USB Weather Board
This USB weather board from SparkFun is fitted with a SCP1000 absolute pressure (and temperature) sensor, a SHT15 humidity sensor, and a TEMT6000 ambient light sensor. This allows the on-board ATmega8 to deliver pressure, humidity, temperature, and light level via USB. Serial output is a single ASCII string at 9600bps, 8N1, at 1 reading per second.
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Accurate emission inventories of greenhouse gases are becoming increasingly important as countries make efforts to comply with the Kyoto Protocol and as emissions trading develops. Emission factors are widely used to calculate emissions by multiplying the amount of activity by the relevant emission factor. The IPCC provides emission factors for the coal fuel cycle and guidance on their use. The US EPA has published many emission factors. Organisations such as ISO andWRI/WBCSD provide guidance on the use of emission factors. CEMS are the main alternative to emission factors for compiling inventories. Both methods are acceptable for CO2 from coal combustion. There is more uncertainty about emissions of CH4 and N2O. There are a number of sources of uncertainty; much of it can be quantified. Emission factors would be improved by greater acknowledgement of the inherent uncertainty in the numbers.
Title: Greenhouse gas emission factors for coal, CCC/136
Author(s): Deborah Adams
ISBN: ISBN: 978-92-9029-455-9
Publication Date: 01/06/2008


The Haz-Dust™ family of particulate monitors offers wide range of real-time aerosol instrumentation designed for your specific application. Ranging from the low cost hand held Haz-Dust respiratory Particulate Monitor (model HD-1100) to the more sophisticated ambient monitor for 24 hour sampling, the Environmental Particulate Air Monitor (model EPAM-5000).
No matter what your application EDC can help you find exactly what you are looking for, and we can even custom manufacture and calibrate an instrument to fit your specific needs.
Environmental Devices Corporation is a manufacturer of scientific instrumentation specializing in real-time monitoring of airborne particulates.
EDC announces the next generation of HazDust monitors model EPAM-7500.
Now available for HazScanner model GB-2000 indoor air quality monitoring station.
Dual PM sensor capability
The HazScanner HIM-6000 can now be equipped with 2 PM sensor to monitor simultaneously EPA PM10 and PM2.5.
Gas, PM & Met Monitoring
The Haz-Scanner™ family of real time air quality instruments provides direct readings and data logging capabilities. Haz-Scanner™ can be configured to provide up to 12 simultaneous critical air quality measurements in one easily portable battery operated instrument.
The Model HIM-6000 is a completely self contained ambient air quality monitoring system designed to indentify, measure and document hazardous air quality parameters.
The Model GB-200o is a portable indoor environmental air monitoring station designed to measure critical parameters for indoor environmental assessments.
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The distribution of tephra following an eruption usually involves the largest boulders falling to the ground quickest and therefore closest to the vent, while smaller fragments travel further — ash can often travel for thousands of miles, even circumglobal, as it can stay in the stratosphere for days to weeks following an eruption. When large amounts of tephra accumulate in the atmosphere from massive volcanic eruptions (or from a multitude of smaller eruptions occurring simultaneously), they can reflect light and heat from the sun back through the atmosphere, in some cases causing the temperature to drop, resulting in a temporary, "volcanic winter", climate change. Tephra mixed in with precipitation can also be acidic and cause acid rain and snowfall.
ClassificationEditTephra fragments are classified by size:
- Ash – particles smaller than 2 mm (0.08 inches) in diameter,
- Lapilli or volcanic cinders – between 2 and 64 mm (0.08 and 2.5 inches) in diameter,
- Volcanic bombs or volcanic blocks – larger than 64 mm (2.5 inches) in diameter.
The words "tephra" and "pyroclast" both derive from Greek. Tephra means "ash". Pyro means "fire" and klastos means "broken"; thus pyroclasts carry the connotation of "broken by fire".
- ↑ This is the broad definition of tephra (Greek tephra, "ash") proposed by the Icelandic volcanologist Sigurður Þórarinsson (Sigurdur Thorarinsson) in 1954, in connection with the eruption of Hekla (Thorarinsson, "The eruption of Hekla, 1947-48II, 3, The tephra-fall from Hekla, March 29th, 1947", Visindafélag ĺslendinga (1954:1-3).


As predicted by Pakistan Meteorological Department (PMD), the country overall received below normal (-31.0%) rainfall during (Oct-20 to Jan-21). The main thrust was in Balochistan (-73.2%) and Sindh (- 70.2%) while, it remained above normal during November throughout the country.
The most districts of west to south west Balochistan are winter rainfall dominant and rainfall amount lies between 71 to 231mm. Due to deficient winter rainfall, moderate drought like condition has emerged over most of the central and southern districts of Balochistan (Fig-1). The mild to moderate drought is prevailing in most parts of Balochistan (Chagi, Gawadar, Harnai, Kech, Kharan, Mastung Nushki, Pishin, Panjgur, Kalat, Quetta and Washuk). According to the climatological normal (1981-2010), Sindh province remains dry during October to May, whereas, the rainy season prevails from June to September. The mild drought conditions are prevailing in south eastern parts of Sindh (Fig-2). 3. Keeping in view the climatology and current seasonal forecast of PMD for these areas, drought conditions may exacerbate and affect the agriculture and live stocks and its adjacent districts. Dry conditions will cause water stress in the cultivated lands/areas of the country due to limited supply of irrigation water for Rabi crops. 4. It is advised to all stakeholders to take pre-emptive measures for disaster prone districts. Farmers/agriculturists are advised to keep themselves updated from PMD website http://www.pmd.gov.pk. 5. NDMC is continuously monitoring drought situation over the country and keeping the stakeholders and general public updated by issuing drought information on fortnightly and monthly basis.


By Doug Mattushek - 02 September 2019Views : 728
Hurricane Dorian became the biggest storm to hit the Bahamas when it made landfall on Sunday night.
The category five hurricane brought winds of 295kph with gusts of over 350kph, torrential rain and a storm surge of seven metres to the Carribean island.
The BBC reports that there was precious little news from the island after power cuts affected internet access. That said, director general of the ministry of tourism and aviation, Joy Jibrilu, confirmed that while there had been heavy damage, no deaths had been reported.
"It's devastating," Jibrilu told the BBC.
"There has been huge damage to property and infrastructure. Luckily, no loss of life reported."
Dorian is now moving toward the US coast at a steady 9kph and is expected to skirt the south east while moving north for most of the week.
"The hurricane will move dangerously close to the Florida east coast late Monday through Tuesday night," confirmed the US National Hurricane Centre on Reuters.
In preparation, President Trump issued a state of emergency in Florida and 2000 National Guard troops have been deployed, with another 2000 on standby. Additionally, South Carolina issued a mandatory evacuation of the coast, affecting over 830 000 people.


MeT Issues Fresh Weather Update For JK
MeT Issues Fresh Weather Update For J&K
Weather UpdateCompletely dry weather is expected till 31 December. Chances 90%.In the coming days, a significant decrease is likely in night temperatures.
Maximum decrease will be witnessed in the Chillai-Kalan days.
Srinagar = up to -5°C/-6°CAnantnag = up to -6°CKupwara = up to -5°C/-6°CGulmarg = up to -5°CPahalgam = up to -8°CShopian = up to -8°CKulgam = up to -6°C/-7°CBudgam/Baramulla/Bandipora/Ganderbal = up to -6°CAwantipora/Pampore = up to -8°CRegards: Kashmir weather.


Dr. Akshay Ashok
- Ph.D. in Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2016, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Thesis: Reducing the air quality impacts of aircraft activity at airports (Advisor: Prof. Steven R.H. Barrett)
- SM in Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2011, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Thesis: The Air Quality Impact of Aviation in Future-Year Emissions Scenarios (Advisor: Dean Ian A. Waitz)
- B.S. Aeronautical and Astronautical Engineering (highest distinction), 2009, Purdue University
Fields: Air Quality, Air Transportation, Emissions modeling
Lab Role: Postdoctoral Associate, Webmaster
My research interests focus on the environmental impacts of aviation, specifically the impacts on air quality and human health. As a Masters student I studied regional air quality impacts due to US aviation, developed a rapid assessment tool to analyze the air quality impacts of aviation policy options and was involved in a number of aviation policy assessments. As a doctoral candidate, I performed research that improved the understanding of emissions’ impacts on air quality near airports and quantified the environmental impacts of airport operations as well as the effectiveness of operational mitigation strategies. I have also been involved in quantifying the air quality impacts of global aviation and modeling the emissions and air quality impacts of various anthropogenic sources in the US, Europe and Asia. I plan to continue research in the field of air transportation as a Postdoctoral Associate.
Publications and Presentations
Chossière, G., Malina, R., Ashok, A., Dedoussi, I.C., Eastham, S.D., Speth, R.L., Barrett, S.R.H., “Public Health Impacts of Excess NOx Emissions from Volkswagen Diesel Passenger Vehicles in Germany,” Environ. Res. Lett., vol. 12 (3), Mar. 2017.
A. Ashok and S. R. H. Barrett, “Adjoint-based computation of U.S. nationwide ozone exposure isopleths,” Atmospheric Environment, vol. 133, pp. 68–80, May 2016.
A. Ashok, H. Balakrishnan, and S. R. H. Barrett, “Reducing the air quality and CO2 climate impacts of taxi and takeoff operations at airports,” Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, p. submitted, 2016.
S. H. L. Yim, G. L. Lee, I. H. Lee, F. Allroggen, A. Ashok, F. Caiazzo, S. D. Eastham, R. Malina, and S. R. H. Barrett, “Global, regional and local health impacts of civil aviation emissions,” Environ. Res. Lett., vol. 10, no. 3, p. 34001, Mar. 2015.
S. R. H. Barrett, R. L. Speth, S. D. Eastham, I. C. Dedoussi, A. Ashok, Robert Malina, and D. W. Keith, “Impact of the Volkswagen emissions control defeat device on US public health,” Environ. Res. Lett., vol. 10, no. 11, p. 114005, 2015.
P. J. Wolfe, S. H. L. Yim, G. Lee, A. Ashok, S. R. H. Barrett, and I. A. Waitz, “Near-airport distribution of the environmental costs of aviation,” Transport Policy, vol. 34, pp. 102–108, Jul. 2014.
A. Ashok, I. C. Dedoussi, S. H. L. Yim, H. Balakrishnan, and S. R. H. Barrett, “Quantifying the air quality-CO2 tradeoff potential for airports,” Atmospheric Environment, vol. 99, pp. 546–555, Dec. 2014.
F. Caiazzo, A. Ashok, I. A. Waitz, S. H. L. Yim, and S. R. H. Barrett, “Air pollution and early deaths in the United States. Part I: Quantifying the impact of major sectors in 2005,” Atmospheric Environment, vol. 79, pp. 198–208, Nov. 2013.
A. Ashok, I. H. Lee, S. Arunachalam, I. A. Waitz, S. H. L. Yim, and S. R. H. Barrett, “Development of a response surface model of aviation’s air quality impacts in the United States,” Atmospheric Environment, vol. 77, pp. 445–452, Oct. 2013.
S. R. H. Barrett, S. H. L. Yim, C. K. Gilmore, L. T. Murray, S. R. Kuhn, A. P. K. Tai, R. M. Yantosca, D. W. Byun, F. Ngan, X. Li, J. I. Levy, A. Ashok, J. Koo, H. M. Wong, O. Dessens, S. Balasubramanian, G. G. Fleming, M. N. Pearlson, C. Wollersheim, R. Malina, S. Arunachalam, F. S. Binkowski, E. M. Leibensperger, D. J. Jacob, J. I. Hileman, and I. A. Waitz, “Public Health, Climate, and Economic Impacts of Desulfurizing Jet Fuel,” Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 46, no. 8, pp. 4275–4282, Apr. 2012.
A. Mahashabde, P. Wolfe, A. Ashok, C. Dorbian, Q. He, A. Fan, S. Lukachko, A. Mozdzanowska, C. Wollersheim, S. R. H. Barrett, M. Locke, and I. A. Waitz, “Assessing the environmental impacts of aircraft noise and emissions,” Progress in Aerospace Sciences, vol. 47, no. 1, pp. 15–52, Jan. 2011.
A. Ashok, “The air quality impact of aviation in future-year emissions scenarios,” Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2011.


