Today with the 24-hour news cycle, getting a current weather report is no more challenging than turning on the television. But how often are those forecasts wrong? Or what if there is NO television to turn on, like when you’re on a five-day hiking trip. Then what?
In a survival situation, knowing what the weather will be like tomorrow may be the difference between building a shelter today out of dry materials and collecting dry firewood and waiting blindly until tomorrow, when it rains and everything is wet—including you . . . and then hypothermia sets in. How did people forecast the weather before Doppler Radar, satellite images, and American and European Storm Modelling Systems? The answer is they looked at the sky. The weather proverbs of the past were based on those observations.
“Mare’s Tail” clouds
“Mares’ tails and mackerel scales make lofty ships to carry low sails.”
Cloud formations can tell us quite a bit about what the weather is tending toward. The clouds often referred to as “Mares’ Tails” (alto cirrus uncinus clouds) bear a slight resemblance to the tails of horses and mares and foretell of rain coming within 12 to 18 hours. They are high-altitude clouds usually forming above 18,000 ft. up to 45,000 ft.
“Mackerel Sky” clouds
“Mackerel Scales” or a “Mackerel Sky” refer to clouds that resemble the fish scales on the mackerel. These clouds are also high-altitude clouds (cirrocumulus or altocumulus) that clump together to give the clouds that fish scale appearance. Another weather proverb that was derived from these clouds is as follows: “Mackerel sky, mackerel sky. Never long wet and never long dry.”
“If there is a ring around the sun or moon, you can expect rain very soon.”
The “ring” the proverb is referring to looks like a halo and is caused by the refraction of light through the ice crystals of the high cirrus clouds that cause the mares’ tails and mackerel sky clouds. The halo (or ring) is just a result of the light from the sun or reflected light from the moon bending as it passes through the hexagon-shaped (6 sided) ice crystals in the high cirrus clouds. The halo is precisely 22 degrees in radius (or 44 degrees in diameter). A double halo, sometimes with spokes, may be seen on rare occasions
“Red sky at night, sailors’ delight, red sky in morning, sailors take warning.”
The color of the sky can also be an indicator of upcoming weather. We’ve all heard this proverb and here again there is science to back it up. In the mid-latitudes where we live, the weather typically comes from the west toward the east. In the evening, the sun is low in the western sky so the sunlight has to pass through a lot of atmosphere to get to our eyes. If there is dust in that air (no rain has washed it out of the air), that dust will scatter the blue light out into space. However, the red light, due to its longer wavelength, makes it through the dust particles to our eyes and we see a “red sky.”
A red sky in the morning means that the low morning sunlight is passing through a lot of atmosphere and if that air is full of dust particles, it means that the good weather has already passed us. Since our weather is typically cyclical—rain, then nice weather, then rain again—there is a good chance rain will be coming soon.
“When dew is on the grass, rain will never come to pass.”
If you think about what causes dew to collect on grass, this proverb makes sense. Dew forms when the grass gets colder than the dew-point temperature. If the sky is cloud-free at night, the grass cools and the ground heat radiates upward into a clear, dry atmosphere and then continues to outer space. A cloud-free night generally is followed by a sunny day. If the night is cloudy and the atmosphere has high humidity (a harbinger of rain,) the air’s water vapor absorbs some of the ground heat and redirects it back to the ground, warming up the grass and keeping the grass dew-free.
So dew on the grass is a sign of a high pressure system, and therefore, good weather.
“When the ass begins to bray, look for rain to come today.”
Falling atmospheric air pressure is a sure sign that rain is coming. Low pressure has also been shown to make animals more active and irritable. For example, dogs bark more, birds chirp more, donkeys bray, more and frogs croak more. While our four-footed friends seem to feel this more acutely than we do, humans also seem to react to low pressure. The low pressure area of an incoming storm causes the tissue around our joints to expand, putting pressure on those joints (knees, ankles wrists etc.). This leads to another weather proverb: “When your joints start to ache, rainy weather is at stake.”
“Trout jump high when rain is nigh.”
The key here is the correct translation of the word “nigh.” It is an old-fashioned word meaning near, or very close in time or place. So the 21st century translation of this proverb is “Trout jump high when rain is coming.” with the obvious problem that the word “coming” not rhyming with the word “high” in the saying. Scientifically however this makes sense. Rain is associated with low pressure systems (a falling barometer reading is a sure sign of rain). When the atmospheric pressure drops, that allows plant particles trapped at the bottom of lakes to rise closer to the surface. This plant material is food for small fish, which feed on it and the small fish are food for larger fish. These larger fish, in their aggressive pursuit of the smaller fish, break the surface of the water (jump out of the water as they dart from below toward the surface to catch the little fish).
Bad Weather coming
Good Weather coming
“When smoke hangs near the ground, thunderstorms will be coming ‘round.”
If you look at the smoke from a campfire and it hangs close to the ground (after it gets away from the heat of the fire), that’s a sign that bad weather is approaching. Smoke particles tend to absorb moisture from the air. The more moisture in the air, the heavier the particles, the lower they float, and less they disperse. If the smoke rises quickly, it’s a sign that good weather is ahead. This is true regardless if the smoke is coming from a chimney or your campfire. It also doesn’t matter if its summer or winter although in the winter it forecasts a winter snowstorm is approaching
“Bugs will come a-calling when rain will soon be fall’in”
Did you ever notice that those small pesky bugs and mosquito seems to get especially bad just before it rains. Insects seem to change their behavior based on barometric pressure. When there is a drop in pressure they seem to increase their activities so when the barometric pressure drops indicating an approaching storm insect activity rises significantly.
“Fog in the hollow, send the hogs to wallow”
Sending the hogs to wallow means to send them to the watering hole to lay in the water and mud because it will be a sunny and hot day, hence fog in the hollow (low area means a nice sunny day is ahead. Now for the science behind that. Fog that forms in low lying areas is called radiation fog (or valley fog) and is a result of infrared cooling. This happens on a cloud-free night when a humid air mass can lead to fog formation. This radiation fog is most common in August and September because nights get longer, air masses begin to cool, and land and water surfaces that have warmed up during the summer are still evaporating a lot of water into the atmosphere. Once the temperature reaches the dew point, radiation begins to develop. Radiation fog often forms in the valleys first since this is where the coldest air sits; for that reason, you might know it as “valley fog” or fog in the hollow. The cloud-free night that served up idea conditions for this fog to develop is usually followed by a fair sunny day.
“Fog seen on the hill, rain barrels will soon fill”Fog that forms on higher areas (“on the hill”) is know as “frontal fog“. Frontal fog forms near a weather system when raindrops, falling from relatively warm air above, evaporate into cooler air close to the Earth’s surface and cause it to become saturated. This type of fog is often first spotted over higher land or hills and rain usually follows.
There are other types of fog that do most people are unaware of that do not predict weather. They are up-slope fog, freezing fog, also know as “pogonip,” the Shoshone word for “cloud” , frozen fog, and evaporation fog (often seen over water),
“If the fog goes up the hill it brings water to the mill. If the fog goes down the hill it takes water from the mill”
This saying is a combination of the two fog proverbs above. The first part stating”fog going up the hill” refers to fog on the tops of hills or frontal fog indicating rain is coming or “bringing water to the mill”. The second part of the proverb states “fog going down the hill” refers to fog in low lying areas or radiant fog indicating nice weather ahead so that you will need to “take water from the mill”.
“When windows won’t open and the salt clogs the shaker, the weather will favour the umbrella maker”When it rains there is high humidity in the air. High humidity also makes wood swell making doors harder to close and drawers harder to shut. Salt will also absorb moisture in the air making it clump easier and therefore clog the small holes of a salt shaker more easier than in nice weather with low humidity and drier salt.
“Rain before 7, clear after 11.”
While not 100% accurate, if it’s raining at 7, there is a good chance that it has been raining a good part of the night and the storm may be close to ending. Combine that with the fact the sun is now shining on the top side of the clouds, warming them and helping them to rise and dissipate, and the chance of breaking up the entire cloud formation is highly favorable.
“If birds fly low, expect rain and a blow.”
There could be two possible explanations for this proverb. The first is that it is easier for birds to fly higher when the air pressure is high and more difficult when the air pressure is low (indicating bad weather). It is also a fact that bugs tend to come out and fly before storms hit, so the birds might be flying low before a storm to feast on a meal of flying insects.
Seeing the underside of leaves
“When oaks and maple leaves thus curl, dark storm clouds begin to whirl.”When the humidity is high and the wind begins to pick up the leaves on trees like the oak, maple, and aspen, with curl slightly to show the back of the leaf, that indicates a storm is coming.
“Frogs croaking in the lagoon, means rain will be coming on soon.”
Frogs, like most amphibious creatures, like higher temperatures and moist skin to be active. High temperatures in the evening combined with high humidity (moistening the frogs skin), both indicators of rain also cause frogs to be more active and croak more.
“When the flies begin to bite that’s a sign that rains in sight.”
We generally don’t think of flies as “biting insects however about 6 hours before a rain those pesky little annoying creates turn into blood thirsty vampires.
“If the new moon holds the old in sight, fair weather will come to light.”
This cryptic proverb refers to atmospheric conditions on or near the new moon. On the day of or surrounding a new moon, it may be possible to actually see the entire moon in what is called “earth glow,” or the light from the earth reflected back onto the moon and then back to our eyes. It is very faint and dim and normally can not be seen due to turbulence in the air, as well as molecules and dust particles banging into each other in low-pressure weather systems. However, during high-pressure systems (which bring fair weather) the atmosphere clears up significantly and dim objects can be more easily seen with the human eye, like the earth glow of the moon.
“When sound travels far and wide, bad weather will soon betide.”
Again science facts are the basis of this proverb. Sound travels at different speeds through different materials. For example, it travels faster through solids than through air. It also travels faster and farther through moist air (high humidity air) than dry air. A similar proverb is “When you hear the train expect it to rain”
“If you see 3 suns in the air the weather will change and will not be fair”
The phenomenon is know as “Sun Dogs” and seen within a few hours of sunset. hey are caused by the refraction of light off ice crystals in the atmosphere. The images appear at 22 degrees to the right and left of the real sun and at the same altitude as the actual sun. The scientific name is parhelion (plural: parhelia) from the Greek parēlion, meaning “beside the sun.” however the common name of “sun dog” comes from the Native Americans. Their stories tell of how the actual sun was the hunter and that the images of the sun, one on his right and one on his left, were his “hunting dogs”, following the hunter as he traveled down into the sunset.
” If dew appears before midnight, the next day will be sunny and bright”
If dew forms on the grass shortly after sunset its typically caused by the rapid cooling of the ambient air temperature resulting from the daytime heat quickly escaping to outer space due to the absence of cloud cover. Since clouds are needed to bring rain it logical to assume that the next day has a high probability of being a clear sunny day.
“When your joints and bones give you pain, be assured it soon will rain”
If you’ve ever broken a bone or have arthritis in your joints you know this proverb is a statement of fact. About a day before it rains your joints begin to ache or the bone you boroke years ago starts to hurt once again. The reason for this is simple, as the low pressure system from the storm approaches it puts less pressure on your joints and bones. This allows the tissues around those areas to expand (read this as “swell). This swelling i s what causes the pain we feel in our joint and around past injuries.
“If clouds move against the wind, bad weather will soon descend.”
If clouds move in a different direction than you feel the wind is blowing at ground level, this is because the winds in the upper atmosphere are moving in a different direction than the wind at ground level. This is known as “wind shear” and creates an unstable atmosphere that leads to rain and storms. In extreme circumstances, this is how hurricanes are formed.
“When cows lie on the ground, puddles of rain will soon be found”
While controversial many farmers as well as the Farmers Almanac believe that cows are a reliable predictor of an upcoming storm. If a majority of the herd is standing in a pasture you can expect good weather for the next few days but if a majority of the herd is lying down rain can be expected within 24 hours.
The “Wind Weather Poem”
Lastly… there is always the wind direction poem that gives a pretty accurate of the weather to come in about 18 hours…
Wind from the West
Weather at its best
Wind from the South
There’ll be water in your mouth
Wind from the East
Not fit for man nor beast
Wind from the North
Its going to be cold (or “cold weather comes forth” if you must have it rhyme)
This poem just summarizes that wind directions typically bring certain types of weather. Western winds usually bring good weather, while southern winds are harbingers of rain. Eastern winds often bring bad storms, while a northern wind will bring a drop in temperatures.
While these proverbs and sayings are not 100% accurate, they will definitely outperform most any weather forecaster on the planet!


