of Athens.
His research interests focus on the modeling of atmospheric processes for the study of phenomena ranging from planetary to medium and local scale. It has 34 original publications in international scientific journals (h-index = 14). He has > 70 papers in international conferences with judges and numerous technical exhibitions. He is a reviewer in 17 scientific journals and a reviewer of research proposals. He has participated in 10 international experimental campaigns related to the study of the atmosphere as responsible for the modeling of atmospheric processes. It belongs to the development team of the atmospheric model RAMS-ICLAMS of EKPA and of the atmospheric models FireHUB and DustHUB in the natural disaster management center BEAOND of EAA. He has participated in> 30 Research Programs and is a member of the steering committee in the project COST Action CA 16202, INDUST: International Network to Encourage the Use of Monitoring and Forecasting Dust Products. His teaching work includes the teaching of the course “Dynamic – Concise Meteorology” in the Department of Mathematics of EKPA as an Assistant Assistant Professor (independent teaching, PD 407/80, Department of Physics EKPA) for the spring semester 2017-2018 while from 2015 – 2019 He was a lecturer in the courses “Earth System Science” and “Space Applications” in the Postgraduate Program “Space Science, Technologies and Applications”, the University of Peloponnese in collaboration with the National Observatory of Athens.


MacNeill, M., Dobbin, N., St-Jean, M., Wallace, L., Marro, L., Shin, T., You, H., Kulka, R. H, Allen, R. W & Wheeler, A. (2016). Can changing the timing of outdoor air intake reduce indoor concentrations of traffic-related pollutants in schools?. Indoor Air: international journal of indoor air quality and climate,26(5), 687-701. Denmark: Wiley-Blackwell. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1111/ina.12252
Traffic emissions have been associated with a wide range of adverse health effects. Many schools are situated close to major roads, and as children spend much of their day in school, methods to reduce traffic‐related air pollutant concentrations in the school environment are warranted. One promising method to reduce pollutant concentrations in schools is to alter the timing of the ventilation so that high ventilation time periods do not correspond to rush hour traffic. Health Canada, in collaboration with the Ottawa‐Carleton District School Board, tested the effect of this action by collecting traffic‐related air pollution data from four schools in Ottawa, Canada, during October and November 2013. A baseline and intervention period was assessed in each school. There were statistically significant (P < 0.05) reductions in concentrations of most of the pollutants measured at the two late‐start (9 AM start) schools, after adjusting for outdoor concentrations and the absolute indoor–outdoor temperature difference. The intervention at the early‐start (8 AM start) schools did not have significant reductions in pollutant concentrations. Based on these findings, changing the timing of the ventilation may be a cost‐effective mechanism of reducing traffic‐related pollutants in late‐start schools located near major roads.
Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research
Open Access Journal Article
Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.


A change to cooling?
Some were saying that since there was a peak in 1998 the planet
must have reverted to a cooling trend. But this was an instance
of a shorter-term jag.
There are two oceanic phenomena, called
El Niño and La Niña, that
add to or subtract from the general trend. They bring warm and cool
currents, respectively, to the eastern Pacific and have world-wide
effects on weather. The 1998 El Niño was the strongest on
record and added to global heating. It was followed by a La Niña
that brought some cooling. Another El Niño began in mid 2009
and continued into 2010.
Even though this El Niño was far
weaker than the 1998 one, 2010 looks like exceeding the 1998 record:
14.58° C was the prediction (Dec. 10, 2009) of the United Kingdom's
Met Office, which gave it a more than 90% probability, not a certainty,
because the El Niño could end sooner or volcanic eruptions
could have their usual cooling effect. But the prediction is apparently


The comprehensive suite of NGL environmental monitoring capability includes atmospheric, soil gas and groundwater monitoring equipment.
NGL’s wide-ranging suite of environmental monitoring equipment can be used for surface and near surface monitoring of the atmosphere, soil surface and groundwater. The field-based equipment can be used as individual components or together as a set depending on the research requirements.
The environmental monitoring equipment can be used to monitor CO2 and other gases in the atmosphere, soil gas and groundwater.
The atmospheric equipment is used to measure the concentration and dispersion of CO2 and other gases in the air or in a particular pathway.
The soil gas equipment measures how fast gases including CO2 move in and out of the soil in a given time frame. The equipment is usually left in the field to monitor over a period of time depending on the research requirements.
The groundwater equipment is used to measure chemical properties, electrical conductivity and water levels.
This comprehensive suite of equipment coupled with the know-how from the range of experts NGL has to offer means that carefully considered risk-based monitoring frameworks can be easily established for large-scale industrial projects.
Australian Resource Research Centre, Kensington, Perth
Environmental monitoring is essential for establishing baseline data and determining the characteristics of a site as well as ongoing monitoring to verify and mitigate leakage risks. This is particularly valuable for carbon storage as CO2 is naturally present in the Earth’s atmosphere making it harder to detect its origin.
The equipment would be used at all stages of the carbon storage process including site characterisation, during injection and post injection for monitoring purposes.
The equipment can also be employed for other greenhouse gas applications (such as methane), groundwater quality monitoring, understanding the oxygen flux network, as well as measurements of water uptake and atmospheric water. This can be transferred to all industrial sectors including oil and gas, unconventional resources, mining and manufacturing.


| < February >
|Average Daylight per day
|Sun altitude at solar noon on the 21st day.
- The weather in February is bone dry. An airy 0.2mm (0in) of water is laid.
- The shortest day is 12:51 long and the longest day is 13:36 long with an average length of 13:15.
Check the distance to and compare the Combarbala February averages with somewhere beginning with:
A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | All
Weather Trend Graph for February in Combarbala, Chile
Navigate to February Weather in Locations Surrounding Combarbala:
- La Serena-La Florida, Chile - 141.3 kms (87.8 miles) N
- Punta De Tortuga, Chile - 141.7 kms (88 miles) N
- Pachingo, Chile - 95.2 kms (59.1 miles) NNW
- Puerto Oscuro, Chile - 61.9 kms (38.5 miles) WSW
- Trapiche Longotoma, Chile - 130.8 kms (81.3 miles) SSW
- La Ligua-Esval, Chile - 138 kms (85.8 miles) S
- La Vega, Chile - 137.9 kms (85.7 miles) S
- El Ingenio, Chile - 145 kms (90.1 miles) S
- Catapilco, Chile - 159.9 kms (99.4 miles) S
- Puchuncavi, Chile - 176.4 kms (109.6 miles) SSW


Drizzle again in Mumbai, Meteorological Department said – this is the rain before monsoon
People got some respite from the heat due to rain on Tuesday morning in the capital of Maharashtra, Mumbai and its adjoining areas. The India Meteorological Department (IMD) has described it as pre-monsoon rain. Mumbai’s Regional Meteorological Department (RMC) said that till 11 am, areas like Malvani, Borivali and Dahisar recorded up to 30 mm of rain.
The IMD had confirmed the arrival of Southwest Monsoon in Maharashtra on Saturday when the Monsoon reached Harnai port in coastal Ratnagiri district. Despite favorable conditions, Monsoon has still not reached Mumbai.
Mumbai RMC director Shubhangi Bhute has described this rain in the city as “convective rainfall”. He said, “You can see that there is rumble of thunderstorms, lightning is cracking and the rain is continuously slowing down. You can call it pre-monsoon rain, but it is definitely not the south-west monsoon. The official said that in view of the prevailing conditions, the southwest monsoon can be announced here after June 10.


Q. How are the times of sunrise and sunset determined for the weather report? What if my location is well above sea level and hilly?
A. What goes into the forecast is based on calculation, not observation, and the calculation is done without reference to local topography or visibility.
The National Weather Service gets its sunrise and sunset times from data computed by the United States Naval Observatory.
The conventional definition for both is the time at which the upper edge of the disk of the Sun meets the horizon. Atmospheric conditions are assumed to be average, and the observer is assumed to be at sea level with an unobstructed view.
The observatory’s calculations do include corrections for visibility and for the average amount of refraction, or light bent by the atmosphere. But it is not practical to include exact local conditions in routine computations of sunrise and sunset.
Unpredictable atmospheric conditions, for example, affect the amount of light refraction at the horizon, so that even under ideal conditions, the times may be off by a minute or more.
Local topography, like mountains on the horizon, and the height of the observer can affect the times even more. At high latitudes especially, small variations in refraction can alter the observed times by many minutes.
If you want calculations of estimated sunrise and sunset times for a specific location, you can enter the coordinates of latitude and longitude on a website maintained by the observatory.


