As I write this blog post, most Dominican residents would have heard about Tropical Storm Dorian and done some preparation. Preparation usually means collecting water and buying supplies (dry goods, batteries, etc.). Also, most folks would be in bed, but ‘night owls’ such as myself are awake, waiting for the 11:00pm weather update from the meteorology office.
Earlier today, the preparation rituals for Dorian (the first named storm to come our way for 2019) reminded me of a similar situation that occurred almost two years ago.
Hurricane Irma was barreling down on Eastern Caribbean islands, much like Dorian is doing now. Although it was not forecast to hit Dominica, we were anxious and fearful for our brothers and sisters in the neighboring islands (particularly those to the north).
Tonight, many of us harbor the same anxiety and hope that our friends and family remain safe during this storm where ever they may be.
The image Purple Storm was captured on Sept 4, 2017, the evening before Hurricane Irma developed into a Category 5 storm. By the next day it had graduated to the feared Cat 5 status and caused serious damage to several islands included Barbuda, parts of the USVI and Puerto Rico. Irma streaked across the northern Caribbean and eventually made landfall in Florida five days later as a Cat 4.
This image was all about the light. It was the light that caught my attention and caused me to stop as I drove past Ma Boyd’s restaurant. The sun had already set and it was relatively dark (not to mention, it was raining), but there was a strong purple hue in the sky and reflected on the ocean.
Getting the shot
I built the image around that color and made sure to a long exposure technique, to give the sea a sense of the motion so that viewers can appreciate the fact that a powerful hurricane was nearby.
© 2017 Yuri A Jones | Purple Storm, captured in Roseau, Dominica (available as a canvas print here.)


WASHINGTON, D.C. (BRAIN)—Skiers and snowboarders are happy, but bicycle retailers and suppliers may have felt a sales slowdown last month. But outdoor retailers, benefiting from unseasonable cold weather in October, saw an end to an 11-month decline in month-over-month sales.
Outdoor retail sales spiked last month as rain and snow pummeled the nation. The trigger for October’s robust sales, said Jim Spring, president of Leisure Trends Group, was a dramatic change in October weather patterns as well as some pent-up consumer demand.
While statistics on IBD-level bicycle sales for October are non-existent, if weather is any indicator the month’s sales were most likely slow, according the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).
October’s average temperature in the contiguous United States was the third coolest on record, based on data going back to 1895. The average temperature was 50.8 degrees, 4 degrees below the 114-year average. Preliminary data also indicates October was one of the wettest on record with average precipitation across the U.S. reaching 4.15 inches, more than 2 inches above normal for the 100-year span from 1901 to 2000.
All regions, with the exception of the Southeast, had below normal temperatures. Oklahoma recorded its coldest October on record and ranked in the top five for Arkansas, Colorado, Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, South Dakota, and Wyoming.
Florida was the only state to post above normal temperatures in October, the sixth consecutive month that Florida’s temperature was above the norm. Iowa, Arkansas, and Louisiana recorded their wettest October, while only Florida, Utah, and Arizona had below normal precipitation.
Two major snowstorms hit the upper Midwest and the western Plains states last month. And the Northwest has enjoyed early-season snows as well with Whistler opening almost two weeks early. By the end of October, 13.6 percent of the nation was under snow cover with Cheyenne, Wyoming, getting 28 inches of fluff, the city’s snowiest October on record.


Feb 11, 2013
IF - Storm 2/8/13
This is a typical streamline analysis weather chart of a double typhoon in the Pacific. Streamline analysis is the methodology used by the forecaster to analyse the wind direction/speed/RH and temperature for areas of the tropics where observed data is very sparse. The advent of satellite data has greatly improved our ability to track storms across vast areas of the ocean. Tracking the movement of the areas of cyclonic (C) and anti-cyclonic (A) circulations and refining the analysis with satellite data the forecaster can predict the movements of these storms across the oceans continuing to refine the forecast as the storms near land areas which allow for additional data from land stations to assist in analysis and forecasting.


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Meteor showers occur when the Earth passes a debris stream
left over by a comet, the streams can be dense or sparse leading to strong and weak meteor showers, some meteor showers are so weak as to be
almost imperceptable. Others are quiet strong and can lead to a good numbers of meteors.
When the Earth encounters one of
these debris streams, the meteors caused by them tend to look like theyre coming
from a single point in the sky, much like the effect you get when you stand on a bridge
looking down on a motorway, the cars appear to originate from a single point on the horizon, and then
either go left or right as they get
nearer. The point in the sky the meteors appear to be coming from is called the radiant. The constellation where the radiant lies
usually gives its name to that meteor shower, so the Perseid meteor shower has its radiant in the constellation Perseus. Any meteors
who's path does not trace back to the radiant are called "Sporadic Meteors", these are meteors that would have occured
irregardless of the meteor shower and are not associated with it. You would expect to see between 5 and
10 of these per hour on any given
night. The higher the radiant is, the more meteors you'll see in the meteor shower. Meteor showers are rated by a term call
"Zenith Hourly Rate" (ZHR). This is the estimated number of meteors you would see if the radiant was directly above you.
When observing meteor showers,
it is best to observe them after midnight, in the evening you are looking into
the sky where the Earth has already been. After midnight the Earth has rotated enough that you're
looking into the direction the Earth is moving into. Think of it like this, the Earth is a car you are sitting in,
you are looking out the rear window and after midnight you are looking out the front
window, you're going to see more bugs hitting the
front windscreen then the back window. You will see meteors before midnight, but you'll see more after.
Most meteors are only the size
of a grain of sand, ones the size of a big rock can survive the firey entry into
the Earth atmosphere. If it reaches the surface it is called a meteorite. Exceptionally bright meteors
are called "Fireballs". If a large rock/meteor hits the atmosphere and bounces back into space, it is called
a "Bolide" The
bright meteors can leave a persitant trail that can last several seconds.
A dark sky is best for observing
meteors as city lights will overwhelm the dimmer ones and most meteors tend to
be dimmer with a small minority been very bright. A large Moon in the sky is also a distinct
disadvantage. The club hold observing nights for the best meteor showers throughout the year,


Heat advisory warnings are provided by the Weather Service when the heat index is high enough to affect human health. The heat index is a calculation based on the temperature outside and the humidity. It is a measure of how hot the air feels. Heat advisories are warnings that let us know extreme heat is on the way.
Check out the official HeatIndex Calculator.
Our bodies keep cool by perspiring. The moisture evaporates in the air and cools us off. When the humidity is high, that moisture can’t evaporate and we can’t keep our bodies cool as easily. Exercising outside in extreme heat can cause us to overheat, and can lead to illness or even death.
For Arkansas, a heat index of 105 degrees will trigger heat advisories. An excessive heat watch is issued when a heat index of 110 degrees is possible within the next few days. An excessive heat warning means that the heat index is expected to reach 110 degrees. As a rule of thumb, you should be prepared when an excessive heat watch is called. You should take action when an excessive heat warning is issued.
Remember that babies and small children haven’t developed the ability to regulate their temperatures as well as adults. Make extra efforts to keep little ones cool in extreme heat.
Check on elderly relatives and neighbors, too. Overweight individuals may be at a greater risk, and pregnant women may also be affected more than most. Keep animals indoors, and certainly never leave a dog in a parked car.
- Postpone outdoor exercise. Consider staying indoors, in an air-conditioned space.
- Reschedule outdoor physical work.
- If you must be outside in the heat, stay in the shade.
- Drink more water and avoid sugary drinks, alcohol, and caffeine.
- Wear loose, light-colored clothing.
- Avoid using your oven to help keep the temperature down in your house.
- Take cool showers or baths to help keep your temperature low.
If you need help with cooling costs, contact Low Income Home Energy Assistance Program (LIHEAP).


This year, Boston (the largest city in the northeast of the United States) has received ten times the average amount of snow in February that it normally gets. And that when February is only two thirds over!
In proof of that, I would like to introduce you to storm Neptune, which started in the early afternoon of St. Valentine’s Day and ended late the next day. These pictures were taken at the start, during, after the snow ended (when the wind remained high), during the cleanup and afterwards when calm reigned. The last shot was taken early the third morning on the way to work.
This is the month that anyone in this part of the world could say, “Stahm’s khawmin’!” (“Storm’s coming!” in the New England accent) and they’d be considered a weather genius—at least thus far. Here’s hoping for a change soon!
Before viewing the photographs, I would also like to invite…
View original post 88 more words