Partly cloudy with a slight chance of thunderstorms. High 76F. Winds ESE at 10 to 15 mph. Chance of rain 30%. Locally heavy rainfall possible..
Thunderstorms likely. Storms may contain strong gusty winds. Low 66F. Winds SE at 10 to 15 mph. Chance of rain 90%.
Updated: August 24, 2019 @ 10:35 am


"Cai Yun" June 3, 08 o’clock, map, No. 3, "Colorful Cloud" this year (Tropical Storm; English Name: Choi-Wan; Name Source: China Hong Kong; Name Significance: Heaven’s Cloud), on May 31 In the morning, in the Philippines, it is generated in the Turning Ocean. On June 3, it will be moved into the northeastern part of the South China Sea, and the strength gradually weakened and disappeared. Affected by it, some of the sea winding in the northeast of South China Sea is large.
The reporter learned in the Hainan Provincial Meteorological Department, "Cai Yun" generated in the Philippines in the morning of May 31. After the generation, after generation, the speed of 15 to 20 kilometers per hour is moved in the west northern direction, on June 1st night landed in the Philippines. In the central coastal area, then move toward the northwest, slow through the Philippine Islands. According to the meteorological department, June 3, 08, "Caiyun" center is located in the north latitude, east, and in the west of the Philippines, the largest wind (18 m / s) near the center of the West, the center is the lowest center. The air pressure is 998 Bapa, the seven-stage wind circle radius is 50 ~ 120 km.
Hainan Meteorological Observatory is expected to move in the north of the West at a speed of 20-55 kilometers per hour, the strength change is not large; the 3rd will be moved into the northeastern part of the South China Sea, and the strength gradually weakened and disappeared. Affected by "Caiyun", some of the seas in the northeast of South China Sea is large.
The specific forecast is as follows: It is expected that some of the sea areas in the northeastern South China Sea, the wind is 6 ~ 8, the gust is 9; the sea surface near the Sand Islands, the wind is 6 ~ 7, the wind is 8 ~ 9; Qiongzhou Strait and Nansha Islands near the sea , Wind 5, thunderstorm, gust of 7 to 9th; North Bay Sea, Hainan Island, western, southern seas, the sea, the sea, the wind level 5, gust 6. From the 4th, the wind power in the northeastern South China Sea is reduced to 5 ~ 6, and the gust is 7.
North Bay Sea, Hainan Island four-week sea, Xisha, Zhongsha and Nansha Islands near the sea, wind level 5, thunderstorm gust of 7 to 9.
The Hainan Meteorological Department reminded that the homework in the northeastern part of the South China Sea and the past vessel pay attention to avoid high wind impact area. (Hainan Meteorological Observatory Yuan Yinglei Li Fan Guo Dongyan) (Editor: Pan Huiwen, Xi Xiuqin).


What would happen if rain fell in one massive drop?
Rain is a natural phenomenon that occurs when water vapor in the atmosphere condenses into droplets and falls to the ground. It is a vital component of the earth’s water cycle, which sustains life on the planet. However, have you ever wondered what would happen if rain fell in one massive drop? In this article, we will explore the hypothetical scenario of a single massive raindrop and its potential effects on the environment.
Firstly, it is important to understand that raindrops are not usually massive. In fact, raindrops are typically very small, ranging in size from 0.5 to 6 millimeters in diameter. This is because as water vapor rises into the atmosphere, it cools and condenses into tiny droplets. These droplets then combine with other droplets to form larger raindrops. Therefore, the idea of a single massive raindrop is purely hypothetical.
However, for the sake of argument, let us imagine that a single massive raindrop did fall from the sky. The first thing that would happen is that the raindrop would create a massive impact when it hit the ground. Depending on the size and velocity of the raindrop, it could cause significant damage to anything in its path. For example, if the raindrop was the size of a basketball and fell from a great height, it could cause a small crater upon impact.
Assuming that the raindrop did not cause any significant damage, the next thing that would happen is that it would begin to break apart. This is because the surface tension of water is not strong enough to hold a massive raindrop together. As the raindrop breaks apart, it would create a massive splash, sending water droplets flying in all directions. This could potentially cause flooding in the surrounding area, depending on the volume of water released.
Another potential effect of a massive raindrop is that it could create a shockwave. This is because the impact of the raindrop would create a sudden change in pressure, which would travel through the air as a shockwave. Depending on the size and velocity of the raindrop, this shockwave could be strong enough to cause damage to nearby structures.
In addition to the immediate effects of a massive raindrop, there could also be long-term effects on the environment. For example, if the raindrop contained a large amount of pollutants, it could contaminate the surrounding soil and water sources. This could have a negative impact on the local ecosystem, potentially causing harm to plants and animals.
In conclusion, while the idea of a single massive raindrop is purely hypothetical, it is interesting to consider the potential effects of such an event. From creating a massive impact and splash to potentially causing flooding and long-term environmental damage, a massive raindrop would certainly be a sight to behold. However, it is important to remember that rain is a vital component of the earth’s water cycle, and we should do our best to protect and preserve this precious resource.


There's more snow coming for Tuesday as a quick moving storm will dump anywhere from 1" to 6" in our area.
Snow is expected to be in our area around 10am on Tuesday and last into the evening. Total snowfall will depend on how far north the storm tracks and how quickly it develops in intensity.
Click here for the latest live radar and alerts.
Click here for RI Weather Alert's Facebook Page for its latest forecast of 3"-6".
Click here for AccuWeather's snowfall map of 3"-6" for the area.
Other forecasts range in the 1"-3" area, including this from The Weather Channel.


\ˌantɪsˈa͡ɪklə͡ʊn], \ˌantɪsˈaɪkləʊn], \ˌa_n_t_ɪ_s_ˈaɪ_k_l_əʊ_n]\
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By Princeton University
By DataStellar Co., Ltd
A meteorological phenomenon presenting some features opposite to those of a cyclone. It consists of a region of high barometric pressure, the pressure being greatest in the centre, with light winds flowing outwards from the centre, and not inwards as in the cyclone, accompanied with great cold in winter and with great heat in summer.
By Daniel Lyons


What is Climate Change?
Climate change refers to the long-term changes in global weather patterns that are caused by human activities, such as burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and agricultural practices. These activities release greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide and methane, into the atmosphere, which trap heat and cause the planet to warm. This warming trend is causing a range of negative effects, including rising sea levels, more frequent and severe weather events, and food and water shortages.
Climate change is one of the most pressing issues facing our planet today. The effects of climate change, including rising sea levels, more frequent and severe weather events, and food and water shortages, are already being felt around the world. However, there is still hope for reversing the effects of climate change and protecting our planet for future generations. In this post, we’ll explore what it will take to reverse climate change and why it’s so important to act now.
What Will It Take to achieve a Climate Change Reversal?
Reversing the effects of climate change will require a concerted effort from governments, businesses, and individuals around the world. Some of the key actions that are needed include:
- Reducing greenhouse gas emissions: The most important step in reversing climate change is to reduce the amount of greenhouse gases that are released into the atmosphere. This can be achieved by transitioning to renewable energy sources, improving energy efficiency, and reducing waste.
- Protecting forests and other natural habitats: Trees and other plants absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, making them a crucial tool in the fight against climate change. Protecting forests and other natural habitats can help to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and promote biodiversity.
- Investing in green infrastructure: Building infrastructure that is designed to be energy-efficient and sustainable, such as public transportation systems and green buildings, can help to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and promote economic growth.
- Supporting research and development: Investing in research and development of new technologies, such as carbon capture and storage and renewable energy storage systems, can help to accelerate the transition to a low-carbon economy.
Why Is It So Important to Act Now?
The effects of climate change are already being felt around the world, and the longer we wait to take action, the more severe these effects will become. In addition to the environmental impacts, climate change also poses significant economic and social risks, including food and water shortages, displacement of populations, and increased healthcare costs. By taking CLIMATE CHANGE REVERSAL action now to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and protect natural habitats, we can help to prevent the worst effects of climate change and ensure a more sustainable future for all.
In conclusion, reversing climate change will require a concerted effort from governments, businesses, and individuals around the world. By reducing greenhouse gas emissions, protecting natural habitats, investing in green infrastructure, and supporting research and development, we can help to prevent the worst effects of climate change and ensure a more sustainable future for generations to come.