Problem is, the North Pole is really melting, more each year since Bush has been in office. The oceans are becoming more turbulent, hurricaine season has gone from an occasional news worthy storm to yearly disasters, and this is just the beginning. Watch as New Orleans becomes the first of many sea level towns leveled by a larger ocean. Watch as we're forced to quickly and painfully redraw the shorelines of our world maps. The self-protective cry will go out "if only we had been told". They've been told time and time again for the last five years, and they've shut down every study, refused every verdict and ignored every warning because it doesn't fit into BushCo's Gas/Oil Cartel profit model.
"A record loss of sea ice in the Arctic this summer has convinced scientists that the northern hemisphere may have crossed a critical threshold beyond which the climate may never recover. Scientists fear that the Arctic has now entered an irreversible phase of warming which will accelerate the loss of the polar sea ice that has helped to keep the climate stable for thousands of years.
Arctic specialists at the US National Snow and Ice Data Centre at Colorado University, who have documented the gradual loss of polar sea ice since 1978, believe that a more dramatic melt began about four years ago.
In September 2002 the sea ice coverage of the Arctic reached its lowest level in recorded history. Such lows have normally been followed the next year by a rebound to more normal levels, but this did not occur in the summers of either 2003 or 2004. This summer has been even worse. The surface area covered by sea ice was at a record monthly minimum for each of the summer months - June, July and now August."
"Current computer models suggest that the Arctic will be entirely ice-free during summer by the year 2070 but some scientists now believe that even this dire prediction may be over-optimistic, said Professor Peter Wadhams, an Arctic ice specialist at Cambridge University." - The Independent.
Do we add this to the list of Bush's tragedy filled tenure? At current emissions, the U.S. alone is responsible for 25% of greenhouse gas emissions on the planet.


Delegates from all over the world are meeting in Bonn, Germany, this week to continue five-year old negotiations to reduce emissions of so-called greenhouse gases — gases that create in increase in the temperature of the planet. The most important of these gasses is carbon dioxide, which is produced by burning fossil fuels.The negotiations are slated to continue until the end of the year when world leaders will meet in Kyoto, Japan, in December to sign a greenhouse deal. The restrictions on greenhouse gases have been sharply opposed by some major industries, specifically those that rely on fossil fuels like coal and oil. In fact, industry leaders met with President Clinton in Washington this week to press the administration on the issue.
• Ross Gelbspan, the author of The Heat Is On: The High Stakes Battle Over Earth’s Threatened Climate, published by Addison-Wesley.


Winter weather advisory issued for snow
January 23, 2013
The National Weather Service has issued a winter
weather advisory for North Idaho and the
northeastern Washington mountains, calling for a
chance of four inches of snow in the valleys
The advisory goes into effect at 4 p.m. today
until 4 a.m. Thursday.
According to the National Weather Service, snow
is expected to begin falling late this afternoon
and intensify through the evening before
tapering off to scattered snow showers by dawn
Thursday. Valley locations could see two to four
inches of snow from this system, higher
elevations could see up to five inches of fresh
snow over night.
The chance of snow is 100%.
Motorists are advised that overnight driving
conditions could be hazardous, with slick, icy
roads and limited visibility. It could also make
the morning commute tricky, though the chance of
more snow diminishes to 40% between sunup and 10
Temperatures tomorrow are expected to rise above
freezing tomorrow as warmer, southwesterly winds
take over, pushing out stagnant air and the
sub-freezing conditions that have prevailed for
almost a week.
The overnight low for tonight in Bonners Ferry
is expected to be 27-degrees, with temperatures
warming to 34-degrees on Thursday. Each day
through next Tuesday carries a chance of light
to moderate snow.
Questions or comments about this
Click here to e-mail!


