Ambient Air Quality Services
We are able to offer a comprehensive service related to the modelling, monitoring and assessment of ambient air quality. Such services are frequently provided to support the preparation of formal Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA) or stand-alone air quality assessments for a variety of development projects including road schemes, commercial and residential developments, industrial developments, airports, mineral extraction and other processes.
- Air quality assessments and EIA air quality chapters for new developments, including residential and mixed-use schemes, industrial developments (power generation, incineration etc), road and rail schemes, airports, mineral extraction processes etc.
- Dust assessments
- Dust monitoring for construction sites etc.
- Odour assessments
- Air quality monitoring
- Air dispersion modelling
- Expert witness representation
- Development of policy and technical guidance.
These services are available to private and public sector clients, both within the UK and internationally and are delivered in conjunction with our partners Air Quality Consultants Ltd.
For more information on how we can help please call us on 01787 247595


This is a story (for once) unrelated to emissions from the two major-party candidates for President: The Guardian is reporting that, for the second year in a row, levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere have risen by over 2 parts per million. This is unusual for two reasons: first, there has been no precipitating natural or man-made disaster to cause the levels to rise so quickly; second, that it happened for the second year in a row indicates that the measurement is not entirely anomalous.
One of the most disturbing explanations for what has happened is that the Earth's carbon sinks have become at least partially saturated. These sinks, which include the oceans, forests and other vegetation, and organic material in the soil, are what prevent CO2 from building up to dangerously high concentrations in the atmosphere, by absorbing and storing most of it. They're an essential last line of defense against the greenhouse effect, and the suggestion that CO2 levels are rising more rapidly than normal with no obvious and immediate cause is extremely serious. Previously, it had been expected that they would only become saturated in several decades' time.
It should be noted that this is all just supposition. Though 2001-2002 was the first non-El Ni??o year to see an increase in CO2 levels above 2 ppm (El Ni??o is significant because it warms the oceans, and warm oceans emit rather than absorb CO2), and 2002-2003 was the second such year, representing the first time since measurements began that a greater-than-2 ppm increase was sustained for over a year, there could still be any number of explanations that don't involve carbon sinks becoming saturated. 2 years in this case is not enough time to come to a conclusive finding, one way or another, about CO2 levels.
But it is enough to cause worry, especially since it indicates that the "tipping point" may have been reached, at which we would expect to see more rapid increases of CO2 levels in the atmosphere in coming years. Once that tipping point is reached, the Earth may enter a feedback loop where, as is explained quite nicely in this Independent story,
global warming causes alterations to the earth's natural systems and then, in turn, causes the warming to increase even more rapidly than before.
Such a development would mean the worldwide droughts, agricultural failure, sea-level rise, increased weather turbulence and flooding all predicted as consequences of climate change would arrive on much shorter time-scales than present scenarios suggest, and the world would have much less time to co-ordinate its response.
Ultimately, this increase should serve as notice that the time when we could ignore such easy and effective solutions as improved fuel-efficiency standards has passed us by. And as this article in The New Republic by Gregg Easterbrook notes, the differences between George Bush and John Kerry on this issue are stark:
A 2001 National Academy of Sciences study says that overall mileage can be improved by about one-third, using existing technology, without sacrificing safety or comfort and without forcing people into tiny, crash-vulnerable cars. But, when the Academy released its findings, Bush shelved the subject, employing the time-honored dodge of requesting further study. Kerry, in contrast, offered legislation to implement the improvement.
The Kerry-McCain proposal, introduced in March 2002, raised the federal MPG standard for new vehicles by one-third and dropped the loopholes that allow SUVs and pickups to meet lower standards than regular cars or to avoid standards entirely.
If the saturated carbon sink-theory is true, though, we may need to do more than just raise mile-per-gallon standards in the years to come, if we want to keep the Earth habitable for future generations.