Freshwater bodies in the uplands are subject to often excessive levels of atmospheric inputs, such as sulphur, nitrogen, heavy metals and POPs. These pollutants can have adverse effects on the ecological status of the water body. Reducing these adverse effects continues to be a major driver of air quality policy in the UK and internationally.
Acid rain is a widespread term used to describe a variety of forms of acidic precipitation, such as rain, snow and mist. Oxides of sulphur and nitrogen, particularly sulphur dioxide (SO42-), nitrogen oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2-) react with water in the atmosphere to form sulphuric and nitric acids. This leads to an increase in the acidity of moisture in the atmosphere which ultimately falls to earth as acid deposition.
Acid rain is not a new phenomenon - Robert Smith coined the term "Acid rain" in his role as Britain's first Air
pollution officer following his discovery that
all the rain was found to
contain sulphuric acid in proportion as it approached the town (Smith, 1851 cited in Pearce, 1987). Smith outlined the
effects acid rain might have on the urban fabric in his book "Air and Rain" (Smith, 1872), writing:
"When the air has so much acid that two to three grains are found in a gallon of the rain-water, or forty parts per million, there is no hope for vegetation... galvanized iron is valueless... stone and bricks of buildings crumble". (Smith, 1872, quoted in Pearce, 1987)
Despite knowledge of the potential deleterious effects of acidic precipitation it was only during the latter half of the 20th Century that acid rain became an object of international concern, following the introduction of tall chimney stacks that dispersed pollutants over many thousands of kilometers. The transboundary nature of the acid rain problem galvanised scientific and political debate in the wake of observations during the 1970s and 80s in Scandinavia of damage to trees and declines in fish stocks, and the realisation that a large proportion of the pollution causing this environmental damage was being transported from overseas.
Over 25 years of scientific research has been undertaken since the extent of acid rain pollution was realised, and this has led to the introduction of numerous international agreements to curb emissions of acid-forming compounds to the atmosphere. As a consequence of the research on airborne pollutants and their effects on ecosystems we are now aware of a wide range of pollutants that have contaminated even the most remote areas of the globe - identifying new issues of concern, which in turn lead to further international efforts to reverse the environmental damage they may have caused.
The Freshwater Umbrella research programme has contributed extensively to our understanding of the effects of airborne pollutants on aquatic ecosystems. The research undertaken during the various Freshwater Umbrella programmes has influenced both UK and international policy on acid deposition. This section of the website aims to outline some of the science background behind acid deposition and its effect on aquatic ecosystems, as well as to describe some of the work undertaken on behalf of the Freshwater Umbrella.
- Acid Rain: what is it, and what is it doing to us? Penguin Books Ltd. Middlesex, England. (1987)
- Air and Rain. Longmans Green & Co., London. (1872)


The cold front that moved into Lexington this week has moved on, taking with it most of the rain. But only for a day or so because another cold front is moving in from the west. So don't put away your umbrellas because there may be some light precipitation today. The second cold front will bring with it even lower temperatures. Today's average temperature will be 50 degrees, but tomorrow you may see a drop of up to 10 degrees. There is still quite a bit of moisture in the air, but the lower temperatures will bring the relative humidity down to around 60 percent.


It is Thursday, October 1st and the air in SF is filled with smoke again today, as it has been, off and on, for weeks. While I am glad not to be in the path of a fire, the smoke pollution is disturbing. Most of news coverage of the pollution concerns its effect on human physical health, which is, of course important. Air pollution causes lung inflammation and reduces our lung capacity. It is particularly dangerous for older people and children. Now, as the coronavirus is on all of our minds, and some of us try to go out less to reduce the chance of infection, the smoke is more disturbing than ever because it reduces our chance for outdoor exercise. For more on human health effects, see Washington Post on air pollution harm to health
While we need cloth masks now, due to the coronavirus emergency, I have learned these do not protect against air pollution. The only protection is an N95 mask or an N95 respirator mask, which most of us do not own.
Gardeners have special concerns. First, we are hesitant to garden in this bad air. I wanted to check apples for ripeness and harvest some that are ripe today, but may not do it as I look out the window and use online sources to confirm what my eyes tell me. Last month I was two days late in watering my community garden. (Fortunately, I didn’t lose any crops, but some of my lettuce was starting to droop.)
I have also had two questions concerning the plants I am growing. The first is what air pollution is doing to them, the second is whether they are safe for me to eat. The answer to the first question is that the effects of air pollution are not good—more on this in a minute. The answer to the second question is one of the only bright spots in my research: pollution does not affect healthfulness of a crop. If the food you harvest has ash or grime on it, wash it off. For good measure you can agitate it in a tablespoon of vinegar in 6 cups of water, then rinse it in plain water. (White vinegar is fine—no need for anything fancy.) You can’t wash off other smog, but plants damaged by it are perfectly safe to eat.
White ash on tomato leaf in late September of 2020. I washed it off to let more light in. (Tomato leaves, which are not edible, are hairy, so they trap more ash than smooth leaves would, or than the smooth-surfaced tomato fruit.)
Back to the effect on plants. Days of smoky air and falling ash will result in a coating on upper plant surfaces. The main effect of this is reduced photosynthesis, since less sunlight can reach the chloroplasts. This will reduce growth of the plant. After a bout of smoky air, it’s a good idea to hose down your garden plants to knock the stuff off of them.
Worse for plants is the more common components of smog, such as oxides of nitrogen or lower atmospheric ozone. (Unlike the ozone layer in the upper atmosphere, ozone near the earth surface is harmful.) These and other polluting gases can enter the chambers in leaves where the plant carries out photosynthesis and interfere with the chemical process. Ozone is particularly harmful. At best, pollution damage will slow the growth of plants. They will make fewer leaves, and will have a smaller root system. This means our food crops won’t produce as much food or as produce it as fast as they would in clean air. At worst, susceptible plants will show symptoms, starting with tiny dead spots on leaves and progressing to dying older leaves. Susceptibility varies among crops and varieties of specific crops. Peas and beans and leafy crops are generally most susceptible, and one study found summer crops more affected than cool-season crops.
(Please note that we are here thinking about pollution of the air, not the soil. If you are worried about soil pollution, you should have it tested for lead and cadmium, and follow the lab’s instructions for what you can grow in it. Also, don’t grow food in a garden that is immediately adjacent to a busy road, especially where vehicles often brake.)
When it comes to air pollution, there is another concern that we should be aware of. When air pollution prevents a plant from photosynthesizing, either by blocking sunlight or interfering with the chemistry of the process, it will reduce the amount of CO2 that plant is removing from the air. This means that pollution-challenged plants are making our excess atmospheric CO2 problem just that much worse. It means that air pollution creates a negative feedback loop, making global climate change happen just that much faster.
Happily, we can safely eat and enjoy any food we succeed in growing in our gardens in polluted air, and are probably not so dependent on our garden that the little bit less production is a problem, but remember agricultural production is also threatened. Our understanding, as gardeners, of what increased air pollution means, not only for humans, but for plants, gives us an early distant warning, and more reason to act, and encourage others to act, to reduce the pollution of our air.
Where and when is air pollution a problem?
Large urban areas across the earth have bad, sometimes chronically very bad air, but it is also a problem in many places we think of as “pristine.” So, for example, Denver has a problem, but so does Rocky Mountain National Park.
One of the worst pollutants is lower atmospheric ozone (O3). It forms when oxides of nitrogen and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) interact in sunlight. The warmer the day, the more ozone forms, so it tends to be worst in afternoons and later in the summer season (just when we are counting on harvesting summer crops).
Where do the components of air pollution come from:
--Well, obviously from fires. And one of the scariest results of recent fires has been the understanding that when modern structures burn, not only is it a horrid loss to the owner, but some of what is released into the air is toxic compounds from the many synthetic materials we use today in building, furniture, and other objects in our homes.
--The biggest other sources are electricity generation (if the plant doing the generating is coal or petroleum-fueled) and gasoline-fueled transportation.
--Agriculture and industrial processes add some to the mix. One study, in Colorado, found that plants making fabrics added significant pollution, because it used petroleum as a fuel and because polyester is a petroleum product.
--Volitile organic compounds (VOCs) come from products like paint or paint thinner, asphalt, oil and gasoline.
What can we do to reduce air pollution:
--Drive less, keep your car well-tuned, keep tires inflated properly, and buy automobiles that burn less gasoline—fuel efficient, hybrid, electric.
--Avoid idling car motors unnecessarily.
--Avoid using other gas-operated motors as much as possible—for example by using an electric lawn mower.
--Avoid using products that add VOCs to the air. Check paint cans and labels of other suspect products for an indication that they are VOC-free.
--Avoid toping off of gasoline tanks when filling them at a gas station. (When you smell gas, it is going into the atmosphere.)
--Do yardwork that might add to pollution in the evening, so pollutants can dissipate before the warm part of the following day.
--Try to reduce the amount of petroleum-source materials you use in your life, for example plastic, polyester in clothing, synthetic fertilizers and pesticides. Eliminate their use if you can, reduce, reuse, and recycle if you do use them.
--Spread the word about what causes air pollution and encourage others to reduce their contributions to it.
Here are two links you can use to learn more:
To check air quality: purpleair.com. Zoom in on specific locations using their world map.
To learn about ozone gardens that assess damage to plants, watch a video on ozone pollution and a lecture by a researcher who studies ozone damage: Ozone Gardens and Ozone Pollution