Poor air quality is a serious issue for Londoners’ health, leading to thousands of premature deaths each year. The UK is also now at risk of fines from the European Union for failure to comply with European limit values for pollutants. Initiatives to tackle the problem are underway, but more can be done. Local authorities are particularly well placed to ensure that new development and transport plans in their areas take air quality considerations into account and reduce levels of pollution.
London has some of the worst air pollution of any UK or European city, and air quality is a very significant issue for Londoners’ health. The Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) estimates that current PM2.5 (Particulate Matter)(1) emission levels reduce average life expectancy of people in the UK by six months and cost the economy £15 billion each year; equivalent to the cost of obesity in urban areas.(2) The situation is particularly bad in London where 4,300 deaths each year are thought to be attributable to air pollution (the individuals dying, on average, 11 years prematurely).
Air quality is heavily influenced by weather patterns, and is usually worst when weather is warm and there is little wind to disperse pollution. These hot, still days are expected to become more frequent over the coming years as the impacts of climate change are felt.
Boroughs across London are involved in initiatives to reduce air pollution, but it is a challenging issue. Evidence demonstrates that though the public accept that tackling air pollution is everybody’s responsibility, people are often unwilling to change their own habits, particularly when it comes to travel. More can be done by all levels of government including the Mayor and boroughs, and of course, by the public. Local authorities have a key role in promoting air quality issues in their own areas through their air quality management plans and their planning powers. They are ideally positioned to ensure that work done to reduce the threat of future climate change can achieve a ‘double-win’ by also reducing air pollution.
Poor air quality in London is not just a recent problem, indeed concerns over pollution led to temporary bans on coal fires in London as early as the 14th century. The famous ‘pea-souper’ smogs of the 1950s caused thousands of deaths and were eventually tackled by the Clean Air Act of 1956, banning as it did the use of the most polluting domestic heating fuels.
The two types of air pollution that are of greatest concern to human health at present are:
Particulate Matter (PM): The majority comes from motor vehicle exhausts and from wear to brakes and tyres. Construction sites with high levels of dust and machinery emissions can also contribute. Some PM occurs naturally, from forest fires, particles blown in from the Saharan desert and from sea salt which is carried to London by air currents.(3)
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2): Road transport and heating systems are the most significant sources of nitrous oxides (NOx) in London, of which Nitrogen dioxide has the greatest impact on human health.
The problems that London now faces come largely from the use of motor vehicles, rather than domestic use of coal, and it is these same types of emissions that also contribute to the process of climate change. Interaction of different types of emissions in the atmosphere is complicated and can often make both problems worse. Fortunately, in many cases efforts to reduce the threat of climate change or air pollution can be mutually beneficial.
Most of the legislation governing air quality is based on guidelines provided by the World Health Organisation (WHO) and derived from research into the effects of air pollution on human health. These guidelines have led to the limit values set out in European legislation (Directive 2008/50/EC) which outlines a concentration value for each pollutant and a date by which the limit values should be achieved. In some cases these also allow a certain number of times in a year that a pollutant can exceed the limit value.
This European legislation has been translated into English law by the Air Quality Standards Regulations 2010, which set out the government’s objectives for key pollutants and how different sectors, such as transport and industry, can help meet them.(4) In London, the Mayor also has a responsibility to prepare an air quality strategy, which includes policies and proposals to ensure that the city meets national objectives.(5) London’s boroughs are required to review and assess the air quality in their areas. Where the level of a particular pollutant is too high in any area, the local authority must produce and implement an air quality management plan aimed at reducing the level of the pollutant. All local authorities in London have air quality management plans.
Progress towards meeting PM10 values has been gradual and now only a small number of roads in central London breach the EU limit values. In June 2011 the European Commission granted the UK government a time extension to meet these limit values. However, in the case of NO2, progress has not been as successful. The UK has consistently failed to meet the EU limit values for NO2, and in London, levels have been exceeded by some distance. As a result of this non-compliance the UK could potentially be at risk of European fines of up to £300 million for breaching air quality standards.(6)
The Localism Bill currently progressing through Parliament includes clauses that would allow the UK government to pass EU fines on to regional and local authorities. It is proposed that the proportion to be passed on would be relative to the degree to which each authority has power to tackle the problem. Both London Councils and the Greater London Authority (GLA) are working to ensure there is a transparent framework for passing on these types of fines and that London is not unfairly burdened by these fines if they are imposed.
As a result of the threat of EU fines for failing to meet PM limit values, Transport for London (TfL) has been awarded £5 million by the Department for Transport (DfT), which must be spent this financial year on initiatives to improve London’s air quality.
Three locations in particular have been identified as areas where meeting limit values could be challenging: the Marylebone Road, Victoria Embankment through to Tower Hill and Marble Arch to Hyde Park Corner. The majority of the funding will be spent on measures in these areas, and other locations where monitoring data shows air quality is a particular problem due to local circumstances.
TfL are working with borough officers to develop and implement Clean Air Fund measures such as:
Berlin: In 2008, Berlin introduced a Low Emission Zone (LEZ) in its inner city districts. Vehicles were given either no sticker or a red, yellow or green sticker to indicate the level of pollution they emit. Signs were erected at the entrance to the zone to indicate which colour sticker vehicles could enter. These standards were strengthened in 2010 and now only green stickered vehicles can drive into the LEZ. Any unauthorised drivers in the zone risk a €40 fine.
Beijing: Notorious for poor air quality, Beijing implemented over 200 programmes to improve pollution levels before and during the last Olympic Games. These focussed on energy consumption and efficiency (particularly in terms of coal usage), emissions from industry, construction sites and transport. New vehicle emission standards were introduced, public transport improved and only restricted access to the city allowed for private vehicles during the Games themselves.
CareforAir: This is a partnership between four local authorities in South Yorkshire, funded by the South Yorkshire Local Transport Plan. It aims to raise awareness of air quality issues with local businesses, schools, organisations and individuals to encourage everyone to do their bit.
ECO Stars: ECO Stars (Efficient and Cleaner Operations) Fleet Recognition Scheme is a free, voluntary scheme designed to provide recognition, guidance and advice to operators of goods vehicles, buses and coaches across South Yorkshire.
BeAirAware: This is a partnership between the six local authorities in Tyne and Wear, Defra and Nexus (a passenger transport provider), which aims to raise awareness of air quality issues.
Healthy Air Campaign: Environmental Protection UK has launched a campaign to raise the profile of the health effects of poor air quality and to work with communities to develop plans to promote cleaner air.
Biking boroughs: 13 outer London boroughs are working with TfL to encourage greater uptake of cycling. Funding has been made available to improve cycling infrastructure and parking, and on measures to improve cyclists’ safety.
Legible London: This is a TfL initiative involving boroughs, business improvement districts and other landowners to develop and implement a consistent and easy to understand system of maps and way-finding information to encourage more people to walk in London.
Source London: TfL and boroughs have been working in close partnership over the past year to develop the charging point infrastructure needed to support the uptake of electric vehicles in the capital.
CityAir: The City of London Corporation is working in partnership with the business community to generate support for reducing emissions associated with their activities in central London.
Low Emission Zone: London’s Low Emission Zone (LEZ) was introduced by the GLA in 2008. At present it does not apply to motorbikes or cars. Higher standards for other types of vehicles will be introduced from January 2012.
2012 Olympic Games: The Games are aiming to be the ‘greenest’ ever. All ticket recipients will be sent free TfL travelcards for the day of the event they have tickets for and limited on-site parking will only be provided for disabled spectators.
AirText: The system sends free air pollution alerts by text message, email or by recorded message to the home phones of people with cardiac or respiratory disease when air pollution levels are forecast to be moderate, high or very high. The messages provide information on the steps participants can take to minimise exposure to the pollution episode and better manage their symptoms, improving quality of life and hopefully reducing the need for visits to the doctor or hospital.
Despite the significant health problems and shocking mortality rates it causes, the intangible nature of air pollution makes it a very difficult problem to tackle. The single most effective measure that could be implemented, a policy to reduce the number of vehicle journeys made in the city, would be unpopular with many residents and politically very challenging to implement.
The Mayor’s air quality strategy, published in 2010, outlined a range of measures the Mayor will take to improve air quality, such as boosting the emission standards of bus and taxi fleets and by introducing a new oxides of nitrogen (NOx) standard for the London-wide LEZ. However the strategy is not as comprehensive as some boroughs had argued it should be. The delay to the implementation of the third phase of the LEZ (from autumn 2010 to January 2012) and the removal of the western extension to the congestion zone are both steps that delay efforts to improve the situation.(7)
Though London’s local authorities are actively taking part in many initiatives beneficial to improving air quality, they are to some extent limited in their ability to tackle air pollution. Many of the available measures, such as setting emission standards for new vehicles or influencing which vehicles can drive into London, sit within the remit of the EU, central government or the Mayor, and councils lack some of the tools they need.
For example, boroughs have raised concerns about some modern wood biomass boilers (used for heating homes and businesses). These have lower overall carbon emissions than conventional gas boilers, but some emit significantly higher levels of PM10 and NO2. The Clean Air Act (updated 1993) allows local authorities to declare a ‘smoke control area’ and prevent unauthorised fuels from being burnt. However this legislation is now out-ofdate and can only be used to target appliances that emit smoke and sulphur dioxide, not the more modern problem of nitrogen dioxide and PM10 emissions. Updating the Clean Air Act to allow local authorities to target NOx and PM10 emissions would be a helpful step to support local authorities improve their own local air quality.
Raising awareness of air quality issues needs to be a joint priority for all levels of government in London, and the health implications of poor air quality should be highlighted more strongly. Boroughs, the GLA and TfL are jointly working on a number of programmes to boost levels of cycling and walking and to support the uptake of electric vehicles, all of which have positive implications for air quality.
However, the wider health benefits of these types of initiatives need to be articulated more clearly and health impacts should also be more explicitly accounted for in future cost/benefit assessments of proposed investments and mitigation measures to improve air quality.
1 PM refers to airborne particles and is categorised according to size in micrometers.
2 Air Pollution: Action in a Changing Climate, Defra (2010)
3 Particulate Matter is often described in terms of the size of particles emitted, for example PM2.5 refers to particles 2.5 micrometers in diameter. Particles of less than 10 micrometers in diameter (PM10) are a problem for human health because they can be inhaled and accumulate in the respiratory system.
4 Equivalent legislation exists in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.
6 Defra published its draft air quality action plan in June 2011 for consultation. London Councils’ response is available
7 The congestion zone is a policy specifically focussed on tackling congestion rather than air pollution, but any reduction in private vehicle usage also helps to reduce harmful emissions


Not logged in
Fri Apr 18 16:48:13 2008
Rain collector of weather station
Today the rain collector of our weather station was cleaned. As a result, we checked that the rain indication on the weather monitor and on the MEDM screens is alive and working properly. I am adding some details about the roof sensors to the wiki-40 page about the weather station. See especially the link "More description of the roof sensors and their interaction with UNIX computers" from the main Weather Station page in wiki-40.
Pictures of the rain collector before (dirty, the opening is fully clogged with dust and dirt) and after (clean opening in the bottom of the bowl) the cleaning are attached.
Uploaded Fri Apr 18 18:15:33 2008
Uploaded Fri Apr 18 18:15:39 2008


Weather & Climate – Tanzania
Tanzania enjoys a pleasant tropical climate, however there are significant regional climatic variations due to a variety of factors, including altitude. The seashore is the hottest and most humid section of the country. The western and southern parks, for example, are hot but not as humid. The rest of the interior is much cooler at night and is much warmer. Tanzania has two different seasons: dry and wet.
Arusha’s climate compared to Tanzania’s parks
Arusha has a warm temperature and is the town closest to the most prominent northern parks. In most parks, the peak quantity of rainfall at April is far less than in Arusha. Because of its great altitude (about 2,300m/7,545ft), the Ngorongoro Crater rim receives a lot of rain and is very cold in the afternoons and mornings. Manyara, Nyerere, Mikumi, Ruaha, Gombe, Mahale Mountains, and Katavi are lower lying parks that are slightly warmer than Arusha.
Dry season–June to October
During this time, there is very little rain and the humidity is very low. It gets cooler at night, so bring some warm clothes for morning game drives in open vehicles, especially in the northern parks.
June, July, August, September, and October — Afternoon temperatures range from 20°C (68°F) to 30°C (86°F), depending on height and location. The sky is usually clear and sunny on most days.
Wet season–November to May
During the Wet season, midday temperatures are typically warm (a few degrees above or below 30°C/86°F), but it is cooler above 1,300m/4,265ft. Because of the high altitude, most northern parks have chilly mornings.
November and December – ‘Short rains’ – A month-long period of light precipitation that occurs between November and December. It can happen at any time, and it can even happen in October in Northern Tanzania. Rain will only seldom disrupt your safari.
The rainy season tends to finish in January and February in the northern parks and coastal areas. The other parks are not affected by the drought.
‘Long rains’ – March, April, and May are the wettest months. It rains strongly virtually every day, but not always for the entire day. Humidity is high throughout the parks, particularly in the hotter southern and western areas.


We left Auckland on May 30th, sailing east towards Rapa in the Iles Australis. It was surreal to watch the city lights disappear on the horizon – hard to believe that the time had finally come to begin our journey. The weather forecast showed two low pressure systems building, so we sailed southeast to avoid them. The first few days were slow going due to light winds, but it picked up by day four, so that we were able to average about 150 nautical miles per day. We headed northeast, hoping to catch the coat tails of the storm and ride them east (low pressure systems rotate clockwise in the southern hemisphere). The winds and seas got progressively bigger and we found ourselves in the middle of a 420 mile wide gale. No skirting this one unfortunately.