What Are the Different Types of Carbon Sequestration?
January 31, 2023 Welcome
Carbon sequestration is an essential strategy for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and mitigating the effects of climate change. There are various carbon sequestration methods, each with its own distinct characteristics and benefits. This article will look at the multiple types of carbon sequestration, including their technical details and practical applications.
Carbon sequestration is the process by which carbon dioxide (CO2) is removed from the earth’s atmosphere and stored in liquid or solid form. Typically, about 45% of the CO2 emitted by humans remains in the atmosphere, contributing to global warming. Carbon sequestration helps to reduce human carbon footprints, which contribute to global warming.
4 Types of Carbon Sequestration
What are the different types of carbon sequestration? Continue reading to learn about them, as well as their distinguishing features, benefits, and drawbacks.
Biological Carbon Sequestration
Biological carbon sequestration is the process by which carbon dioxide is removed from the atmosphere and stored as biomass in plants and soil. Biological carbon sequestration can be accomplished in any of the following ways:
- Planting new trees and forests, which absorb CO2 through photosynthesis and store it as biomass in the trees and soil
- Integrating trees into agricultural landscapes to enhance carbon sequestration in the soil and biomass
- Enhancing the ability of soils to store carbon through practices such as conservation tillage, cover cropping, and the use of organic matter
However, biological carbon sequestration has limitations, such as land-use conflicts and the possibility of carbon loss due to fires, pest attacks, and disease.
Geological Carbon Sequestration
Geological carbon sequestration is a method of carbon sequestration that involves storing carbon in underground rock formations. When industrial sources such as steel mills and power plants emit carbon dioxide, it is injected and stored in porous rock formations such as sandstone or limestone. CO2 can also be injected into depleted oil and gas reservoirs to improve the recovery of remaining oil and gas. Geological carbon sequestration is thought to be very effective because it can store large volumes of CO2 in a small area. However, it requires long-term maintenance, and there is a risk of CO2 leakage.
Read more about carbon capture in oil and gas industry.
Technological Carbon Sequestration
Technological carbon sequestration is a relatively new method for capturing and storing carbon dioxide that scientists are still exploring. It involves using technology to capture and store CO2 or make it into a resource. Some ways in which technology is used for carbon sequestration include:
- Graphene production: Technology can be used to produce graphene out of CO2. Graphene is a technological material that manufacturers use to create screens for smartphones and other devices.
- Direct air capture: Carbon dioxide can also be captured directly from the air using advanced technology plants. Direct air capture is effective but very expensive to implement.
- Engineered molecules: Scientists are creating engineered molecules that can single out and capture CO2 from the air. The engineered molecules serve as filters to attract and capture only the element they are engineered to trap.
Industrial Carbon Sequestration
Industrial carbon sequestration is the least common method of sequestration. It involves capturing carbon dioxide released from industrial processes through pre-combustion, post-combustion, and oxyfuel.
- Pre-combustion capture: During pre-combustion carbon capture, carbon is captured before fuel combustion. You can do this in coal by reacting with oxygen to produce carbon monoxide and hydrogen and separating them.
- Post-combustion capture: during, post-combustion carbon capture, CO2 is captured from flue gasses after combustion, typically using solvents or membranes. It involves capturing waste gasses to extract their CO2 before they exit smokestacks.
- Oxyfuel combustion: Instead of using air to burn the fuel, you can use oxygen, resulting in a flue gas primarily composed of CO2, which is easily captured and stored.
Explore the Possibilities of Carbon Sequestration with IFS
DXP/IFS is committed to helping those who are interested in helping the environment. We are constantly looking for solutions related to CCUS technology and especially those related to liquified CO2 handling and sequestration. Contact us to learn more about how we can help with your carbon sequestration project.


The authors investigated the relation between ambient concentrations of five of the Environmental Protection Agency's criteria pollutants and asthma exacerbations (daily symptoms and use of rescue inhalers) among 990 children in eight North American cities during the 22-month prerandomization phase (November 1993-September 1995) of the Childhood Asthma Management Program. Short-term effects of carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, particulate matter less than 10 mum in aerodynamic diameter (PM10), sulfur dioxide, and warm-season ozone were examined in both one-pollutant and two-pollutant models, using lags of up to 2 days. Lags in carbon monoxide and nitrogen dioxide were positively associated with both measures of asthma exacerbation, and the 3-day moving sum of sulfur dioxide levels was marginally related to asthma symptoms. PM10 and ozone were unrelated to exacerbations. The strongest effects tended to be seen with 2-day lags, where a 1-parts-per-million change in carbon monoxide and a 20-parts-per-billion change in nitrogen dioxide were associated with symptom odds ratios of 1.08 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.02, 1.15) and 1.09 (95% CI: 1.03, 1.15), respectively, and with rate ratios for rescue inhaler use of 1.06 (95% CI: 1.01, 1.10) and 1.05 (95% CI: 1.01, 1.09), respectively. The authors believe that the observed carbon monoxide and nitrogen dioxide associations can probably be attributed to mobile-source emissions, though more research is required.


Bogs produce a potent greenhouse gas called methane. This gas is produced in the sediments of a bog by microbes called archaea. Some bacteria use methane as an energy source, but do not consume all of it before it reaches the surface. You may recognize methane as the major component of natural gas, which is of course flammable.
Alessandro Volta performed an experiment in 1776 where he showed that gas from disturbed decaying plant matter could start on fire. Much later, it was discovered that this methane was produced by microbes. Today scientists perform the Volta Experiment with a large funnel. Below is a demonstration video from Rutgers – just remember, don’t try this at home! (But if you think this looks like fun, maybe you should consider a career in science!)


SASEC Countries for Regional Air Quality Management
This is first technical assistance designed and implemented in support of the SASEC Environment Working Group. The TA was formulated in response to the concerns and priorities expressed by all parties attending the Special EWG Meeting held in June 2002 and constitutes ADB’s first effort to tackle Air Quality Management (AQM) at a Subregional Level in this area of South Asia. Regional air pollution, especially from emissions of sulfur and nitrogen compounds, is increasingly a problem as industrialization speeds up in the subregion. The impacts of these emissions are felt locally, nationally, and regionally. The TA established a close partnership with the Clean Air Initiative for Asia (CAI-Asia), which also provided a repository for all collected information and its world-wide dissemination through the web. Communication was also established with the United Nations Environment Program and the International Center for Integrated Mountain Development, institutions which are actively involved in the implementation of the Male Convention of Regional Air Quality Management.
19 Dec 2003
Water and other urban infrastructure and services
Air quality (priory and secondary) data sharing among countries
Enhanced in-country and subregional capacity
Regional networking opportunities
Enhanced capacity for implementing air quality management systems incorporating subregional considerations.
$400,000 (Japan Special Fund)
Contact the SASEC Secretariat at:


From The New York Times, Wednesday, November 18, 2009:
The Earth’s oceans, which have absorbed carbon dioxide from fuel emissions since the dawn of the industrial era, have recently grown less efficient at sopping it up, new research suggests.
Emissions from the burning of fossil fuels began soaring in the 1950s, and oceans largely kept up, scientists say. But the growth in the intake rate has slowed since the 1980s, and markedly so since 2000, the authors of a study write in a report in Thursday’s issue of Nature.
Click here to read the full story.


Automated weather stations
Collecting data manually can get tedious. It gets more challenging when you have to collect and report weather data of greater area (such as states or counties when compared to a small town or a city) to a central location which will be broadcasted for the residents of those locations. Automated weather stations were developed for this sole purpose.
Auto weather systems are intended to save labor or collect data from a remote location. they have wireless communications as their integral part as they send recorded weather data through mobile or satellite technology. The automatic weather system may or may not report real time data depending on whether or not it has Argos system or global positioning system. They have the facility of saving the data for later recovery.
Automatic weather systems are normally installed on electricity poles or masts (these arrangements generally measure wind speed or the level of solar radiation). The components of an automatic weather system is the Data logger. It logs the data for future references. The main function of a data loggers is, measuring and storing the information from every sensor. Calculating the data (such as minimum, maximum and average). A data logger can store the data in its own memory or an external memory (maybe a SD card). They communicate with their (remote) server using different protocols, GSM GPRS or CDMA or RS232 to name a few.
Automatic weather stations that have solar panels are connected parallelly with the rechargeable batteries. The solar output is at its optimum for 5 hours a day. Mounting and position plays a vital role in power generation.
Weather predictions have improved since the past decade as today’s weather stations use mathematical equations and powerful computers that collect humongous data that helps it predict weather with better accuracy.
Personal automatic weather stations are generally for entertainment and educational purposes. The data collected by some of them are aired on radio or posted on the internet. Personal radio stations might differ in the readings and accuracy as the ones collected by meteorological departments, as the instruments used might have been calibrated or placed in a different way.
In totality, weather stations play an important role in keeping a vigil on the changing weather and alerting the concerned authorities to take necessary measures.