Holiday travelers in central and eastern Colorado, along with neighboring states, should brace for challenging conditions characterized by heavy snow, high winds, limited visibility, and potential road closures.
At approximately 9 p.m. on December 25, a significant incident unfolded on westbound Interstate 70 in Burlington, as a semi-truck jackknifed, leading to a subsequent collision with another vehicle. This resulted in the closure of all lanes on the highway.
While the Colorado State Patrol confirmed injuries, details regarding the number and severity of these injuries were not immediately available.
Situated about 170 miles east of Denver and 15 miles west of the Colorado-Kansas state line, Burlington became a focal point of weather-related disruptions.
The National Weather Service (NWS) in Boulder issued a warning, advising individuals to stay informed about forecasts and consider alternate routes or adjustments to travel plans.
The NWS highlighted the escalation of snow and wind in western Nebraska and northwest Kansas, predicting worsening conditions as the evening progressed.
"There's a little snow and blowing snow in western Nebraska and northwest Kansas now, but it will get worse by this evening, as snow and wind increase," NWS Boulder said. "Blizzard conditions will develop from South Dakota across western Nebraska to east central Colorado and northwest Kansas tonight, and continue through Tuesday. Very difficult and dangerous travel, and road closures, are likely in these areas."
In addition, Blizzard conditions were anticipated to unfold from South Dakota across western Nebraska to east-central Colorado and northwest Kansas, persisting through Tuesday. The NWS also emphasized the likelihood of very challenging and hazardous travel, coupled with potential road closures in these regions.
These adverse impacts were expected to endure through Tuesday, prompting officials to caution against undertaking travel in these areas without adequate preparation.
“A look at expected snowfall and intensity as it spreads southwest overnight. Note how most accumulating snow sticks to the higher ridges favored by strong NNW flow. Snow rates not all that high, but in combination with strong winds means Blizzard in those snowier areas.” NWS Boulder reported.
Colorado State Patrol took to Twitter to announce a blizzard warning in effect for I-70 in eastern Colorado, signaling rapidly deteriorating road conditions. Travel was deemed highly dangerous and strongly discouraged as conditions were anticipated to worsen throughout the day and into the following day.
"A blizzard warning is now in effect in eastern Colorado on I-70," Colorado State Patrol tweeted Monday afternoon. "Road conditions are rapidly deteriorating and conditions will continue to worsen throughout today and tomorrow. Travel will be very dangerous and is highly discouraged!"


Climatically, Rajasthan is the driest part of India. The
Aravalli Mountains stretching diagonally across the State from the
North-East separate the desert and semi-desert areas to the West from the
sub-humid areas in the East. Population densities are higher in the eastern
part of the State and nineteen of the thirty two districts of the State fall
in the non-desert area to the east of the Aravallis.
The climate of Rajasthan can be divided into four seasons: Pre-Monsoon,
Monsoon, Post-Monsoon and Winter.
, which extends from April to June, is the hottest
season, with temperatures ranging from 30C to 40C. In western Rajasthan the
temperature may rise to 45C, particularly in May and June. At this time,
Rajasthan's only hill station, Mt Abu registers the lowest temperatures. In
the desert regions, the temperature drops in night. Prevailing winds are
from the west and sometimes carry dust storms.
The second season Monsoon
extends from July to September,
temperature drops but humidity increases and even there is slight drop in
the temperature (30C to 33C). We have about 90% of our rains in this period.
period is from October to December. The average
maximum temperature is 33C to 38C, and the minimum is between 18C and 20C.
The fourth season is the Winter
or Cold Season
January to March. There is a marked variation in maximum and minimum
temperatures and regional variations across the state. January is the
coolest month of the year. And temperature may drop to 3C to 5 C in some
regions of Rajasthan, like Shekhawati. There is slight precipitation in the
north and north-eastern region of the state, and light winds, predominantly
from the north and north-east. At this time, relative humidity ranges from
50% to 60% in the morning, and 25% to 35% in the afternoon.
Given its varied topography, the climate of Rajasthan greatly varies
throughout the state. In the west, Rajasthan is relatively dry and
infertile; this area includes some of the Thar Desert, also known as the
Great Indian Desert. In the southwestern part of the state, the land is
wetter, hilly and more fertile. The climate varies throughout Rajasthan. The
best time to travel to Rajasthan is during the winter, or cold season, which
extends from October to March.


