Global Environment Observation by the GOSAT Series
Japan developed and operates GOSAT, the world's first satellite designed specifically to monitor the concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHGs) such as carbon dioxide and methane on a global scale. It shows the possible applicability as a highly-transparent tool for monitoring and verifying the national inventory of GHG emissions that all countries of the world are required to submit based on the framework of "The Paris Agreement". As GOSAT-2 is scheduled to be launched in FY 2018, we are making further contributions to the reduction of GHGs by proactively developing the global environment observation by the GOSAT series.
In recent years, techniques to observe the earth's atmosphere by satellites have been improved dramatically. Japan developed and operates the Greenhouse Gases Observation SATellite (GOSAT), aka "IBUKI", the world's first satellite designed specifically to monitor the concentrations of major greenhouse gases (GHGs) such as carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) on a global scale (see Figure 1).
GOSAT was jointly developed by three institutions, Ministry of the Environment (MOE), the National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES) and the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA). The satellite was launched from Tanegashima Space Center on January 23, 2009 and has been continuously monitoring the global environment. A large amount of data obtained from the satellite has been analyzed in a special way, and has helped to account for various phenomena caused by GHGs.
For instance, a recent analysis of GOSAT observational data has revealed that the whole-atmospheric monthly mean CO2 concentration exceeded 400 ppm (see Figure 2). It has also become clear that the sources of CO2 and methane can be identified by determining whether they are anthropogenic or natural based on their concentration levels in the atmosphere measured by GOSAT. This has opened up the future possibility of the satellite to be applied as a tool for monitoring and verifying the national GHG inventories (see Figure 3).
Meanwhile, the Paris Agreement, an international framework for GHG reduction after 2020, was adopted at the 21st session of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP21), in December 2015, and went into force on November 4, 2016. More than 120 countries and regions including Japan have ratified the Agreement so far (as of January 2017).
All Parties to the Paris Agreement will be required to regularly report on their GHG emissions and their implementation efforts in a common and flexible manner. These reports will be subject to reviews in which transparent examinations will be essential. Therefore atmospheric observation satellites of various countries such as Japan's GOSAT series and the American OCO-2 satellite, which can observe the whole globe uniformly, are incorporated as monitoring and verification tools for GHG emissions, in addition to ground-based measuring instruments.
GOSAT has already exceeded its design life of 5 years and has been operating for 8 years. In order to continually fulfill its role in the international community, Japan started developing "GOSAT-2," a successor of GOSAT in 2012, and is scheduled for launch in FY 2018 (see Figure 4).
To expansively take over the role of GOSAT which observes GHGs at multiple points all over the world with high accuracy, GOSAT-2 is designed with strengthened functions to find out the behavior of global GHGs with even higher accuracy and density and to enhance accuracy of measurement of gas emissions and sinks by region, such as the function to automatically detect and avoid clouds which interfere with measurement from space and the function to enable measurement of carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations to identify the concentrations of anthropogenic CO2 more accurately.
Through these efforts, MOE is actively developing global environmental monitoring by the GOSAT series and making further contributions to the reduction of GHGs by proactively promoting cooperation and collaboration with other countries.


This coming up Monday, the United States will get to see a total solar eclipse of the sun! WOW. How amazing!
The total solar eclipse is a path where the moon will completely cover the sun and the sun’s tenuous atmosphere – the corona- can be seen and it will stretch from Salem, Oregon to Charleston, South Carolina. Observers outside this path will still see a partial solar eclipse where the moon covers part of the sun’s disk.
According to timeanddate.com:
The partial eclipse begins (when the moon touches the sun’s edge) will happen at approximately 11:46am!
The maximum eclipse ( when the moon is closet to the center of the sun) will happen at approximately 1:16pm!
The partial eclipse ends (when the moon leaves the suns edge) will happen at approximately 2:45pm!
Pearland ISD will get the chance to see this awesome experience!
With the solar eclipse taking place on the first day of school, Pearland ISD schools will get the chance to see this rare sight and students will be provided CE ISO certified solar eclipse viewing glasses for protection!
The solar eclipse is great opportunity for the district to increase the science literacy for students K-12 because it is a real life experience!


Click on the image to access our school's weather station.
On an iPad, you can install Wunderstation and link to station: KFLFORTL1822
Disclaimer: please note that while the data from the station is accurate, it should not be used as an official forecasting tool for inclement weather. Our station primarily provides current (and historical) weather data for educational use. Please consult with your preferred weather news source, such as The Weather Channel or your local TV station.


The great storm of 1987 was one of the uk's most catastrophic cyclones, which left many parts of the country completely battered by winds gusting up to 100mph. Storm no one will forget: 1987, hurricane-force it is the worst natural catastrophe to hit britain since the great storm of 1703. The great storm of 1987 a powerful storm ravaged many parts of the uk in the middle of october 1987 with winds gusting at up to 100mph, there was massive devastation across the country and 18 people were killed. Tomorrow it will be 25 years since people in the uk woke to find a trail of devastation, left by a storm the storm became known as the great storm of 1987 and happened on the night of 15–16 october 1987, when an unusually strong weather system caused ex.
It was a devastating weather event that came without warning, costing 18 lives in the uk and felling 15million trees the great storm of 1987 changed the landscape forever in many parts of the uk. Today is the thirtieth anniversary of what became known as the great storm, which ripped its way across the south-east of england on the night of 15th and 16th october 1987. Posts about great storm of 1987 written by telescoper.
Picture from bbc website archive 4 a perfect storm clergy retirements financial pressures ageing buildings if you put all those factors together even the. Browse 1987: the great storm latest photos view images and find out more about 1987: the great storm at getty images. Great storm of 87 all the sections currently cover one storm, great storm of 87 use the form below to switch to the standard sections for another storm.
The great storm of 1987 caused a transformation to the british landscape not seen since the blitz, recalls a new book looking at the legacy. Three decades on from 16 october 1987, the effects endure in the landscapes - and memories – of places caught up in the eye of the great storm. Stock footage of legacy of great storm of 1987 tx fallen tree seen through bars of fence with admiralty arch in background people gather round ambulance behind cordoned off area block of flats damaged by storm.
Storm ophelia threatens the uk and ireland on the 30th anniversary of the great storm of 1987. The great storm of 1703 was a destructive extratropical cyclone that struck central and southern england on 26 november 1703 great storm of 1987. It's 30 years since the great storm of 1987 wrought havoc across england and wales – we've brought together stories from some of those who lived through it. The so-called great storm struck southern england and wales in 1703 and caused great damage decoded past the hurricane-that-never-was of october 1987. The great storm october 1987, fire engine outside the the harte & garter hotel in windsor, which suffered some storm damage, windsor, berkshire, england, 16th october 1987.
It was the storm that devastated many areas of both england and france it was the storm that put the kybosh on michael fish’s illustrious met. Theres been a lot of questions and discussions regarding the great storm of 87 in the atlantic thread so to keep each thread on topic , i thought id open this for anybody to ask questions, compare and chat about the storm. During the night of 15 october 1987 a swathe of destructive winds hit southern and eastern england in what was the worst storm to hit. It was unfortunate that the early weeks of october 1987 had been wet and so when the strongest winds struck during the night the soft ground proved to be a poor anchorage.
When michael fish presented the bbc weather forecast on the 15th october he had already been a regular fixture on television for 13 years after all those years and the hundreds of weather broadcasts. Description the story of the great storm of 1987 is explained, from the weather depression that caused it, to the people who experienced its devastation at first hand, in a video for ks3 geography lessons. Online shopping from a great selection at books store. It was the worst storm in almost 300 years many were injured and 18 people died liam dutton looks at the aftermath of the great storm of 1987 and if.Download the great storm of 1987`


Mount Washington is the highest peak in the Northeastern United States at 6,288 ft (1,917 m) and the most prominent mountain east of the Mississippi River. It is famous for dangerously erratic weather. For 76 years, until 2010, a weather observatory on the summit held the record for the highest wind gust directly measured at the Earth’s surface, 231 mph (372 km/h or 103 m/s), on the afternoon of April 12, 1934. The mountain is located in the Presidential Range of the White Mountains, in the township of Sargent’s Purchase, Coos County, New Hampshire. While nearly the whole mountain is in the White Mountain National Forest, an area of 59 acres (24 ha) surrounding and including the summit is occupied by Mount Washington State Park.