The Climate Prediction Center’s official winter forecast has been released, and it splits the country in two: hot and dry down south, and a mystery up north. Let’s take a look at what that means for Iowa and the rest of the nation.
The 90-day-outlook was published Thursday morning by the Climate Prediction Center, part of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA) National Weather Service. It gives people a rough idea of what November, December and January will look like across the country.
The last two winters in Iowa have been influenced by La Niña. If you liked the winter last year, that means this one is setting up similarly.
Last year’s La Niña led to average snowfall for the state. That means around 40 inches of snow for most of the state in between December and March. When La Niña is strong, Iowa tends to get less snow. When La Niña is weaker, the state gets more snow than average.
The temperatures tend to lean colder when the state is experiencing a La Niña-influenced winter.
The nationwide forecast is heavily influenced by the presence of La Niña, which forecasters recently said was 75% likely to stick around through the winter months.
La Niña tends to split the country in half, bringing a dry winter to the southern half and a wetter winter to the northern half.
You can see that pattern in the forecast map released Thursday (below): A band of dry conditions is expected from coast-to-coast, impacting the entire southern half of the U.S.
While La Niña looks like it will bring bad news to the already drought-plagued southwest this winter, it’s a different story in the Pacific Northwest. La Niña winters tend to bring more precipitation, not less, to the region.
The rest of the country is a bit of a mystery. Every state shown in white on the map above has equal chances of having above-average precipitation and below-average precipitation.
When it comes to temperature, it’s looking like it will be a warm winter this year for many states, according to the new NOAA outlook. The West, South and Northeast all have a good chance of above-average warmth between November and January.
The hottest conditions are expected in the southwest (Arizona, New Mexico and Texas).
If forecasters’ predictions hold true, and La Niña sticks around through January, it’ll be the third La Niña winter in a row – a rare phenomenon we’ve only seen twice since 1950. However, new research suggests recurring La Niña year are growing more common due to climate change.


Global Climate Change is a significant and lasting change in the statistical distribution of weather patterns. Throughout the last decade the earth has seen many climate shifts and changes. It may be a change in the average weather conditions, or in the circulation of weather around the average conditions. This has been the cause of the long summers or long winters, depends on where you are living. The weather is a very odd in the Mid-West because of the Global Climate Change. In this paper I will be telling you about the Atmosphere, the science of Climate Change, and how we can respond to it. The atmosphere is a collection of gases that gravity holds in around the earth. The gases with in the lowest layer of the atmosphere are called
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The weather in any one area, however, may eventually influence, or be influenced by, the weather a great distance away. Weather usually changes from hour to hour or from day to day. Over many years, certain conditions are characteristic of the weather in an area. The average weather in an area, as well as its variations and extremes over many years, is called climate. Like weather, climate can change, too, but much more slowly. The climate is the outcome of long term weather patterns in a region. For periods of 30 years or more, however, meteorological records reveal that different weather conditions overcome over different parts of the world. Each set of circumstances forms a climate type, and the area covered by a specific type is called a climate region. Some parts of the world are hot and rainy nearly every day, they have a tropical wet climate. Others are cold and snow-covered most of the year, they have a polar climate. Between the icy poles and the steamy tropics are many other climates that help make the Earth unique.
Different temperature and moisture regimes in different parts of the world have created different types of ecosystems called biomes, reflecting the adaptations of plants, animals, and microbes to the frequent weather patterns, or climate, of a region. Humans can adjust to almost any climate, but this is not true of the other populations of the specific regions we live in. If other living organisms


What is a bomb cyclone?
The term bomb cyclone is short for bombogenesis, which is another meteorological phrase for a fast-moving storm with rapid winds, generally at or near hurricane strength.
What is a bomb cyclone? Bombogenesis means a storm is rapidly increasing in intensity. A bomb cyclone occurs when a major storm has experienced a rapid increase in wind speed (to 74 miles per hour, for example) or when the storm’s pressure drops 24 millibars within 24 hours. Very weak storms can have a significant change in intensity. * * * The term must be used loosely — a bomb cyclone is only considered to be a bomb when the storm becomes very strong, and its winds are strong enough to cause damage and cause significant physical hardships. Will it be a hurricane? The NWS has divided hurricanes into two classes. A “major hurricane” means at least Category 3 or 4, with sustained winds in excess of 100 miles per hour. A “major hurricane” category also includes storms with very strong winds. A “sub-major hurricane” means at least Category 2. A “sub-major hurricane” category is significantly weaker than the top three categories. A storm that is classified as a major hurricane does not have a specified shelf life.
National Weather Service


The Sahara is the world's largest hot desert and third largest desert, after Antarctica and Arctic. it covers most of Northern Africa, making it almost as large as China or the United States. The Sahara stretches from the Red Sea, including parts of the Mediterranean coasts, to the outskirts of the Atlantic Ocean. Some of the sand dunes can reach 180 metres (590 ft) in height. The Sahara covers large parts of Algeria, Chad, Egypt, Libya, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Niger, Western Sahara, Sudan and Tunisia. The climate of the Sahara has undergone enormous variation between wet and dry over the last few hundred thousand years. The Sahara has one of the harshest climates in the world. The prevailing north-easterly wind often causes sand storms and dust devils. When this wind reaches the Mediterranean, it is known as sirocco and often reaches hurricane speeds in North Africa and southern Europe. Half of the Sahara receives less than 20 mm (0.79 in) of rain per year, and the rest receives up to 100 mm (3.9 in) per year. The rainfall happens very rarely, but when it does it is usually torrential when it occurs after long dry periods.


The Allegheny County Health Department (ACHD) measures air quality every day using monitors throughout the County, and the readings of those monitors are classified on an Air Quality Index (AQI). If the AQI is forecasted to be over 100 on a given day, ACHD issues an Air Quality Watch. If the AQI is measured at over 100, ACHD issues an Air Quality Warning. This information is then communicated over the Allegheny Alerts system.
If you would like to receive alerts go to www.alleghenycounty.us/alerts and enter your contact information. When an alert is sent on a topic you’ve chosen, you’ll receive it on the devices you’ve selected. Get an email at work, text on your cell and call at home – as many or few as you want. There’s even an app for it. You can add, delete and change your devices and topics any time. It’s all up to you.
To understand more about our air quality and the index check out the brochure here.


We use the cloud naming system invented in 1802 by Englishman Luke Howard. To describe clouds he used Latin names: the first part of the name describes height, and the second part describes shape.
Prefixes for height
cirro = high clouds - above 6 km
alto = midlevel clouds - between 2 and 6 km
no prefix = low level clouds
Names for shapes
cirrus = curly or fibrous
stratus = layered
cumulus = lumpy or piled
To indicate that a cloud can produce precipitation, you should add nimbus.


Since the Industrial Revolution, human activities have released large amounts of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, which has changed the earth’s climate. Natural processes, such as changes in the sun’s energy and volcanic eruptions, also affect the earth’s climate. Human activities have contributed substantially to climate change through Greenhouse Gas Emissions. Carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide concentrations are now more abundant in the earth’s atmosphere than at any time in the last 800,000 years. These greenhouse gas emissions have increased the greenhouse effect and caused the earth’s surface temperature to rise.
The increase in temperature is responsible for a host of numerous issues such as reducing snow cover and sea ice and eventually, rising sea levels, lower crop yield, an increase in severe weather such as intensifying heavy rainfall, water shortages, changing habitat ranges for plants and animals — expanding some and shrinking others. Animals and plants are adversely affected by these climate fluctuations, with delicate crops and species dying in extreme drought and heat.
Robotic Solutions For Climate Change
- Focusing on sustainable agricultural practices with ground robotics, FarmWise aims to increase food production efficiency and streamline farm operations through the deployment of autonomous weeding machines. These robots use Computer vision to identify a variety of crops such as leafy greens, cauliflower, and broccoli and then use custom arms to pick out unrecognized plants, or weeds.
- Tortuga AgTech—a startup, founded in Denver, Colorado—is focusing its efforts on the sustainable and automated planting and harvesting of the crops themselves through robotics and AI to help farmers prepare for the growing climate change crisis.
- SagaRobotics, a Norwegian startup founded in 2016, was created with the aim to introduce robots into agriculture to make farming more sustainable. The company has created Thorvald, a modular, autonomous robot that can perform UV treatment, pick fruits and vegetables, spray pesticides, and collect data to predict crop growth and yields. So far, the robot can operate in strawberry fields and grapevines.
- SkyGrow has developed an autonomous Tree-planting robots ‘Growbots’. Land adjacent to remnant ecosystems or connecting wildlife corridors will be prioritized for planting using satellite imagery and the most advanced technology. They can effectively and efficiently plant trees; this helps mitigate deforestation and carbon dioxide emissions.
To see ongoing research and development for controlling the factors affecting climate change, click here.
To deep dive into the research publications about climate change, click here.
|Next: Chemical Pollution|
 Wong, K. V. (2015). Climate change. Momentum Press.