Henri brought a storm surge that inundated the streets and strong winds that tore up trees and power lines, complicating restoration efforts.
The storm was downgraded to a tropical depression after making landfall as a tropical storm along the Rhode Island coast near Westerly on Sunday morning.
Rhode Island Gov. Dan McKee told a Sunday afternoon press conference that National Grid utility workers quickly began food services after the storm passed. There is pressure to restore power to the area the next day, as temperatures in the 90s are forecast for Tuesday, McKee said.
“Now, as the storm begins to roll out of the state, important work must begin for the recovery,” McKee said. “We know this is a problem and that is why it is essential to restore power,” he explained.
A state damage assessment team was deployed to assess the extent of the storm’s destruction. This team and a FEMA team will visit the area as part of the damage assessment plan verification process, according to McKee.
Over 49 million remain under flood watch
Although Henri has weakened to a tropical depression, with destructive winds and easing storm surges, the threat of flooding in the northeast remains.
According to CNN meteorologist Michael Guy, more than 49 million people remain on flash flood or flood watch or warning, including coastal flood watches from New Jersey to New Hampshire.
Previous rainfall in the area had already saturated the soil and that, coupled with further heavy rains from Henri, could lead to inland flooding on rivers and lakes, as well as coastal flooding in parts of New England, from New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania.
Up to 12 inches of rain is possible in northern New Jersey and southern New York state, which could cause flash flooding in towns and small streams, Guy said.
The center of the storm will move toward the Connecticut-New York border on Sunday night before turning east and eventually out to sea starting Monday afternoon, CNN Weather’s Jackson Dill said.
Connecticut Governor Warns Residents to Stay Vigilant
Connecticut Gov. Ned Lamont urged residents on Sunday to remain vigilant as flooding issues are a possibility on Monday. He said he was grateful his condition had not seen the worst effects of the storm.
Instead, Connecticut is sending resources to Rhode Island to help it recover, Lamont said.
“While Henri’s lane change spared Connecticut the devastation it could have caused, the storm brought in the expected heavy rains, further saturating soils already soaked by the remnants of Tropical Storm Fred and others. storms, ”Eversource, president of regional power operations. Craig Hallstrom said in the statement. “In addition to the thousands of line and tree crews working, we have an army of people behind the scenes to support a safe restoration.”
He added that crews are working to ensure power is restored before the high temperatures forecast for later this week arrive.
“We realize how difficult it is to be without power, especially on hot and humid days as we expect this coming week and we are committed to staying at work until every customer has their power restored. “Hallstrom said.
CNN’s Artemis Moshtaghian, Elizabeth Joseph and Dave Hennen contributed to this report.Source link


Forecasters Watching Weather System’s Impact on Manitoba Basins
Manitoba Transportation and Infrastructure’s Hydrologic Forecast Centre is monitoring a forecasted weather system that could bring significant snowfall to most central and western Manitoba basins.
The weather system could bring 10 to 40 centimetres of snow, with east winds gusting up to 60 kilometres per hour in portions of western, southwestern and central Manitoba. Areas south of Swan River to the Canada-U.S. border, including the Parkland and Interlake regions, and west of Winnipeg to the Manitoba-Saskatchewan border are expected to be impacted by the system. Some localized areas could receive higher amounts of snow accumulation as the weather system passes through Manitoba watersheds starting Wednesday and ending Thursday.
The centre is assessing the impact of this forecasted precipitation system on flows and levels along Manitoba rivers and lakes as the system continues to develop. The centre reports that while most tributaries have already peaked or are near their peak within these impacted areas, flows and levels continue to rise in major rivers, including the Red and Assiniboine rivers. Run-off from the forecasted precipitation system is not expected to start until the weekend, as temperatures in most areas will cool below the freezing point until Friday.
The Portage Diversion is now in operation to minimize the effects of ice jamming on the Assiniboine River east of Portage la Prairie and to control river levels in Winnipeg and areas along the Assiniboine River downstream of Portage la Prairie.
Operation of the Red River Floodway is also expected this spring to reduce water levels within Winnipeg.
The Manitoba Emergency Measures Organization (EMO) continues to work with all local authorities and emergency management partners to provide guidance and support to prepare and respond to the spring flood. This includes reviewing existing emergency plans, information sharing and preparing resources used in flood response. Additionally, Manitoba EMO continues to work with Indigenous Services Canada to support its response measures with First Nation communities.
As the melt continues, updated flood information will be posted at https://www.manitoba.ca/flooding/.


Economists at trade group The Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders (SMMT) have calculated that car makers saved nearly 5m tonnes of CO2 in the last 10 years – thanks to the development of cleaner, ‘greener’ cars.
Average new car CO2 emissions have fallen by 22.6 g/km to 167.2 g/km since 1997, down by nearly 12%. That equates to current annual CO2 emissions savings approaching 1m tonnes.
“Car makers have made significant progress in cutting CO2,” said SMMT chief executive Christopher Macgowan.
“Total CO2 emissions in the UK from cars have actually fallen since 1997, down 3.2% from 72.2m to 69.9m tonnes in 2005. That’s despite a 16.5% rise in cars on the road from 26.3 to 30.7m.”


NORTHERN STATES: This region is anticipated to be under sunny and hazy conditions in the next 24hours. Day and Night temperature values are expected to be in the range of 29 – 34oC and 10 – 16oC respectively.
Sunny and hazy conditions are expected over this region throughout forecast period. Day and Night temperature values are expected to be in the range of 28 – 36oC and 10 – 19oC respectively.
SOUTHERN STATES: The inland cities of the south are expected to experience sunny and hazy conditions within the next 24 hours. Prospects of partly cloudy conditions are likely in the morning hours and isolated showers are expected later in the day over the coastal region.The Day and Night time temperatures are expected to be in this range of 33- 36oC and 17-24oC respectively.
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The motor vehicle usage has increased tremendously in Dhaka, and like other metropolitan cities, Dhaka is also facing a pollution problem from emissions of carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and particulate matter (PM). Besides this, about 451 polluting industrial plants such as tanneries, textile mills, oil refineries, distilleries, fertilizers, paint manufacture, pulp and paper factory etc. discharge highly toxic effluent directly into the river in Dhaka. In a thickly populated area like Hazaribagh, there are about 160 tanneries discharging 28 to 35 liters of waste effluent for each kilogram of hide processed which contains toxic heavy metals like chromium, arsenic, zinc etc. These run through open drains and fill the whole area with a putrid smell. About 1.3 million people in Dhaka depend on 6 x10 metric ton of wood and other non-conventional fuel in each year, which causes thick smoke from their cooking stoves. The purpose of this paper is to briefly survey the air pollution conditions in Dhaka city.
Air pollution is one of a variety of man made environmental disasters that are currently taking place all over the world. Air pollution may be defined as an atmospheric condition in which various substances are present at concentrations high enough above their normal ambient levels to produce a measurable effect on people, animals, vegetation, or materials. ‘Substances’ refers to any natural or man made chemical elements or compounds capable of being airborne. These may exist in the atmosphere as gases, liquid drops, or solid particles. It includes any substance whether noxious or benign; however, the term ‘measurable effect’ generally restricts attention to those substances that cause undesirable effects. Air quality has deteriorated both due to human activities, and natural phenomenon such as windblown dust particles etc.
There are two major sources of air pollution in Bangladesh, vehicular emissions and industrial emissions. However, these are mainly concentrated in the cities. Recently, air pollution has received priority among environmental issues in Asia, as well as in other parts of the world. Exposure to air pollution is the main environmental threat to human health in many towns and cities. Particulate emission is mainly responsible for increased death rate and respiratory problems for the urban population. This problem is acute in Dhaka being the capital of the country and also the hub of commercial activity. Dhaka is a major, cultural, and manufacturing center. The common types of industries in and around the periphery of Dhaka are ready-made garment manufacturing, jute, tanneries, textile, tea processing, fertilizer, cement, paper and pulp, chemicals and pesticides, food and sugar, pharmaceuticals, petroleum refinery, distillery, rubber, plastics, and brick manufacturing, assembling buses, trucks, and motorcycles, assembling radios and televisions. Air of Dhaka is being polluted day by day very badly. The other urban areas i.e. Chittagong, Khulna, Bogra and Rajshahi have much lesser health problem related to urban air pollution. The ambient atmospheric conditions have progressively deteriorated due to the unprecedented growth in numbers of motor vehicles, and continuous housing and industrial development.
Contamination in the atmosphere caused by the discharge, accidental or deliberates of a wide range of toxic substances. Often the amount of the released substance is relatively high in a certain locality, so the harmful effects are more noticeable. The major sources of air pollution are transportation engines, power and heat generation, industrial processes and the burning of solid waste. A new source of air pollution is an increasing 'hole' in the ozone layer in the atmosphere above Antarctica, coupled with growing evidence of global ozone depletion. Air pollution has also long been known to have an adverse effect on human beings, plants, livestock and aquatic ecosystem through acid rain.


View. Breezy, with a northwest wind 15 to 20 mph, with gusts as high as 30 mph. Edison Temperature Yesterday. Maximum temperature yesterday: 42 °F (at 10:51 am) Minimum temperature yesterday: 32 °F (at 9:51 pm) Average temperature yesterday: 37 °F. 27. Averages are for Newark International Airport, which is 17 miles from Edison. 50° 31° 29. Up to 90 days of daily highs, lows, and precipitation chances. Dec. Calendar Month Picker. Sunny, with a high near 33. Find the most current and reliable 7 day weather forecasts, storm alerts, reports and information for [city] with The Weather Network. 39° 23° 30. High & Low Weather Summary for the Past Weeks Calendar Year Picker. 38° 26° 28. Based on weather reports collected during 1985–2015. A chance of rain and snow showers before 8pm, then a chance of snow showers. Latest weather News: 4-Day Weather Forecast For South Amboy Hi/Low, RealFeel®, precip, radar, & everything you need to be ready for the day, commute, and weekend! Get the forecast for today, tonight & tomorrow's weather for Edison, NJ. Edison Weather. Current weather in Edison and forecast for today, tomorrow, and next 14 days Edison NJ 5 Day Weather Forecast from LocalConditions.com. Annual Weather Averages Near Edison. Weather forecast, weather radar, 5-day forecast, 7-day forecast, 10-day forecast and natural disaster alerts of Edison, NJ. NOAA National Weather Service National Weather Service. Edison 5 day forecast with weather outlook providing day and night summary including precipitation, high and low temperatures presented in Fahrenheit and Celsius, sky conditions, rain chance, sunrise, sunset, wind … NOAA National Weather Service National Weather Service. Feb Sun mon tue wed thu fri sat. Monthly Weather-Edison, NJ. 7-hour rain and snow forecast for Edison, NJ with 24-hour rain accumulation, radar and satellite maps of precipitation by Weather Underground. As of 9:49 pm EST. Know what's coming with AccuWeather's extended daily forecasts for Edison Township, NJ.