As anyone following the news knows, the east coast of the United States is being hit with what is being called Frankenstorm, a perfect storm or the ever-popular storm of the century. Connecticut is expected to get some of the worst coastal flooding, due to a storm track that will funnel water into Long Island Sound, combined with the normal high tides from the full moon.
Please take this one seriously and I hope everyone is safe.
Some resources to follow along:
Official notices from the CT state government: http://www.ct.gov/sandy
Danbury local paper site: http://www.newstimes.com/
Stamford local paper site: http://www.stamfordadvocate.com/
CTNow.com (local Fox affiliate; strong weather coverage): http://www.ctnow.com/
NBC Hartford: http://www.nbcconnecticut.com/


Tropical Storm Debby a Memory. Still Watching the Tropics
Tropical Storm Debby has since departed Florida, but the rains it brought just days previously were plentiful. North and Central Florida received the most,
with 15-20 inches just three days ago. It is now once again tranquil in the Gulf of Mexico, Atlantic and Caribbean.
There are two areas of disturbed weather having only a slight potential of development over the next 24-48 hours according to the National Hurricane Center.
Our first area is the remnants of what was once Tropical Storm Debby. It is now just a disorganized low pressure system 490 miles south-southeast of Halifax, Nova Scotia. The other is a disturbed area of weather in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico interacting with an upper-level low over Northern Mexico.
Make sure to monitor the latest tropical weather forecasts or news and be prepared before the storm is at your door. Have a Hurricane Preparedness plan in place for you and your family. The up two week supply of essentials are Canned Foods, Bottled Water, Weather Radio, Batteries, First Aid Kit, Multivitamins, Sunscreen,Extra Cash
from ATM’s, Bug Repellant, Flashlights, Valuable documentation, non-perishable food items, extra gas for generators or vehicles as gas stations will not work after a storm passes due to power outages. Stay ahead of the storm!!
Strengthening Tropical Storm Debby Wandering in Gulf of Mexico
As of Sunday 10 am central daylight time tropical storm Debby had sustained winds of 60mph, with higher gusts. The latest estimated minimum central pressure taken by Hurricane Reconnaissance flying near the center was 994mb or 29.35inches. Tropical storm force winds extend 200 miles mainly to the north and east of the center.The most
notable thing about Debby is when it was classified yesterday Saturday June 23, 2012 at 5pm it marked the first time in recorded weather history since 1851, that the 4th storm of any Atlantic Hurricane Season formed before July 1st. Sea surface temperatures in the eastern Gulf of Mexico are 1 degree above normal already for this time of year. A tropical storm warning has been issued for part of the southeast Louisiana coast and from the Mississippi-Alabama border eastward to the Florida Panhandle‘s Ochlockonee River. A tropical storm warning states that there will be tropical storm conditions (winds of 39-73mph) in 24 hours or less. A tropical storm watch is in place for South of the Suwannee River to Anclote Key Florida. That means tropical storm conditions are possible in the watch area within the next 24-36 hours. A storm surge of 3-5ft may occur on the West Central Florida to the Alabama Gulf Coast especially at the times of high tide.
As of 10am CDT Sunday, the storm was crawling along toward the northeast at 6mph. Debby’s center was located about 140 miles SSW of Apalachicola Florida, or 190 miles ESE of the Mouth of the Mississippi River. The slow movement of the storm will lead to copious rainfall
accumulations of 3-5inches across South Florida with 10-15inches along the Northern Gulf Coast. The Florida Peninsula has already received 3-5inches of rain in the last 24 hours. There will also be a chance of isolated short lived tornadoes over the southern peninsula of Florida. Authorities there say at least one tornado has already been linked to the storm down in Collier County. Several homes were damaged and tree limbs were torn down.
Debby is already interfering with oil and gas production in the Gulf of Mexico. The storm system has caused nine production platforms and one drilling rig to be evacuated. This means roughly 2 percent of U.S. production has been suspended.
Unless the storm strengthens and forces more production platforms to close the reduced production is not anticipated to impact oil prices.


Mean Distance From Earth: 108,200,000 kilometers (67,200,000 miles).
Orbital period around the Sun: 0.616 Earth years (225 Earth days)
Composition: The atmosphere consists mainly of carbon dioxide, with clouds of sulfuric acid droplets whichtraps the Sun's heat, resulting in surface temperatures over 470 degrees Celsius (880 degrees Fahrenheit). Venus has an iron core about 3,000 kilometers (1,200 miles) in radius.
Venus has no global magnetic field, though its core iron content is similar to that of Earth, Venus rotates too slowly to generate the type of magnetic field that Earth has.
Zodiac Sign Rulership: Taurus, Libra


April Snow Showers
We've all been giddy about the early warm weather here in Boston. It can be easy to forget that frosts and even snow storms are totally possible into May. Last year, after a very long winter with epic amounts of snow, the daffodils bloomed on April 23. This year they bloomed on April 1. This is "Ceylon"
Then we got about 4 inches of snow and low temps around 20 degrees.
I was just starting to think about transplanting a few things like broccoli out early, but I think I will wait another 2 weeks at least. Next time I say I'm feeling lucky with the weather, someone kick me.


COVID-19 Pandemic Highlights the Urgent Global Need to Control Air Pollution
Terri Janos email@example.com
APRIL 09, 2021
Boston – More than 91 percent of the world's population lives in areas that exceed air quality guidelines recommended by the World Health Organization, and more people are impacted by worsening air quality each year. Ambient air pollution – including potentially harmful pollutants such as small particles and toxic gases emitted by industries, households, cars and trucks – has been shown to worsen viral respiratory infections. Now, new studies are showing a similar association between ambient air pollution and worse COVID-19 outcomes.
In a new commentary reviewing current research on the potential relationships among pollution, respiratory viruses and health disparities, physician-researchers at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC) discuss several ways that the COVID-19 pandemic highlights the urgent need to address the global problem of air pollution and improve respiratory health and equity worldwide. The commentary appears in the Annals of the American Thoracic Society.
"A multitude of studies show that exposure to higher long-term ambient air pollution is associated with both increased risk of infection and death from COVID-19," said corresponding author Stephen Andrew Mein, MD, a physician in BIDMC's Department of Medicine. "Historically, air pollution has been linked with worse health outcomes, including higher mortality, due to other respiratory viruses like influenza. Now, new research on COVID-19 adds further evidence of the adverse effects of ambient air pollution and the urgent need to address the public health crisis of pollution."
In one of the most prominent studies modeling COVID-19 mortality Mein and colleagues reviewed, researchers at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health found that each small (1 μg/m3) increase in long-term fine inhalable particle (PM2.5) exposure was associated with an eight percent increase in mortality during the pandemic, per an examination of county level data. Another study concluded that air pollution has contributed 15 percent to COVID-19 mortality worldwide. "The studies we reviewed evaluated whether long-term, ambient air pollution exposure that occurred years prior to the pandemic was associated with worse COVID-19 outcomes," said Mein, who is also an Instructor in Medicine at Harvard Medical School.
The exact mechanisms of the association between long-term pollution and poor COVID-19 outcomes are not fully known. However, scientists have suggested that long-term exposure to air pollution may impair the immune system, leading both to increased susceptibility to viruses and to more severe viral infections. Higher air pollution exposure — a burden disproportionately shouldered by communities of color in the Unites States — is also associated with higher rates of heart disease and metabolic disorders such as diabetes, which are known to be risk factors for severe disease and death from COVID-19. These long-term chronic effects occurred well in advance of the reported reductions in air pollution during the COVID-19 pandemic.
The authors noted that recent models predict that improved air quality (due to less travel and industrial activity) during the pandemic may have reduced morbidity and mortality from non-communicable diseases, but more study is necessary.
"Research evaluating associations between the dramatic reduction in ambient air pollution during global lockdowns and health care utilization for respiratory conditions would further confirm the impact of ambient air pollution on non-communicable diseases and the need to reduce air pollution to improve overall health," said Mary Rice, MD, physician in the Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine Department at BIDMC and senior author of the commentary.
"While the primary association between air pollution and COVID-19 outcomes has been generally consistent, there is still much research to be done," added Rice, who is also Assistant Professor in Medicine at Harvard Medical School. "In particular, there is a need for studies that adjust for individual-level risk factors, since current studies have been restricted to county or municipal-level exposure and outcome data. Research is also needed to evaluate whether air pollution contributes to the stark differences in COVID-19 outcomes among communities of color.
Racially and ethnically diverse communities are more likely to be located in areas closer to industrial pollution such as PM2.5 and nitrogen dioxide, and to work in types of businesses that expose them to more air pollution. These inequalities in residential and occupational air pollution exposure may be one of the causes of the stark disparities of the COVID-19 pandemic along racial and ethnic lines.
"The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the widespread health consequences of ambient air pollution, including acute effects on respiratory immune defenses and chronic effects that lead to higher risk of chronic cardiopulmonary disease and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)," said Mein. "These chronic health effects likely explain the higher COVID-19 mortality among those exposed to more air pollution. The pandemic has also provided a glimpse into the health benefits of cleaner air. COVID-19 is a wakeup call for the need to adopt stricter air quality standards and end our tolerance for pollution in disadvantaged neighborhoods. As part of our post-COVID-19 recovery, we must clean up the air to improve respiratory health and equality worldwide."
Editor's note: This release is adapted from a press release issued by the American Thoracic Society.
About Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center
Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center is a patient care, teaching and research affiliate of Harvard Medical School and consistently ranks as a national leader among independent hospitals in National Institutes of Health funding. BIDMC is the official hospital of the Boston Red Sox.
Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center is a part of Beth Israel Lahey Health, a health care system that brings together academic medical centers and teaching hospitals, community and specialty hospitals, more than 4,800 physicians and 36,000 employees in a shared mission to expand access to great care and advance the science and practice of medicine through groundbreaking research and education.