Pollution of the environment is a serious problem, but did you know that the air inside your home could have up to five times more pollutants?
Poor air quality can make you feel fatigued, congested, or ill. For Americans, who spend the vast majority of the day indoors, the negative effects of poor air quality can be dramatic.
How can you make sure you and your family are breathing clean air when you’re relaxing at home? Start with an air quality test.
Learn more about indoor air quality tests and how to tell when you need one.
What is an Indoor Air Quality Test?
An indoor air quality test (IAQ) collects particle samples from your home’s air. These particles can include pollen, smoke, mold spores, pet dander, and more.
Indoor air quality testing determines the number of pollutants and allergens in your air. Some irritating particles come from outside sources, including smoke, pollen, soil, dust, and even radon. Your home can also become polluted from indoor allergens.
Do you often burn candles or use insecticides? The volatile compounds in these products don’t just disappear after use. Harmful chemicals, carbon monoxide, and carcinogens can linger in the air we breathe.
When to Perform a Test
If you or your housemates are suffering from chronic ailments like sore throat, runny nose, or headaches, it may be time to test your air quality. Ideally, you should test the air quality in your home or office at least once per year. Perform an air quality test if you see any signs of mold or mildew or when renovating bathrooms and old buildings.
Air quality tests are an important aspect of caring for chronic illnesses. People with chronic illnesses generally spend more time indoors and at home than the rest of the population. Poor air quality can exacerbate symptoms of asthma, COPD, and cystic fibrosis.
Air quality tests should be part of the routine maintenance of your office, school, or church building. When you consider that our brains need oxygen to thrive, it’s easy to see how clean indoor air can actually improve employee focus and productivity.
After the Air Quality Test
So you’ve conducted the air quality test; what’s next? Improving air quality isn’t as simple as “airing out” your home. As mentioned earlier, outdoor pollutants are a major contributing factor to poor air quality.
The first step is to check your office or home’s HVAC system. Poor ventilation and filtration can lead to an increase in indoor allergens. Old or damaged HVAC systems can emit foul odors and pump mold and mildew back into the building.
After repairing or updating your HVAC system, there are a few more essential tips you can follow to maintain good air quality:
- Regularly clean carpets, bedding, and drapes
- Change air filters monthly
- Invest in air purifiers or dehumidifiers
- Keep indoor plants to a minimum
- Use gentle cleaning products
- Ventilate bathrooms and basements
Say goodbye to grogginess, sniffles, and sneezes. Conducting an air quality test is a huge step toward making your home or office more relaxing and productive.
Schwantes Heating and Air Conditioning is here to help you achieve healthy air. We’ve delivered exceptional air to the greater St. Paul area since 1947. Contact us today for your professional air quality test!


Do you want to help your young kids learn about the fascinating world of weather and climate? Teaching can be challenging, especially regarding difficult topics for children to comprehend. That’s why we’re here to provide five interesting activities for excitingly teaching weather and climate concepts. So grab your supplies, roll up your sleeves, and let’s start on this journey into studying our Earth’s dynamic climate system!
Are you Looking for ways to Engage children in Learning about Weather and Climate?
Learning about the world we live in is important, especially when it comes to understanding the effects of our environment. Exploring weather and climate can be fun and educational, making learning engaging for young kids.
Our guide teaches five activities that make teaching weather and climate simple! With this resource, your kids will better understand their surrounding environments while having fun doing so. Whether they want to explore temperature changes or storm systems, activity here is perfect!
Let’s get the fun activities started so, dive in!
The Importance and Effects of Weather and Climate
Before delving into our activities, it’s important to understand the significance of weather and climate.
Weather is the atmospheric conditions occurring over a short period, whereas climate refers to a long-term average. Both systems are constantly in flux due to solar radiation, ocean currents, air pressure, topography, etc.
These factors affect our environment, creating unique weather patterns and climate zones. For example, warmer climates support plant life but may cause extreme heat waves, while cooler temperatures encourage snowfall and can lead to harsh winters. Our planet’s constantly changing atmosphere can have a significant impact on ecosystems and people around the world!
Benefits of Learning about Weather and Climate
Learning about weather and climate is beneficial for children of all ages! Here are a few important benefits to consider:
- Understanding the environment – Knowing how our world works is essential to care for it properly.
- Forecasting future conditions – By studying the patterns of our atmosphere, kids can better predict what conditions may come.
- Appreciating diverse climates – Exploring weather and climate can help children appreciate the various environments worldwide.
- Studying global effects – Examining our changing atmosphere helps kids comprehend how small actions can lead to larger consequences around the globe!
Five Activities for Teaching Kids about Weather and Climate
Let’s explore our five activities for teaching kids that will help them better understand weather and climate!
1. Measure Temperature Changes
Have your children use thermometers to measure temperature changes inside and outside. This activity will help them comprehend the effects of the sun’s energy on our environment. Observe if temperatures are affected by time of day, seasonal variability, or other external forces.
2. Create a Storm in a Jar
This activity is perfect for teaching kids about cloud formation and storm systems! Have them fill a jar with warm water and add ice. As the ice melts, it releases heat energy that rises into the atmosphere and forms clouds. Then, as the water droplets cool, they return as rain. This experiment will help kids understand how weather systems are formed!
3. Use binoculars or magnifying glasses to help them study clouds.
Have your kids look at the sky and see what clouds they can observe. Armed with binoculars or magnifying glasses, help them study these formations to determine how high they are in the atmosphere. This activity will show children how clouds are classified by height, providing an interesting way to learn about weather systems.
4. Make a weather chart to track the different types of weather each day
Creating a weather chart is an excellent activity that helps kids understand the different types of weather. Have them draw symbols representing precipitation, wind direction, cloud cover, and temperature changes throughout the day. This activity will help children better comprehend how our environment affects daily life!
5. Sing songs about the seasons and weather
Songs are a great way to help children learn and remember facts! Have your kids sing songs about the seasons and climate. This fun activity will help them better understand seasonal changes and how they can affect weather patterns.
Tips for Teaching Kids about Weather and Climate
Finally, here are some tips to help make teaching your kids about weather and climate a lot easier:
- Keep it simple – Start with the basics before moving on to more complex topics.
- Make it fun – Use creative activities, like songs or experiments, to grab your kids’ attention.
- Be patient – Learning about weather and climate can be challenging for some children. Be patient and provide them with plenty of support as they explore our dynamic world.
Frequently Asked Questions About Weather and Climate: Five Interesting Activities for Teaching to Young Kids
Q: Why is it important to teach kids about weather and climate?
A: Learning about the environment helps children better understand their surroundings and appreciate various climates. It also encourages them to think critically, make predictions, and consider the global consequences of their actions.
Q: What age group is best suited for learning about weather and climate?
A: Teaching children about weather and climate benefits kids of all ages. Parents can adjust activities to suit their children’s needs, whether preschoolers or teenagers!
It’s amazing how many activities and fun games we can find that teach children about weather and climate. Hopefully, the five activities suggested above have given you a good start in teaching kids about this important topic.
Incredibly, many opportunities are right before us that can bring this learning into our homes for an educational experience! With these five activities, which help develop scientific thinking skills and provide important information on weather and climate facts, we truly have everything needed to have a productive and fun teaching atmosphere for our children–and ourselves!
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As part of a joint field campaign with Peking University, Beijing, the University of Leeds FAGE container has gone to Tibet to measure concentrations of radical species at Nam Co, a remote, high altitude (4730 m) field location. The atmospheric pressure at Nam Co is ~ 0.55 Atm. This is an area of significant interest as, owing to a lack of previous composition measurements, the chemistry of the area is uncertain. We are providing measurements of the hydroxyl radical (OH) during this campaign, whose levels might be expected to be significant as concentrations of ozone (an OH source) on the Tibetan plateau are expected to be elevated due to transport down from the stratosphere. As well as measuring OH we are also providing measurements of HO2, RO2, OH reactivity and solar flux.
The Leeds Chemistry team, Dr. Lisa Whalley and PhD students Eloise Slater and Joanna Dyson, are in Tibet until late May gathering data from a very scenic location.


Are humans definitely causing global warming?
It is important to understand the following key aspects of Global Warming:. But the Climate Change trend in the past century and the current century is so out of proportion that it has threatened and disturbed this Harmonious Balance and the Equilibrium state. So these are not a part of the Natural, Internal heating-up and cooling-down trends of the Climate System. Some of the major potential External Factors have been analysed to be the following:.
And they have come to some mutually agreed Conclusions about the relative roles of these External Factors, as explained below. By general Consensus, this is considered the Single most important and biggest causative factor for Global Warming. The story of Global Warming starts with the very fact that the Earth gets heated up.
So this heating-up called the Greenhouse Effect is vital for creation and maintenance of Life on the Planet Earth. There are some very specific activities that are mainly responsible for this. These can be related to natural process or to human activity. It has been statistically proven by various International Bodies that the Greenhouse effect can be attributed to the Human Activity in the post-Industrial period.
Volcanic activity and eruptions inject huge amounts of Volcanic gases, Aerosol droplets and Ash into the atmosphere. It was a topic for research and analysis as to what is the role of the Volcanic gases and Aerosols in the Global Warming phenomenon. Over years of scientific research, it has been proven that the role of Volcanic Activity in Global Warming is of minimal significance.
Volcanic gases include elements like Sulphur-di-Oxide [SO2], which causes atmospheric cooling, and also Carbon-di-Oxide [CO2] which causes atmospheric heating. But it has been proven that only a fraction of a percent of these gases and Climate Change are contributed by Volcanic activity as compared to the Greenhouse effect due to human activity. Global Warming and the wider phenomenon of Climate Change has grown to epic proportions in the last decade. The frequency of the heavy precipitation has lead to the greater prevalence of floods.
Global warming creates more natural disasters. Extreme weather events will continue to occur with greater intensity. So, we will experience significant changes in seasonal temperatures variations, wind patterns, and annual precipitation. The effects of global warming on plants and animals are expected to be widespread and profound.
Many organisms are migrating from the equator toward poles in order to find more comfortable conditions for their existence. However, a lot of animals go extinct as they are not able to compete in new climate regime. The effects of climate change due to the global warming can be devastating to the human society.
People can face severe crop failures and livestock shortages that will cause civic unrest, food riots, famines, and political instability in the whole world. Global warming threatens our future health conditions. Humanity will experience an increase in tick-borne and mosquito-borne diseases.
What is more, people have become more vulnerable to extreme weather and climate changes that lead to serious mental health issues. The sea-level rise accelerates 0. This trend will continue if gas emissions remain unchecked. People are to blame for rapidly melting ice, warming oceans, and rising sea levels. Coral reefs are in danger as the ocean warms. Two-thirds of the Great Barrier Reef has been damaged as a result of climate change.
Global warming increases the acidity of seawater because of the increase of the levels of CO2. The ocean is 26 percent more acidic than before the Industrial revolution. Melting glaciers endanger human life on the coastal areas. It can cause landslides and other land collapses. Increase in average temperatures is the major problem caused by global warming.
Essay on Global Warming for Students
The average global temperature has increased by about 1. Such temperatures turn our environment into a breeding ground for infections and diseases. The worst thing is that increased dryness and greenhouse gases serve as natural fuels for wildfires. Scientists have predicted the effects for the future based on the climate changes due to the global warming problem.
Snow cover is projected to contract. Sea ice is projected to shrink in both Antarctic and Arctic. Future tropical cyclones will become more intense.
Heavy precipitation events, heat waves, and hot extremes will become more frequent. Arctic late-summer sea ice can disappear by the end of the 21 st century. Sea level rise and anthropogenic warming will continue for centuries.
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People should cut power consumption in order to reduce the effects of global warming. We should buy less polluting cars, get more efficient refrigeration, and reduce water heating requirements. We should also fly less or not at all.
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Such measures will definitely influence modern society a lot. However, it is important for every person to do something to prolong life on earth.
Is global warming man-made?
Just think, there is more carbon dioxide in the atmosphere today than at any point in the last , years. Air quality is affected greatly by the global warming. The air pollution caused by overabundance of carbon dioxide, vehicular emissions, and power plants influences the human respiratory system. A lot of people all over the world suffer from respiratory diseases. The surface of our planet can warm by 6 degrees this century. Information that will make your essay even more interesting and catching The Arctic is one of the worst places affected by global warming.
More than 1 million species have become extinct due to the effects of global warming. The Montana Glacier national Park has only 25 glaciers instead of that were there in the year Human activities release around 37 billion metric tons of carbon dioxide per year.