This unique cloud-shaped storm glass is a traditional way to forecast the weather with a modern twist! The crystals inside the cloud-shaped glass respond to air pressure and atmospheric fluctuations to accurately predict the latest weather conditions. Crafted from high quality glass and sitting atop a sandy Beachwood base, this modern take on a historical marvel will compliment any home or office decor, adding a touch of seafaring charm to your living or work space.
Once used by seafarers to predict oncoming storms, this historical device responds to atmospheric fluctuations to forecast the weather!
How to Predict the Weather:
Clear liquid: Bright and clear weather.
Cloudy liquid: Cloudy, possible thunderstorms & rain.
Small dots in the liquid: Humid or foggy weather.
Large flaky crystals: Cloudy skies, snow in winter.
Threads of crystals at the top: Windy weather.
Crystals at the bottom: Frost may be coming.
Dimensions (no pkg): 126 x 110 x 51 mm


What is it like to work at the National Center for Atmospheric Research? Students can go behind-the-scenes, live with NCAR experts to ask questions and learn about their work
PROGRAM DESCRIPTION: Our planet’s air, ocean, ice, land, humans, and much more are continuously interacting to create our complex Earth system. Thousands of climate researchers use Earth system models made up of thousands of math equations run on supercomputers to create an accurate representation of the whole planet. The most robust Earth system models are compared by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in reports that summarize predictions of future climate change. Join us this month to discover how climate scientists like Cecile Hannay work everyday to improve global climate models to accurately simulate conditions over hundreds of years, so that we can better predict how our planet's climate will likely change.
LENGTH: 40 minutes
GRADES: Designed for Middle & High School, but all welcome
CONNECTION: We will connect using Zoom. All you need is a computer or smart device connected to the internet.
SUBMITTING QUESTIONS: Questions will be submitted live during the program via chat or webcam. If you have students who can't make the program live, you can also submit them in advance using this form: https://bit.ly/NCARQuestions
RECORDING: A recording of the program will be made available online following the program.


Think Bus for Clean Air Day!
3 weeks ago
Taking place on Thursday 16th June, Clean Air Day is the UK's largest air pollution campaign, which aims to improve the air we breathe.
Air Pollution is not just a growing concern for climate change, but it has a negative impact on our health. Recent years have shown that breathing in high levels of air pollution can cause various respiratory diseases, heart disease and lung cancer. In fact studies have shown that air pollution can damage a child's cognitive abilities, increase an adults risk of cognitive decline and even contribute to depression. This makes it the biggest environmental health risk we are currently facing.
Just one of our double decker buses could take up to 75 cars off the road, with a single decker bus taking anywhere between 30-40 cars off the road. Research from the University of California showed that "compared to driving alone, taking public transport reduces CO2 emissions by 45%, and decreasing pollutants in the atmosphere and improving air quality".
That's why it is vital that we all find ways to clean the air we breath, not just for ourselves, but for our planet! That's why we are offering customers to chance to grab 20% their Dayriders for 1 Day only on Thursday 16th June! Just head on over the our swindonbus app and use code CLEANAIR22 to grab discount and do your bit for Clean Air Day.


Forty-million people along the U.S. East Coast are bracing themselves for what weather forecasters are calling a “bomb cyclone” — a massive winter storm blowing through the Atlantic Ocean.
The first bands of the snow began moving through the mid-Atlantic region of the eastern U.S overnight into early Thursday.
The storm is expected to greatly impact the northeastern United States, possibly dumping more than 20 centimeters of snow on Boston, Massachusetts, where schools are closed Thursday.
Hurricane-force winds are expected to hit the New England coast and into Canada. Blizzard warnings are out for coastal towns from Virginia through Maine.
Forecasters liken the storm to a bomb because of the sharp drop in pressure in just 24 hours, creating tremendous winds.
Meanwhile, brutal winter weather brought snow, ice, and freezing temperatures to parts of the country not used to such conditions.
Snow covered the ground in Tallahassee, Florida for the first time in nearly 30 years Wednesday. Ice turned highways in Georgia and the Carolinas into dangerous skating rinks.
Those who did not listen to warnings to stay home found themselves stuck in a 97 kilometer-long traffic backup along Interstate 95 — a major East Coast highway. Emergency workers, not used to powerful winter weather, could not keep up with the numerous accidents and overturned cars.
Elsewhere, fierce cold is gripping much of the country from the Midwest to the east and Deep South.
The high temperature in International Falls, Minnesota Wednesday was minus 19 Celsius.
Forecasters say much of the country can expect another wave of dangerously-cold weather later this week before temperatures moderate.