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With Hurricane Delta in our rearview mirror, the 2020 hurricane appears to finally be over. Officially the season goes through the end of November, but storms beyond mid-October are rare. True to form for 2020, this season has been the worst since 2005 and the second worst since we began keeping record.
A few weeks ago, I was listening to a Kinder Institute webinar on public health and urban planning. However, a large part of the program turned out to be an infomercial on climate change. The presenter, who was from California, mentioned in an almost off-handed fashion, that, of course, Houston had been and would continue to be facing more and stronger hurricanes because global warming. This narrative has become a standard talking point for climate change activists. But, it is true?
Trying to get a handle on whether storms are actually getting worse or more frequent is not as clear as you might expect.
First, exactly how you measure the intensity of a storm is somewhat problematic. Hurricane Sandy in 2012 caused extensive damage to the East Coast and was frequently referred to in the media as a “superstorm.” Yet it was only a Category 1 storm on the Saffir-Simpson scale. That scale is exclusively determined by wind speed. (See this link for discussion of that scale.) But we have learned that wind speed is just one factor in determining the severity of a storm and the resulting damage. For example, the physical size of the storm is another important indicator of its tidal surge.
One complicating factor is that the farther we go back into historical records, the less reliable the information is about the incidence and the severity of the storms is. Since the 1960s we have had reliable data from satellites. But that is a blink of the eye on the scale of climate history. Before satellites the data is much less reliable, relying frequently on incomplete eye witness accounts and spotty meteorological observations.
Nonetheless, the National Weather Service has compiled a list of tropical cyclones that have occurred in the Atlantic basin since 1850, based on the best information they have. They have categorized the storms into three categories: tropical storms, hurricanes, and major hurricanes.
When you graph the data, it looks like this:
Even if you assume that cyclones were underreported before 1960, the upward trend since the early 90s is pretty clear and appears to be unprecedented in the historical record. It is noteworthy that trend is more pronounced in terms of the total number of storms rather than an increase in more severe storms.
But is this increase due to climate change and will it continue or even accelerate, as we so often hear? Here is where things become much murkier.
The Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, a NOAA agency, has recently updated its summary of the research on these questions on its website. Its conclusions regarding storms in the Atlantic basin are:
- Warmer temperatures will likely increase cyclonic rainfall by 10-15% over the next century.
- Warmer temperatures will likely increase the intensity of tropical cyclones 1-10% over the next century.
- It is premature to conclude with high confidence that increasing atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations from human activities have had a detectable impact on Atlantic basin hurricane activity.
The report concludes as follows: “In summary, neither our model projections for the 21st century nor our analyses of trends in Atlantic hurricane and tropical storm activity support the notion that greenhouse gas-induced warming leads to large increases in either tropical storm or overall hurricane numbers in the Atlantic.”
In other words, “we think it is going to get marginally worse.”
Part of the problem in attempting to tease out the effect of warmer temperatures on tropical storms is that this is just one of many factors that affect these enormously complex phenomena. One of the main drivers is the La Nina/El Nino weather patterns over the Pacific Ocean. The effect of higher temperatures on that phenomenon is not well understood at this point. In another note, I was fascinated to see the NOAA report mention that volcanic activity has some effect.
But one thing that is for certain: The cost of tropical storm landfalls in the U.S. is becoming astronomically higher. However, the increased costs are not being driven by more intense or frequent storms – instead they are due to us putting more people and improvements in harm’s way. In this Wall Street Journal article discussing the rising cost of storms, meteorologist and risk manager expert Steve Bowen summarized the problem: “Coastal population and exposure growth is certainly the predominant driver of increased damage costs associated with hurricanes.”
The best example of this is Hurricane Sandy, which hit the New Jersey/New York area in 2012. It made landfall barely weighing in as a Category 1 storm. Yet, it was one of the costliest and deadliest in U.S. history because of where it made landfall. Had Sandy made landfall along a coastline with far less population, no one would have referred to it as a “Superstorm.”
Here is where I part ways with many climate change activists. While pursuing policies to reduce carbon emissions is certainly a laudable goal, it is not the only problem we face. It is also not the answer to every problem. In this case, there is no evidence that policies to reduce greenhouse emissions will have any consequential effect on reducing the damage done by tropical cyclones, and especially not in the near term.
To tackle the problem of hurricane impact mitigation, we need to better prepare our coastlines to withstand storms and to mitigate their impact. That means building structural protections, improving flood control, adopting better building codes, being more careful where we build things, not incentivizing risky behavior by socializing losses (e.g., subsidized federal flood insurance), and restoring natural features that dampen the impact of the storms, such as wetlands and oyster reefs.
Of course, it is not an “either-or” choice. We can make our coast lines more resilient and work to reduce carbon emissions at the same time. But if the goal is to reduce the impact of tropical cyclones, a discussion about climate change is a distraction. Instead, we need policies primarily aimed at strengthening our coastal defenses and being smarter about coastal development.


As advocates for healthier indoor environments, we are committed to helping you achieve optimal air quality in every indoor setting. Understanding how air quality works and how to improve it, beyond purchasing an air purifier, can be perplexing. In specific scenarios, such as office spaces, recognizing subpar air quality might be apparent, even if you’re not directly responsible for the remedy. In this article, we will review five cost-free strategies that anyone can adopt to kickstart the journey toward breathing cleaner and healthier air.
1. Assess Your External Air Sources
The leading contributor to poor indoor air quality is poor outdoor air. Approximately 20% of the air you breathe in residences with shared walls can be traced back to neighboring spaces. Identify the entry points of external air, whether it’s a dedicated air supply or a doorway, can be sources of indoor air pollution. For instance, individuals storing garbage cans close to their air intake inadvertently invite contaminants into their living spaces. Similarly, we recently visited a homeowner who was experiencing persistent headaches. Upon investigation, we identified that storing chemicals within an attached garage during sweltering summer months exacerbated indoor air quality by elevating volatile organic compounds (VOCs) whenever the garage door was opened.
2. Clear and Maintain Internal Ventilation Systems
Proper ventilation is pivotal for maintaining a steady supply of fresh air within inhabited spaces. Ventilation can (see #5) aid in diluting pollutants and enhancing air quality, especially in addressing elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) levels that can accumulate in crowded rooms. Some structures, while well-designed for ventilation prior to occupation, may encounter airflow disruptions or blockages when fully utilized. Consider a scenario where an object obstructs a vent during a gathering, limiting air circulation. This blockage could lead to stagnant air if it remains there for several days. Identifying and safeguarding supply and return air pathways is crucial to ensure unobstructed airflow.
3. Healthier Cooking Habits for Better Air Quality
While the benefits of maintaining a balanced diet are well-known, it’s worth noting that your cooking methods can also significantly impact indoor air quality. Recent attention has been directed toward the air quality implications of gas stoves, yet how you cook holds equal importance. Cooking techniques, particularly frying, can release smoke and VOCs, diminishing air quality. A practical solution is to employ lids while cooking to mitigate these effects and enhance the overall air quality within your space.
4. Minimize VOC-Heavy Fragrances
Commonly used fragrances, including candles and perfumes, can inadvertently contribute to diminished air quality. Candles emit particulate matter, VOCs, and smoke, while the chemicals found in perfumes can release VOCs and potentially trigger allergies. For those fond of candles, opting for natural alternatives and ensuring proper ventilation can reduce their impact on air quality. Likewise, when selecting perfumes, select products containing organic ingredients, as they are less likely to affect others’ quality than synthetic counterparts.
5. Thoughtful Indoor Air Dilution (with Caution)
While dilution is often considered a simple and method effective method to improve air quality it should be used with some caution. Dilution is simply increasing airflow from less contaminated spaces. In air quality terms, this typically means adding more outdoor air. We advise doing this with caution, specifically if you are unsure about outdoor air quality. For example, at the time of release, Canadian wildfires have been ongoing for months. Opening windows and improving airflow will not improve air quality and have an adverse effect.
These strategies are ones that anyone can take advantage of in almost any indoor space. Of course, the simplest way to improve air quality is through an air purification device that follows the principles of UVGI and directional airflow.