The world's oceans at risk from rising acidity
source : Steve Connor The Independent
A significant increase in the acidity of the Pacific Ocean has been detected by scientists, who believe it could upset the delicate balance of marine ecosystems and lead to their collapse.
Rising ocean acidity is one of the results of increasing levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and scientists are concerned that the phenomenon could make it impossible for key species in the marine food chain to make their protective shells.
The scientists, led by Richard Feely of the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), surveyed 13 different locations off the west coast of North America, from Canada to Mexico, and found higher-than-expected levels of acidityin seawater samples taken near the surface.
"Our results show for the first time that a large section of the North American continental shelf is impacted by ocean acidification," the scientists said in their study, published online in the journal Science.
The survey took place in May and June last year using a research ship that collected seawater samples as it sailed across the North American continental shelf from Queen Charlotte Sound in Canada to San Gregorio Baja California Sur in Mexico. The scientists said that other regions of the world may also be affected to a similar extent, because rising levels of man-made carbon dioxide in the air cause ocean acidity to increase wherever the gas dissolves in seawater to form carbonic acid.
Over the past 250 years, since the start of the industrial revolution, the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere has increased by about 100 parts per million and about a third of this extra carbon dioxide in the air is estimated to have dissolved in the oceans, where it has helped to raise acidity levels.
"The atmospheric concentration of CO2 is now higher than it has been for at least the past 650,000 years, and is expected to continue to rise at an increasing rate, leading to significant changes in our climate by the end of the century," the scientists said.
Each day the oceans absorb about 30 million tonnes of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. This increasing concentration of carbonic acid has changed the chemistry and the biology of the oceans to an extent that can now be detected by scientists.
"This phenomenon, which is commonly called 'ocean acidification', could affect some of the most fundamental biological and geochemical processes of the sea in the coming decades, and could seriously alter the fundamental structure of pelagic [free- swimming] and benthic [seafloor] ecosystems," the scientists said.
Dr Feely said many species of fish that are not directly affected by rising acidity levels would nevertheless still be indirectly affected by the inability of key marine organisms to make their protective shells. "The best example, of course, is coral reefs. They support 25 per cent of the entire biodiversity of the world's oceans. If they should be lost, then many of the fish species that depend on them would also be lost," Dr Feely said.
"Coral reefs also provide food resources for 500 million people throughout the world. Deep- water corals have been found along the US coast, from California to Alaska," he said.
When carbon dioxide dissolves in seawater the increased acidity reduces the availability of dissolved substances called carbonate ions, which are necessary for the formation of the calcium carbonate skeletons and shells of marine organisms.
In addition to corals and shellfish, microscopic marine plankton also form shells that eventually sink to the sea floor to become beds of limestone. Some of these organisms, called coccolithophores, have been found to increase their shell-making capacity in response to rising levels of carbon dioxide, but Dr Feely said that this may also alter the balance of the marine habitat.
"With some species of coccolithophores increasing in abundance at the expense of others, the ocean ecosystem might shift towards species that carry more carbon away from the surface, causing greater uptake of carbon into the oceans," Dr Feely said.
How greenhouse gas emissions are killing the oceans
Many of the most important marine organisms, from tiny plankton called coccolithophores to coral reefs and the more familiar shellfish species, can only exist by building protective shells of calcium carbonate. This process of 'marine calcification' cannot occur if the oceans become too acidic. The sea is naturally alkaline, but rising levels of carbon dioxide in the air are causing the oceans to become more acidic. The chemistry behind the process of shell-making relies on a complex series of chemical equations kept in a state of equilibrium. More acidity means that the delicate chemical balance becomes unbalanced. Scientists have estimated that some 118 billion tonnes of carbon released into the air as carbon dioxide between 1800 and 1994 have been taken up by the oceans. Indeed, about a third of the carbon dioxide produced by human activities since the start of the Industrial Revolution has been absorbed by the seas. So without the capacity of the oceans to act as a natural carbon sink, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the air today – about 380 parts per million – would be significantly higher. Marine calcification produces carbon dioxide in the short term, but in the long term it takes carbon out of the atmosphere.


A Flood Warning for the city issued by the National Weather Service expired at noon Friday.
The Little Lehigh was over flood stage in Allentown Friday morning after heavy rain deluged the area. That combined with the melting snowpack is causing widespread flooding across the region. Flows in rivers may increase quickly and reach critical levels.
In August, Little Lehigh Creek floodwaters resulting from Tropical Storm Isaias closed about two dozen streets in the city.
Motorists are urged not to drive around streets that may become barricaded due to flooding. Most flood deaths occur in vehicles.


Predicting Rain from Satellite Images
Satellite images have always been useful to Italian meteorologists, but with the advent of more advanced equipment and better software, it’s now possible to use satellite images to accurately predict rain. This can be an incredibly useful tool for farmers, the government, and other people interested in the weather throughout the country.
How Rain is Predicted from Satellite Images
Satellite imaging works by showing the cloud patterns contained in the atmosphere. This can include thunderstorms, high- and low-pressure systems, and more. Meteorologists use satellite imaging to detect these systems and use them to predict rain. For example, if clouds in a certain area all move in one direction and begin to gather, it’s likely that the region will receive rain.
Advantages of Predicting Rain Using Satellite Images
- Accuracy: Satellite images are much more accurate than traditional forecasting methods. Since they give a bird’s-eye view of the atmosphere, they can provide reliable information on the potential for rain.
- Timely: Satellite images can be processed in a short amount of time and provide forecasts faster than traditional models.
- Non-Intrusive:Satellite images allow meteorologists to observe weather systems without having to send out equipment or personnel. This makes it more efficient and cost-effective to predict rain.
Uses for Satellite Image-Predicted Rainfall
The data from satellite images can provide useful information for many purposes. For instance, farmers can use it to water their fields on the best days and save water and resources. The government can use it to plan infrastructure projects such as bridges and roads. The data can also be used to inform people of potential floods or massive storms.
Using satellite images to predict rain is an invaluable tool for Italy and its people. With a wealth of data and a high-level of accuracy, satellite images give a complete view of the atmosphere and provide timely information on potential weather systems.
This data can then be used to inform the government, farmers, and other individuals about the potential for heavy rains and storms.
Overall, satellite imaging is a revolutionary tool to prepare Italy for its future weather.
How accurate are satellite images for predicting rain?
Satellite images can be a useful tool for predicting rain, but they are not completely accurate. Satellite images work by identifying cloud cover, which can provide some information about the likelihood of rain, but they cannot directly measure the precipitation itself. Additionally, satellite images are limited in resolution and may not be able to accurately portray local weather patterns.
They can, however, provide a broad-scale overview of potential precipitation for an area. In addition to satellite images, other tools such as radar and weather models can provide more accurate information about potential rainfall.
What resolution do satellite images need to be for accurate rain forecasting?
The resolution required for accurate rain forecasting varies depending on the type of satellite image being used. Optical imagery will typically require a resolution of 10 meters or less, while radar imagery can be used at resolutions as low as 100 meters. With higher resolutions, satellite images can provide more detailed information about atmospheric conditions and its ability to correctly forecast rainfall. For very localized forecasting, satellites may need to have an even higher resolution.
What type of satellite imaging is used for rain forecasting?
Satellite imaging used for rain forecasting often includes the use of active and passive microwave sensors. Active microwave sensors measure the amount of electromagnetic energy emitted from the Earth’s surface, while passive microwave sensors measure reflected energy from cloud droplets. This data is then analyzed to produce detailed images of the atmosphere that can be used to predict rain and other weather conditions.
What type of technology is used to measure precipitation from satellite imagery?
The most commonly used type of technology for measuring precipitation from satellite imagery is called Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR). SAR uses radar pulses to observe the Earth’s surface, allowing it to measure the properties of the environment, including precipitation. Because of its ability to measure these properties in real-time, SAR can provide highly accurate information in a short amount of time. SAR technology has greatly improved the accuracy of rain forecasting, especially in areas where traditional methods are difficult to apply.
What types of satellite systems are used to measure precipitation from imagery?
The most common types of satellite systems used to measure precipitation from imagery are passive microwave systems and optical/infrared systems. Passive microwave systems measure the energy that is emitted from the atmosphere, whereas optical/infrared systems measure atmospheric energy that is reflected from the Earth’s surface. Both types of systems can be used to measure precipitation and provide detailed and accurate information about the current weather conditions.
What are the common types of satellite imagery used to monitor precipitation?
The most common types of satellite imagery used to monitor precipitation are infrared, visible, and microwave. Infrared imagery can be used to identify precipitation due to its ability to indicate the temperature of cloud surfaces and the differences between wet and dry features. Visible imagery uses reflected sunlight to detect precipitation and can be used to distinguish between different types of clouds. Finally, microwave imagery can detect the amount of liquid water content in clouds and is also used to measure snow and hail precipitation.
What are the advantages of using satellite imagery for monitoring precipitation?
1. Satellite imagery offers high spatial resolution which enables precipitation to be monitored across large areas.
2. Satellite imagery is easy to acquire, analyze, and integrate with other data sources.
3. Satellite imagery can provide up-to-date information on storms and other extreme weather events.
4. Satellite imagery is relatively inexpensive compared to other methods of rainfall monitoring.
5. Satellite imagery allows for timely and accurate predictions of flooding, drought, and other weather-related hazards.
6. Satellite imagery can be used to monitor both past and real-time precipitation, making it useful in forecasting and climate change research.
What are the disadvantages of using satellite imagery for monitoring precipitation?
1. Resolution Limits: Satellite imagery can be limited in resolution and precision, which may not be accurate enough to understand regional or local weather patterns or provide detailed precipitation data.
2. Cost: Satellite imagery is often expensive and cost-prohibitive for many users, making it difficult to access this data in the long term.
3. Availability: Satellite imagery is not always available, as most systems are dependent on certain weather and light conditions. If a satellite is not in the right position or cloudy weather is blocking the view, it may not be possible to obtain data.
4. Misinterpretations: Satellite imagery can be difficult to interpret and can lead to errors if used incorrectly or without necessary context.