Meteorology is an interdisciplinary branch of Earth science, which is the scientific study of the atmosphere and its interaction with the earth and its inhabitants. Meteorology encompasses various fields of study, including physical processes, atmospheric dynamics, energy exchange, mathematics, statistics, physics and model representation. Often referred to as the “science of weather”, meteorology is an extremely important field of study, especially in relation to climate change.
This article seeks to provide an overview of meteorology, as well as discuss the concept of weather and climate, and provide an exploration of the science behind understanding and predicting weather patterns.
What is Weather?
Weather is a term used to describe the condition of the atmosphere at a particular time and place. It is a constantly changing system that is determined by temperature, humidity, wind, and atmospheric pressure, among a range of other variables. Weather is related to other physical processes that make up the Earth’s climate system, specifically the movement of air masses and the transfer of energy through the atmosphere and hydrosphere.
In meteorology, weather elements often studied include temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind, precipitation, cloudiness and visibility. All of these elements affect the formation of different patterns and climates in different places.
Climate vs. Weather
Weather should not be confused with climate. Climate refers to the average weather patterns of a region over a longer period of time, generally decades to centuries. It is the combination of a range of elements – the temperature, atmospheric pressure, humidity, precipitation, and wind activity – that shapes the average climate of an area.
A region’s climate has a considerable influence on a range of factors, including agricultural production, transportation, and human health. It is important to note that while climate is an average of current weather patterns, these patterns can still change and evolve over time as a result of natural or human-caused influences like global warming.
How Meteorology Helps Us Understand Weather Patterns
Meteorology is the science of the atmosphere and its behavior. Meteorology provides powerful tools, models, and research that can be used to predict how the atmosphere is expected to behave in certain conditions or given certain inputs. This can be used to help people better understand patterns of weather, and prepare for extreme and potentially dangerous weather conditions.
Meteorologists use a range of tools to observe, measure, and model weather. These include satellites, radar, weather balloons, and even aircraft (civil and military). These tools are used to measure a range of atmospheric phenomena, from temperature, humidity, wind speed and direction, and precipitation.
To analyze, model and predict weather, meteorologists use sophisticated computer programs that are able to collect and process vast amounts of measured data, as well as historic climate information, to create detailed atmospheric maps. Meteorologists use these maps to determine the location, speed and direction of weather systems, which allows them to accurately forecast the expected weather patterns of certain locations or regions. This helps people prepare for dangerous weather, such as storms and floods.
The Role of Meteorology in Climate Change
Climate change is a concern for many, as it can have wide-reaching impacts on the environment, human health, and the global economy. Meteorology plays an important role in understanding climate change and the potential consequences it may have on the planet.
Climate change occurs because of changes in the average global temperature, which is often due to an increase in greenhouse gases in our atmosphere, such as carbon dioxide and methane. In order to observe, measure, and track these changes, meteorologists use a range of sophisticated tools and models.
Meteorology can also be used to identify and predict what kinds of changes will result from a rise in global temperatures due to climate change. For example, scientists can use models to simulate the behavior of the atmosphere, which can help show the potential effects of climate change on the health of the environment. It can also be used to track changes in ocean currents, changes in sea levels, and changes in global weather patterns.
Meteorology is an interdisciplinary branch of Earth science that plays a key role in understanding and predicting weather patterns. Meteorologists use sophisticated tools and models to measure and analyze the atmosphere, in order to understand how specific weather events and patterns are formed. Meteorology also plays an important role in helping us understand climate change and its possible impacts. As climate change continues to gain global attention, meteorology will be even more important in understanding the science behind weather and climate changes, and ultimately help us prepare for the future.


Introducing weather center
Talking flight monitor would like to introduce its new state of the art feature called weather center. Weather center allows pilots to check the weather at their aircraft’s current location. It will track temperatures, wind, and clouds. It also features a customizable wind command, allowing pilots the ability to choose which wind conditions to include in the wind command’s output. Other customizable features will come in future preview releases as time permits. Each of the sections of weather center are covered below.
Wind layers are those atmospheric layers that have different wind conditions. Pilots can explore each layer of wind conditions in the weather center by pressing right bracket, CONTROL+W to start weather center, then navigating to the wind section. When pressing TAB, each pilot will be presented with a list containing the wind layers. Using up and down arrows will navigate between the layers. Each layer has seven different elements that represent the wind conditions. They include upper altitude, direction, speed, gusts, turbulence, visibility, and wind shear.
Temperature layers are those atmospheric levels representing the temperature at a given altitude range. Pilots can open the weather center and navigate to temperatures to explore each atmospheric layer of temperature. When focused on the list of layers, using up and down arrows will navigate between each temperature layer. Each layer has different elements associated with it. These elements include base altitude (lower altitude of the layer, day temperature in Fahrenheit and Celsius, and the nighttime variant.
Pilots can explore cloud conditions after opening weather center by navigating to the clouds section. When focused on the cloud layers list, pilots can explore each cloud layer by using the up and down arrows. As with the other layer types, the cloud layers give different elements to the weather conditions at each cloud layer. Some of these include cloud type, icing conditions, turbulence lower and upper altitude, cloud coverage, and more. Altitudes. In future releases, pilots will be able to press a keyboard command to check the cloud conditions at their current location.
Wind command settings
Previously, pilots could press right bracket, I to get a wind report at their current position. It included a fixed set of elements. From now on, pilots can choose what elements are included in the output from the wind command. To do this, navigate toTFM’s settings area, then find the weather section in the tree. Expand the weather category and then navigate to wind command (output). When navigating through this window, check the boxes for the elements you want included in the wind command, and uncheck the ones you want excluded from the wind command. These settings will persist across TFM restarts.
The weather center also features an automatic refresh rate. To set this, navigate to TFM settings area, find the weather category and expand it. Navigate to auto refresh and set the refresh rate in number of minutes. For example, setting the refresh rate to 10 will set the refresh rate to 10 minutes.
The weather center will also feature automatic announcements of different weather conditions such as entering and exiting clouds, different icing conditions, turbulence changes, shear changes, and others as time permits. To turn these on or off, navigate to TFM settings area, expand the weather category and navigate to automatic announcements. Navigating this area will allow pilots to turn these on or off. Check the boxes for the elements you want TFM to automatically announce, and uncheck those boxes for the elements TFM should not automatically announce.
Future updates will continue after the first release of the weather center. Some of them include the ability to provide an airport ICAO code to check weather conditions at an airport, or even a GPS coordinate pair to check conditions elsewhere. Other updates and features will depend on community feedback. If you wish to contact us, do so at www.talkingflightmonitor.com, or by sending an email to firstname.lastname@example.org.


BEGAN ALTERING GLOBAL CLIMATE THOUSANDS OF YEARS AGO, STUDY SHOWS
December 9, 2003 --
A new hypothesis suggests that humans began altering
greenhouse-gas concentrations and global climate thousands of years
ago, long before the 1800s date widely
assumed. In a paper to be presented at the December American Geophysical Union
meeting in San Francisco and published in the December issue of Climatic Change,
climate scientist Bill Ruddiman, professor emeritus of environmental sciences
at the University of Virginia, concludes that human-caused emissions of carbon
dioxide (CO2) since 8,000 years ago, and methane (CH4) since 5,000 years ago
have combined to prevent a significant natural cooling of Earth’s climate.
changes in these two greenhouse gases and in the size of ice sheets have occurred
over hundreds of thousands of years for natural reasons. These natural
cycles are driven by small variations in Earth’s orbit that cause rhythmic
changes in the amount of solar radiation received at every location on the
planet. The changes in solar radiation in turn cause predictable changes in
drive the greenhouse-gas cycles. But within the last several thousand years,
these natural cycles were over-ridden by human activities that resulted from
the early spread of agriculture in Eurasia, Ruddiman said.
of the new study include:
8,000 years ago, humans reversed an expected decrease
in CO2 by clearing forests
in Europe, China, and India for croplands and pasture
5,000 years ago, humans reversed an expected decrease in
diverting water to irrigate rice and by tending large herds of
livestock (page 3).
the last few thousand years, the size of the climatic warming
caused by these early greenhouse emissions may
have grown large enough
to prevent a glaciation
that climate models predict should have begun in northeast
Canada (page 4).
reversals of the slow CO2 rise caused by deforestation
correlate with bubonic plague and
other pandemics near 200-600, 1300-1400
and 1500-1700 A.D.
Historical records show that high mortality rates caused
by plague led to massive abandonment of farms. Forest
re-growth on the untended
farms pulled CO2 out of
the atmosphere and caused CO2 levels to fall. In time,
the plagues abated, the farms were reoccupied, and the
newly re-grown forests were
cut, returning the
CO2 to the atmosphere (page 5).
Reversed the Natural Methane Trend 5,000 Years Ago
controls on methane.
Bubbles of ancient air preserved in cores drilled from
the Antarctic ice sheet show that atmospheric methane
at a cycle of 22,000 years. The reason for this
rhythm is well understood. Changes in Earth’s orbit
at this cycle cause variations in summer solar radiation.
When a stronger summer sun heats the land, hot
air rises, and air flowing in from the ocean to replace
the rising air carries moisture that falls in summer
monsoons. The monsoon rains then fill up natural
wetlands that emit methane.
The result is a predictable 22,000-year methane
resulting from tropical monsoons driven by summer
of Natural Controls.
Near 11,000 years ago, methane concentrations reached
a natural maximum predicted by the most recent
peak in summer solar
radiation. The subsequent
methane until 5,000 years ago is expected from
the slow decrease in solar radiation.
But the reversal and slow increase of methane after
5,000 years ago is anomalous, because solar radiation
and tropical monsoon
were drying out. This methane increase violates
the ‘rules’ followed for
Origin of the Methane Increase.
Irrigation was first used to grow wet-adapted strains
of rice in Southeast Asia about 5,000 years ago.
fields are a major source
irrigation is probably the main factor behind
the anomalous methane increase that began at that
hillside rice paddies.
Other methane emissions resulted from growing
human populations, increased tending
of livestock and biomass burning.
Humans Reversed the Natural CO2 Trend 8,000 Years
Natural controls on CO2.
bubbles in ice show that natural CO2 concentrations in the
atmosphere have varied at regular
related to changes
Earth’s orbit. The main
CO2 cycle is at 100,000 years. In each cycle,
peak CO2 values occurred late in the intervals
ice sheets were rapidly melting, and just as
intervals began. For the three CO2 peaks that
occurred prior to the most recent one, CO2 concentrations
then fell for at least the next 15,000 years
early stages of interglacial warmth.
Breakdown of Natural Controls.
Near ten thousand years ago, at the end of the
most recent ice-melting interval, CO2 levels
rose to the
same kind of
natural peak they
had reached in the
three previous cycles. The CO2 drop from 10,500
to 8,000 years ago also resembles the earlier
decreases. But the reversal
of this trend and the
concentrations after 8,000 years ago is anomalous
to the earlier trends.
Human Origin of the CO2 Increase.
The start of clearance and burning of European
forests for agriculture 8,000 years ago is documented
remains of wheat,
barley, peas and lentils from source areas in
the ‘fertile crescent’ area
of the Near East. Agriculture also began in naturally forested areas of China
near 9,500 years ago and in India after 8,500 years ago. By 2,000 years ago,
extensive clearance of forests from hill slopes in Mediterranean Europe allowed
erosion of mud that clogged river mouths and forced relocation of coastal port
cities. CO2 emissions from early forest clearance in Eurasia are large enough
to explain the anomalous increase in atmospheric CO2 since 8,000 years ago.
Human Greenhouse Emissions May Have Stopped
Controls on Ice Volume.
For almost three million years, changes in the
size of Northern hemisphere ice sheets have occurred
the natural cycles
of Earth’s solar orbit. Changes
in solar radiation received in summer at high northern latitudes control the
rate of growth and melting of ice sheets. Models have been devised to mimic the
way solar radiation controls the size of ice sheets over thousands of years,
including the delayed response of the ice to solar heating. The ‘target
signal’ used to evaluate the models is
an index of ice volume found in ocean sediments
(the marine oxygen-isotope signal).
Breakdown of Natural Controls.
The models successfully match most features in
the target ice-volume signal over the last several
years. But several
should have again begun accumulating in the last
5,000 years as a delayed response to the summer
has been underway since
ago. The failure of ice to reappear suggests that
the natural controls on ice sheets
broke down in the last few thousand years.
as the Cause of Overdue Glaciation.
A plausible explanation for the overdue glaciation
is the build-up of CO2 and methane resulting
from human activities
last several thousand
Releases of these gases should have warmed global
climate by ~0.8oC, and high-latitude climate
by ~2oC, enough
to have kept
snow and ice from accumulating
areas of high terrain in northeast Canada.
Explain Short-Term CO2 Drops
Natural Controls on Short-Term CO2.
Over shorter intervals of centuries to decades,
variations in climate have been linked to factors
such as changes
in Sun strength
and sporadic volcanic
Several large drops in CO2 have been detected
in ice-core layers that span the last 2,000
years. The cause of
these drops has
been evaluated with
include physical, chemical and biological parts
of the climate system. These models provide
estimates of the associated
changes in temperature
that should occur in response to changes in
and volcanic eruptions.
of Natural Controls.
match the full amplitude of the observed drops in
in northern hemisphere
that they violate reconstructions of actual
temperature trends. The implication is
that ‘natural’ factors
(solar and volcanic changes) cannot explain
the size of these CO2 decreases.
Human Origin of the Abrupt CO2 Decreases.
The first two low CO2 pulses correlate
with bubonic plague pandemics. Historical
mortality rates of
in western Eurasia during
these pandemics, with massive abandonment
of farms and rural villages for decades
to centuries. Ecologists estimate that
can reclaim farmland within just 50 years.
reforestation and sequestration
of carbon in trees
growing on abandoned farms can pull enough
of the atmosphere to explain both the speed
and amount of the CO2
the interval between 1500 and 1750 A.D.,
percent mortality caused by first exposure
of native American populations to European
diseases appears to have been to the major
cause of the
last CO2 drop.
William Ruddiman, Professor Emeritus of Environmental Sciences,
University of Virginia
Phone: 540-348-1963 Email: firstname.lastname@example.org, email@example.com
Author staying at Powell Hotel in San Francisco, Dec. 8-12; Phone#
AGU Session PP22D-01 (Emiliani Lecture) on Dec. 9 at 5 p.m. in
Room MCC 3001-3003