Britain could bake in the aftermath of Hurricane Larry, the Met Office said.
Hurricane Larry has already hit Newfoundland, Canada on Saturday.
Sun-starved Britons will get their last chance of summertime in September after a disappointing August and flash flooding in the capital in late July. There are hopes the tropical storm could bring dry, warmer climes to the UK next week.
Met Office forecaster Alex Deakin told The Sun: “At the moment it does look like high pressure will be the more dominant feature. It won’t be as crazily warm as it was through the first half of this week and it will be cold at night but it could mean fine and dry weather. However, dry and warm weather will set in as the storm spills across the Atlantic.
Temperatures won’t reach the “crazily warm” highs of 30C which London enjoyed earlier this
“The battle between high and low pressure will continue into the start of next week. On the face of it, it does look like the high is going to win out but low pressure to the south can’t be ruled out.
Temperatures will climb higher than 20C between September 14 and September 22.
Resource: Evening Standard


New analysis signifies quickly rising numbers of satellites, so known as “mega constellations” dedicated to space-based web and different industrial companies, are producing extra total mild air pollution, or skyglow, than beforehand understood.
An evaluation in Month-to-month Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters concludes the general brightness of the night time sky may enhance by greater than 10 p.c throughout a big a part of the planet.
“Our main motivation was to estimate the potential contribution to nighttime sky brightness from exterior sources, similar to house objects in Earth’s orbit,” mentioned Miroslav Kocifaj of the Slovak Academy of Sciences and Comenius College in Slovakia, who led the research.
“We anticipated the sky brightness enhance could be marginal, if any, however our first theoretical estimates have proved extraordinarily shocking and thus inspired us to report our outcomes promptly.”
The research thought-about the general impression of accelerating numbers of satellites in addition to spent rocket levels and house particles on the overall luminance of the night time sky versus the results of particular person satellites and the “mild trails” they will produce in long-exposure pictures. The researchers developed a mannequin primarily based on the identified distributions of sizes and the brightness of identified objects in Earth orbit.
“Not like ground-based mild air pollution, this type of synthetic mild within the night time sky may be seen throughout a big a part of the Earth’s floor,” mentioned John Barentine, director of public coverage for the Worldwide Darkish-Sky Affiliation and a research co-author. “Astronomers construct observatories removed from metropolis lights to hunt darkish skies, however this type of mild air pollution has a a lot bigger geographical attain.”
America’ Federal Communications Fee holds license functions for greater than 81,000 satellites for SpaceX’s Starlink program, OneWeb and a proposed constellation of web relay satellites deliberate by Amazon. SpaceX has launched 1,385 Starlinks as of 1 April and OneWeb has put up 146.
The authors of the brand new research word that whereas SpaceX and different satellite tv for pc builders are making good-faith efforts to minimise the brightness of their spacecraft, the glow of the night time sky will proceed to extend.
“The cloud of synthetic objects orbiting the Earth, composed of each operational and decommissioned satellites, elements of launch autos, fragments, and small particles, with attribute sizes starting from micrometers to tens of metres, mirror and scatter daylight towards ground-based observers,” the researchers write.
“When imaged with excessive angular decision and excessive sensitivity detectors, many of those objects seem as particular person streaks in science photos. Nevertheless, when noticed with comparatively low-sensitivity detectors just like the unaided human eye, or with low-angular-resolution photometers, their mixed impact is that of a diffuse night time sky brightness element, very similar to the unresolved built-in starlight background of the Milky Manner.”
They conclude estimates of this “newly recognised skyglow” could have already reached a zenith threshold of 10 p.c above the luminance of a pure night time sky. That exceeds the Worldwide Astronomical Union’s mild air pollution “crimson line” for astronomical observatory websites.
“Future satellite tv for pc mega-constellations are anticipated to extend considerably this mild air pollution supply,” the researchers conclude.


Warming of the Mediterranean has increased in recent decades.
- May 19th, 2021
María José López García, full university professor of Physical Geography in the Department of Geography at the University of Valencia, summarises thirty-five years of satellite observations that have confirmed the trends appointed in previous studies.
Global warming is particularly affecting the oceans and seas. In the Mediterranean Sea, oceanographic and meteorological records taken in situ together with the most recent satellite observations show an estimated global warming of between 0.6 and 1 ºC over the last three decades. In this article, professor María José López García analyses 35-year series of monthly thermal images in the western basins of the Mediterranean. The data indicate an earlier and more intense summer season: summers are longer and more intense and the months of June and July record the highest warming rates, with increases of 0.6ºC/decade.
The Mediterranean, an “ocean in miniature”
The Mediterranean, a semi- enclosed sea framed by three continents, is a unique setting. It occupies only 0.7% of the world’s ocean surface and 0.3% of the water volume, but has been considered as a “miniature ocean” by many authors, a perfect laboratory for studying climatic and hydrological patterns, as many of the phenomena observed in the oceans also occur in the Mediterranean. The configuration of its basin, with great topographic contrasts, and its intermediate position between temperate and subtropical climates make this sea a particularly sensitive area, which is why it has been identified as one of the climatic change hotspots.
There is now agreement in the scientific community about global warming attributed to the increase in atmospheric CO2, especially evident in the last four decades. The Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) indicates a global warming of 0,85ºC over the period 1889-2012 (IPCC, 2013). At a global scale, it has been estimated that between 1970 and 2010 the oceans have accumulated more than 90% of the energy increase in the climate system. Global warming is evident in the surface layer down to 75m, where an average rate of thermal increase of 0,11ºC/ decade has been calculated.
What do observation satellites tell us about the Mediterranean?
Since the 1980s, thermal images obtained by the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer sensor on board NOAA satellites have provided a continuous, synoptic view that complements in situ records. The radiation recorded by the sensors is considered representative of the sea surface temperature, a key parameter in climate studies. Over time, other sensors as the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) have been added, allowing accurate derivation of the sea surface temperature and other oceanographic parameters.
In the early days of space remote sensing in Spain, the doctoral thesis Balearic Sea Temperature from Satellite Images (López Garcia, 1991), a product of the collaboration between the Department of Geography and the Remote Sensing Unit of the Thermodynamics Department of the University of Valencia, showed the potential of thermal images for the knowledge of the hydrology of the Mediterranean. Thirty years later –now that the viability of the images has been amply proven- the availability of image series of sufficient quality and length, and the possibility of contrasting the results with data obtained by other authors, have made it possible to confirm the trends indicated in previous publications.
The analysis carried out in the western basins of the Mediterranean shows a rapid warming in the last three decades, with an average rate of 0.03 ºC/ year that reaches higher values depending Mediterranean region analysed. Warming in the peninsular Mediterranean is occurring mainly in the spring-summer and autumn months, and there is a clear trend towards an earlier, longer and more intense summer.
The consequences of the warming of the Mediterranean on aspects such as sea level rise, the possible alteration of marine circulation patterns, the abundance, distribution and structure of marine species or the frequencies and intensification of atmospheric processes as the DANA (Isolated High Level Depressions) are the subject of interest and research by the scientific community. While the causality and attribution of these consequences to climate change remains difficult to discern, there is a growing consensus that warming is not a future projection but a clear reality.
Full article in Mètode: López García, M J. (2021). How much warmer is the Mediterranean becoming? Thirty-five years of satellite observations. Mètode Science Studies Journal, 11.