Organic waste and landfills
What is organic waste?
Organic waste is anything that was once living, such as:
- garden and lawn clippings
- animals and animal waste
Organic waste and landfills - like a big biodigester!
A biodigester is like a mechanical stomach that is fed with organic waste. The waste is broken down (decomposed) by micro-organisms (bacteria) in an oxygen-free environment. The same thing happens when organic waste is put into a landfill.
- Heather’s Small Scale Biodigester – YouTube video showing how a small home biodigester works.
- Landfills for the future – Blog with information and comments on modern landfills as energy producing facilities.
- A Modern Landfill – enlargement of the diagram in the above blog. Shows a similar system to Kate Valley Landfill.
The carbon cycle
Carbon from the atmosphere gets locked up by plants and released back into the atmosphere either quickly or slowly. Methane is one of the carriers of carbon from organic material to the atmosphere so it’s part of the natural carbon cycle.
Carbon naturally moves from one part of the Earth to another through the carbon cycle. However, human activity is adding carbon to the air (in the form of carbon dioxide and methane) faster than it can be removed. This is causing the earth to warm and the climate to change.
This diagram of the carbon cycle shows how carbon moves between the air, oceans, ground and living things:
Greenhouses gases and the greenhouse effect
Greenhouse gases are found naturally in the air and keep our Earth warm enough to support life. They include water vapour, CO2, methane and some others.
The Earth gets energy from the Sun in the form of sunlight and heats up. When the Earth cools down it gives off a different form of energy called infrared radiation. Greenhouse gases in the air hold on to some of this radiation, which makes the air warmer - a bit like a greenhouse.
Planets without greenhouse gases get very hot when the sun shines on them but very cold at night time.
The Earth needs some greenhouse gases to trap heat but if these gases increase too much the air will keep getting warmer.
There are different types of greenhouse gases. Carbon dioxide is the greenhouse gas you hear people talk about the most. That is because we produce more carbon dioxide than any other greenhouse gas and it causes most of the warming.
Greenhouse gases come from all sorts of everyday activities, such as:
- heating our homes
- driving cars and trucks.
The graph below shows the main greenhouse gases:
Another important greenhouse gas is methane (CH4). Methane is made when organic matter rots. You might think landfills make a lot of methane - and they do!
Methane is an interesting (but bad) gas:
- It is more harmful than carbon dioxide as a greenhouse gas.
- It can kill you if you breathe it.
- It is very explosive.
Methane is also valuable because it has lots of energy. At Kate Valley the methane is collected through a network of pipes. The pipes take this gas to large generators that make electricity.
Closing the loop
Kate Valley Landfill controls the gas that comes from organic waste. Not only does it stop harm to the air, it also makes electricity from the gas.
The electricity created by organic waste at the landfill is being used to fuel new electric vehicles that collect waste - how cool is that!


Business and Management
Submitted By maxcomfort
The air pollution in Cairo is a matter of serious concern. The air quality in downtown Cairo is more than 10 to 100 folds of acceptable world standards. Air pollutants that are very high are particulate, hydrocarbons and lead. All are cancer causing agents.
What is the cost of air pollution In Cairo?
The World Health Organization reports that the Air Pollution in Downtown Cairo is 10-100 times what is considered a safe limit. Cairo is in the company of other Cities like Mexico City, Bangkok, San Paulo, Delhi, Tokyo which are among the worst Cities in the World in terms of air pollution.
The US environmental Protection Agency has published Risk data which states that above the safe limit, the risk of developing serious respiratory disease and cancer from inhaling particulate in air (dust & soot and hydrocarbons, heavy metal compounds) is: 2 persons for every 1000. In addition to that, the dispersion factor (how fast the pollutants in the air are dispersed because of the weather conditions like the wind, rain ,air, temperature) makes a difference in the severity of exposure to air pollution.
Cairo has a very poor dispersion factor because of lack of rain and its layout of tall buildings and narrow streets, which create a bowl effect. I don't claim to have accurate data on Cairo air Pollution. There isn't any. I can make a reasonable assumption, that Cairo air pollution is similar to the low range of Mexico City & San Paulo, which we have good data for. I have been to Cairo four or five times in the past two years. The air is thick, gray and there is a haze over Cairo . The sky is not blue but gray. Very similar to Mexico City and Bangkok. The weather conditions make the dispersion factor twice as bad as Los Angeles, which has good air pollution data.
Assuming Cairo has a population of 12 million, The simple risk calculation comes to the…...


OPELOUSAS, LA—OCTOBER 8, 2020—In a tweet this morning from track announcer Michael Chamberlin, living racing at Evangeline Downs has been canceled for today (Oct. 8) thru Saturday, October 10th due to the impending weather expected from Hurricane Delta.
The $25,000 Fauborg St John Stakes was on Saturday's card for the 9th race.
Racing is scheduled to resume on Thursday, October 15th.
According to the Weather Channel Hurricane Delta has strengthened back into a Category 2 as it heads for a Friday landfall on the Gulf Coast with storm surge flooding, damaging winds and rainfall flooding from Louisiana and east Texas to Mississippi.
A hurricane warning is in effect from east of Sabine Pass, Texas, to Morgan City, Louisiana, including Lake Charles and Lafayette in Louisiana. This means hurricane conditions are expected within 36 hours.
For additional information visit the track's website at evdracing.com.


A significant post appeared on Bishop Hill last week written by climate scientist Dr. Richard Betts, who heads the Climate Impacts strategic area for the UK Met office, and is a lead author for the IPCC.
Most climate scientists do not subscribe to the 2 degrees “Dangerous Climate Change” meme (I know I don’t). “Dangerous” is a value judgement, and the relationship between any particular level of global mean temperature rise and impacts on society are fraught with uncertainties, including the nature of regional climate responses and the vulnerability/resilience of society. The most solid evidence for something with serious global implications that might happen at 2 degrees is the possible passing of a key threshold for the Greenland ice sheet, but even then that’s the lower limit and also would probably take centuries to take full effect. Other impacts like drought and crop failures are massively uncertain, and while severe negative impacts may occur in some regions, positive impacts may occur in others. While the major negative impacts can’t be ruled out, their certainty is wildly over-stated.
The scientific issue here is that, while most climate scientists do indeed accept a measure of AGW, the question of whether this is likely to be dangerous or beneficial depends on the action of various feedbacks in the climate system, some which may be positive and increase the effects of CO2 while some may be negative and decrease these effects: much of the debate on climate change hinges around these feedbacks, about which there appears to be still a lot of uncertainty amongst scientists.
It is really worth reading the whole thing, in which Betts makes a number of other important points, not least the distinction between climate change scientists– which could mean just about anyone who considers how climate change is effecting their subject (eg. migratory patterns) and climate scientists who actually study atmospheric physics. So when he says “Most climate scientists do not subscribe to the 2 degrees ‘Dangerous Climate Change’ meme” he is talking about the scientists who should really know.
This cuts to the heart about the “scientific consensus”- while most atmospheric physicists do see CO2 as having a warming effect, it would appear that many do not subscribe to the alarmist position championed by Hansen which demands a draconian policy response of drastic CO2 reductions NOW- and this suggests that alarmist statements we heard this week from the IEA may be overplayed, despite the fact that carbon emissions are certainly rising faster than would be required to keep under the IPCC’s “safe” threshold.
Now this seems to be being supported by a new paper from a team of researchers led by Andreas Schmittner of Oregon State University due to be published in Science:
World Climate Report: There is word circulating that a paper soon to appear in Science magazine concludes that the climate sensitivity—how much the earth’s average temperature will rise as a result of a doubling of the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide—likely (that is, with a 66% probability) lies in the range 1.7°C to 2.6°C, with a median value of 2.3°C. This is a sizeable contraction and reduction from the estimates of the climate sensitivity given by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report (AR4), in which the likely range is given as 2.0°C to 4.5°C, with a best estimate of 3.0°C.
The report on this forthcoming study goes onto suggest “the IPCC is going to be hard-pressed to retain the status quo in its Fifth Assessment Report”.
All this shows that when people talk about the scientific consensus it is important to check what they are actually talking about: for a start, which scientists? and consensus about what?
-that the earth is warming?
-that the earth is warming (partly) because of us?
-that it is dangerous that the earth is warming because of us?
-that we are all doomed unless we implement NOW specific policies of massive carbon emissions reductions and pay for expensive and unreliable renewables and reorgsanise the whole of society in order to fit in with a specific ideology?
You will see that the last statement is a very long way from the first, and even further from the study of actual climate science.
The difficulty comes when scientists become expected to either support or denounce that judgment purely on the basis of science. If this happens, there is a risk that the science is retrofitted to support a political standpoint. This is extremely dangerous, because the same science also has to inform other policy areas, particular adaptation to climate change.