An increasing number of houses are going to install solar systems at their homes to reduce their energy cost. It is considered one of the effective ways to reduce electricity bills and also ensure less reliance on the power grid.
In addition, solar energy not only helps reduce electricity bills but also protects the environment from harmful gasses. In this article, you will learn about the benefits of solar energy for the planet. Keep reading the article!
Reducing Air Pollution
Air pollution is one of the most dangerous hazards to human health. The non-renewable energy sources, such as fossil fuels, can cause air pollution in the environment.
On the other hand, renewable energy, such as solar energy, is good for the environment because it prevents the planet from air pollution and also ensures good air quality.
Furthermore, solar energy also ensures the prevention of the emission of harmful gasses that have negative effects on human health. Air pollution is linked to diseases such as asthma, allergies, pneumonia, and many others.
Help To Slow Climate Change
Climate change has become one of the greatest challenges for all countries. With the rapid process of climate change, the world is being affected by it. One of the main reasons for climate change is the use of non-renewable energy sources.
On the other hand, renewable energy sources help to slow climate change. Generating energy from solar panels does not cause greenhouse gasses that can help protect the planet from any catastrophic disasters such as cyclones, earthquakes, and many more.
Thus, the installation of the solar system helps slow climate change and protect the environment for future generations.
Reducing Our Reliance On Fossil Fuels
There are two types of energy sources on the earth: renewable and nonrenewable energy resources. Fossil fuels are included in non-renewable energy sources.
When industries are using these types of resources to produce electricity, it can cause the emission of harmful gasses into the atmosphere and then lead to air pollution.
On the other hand, the use of renewable energy sources, such as solar energy, will help reduce reliance on these fuels. Industries use them for generating electricity without the release of harmful gas into the atmosphere.
It will help protect the environment from harmful gasses and ensure pure air quality. Thus, solar systems reduce the reliance on fossil fuels and ensure the protection of the environment.
Reducing Your Household’s Carbon Footprint
Solar energy is one of the cleanest sources of energy and an effective way to make your house more efficient and affordable.
Solar panels do not use water to generate electricity; they do not emit harmful gasses in the atmosphere, so it is considered one of the effective ways to reduce your household carbon footprint.
Using solar energy instead of the electric grid means that you are contributing a lot to protecting the environment and also reducing your carbon footprint. Hence, households need to use the small solar system at their home so that the planet is protected from harmful gasses.


Sarita Ahlawat holds up her startup Living Sciences’ air quality monitor against a cold, grey December sky. Its PM 10 reading—particulate matter measured in micrograms—flickers before settling on 263. As we carry it out of her office, to the foyer, and then to the balcony, the reading fluctuates, before it finally settles at 313. According to the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS), we’re breathing in “very poor” air.
Breathe in, breathe out
Indian low-cost AQI startups AMBEE, AirVeda’s certification up in the air
Sleek, portable and personal—low-cost air quality monitors have unlocked a $5.5 billion market globally. They can map large swathes of the country left off the monitoring grid. But their authenticity is under fire from regulatory bodies
14 out of 15 of the world’s most polluted cities lie in India—bad air quality has already shaved off 1.7 years from an average Indian lifespan
India needs 4,000+ official monitors to get an accurate picture of air quality levels across the country. Its current count? 793
A potential hybrid system of official government monitors and commercial low-cost ones can fill up the data gap
Startups have turned air monitoring into a consumer business. Certification, though, is a far cry, with CPCB as the formidable gatekeeper


According to the statistics from the National Weather Service, Portland (OR) was +0.37°F (+0.21°C) above the long-term (1971-2000) average.
The high temperature for the year was 102°F (7/10/07), and the low temperature was 19°F (1/15/07).
Total rainfall was 32.13 inches, 5.05 inches below average.
Number of cloudy days was 249, where the average is 223.
It rained on 57% of the days.