In his latest column, Steve Huntoon jumps into the Jacobson-Clack fray over the prospects of 100% renewable power.Before the Industrial Revolution, the amount of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases released into the atmosphere was in a rough balance with what could be.
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Weather expert Ambalal Patel predicted. There will be a change in the atmosphere of Gujarat
There is no chance of unseasonal rain in Gujarat for the next 7 days. The weather department has predicted this. However, meteorologist Ambalal Patel has predicted that there will be a reversal in Gujarat’s climate.
According to Ambalal Patel, a storm will arise in the Arabian Sea. Thus, this storm will spread towards Oman.
But between 14 and 20 December, there will be a storm in Gujarat. Weather expert Ambalal Patel says that from December 12, Gujarat will experience bone-chilling cold. Even today the Nalia of Kutch remains the coldest. A minimum temperature of 9 degrees was recorded in Nalia. A minimum temperature of 16 degrees has been recorded in Ahmedabad.
North northeast winds are blowing in Gujarat. Due to this, a double season is being experienced. In the early morning it feels cold due to the cold wind while in the afternoon the temperature is changing.
A decrease in cold is observed. The Meteorological Department predicts that there is no chance of rain and the state will remain dry. The temperature will remain unchanged for the next 3 to 4 days and after that the temperature will rise by 2 to 3 degrees.
|Read In Gujarati


It is nothing if not fitting that I’m starting my basic research on global climate change while trapped in my house by the aftermath of winter storm Jonas. So far, the most important thing I’ve learned is this: climate change is happening. Of course, there are several other basic matters to address, such as definitions and other basic processes. Firstly, what causes climate change? According to the Royal Society’s article “Climate Change: A Summary of the Science,” climate change can be caused by:
- Changes in the energy Earth receives from the Sun
- Changes in greenhouse gases and clouds
- Changes in the reflectivity of Earth’s surface
But what EXACTLY is climate change? Well, it’s essentially the environment trying to correct the imbalance between the amount of energy the Earth receives from the Sun and the amount of infrared energy emitted by Earth. This imbalance is called “climate forcing.” Another important term I discovered in my readings is climate sensitivity, which is “the amount of climate change caused by a given amount of climate forcing,” (essentially just how much has to happen before the climate system responds), this sensitivity can vary from place to place.
I also encountered the term “internal climate variability,” which refers to the amount of variation occurs within a climate system solely because of the factors in that system and NOT climate forcing.
Possible results of climate change which I found were:
- Increases in Earth’s surface temperature
- Increases in the temperature of the ocean
- Increases in sea levels
- Decrease in size of mountain glaciers
So far, I’ve only skimmed the surface of what climate change research has to offer, courtesy of http://whatweknow.aaas.org/get-the-facts/ and https://royalsociety.org/~/media/Royal_Society_Content/policy/publications/2010/4294972962.pdf. I hope you enjoy whatever weather phenomena that climate change may be bringing you; as for me, I’ll be inside avoiding frostbite!


What exactly is this goal?: Climate change is a phenomenon that affects every single country and person in the world. Global warming continues to increase, greenhouse gas emissions are currently 50% higher compared to 1990 levels, and it is expected that by 2030 there will be a further increase of 45%, unless they are immediately counteracted. There are direct consequences for the planet, causing warmer oceans, a rise in sea level, the melting of polar glaciers and extreme weather events, such as fires, desertification, drought, earthquakes, floods and tsunamis. These phenomena also have an impact on people, destroying crops, making it difficult to access water, causing diseases and blocking real social and economic progress. The consequences of climate change may be irreversible if urgent measures are not taken. SDG 13 seeks to introduce climate change as the primary issue on the political agenda, in the strategies and programmes of national and regional governments, and of firms and civil society, improving the response to the problems created such as natural disasters, and promoting education and raising awareness of the entire population.
Corporate role: the private sector can develop strategies to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions, through the use of renewable energy instead of fossil fuels. Further information
How to measure the corporate contribution: some indicators to evaluate corporate actions include: external verification of greenhouse gas emissions generated directly and indirectly; reductions in greenhouse gas emissions; the volume of investments in renewable energy; and the total expenditure and investment in environmental protection.


The greenhouse effect refers to a process through which heat is trapped in the atmosphere by greenhouse gases and the average temperatures at the surface of the Earth rise.
The greenhouse effect can be natural or man-made.
The natural greenhouse effect helps in keeping the planet’s climate warm and proper for living. Through industrial and agricultural (cattle growing) activities, mining, fossil fuel and solid waste burning and deforestation, man has enhanced Earth’s natural greenhouse effect by adding greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
The main such gases in our atmosphere are water vapor, carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O) and ozone (O3). They have an important effect on Earth’s temperature, since, in their absence, the average temperature at the surface of our planet would be lower by 33°C, the present average being of 14°C.
The greenhouse effect and infrared radiation
The greenhouse effect is related to the amount of infrared radiation that is lost by Earth to outer space. Gases that contribute to the greenhouse effect reduce the rate at which infrared radiation is lost, as they trap part of it. By reducing the rate of energy loss of anything to its surroundings, its temperature is increased, and that is exactly what happens to Earth when it loses less infrared radiation than it used to. While the lower layers of the atmosphere are kept lower by these gases, the upper ones are kept colder.
A few figures to better understand man’s impact on the atmosphere
Around 80-90% of the natural greenhouse effect of Earth is related to water vapor and the presence of clouds. Most of the left percentage is related to carbon dioxide, methane and other greenhouse gases. Methane has a stronger greenhouse effect than carbon dioxide; however, it is less present in the atmosphere than the latter. Less present or not, the fact is that the amount of methane in the atmosphere has increased by about 150% since 1750. The concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere in pre-industrial times was of 270 parts per million and it has reached 400 parts per million in 2012. Thus, man’s part in the formation of the greenhouse effect can be seen, which many scientists believe to be the cause of the global warming in the last 50 years.
With all these in mind, it is clear that it is necessary to find a way for the amount of greenhouse gases to be kept under control, as the rise in average temperatures leads to sea level rise, impacts agriculture and economy and the hydrological cycles.


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Free Next-Day Shipping, On All Orders.*Weather for the next 15 days in Sudbury (Suffolk county) Weather in Sudbury for today, Sunday, 27 Dec 2020 Sunrise: 08:06 Sunset: 15:46 Moonrise: 13:56 Moonset: 05:23 UV Index: 1 Grand Sudbury, ON - Weather forecast from Theweather.com. Weather conditions with updates on temperature, humidity, wind speed, snow, pressure, etc. for Grand Sudbury ...
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14-day weather forecast for Sudbury. Today, any early rain will soon move away to the east. It will then be cloudy at times through the day with one or two showers in places but also a few brighter spells.Greater Sudbury Online combines community views, current events, classifieds, information, and much more to provide the most up-to-date, comprehensive guide to your community. Sudbury News. 14 Sep 2020.
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Weather. Shopping. Track the number of new reported deaths each day in the country and in the hardest-hit states. See the number of new confirmed cases per day in each state here. Since New York's first recorded death on March 14, more than 35,000 of its people have died of Covid-19.Get the Sudbury weather forecast. Access hourly, 10 day and 15 day forecasts along with up to the minute reports and videos for Sudbury, Canada...
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“Hot weather permits” to public servants in Ankara
ANKARA - Due to the increasing temperatures in Ankara, “hot weather permits” were given to public employees for today.
Due to the extreme increase in air temperatures in Ankara, administrative permission was granted to pregnant, disabled, heart, brain, chronic respiratory system, liver and kidney sufferers and cancer patients working in the public.
According to a written statement made by the Ankara Governor's Office on the subject, it is predicted that the weather temperature is above the seasonal norms and that the weather forecast will continue to rise on 03 July according to weather forecast reports.
Due to the increase in air temperature, the announcement made by the Provincial Hygiene Board about the decision. (ILKHA)


The global climate change has been a topic of discussion for many years now, and it has been a challenge to get all the countries to come to an agreement. However, there has been progress in recent years towards reaching a consensus on measures to mitigate the effects of climate change.
In 2015, the Paris Agreement was signed by 196 countries. The agreement aims to limit the increase in global temperatures to below 2°C above pre-industrial levels. The Paris Agreement also includes a commitment to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by all signatory countries. The countries that signed the agreement agreed to take measures to curb climate change by transitioning towards renewable energy and adopting sustainable practices.
One of the challenges of the Paris Agreement was that it was not legally binding. However, in 2021, the United States rejoined the Paris Agreement, and the Biden administration has announced its intention to make significant progress in meeting the agreement`s goals. With the US back on board, it is hoped that other countries will also recommit to the agreement and take action.
Another significant development towards a global consensus on climate change was the Glasgow Climate Summit held in November 2021. The summit brought together representatives from nearly 200 countries to discuss climate policy and set targets for emissions reductions. The summit was hailed as a success, with many countries committing to ambitious targets to reduce their carbon emissions.
There are still challenges to be faced in reaching a global agreement on climate change. Some countries are still unwilling to commit to the measures necessary to mitigate climate change, while others are concerned about the economic impact of such measures. However, the progress made in recent years, such as the Paris Agreement and the Glasgow Climate Summit, indicates that there is growing global recognition of the urgent need to take action to curb climate change.
In conclusion, while there is still a long way to go in reaching a global agreement on climate change, there have been significant steps forward in recent years. The Paris Agreement and the Glasgow Climate Summit are positive examples of countries coming together to address the issue. With continued efforts and commitment from all countries, it is hoped that a global consensus on climate change can be reached and effective measures can be taken to mitigate its effects.