Area: 92,391 sq. km.; includes continental Portugal, the Azores (2,333 sq. km.) and Madeira Islands (828 sq. km.); slightly smaller than the State of Indiana; located in Europe's southwest corner bordered by Spain (North and East, 1,214 km.) and the Atlantic Ocean (West and South, 1,793 km.).
Major cities: Lisbon (capital, metropolitan area pop. 2.1 million); Porto (metropolitan area pop. 1.9 million).
Terrain: Mountainous in the north; rolling plains in the central and southern regions.
Climate: Maritime temperate (Atlantic-Mediterranean); average annual temperature is 61�F. Temperatures may drop into the low 30s (�F) at night during the coldest months, with daytime highs in the 50s and 60s. The remainder of the year is normally sunny with minimal rainfall. Days are pleasant, with temperatures seldom exceeding 95�F, except in the southern interior of the country; afternoons and evenings are breezy, with nighttime temperatures in the 60s and low 70s; May-October (dry and warm), November-April (cool with rain and wind in the north, mild in the south).


As winter descended upon the Northeast, a formidable storm swept across the region, leaving in its wake a trail of chaos. The snow storm’s journey began in the South, claiming at least five lives and causing widespread destruction.
From flooding and power outages to a rare EF-3 tornado in Florida, this weather phenomenon has thrust communities into a state of emergency. As we delve into the details, we unravel the impact of this Snow Storm and explore the broader implications of such extreme weather events.
The Northeastern Battleground
Unleashing Nature’s Fury
The Northeast, typically accustomed to winter weather, found itself in the crosshairs of a relentless storm. Wind gusts of up to 95 mph battered the region, accompanied by heavy rainfall and freezing temperatures. The combination of these elements set the stage for a series of challenges that tested the resilience of communities from New York to New England.
Flooding and Its Aftermath
With over 3 inches of rain falling on already saturated and snow-covered ground, the risk of flooding soared. Low-lying and coastal areas in the mid-Atlantic and New England faced the brunt of this deluge, leading to road closures, property damage, and the displacement of residents. The aftermath of the flooding lingered as utility companies grappled with the daunting task of restoring power to over 189,000 customers in New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania.
School districts across the affected regions faced the challenging decision of altering schedules or canceling classes altogether. The snow storm disrupted the daily lives of students, parents, and educators, underscoring the broader societal impact of extreme weather events on routine activities.
Storm’s Southern Prelude
Blizzard Conditions and Tornadoes
Before reaching the Northeast, the storm wreaked havoc across 30 states, bringing blizzard conditions, heavy rain, and tornadoes. The Midwest and Southeast bore the brunt of its fury, with reports of at least five deaths, several injuries, and confirmed tornadoes in the Florida Panhandle. Tornadoes, a rare occurrence in the region, added a layer of complexity to the storm’s trajectory.
The storm’s impact extended beyond the ground, disrupting air travel across the nation. Over 15,000 flights experienced delays, and approximately 1,300 were canceled as airports in Denver, Chicago, and Miami faced the most significant travel disruptions. The challenges of navigating through a storm of this magnitude underscored the interconnectedness of various sectors in the face of extreme weather events.
The Ongoing Challenge
Another Storm Looms
As the current storm moves north into Canada, the National Weather Service issues warnings of yet another powerful storm on the horizon. Expected to arrive by Friday, this impending weather event threatens to bring more frigid temperatures and snow to the East Coast, prolonging the challenges faced by communities already grappling with the aftermath of the current storm.
The Need for Ongoing Preparedness
The consecutive onslaught of powerful storms emphasizes the need for ongoing preparedness and resilience. In an era of climate change, extreme weather events are becoming more frequent and severe. Communities, governments, and individuals must adapt and strengthen their readiness to navigate the complexities of these evolving weather patterns.
Evacuation Drama in Connecticut
A Dam in Peril
The storm’s impact took an alarming turn in Connecticut when a dam faced partial collapse, triggering a mandatory evacuation order. Residents along the Yantic River, spanning from the town of Bozrah to Uncas Falls in downtown Norwich, were forced to flee their homes. The potential catastrophe prompted swift action from emergency management officials.
Shelter and Stabilization
Efforts Emergency shelters, such as Kelly Middle School in Norwich, became sanctuaries for hundreds affected by the evacuation order. The Red Cross and local authorities coordinated efforts to provide assistance and support to those in need. The state Department of Energy and Environmental Protection took charge of stabilizing the damaged infrastructure, emphasizing the collaborative approach required to address such crises.
A Rare EF-3 Tornado in Florida
Unusual Forces at Play
Florida experienced a rare meteorological event as four tornadoes, including an EF-3 tornado, touched down. Meteorologist Don Van Dyke attributed these tornadoes to an unusually strong cold front, significant wind shear, and a moist and unstable airmass from the Gulf of Mexico. The occurrence of an EF-3 tornado in Florida, where lower-scale twisters are more common, added an element of surprise to the storm’s impact.
The Rarity of EF-3 Tornadoes
EF-3 tornadoes are infrequent in Florida, with records indicating only 41 such tornadoes between 1954 and 2022. The Enhanced Fujita scale categorizes tornadoes based on estimated wind speeds and observed damage. An EF-3 tornado, with wind gusts ranging from 136 to 165 mph, has the potential to cause significant structural damage and pose severe risks to communities.
The snow storm’s rampage through the Northeast and its preceding chaos in the South underscore the increasing challenges posed by extreme weather events. From flooding and power outages to rare tornadoes, communities are grappling with the multifaceted consequences of these storms.
As we navigate this dynamic landscape, the need for ongoing preparedness, adaptive strategies, and collaborative efforts becomes more apparent. The lessons learned from this snow storm provide valuable insights for individuals, communities, and authorities to mitigate the impact of future weather-related challenges.


Reports in recent weeks confirmed that oil sands are adding carcinogens to Canada’s Athabasca River. The good news in the bad news is that the carcinogens are being carried in the air, and air pollution can be controlled.
Given the importance of the oil sands to our economy and our future, the needed solution must absolutely stop dust clouds carrying airborne particulates. Reportedly, the particulates travel 50 kilometers, depositing possible contaminants on melted snow and in the Athabasca River. Dust blowing off the surfaces of big expanses at mines can be controlled – better yet, prevented – but stopping airborne particulates must not create any unintended consequences as those reported about the Athabasca River. That is why it is critical that agencies and businesses trying to control the air pollution that develops at their sites verify the effects the dust suppressants they use can have on the environment. Today we have certified and verified environmental technologies (EnviroKleen® and EK35®) available that can stop airborne particulars.