Time and Weather
Oklahoma City is located in the CDT (Central Daylight Time) time zone, UTC/GMT -5 hours. The sunrise is at 07:39 and the sunset at 18:50 for the moment of the mid-October 2018. The length of the day is 11 hours 11 minutes. Greenwich, UK is 6 hours ahead of Oklahoma City.
Oklahoma City is located in the area with the humid subtropical climate which is characterized with the hot, humid summers, and quite mild winters with occasional snowfall. The region is also the area with the severe droughts and frequent rainfalls that lead to floods.
Winds coming from the south and south-southeast of the region are helping in tempering the hot weather during summers. However, winds coming from the northern part of the state affect winter temperatures, making the climate even more intense. Moreover, the severe ice storms and the snowstorms are quite a regular phenomenon for Oklahoma.
The average temperature ranges vary from 4.0 °C or 39.2 °F in January to 28.3 °C or 83.0 °F in July. The lowest temperature was recorded on February 12, 1899, when the temperature fell to −27 °C or −17 °F. Meanwhile, the highest temperature was filed on August 11, 1936, and August 3, 2012, when the temperature reached 45 °C or 113 °F. Notably, the temperature reaches 38 °C or 100 °F approximately 10.4 days a year and 32 °C or 90 °F 70 days a year.
The level of the precipitation reaches 91.2 centimeters or 35.9 inches annually, 21.8 centimeter of which is snowfall. However, the rainfall level has once reached a mark of 495 millimeters or 19.48 inches in May 2015, which is regarded as the wettest month since the record keeping began in 1890.
The season from March through June is vulnerable to extreme weather. As Oklahoma City is located in Tornado Alley, the area of the United States which is prone to the tornado, the occurrence of tornadoes, as well as the hailstorms and derechoes, is typical in that region. Tornadoes are the most often during the autumn, especially October. Approximately 150 tornadoes were striking the city since 1890. For instance, on May 3, 1999, the part of the town was severely damaged by the one. The tornado speed was recorded to be 318 mph or 510 kilometers per hour, which is highest wind speeds ever recorded. Another tornado hit the city on May 20, 2013, when the parts of Oklahoma, Newcastle, and Moore were damaged. That tornado had reportedly killed 23 people.


The Ozone Issue
PROZONE = Pro + Ozone = Ozone-Friendly
The device is called PROZONE because it is ozone-friendly. The term ozone-friendly is now applied to many different products to mean that they help to conserve ozone in the Earth’s atmosphere. However, just take a look at the picture below, which shows typical urban traffic smog, the unpleasant haze you tend to get on hot, sunny day when there is little or no wind.
This smog is basically ozone created by the interaction of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and oxides of nitrogen (NOx). This “ozone smog” is known to be a dangerous pollutant, which can cause deterioration in lung tissue and can aggravate respiratory conditions such as asthma, bronchitis, etc.
In a single year the average motor car produces almost 11,000 lbs of Carbon Dioxide (CO2), 120 lbs of Nitrogen Oxides (NOx), several lbs of Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) and significant quantities of other very harmful pollutants, including Carbon Monoxide (CO), Hydrocarbons (HC) and Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs).
Dioxide (SO2) is a factor in the production of "acid rain"
which acidifies soil and water, consequently killing plant and animal
life. It also causes corrosive damage to buildings and is known to aggravate
respiratory conditions such as asthma and chronic bronchitis.
Fitting Prozone FuelSaver to engines reduces the production of all these harmful toxic gases.


Live Tropical Storm weather cam in Manila and Cebu in the Philippines
Over 100 people were killed and more than a quarter of a million displaced after tropical storm Ketsana dumped the heaviest rain on The Philippines capital city, Manila, in more than 40 years, officials said yesterday.
Manila and surrounding areas were lashed with rain for nine hours on Saturday, leading to flash floods that inundated about 80 per cent of the city of 12million inhabitants.
The deluge left some areas under up to 6m of water, stranding families on rooftops and forcing the government to declare a state of disaster.
Highways were turned into raging rivers that swept away shanty towns and cars. Video footage from military helicopters showed marooned residents pleading for food and help.
The Tropical storm, Ketsana, displaced nearly 280,000 people in Manila and five provinces, with more than 41,000 people finding refuge in 92 evacuation centres. More flooding may hit northern provinces if the reservoirs and dams overflow.
Check out the live weather conditions in the capital city of Manila by viewing our live streaming Manila web cam here. Click on our below weather cam Manila image to see a number of live webcam views in the Philippines capital city – Manila. Watch the progress of the Tropical storm, Ketsana, via our live streaming Philppines weather cams – HERE
Check out our live Philippines weather cams overlooking the capital city of Manila and the Philippines holiday resort island of Cebu. Our live weather cams in Manila and Cebu will let you see when the Ketsana Tropical storm finally departs the Philippines.


"It always rains in your country. Make a poster for visitors to the UK explaining why so much rain is attractive. Don't be sarcastic. after all, rain can be romantic, useful and beautiful.''
What is rain:
When the water droplets or ice crystals that make up clouds become too large to remain suspended in the air, they fall. Water in any form that falls from clouds-snow, rain, hail-is called precipitation. Many different conditions cause precipitation. In tropical regions of the world, air currents cause the water droplets in a cloud to bump into one another; this bumping forces them together into larger droplets and they fall as rain. If the cloud is high in the sky, and the air the rain passes through is warm and dry, the rain may evaporate before it ever reaches Earth. In colder climates, most rain starts out as snowflakes or ice crystals. Depending on how high the cloud and how warm the air, these crystals will fall to Earth either as rain or as snow (or perhaps as sleet or hail).
The benefits of rain:
-Rain barrels and cisterns can reduce water demand for irrigation, car washing, or other nonpotable uses. -Property owners save money on their water bills and public water systems experience lower peak water demand and less stress on local water supplies.
-Property owners who have cisterns and rain barrels can use stored water for landscape purposes, even during outdoor watering bans.
-If installed and used properly, rain barrels and cisterns can reduce storm water runoff volume through retention, and will also help to reduce the peak discharge rate through retention.
Quotes about rain:
A crown is merely a hat that lets the rain in.
Frederick The Great
You pray for rain, you gotta deal with the mud too. That's a part of it.
I know Sir John will go, though he was sure it would rain cats and dogs.
A poet is someone who stands outside in the rain hoping to be struck by lightning.
It never rains but it pours.
And when it rains on your parade, look up rather than down. Without the rain, there would be no rainbow.
I can see clearly now, the rain is gone. I can see all obstacles in my way.
Into each life some rain must fall.
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
It always rains on tents. Rainstorms will travel thousands of miles, against prevailing winds for the opportunity to rain on a tent.
The way I see it, if you want the rainbow, you gotta put up with the rain.


The handheld Microtops II® Sunphotometer is used by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s (NASA) Sensor Intercomparison and Merger for Biological and Interdisciplinary Ocean Studies (SIMBIOS) program, which has purchased and maintains numerous Microtops Sunphotometers for use on diverse ship cruises. The goal of the SIMBIOS program is to obtain high-quality optical measurements for the purpose of validating satellite biological algorithms.
Ship-Based Sunphotometer Measurements Using Microtops II. Porter Et Al, Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanographic Technology, Vol. 18, 765-774, 2001.
Solar Light’s Model 540 Microtops II® Sunphotometer is a lightweight,
portable 5-channel Sunphotometer for measuring aerosol optical thickness,
direct solar irradiance, and water vapor column easily, accurately and dependably.
Although packaged in a conveniently small handheld chassis, this instrument’s
accuracy is comparable to much larger and more expensive instruments. The
Model 540 Microtops II® Sunphotometer has been the gold standard in the
professional atmospheric research community for years. It is heavily relied upon
by the world’s leading weather stations for scientific studies, pollution and
environmental monitoring, photobiology research, and much more!