Climate reacts to whatever forces it to change at the time; humans are now the dominant forcing.
If there's one thing that all sides of the climate debate can agree on, it's that climate has changed naturally in the past. Long before industrial times, the planet underwent many warming and cooling periods. This has led some to conclude that if global temperatures changed naturally in the past, long before SUVs and plasma TVs, nature must be the cause of current global warming. This conclusion is the opposite of peer-reviewed science has found.
Our climate is governed by the following principle: when you add more heat to our climate, global temperatures rise. Conversely, when the climate loses heat, temperatures fall. Say the planet is in positive energy imbalance. More energy is coming in than radiating back out to space. This is known as radiative forcing, the change in net energy flow at the top of the atmosphere. When the Earth experiences positive radiative forcing, our climate accumulates heat and global temperature rises (not monotonically, of course, internal variability
will add noise to the signal).
How much does temperature change for a given radiative forcing? This is determined by the planet's climate sensitivity. The more sensitive our climate, the greater the change in temperature. The most common way of describing climate sensitivity is the change in global temperature if atmospheric CO2 is doubled. What does this mean? The amount of energy absorbed by CO2 can be calculated using line-by-line radiative transfer codes. These results have been experimentally confirmed by satellite and surface measurements
. The radiative forcing from a doubling of CO2 is 3.7 Watts per square metre (W/m2
) (IPCC AR4 Section 2.3.1
So when we talk about climate sensitivity to doubled CO2, we're talking about the change in global temperatures from a radiative forcing of 3.7 Wm-2. This forcing doesn't necessarily have to come from CO2. It can come from any factor that causes an energy imbalance.
How much does it warm if CO2 is doubled? If we lived in a climate with no feedbacks, global temperatures would rise 1.2°C (Lorius 1990
). However, our climate has feedbacks, both positive and negative. The strongest positive feedback is water vapour
. As temperature rises, so too does the amount of water vapour in the atmosphere. However, water vapour is a greenhouse gas which causes more warming which leads to more water vapour and so on. There are also negative feedbacks - more water vapour causes more clouds which can have both a cooling and warming effect.
What is the net feedback? Climate sensitivity can be calculated from empirical observations. One needs to find a period where we have temperature records and measurements of the various forcings that drove the climate change. Once you have the change in temperature and radiative forcing, climate sensitivity can be calculated. Figure 1 shows a summary of the peer-reviewed studies that have determined climate sensitivity from past periods (Knutti & Hegerl 2008
Figure 1: Distributions and ranges for climate sensitivity from different lines of evidence. The circle indicates the most likely value. The thick coloured bars indicate likely value (more than 66% probability). The thin coloured bars indicate most likely values (more than 90% probability). Dashed lines indicate no robust constraint on an upper bound. The IPCC likely range (2 to 4.5°C) and most likely value (3°C) are indicated by the vertical grey bar and black line, respectively.
There have been many estimates of climate sensitivity based on the instrumental record (the past 150 years). Several studies used the observed surface and ocean warming over the twentieth century and an estimate of the radiative forcing. A variety of methods have been employed - simple or intermediate-complexity models, statistical models or energy balance calculations. Satellite data for the radiation budget have also been analyzed to infer climate sensitivity.
Some recent analyses used the well-observed forcing and response to major volcanic eruptions during the twentieth century. A few studies examined palaeoclimate reconstructions from the past millennium or the period around 12,000 years ago when the planet came out of a global ice age (Last Glacial Maximum).
What can we conclude from this? We have a number of independent studies covering a range of periods, studying different aspects of climate and employing various methods of analysis. They all yield a broadly consistent range of climate sensitivity with a most likely value of 3°C for a doubling of CO2.
The combined evidence indicates that the net feedback to radiative forcing is significantly positive. There is no credible line of evidence that yields very high or very low climate sensitivity as a best estimate.
Ironically, when skeptics cite past climate change, they're in fact invoking evidence for strong climate sensitivity and net positive feedback. Higher climate sensitivity means a larger climate response to CO2 forcing. Past climate change actually provides evidence that humans can affect climate now.
written by John Cook. Last updated on 9 August 2010.


The AVHRR is a radiation-detection imager that can be used for remotely determining cloud cover and the surface temperature. Note that the term surface can mean the surface of the Earth, the upper surfaces of clouds, or the surface of a body of water. This scanning radiometer uses 6 detectors that collect different bands of radiation wavelengths as shown below.
The first AVHRR was a 4-channel radiometer, first carried on TIROS-N (launched October 1978). This was subsequently improved to a 5-channel instrument (AVHRR/2) that was initially carried on NOAA-7 (launched June 1981). The latest instrument version is AVHRR/3, with 6 channels, first carried on NOAA-15 launched in May 1998.
The AVHRR/3 instrument weighs approximately 72 pounds, measures 11.5 inches X 14.4 inches X 31.4 inches, and consumes 28.5 watts power.
|AVHRR/3 Channel Characteristics|
|Channel Number||Resolution at Nadir||Wavelength (um)||Typical Use|
|1||1.09 km||0.58 - 0.68||Daytime cloud and surface mapping|
|2||1.09 km||0.725 - 1.00||Land-water boundaries|
|3A||1.09 km||1.58 - 1.64||Snow and ice detection|
|3B||1.09 km||3.55 - 3.93||Night cloud mapping, sea surface temperature|
|4||1.09 km||10.30 - 11.30||Night cloud mapping, sea surface temperature|
|5||1.09 km||11.50 - 12.50||Sea surface temperature|
Measuring the same view, this array of diverse wavelengths, after processing, permits multi spectral analysis for more precisely defining hydrologic, oceanographic, and meteorological parameters. Comparison of data from two channels is often used to observe features or measure various environmental parameters. The three channels operating entirely within the infrared band are used to detect the heat radiation from and hence, the temperature of land, water, sea surfaces, and the clouds above them.


Welly, welly, welly, welly, welly, welly, well. To what do I owe the extreme pleasure of this surprising news, as young Alex in Anthony Burgess' Clockwork Orange might have put it.Forecasts of climate change are about to go seriously out of kilter. One of the world's top climate modellers said Thursday we could be about to enter one or even two decades during which temperatures cool.
"People will say this is global warming disappearing," he told more than 1500 of the world's top climate scientists gathering in Geneva at the UN's World Climate Conference.
"I am not one of the sceptics," insisted Mojib Latif of the Leibniz Institute of Marine Sciences at Kiel University, Germany, and one of the foremost recognized experts on climate change in the world. "However, we have to ask the nasty questions ourselves or other people will do it."
Few climate scientists go as far as Latif, an author for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. But more and more agree that the short-term prognosis for climate change is much less certain than once thought.
Update: January 23, 2011
For two decades or so we have been told to urgently act against unprecedented global warming, changing every habit industrial man has grown to embrace, or else there will be fiery gloom and doom for the world and be careful not to confuse weather for climate. Yet, the opposite seems to be occurring all over the globe.Facts. The entire planet has stopped warming since 1998 and, more significantly, has started to cool since 2003. Instead of warning people of cooler weather for the next 30 years, there’s still the distinct false sense of expectation of unprecedented warming. People and governments are being urged to go entirely in the wrong direction for the wrong reasonsand at a potentially horrendous price.
Just look at what happened in UK. Ten years ago Britons were told to expect global warming only and that snow would be a thing of the past. Yet the opposite has arrived, three winters in a row. This winter it crippled the entire nation for nearly a month in December 2010. Alternating periods of warm and cooler weather have been with us as far back as our climate records go. Some of the past cooler periods have been more severe than others, like the Sporer, Maunder and Dalton Minimums. Professor Don Easterbrook has documented some 20 such cool periods over the last 500 years,
© 2009 - 2012, Gabriel Thy. All rights reserved.