Ozone is a colorless gas with a characteristic odor. It is a powerful oxidizer. The molecule is slightly curved and symmetrical:
The ozone accumulates mainly in the stratosphere ..
.. and here's why:
1) UV rays from the sun hit molecules of oxygen in the stratosphere. 2) Oxygen dissociates into oxygen atoms 3) The oxygen atoms are associated with oxygen molecules to form ozone. These reactions are reversible and lead to an equilibrium which maintains the ozone concentration constant in principle at a given temperature. A significant portion of UV radiation is thus absorbed, which protects the earth from its harmful influence on living beings.
Recent measurements have shown that the ozone concentration decreases abnormally in winter, especially at the poles ...
.. and here's one reason: Waste CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons) produced by man:
1) UV rays from the sun hitting molecules of CFCs and dissociate forming free chlorine atoms $Cl\cdot $ . 2) They hit ozone molecules forming oxygen molecules and $ClO\cdot $ radicals.. 3) .. which, in turn, encountering oxygen free atoms $O\cdot $ (see formation of ozone above) produce again chlorine atoms $Cl\cdot $ and oxygen. 4) ..and the cycle can thus start again and cause depletion of the ozone layer ..


quite like this product, but the weather forecast on the home page of the app seems to be inconsistent with the weather app that came with my phone, sometimes even a little different. By the way, I'm on an Apple phone.
Glenvis I have the same question
Glenvis Loki HDrock Don't need to worry guys, our weather data and the weather data for Apple phones are sourced from the national weather station. The reason for this difference is that our app detects the weather for a different time period than the weather software that comes with the phone. So there will be a difference in where the interface is displayed. This is a normal phenomenon.
Me too. Sometimes the weather on my phone's software shows a sunny day, but the weather forecast on the app's interface is a rainy day.
Imolaza Will this affect the implementation of Smart Skip?
Loki Please be assured that this will not affect the implementation of Smart Skip. Our Smart Rain Skip detects the weather conditions 24 hours before and after the scheduled execution. Both wind and rain skips are detected in real-time. Therefore, they are not affected.
Imolaza Great, my query has been resolved.
Imolaza How about samsung? the same thing?
holocorn Yes, both iOS and Android.
Imolaza OK, that's nice


Weather jönköping 7 day forecast uk
during Mon night. The Long-range 10 day forecast also includes detail for Jönköping weather today. The weather is generally expected to turn calmer and more settled, but this will bring an increased likelihood of fog. The southeast will most likely see the best of any drier and brighter skies. Moderate rain (total 18mm heaviest on Mon night. Jönköping is 130 m above sea level and located.75.17. UK forecast for the next 5 days.
It will stay windy, with gales in the north and west. United States - Spanish, asia - Pacific, australia - English.
Dr irding jönköping
Butikssäljare jobb jönköping
Gammal stadskarta jönköping
Clear clear clear clear clear clear clear clear some clouds cloudy cloudy some clouds rain shwrs some clouds cloudy some clouds cloudy rain shwrs some clouds cloudy mod. Heavy rain (total 22mm heaviest during Thu night. This in turn will bring an increased risk of some overnight frosts under any clearer skies. Jönköping (Jönköping County, Sweden) forecast issued: 6 am Mon local time. Providing a local 3 hourly Jönköping weather forecast of rain, sun, wind, humidity and temperature. Linköping 111 km Mostly dry. Växjö 108 km Mostly dry. Today: A dry start to the week for many with spells of sunshine, especially in the west. Murky in central and eastern parts, perhaps briefly brightening up before cloud, rain and strong winds arrives later. Scattered and occasionally heavy showers will continue to feed into eastern parts of Scotland, England and Northern Ireland. However, as we head towards the end of this period, it is likely to become more unsettled once again with temperatures returning to around or a little above average for the time of year. Country, please choose your default site, americas.


SOBERANES WILDFIRE AIR QUALITY ADVISORY – Monterey Bay Air Resources Center
The Soberanes Fire is burning in Monterey County south of Carmel.
The smoke concentration in the Carmel Valley, measured as fine particulate matter or PM 2.5, is currently in the “Unhealthy” category of the Air Quality Index (AQI). Residents should avoid exercise or physical exertion and remain sheltered indoors with windows and doors closed. Anyone who feels physically challenged by the elevated concentrations of smoke may consider moving out of the area temporarily until smoke levels have decreased. Residents with chronic respiratory conditions such as asthma and COPD, or heart disease may consider contacting their doctors for medical advice.


16TH September each year is identified as international day for preservation of ozone layer. The ozone layer, a fragile shield of gas, protects the Earth from the harmful portion of the rays of the sun, thus helping preserve life on the planet. Aim of this day is to create awareness to phase-out ozone depleting substances which damage ozone layer too. This year theme for ozone day is "32 years and healing" celebrates completion of three decades with ratified Montreal protocol.
Why Ozone day?
On December 19, 1994, the UN General Assembly proclaimed September 16 to be the International Day for the Preservation of the Ozone Layer, commemorating the date when the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer was signed in 1987. The day was first celebrated on September 16, 1995.
When was the ozone hole discovered?
The discovery of the annual depletion of ozone above the Antarctic was first announced in a paper by Joe Farman, Brian Gardiner and Jonathan Shanklin which appeared in Nature in May 1985. Later, NASA scientists re-analyzed their satellite data and found that the whole of the Antarctic was affected.
The scientific confirmation of the depletion of the ozone layer prompted the international community to establish a mechanism for cooperation to take action to protect the ozone layer.
On 22nd March 1985, treaty was signed and adopted by 28 countries protect against ozone depletion. Drafting on Montreal Protocol on September 1987.
The principal aim of the Montreal Protocol is to protect the ozone layer by taking measures to control total global production and consumption of substances that deplete it, with the ultimate objective of their elimination on the basis of developments in scientific knowledge and technological information. Attention focus on higher- causing ozone depleting substance and then on lower ozone- depletion potential.
The Parties to the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer reached agreement at their 28th Meeting of the Parties on 15 October 2016 in Kigali, Rwanda to phase-down hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs).
What can we do?
Awareness is the first step to begin protecting our damaged ozone layer. There are many simple ways to save our ozone layer.
• Avoid the purchase and use of aerosol sprays containing chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs).
• Avoid the use of fire extinguishers with halogenated hydrocarbon, a substance being very aggressive to the ozone layer.
• Avoid buying insulating material made from CFC. Instead, you can use the dark chipboard cork that do not pollute the environment for the same purpose.
• Keep clean the air conditioning because if a malfunction occurs it emit CFCs in the atmosphere.
• Check the freezer and the car air-conditioning. If they malfunction, need repairing soon, because it may emit CFCs.
• Buy a refrigerator or air conditioner which is CFC-free.
• Buy energy saving gadgets and bulbs. You will reduce levels of pollution and money.
Ozone layer depletion is deep crisis which leads to increased UV-B radiation reaching the surface of the Earth affecting humans and all the living organisms. Anthropogenic activities are the main cause for ozone layer depletion leading to global climatic changes. This leads to a number of health problems like heat-related issues, skin cancer, and various other ecological disturbances that affect biotic life. Hence every individual should be well aware of the harmful effects of all the causing agents of ozone layer depletion like CFC, plastics, fossil fuel etc and should reduce and avoid using them. We all should pledge to make this world sustainable for everyone to live.


On Saturday, February 25th, the citizens of Claremont woke up to something unprecedented: snow blanketing the roofs, backyards, and trees of Claremont. Bewildered and delighted, citizens enjoyed the rare sight. As enjoyable as the sight of snow was, however, this was no winter miracle. Instead, it is an ominous warning of the effects of climate change.
The reason that snow unexpectedly fell upon Claremont in a way that it has not in decades is due to atmospheric rivers, which are “long, narrow highways of moisture”, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). These atmospheric rivers lie around 10,000 to 15,000 feet above the surface of the Earth, traveling thousands of miles across the planet while being responsible for 30-50% of the wet season precipitation along the West Coast of the U.S., according to NOAA. A strong atmospheric river can transport an amount of water vapor that is “roughly equivalent to 7.5–15 times the average flow of liquid water at the mouth of the Mississippi River,” NOAA has found.
However, this winter, California has been hit with multiple atmospheric river events. According to analyses, the atmospheric rivers carrying warmer water have shifted to cross over more of California than usual. In fact, in the past three months alone California has experienced twelve atmospheric rivers. This has caused winter storms to deposit over 100 inches in the Sierra Nevada mountains, causing a trickle-down effect in which over a foot of rain has hit areas of California, an unprecedented amount. Historically, the path of the atmospheric rivers merely skims California, diverting most moisture away from the state. This is why California’s climate has always been dry, and why the sudden influx of water has been shocking to its citizens and scientists.
The reason for these atmospheric rivers shifting is because of climate change. As temperatures increase across the globe, so do moisture levels in the atmosphere. In turn, atmospheric rivers can hold more moisture, causing an even greater increase in rainfall across the state. Although this has helped ease the state’s record drought, it has also caused catastrophic flooding, displacing hundreds of people and destroying thousands of dollars in property.
Although the rare snowfall Claremont has experienced over the past few weeks has seemed to be a blessing, it is truly a warning in disguise, a warning that must be heeded. As the past month has shown, climate change is not a faraway, distant threat. It affects the people of Claremont even today, and its effects can be seen as close as their backyards.