1129 GMT November 28, 2020
Moon also on Wednesday instructed government officials to quicken the retirement of old coal-burning power plants, according to his spokesman Kim Eui-kyeom, AP reported.
Seoul has been struggling to tackle the rise in air pollution that experts have linked to China’s massive industrial activity and emission from South Korean cars.
Fine dust levels in South Korea have hit new highs over the past week, leaving people wearing masks while commuting under thick-gray skies online users have compared to the scenes of the movie “Wall-E.”
In a meeting with government officials, Moon noted that China was ‘much more advanced’ than South Korea in technologies for initiating rain and expressed hope that creating rain over waters between the countries would help mitigate air pollution, Kim said.
In January, South Korea’s weather agency failed on an experiment to create artificial rain, which involved an aircraft releasing chemicals into the clouds over the sea.
“China has claimed that South Korea’s dust flies toward Shanghai, so creating artificial rain over the Yellow Sea would help the Chinese side too,” Kim quoted Moon as saying during the meeting.
Moon also proposed South Korea and China developing a joint system for issuing air pollution alerts, Kim said.
In a meeting with top Chinese diplomat Yang Jiechi last year, Moon said China was partially responsible for South Korea’s pollution problem and called for Beijing’s cooperation in Seoul’s efforts to improve air quality.


The Kentucky Energy and Environment Cabinet recently announced the latest reduction in air pollution levels in the state. The agency released an air-quality distribution graph mapping out projections for reducing pollution levels in Kentucky at the Governor’s Conference on Energy and the Environment, The Courier-Journal reports.
"Despite the fact that our air quality is better than ever, there is always more work to be done. Kentucky will face new challenges in coming years to meet more stringent air quality standards and rules as required by the Clean Air Act," said John Lyons, the director of the Kentucky Division for Air Quality.
The news source claims the air quality improvements in Kentucky are due to regulatory and voluntary programs put in place by local, state and federal standards. While this is a positive trend, air pollution levels in Kentucky remain high. Homeowners wishing to improve the air quality in their house can purchase a home air purifier. IQAir HealthPro Plus HEPA Air Purifiers can reduce the presence of common pollutants and fine particulate matter in a home.


The climate of Azerbaijan is unique as it presents line of the Earth's eleven climatic zones. Azerbaijan is situated on northern extremity of the subtropical zone in the south-eastern Caucasus. Its climatic diversity is caused by the complex geographical location and landscape and the proximity of the Caspian Sea. The climate varies considerably from east to west - in the western mountains, the weather is drier and more extreme.
The eastern part of Azerbaijan, near the Caspian Sea, has relatively moderate climate.
Baku has a subtropical semi-arid climate with warm and dry summers, cool and occasionally wet winters, and strong winds all year long. However, unlike many other cities with this climate, Baku does not see extremely hot summers. This is largely because of its northerly latitude and the fact that it is located on a peninsula on the shore of the Caspian Sea.
At the same time Baku is noted as a very windy city throughout the year, and gale-force winds, the cold northern wind khazri and the warm southern wind gilavar are typical here in all seasons. The daily temperature in July and August averages 26.4 °C (79.5 °F), and there is very little rainfall during the summer season.
Winter is cool and occasionally wet, with the daily temperature averages 4.3 °C (39.7 °F). The average temperature in December varies 9.7 °C (49.5 °F).


Scattered frost has now been observed in some areas of the Commonwealth, but not enough yet to end the mosquito season. Please be aware that risk from mosquito-borne diseases will be present until we receive a hard frost and freezing temperatures predominates throughout the region.
October 18, 2018
A light frost occurs when the nighttime temperature drops to below 32 degrees Fahrenheit (0°C), and refers to the conditions that allow a layer of ice crystals to form when water vapor condenses and freezes without first becoming dew.
A hard freeze (or hard frost) is a period of at least four consecutive hours of air temperatures that are below 25 degrees Fahrenheit (-4°C). Many plants (and mosquitoes) can survive a brief frost, but very few can survive a hard freeze (from https://www.almanac.com/blog/almanac/musings/how-predict-frost)


Winter Break Explorers Camp
Bundle up for three days of winter science at MSI!
Experience the science of winter with us! Explore the atmospheric phenomena that help scientists predict the perfect snowfall. Practice your trajectories in a snowball launch. Wander through our annual holiday exhibit to see how cultures all over the world celebrate the season and light up the dark winter nights. And much, much more! In this three-day immersive camp, your camper will experience hands-on science and engineering, and explore the Museum's award-winning exhibits.


The quality of the air at the office is of utmost importance because it influences the health condition of many people sharing the same working space. A poor indoor air quality can cause many health issues that lower the yield of the workers so it should be a matter of concern for any business owner. Discover below which are the office air quality standards and which are the most effective ways to maintain them.
Office air must be clean
The air in an office must be kept very clean in order to maintain a proper health condition of the workers. Ventilation must be ensured at all times and outdoor pollutant must be kept away from the offices. However, there are many cases when the indoor air quality, also known as IAQ, becomes very low and starts affecting people working in this environment. Indoor air pollutants can cause a series of diseases that mainly concern the respiratory system but they can also be related to the skin or the digestive system.
Common IAQ problems
When you look around an office, you will find dozens of sources of air pollutants so eliminating them will not be an easy chore. Workers create carbon dioxide, tobacco smoke, perfume and body odors, dust and gases come from the building materials, volatile organic compounds are emitted by cleaning substances and disinfectants, dust mites come from carpets and upholstery, and the machines and electric motors in the offices create ozone that spreads into the air. The bigger the office, the more polluted the air becomes.
- All these air impurities affect the cleanliness of the air and must be eliminated and the best solution is to use an air purifier that can absorb 99.9% of the impurities in the air. Air purifiers contribute to improving the IAQ and maintain a high standard that promotes a healthy and safe working environment. Every office should have an air purifier that will attract every particle in the air, leaving it clean and safe for breathing.
- Another matter of concern related to office air quality is mold that can easily grow in dark and humid places and can affect not only the aspect and structure of the building and objects in it, but also the health of building occupants. Mold is a result of a high air humidity that encourages the development of mold spores in the air. In order to get rid of mold, the air humidity issue must be solved first using a dehumidifier that collects excess moisture form the air. Dehumidifiers are designed to absorb water vapors from the air and to retain them inside a container so the air humidity issue will be solved.


...WIND ADVISORY REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL NOON CDT TODAY... * Timing...Through noon. * Winds...Northwest to north 25 to 35 mph with gusts up to 55 mph. * Impacts...Sudden wind gusts can cause drivers to lose control especially in lightweight or high profile vehicles. Strong winds can cause blowing dust...reducing visibilities...and may cause flying debris. Light outdoor objects could be moved by the strong winds.
Current Condition: Windy
Wind Speeds: 35.34mph
Chance of Precipitation: 0%
Temperature: 61/37 Partly cloudy starting in the evening. Wednesday:
Temperature: 70/45 Clear throughout the day. Wednesday:
Temperature: 70/45 Clear throughout the day. Friday:
Temperature: 88/52 Mostly cloudy throughout the day and breezy overnight. Saturday:
Temperature: 75/47 Partly cloudy starting in the evening and windy overnight.


En Abril, Aguas Mil
There is a saying in Spain that goes something like En Abril, Aguas Mil, which translates roughly as ‘In April, a thousand rains’. While that may ring true for mainland Spain, the statistics for Lanzarote tell another story: Lanzarote receives an average of just 5.2mm in April.
In April, most days will reach at least 23 or 24°C, with some days into the high twenties Celsius. Of course, in sheltered south-facing areas, it can feel a bit hotter, and it is very easy to get burnt in the strong sunshine. The record high temperature for the month at Lanzarote Airport is 36.3°C recorded on the 3rd of April 2006.
Nightly Low Temperatures
At night, temperatures typically drop to around 15 or 16 degrees Celsius. There doesn’t tend to be huge variation in low temperatures at this time of year, with the coldest night of the month probably no lower than 13°C, and the warmest no warmer than 19°C. Of course, there are always exceptions, and a temperature of just 9.5°C was recorded on one chilly night in April 1974!
As I said earlier, Lanzarote gets an average of just 5.2mm during April (Lanzarote Airport). If anything, this number is a little misleading and is increased by those years when a torrential downpour occurred. A more typical April will see 3 days with some light rain, and the median total precipitation for the month is just 2.2mm (a lot lower than the average total). Of course, there is also a good chance of no rain at all during April.
While there isn’t normally a lot of rain in April, it is the cloudiest month of the year in Lanzarote. Though, on average, there are only 2 completely overcast days during the month. As always, the north-west half of the island tends to be cloudier than the south-east.
In terms of wind, April is neither the windiest time of year, nor the calmest with an average wind speed of 23.9kmph. Visitors should be aware of the cooling effects of the wind, as it can lull you into a false sense of security and you may not realise that you are being burnt by the sun.
The sea remains fairly cool in the waters around Lanzarote in April, with an average temperature of about 18°C. This is probably okay for a quick refreshing dip, but a wetsuit is advisable for any water-based activities such as surfing, snorkelling or diving.
Aemet.es Weather forecast from the Spanish State Meteorological Agency