- Filed Under
An impending blizzard is forcing Air Force personnel in Colorado to take cover.
Schriever Air Force Base is closed to all non-mission essential personnel today, while the Air Force Academy and personnel at Buckley Air Force Base implemented delayed reporting procedures for all personnel.
The National Weather Service issued a blizzard warning that will be in effect until 6 p.m. Mountain time.
Communities along the I-25 corridor from Monument Hill to the New Mexico border, including eastern Fremont, Monument, Colorado Springs, Pueblo, Canon City, Walsenburg and Trinidad, are expected to be affected. As much as six inches of snow and drifting is possible. The heaviest snow is expected to occur between 8 a.m. and 3 p.m., according to the weather service.
The blizzard is expected to create dangerous driving conditions across the I-25 corridor region, the service said. Whiteout conditions are expected along with periods of heavy snow. Roads are expected to become very icy because of rapidly falling temperatures and heavy snowfall. Significant drifting also is expected.
Peterson Air Force Base officials were closely monitoring the storm, but at 8:10 a.m. there, they had concluded the condition did not warrant base closure, according to an update on the 302d Airlift Wing.


A cyclone threat is hanging over the second T20I between India and Bangladesh which is due to take place in Rajkot on Thursday.
According to the latest weather forecast by the Indian Meteorological Department (IMD), the cyclone ‘Maha’ is due to make landfall over the state of Gujarat on Wednesday. Maha is expected to gain in intensity in the coming days and could develop into a super cyclone by the time it makes landfall.
Rajkot lies approximately 100km off the coast of Gujarat and the entire area could receive heavy rainfall on Wednesday and Thursday.
“Severe cyclonic storm Maha lay centered at 580 kilometres southwest of Diu and 550 km southwest of Veraval,” IMD’s regional director Jayanta Sarkar was quoted as saying by the Indian Express.
“It is most likely to intensify into a very severe cyclonic storm and make landfall between Dwarka and Diu on Wednesday night or early Thursday morning with wind speeds of 120 kilometres per hour.
“The storm will cause heavy to very heavy rains in Saurashtra (where Rajkot lies) and south Gujarat on November 6-7. It is moving towards Oman but will recurve towards Gujarat coast on Monday.”
And now, with a game in Rajkot ahead, news of a cyclone on the West coast on Nov 06/07 with a danger alert issued to fishermen on the Saurashtra coast. Hope it isn't dangerous for the people living there. The weather has been most unpredictable this year.— Harsha Bhogle (@bhogleharsha) November 4, 2019
The weather forecast will not come as good news for the two teams who had to play the first T20I in New Delhi under adverse air-quality conditions. Questions had been asked of the BCCI for scheduling a November clash in India’s national capital with the region usually experiencing hazardous air-quality conditions in the winter months.
The game did go ahead ultimately with Bangladesh notching up their maiden T20 win over India in nine attempts. Despite the absence of the suspended star all-rounder and skipper Shakib Al Hasan, the Tigers outplayed the hosts as they registered a seven-wicket win in the series opener.
Trailing 0-1 in the three-match series, India will hope that the weather conditions in Rajkot will relent for Thursday’s clash, as they look to bounce back from their Delhi defeat.
Know more about Sport360 Application


The 2017 Weather or Not event will be administered in an online game format.
The event will follow the rules for the standard Weather or Not event listed in the official rules manual from the National Science Olympiad, with the exception listed below.
Participants will be required to bring one internet-enabled device (iPad, Android tablet, Chromebook, iPhone, laptop, etc.) The device must be able to connect to the guest network at Occidental College. Note: If the device can connect to public WiFi networks it will be able to connect to the Occidental public, guest network. You can test your connection at any McDonalds, Starbucks or other place with "free WiFi."
Teams will be directed at the event to a website to take the quiz.
- Item three (3) listed in the official rules will not be included in the 2017 competition. The competition will include:
- Student teams will be given a test on basic weather terms and techniques. Material may include cloud charts, simple scientific weather instruments (such as thermometers, barometers, etc.) weather patterns, severe weather photos, major weather events/disasters of the past years and other weather charts, graphs, tables, photographs, drawings, diagrams, or videos.
- Questions may also include states of water, water cycle, weather terminology, atmosphere, weather instruments and their function, seasonal changes in weather, weather safety and types of severe weather and watches/warnings.


Estudiante de Farmacia de la Universidad Central de Venezuela. Fanático de aprender cosas nuevas cada día. Redactor de ColombiaHoy.News y anteriormente Mui.In. Me gusta mantenerme al día con temas tecnológicos y los medios de comunicación. Los tópicos de salud y biotecnología son mis preferidos. Apasionado por conocer un lugar nuevo siempre que sea posible! La cocina y la comida son mi ruta de escape para cualquier ocasión.+ info
The huge hole had been produced by unusually freezing temperatures at the North Pole, in recent weeks it was closed thanks to a heat wave that invaded the area. This was one of the areas in the world with the largest hole in the stratospheric ozone layer, but in recent weeks, due to a heat wave, it was closed, according to the Atmosphere Monitoring Service on its Twitter account (Copernicus)
The vortex split, allowing ozone-rich air to erupt into the Arctic, a large-scale persistent cyclone in the area located in the middle and upper troposphere and stratosphere.
The researchers came to the conclusion that the origin of this huge hole in the ozone layer was derived by the unusual freezing temperatures that occurred in the stratosphere, which caused this hole over the Arctic, which occurs in the same way in the antartida.
The minimum temperatures that occur in the Arctic are lower than those of Antarctica, however, in 2020 powerful airs near the north pole trapped cold air, a phenomenon called the polar vortex, which caused the hole in the ozone layer.
Scientists have come to the conclusion that the enormous hole in the ozone layer was closed not only due to the decrease in pollution during the pandemic derived from the coronavirus, but also due to a heat wave that was generated and which helped to close it.


Original article: 2018-10-12 The New Danish Climate Plan — Together For A Greener Future
Source document: Together for a greener future
'Key initiatives in the climate and air proposal include:
Phase out the sale of new petrol and diesel cars in 2030.
Zero carbon emissions and zero air pollution from busses in Denmark’s cities by 2030.
A climate- and environmentally-efficient agricultural sector, with a strong focus on research.
Clean air in big cities through stricter environmental zones.
Lower emissions from industry and housing.
Behavioural campaign with climate labelling.
Research efforts to develop carbon capture and storage technologies for use in Denmark’s fields and forests.


New Delhi: With heat wave-like conditions continuing in the National Capital, the maximum temperature went to 46 degrees Celsius on Thursday. According to the Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) forecast, people of Delhi will have no respite with the weather conditions set to persist till next Wednesday. The maximum temperature in Delhi is expected to cross 46 degrees Celsius soon, private forecaster Skymet said, while predicting that the heat wave conditions will continue for up to 12 days in north, central and western parts of the country. Also Read – Cylinder blast kills mother and daughter in Karawal Nagar”Temperature in Delhi will cross 46 degrees Celsius soon since there is no pre-monsoon activity and whatever western disturbances are there, are feeble. There are no chances of rains. It will keep temperature high for 10-12 days,” said Mahesh Palawat, Director at Skymet. An official of the MeT department said that heatwave-like conditions should be expected in some pockets of the Capital city, with the maximum temperature reaching more than 45 degree Celsius in the next few days. In addition, Delhiites are expected to see dry days in the week ahead, with humidity not crossing 21 percent and almost no rains, according to the weatherman. Also Read – Two persons arrested for killing manager of Muthoot FinanceMeanwhile, thunderstorm and dust storm is expected in some parts of Rajasthan. Also, rains are likely in southern states of Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, and Kerala. Other than Delhi, the heatwave conditions are also expected in some parts over west Madhya Pradesh, Telangana, and Marathwada and in isolated pockets of Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Punjab, Haryana, Chandigarh, west Uttar Pradesh, east Rajasthan, east Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, Gujarat, central Maharashtra, interior Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Puducherry. The weather office has predicted severe heat wave conditions in isolated pockets of East Uttar Pradesh. It has also forecast heatwave conditions in most parts, with severe heat wave in isolated pockets over West Rajasthan and Vidarbha. Chandrapur in Maharashtra was the hottest place in the country with the mercury rising to 47.8 degrees Celsius on Wednesday, the MeT department said. That day temperature in Delhi was 42 degrees Celsius.