A Met Eireann Status Orange Wind warning has been issued for a weather system tracking towards Ireland.
Severe winds associated with Storm Diana are expected on Wednesday 28th, south to southwest winds of 65 to 80km/h will gust 110 to 130km/h. High seas are expected also, with a risk of coastal flooding, valid from 06:00 until 12:00 on 28th November.
Cork County Council’s Severe Weather Assessment Team convened in relation to possible coastal flooding as a result of the recent heavy rainfall, tidal surge and expected high winds.
Tidal surges of 0.6m-0.75m are expected on Wednesday 28th, which could give rise to coastal flooding in some locations, depending on the wind direction and the exact timing of peak wind conditions.
Road users are asked to exercise extreme caution, particularly tomorrow morning, due to surface water on roads and debris due to forecasted adverse weather conditions.
Overall, the outlook is for disturbed conditions over the next five days bringing high rainfall across the country with highest rainfall expected in the west and southwest.
Cork County Council will continue to monitor this situation.


Residents of far north Queensland are bracing for possible power outages, internet and water supply disruptions with the arrival of Tropical Cyclone Jasper.
As of about 11am Monday, Jasper had weakened again to a category 1 system and was about 505km east of Cairns and 420km east northeast of Townsville.
WATCH THE VIDEO ABOVE: Far north Queensland communities brace for Tropical Cyclone Jasper.
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The Bureau of Meteorology issued its first cyclone warning on Monday morning for winds and heavy rainfall.
Warnings are issued when impacts are expected within 24 hours and will be updated every three hours.
“Jasper is forecast to re-intensify during Tuesday as it approaches the coast,” the bureau said.
Meanwhile, people living between Cooktown and Ingham are being warned to expect damaging 90km/h winds to develop from Tuesday.
The winds could extend as far north as Cape Melville, on the eastern coast of Cape York Peninsula, and as far south as Townsville, the Bureau of Meteorology warned.
Heavy rainfall was also expected to develop along the coast from late Tuesday ahead of Jasper likely making landfall on Wednesday between Cape Flattery and Cardwell, potentially as a category 2 system.
Flooding was possible for the north tropical coast, parts of the Cape York Peninsula and Gulf Country from Wednesday, the bureau warned.
Current image of cyclone Jasper tracking towards the Queensland coast as of Monday morning. Credit: Windy.com
Penny Priest, CEO of the Fitzroy Island Resort situated about 24km off the coast of Cairns, confirmed they had activated their “cyclone management plan” to protect guests and the island’s turtle rehabilitation centre.
“Our team at the resort have activated our cyclone management plan and are currently working through the steps involved,” Priest told 7NEWS.com.au.
“The safety of our guests and staff is our number one priority, we have developed a comprehensive management plan to assist us with these adverse weather events.
“We are working with Jeannie Gilbert, co-ordinator of the Turtle Rehabilitation Centre, to assist where possible to protect the turtles and the centre,” Priest said.
A severe weather warning for damaging winds was also in place for Monday in parts of the Herbert, lower Burdekin, central coast and Whitsundays districts, with the bureau predicting gusts of up to 90km/h in some areas.
Queensland Fire and Emergency Services on Sunday warned residents between Cape Melville and Townsville strong winds could fell trees and powerlines, blow roofs off houses as well as anything not tied down.
Jasper could also cause phone and internet outages, along with water supplies, the services warned.
Communities could also be isolated.
State Disaster co-ordinator Shane Chelepy said on Friday it was time for those in Queensland living north of Mackay to “start preparing emergency kits”.
“Keep your car topped up with petrol, have enough food in your house to last 72 hours, get some extra bottled water and a power bank for your phone and be aware of what you may need to do,” he said.
The Bureau of Meteorology confirmed with 7NEWS.com.au four of its staff had been “safely evacuated” from Willis Island on Saturday.
The forecasters, who were carrying out important front-line tropical cyclone monitoring, were evacuated after the cyclone they were tracking began heading straight for them.
The 7.7ha island is home to four bureau staff and is one of Queensland’s major frontline defences when it comes to keeping the state’s residents informed about cyclones, according to the Queensland Government.
Premier Annastacia Palaszczuk — before announcing her shock retirement from politics on Sunday — said she had been briefed on the cyclone.
“I can say that all preparations are well and truly in place,” she told reporters in Brisbane.
“It is expected to make land on Wednesday and can I just remind Queenslanders and especially north Queensland to take care.”


Each year several tropical storms hit Florida, USA, causing damage and sometimes even deaths and injuries.
A tropical storm forms when sea water temperature is 26 degrees or
The intensity of a topical storm is measured by winds velocity. There are 5 categories 1-5 from low to high speed this is the Saffire Simpson hurricane scale those numbers will appear on the storm in the video.
A tropical storm becomes a hurricane when the central turbulence becomes an eye, and sustained winds reach at least 120 Km/h.
In the following videos below, the course of hurricane Katrina(2005) is illustrated.
The second video demonstrate low pressure maintained by the hot air and vapor elevation and its contribution to storm intense..
An accompanying table containing characteristic information for 9 tropical storms that hit Florida in the past, follows.
The above animation is aderivation from a simulation produced by the Climate Change Narrative Game Education (CHANGE) project with funding from the USF National Science Foundation, grant # DRL-1316782.


What is a hurricane?
A hurricane is a massive swirling storm that is created in the oceans of warmer climates. Hurricanes, typhoons, and cyclones are all types of tropical storms, named after where they occur, with no difference other than location. Hurricanes form in the Atlantic of the west coast of Africa, while typhoons most frequently form off the east coast of Asia. However, the generic scientific term for these storms is a tropical cyclone.
You don't have to be a meteorologist to know that hurricanes can cause a lot of damage, but what causes hurricanes? You can say hurricanes are actually like giant engines that get their energy from moist air in oceans in tropical climates.
How do hurricanes form?
To understand entirely how hurricanes form we need to take it step by step; from what allows the hurricane to develop, to what keeps them going, and the classifications of hurricanes.
We would also recommend taking a look at how wind is formed to improve your understanding.
- For a hurricane to form, it needs to meet a set of conditions, e.g., specific latitudes - 5–20 degrees north or south of the equator. It also requires a lot of heat, and ocean surface temperatures of at least 26°C.
- If the above conditions are met, the ocean water begins to evaporate and condense, creating towering clouds and heavy rainfall.
- An area of low pressure is formed due to the rising warm air, leaving less air near the surface of the water. This area of low pressure then 'sucks' the air in, in an attempt to replace the missing air.
- Air from the surrounding area that has higher pressure, floods into the area of low pressure, replacing the missing air with 'new' air, which also becomes warm and moist, causing it to rise and create a continuous up-flow of vapour that rises, cools and condenses into clouds. This is also what causes the hurricane to spin. However, all storms that form north of the equator spin counter clockwise, and storms that form south of the equator spin clockwise. This is due to the Coriolis effect.
- The above steps repeat as the storm grows, rotating faster and faster, creating the eye in the centre of the storm. The eye is the calm, clear, low-pressure centre of the storm and 'pulls' high-pressure air in through the top of the storm - further 'feeding' the storm.
- Tropical storms, although they can cause damage, can't travel far inland. This is because once the storm begins to move away from the water, its energy source starts to dwindle.
- Tropical depression - Winds of 20-34 knots (38 mph or less); accompanied by an area of low pressure and thunderstorms that produce a circular wind flow.
- Tropical storm - Winds of 35-64 knots (39-73 mph); tropical depressions upgrade into a tropical storm when the cyclonic circulation becomes more organised. This is where the naming of storms begins to take place.
- Tropical cyclone - Winds of 64-82 knots (74-95 mph); this is where a tropical storm upgrades into, in this instance, a hurricane, with the eye around 5 to 30 miles wide. This is where they are given categories - category 1 being less intense and category 5 being very severe.
- Category 1 - Wind speeds of 64-82 knots (74-95mph); produces dangerous winds, but with minimal damage to occur at landfall.
- Category 2 - Wind speeds of 83-95 knots (96-110 mph); produces hazardous winds and causes moderate damage to occur at landfall.
- Category 3 - Winds speeds of 96-113 knots (111-129 mph); produces extensive damage to occur at landfall.
- Category 4 - Wind speeds of 114-135 knots (130-156 mph); produces extreme damage to occur at landfall.
- Category 5 - Wind speeds above 135 knots (157 mph); produces catastrophic damage to occur at landfall.
Where and when do tropical cyclones occur?
The distinction between different kinds of tropical cyclones depends entirely on where they are formed. What's interesting, it is possible for more than one cyclone to occur in the same region at the same time.
Hurricanes are formed over waters where temperatures exceed 26°C. They occur over the Atlantic and North-East Pacific Oceans, and the areas that are most exposed to them are the southern parts of the United States and the African coast. Particularly extreme hurricanes are most common along the east coast of the United States, in the Caribbean, less frequently along the west coasts of the United States and Mexico. Cyclones that occur in the Atlantic region and affect the United States regions constitute around 15% of total global tropical cyclone activity.
Typhoons are tropical cyclones that occur in eastern and south-eastern Asia; they are formed over the Western Pacific between 180 and 100 meridians. The word typhoon derives from Chinese and its literal meaning is "wind from Taiwan". Typhoons occur mostly in summer and autumn. The winds of a typhoon can reach very high speeds, bringing extremely heavy rainfall. Typhoons often cause a significant damage due to their great power. Occurring in in the southern hemisphere, winds in a typhoon move clockwise.
Locations of tropical cyclones
- Hurricanes - Atlantic and North-East Pacific Oceans - Occur between June and November
- Typhoon/Super typhoon - North-West Pacific Ocean - Occur all year round, but has a primary season between July and November
- Severe tropical cyclone - South-West Pacific and South-East Indian Ocean - Occur late October/early November to May
- Severe cyclonic storm - North Indian Ocean - Occur between April and December
- Tropical cyclone - South-West Indian Ocean - Occur between Late October/early November to May
Due to the climate change, tropical cyclones have also started occurring in regions that have been generally considered out of the range of such disasters up until recent times, e.g., Hurricane Vince in 2005, which struck southwestern Spain; and Subtropical Storm Alpha in 2020 - northern Portugal.
- Tropical cyclones – metoffice.gov.uk https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/weather/tropicalcyclone/facts
- Hurricane center – baynews9.com http://www.baynews9.com/content/news/baynews9/weather/hurricane-center/wind-speeds.html
- Hurricanes – nasa.gov https://spaceplace.nasa.gov/hurricanes/en/
- Hurricanes – bbc.co.uk http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/geography/natural_hazards/hurricanes_rev1.shtml
- Hurricanes – nasa.gov https://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/k-4/stories/nasa-knows/what-are-hurricanes-k4.html
- Hurricanes – scikinks.gov https://scijinks.gov/hurricane/
- Weather – accuweather.com https://www.accuweather.com/en/weather-news/whats-the-difference-between-a/34388