After a record-breaking drought in California, came record-breaking rain storms to the golden state.
“Some have wondered whether this is a hint of future weather conditions,” says environmental studies professor Michael Loik about the extreme meteorological maelstroms California is experiencing.
For over 20 years, Loik has studied the impact of weather patterns on ecological processes. He’s worked in the Sierra Nevada and Rocky Mountains, as well as all four of the US deserts to explore how weather patterns affect the west’s varied and eclectic ecosystems.
Currently, Loik is conducting several research projects about the consequences of climate change, including an initiative with the UC Natural Reserves about the effects of a drought across the state and another project near Mammoth Lakes in the Sierra Nevada that examines how natural habitats respond to and recover from drought and deluge.
Loik has a B.Sc. and M.Sc. in biology and botany from the University of Toronto and a Ph.D. in biology from the University of California Los Angeles. He joined the Environmental Studies Department at UC Santa Cruz in 1998 and teaches courses on the ecological forecast for global warming and climate change ecology.
Compared to your previous research about El Niño storm seasons, what makes this particular weather pattern so unique?
Michael Loik (ML): Right now we are on track to have the wettest winter in the weather records, wetter even than the 1982-1983 El Nino that was devastating for California. This comes only two years after a 1-in-1200 year drought. So this could really cause a one-two punch to California’s forests, deserts, grasslands and agricultural ecosystems. However, our preliminary findings suggest that trees and shrubs in the Sierra Nevada that survived the worst of California’s drought were conducting photosynthesis and growing at rather normal levels last year.
What are some of the damages of a deluge right after a drought?
ML: Trees during the drought were affected by a lack of water, which meant they could not feed themselves by photosynthesis, which means they could not properly protect themselves from attack by insects and diseases. So they have been quite weakened for multiple reasons, resulting in damaged root systems. This means that trees after the drought are more likely to topple over in saturated soils and the high winds during all of these storms, compared to trees with healthy root systems.
What will recovery look like?
ML: In the short-term, we are seeing a return of photosynthesis and growth to levels that we measured over many years prior to the drought.
In the long-term, I expect that Mammoth Lakes and the rest of California will see a legacy of the drought in the form of higher fire risk from all the dead and dying trees that didn’t survive the drought, beetles, and fungal disease.
Your lab studies mitigation and adaptation. Considering the recent extreme weather swings, how can people mitigate or adapt accordingly?
ML: There are lots of different ways. For example, deluge grows vegetation and drought causes it to dry to fire fuel. So homeowners can reduce climate change impacts right in their own backyard by keeping property clear of non-native plants and by removing so-called ladder fuels that allow fire to travel from grasses near the ground into tree canopies.
How unusual is this weather pattern? Will it continue?
ML: In combination, the drought followed by the deluge this winter is probably a 1-in-120,000 year event. There is no way to know if we will continue to experience extreme droughts and deluges of this magnitude. But we do know that California is in a state of perpetual drought that is punctuated by relatively brief periods of abundant rain and snow in the mountains. The big question is whether the recent drought and this year’s wet winter is a harbinger of a “new normal” for California weather in the future.


WESTCHESTER COUNTY, N.Y. – Westchester residents will be feeling warmer temperatures next week, but meteorologists say that the winter weather is not done.
More snow is expected to come Saturday and again Monday night going into Tuesday morning , said Mark Pacquette, a long-range forecaster for Accuweather.com . There will then be sunshine and above average temperatures Tuesday through the weekend.
“The bad news is, it’s not going to last forever,” Pacquette said, referring to the above-average temps.
In late February a cold front will come in, lowering temperatures through the beginning of March and possibly longer. Storms could come up the coast, possibly leading to more snow next month, Pacquette said.
“I expect that we will see more snow,” said Bill Jacquemin, president of the Connecticut Weather Center in Danbury Conn. “Even though there could be a relaxation in the harsh winter weather, I do not think we can say spring is around the corner.”
The constant snowstorms make it feel like a harsher winter than usual, but snowfall totals for Connecticut and Westchester are actually normal this year.
"No, it's not historic, not by any stretch of the imagination," said Gary Lessor, assistant to the director of meteorological studies and the Weather Center at Western Connecticut State University in Danbury.
New York City has seen its ninth snowiest winter ever.
“This year would be in the Top 10, but not in the Top 5. …yet,” Jacquemin said.
Lessor said that winter is about 75-percent done. He said that this winter has felt particularly harsh because it has been unrelenting between the snow and the cold. "We've gone from subzero to a snowstorm back to subzero. We have not had a break from winter."
Pacquette said that residents suffering from cabin fever should get out next week and enjoy the warm weather, but warned that the higher temperatures will melt the snow, which could lead to lots of mud and potential flooding issues.
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The Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), implemented by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts on behalf of the European Commission with funding from the EU, routinely publishes monthly climate bulletins reporting on the changes observed in global surface air temperature, sea ice cover and hydrological variables. This month, highlights on the boreal summer 2023 and sea surface temperature are also included in this press release. All the reported findings are based on computer-generated analyses using billions of measurements from satellites, ships, aircraft and weather stations around the world.
2023 June-July-August Season highlights:
- The June-July-August (JJA) season for 2023 was the warmest on record globally by a large margin, with an average temperature of 16.77°C, 0.66°C above average.
- The European-average temperature for summer was 19.63°C, which at 0.83°C above average, was the fifth warmest for the summer season
- JJA 2023 has seen record-breaking high sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the North Atlantic and for the global ocean.
- Summer 2023 saw marine heatwaves in several areas around Europe, including around Ireland and the UK in June, and across the Mediterranean in July and August.
- JJA 2023 saw above-average precipitation over most of western Europe and Türkiye, with local rainfall records broken leading to flooding in some cases, and in western and north-eastern North America, parts of Asia, Chile and Brazil, and north-western Australia
- In contrast, Iceland, the Alpine arc, northern Scandinavia, central Europe, large parts of Asia, Canada, southern North America and most of South America experienced drier-than-average conditions. In some regions, these dry conditions led to significant wildfires
August 2023 – Surface air temperature highlights:
August 2023 was the warmest August on record globally, and warmer than all other months except July 2023.
- The global-mean surface air temperature of 16.82°C for August 2023 was 0.71°C warmer than the 1991-2020 average for August, and 0.31°C warmer than the previous warmest August in 2016.
- The month is estimated to have been around 1.5°C warmer than the preindustrial average for 1850-1900.
- Heatwaves were experienced in multiple regions of the Northern Hemisphere, including southern Europe, the southern United States, and Japan.
- Well-above average temperatures occurred over Australia, several South American countries and around much of Antarctica.
- Marine air temperatures were well above average in several other regions.
- The global temperature anomaly for the first 8 months of 2023 (January–August) ranks second-warmest on record, only 0.01°C below 2016, currently the warmest year on record.
According to Samantha Burgess, Deputy Director of the Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S): "Global temperature records continue to tumble in 2023, with the warmest August following on from the warmest July and June leading to the warmest boreal summer in our data record going back to 1940. 2023 is currently ranked as the second warmest, at only 0.01ºC behind 2016 with four months of the year remaining. Meanwhile, the global ocean saw in August both the warmest daily surface temperature on record, and it’s the warmest month on record. The scientific evidence is overwhelming – we will continue to see more climate records and more intense and frequent extreme weather events impacting society and ecosystems, until we stop emitting greenhouse gases.”
August 2023 – Sea surface temperature highlights:
- Global average sea surface temperatures continued to rise in August, after a long period of unusually high temperatures since April 2023.
- Every day from 31st July to 31st August 2023 has seen global average sea surface temperatures exceeding the previous record from March 2016.
- August as a whole saw the highest global monthly average sea surface temperatures on record across all months, at 20.98°C, and was well above average for August, with an anomaly of 0.55°C.
- North Atlantic sea surface temperatures broke the previous daily record of 24.81°C, set in September 2022, on 5th August, and almost every day since has remained above this level, reaching a new record of 25.19°C on 31st August.
- Marine heatwave conditions developed in the north Atlantic west of the Iberian Peninsula, but reduced across most of the Mediterranean.
- El Niño conditions continued to develop over the equatorial eastern Pacific.
August 2023 – Sea Ice Highlights
- Antarctic sea ice extent remained at a record low level for the time of year, with a monthly value 12% below average, by far the largest negative anomaly for August since satellite observations began.
- Sea ice concentrations were most below-average in the northern Ross Sea and in the South Atlantic and Indian Ocean sectors while above-average concentrations prevailed in the Bellingshausen–Amundsen Sea sector.
- Arctic sea ice extent was further below average than in July, at 10% below average, but well above the record minimum from August 2012.
- While most of the central Arctic Ocean saw below-average sea ice concentrations, a stretch of above-average concentrations persisted north of the Kara and Laptev Seas.
August 2023 – Hydrological variables highlights:
- August 2023 saw wetter-than-average conditions over a large part of central Europe and Scandinavia often with heavy rainfall leading to flooding. It was wetter than average also in a longitudinal band in Eastern Europe.
- Over the Iberian Peninsula, southern France, Iceland and much of Eastern Europe, including the southern Balkans, it was drier than average, with wildfires occurring in France, Greece, Italy, and Portugal.
- It was wetter than average in northeast and western North America, with Hurricane Hilary hitting California and western Mexico and triggering floods. It was also wetter than average in large regions of Asia, with rainfall causing landslides in Tajikistan, and parts of Chile and Brazil.
- Drier-than-average regions included the southern USA and Northern Mexico, two latitudinal bands across Asia, and much of South America.