By: Noelle Selin
It seems a bit strange to hear delegates at an intergovernmental negotiation on mercury discussing how to define “mercury.” Doesn’t the periodic table define it? Not only is mercury an element, but it’s also the reason why we’re all here in Geneva to negotiate an agreement. But defining exactly what is being addressed by the treaty is a critical issue – especially since mercury exists in many different forms in the environment.
The chair’s draft treaty text defines mercury as “elemental mercury”. Elemental mercury is the liquid substance that many people recall when they think of mercury. In the atmosphere, most mercury is in elemental form, but it is a gas rather than a liquid. Elemental mercury is often abbreviated as Hg(0).
Another definition in the convention is “mercury compounds,” which addresses forms of mercury other than elemental mercury. What other forms of mercury are there?
Methylmercury is of particular concern, because it is the toxic form of mercury found in fish. Mercury is converted to methylmercury in aquatic systems by sulfate- and iron-reducing bacteria. For more on the health effects of methylmercury, see our earlier post.
In addition to elemental mercury, atmospheric mercury also exists as divalent mercury. Divalent mercury, also referred to as Hg(II), is formed when elemental mercury has undergone a chemical reaction of oxidation, losing electrons. In the atmosphere, Hg(II) can bind with other elements, but scientists don’t yet know exactly what these forms are. The chemical form of Hg(II) in the atmosphere could be HgCl2, HgBr2, Hg(OH)2, or HgO. The leading candidate is HgCl2, [give the name for this?], but this is a topic of current research. When Hg(II) is measured in the atmosphere, it is referred to as reactive gaseous mercury. Forms of mercury found in the ocean include both Hg(0) and Hg(II).
Emissions from different sources release different forms of mercury. Emissions from the surface ocean and land are in the form of elemental mercury. Anthropogenic sources, such as coal power plants, can release both Hg(0) and Hg(II). This is important because the two forms of mercury have different environmental behavior.
Hg(0) lasts for a long time in the atmosphere (6 months to a year), meaning that it circulates around the globe and can travel long distances. Hg(II) can easily rain or settle out after only a few days in the atmosphere, which means it is more likely to enter the environment nearby its source. Thus, reducing Hg(II) emissions will have important local benefits, compared with reducing Hg(0), which has important global benefits.
The behavior of mercury in the environment, however, is complex. Thus, we need to use computer models [pdf] to determine how mercury changes form and travels after it is emitted. These models use the chemical and physical properties of mercury in its various forms to estimate where mercury will travel over time. Mercury deposited to the environment as Hg(II) can return to the atmosphere as Hg(0). Additionally, Hg(0) can react (oxidize) to form Hg(II) in the atmosphere, and Hg(II) can then reduce back to Hg(0). In other words, mercury can change its form. This can occur anywhere in the atmosphere, even when it is being released from power plant plumes [pdf]. Ultimately, all mercury released continues to cycle through the environment for centuries, contributing to the global mercury legacy.
Many of these reactions are not well understood by scientists, so the transport and fate of mercury in the environment is a topic of significant ongoing research.


- Delta will be monitoring the interior in the south this weekend.
- Heavy rains and strong winds in the county will affect the area.
- A few hurricanes are also possible.
The tropical storm delta will continue to weaken as it makes its way south this weekend, bringing heavy rainfall, strong winds and a few hurricanes inland.
The delta is now centered in northeastern Louisiana and is moving at a speed of 15 miles north-northeast.
Rainfall associated with the delta affects a vast area from the lower Mississippi Valley to the southeast.
The NOAA’s Hurricane Forecast Center will conduct a hurricane monitoring southeastern Mississippi, southwest and south-central Alabama and western Florida Panhandle until 1 p.m.
Maximum durable air is now declining as the delta weakens the land. However, strong winds are blowing from the northern Gulf Coast to the lower Mississippi Valley.
The delta is expected to weaken to a tropical recession on Saturday and then turn into a remnant of low pressure on Sunday.
A vast area from the Lower Mississippi Valley to the southeast and mid-Atlantic will receive rain from the delta this weekend. Rainfall may create localized flash flooding in some areas.
Areas of the Lower Mississippi Valley, Tennessee Valley and southern Appalachians today have the greatest potential for local flash flooding.
Residual moisture from the delta will rain in the Northeast until Sunday night, Monday.
Delta could also create an isolated hurricane this weekend.
Areas in the Alabama and Florida Panhandle for western and northern Georgia have the greatest chance of seeing a few brief hurricanes on Saturday.
History of the Delta
The tropical depression twenty-six formed south of Jamaica on Sunday evening and then intensified into a tropical storm delta on Monday morning, the 25th named storm of the 2020 Atlantic hurricane season.
Delta Monday evening became the ninth hurricane of the 2020 Atlantic hurricane season.
Winds in the delta increased to 85 mph in the 24 hours ending at 11:20 a.m. Tuesday. This is more than twice the criteria for rapid intensification of a tropical cyclone, which can increase wind speeds to at least 35 mph in 24 hours or less.
The maximum wind in the delta on Tuesday via the western Caribbean was 145 miles (Type 4).
The rapid intensification of the delta was due to an environment High sea heat content Nowhere in the tropical Atlantic bed, low air cut and sufficiently humid air, a The infamous area for rapid intensification in October, According to Sam Lillow, a NOAA scientist based in Boulder, Colorado.
The small size of the delta also helped to intensify very quickly.
A delta landslide occurred near the Puerto Morelos in Mexico on the Yucatan Peninsula at 5:30 a.m. Wednesday, with winds of up to 110 mph. Type 2 Hurricane.
Measured at 75 mph in Puerto Morelos, 64 mph in Cosmeto and 106 mph at a high-altitude Weatherflow Observatory near Cancun.
The delta strengthened again from Wednesday through Thursday through the Gulf of Mexico.
As a hurricane for the first time in Delta’s lifetime, a distinctive eye was finally wiped out on Thursday afternoon with infrared satellite images and a U.S. Air Force Reserve Hurricane Hunter mission. The measured air level wind is strong enough To guarantee upgrade to Type 3 level.
The delta weakened to a low-lying Type 2 hurricane before reaching the Louisiana coast east of Cameroon, Louisiana on Friday.
Delta was a Type 2 hurricane with winds of up to 100 mph on Friday evening causing a landslide near Creole, Louisiana. Located 14 miles east of Cameroon, Louisiana, Hurricane Laura caused a landslide in late August.
Delta was The 10th landslide hurricane or tropical storm recorded in the United States this seasonIt broke the previous record of nine such landslides in a single season since 1916.
It was also the first hurricane delta to have a Greek name that caused landslides in the United States.
This is the fourth Louisiana landslide storm of 2020, The most record-breaking 2002 of any season In the state of Pelican, according to Phil Clotsbach, a tropical scientist at Colorado State University.
The delta brought a significant storm surge, heavy rain and strong winds to the coasts of Louisiana and southeastern Texas.
Delta developed a speed of 101 mph near the Texas / Louisiana border at Texas Point on Friday evening. Winds will be 75 mph across southwest Louisiana and extreme southeastern Texas.
Other notable barometric pressures include:
- 96 miles on Lake Arthur in Louisiana (Weatherflow Station)
- 95 miles on Lake Charles, Louisiana
- 89 miles in Calcassie Pass and Cameroon, Louisiana
- 86 miles in New Iberia, Louisiana
- 78 miles on Marsh Island in Port Arthur, Texas and Louisiana
- 75 miles in Lafayette, Louisiana
- 74 miles on Beacon Island, Louisiana
The delta landslide caused water levels to spread along the coast of the Gulf of Mexico. The water level in the freshwater canal locks off the south-central Louisiana coast has risen to at least 8.3 feet, breaking the pre-hurricane location record of 2008 in the UK before stopping the route report.
Other notable storm surges include:
- 5.52 feet in Louisiana’s Calcutta Pass
- 5.05 feet in Sabin Pass, Texas
- 1.46 feet on Lake Charles, Louisiana
- 0.94 feet in Port Forsyth, Louisiana
Flash flood emergencies were delivered Friday evening, where Delta’s eye sight rained. A rain gauge near Iowa, Louisiana recorded more than 17 inches of rain. More than 12 inches of rain fell on Lake Charles, Louisiana.
The primary purpose of the meteorological journal is to inform our lives about breaking weather news, the environment and the importance of science. This story was told by our parent company IBM.
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