Many human activities that relate to agriculture, transportation, and industry create different kinds of pollution. When it extends to the ground its vertical extent is known as the mixing height or the mixing depth. Texas is always good for a record.
In addition to this, more than 6 million tons of oil are accidentally spilled into the ocean every year. A very big drawback of the pesticide is that after a certain period of time the fertility of land goes away and often bugs get resistant.
Reilly, who headed the United States delegation, estimated that the reductions agreed to could, by the yearprevent a million cases of cancer and 20, deaths.
Hydrogen fluoride and silicon tetrachloride: It is formed by the reaction of various air pollutants in the presence of sunlight. Keep pollutants away from boat marinas and waterways. Air pollution is clearly a problem for health and well-being — and as more and more people across the world move to live in megacities, they could miss out on the fresh air associated with the green countryside.
Burning coal to generate electricity. It takes six to eight years for some of these compounds to reach the upper atmosphere, and once there, they will destroy ozone for another 20—25 years.
Filters could prevent mercury pollution. The total miles of water pipeline and aqueducts equal approximately one million miles—enough to circle the globe 40 times.
The Electric Reliability Council of Texas, set many many new records in the last 5 years for peak demand. Sometimes, planting trees in cities is driven by people who may be informed of the benefits, but not all of the facts.
As the noise wave hits a leaf, it goes around the leaf and continues on. Although the restrictions apply to developed nations, which produce most of the ozone-damaging chemicals, it was also agreed to consider moving up a phase-out of such compounds by developing nations from to Understanding ozone depletion As detailed collection of data about interactions in the stratosphere progresses, the observational support for the ozone depletion theory continues to grow more compelling.
Finally, in November87 nations meeting in Copenhagen, Denmark, decided to strengthen the action agreed to under the Montreal Protocol and move up the phase-out deadline from to January 1, for CFCs, and to January 1, for halons.
In the evening, as the earth cools, the coldest air will sink into the lowest part of the valley.
It is not known how a depletion of phytoplankton would affect the planet's supply of life-giving oxygen, but more CO 2 in the atmosphere would exacerbate the critical problem of global warming, the socalled greenhouse effect.
Burning oil, coal, natural gas for energy. After all, trees really do make you feel better, according to recent research published in the journal Scientific Reports.
During periods when high pressure settles over a region and the air is stagnant, the atmosphere is stable all day long, and pollutants continue to accumulate in the valley. Jan 26, · Trees reduce air pollution, and planting them is one of the most concrete, satisfying actions you can take to help the air quality in your region.
Trees produce oxygen and absorb carbon dioxide, which they turn into food%(45). Air Pollution Control Permit Program: Do I Need A Permit Regulated Activities: Owners and/or operators of existing or proposed air contamination sources are required to obtain a Title V Facility Permit, State Facility Permit, or Registration certificate for source construction and operation.
Noise Pollution. Noise is the vibration of air molecules, a kind of wave effect in the air. You would think that as this wave of noise reaches a tree that is in full leaf, the. Some trees such as the alders (Alnus species) have a symbiotic relationship with Frankia species, a filamentous bacterium that can fix nitrogen from the air, converting it into cwiextraction.com have actinorhizal root nodules on their roots in which the bacteria live.
This process enables the tree to live in low nitrogen habitats where they would otherwise be unable to thrive. How to Help Stop Pollution. Stopping pollution is important for the survival of our planet, and even more importantly, the health and well-being of the people who depend on it.
The air we breathe is laden with hazardous contaminants, and. Image caption Trees are estimated to provide the equivalent of "at least £ million" of benefits each year in London, such as cutting air pollution, a study suggests Planting trees is a cost.How trees prevent air pollution


Where Was Our Warming? It Was AWOL in the Arctic
Snow coverage in the Arctic continues to shrink, as you can see from the accompanying map, But not here, not last winter. Here, in Nebraska, in February, it was as cold as a _______ _____. Fill in your own expletive.
Our record cold and heavy snow in February does not mean that the whole Earth is cooling. It does mean that the upper air currents are twisting and turning in weird ways.
Remember February 16? It was what? Minus 23? Record cold, of course. Was it a day when perhaps you wanted to ask Dr. What’s HOT in Global Warming? “Where is our global warming when we really need it?” Well, here I am, with a quick lesson in the geophysical facts, a.k.a. “The Climate Plays Tricks on Us”.
The carbon dioxide level is still with us, at about 417 parts per million in 2021. It’s still holding more heat than it has in the last couple of million years. So what is going on? Climate involves changes over time. Weather is today’s wind in our faces. Weather is the story; climate is the plot.
The coldest day I can recall in Omaha before February 16, 2021 was in December of 1983. It was a memorable day mainly for a low of about minus 22 F. That was temperature, not wind chill. I was walking along Dodge Street from Dundee, at about 52rd Street, westward during my second Omaha winter, to UNO, where I was beginning a 37-year career as an assistant professor of journalism when a man I had never previously met stopped his car in the midst of the busy street, leaned over, shoved the front door open, and commanded “GET IN!” “YES SIR,” I replied, escaping the coldest day of my life, until then.
The Same Lows in Fairbanks and Austin
One day apart on February 16-17, 2021, the forecast temperature bottomed at plus 7 F. in Fairbanks, Alaska (the average there is minus 13 F.). In Austin, the forecast low one day later was plus 7 (the average there in February is 45 F.). The fact that a coincidental low of 7 degrees F. was reached two days apart in Fairbanks and Austin is an atmospheric prank played on us by the Arctic Oscillation (map #2), in which the jet stream (which steers storms and upper-air wind patterns at a height of jet aircraft) flows north to Alaska, then back southward and eastward, plunging to the Gulf of Mexico, then north and slightly east up the U.S. East Coast, sucking relatively warm air, loaded with moisture, out of the Gulf Stream.
That air circulates counter-clockwise around the storm, colliding with cold air over the land, causing the storm to intensify, wringing out prodigious amounts of snow over the United States’ northeast and Middle Atlantic states. The western side of the storm whips cold air into Texas and nearby states (also into the southern United States), often causing deadly ice storms. This is also a recipe for low temperatures such as 7 F. above zero in places such as Austin, Texas—roughly equal to much of Alaska at the same time, which is above average there.
Arctic Ice Cover is Still Shrinking
This pattern (and others, such as the “ice-albedo feedback”), considered as a whole, may affect the entire Northern Hemisphere. Again, thanks to NASA’s Earth Observatory, witness: “Throughout 2020, the Arctic Ocean and surrounding seas endured several notable weather and climate events. In spring, a persistent heat wave over Siberia provoked the rapid melting of sea ice in the East Siberian and Laptev Seas. By the end of summer, Arctic Ocean ice cover melted back to the second-lowest minimum on record. In autumn, the annual freeze-up of sea ice got off to a late and sluggish start.
“Forty years of satellite data show that 2020 was just the latest in a decades-long decline of Arctic sea ice. In a review of scientific literature, polar scientists Julienne Stroeve and Dirk Notz outlined some of these changes: In addition to shrinking ice cover, melting seasons are getting longer and sea ice is losing its longevity.
“The longer melting seasons are the result of increasingly earlier starts to spring melting and ever-later starts to freeze-up in autumn… Averaged across the entire Arctic Ocean, freeze-up is happening about a week later per decade. That equates to nearly one month later since the start of the satellite record in 1979.
“The change is part of a cycle called the ‘ice-albedo feedback’. Open ocean water absorbs 90 percent of the Sun’s energy that falls on it; bright sea ice reflects 80 percent of it. With greater areas of the Arctic Ocean exposed to solar energy early in the season, more heat can be absorbed—a pattern that reinforces melting.”
And, as a result, “The Arctic sea ice pack is becoming more fragile. In summer 2020, ships easily navigated the Northern Sea Route in ice-free waters, and even made it to the North Pole without much resistance.”
ABOUT THE AUTHOR:
Bruce E. Johansen, Frederick W. Kayser Professor at the University of Nebraska–Omaha, is author of Climate Change: An Encyclopedia of Science, Society, and Solutions (2017).