Fake fights are not helping climate science
• 17 March 2007
• From New Scientist print edition
• Alan Thorpe
FEW areas of science have implications as momentous as those of climate change. Much is riding not only on ensuring that the science is as accurate as possible but also on getting the political and social response right. Given the high stakes, it is hardly surprising that scientists' methods and conclusions are coming under considerable scrutiny. This is as it should be. After all, scepticism is fundamental to the scientific method.
Scepticism is one thing; cynicism and conspiracy-theorising are quite another. These are the hallmarks of a recent attempt to discredit the widely accepted theory that human-made carbon dioxide emissions are causing global warming. A loose affiliation of scientists and writers is pushing the alternative idea that fluctuations in solar activity provide a better explanation for the rise and fall in the temperature of Earth's atmosphere over the past few centuries.
Their basic argument goes something like this. When the cosmic rays that constantly bombard Earth from outer space hit water vapour rising from the oceans, they cause clouds to form in the atmosphere which shield the planet from solar radiation and cause it to cool. The sun's magnetic field dampens the effect of cosmic rays, so reducing cloud cover and causing Earth to heat up. Thus an active sun makes for a warmer planet - a correlation these scientists claim is borne out by the records.
Readers in the UK may have seen the most recent incarnation of this theory in the Channel 4 television programme The Great Global Warming Swindle, broadcast last week. The programme questioned not only the mainstream of global warming science but also the integrity of the researchers involved in it. As I am the head of the major funder of climate science in the UK, the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), such accusations of bias, lying and prejudice were bound to catch my attention.
First, let's deal with the main thesis: that the presence or absence of cosmic rays in Earth's atmosphere is a better explanation for temperature variation than the concentration of CO2 and other gases. This is not a new assertion and it is patently wrong: there is no credible evidence that cosmic rays play a significant role. The climate system is complex and it is likely that many factors affect it, cosmic rays among them. But to claim they are a major influence is disingenuous. There is far greater evidence suggesting CO2 is the major cause of warming.
Another claim made by the sceptics relates to the observation that in the long-term history of Earth's climate, variations in atmospheric concentrations of CO2 have lagged behind variations in the temperature of the atmosphere. Therefore, they say, the theory that human-produced greenhouse gases are the cause of current warming must be wrong.
Not so. True, the historical rhythm of major ice ages and interglacial periods is set by Earth's orbital variations, known as Milankovitch cycles, not by levels of greenhouse gases. However, these cycles in turn trigger feedback effects - such as increases or decreases in levels of CO2 in the atmosphere - which amplify the change in temperature.
There is no question that the more CO2 there is in the atmosphere, the warmer the planet becomes. It is not the only mechanism for warming, but it is a prominent one. We are adding CO2 and other greenhouse gases to the atmosphere in a way that has never happened before. The physics of how these gases cause warming by trapping the sun's radiation within the lower atmosphere - the greenhouse effect - is well established and it is no surprise that temperatures have been rising over the past 40 years. What's more, from the comprehensive models that climate scientists have built up, it is clear that only human-made greenhouse gases can explain this warming. Other factors, such as solar variations, have been found to be insignificant in comparison.
This debate is not just about science. Implicit in the sceptics' message is the suggestion that scientists are lying about the role of CO2 in climate change. The impression given is that this is a conspiracy; that climate scientists are deliberately trying to mislead the public, either to affect policy because of their private political motivations or to be more successful in attracting research funding.
Again, this is not backed up by any evidence. In my experience the climate science community operates at the highest ethical level and sticks to the scientific evidence.
The problem with debating the science of something like climate change is that it is hard for the public to assess the arguments across the whole spectrum of scientific opinion. It is partly in recognition of this that the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change periodically publishes its scientific assessments that draw together the full body of knowledge on the subject. That is not a political process. It is a scientific one. Let scepticism reign, but let's not play games with the evidence.
Alan Thorpe is chief executive of the UK's Natural Environment Research Council
From issue 2595 of New Scientist magazine, 17 March 2007, page 24
Moderator: Oriana Wilmott
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Flood Warning issued for Barbados
A Flash-Flood Warning is in effect for northern and central sections of Barbados.
A Flash-Flood Warning means that flooding due to heavy or excessive rainfall in a short period of time (generally less than six hours) is imminent or already occurring.
A surface to low-level trough along with day time heating has been producing some moderate to heavy showers and thunderstorms over the
northern and central sections of the island over the past few hours.
Rainfall accumulations in excess of 25 mm (1 inch) have already been recorded and further accumulations of 25 – 50 mm (1 – 2 inches) are likely as the afternoon progresses.
Thus, a Flash-Flood Warning has been issued for northern and central districts and will remain in effect until 5:00 p.m this evening.
Residents in flood-prone areas should remain on the alert and take all necessary precautions. This is the second flood warning in two days.


Please bring your laptop with you if you wish to use a computer during the Conference. If you plan to use a handout in your lecture please make sure to bring 60 hard copies of it.
Wi-Fi (wireless Internet access) is available around the campus, including the Australia Complex (the network name is huji guest).
Jerusalem is about 800 meters (2640 feet) above sea level. Temperatures in October range between an average high of about 25 Celsius (77 Fahrenheit), possibly higher, and an average low of about 17 Celsius (63 Fahrenheit). During occasional heat waves temperatures may rise higher than 30 Centigrade (86 Fahrenheit), so please also bring a hat and make sure you drink enough water. For reliable forecasts you can visit the Israeli meteorological service.


Colorado had the hottest six months on record, impacting wildfires, ski season and drought
The average temperature for the past six months is the warmest on record in Colorado and the entire country, according to data released this week by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
the second highest semester The average temperature peak in Colorado came during the Dust Bowl era of the 1930s, the data shows.
Colorado and the rest of the country are unlikely to see an exact repeat of the Dust Bowl because we are better able to manage the land than in the 1930s, said climatologist Becky Bolinger of Colorado State University. But there are similarities in the extreme temperatures, the abnormally dry climate and the dust storm that swept from Colorado to the Midwest last month.
“We are currently experiencing climate change,” Bolinger said. “It’s not something that happens in the future. It’s happening now.
Federal data shows the average temperature in Colorado between July and December 2021 reached 53.4 degrees, more than a degree and a half higher than the same six-month period in 2020.
The next highest six-month average in Colorado came in 1933 at 52.1 degrees, the only other time in the state record that average exceeded 52 degrees, the data shows.
Nationally, the six-month average hit 59.77 degrees last year, more than a full degree higher than during the same period in 2020, the data showed. The next closest national peak came in 2015, when the six-month average hit 59.32 degrees. The national July-December average only exceeded 59 degrees in 1998, 2015, 2016 and last year.
Relatively speaking, the average temperature increase, in Colorado and across the country, may seem small, but it makes a big difference, Bolinger said. Higher temperatures lead to more moisture and water being lost to dry soils or to evaporation.
These dry conditions lengthen the state’s wildfire season (which many experts now describe as year-round) and increase the amount of fuel that can exacerbate fires once they start.
As an example, Bolinger nodded to the Marshall Fire, which erupted late last month in Boulder County.
Following that fire and given the increased risk from climate change, experts told the Denver Post that suburbs in the High Plains need more work to prevent or mitigate fires in the future. In addition, temperatures in parts of western Colorado have risen at a rate nearly double average global temperatures, scientists say.
Because the hotter, drier climate is compounding water supply problems, especially in the Colorado River Basin on the West Slope, climatologists are carefully monitoring snow levels and drought conditions across the state.
Currently, most of the West Slope has now seen above-normal snowpack for this time of year, Bolinger said. But this trend must continue in the spring in order to recharge the parched soils and fill the water reservoirs.
Recent snowfall in the east also means drought conditions, analyzed by the National Drought Mitigation Center, could improve in the coming weeks, Bolinger added. Even so, less than 5% of the state’s landmass is considered “abnormally dry,” while the rest is considered “moderate,” “severe,” or “extreme” drought.