Late spring is recommended for its long days. Read more technical information in the Specifications tab above. Expect a lot of sunny days this month with cold, frosty nights. Budapest weather chart as a monthly summary and seasonal trends of Hungary. The swimming season in Danube (near Budapest) lasts from June to August. The quiet region is known for its rolling green hills and it is a true hiking paradise. Offcourse these are all averages. An holiday in the Dolomites is recommended in every season with more than 300 days of sunshine a year. The graph below shows the average sea temperature. Maximum temperature yesterday: 55 °F (at 4:30 pm) Minimum temperature yesterday: 41 °F (at 12:00 am) Average temperature yesterday: 47 °F. Minimum temperature-1°C: Average days of preciptation: 11: The advantages of travelling to Budapest in December. The month with the lowest average high temperature is January (2.9°C). The Dolomotis form a beautiful setting for an unforgettable bucket list experience. Minimum temperature over Budapest (Hungary) as simulated by 30 climate models from 1951 to 2100 with (RCP4.5) and without (RCP8.5) climate change mitigation policy. November average water temperature in Danube (near Budapest) is 7.7°C/45.9°F, the minimum temperature is 3°C/37.4°F, and the maximum is 15°C/59°F. Weather Atlas: Budapest, Hungary - Detailed climate information and monthly weather forecast. The daytime temperature reading is at 23°C (73.4°F) or rises to 26°C (78.8°F) in extreme cases. With an average high-temperature of 2.9°C (37.2°F) and an average low-temperature of -1.6°C (29.1°F), January is the coldest month in Budapest, Hungary. The "mean daily maximum" (solid red line) shows the maximum temperature of an average day for every month for Budapest. Source: Wikipedia, 2020; WMO, 2020. Second Ten Days of August in Budapest. July is the hottest month in Budapest with an average temperature of 21°C (70°F) and the coldest is January at -1°C (30°F) with the most daily sunshine hours at 10 in July. Hot days and cold nights (dashed red and blue lines) show the average of the hottest day and coldest night of each month of the last 30 years. Paris. The Köppen-Geiger climate classification is Cfb. Curious what kind of temperature to expect when you arrive to Budapest. Towards the end of December, one can count on a more clement weather - with more sunshine and a slight rise in temperature. Show the average temperatures in Budapest in Fahrenheit. There are 0 mm of rainfall expected and little or no wind of 4 kph from the north. 6.3°C. 26 minutes ago, the maximum air temperature (+25 o C) was observed in Budapest / … On this page you find an overview of average temperature and the amount of days of rain per month. Hungary is following the same trends seen in countries like Slovakia, Poland and the Czech Republic. Architectural highlights can be found in the castles, ancient monasteries or when exploring the countless charming villages. The average annual minimum temperature is: 6.0° Celsius (42.8° Fahrenheit) More Climate Information For Budapest Weather and Climate offers all the information you need to know about the climate in Budapest . Even in the driest month there is a lot of rain. July and August each see an average temperature of 21 ºC. Weather and Climate offers all the information you need to know about the climate in Budapest. How much does it rain in Budapest? Months with the lowest UV index are January, November and December (UV index 1). Temperatures are at a freezing point with the night temperature below -1°C (30.2°F) and day temperatures are not exceeding 3°C (37.4°F). In Budapest, 610 millimeters (24 inches) of rain fall per year, with a minimum of 35/45 mm (1.4/1.8 in) per month from December to April and a maximum of 70 mm (2.8 in) in May, June and November. Months with the highest number of rainy days are May and June (8 days). ... Max temperature: Average max daily (24h) temperature per month Minimum temperature: Average minimum daily (24h) temperature per month Average temperature: Average daily (24h) temperature per month. City minimum temperature data are from a single site, corresponding to the center of a grid box. The wettest month is May with an average of 70mm of rain. Show in Fahrenheit. You can visit Antwerp year round however May through September is the best time to go to Antwerp for a pub crawl. Expect to have snowfall, which characterizes the weather in Budapest throughout December. Throughout the year, there are 78 rainfall days , and 532mm (20.9") of precipitation is accumulated. Likewise, "mean daily minimum" (solid blue line) shows the average minimum temperature. Budapest 7 day weather forecast including weather warnings, temperature, rain, wind, visibility, humidity and UV The month with the longest days is June (Average daylight: 15.9h). The coldest month (with the lowest average low temperature) is January (-1.6°C). The mean minimum and maximum temperatures over the year in Budapest, Hungary. Months with the lowest number of rainy days are September and October (5 days). December in Budapest sees average daily temperatures of 1 ºC, a minimum of – 2 ºC and an average maximum of 3 ºC. But this shouldn’t keep you from having fun and being active during your visit. , Weather Atlas | © 2002-2020 | Yu Media Group d.o.o. Minimum wages in Central Europe are on the rise, and Hungary is no exception. Get notified about our newest bucket list destinations and more! The weather today in Budapest: Average temperatures in Budapest (in celsius/fahrenheit) Minimum Maximum January -4 (24.8 F) 1 (33.8 F) February -2 (28.4 F) 4 (39.2 F) March 2 (35.6 F) […] The average hours of sunshine per day verses the amount of rainfall for Budapest, Hungary. Budapest Sunshine and Rainfall . Winter can be brutal in Budapest. Its location with the Alps to the west and an open great plain to the east mean that along with bitterly cold winters the city does experience hot summers that, unlike many nearby popular costal resorts- is not broken up by an evening Mediterranean sea breeze. Annual mean temperature [°C] Annual maximum temperature [°C] Annual minimum temperature [°C] Number of heat days (Tx>=30 °C) Number of frost days (Tx =0 °C) Number of warm nights (Tn>=20°C) Annual precipitation amount [mm] Daily maximum precipitation amount in the year [mm] Number of snowy days Annual amount of sunshine duration [hour] Months with the highest UV index are June and July (UV index 7). Snowcaps, bees in summer, flower meadows, melting glaciers, traditional mountain regions, national and regional nature parks with marmots, exciting cols, baroque churches and ski stations. 6. has smoking ban in closed public spaces. The Danube cycle route is one of the most popular cycling routes in Europe, and rightly so, because it is a varied route that is interesting both in terms of culture and nature. We collected past weather data from many thousand weather stations around the world. The Royal Palace in Buda & the icy Danube. Budapest at the End of December. The minimum temperature for the day in Budapest is going to be -2 °c and the maximum is going to be 0.56 °c. Budapest, Hungary is marked by a mild and wet continental-climate with sunny summer and cold winter. The month with the highest relative humidity is December (80%). Budapest/Meteo. If you are travelling to Iceland for the first time, the Golden Circle will probably make it onto your bucket list. 0.5 Celsius degree in Budapest (minimum: -1.6 C, maximum: 2.9 C).. It's an amazing place for swimming and it is a paradise for hikers. Budapest Weather Averages Summary . Here is the average precipitation. Temperature chart displays the maximum and minimum temperature over next 15 days. | Resources, A scenic aerial view of the majestic Buda Castle Royal Palace in Budapest, Hungary, with a view of the Szecheny Chain Bridge and the rest of the vast city, There are no known severe weather hazards in. 7.8°C. Budapest's weather seems like it has a humidity of 100%. Geysir Hestar is located right in between two spectacular sights of the Golden Circle. The months May, June, July, August and September have a nice average temperature. Maximum and Minimum Temperature of Budapest in Centigrade and Fahrenheit Budapest is slightly warmer than other Eastern European destinations, with an overall average temperature of 30 degrees Fahrenheit (-1 degree Celsius) during the month of January.The average high is 36 degrees Fahrenheit (-2 degrees Celsius) and the average low is 27 degrees Fahrenheit (-3 degrees Celsius). The warmest month (with the highest average high temperature) is July (26.7°C). Show more Facts & Figures + The snow can come as a surprise in both the middle of the day and in the evening. Get the forecast for today, tonight & tomorrow's weather for Budapest, Budapest, Hungary. Budapest/Meteo. Budapest. 48.5$ cheaper monthly public transport ticket ... 5. average minimum temperature. Budapest Weather in January . Summer weather in Budapest The overall annual temperature of 9.7 ºC is fairly misleading, as summers in Budapest can get quite hot. The best view of the special landscape of Cappadocia is from the air. Precipitation is low at 40.6mm (1.6") and takes place in the form of moderate snow. Daily average maximum and minimum temperatures for Budapest/Meteo., Hungary Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec High & Low Temperature °F °C-30-34.4-20-28.9-10-23.3 0-17.8 10-12.2 20-6.7 30-1.1 40 4.4 50 10.0 60 15.6 70 21.1 80 26.7 90 32.2 100 37.8 110 43.3 High & Low Weather Summary for the Past Weeks It is a great idea to take a balloon trip at sunrise. Months with the lowest relative humidity are April and July (59%). Temperatures are hot. There is yet less cloud in this month - around 68%. High & Low Weather Summary for the Past Weeks Budapest Temperature Yesterday. If you want to visit Budapest you are probably wondering what’s the weather like. The driest month (with the lowest rainfall) is February (29mm). The second ten day period of August is preferred for outdoor activities, during the day as well as in the evening. Daytime temperatures are between 7°C (44.6°F) and 14°C (57.2°F), while nights can drop to a freezing -1°C (30.2°F). The average rainfall is around 68 inches, for 21 days without rain. Budapest is a city with a significant rainfall. An experience that belongs on your bucket list. As of 2019, the minimum salary in Budapest, Hungary is of 150,000 HUF or roughly €464 euros per month for unskilled labor. The month with most sunshine is July (Average sunshine: 8.7h). Budapest weather for Monday 9th November 2020. June sees an average temperature of 19 ºC, with an average minimum of 14 ºC and a maximum of 24 ºC.
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