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The month with the lowest average high temperature is January The month with the highest average low temperature is July What is the weather like in Ostersund The coldest month with the lowest average low temperature is Ostersuns The wettest month with Gay dar Uddevalla highest rainfall is July The driest month with the lowest rainfall ewather February Months with the highest number of rainy days are September and December 16 days.
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David McMurrey, Chairman
Coastal Real-Estate Developers
400 Baywater Blvd.
Corpus Christi, Texas
Dear Mr. McMurrey:
As agreed in our September 21 contract, we are submitting the attached report entitled The Effects of Increased Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide.
This report examines the problem of CO2 accumulation in the earth's atmosphere. The climatic changes caused by excessive CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere, and the implications of these changes, will be discussed. Also discussed are the mechanisms of the greenhouse effect, the sources of atmospheric carbon dioxide, and some possible remedies to the problem.
I hope you find this report satisfactory.
William R. Waters, President
Environmental Research Associates, Inc.
1212 Trace Dr., Suite 3
Austin, Texas 78741


Here are some frequently asked questions (and answers!) about climate change and their impacts to coldwater fish resources. The following is divided into four sections: general climate change, impacts to trout and salmon, impacts to landscapes and rivers, and getting involved.
General Climate Change
HOW DO SCIENTISTS MONITOR CLIMATE, AND WHAT EVIDENCE IS THERE THAT IT IS CHANGING?
Air temperatures around the globe are monitored by NASA’s Goddard Institute for Space Studies, NOAA and others. Global temperatures have increased steadily since the beginning of the industrial revolution. The longest continually running data set is maintained by NASA and dates back to 1880 as shown below. According to the NASA data, which is consistent with NOAA and other records, 16 of the 17 warmest years in the 136-year record have occurred since 2001. 2016 was the hottest year on record, which broke the previous record high annual temperature average established in 2015. The average global air temperature is about 1°C or about 1.8°F warmer as compared to the 1951-1980 average.
Global air temperature anomaly as compared to the base of 1951 to 1980. Data from NASA’s Goddard Institute for Space Studies
WHAT IS CAUSING THE INCREASE IN AIR TEMPERATURE?
Sunlight passes through the atmosphere and warms the Earth’s surface. Heat is then radiated upward from the Earth’s surface where it is trapped by greenhouse gas molecules that act like an atmospheric blanket. These molecules consist primarily of carbon dioxide (CO2) but also methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and water vapor (H2O). Increasing amounts of greenhouse gases, especially CO2 and to a somewhat lesser extent CH4, are being produced by the burning of fossil fuels and oil and gas production. These additional molecules then act like a thicker blanket that traps more of the sun’s heat energy underneath it. The longest record of direct measurements of CO2 has been conducted at the Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii. These measurements began in March 1958 by Scientists at Scripps Institution and show the dramatic increase in CO2 concentration from less than 320 ppm in the late 1950s to more than 400 ppm in 2016 and 2017 (May 2016 average of 407.70; May 2017 average of 409.65 ppm). NASA has directly measured the energy output of the sun since 1978 and detected a very slight drop in solar irradiance. So, changes in solar output do not appear to be responsible for the observed changes in temperature.
CAN INDIVIDUAL EXTREME WEATHER EVENTS BE ATTRIBUTED TO CLIMATE CHANGE?
Generally speaking, weather refers to the daily conditions of heat, dryness, rain, wind or other events like tornados, whereas climate is the longer term pattern and trend of weather conditions. Thus, a single high intensity summer rainfall event or a single warm winter day does not by itself signify that the climate is changing, but the increasing frequency of such extreme events over time is evidence of climate change.The connection between longer-term climate change and extreme weather has been an increasing area of scientific study over the past decade. Increasing heat or energy in our atmosphere will increase the intensity of large storm events but understanding which events can be attributed to climate change is challenging given the natural variation in weather. Increasing evaporation from higher temperatures also leads to extreme drought but more moisture in the air can lead to heavier rainfall and snowfall events. In 2016 the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) released a report that summarized the science of attributing extreme weather events in the context of climate change. According to the NAS, our confidence in attributing extreme weather events to changing climate is greatest for those events related to changes in temperature, including extreme cold or extreme heat. Drought and heavy rainfall events are strongly influenced by temperature, so also have relatively high relationship to climate change. Changes in atmospheric circulation and dynamics are less directly controlled by temperature so events like hurricanes and tornadoes are less clearly connected to temperature changes. The graph below is from the NAS report and shows the various confidence levels of attributing specific events to human-caused climate change.
Figure S.4 from the National Academy of Sciences 2016.
DO 97% OF SCIENTISTS REALLY BELIEVE THAT CLIMATE CHANGE IS HUMAN CAUSED?
A 2009 study reported in Earth and Space Science News showed that 97.5% of climate scientists that actively study climate change believe that it is human caused. Slightly less than 90% of climatologists not currently active in climate change research believe that humans are causing climate change.
Impacts to Trout and Salmon
WHAT ARE THE PREDICTED IMPACTS TO BULL TROUT FROM CLIMATE CHANGE?
Because bull trout require very cold water for spawning and rearing, researchers from the U.S. Forest Service predicted that up to 92% of natal bull trout habitat could be lost due to climate change.
HAS ANYONE ACTUALLY DOCUMENTED DECLINES IN BULL TROUT DUE TO CLIMATE CHANGE?
From 2009 to 2011 scientists at the University of Montana and U.S. Forest Service re-surveyed portions of the Bitterroot River in Montana and found that bull trout had already abandoned low-elevation habitats with warm temperatures where the species was present in the early 1990s.
HOW IS CLIMATE CHANGE EXPECTED TO IMPACT OTHER TROUT SPECIES?
Cutthroat trout, rainbow trout, brook trout, and brown trout habitat is predicted to decrease by about 50 to 75% in the interior western U.S. by the 2080s due to changes in temperatures, hydrology, and interactions with non-native trout according to a study by Trout Unlimited and partner scientists.
WILL CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACT BROOK TROUT TOO?
Scientists with the Wisconsin DNR and USGS projected that brook trout in Wisconsin will decline by about 95% under even moderate climate warming, and Oregon State University, University of Maryland, and Cornell University scientists have shown that increased temperatures delay and reduce brook trout spawning in Adirondack lakes.
WILL CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACT SALMON DIFFERENTLY THAN TROUT?
Unlike most trout, salmon migrate to the ocean, and increased river temperatures can cause migration barriers when salmon return to rivers and streams to spawn. A University of Washington study found that unsuitable temperatures for summer salmon migrations may exist for 10 to 12 weeks during summer by the 2080s in key migration corridors such as the Columbia River. Climate change also is impacting the ocean, where salmon migrate and feed.
IS THE OCEAN GETTING MORE ACIDIC? WILL THAT IMPACT SALMON TOO?
The Ocean is getting more acidic as a result of increasing atmospheric CO2 levels as explained in this American Scientist article. Because salmon spend their adult lives in the ocean, rising ocean temperatures and acidification due to climate change are likely to adversely affect salmon ocean migration patterns and marine food resources. This, in turn, may influence their ability to acquire adequate energy stores for use during their freshwater spawning migration so they can arrive at natal streams at the correct time for spawning as explained by several scientists from the NOAA, McGill University, and the University of Washington.
Impacts to Landscapes and Rivers
LARGE WILDFIRES SEEM TO BE MORE COMMON THESE DAYS. IS THIS TRUE?
The frequency of large wildfires (>1000 acres) increased across much of the western U.S. from the 1980s to the 2010s, and this increase corresponded with decreasing snowpack, an increase in drought frequency, warmer springs, and earlier forest drying according to researchers at the University of Utah and University of California-Berkeley. In some areas, wildfires also have increased because of past management activities that have increased the abundance of smaller, fire-prone trees.
HOW WILL CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACT SNOWPACK THAT IS IMPORTANT TO COLDWATER STREAMS AND RIVERS?
Canadian and U.S. climate scientists reported a 10-20% loss in snowpack in the western United States between the 1980s and 2000s. That same study projected up to 60% more snowpack could be lost in the next 30 years if climate continues to warm as predicted.
HAVE STREAMFLOWS DECLINED DUE TO THE OBSERVED REDUCTION IN SNOWPACK AND EARLIER RUNOFF?
Forest Service researchers in the Pacific Northwest showed that dry years became drier from 1948 to 2006 and that streamflows during dry years were getting lower as a result, a trend that is expected to continue. Peak streamflows occur earlier in the year, which affects the timing of aquatic insect emergence and fish spawning runs. Researchers from Cornell University found that mayflies emerge earlier as a result of earlier snowmelt and that these mayflies were smaller and females had fewer eggs than if the insects emerged at later dates.
HOW WILL DECLINES IN SUMMER STREAMFLOWS INFLUENCE STREAM TEMPERATURES?
Forest Service scientists also showed that northwestern U.S. stream temperatures have increased by about 0.3°F per decade since 1980, with about half of that change due to warming air temperatures and the other half because of declining streamflows.
WHAT EVIDENCE IS THERE FOR INCREASED RAINFALL INTENSITY AND FLOODING DUE TO CLIMATE CHANGE?
Extreme precipitation and flood events have increased across much the U.S. in the last 50 years, particularly in the Northeast during summer, according to one study by more than 20 U.S. climate scientists.
WHAT CAN ANGLERS DO TO COMBAT CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS TO COLDWATER STREAMS AND RIVERS?
Healthy watersheds are resilient watersheds, and a multitude of restoration actions can improve watershed resiliency and buffer against climate change impacts, as highlighted recently by Trout Unlimited scientists.
WHAT CAN ANGLERS DO TO MINIMIZE STRESS TO TROUT AND SALMON DURING DROUGHT AND EXTREME HEAT?
When temperatures rise, fish may already be stressed, so fish in the morning, retrieve fish quickly, keep’em wet when landing and photographing them, and halt fishing if water temperatures exceed 70°F. See this primer on fish stress by Trout Unlimited scientists.
HOW CAN I CHANGE MY LIFESTYLE TO MINIMIZE MY IMPACT ON THE CLIMATE?
Personal choices from the food you eat, to the vehicles you drive, to your home you and your family live in all add (or subtract) to the causes of climate change. Lifestyle choices make a big difference as described in this article by TU scientists and colleagues. In addition to changing our lifestyles, all of us need to reach out to local and national political leaders and seek policies that reduce the impacts of climate change and the quantities of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.