Houston Community News >> Relief Efforts Underway in China after Typhoon Saomai
8/12/2006 Beijing, China -- More than 20,000 soldiers and paramilitary police were mobilized for relief efforts after Saomai, the strongest storm to strike the country since at least 1949, blacked out cities and wrecked more than 50,000 homes.Advertisement
Saomai weakened to a tropical depression on Friday but was expected over the weekend to drench a swath of China's south stretching from the coastal provinces of Zhejiang and Fujian to the poor inland provinces of Jiangxi and Anhui.
Hardest-hit was Zhejiang, where the typhoon made landfall on Thursday, and the bulk of the deaths occurred in the city of Wenzhou, where at least 81 people were killed and 11 were missing, the official Xinhua News Agency said.
It said Wenzhou suffered $560 million in damage, including more than 18,000 flattened houses. A landslide set off by heavy rains in Lishui, another city in Zhejiang, killed six people, Xinhua said.
(Contributed by AP)


How to model weather conditions Fog Rain Snow Simcenter Prescan
This article shows how to model or enable different weather conditions such as Rain, Snow and Fog.
Starting with a new experiment go to Experiment->General Settings. Or click on weather Settings. A shortcut is also included on the right side of the experiment pane.
Here click on weather to show the features: In this case there are two Fog and Precipitation (Rain, snow):
Starting with the Example of creating Fog: Click to show the settings to model Fog. Click on enable to be able to change settings. You can change the visibility of the Fog and the color. In this case any color can be used, when the „Use Sky Color“ is not checked.
In the Tab Favorites you can save different configuration of Fog and save them with a specific Tag to reuse them.
Below is an example with 100m visibility:
The modeling of rain and snow has the similar approach: Click on Precipitation and choose rain or snow to have the settings available.
It is possible to set the Density of the particles, diameter, Camera clip distance and the velocity components. In this case it is also possible to set the direction of the rain. It is also possible to rain upwards. In the Favorites it is possible to save different rain configurations. For Rain and snow there are also some pre configured Rain settings.


LeoAlert: Winter Storm Watch for Texas
#LeoAlert: @NWS has issued a winter storm watch for north central and north east parts of TX for Wed. and Thur, Feb 2-3. Dangerous ice, snow, and sleet possible. Leo247 users in the affected areas should refer to their winter storm checklists. Additional resources are available below.
Leonardo247 users have access to the following additional preparedness materials via the Leonardo247 app:
- Winter Weather Preparedness Option 1 – Template with FEMA documentation
- Winter Weather Preparedness Option 2 – Template with FEMA documentation and form with checklist of items to review prior to Winter Weather Incident
- Additional Resources – Snow and Ice Removal Log (workflow or template)
To request these templates, please contact the Leonardo247 helpdesk at firstname.lastname@example.org
NOTE: Requests must be received by 12PM CST February 2, 2022,


Significant Weather Progs: 24 Hr 36 Hr 48 Hr. Hi-Level Sig Progs: 00 Hr 06 Hr 12 Hr 18 Hr North Pole. Icing: Icing/Freezing Levels. Other: Turbulence. Satellite
This app allows the easy access of METAR and TAF reports for The aviation weather app enables local and global aviation weather reports to be called up reliably and quickly. The METAR and TAF messages are displayed Get real-time airport weather data (Aviation WX/METAR/TAF/NOTAM) directly to your iPhone and iPad. Search for weather stations and airports all over the Get real-time airport weather data (Aviation WX/METAR/TAF/NOTAM) directly to your iPhone and iPad. Search for weather stations and airports Convective SIGMETs (CSIGs) are issued throughout the year by forecasters at the Aviation Weather Center. Please refer to this morning's post regarding the NOAA NWS Aviation Weather Center. 39 471 gillar. This page is an experimental service provided by NWS to explore the use of Facebook to extend the reach Aviation weather data from NOAA's Aviation Digital Data Service (ADDS) Aviation Weather Center Homepage provides comprehensive user-friendly aviation weather Text products and graphics.
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Official FAA Flight Service Pilot Weather Briefings Available at 1-800-WX-BRIEF Aviation weather charts, METARs and TAFs for North America, Central America and South America, North Atlantic and Pacific oceanic areas, Europe, Asia and Africa from many sources presented in an easy to read and searchable format.
A.M. Weather was an American weather news program that ran from October 30, 1978 to February 3, 1995. and was broadcast on PBS member stations throughout the United States. The 15-minute daily program, which aired fifteen minutes before or after the hour (depending on the station's scheduling of the program) and was produced by Maryland Public Television (MPT), featured detailed forecasts
VIEW View student reviews, rankings, reputation for the online BAS in Aviation Management from University of Wisconsin - Oshkosh University of Wisconsin – Oshkosh offers a bachelor’s degree in Aviation Management. This program prepares students Aviation Weather. The Minnesota Weather Access System (MnWAS) is comprised of computers at airports across Minnesota for pilots to use to obtain weather IBM aviation weather forecast solutions streamline aeronautical decision making with inflight weather data and alerts for improved flight operations and safety. Take this aviation flight safety course and learn how to make practical, real-world use of weather information to interpret weather data accurately & form a mental Weather Services · Weather Observation and Forecast · Meteorological Facilities · Climatological Information · Educational Resources · Aviation Related Web Sites.
Appleton, Minnesota Weather. wind speeds 207-260 mph) tornado 27.0 miles away Aviation Weather Forecast at Appleton, Minnesota Station: KAQP North:
Here's our list of favourite aviation weather resources. A free ground school seminar presented by Jonathan Walter of Walter Aviation Inc., covering basic aviation weather. Part of a series of free ground schools o Weather data provided by Environment Canada and NAV CANADA Forecasts and Observations : Web Site Navigation - Executive Summary. Alphanumeric 2020-08-16 · The Bureau of Meteorology's Aviation Weather Service provides aviation users with meteorological information necessary for safe and efficient civil aviation operations.
This app allows the easy access of METAR and TAF reports for The aviation weather app enables local and global aviation weather reports to be called up reliably and quickly.
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Welcome to era5cli’s documentation!
A command line interface to download ERA5 data from the Copernicus Climate Data Store.
With era5cli you can:
- Download meteorological data in GRIB/NetCDF, including ERA5 data from the preliminary back extension, and ERA5-Land data.
- List and retrieve information on available variables and pressure levels
- Select multiple variables for several months and years
- Split outputs by years (and optionally months), producing a separate files instead of merging them in one file
- Download multiple files at once
- Extract data for a sub-region of the globe
For information on how to use era5cli, please go to the user guide.