Todays weather forecast for Casablanca
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Morocco lies north west of the African continent with coastlines along the Atlantic and the Mediterranean Sea. Coastal regions of Morocco generally have a Mediterranean climate, however In the interior the temperatures are more extreme with changeable weather conditions.
Northern Morocco- Mediterranean Coast
In the very north of Morocco along the Mediterranean coast the towns of Tangiers and Tetouan are perfect examples that experience long enjoyable summers that begin in Mid May and continue right through until September, and shorter winters in which the region sees most of its annual rainfall.
In this area summer averages sit in the mid 20’s, with daily highs reaching into the high 20’s. Spring and Autumn both see daily averages of low to mid 20s, and the minimums rarely fall below 10’s, while winter time sees enjoyable daily highs of 16 to 17 degrees- thought keep in time that autumn and winter is when the rainfall picks up.
North Western Morocco- Atlantic Coast
Once you hit the Atlantic coast on the west, the weather is tempered by the cold waters of the Atlantic which bring cold waters into the area. In the north west coast the conditions are still Mediterranean, though the colder waters do have a moderating affect on the climate so the evengins are cooled by gentle sea breezes- which can be quite enjoyable and in summer time come as a welcome break from the scorching summer sun.
IDuring the winter it is not uncommon to experience several days of very heavy rainfall, so while all of Morocco can provide for an excellent winter get away, keep in mind to pack you umbrella if visiting in December or January. Despite the rain in winter the North coast and North West does have enjoyable weather pretty much all year round.
Moving further south down the West coast you will hit Morocco’s capital city of Rabat, and further to the south is the city of Casablanca. Rabat sits on the Atlantic ocean and witnesses pleasurable weather year round. June and September each see daily averages of 20 and 22 degrees respectively, which July and August (the warmest months) see a daily average temperature fo 23 degrees. Summers so get quite warm, average highs of 26 to 27 degrees, though the cooling winds off the Atlantic ocean blow in the evenings bringing temperatures down to an enjoyable 15 to 16 degrees.
South Western Morocco- The Sahara border
Moving further south the weather starts to warm up a lot as you move toward the Sahara desert and toward the nation of Western Sahara. The climate in this region can exhibit bizarre patterns at times as the hot air off the desert hits the cold air off the Atlantic- as a result there can often be mist and fog in the air along the coast.
Once you reach further south the conditions are much more arid and desert like, temperatures here are hot all year round, and only cooled by the Atlantic sea breezes.
Marrakech has an average winter temperature of 21ºC (70ºF) and 100°F (38°C) in summer. In the Atlas Mountains temperatures can drop below zero and mountain peaks are snow capped throughout most of the year.
Copyright © by MoroccanStar All Right Reserved.
Published on: 2008-11-08 (2872 reads)[ Go Back ]


Model activities are very important for class 7th students because the students will learn in clear and better understanding of every topic. According to our teaching experience some main benefits of doing model activity task class 7 geography part 4.
Benefits of doing Model Activity Tasks
- Model Activity Tasks enhance the better under of complex concepts always
- Model Activity Tasks always make learning fun and engaging because in model activities the tasks are based on real-life activities
- By doing model activity tasks students will learn problem-solving activities and critical thinking concepts.
- Model activities bridge the gap between theory and real-life applications
- Model activities introduce group and teamwork among students. They learn to communicate, share ideas, and work together to achieve a common goal.
Model Activity Task Class 7 Geography Part 4
We have prepared a better solution for Model Activity Task Class 7 Geography Part 4 step by step. Please read the answers of every question be carefully
Answer the following questions
(i) What is atmosphere?
(ii) Which two gases make the bulk of the atmosphere?
(iii) Which gas creates greenhouse effect in the atmosphere?
(iv) What is weather?
(v) Name three types of rainfall?
(vi) What is air pressure?
Answers of the above questions
Q No: 1 What is atmosphere?
The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds the Earth. It is made up of different gases, such as oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide. It protects us from the Sun’s harmful rays and helps regulate the Earth’s temperature
Q No: 2 Which two gases make the bulk of the atmosphere?
The two gases that make up the bulk of the atmosphere are nitrogen and oxygen.
Q No: 3 Which gas creates greenhouse effect in the atmosphere?
The gas that creates the greenhouse effect in the atmosphere is carbon dioxide (CO2).
Q No: 4 What is weather?
Weather refers to the condition of the atmosphere at a specific place and time. It includes elements such as temperature, precipitation (rain, snow), wind speed, humidity, and cloud cover. Weather can change from day to day and varies from one location to another.
Q No: 5 Name three types of rainfall?
The three types of rainfall are given below:
- Convective rainfall
- Orographic rainfall
- Frontal Rainfall
Q No: 6 What is air pressure?
Air pressure is the force exerted by the weight of the air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere. It is the pressure or weight of the air above a given point on the Earth’s surface.
Tick the Correct Answer
(i) Which of the following gases protects us from harmful sun vays?
(a) Carbon dioxide (b) Nitrogen (c) Ozone
(ii) The most important layer of the atmosphere is
(a) Troposphere (b) Thermosphere (c) Mesosphere
(iii) Which of the following layers of the atmosphere is free from clouds?
(a) Troposphere (b) Stratosphere (c) Mesosphere
(iv) As we go up the layers of the atmosphere, the pressure
(a) Increases (b) Decreases (c) Remains the same
(v) When precipitation comes down to the earth in the liquid form,
it is called
(a) Cloud (b) Rain (c) Snow
Match the following questions
(i) Trade Winds (a) Incoming solar energy
(ii) Loo (b) Seasonal wind
(iii) Monsoon (c) Horizontal movement of Air
(iv) Wind (d) Layer of ozone gas
(e) Permanent wind
(f) Local wind
(i) Trade Winds – (e) Permanent wind
(ii) Loo – (f) Local wind
(iii) Monsoon – (b) Seasonal wind
(iv) Wind – (c) Horizontal movement of air
Give the Reason for following
(i) Wet clothes take longer time to dry on a humid day?
Wet clothes take longer to dry on a humid day because the air is already saturated with moisture. In high humidity, the air has a higher concentration of water vapor, which makes it difficult for the moisture from the wet clothes to evaporate.
(ii) Amount of insolation decreases from the equator towards poles?
The amount of insolation (incoming solar radiation) decreases from the equator towards the poles. This is because the sunlight at the equator covers a smaller area compared to the sunlight reaching the poles, which is spread over a larger area.
For Fun Solve this Crossword puzzle with the help of the given clues:
|Tuesday: Partly cloudy|
|Thursday: Mostly sunny|
|Friday: Cloudy skies|
|Saturday: Clear skies|
|Sunday: Overcast conditions|
The above questions and tasks are all about model activity task class 7 Geography part 4. Hope you understand and like our tasks for Geography for class 7th because the model activities in class 7th are valuable teaching tools that promote active learning, critical thinking, and a deeper understanding of the subjects being taught.


And so another month of waxing and waning, known as a lunation, draws to a spectacular close. I got up early to catch a last look at the waning Moon before it disappears into the pre-dawn glare. We’ll see the Moon again with the Sun “backlighting” it in the middle of the day on Monday. And from our vantage point under the moon’s shadow as it races by us at 2,700 km/hour we may also see Venus, Mars peeking out from behind scattered cloud. If it is totally cloudy and raining, we’ll just see the ground getting very dark indeed. Estimates of the probability of the Sun/Moon being hidden by cloud at our chosen location vary from 20% to 40%. So that’s a 60%-80% chance of seeing the Sun’s ethereal atmosphere, known as the “corona” which is good enough for me. Obviously weather is the show-stopper now.
When I saw the total eclipse of 1979 from Kennewick, Washington on a crisp February morning, there was scattered cloud covering about 40% of the sky. When the shadow passed, the Sun/Moon remained behind a solitary cloud the whole time, but this did not diminish the awe of the eerie darkness: stars and planets all around and lights in the valley below my hilltop vantage point on the side of a road.
Depending on the likely partial cloud cover, we may see 4 planets (M,V,M,J) and two bright stars (Sirus and Arcturus) peeking out in the sky and several less bright stars especially in the darkest part of the sky near the Moon/Sun.
The return of daylight will mark the start of a new lunation where we may observe the waxing of the moon from evening crescent to Full Moon over two weeks, then rising later and later in the night until is is once again a waning crescent in the September sky next month.