In January 2021, eight shipping container-sized boxes were assembled in Hellisheiði, Iceland, next to the third-largest geothermal power station in the world. The facility, called Orca, is intended to suck approximately 4,000 tons of carbon dioxide directly from the air each year. Developed by the Swiss engineering firm Climeworks, Orca is the largest example of direct air capture to date — a technology intended to extract carbon dioxide directly out of the air.
You can think about the carbon dioxide in Earth’s atmosphere like a bucket. Today, that bucket is almost full: We have about 9% of the volume left to fill if we want to stay below 1.5 degrees Celsius of warming by 2050 (1.5 degrees is the target to avoid catastrophic climate disruption). To keep that bucket from overflowing, we’ll certainly have to cut back on global emissions.
However, all of the pathways that keep us at or below 1.5 degrees C, as outlined by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, also include development of direct air capture technologies like the giant fans set to start spinning in Iceland. Direct air capture can’t keep us below that threshold on its own, but it can help poke a hole in our proverbial carbon bucket to drain out some of our past emissions.
What is Direct Air Carbon Capture (DAC) ?
Direct Air Capture is a technological method that uses chemical reactions to capture carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere. When air moves through these chemicals, they selectively react with and remove CO2, allowing the other components of air to pass through. These chemicals can take the form of either liquid solvents or solid sorbents, which make up the two types of DAC systems in use today.
The two major components of a liquid solvent direct air capture process are the air contactor and the regeneration facility. In this process, an aqueous potassium hydroxide solution (KOH) reacts with the CO2 from the air to form water and potassium carbonate (K2CO3).
How does DAC Direct Air Capture work?
Once carbon dioxide is captured from the atmosphere, heat is typically applied to release it from the solvent or sorbent. Doing so regenerates the solvent or sorbent for another capture cycle. Other systems in development use electrochemical processes, which could reduce energy needs and costs.
The captured CO2 can then be injected deep underground for sequestration (storage) in certain geologic formations or used in various products and applications. The carbon use in products, or the net quantity of carbon that is durably stored, depends on the product. Use in products like concrete or plastic can provide long-term sequestration (decades or even centuries), whereas using carbon dioxide in products like beverages or synthetic fuel would quickly re-release carbon into the atmosphere.
In some cases — jet fuel for example — synthetic fuel produced with CO2 could still be a more favourable substitute for more emissions-intensive fossil fuel. However, to maximize climate benefit, most captured CO2 would need to go to vast and permanent underground sequestration rather than useful but more limited utilization routes.
Why is DAC necessary?
As the effects of climate change are increasingly felt through more severe storms, wildfires and flooding, the need to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions — such as by switching to electric vehicles, deploying solar panels and reducing deforestation — is critical. At the same time, the latest climate science indicates that such efforts will not be enough to keep temperature rise below 1.5 degrees C (2.7 degrees F), which would prevent the worst impacts of climate change.
While efforts to reduce GHG emissions should always take priority, meeting climate goals will also require carbon dioxide removal (CDR) — systems that remove carbon directly from the air — likely at the billion-tonne scale by mid-century.
Carbon removal is needed not only to balance out residual emissions that cannot be or are not eliminated by 2050 but also to reduce the high concentration of carbon dioxide in the air, which is triggering increasingly devastating climate change impacts. The United States, as the largest cumulative historical emitter of CO2, has a responsibility to be a leader in pulling it back out of the atmosphere. The precise amount needed will depend on how fast the world reduces emissions.
Carbon removal can take numerous forms — including natural solutions like growing trees and increasing the ability of soil to sequester carbon and technological solutions that accelerate or mimic natural carbon removal processes or directly pull CO2 from the air.
Direct air capture (DAC) is one type of technological carbon removal that shows promise today and will likely be part of a larger carbon removal portfolio. Compared to other types of carbon removal it uses relatively little space and can also be installed flexibly, so would avoid competition with other land uses and could be built on marginal land or near geological storage sites to minimize the need for CO2 pipelines.
What is the cost of DAC?
Despite the benefits and flexibility, direct air capture is more costly per tonne of CO2 removed compared to many mitigation approaches and natural climate solutions as it is energy-intensive to separate carbon dioxide from ambient air. The range of costs for DAC varies between $250 and $600 per tonne of CO2 today depending on the technology choice, low-carbon energy source, and the scale of their deployment; for comparison, most reforestation costs less than $50/tonne of CO2.
However, depending on the rate of deployment, which could accelerate through supportive policies and market development, costs for DAC could fall to around $150-$200 per tonne over the next 5-10 years. Going further than this, the Department of Energy launched its Carbon Negative Shot initiative in late 2021, which aims to reduce the cost of carbon removal technologies and approaches that could reach a gigaton scale of $100/tCO2 over the next decade.
What are some technological advancements in DAC?
Let’s take a look at some companies trying to make advancement in this field.
Heirloom Carbon Technologies INC.
A California-based startup has found a way to use limestone — a cheap and widely available material — to remove carbon dioxide directly from the air, potentially overcoming a major hurdle in scaling up the technology needed to avoid catastrophic global warming.
Heirloom Carbon Technologies Inc. raised $53 million from investors including Breakthrough Energy Ventures, a clean-technology fund led by Bill Gates, and the Microsoft Climate Innovation Fund.
See O2 Energy
See O2 Energy is a Canadian startup working to efficiently convert carbon dioxide and water into marketable and clean value-added products using reversible fuel cell technology. The startup is developing reversible solid oxide fuel cells to enable the electrochemical conversion of water to hydrogen and carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide. This results in the production of syngas, a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen. This solution makes it possible to effectively capture and use carbon to produce fuels, power, heat, and oxygen.
Company’s Website -: https://www.seeo2energy.com/
Mirreco – Carbon Emissions Into Industrial Hemp
From paper, textiles, biodegradable plastics, construction, food, and fuel, industrial hemp provides several applications. As one of the fastest-growing biomasses, hemp currently delivers exciting value for industrial carbon capture. Hemp is also suitable for mitigating against potentially harmful substances, such as dioxins, which are carcinogenic and contribute to deforestation, cosmetics, and plastics accumulation, most of which require fossil fuels and do not easily degrade.
Australian startup MIRRECO™ combines non-synthetic advanced polymers and hemp to create hemp CAST®, Carbon Asset Storage Technology, products. By blending hemp with proprietary polymers, the technology completes a carbon-storing polymer chain for producing high-performance construction products.
Currently undergoing testing and certification, MIRRECO™ aims to launch its patented technology, CAST®, to help organizations offset their carbon emissions.
Company’s Website -: https://mirreco.com/technology/carbon-capture/
DAC also provides atmospheric clean-up, which is a public good rather than a product people need to purchase, so opportunities for direct revenue are more limited. Captured CO2 can be sold for use in products from concrete aggregate to carbon fibre, markets that don’t typically provide enough revenue to offset the cost of capture. The largest market for CO2 today is enhanced oil recovery (EOR), which is controversial given its connection to fossil fuel production.
Climate models make it increasingly clear that carbon dioxide removal will likely need to happen on a multi-billion-tonne scale by mid-century along with deep emissions reductions. And the slower we are to reduce emissions, the more we may need to rely on carbon removal — including DAC — to meet national and global climate goals.
Achieving large-scale carbon removal will require a portfolio of different approaches, which will reduce cost and the risk of anyone’s approach failing to provide expected removal. Investing in DAC now will help reduce future costs, which can prove critical as carbon dioxide removal becomes even more necessary.
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An area of high pressure has been centred over Europe for much of the last couple of weeks. On its eastern flank, cold air has been brought down from the Arctic. Even by European winter standards, the extent of the cold air has been exceptional. Moscow has experienced daytime maximum temperatures of minus 23C, some 14C below average for January. Deaths because of the cold weather have been reported in Italy and Poland, and there have been many serious traffic accidents because of ice, snow and, across more western areas, fog. Although it will remain cold over much of the continent in the coming days, there should be a return to ‘average’ January weather conditions. Further snow is expected over central and southern areas.


Hi! Has anyone insights into the quality of the UDM mask (clouds especially) for snow-covered regions?
Below you can see an image (2017-08-01, 45.97N, 7.35E) with some glaciers & snow and the corresponding cloud mask from the UDM layer.
You can notice:
- a lot of snow/ice areas are miss-classified as clouds
- there is a line that separates the cloud mask into two sub-regions (the data comes from two different stripes); what's strange is that one sub-region has many more FPs than the other; looks like the algorithm behind is very sensitive to the underlying sensor
I’m wondering if it is common that snow & ice are frequently classified as clouds. I’m more familiar with the Sentinel-2 data and there the masks usually manage to capture the difference between snow and clouds.
Has anyone experience in this area?
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University Courses, Summer Schools and Webinars
Potsdam Summer School 2016: Dealing with Climate Change ImpactsAvoiding the unmanageable, managing the unavoidable – even with ambitious climate mitigation, the impacts of climate change will be felt in this century. They have been programmed into the natural system by our greenhouse gas emissions: carbon dioxide remains in the atmosphere for hundreds and even thousands of years. From global sea-level rise to extreme events like floods or droughts, the third Potsdam Summer School from 5 – 14 September 2016 will focus on long-term climate change impacts and the challenge of dealing with them. Any kind of assessment of long-term hazards is based on knowledge of the natural processes within the climate system, quantification by computer models and scenario analysis and must be supplemented by a risk assessment to evaluate the impacts in respect of potential mitigation measures. Participants at the 2016 Potsdam Summer School will learn to assess long-term hazards and conduct risk assessments to evaluate impacts and identify potential mitigation measures for impacts ranging from Arctic warming over sea-level rise to Amazon dieback. An intense ten-day programme will address four major topics.
Date: 5–14 September 2016
Location: Potsdam, Germany
Organizers: Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK)
Submit application by: 15 April 2016
Details at: http://potsdam-summer-school.org/