"Behind every stack of books there is a flood of knowledge."
Scattering of light makes the sky appear blue, clouds white, and turns the sun red at sunset.
A simple demonstration will give you a pretty good idea what scattering is.
A thin beam of bright red laser light was shined across the front of the classroom. No one in the class could see this beam of light. To see the beam you would need to stand over where the beam struck the wall and look back toward the laser (the laser light is intense enough that you shouldn’t do this – it could damage your eyes).
Students in the class could see a red spot on the wall because the light hitting the wall was scattered or splattered and sent off in a multitude of directions. A ray of that light was sent to everyone in the class (and because the intense light is split up into many rays, these rays are weaker and safe to look at).
Next we clapped a couple of chalkboard erasers together. When particles of chalk dust fell into the laser beam they intercepted some of the laser light and scattered it. Again everyone in the room got their own personal ray of light coming from each of the particles of chalk. We use chalk because it is white, it scatters rather than absorbs light. What would you have seen if black particles of soot had been dropped into the laser beam?
In the 3rd part of the demonstration we made a cloud by pouring some liquid nitrogen into a cup of water. The numerous little water droplets made very good scatterers. So much light was scattered that the spot on the wall fluctuated in intensity (weak when lots of light is being scattered, brighter when not as much light was scattered).
Just about everything in the atmosphere can scatter light (some particles and gases might absorb light). These scatterers fall into two categories: (1) those that have sizes equal to or greater than the wavelength of the light being scattered and (2) those that are much smaller. Air molecules fall into the 2nd group. Members of this group scatter short wavelengths of light much more readily than long wavelengths. We will see what effects this has.
In this first figure we imagine going outside at midday, turning toward the south and looking up at the sun when it is high in the sky (you shouldn’t do this of course, sunlight is too intense and will blind you). We assume that the sunlight arriving at the top of the atmosphere is made up of equal amounts of all the colors. This isn’t true, but that’s what we’ll assume. As the sunlight passes through the atmosphere some of the shorter wavelengths will be scattered by air molecules. The unscattered light that makes it to the ground will be most of the original red, orange, and yellow with some of the green, blue, and violet light removed. The resulting mixture will be a warm white color.
If you were to turn toward the north, away from the sun and look up at the sky you see blue light.
First of all you see light coming from the sky because some of the sunlight has been intercepted by air molecules and redirected (just like the chalk dust and cloud droplets made the laser beam visible in the demonstration). The sky would appear black if it weren’t for the fact that air molecules scattered light.
Two things to notice about this scattered light: first it is much weaker than the unscattered sunlight and is safe to look at (imagine if that weren’t the case and it was dangerous to look at the sky), second the light is blue because it is mainly the shorter wavelengths that are being scattered.
Why is the sky blue and not green or violet? The sky isn’t violet because there isn’t as much violet light in sunlight as there is green and blue. Also our eyes might not be as sensitive to violet as they are to blue and green. The sky probably isn’t green because that color isn’t scattered as readily as the blue and violet light. Blue is a sort of compromise.
You might have noticed looking west late in the day that the setting sun is not as bright and is redder than it is at midday (it is still not safe to look at the setting sun). The sunlight follows a much longer path through the atmosphere at this time of day and much more of the sunlight is scattered. Essentially all of the shorter wavelengths are removed from the unscattered beam of light. You are left with a mixture of yellow, orange, and red. Sometimes just the orange and red light are left.
As we saw with the laser demonstration, the water droplets in clouds are very good scatterers of light. The cloud droplets (typically around 10 or 20 micrometers in diameter) are larger than the wavelength of visible light (0.4 to 0.7 micrometers). Cloud droplets scatter all of the colors equally. When white light strikes a cloud, the scattered light is also white.
Here are a couple of more common phenomena produced by the scattering of light (these weren’t mentioned in class)
The person in this figure would see a crepuscular ray, a shaft of sunlight that passes through a hole in a cloud layer. The sunlight is scattered by particles in the air. Rays of sunlight that would ordinarily pass through the adjacent parts of the sky are reflected by the clouds. These parts of the sky appear darker. You’ll find a nice photograph of crepuscular rays on in Fig. 15.6 on p. 407 in the textbook (p. 403 in the 3rd ed.).
Scattering of sunlight by air molecules turns distant mountains blue and eventually makes them fade from view (there is a limit to how far you can see even when the air is very clean).
A nearby mountain might appear dark green or brown. You are mainly seeing light reflected off the mountain. As the mountain gets further away you start seeing appreciable amounts of blue light (sunlight scattered by air molecules). As the mountain gets even further the amount of this blue light from the sky increases. Eventually the mountain gets so far away that you only see blue sky light and none of the light reflected by the mountain itself. You’ll find a nice photograph of the changing colors of distant mountains in Fig. 15.5 on p. 406 in the text (p. 402 in the 3rd ed.)
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Living in the Pacific Northwest you learn the fine intricacies of rain forecasting. There is a difference between drizzle, slight chance of showers, chance of showers, slight chance of rain and rain.
Well, you can imagine my surprise when I learned that Elkhart County gets pretty much the same amount of rainfall each year as Vancouver. However, here in Indiana, when it rains, it rains. 6-7" in 3-5 days. That would take 2 months of drizzle and mist in the the PNW. Maybe that is why it rains 8 months a year.
Now snow, we did not get much snow in the Portland Metro area. Snow is kept on the mountains, real ones, like the Cascades. It is kept there for skiing and snowboarding, because when it snows in Portland the entire city shuts down. You can imagine the teens' surprise when they learned that 15" of snow here might a 2 hour late start.
The neighbors told us to be ready for snow by mid-October, and that we would have snow by Halloween. I am not sure if they were messing with us, but it is December 6th, and we do not yet have snow. The forecast says "possible flurries." I suspect this is somehow equivalent to the showers versus rain forecasting in the PNW.
It was 50 degrees on Sunday, and has been rather warm, 40-50s degrees, for this time of year. But the temps this morning have dropped to 30 and the forecast all week is dipping into the 20s. Well, I guess this is it. We are in for some snow. Although I am placing my bets on Friday's extended forecast for "snow." There seems to be a note about "measurable accumulation" and that seems important.
I pruned back the last of the roses and the beds are all mulched, so I hope I am ready for this :) I did notice that the temps in Vancouver are similar and I suspect that there is more damage to plants there than here under a protective blanket of snow.
If it snows I will take photos for winter interest planning and post them later.


Air Quality research featured in QF Telegraph
23/04/13 9:20 AM
Check out an article featured in the QF Telegraph written by one of QEERI's air quality scientists
Check out QEERI's Twitter page!
23/04/13 8:47 AM
QEERI now has a Twitter site.
QEERI celebrates its 2nd anniversary
17/02/13 10:54 AM
QEERI celebrated its second anniversary on January 11, 2013. Read about QEERI’s milestones…


Amherst, OH temperature trend for the next 14 Days. Find daytime highs and nighttime lows from TheWeatherNetwork.com.
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Weather. Saturday warms up slightly. Video. For more on the forecast click here: FOX 8 Forecast. 7 Day Forecast; Hourly Forecast.
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Scattered thunderstorms developing this afternoon. High 82F. Winds W at 5 to 10 mph. Chance of rain 50%. Rainfall possibly over one inch..
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Partial cloudiness early, with scattered showers and thunderstorms during the afternoon. High 82F. Winds WSW at 5 to 10 mph. Chance of rain 60%..
Cloudy skies early, then partly cloudy after midnight. A stray shower or thunderstorm is possible. Low near 60F. Winds light and variable.
Partly cloudy skies early followed by scattered thunderstorms overnight. Low 78F. Winds SE at 5 to 10 mph. Chance of rain 60%.
For the past year and a half, Kevin Anthony & G-Town worked on its latest project which features all things Gulf Coast with a taste of Caj…


Are You Ready for Joaquin?
Joaquin strengthened to a major storm (category 3 or higher) overnight Wednesday and could slam the Bahamas as a category 4 hurricane. The current official forecast track released by the National Weather Service has Joaquin passing just east of the Carolina shore; however, several computer models are trending west with the storm’s track, some bringing it through eastern and central North Carolina.
Heavy Rain and Flooding in Central and Eastern NC
Even though the well-respected European model (ECMWF) keeps Joaquin offshore, the cold front that passed through the Carolinas on Wednesday has become stationary just offshore. This front is the catalyst for a low pressure system forming off the coast of Georgia, the strength and dynamics of which will have a dramatic impact on the ultimate path for Joaquin. Several forecasting models have the low pressure system pulling the storm on shore near Cape Hatteras. If Joaquin does make landfall, heavy rain and wind exasperated by already saturated soils will cause major issues throughout North Carolina and Virginia.
Regardless of the exact track of Joaquin, North Carolina, Virginia, and much of the Mid Atlantic should prepare for potentially historic rainfall amounts as the low pressure system draws copious amounts of tropical moisture well inland. Five to nine inches of rain will not be uncommon this weekend, and local amounts of ten inches or more are expected in central and eastern North Carolina. Those rainfall amounts combined with already saturated soil, swollen rivers, and streams will lead to an increased risk of flash flooding risks throughout the weekend.
Now is the Time to Prepare
Now is the time to prepare for the storm. Make sure your emergency kit is well stocked, your vehicle and generator is full of fuel, and you have plenty of non-perishable foods available. Know your evacuation route if you live on the coast or in a flood prone area. If Joaquin does track closer to the coast, anticipate the increased winds by tying down loose lawn ornaments and furniture.
Download our Free Hurricane Preparedness Checklist to help guide your preparedness for this and future storm systems. Our guide includes additional storm recovery information. Visit our services page for more information and resources regarding Remtech’s ability to help with natural disaster preparedness and recovery for this and future storms.


Predicting the weather isn’t exactly easy. Just guessing about the weather won’t lead to accurate predictions. A scientific process becomes necessary in order to figure out what the weather will turn out to be.
Cloudy skies don’t always mean rain. Professionals who dedicate their lives to figuring out the weather put a lot of effort into coming up with reliable determinations. Several factors go into their ability to make a solid prediction. Reading pressure instruments does help them make a logical case about what the weather could be.
1. Air Pressure and the Weather
Weather pressure usually refers to air pressure. Air pressure levels provide a strong indication of what the weather will be. Commonly, high pressure means sunshine and mild weather while low pressure indicates rain is on the way.
Tracking air pressure levels contributes to making an accurate prediction about how the weather can turn out.
2. Understanding Air Pressure
Believe it or not, air has weight. Specifically, air molecules carry a certain amount of weight. While the weight in the air doesn’t exactly feel noticeable to people, the air itself feels the weight. And the weight of the molecules does create the aforementioned pressure. Pressure often determine the weather.
When the weight creates heavy air pressure, the formation of clouds becomes difficult. This is why “heavy pressure” can coincide with sunshine and nice weather. Low pressure has the opposite effect. Rain becomes possible when the air weight is low and pressure becomes light.
Obviously, you can’t just feel the air in order to determine pressure. Weather instruments must be used to figure out pressure.
3. The Barometer Device
The specific instrument used to figure out air pressure is known as a barometer. The main purpose of a barometer involves measuring atmospheric pressure. Different reasons exist as to why atmospheric pressure must be logged.
Figuring out the upcoming changes in the weather ranks as the top reason why tracking and determining air pressure is necessary.
4. Using a Barometer
One of the marvelous aspects of a barometer is its simplicity. The device isn’t a complicated piece of electronics that requires an enormous amount of programming and steps to utilize.
Operating a basic barometer required using screws and dials to adjust the settings in order to receive the appropriate pressure-level readings.
While the device remains relatively simple to operate, the science of predicting the weather remains complex. That’s why the job of a meteorologist requires taking part in extensive formal study.
Those willing to put the work and effort into becoming a meteorologist may find themselves qualified for all manner of rewarding employment opportunities. That said, even someone outside the profession may benefit from owning a working barometer.
5. Different Types of Barometers
The aforementioned dial barometer reflects a common one used today. There are types of modern and historical barometers. Mercury, water-based, aneroid, and vacuum pump oil barometers reflect the types of instruments used to track weather pressure. Depending on education and experience, a person may be able to benefit from being able to understand the reading one or more of the devices.


The calculation of the carbon footprint of Tampere Universities has been completed. The carbon footprint sums up all the emissions generated by the activities of Tampere University and Tampere University of Applied Sciences, which are committed to becoming carbon neutral by 2030. The identification of carbon emission sources is an important step towards achieving this goal.
The carbon footprint of both Tampere University and Tampere University of Applied Sciences was now calculated for the first time. The calculation captured the sources of carbon emissions for both institutions, including work-related travel, building maintenance and laboratory activities.
The overall carbon footprint of Tampere Universities is 29 000 tCO2eqv (metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalents). Tampere University’s share is approximately 25 000 tons. In 2019, the largest sources of carbon dioxide emissions were travel (41%), buildings (27%) and research infrastructures (23%). Heating accounts for the majority of building-related carbon emissions, although a significant share of district heating in Tampere is already produced using renewable energy sources and their share continues to climb.
The carbon footprint was calculated by the multidisciplinary Carbon Group made up of representatives of both Tampere University and Tampere University of Applied Sciences.
“The calculation of our carbon footprint marks an important milestone in our journey towards a more sustainable university community and carbon neutrality. When we consider potential measures to reduce emissions, it is also important to take into account the positive impacts of our activities,” say Vice Presidents Kirsi Viskari and Marja Sutela who chair the Carbon Group.
Work-related travel and buildings generate the majority of emissions at both Tampere University and Tampere University of Applied Sciences. At Tampere University, the share of emissions from travel (42%) exceeds that of Tampere University of Applied Sciences, where work-related travel accounts for 34% of the carbon footprint. At TAMK, the share of building-related emissions exceeds that of Tampere University (TAMK 43%; Tampere University 25%).
The differences are attributed, among other things, to the number of properties and the size of staff in the institutions.
Tampere Universities are committed to becoming carbon neutral by 2030. Achieving this goal requires a substantial reduction of carbon emissions. Accordingly, Tampere Universities will prepare a roadmap that outlines the steps to be taken towards carbon neutrality. The process will begin this spring by identifying ways for the community to cut emissions without it affecting education, research and societal impact and thereby promoting sustainable development. In addition, we will map out suitable measures for offsetting carbon emissions and fostering a culture of sustainability across the Tampere Universities community.


ごあいさつ 2004年から取り組んだ『現代英語クロニクル』の編集は『現代英語クロニクル2015』まででストップ 続きを読む…
- Many parts of Japan saw record high temperatures and heavy rains last month. The Meteorological Agency has called the weather conditions abnormal.
- Extreme heat is continuing across Japan on Thursday, with highs of 39 degrees Celsius forecast in some areas.
- Japan’s 10-year government bond yield reached the highest level in more than a year on Wednesday, one day after the central bank tweaked its monetary policy.


Project Team: Tianhai Yan, Conrad Ferris, Elizabeth Ball, Rachael Carolan, Rodrigo Olave, Dario Fornara and Alan Gordon.
Project code: DBS-90-17
Ammonia emissions are a particularly significant issue in Northern Ireland since per capita emissions are approximately four times higher here than in the rest of the UK. This reflects how NI differs from other parts of the UK as a food exporting region which is economically reliant on the agri-food sector and has relatively little cereal farming. Unlike Greenhouse Gases which impact on a global scale, the repercussions from relatively high ammonia emissions are localised and usually felt within our own region. The ammonia which is emitted from our farms is deposited back on land locally, including designated sites, and priority habitats, potentially causing environmental damage.
The UK inventory for ammonia emissions from Agriculture uses UK-averaged-emission factors to estimate ammonia emissions from livestock enterprises in Northern Ireland. However, this approach may not be fully applicable to farming conditions in Northern Ireland. For example, in the development of Nitrate Directives in Northern Ireland, we found that dairy cows in Northern Ireland produced less manure N than those in the Great Britain (91 vs. 108 kg/head per year) because our cows produced less milk. It is therefore logical to suggest that ammonia emissions (kg/head/year) from dairy production in Northern Ireland should be lower than those in the Great Britain. A second example relates to the straw bedding, unlike in England, cattle and pigs in Northern Ireland are managed mainly in slurry-based systems because there is a general lack of straw for bedded systems in Northern Ireland. Additionally, it has been demonstrated that the nutrient content of broiler litter and manure from other production systems within Northern Ireland is different from current regulation values and this lends support to suggest that air emission factors may no longer be appropriate. Furthermore, due to the change in heating systems in NI poultry houses, the DM of litter and manure has increased and it is highly probable that ammonia emissions have been reduced as a result, however the magnitude of change is not possible to predict due to a lack of comparable data in the literature. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop ammonia emission data for livestock production and manure management in Northern Ireland.
The present proposal is therefore designed to address the above knowledge gap with the objectives to develop ammonia emission data under our own farm conditions which can be used to robustly quantify ammonia emissions from livestock production and manure management in Northern Ireland. The emissions of greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4 and N2O) from manure management will also be measured in the present project. In addition, other air emissions including particulate matter will be assessed from broiler production. The outcome of this project will provide policy makers and livestock industries with the scientific evidence to develop robust mitigation strategies to reduce ammonia and GHG emissions from livestock production in Northern Ireland.
The aim of this project is to increase the scientific robustness of ammonia emission factors and investigate mitigation strategies to reduce ammonia emissions for the livestock sectors in NI. While in measuring ammonia emissions from manure management of livestock production, we will also measure effects of different feeding and management factors on greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4 and N2O) emissions from manure storage. Such information is important for providing the baseline environmental footprint associated with livestock production in Northern Ireland.
To support this aim, this project has the following objectives.
1. Investigation of dietary factors to reduce ammonia emissions for dairy cattle, beef cattle, sheep and pig sectors
1 samples of faeces and urine from dairy cows, beef cattle, sheep and pigs. The experimental animals will be offered different diets (e.g., variation in crude protein levels, and ingredient composition). The samples for grazing cattle and sheep will be collected in simulating zero-grazing studies.
1 ammonia and GHG (CO2, CH4 and N2O) emissions from slurry using respiration calorimeter chambers. The samples from zero-grazing studies for cattle and sheep will also be measured in grazing fields in the simulated-grazing studies.
1 models using data collected in the present study to identify mitigation strategies to reduce ammonia and GHG emissions for the livestock sectors in Northern Ireland and to predict ammonia and GHG emissions from manure management.
2. Development of robust ammonia emission factors for the poultry sector in NI
2 up-to-date emission factors for NH3 and other air emissions from NI production systems to “sharpen the inventory”.
2 the relationship between poultry litter DM and NH3 and other air emissions.
3 Investigation of relationships between slurry and fertiliser applications and ‘dry’ and ‘wet’ ammonia deposition monitored at AFBI Hillsborough