AMOS National Conference 11-13 February 2013 - Melbourne
February 11, 2013
AMOS National Conference 2013
Click here for Conference Website
Registrations are open for the National Conference of the Australian Meteorological and Oceanographic Society (AMOS) to be held at the Melbourne Convention and Exhibition Centre, Monday 11th - Wednesday 13th February, 2013.
Our weather and climate is changing, and so is the working environment for Australian meteorologists, climatologists and oceanographers. The 2013 AMOS National Conference will therefore focus on developments in our understanding of the physical climate system and review the required skills and knowledge of professionals working in the field.
Major topics include:
- Climates of the past and projections for the future
- Variability of atmospheric and oceanic processes at different scales
- Model development: enhancing our understanding of the climate system
- Scientific computing and the 21st century meteorologist, climatologist and oceanographer
Abstracts are closed.
Please direct any questions to Jeanette Dargaville: email@example.com.
We look forward to welcoming you to Melbourne in February!
Dr. Vaughan Barras
Chair, AMOS 2013 Conference Organizing Committee


|Finding and Photographing Rainbows|
Now we know that rainbows form when sufficiently large droplets of water are in the air, and direct sunlight hits them. That means you're unlikely to observe rainbows in cold climates, because atmospheric moisture is likely to be frozen. Bright sunlight is a must for bright rainbows, so anticipate more rainbows in spring and summer than in fall and winter.
Receding rain storms tend to have falling rain in their trailing edge, where it can be exposed to newly-revealed sunlight and form rainbows. Approaching storm clouds, on the other hand, tend to overshadow the advancing wall of rain, so no sunlight hits the droplets and rainbows are less likely to form.
Some locales experience very predictable afternoon storms marching away from direction of the sun, followed by clearing, sunshine, and rainbows. These are ideal locations for photographing rainbows, assuming there are subjects of interest for composing images. Less than ideal are locales where the afternoon storms move toward the sun, or where the storms are not regular or predictable. Good terrain for rainbows allows you to see clearly toward the horizon opposite the sun, so you have a chance of photographing the end of the rainbow. Finally, good rainbow terrain allows you to move freely to a location where the rainbow is in a desired position for your composition. Ideally, you can scout good locations and subjects on days without storms, then return with full knowledge of your objective.
Angle of Sun
If the sun is directly overhead, our 42-degree paper cone will point straight into the ground, so no rainbow will be visible (unless we're off the ground looking down at spray). The sun must be at 42 degrees above the horizon or lower before the rainbow arc starts to rise above the opposite horizon. Therefore, look for rainbows in the morning or afternoon, depending on the season and your location.
Those equipped with portable GPS units may already have a solar position calculator in hand, telling exactly what elevation and azimuth (direction) the sun will be at a given time. These use standard astronomical data which is also available on the web from numerous sources, including the U.S. Naval Observatory (http://aa.usno.navy.mil/data/). Then you need a compass to find the direction, estimate the angles. wait, that's too hard.
Pinpointing your Rainbow
While this method may seem imprecise, it can indicate with surprising accuracy the location of the potential rainbow. Normally, you'll be most interested in the location where the rainbow intersects the ground. If there isn't a good subject there, consider moving to a new spot so that the rainbow's end falls directly on, or near, an interesting subject.
The last step in the process is to hope that conditions lead to the formation of a strong rainbow! Send and let us know if you have any good tips for finding and photographing rainbows. Happy hunting!
To return to the beginning of this article, see Part 1. Finding Rainbows.
|Updated 20-aug-11 Contents copyright © 2001 - 2011 PhotoCentric.Net, All Rights Reserved|


Wind is a valuable and abundant source of energy around the world. The speed and strength of wind available changes dramatically in different areas across the globe.
Researchers have developed a clever (and strangely hypnotic!) simulation of how wind acts across the globe.
The software also provides information about surface temperatures and other global weather conditions.
Using real time information (the simulation updates every 3 hours or so depending on the conditions you are viewing), you can zoom in and out of seas, countries and continents anywhere in the world.
So the next time you’re wondering how windy it is in Antarctica, now you’ll know!


Common basic knowledge and common values of ozone
1. The specifications of the ozone generator are divided according to the amount of ozone produced. The unit of ozone production is mg/h or g/h (mg/hour or gram/hour), that is, how many weight units of ozone can be produced by the ozone generator working for one hour.
2. The unit of concentration of ozone in the air is ppm or mg/m3; the unit of concentration of ozone in water is ppm or mg/L. Conversion method: 1ppm﹦2 mg/m3 in air; 1ppm﹦1mg/L when in water.
3. When ozone reaches a certain concentration in the atmosphere, it will cause environmental pollution. Our country stipulates: In the residential environment, when the ozone concentration exceeds 0.1mg/m3, it constitutes air pollution; in the workplace, when the ozone concentration exceeds 0.2mg/m3, it constitutes pollution.
4. When the ozone concentration in the air reaches 0.01-0.02mg/m3, people can smell it.
5. When disinfecting food factories, cosmetics factories, production workshops, warehouses and other places, the ozone concentration in the air must reach 10-20 mg/m3, and it must be sealed for 30 minutes. No one can be on site during disinfection.
6. Under normal pressure mixing conditions, when bottled pure water is disinfected with ozone, usually 1m3/h water needs to use 3g ozone, and the ozone concentration in the water needs to be ≥0.3mg/L; when bottled mineral water is ozone disinfected, usually 1m3/h water 6g ozone is required, and the ozone concentration in the water must be ≥0.5mg/L.
Ozone is an unstable gas with a pungent and special smell, and its molecular structure is shown in the figure. It can be synthesized photochemically in the stratosphere of the earth, but only exists in a very low concentration on the ground level.
1.1 General physical properties
At room temperature, ozone is a blue gas, but at room temperature, the blue color is not obvious unless it is a fairly thick gas. The main physical properties of ozone are listed in Table 1-1, and the liquid density and vapor pressure are listed in Table 1-2.
1-1 The physical properties of pure ozone
Melting point (760mmHg)/℃ -192.5±0.4 Gas density (0℃)/(g/L) 2.144
Boiling point (760mmHg)/℃ -111.9±0.3 Evaporation heat (-112℃)/(J/L) 316.8
Critical temperature /℃ -12.1 Critical density /(g/ml) 0.437
Critical pressure /atm 54.6 Solid ozone density (77.4K)/(g/cm 3) 1.728
Critical volume (cm 3 /mol) 111 Liquid heat capacity (90～105K)/(cal/k) 0.425+0.0014×(T-9)
Viscosity of liquid ozone 77.6K(Pa•s)
0.00156 Heat of vaporization
Surface tension (cyn/cm)①
38.4 Heat of generation
Ideal gas (0k) 142.98
Isotonic specific volume (90.2K) 75.7 Free energy of formation (gas, 298.15k) 162.82
Dielectric constant (liquid state 90.2k) 4.79 Dipole moment /Debye 0.55
Magnetic susceptibility (cm-g-s unit) gas/liquid 0.002×10 -6
①1dyn=10 -3 N/m; 1atm=101.325Pa; 1cal=4.18J.
Table 1-2 Liquid density and vapor pressure of ozone
Temperature /℃ Liquid density
/(G/cm 3) liquid vapor pressure
/MmHg temperature /℃ liquid density / (g/cm3) liquid vapor pressure
-183 1.574 0.11 -140 1.442 74.2
-180 1.566 0.21 -130 1.410 190
-170 1.535 1.41 -120 1.318 427
-160 1.504 6.75 -110 1.347 865
-150 1.473 24.3 -100 1.316 1605
1.2 Solubility of ozone
Ozone is slightly soluble in water. Under standard pressure and temperature (STP), its solubility is 13 times greater than oxygen (see Table 1-3) and 25 times greater than air.
Table 1-3 The solubility of ozone in water (gas partial pressure is 10 5 Pa) /(ml/L)
Gas Density (g/L) Temperature /℃
0 10 20 30
O 2 1.492 49.3 38.4 31.4 26.7
O 3 2.143 641 520 368 233
Air 1.2928 28.8 23.6 18.7 16.1
By passing ozone into distilled water, the solubility of ozone in water at different temperatures and pressures can be measured. Figure 2-2 is the relationship curve between the solubility of pure ozone in water and the temperature when the pressure is 1atm. From Figure 2-2, when the temperature is 0℃, the solubility of pure ozone in water can reach 2.858×10 -2 mol/L (1372mg/L).
Like other gases, the solubility of ozone in water conforms to Henry’s law, that is, at a certain temperature, the mass of any gas dissolved in a known liquid will be proportional to the partial pressure of the gas acting on the liquid, and the size of Henry’s constant It’s just a function of temperature, and has nothing to do with concentration.
C=K H P (1-1)
where C-the solubility of ozone in water, mg/L;
P －Partial pressure of ozone in ozonized air, kPa;
K H-Henry’s constant, mg/(L•kPa).
From equation (1-1), since most of the ozonized air is used in actual production, the partial pressure of ozone is very small, so the solubility of ozone is much lower than the data in Table 1-3. For example, in the ozonized air produced by the ozone generator using air as the raw material, ozone only accounts for 0.6% to 1.2% (volume). According to the gaseous equation and Dalton’s law of partial pressure, the partial pressure of ozone is only 0.6% to 1.2% of the pressure of ozonized air. Therefore, when the water temperature is 25℃, the solubility of ozone is only (0.625 ~ 1.458) × 10 -4 mol/L (3 ~ 7mg/L) when this ozonized air is added to the water.
Table 1-4 Solubility of low-concentration ozone in water /(mg/L)
gas mass percentage content /% temperature /℃
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
1 8.31 7.39 6.5 5.6 4.29 3.53 2.7
1.5 12.47 11.09 9.75 8.4 6.43 5.09 4.04
2 16.64 17.79 13 11.19 8.57 7.05 5.39
3 24.92 22.18 19.5 16.79 12.86 10.58 8.09
In general water treatment, the ozone concentration is low, so the solubility in water is not large. At lower concentrations, the solubility of ozone in water basically satisfies Henry’s law. The solubility of low-concentration ozone in water is shown in Table 1-4.


Bree Kind to the Planet
How Can You Bree Kind to the Planet?
Click on the suns and learn how to Bree Kind to the Planet
Climate Change. Bree the Change!
Bree the Change!
The earth is getting warmer because there is too much carbon dioxide and methane in Earth’s atmosphere. A warming Earth changes climates. Examples of climates: Polar (Cold), Tropical (Wet and Humid) and Arid (Dry and Hot). Climate Change is a big problem for people, animals and the planet. But, we can Bree part of the solution, with positive action! Click on the suns below to see what you can do!


Aeronomy of Ice in the Mesosphere Solar Occultation for Ice Experiment
AIM’s mission is to study Polar Mesospheric Clouds (PMCs) that form about 83 km above the Earth’s surface in summer and mostly in the Polar Regions. AIM measures PMCs and the thermal, chemical, and dynamic environments in which they form to determine associations between these clouds and the meteorology of the polar mesosphere. Studying PMC variables has been proposed as a potential method for establishing indicators of global change.
SDL designed, fabricated, calibrated, and tested the Solar Occultation for Ice Experiment (SOFIE) aboard AIM. SOFIE combines IR/UV solar occultation, Gas Filter Correlation Radiometry (GFCR), and broadband Differential Absorption Radiometry (DAR) by solar image tracking to measure vertical profiles of particle extinction as well as temperature, water vapor, ozone, nitric oxide, and methane.
AIM has measured PMCs continuously with unprecedented precision since the mission was launched in 2007, compiling over a decade of data on critical aspects and properties of the clouds. It is now clear that the narrow altitude region where PMCs form harbors information on key processes that affect our entire atmosphere. AIM observations are providing a major tool for analyses to understand the combined effects of coupling by atmospheric dynamics from below, coupling by the meridional circulation across hemispheres, atmospheric temperature and H2O changes, changing solar conditions, and varying inputs of cosmic dust into our atmosphere.


Last modified: Monday, May 2, 2011
Global warming won't harm wind energy production, climate models predict
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE
May 2, 2011
BLOOMINGTON, Ind. -- The production of wind energy in the U.S. over the next 30-50 years will be largely unaffected by upward changes in global temperature, say a pair of Indiana University Bloomington scientists who analyzed output from several regional climate models to assess future wind patterns in America's lower 48 states.
Their report -- the first analysis of long-term stability of wind over the U.S. -- appears in this week's Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Early Edition.
"The greatest consistencies in wind density we found were over the Great Plains, which are already being used to harness wind, and over the Great Lakes, which the U.S. and Canada are looking at right now," said Provost's Professor of Atmospheric Science Sara Pryor, the project's principal investigator. "Areas where the model predicts decreases in wind density are quite limited, and many of the areas where wind density is predicted to decrease are off limits for wind farms anyway."
Coauthor Rebecca Barthelmie, also a professor of atmospheric science, said the present study begins to address a major dearth of information about the long-term stability of wind as an energy resource. Questions have lingered about whether a warmer atmosphere might lead to decreases in wind density or changes in wind patterns.
"We decided it was time someone did a thorough analysis of long term-patterns in wind density," Barthelmie said. "There are a lot of myths out there about the stability of wind patterns, and industry and government also want more information before making decisions to expand it."
Pryor and Barthelmie examined three different regional climate models in terms of wind density changes in a future U.S. experiencing modest but noticeable climate change (warming of about 2 degrees Celsius relative to the end of the last century).
The scientists found the Canadian Regional Climate Model (CRCM) did the best job modeling the current wind climate, but included results from Regional Climate Model 3 (created in Italy but now developed in the U.S.) and the Hadley Centre Model (developed in the U.K.) for the sake of academic robustness and to see whether the different models agreed or disagreed when seeded with the same parameters.
All three state-of-the-art regional climate models were chained to output from one of four atmospheric-ocean general circulation models to derive a complete picture of wind density changes throughout the study area -- the lower 48 United States and a portion of northern Mexico.
Comparing model predictions for 2041-2062 to past observations of wind density (1979-2000), most areas were predicted to see little or no change. The areas expected to see continuing high wind density -- and therefore greater opportunities for wind energy production -- are atop the Great Lakes, eastern New Mexico, southwestern Ohio, southern Texas, and large swaths of several Mexican states, including Nuevo Leon, Tamaulipas, Chihuahua, and Durango.
"There was quite a bit of variability in predicted wind densities, but interestingly, that variability was very similar to the variability we observe in current wind patterns," Pryor said.
The Great Lakes -- Lakes Michigan, Superior, and Erie in particular -- consistently showed high wind density no matter what model was used.
Such predictions should prove crucial to American policymakers and energy producers, many of whom have pledged to make wind energy 20 percent of America's total energy production by 2030. Currently only about 2 percent of American energy comes from wind.
"There have been questions about the stability of wind energy over the long term, " Barthelmie said. "So we are focusing on providing the best science available to help decision makers." Pryor added that 'this is the first assessment of its type, so the results have to be considered preliminary. Climate models are evolving and improving all the time, so we intend to continue this assessment as new models become available.'
Wind farms are nearly carbon neutral, and studies show that a turbine pays for itself after only three months of energy production. A typical turbine lasts about 30 years, Pryor says, not because parts break, but because advances in technology make it desirable to replace turbines with newer versions.
"Wind speed increases with height, so turbines are also getting taller," Pryor said. "One of our future projects will be to assess the benefit of deploying bigger turbines that extend farther from the ground."
This is also the week of the annual Offshore Technology Conference in Houston, the largest such energy conference in the world, which has increasingly focused on offshore wind energy production in recent years.
Last month, Pryor was appointed to the National Climate Assessment and Development Committee, convened by the U.S. Department of Commerce's National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration to help the U.S. government prepare for and deal with climate change. She also contributed to a special report used by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Barthelmie is a widely respected expert on wind energy, particularly in northern Europe, whose wind farms she has studied for years. She was the winner of the European Academy of Wind Energy's 2009 Academy Science Award. Both Pryor and Barthelmie are faculty in the IU Bloomington Department of Geography, a division of the College of Arts and Sciences, and the Center for Research in Environmental Science.
Pryor and Barthelmie's work was supported by grants from the National Science Foundation (BCS 1019603), the International Atomic Energy Authority, and the IU Center for Research in Environmental Sciences. The model output they analyzed were provided by the North American Regional Climate Change Assessment Program (NARCCAP). NARCCAP is funded by the National Science Foundation, the U.S. Department of Energy, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Research and Development.
To speak with Pryor or Barthelmie, please contact David Bricker, University Communications, at 812-856-9035 or email@example.com.


Neither snow or rain kept couriers from their appointed rounds during the Greco-Persian wars, apparently. But extremely dangerous wind chills will keep some US postal workers from theirs.
Brutally low temperatures and frightening wind chills (49 below zero in Chicago! 65 below zero in northern Minnesota!) led the US Postal Service to suspend deliveries Wednesday in parts of 10 states in the Great Plains and Midwest out of concern for workers' safety.
The USPS listed the service suspensions by ZIP Code on their website. Basically, we're talking about parts of:
• North Dakota
• South Dakota
About 212 million people -- or 72% of the continental US population -- will see temperatures drop below freezing over the next few days. And more than 83 million Americans -- about 25% of the US population -- will suffer subzero temperatures at some point between Wednesday and Monday.
While most of the Midwest will see frigid temperatures, Chicago will be "the epicenter of the extreme cold," CNN meteorologist Dave Hennen said.
Chicago could reach a record low temperature of 27 below zero by Thursday morning. Its daytime high Wednesday is forecast to be 15 below zero.
- Due to the brutal weather, postal workers aren't delivering mail in 10 states
- Most pregnant women aren't getting flu and whooping cough shots, CDC warns
- NASA's first all-female spacewalk is delayed because there aren't enough spacesuits that fit
- Benton County ballots mailed out
- Mail carriers receive recognition for helping others
- Oregon lawmaker shares concerns over mailed ballots
- Eugene nonprofit falls victim to mail theft
- Mail bomb suspect Cesar Sayoc pleads guilty
- It's so cold in parts of the Midwest, they can't deliver beer
- Mail carrier acts as Santa's helper by answering children's letters to Saint Nick


The entire province of Saskatchewan was one big wind chill zone Friday morning — and it looks like conditions are going to get worse before they get better.At the beginning of February, I said to myself that now that January was over, the weather was bound to get better.
Temperatures were in the -20 to -30 C range, with winds gusting as high as 80 kilometres per hour.
Then last week, I said to myself that now that February was almost over, the weather was bound to get better.
It got worse.
So it must be me, and my foolish prognostications about how the weather will improve -- apparently, even THINKING such a thing is dangerous and offends the weather gods.
I promise, everybody, that I won't even think about the weather getting better, ever again!