Monthly hydrological report in October 2007
Warm weather in October; water levels still high in eastern and northern regions
October was warmer than normally, particularly in the north. Monthly precipitation was close to or below the seasonal mean. Most of the precipitation came as rain. Water levels at the end of the month were above the seasonal mean in eastern and northern regions. However, lake water levels in eastern areas with low precipitation began to decrease during the month. Groundwater levels were also above the mean in most areas. Surface water temperatures at the end of the month were above the mean and all lakes were still ice-free throughout the country.
Precipitation during October was at or below the seasonal mean, generally in the range 30-70 mm. The lowest rainfall fell in the river Vuoksi watercourse and in northern Lapland, where the recorded precipitation of 40 mm was only about half the seasonal mean. The highest precipitation occurred in a belt extending from the south-western coast to Kainuu and south-western Lapland, where figures even exceeding 70 mm were recorded in some places. The precipitation fell mainly as rain throughout the country. Some snow fell during the period 9-15 October in scattered areas even in the south of the country. By the beginning of November a thin layer of snow covered parts of Lapland.
Discharge and water level
In most parts of the country water levels hardly changed during October. Water levels and discharges did increase locally in some areas with high precipitation. In eastern Finland, surfaces of unregulated lakes decreased as a result of the low rainfall. The level of lake Saimaa began to decrease during the first half of October and the decrease continued by a further 10 cm during the second half of the month. However, by the end of October water levels were still above the seasonal mean in eastern and northern regions. The levels of natural lakes in the Kokemäenjoki and Kymijoki river watercourses were in places below the seasonal mean. Heavy rain at the end of the month increased discharges in many rivers of Pohjanmaa. In the smaller rivers of the southern coastal zone discharges were close to the seasonal mean. Of the larger watercourses, the discharges of the rivers Vuoksi and Tornionjoki were above the seasonal mean and those of the rivers Kokemäenjoki and Oulujoki were below the mean. The discharges of the rivers Kymijoki and Kemijoki were close to the mean.
The deviation of the level of lake Pielinen from the seasonal mean at the end of October was +18 cm and corresponding figures in some other lakes were: Kallavesi +14 cm, Saimaa +26, Keitele -6, Päijänne -11, Pyhäjärvi, Säkylä +1, Längelmävesi -15, Näsijärvi +2, Lappajärvi +18, Lentua +5, Oulujärvi +36, Lokka +2 and Inari +16 cm. The discharge of the river Pielisjoki was 119% of the mean October discharge during the reference period 1971-2000 and corresponding figures in some other Finnish river watercourses were: Vuoksi 122%, Kymijoki 106, Karjaanjoki 107, Kokemäenjoki 70, Kalajoki 124, Oulujoki 64, Iijoki 95, Kemijoki 109 and Tornionjoki 142%.
Groundwater levels changed very little during October in most areas. The levels were generally 10-30 cm above the seasonal mean in most parts of the country. In parts of northern Finland groundwater levels slightly below the seasonal mean were recorded.
Groundfrost was not recorded during October anywhere in Finland.
On the basis of watercourse model calculations soil evaporation sum during October was below 10 mm throughout the country. Evaporation from lakes was also low, <20 mm.
Surface water temperature
Surface water layers at the beginning of October were rather warm in many areas. During the course of the month, temperatures decreased in typical fashion for the time of year. A period of night frosts before mid-October increased the rate of decrease in temperature, but warmer weather at the end of the month slowed down the cooling rate and caused even slight increases in surface water temperature. By the end of the month, surface water temperatures were 5-8ºC in southern and central regions and 2-4ºC in Lapland. These figures were generally about 2ºC above the seasonal mean. Lakes even in Lapland were still without an ice cover at the end of the month, although the small lakes in northern Lapland and in the tundra regions normally freeze over in late October.
Tables and graphs
Top of the page


Global Warming E-Book 14 Flipbook PDF
Global Warming E-Book 14
FLIP PDF 5.18MB
Warming Disclaimer: This is not an official document. But the sources I used in this document are official sources and are accurate and the links to these sources I used will be put at the end of this document.
Index What is Global Warming? Sea Level Rise Ocean Currents Jetstreams Polar Vortex Temperature How Will NZ be affected? Information used
What is Global Warming? Global Warming is caused by greenhouse gases such as CO2 (carbon dioxide) entering our atmosphere and trapping the heat in our atmosphere. Global Warming will cause our temperature to rise and our ice to melt but it is not just our temperature and our ice caps that will be effected it will effect other parts that also make up our weather such as jetstreams, ocean currents and the polar vortex.
Sea Level Rise
Our seas are rising due to the ice melting in not just Antarctica but in Greenland as well. Glaciers are also being affected by global warming. The ice in Antarctica and Greenland does melt in the warmer months but in the colder months its replenished. But due to the global temperature rising our ice caps and glaciers are melting at an accelerated rate. Sea level rise is a threat to costal life across the globe. The consequences of the sea level rising will be the intensity of storm surges will increase so will flooding and the damage to costal areas. In many cases in some countries most of the population lives on the coast and sea level rise will affect a lot of people. It will also affect wildlife. The rise in sea levels will cause many people to be displaced and they will need to find safer homes. Sea level rise will also cause the groundwater to become salty and the soil will also be contaminated. The Map above is showing what countries will be affected the most.
The ocean currents around the world help carry warm and cold air across the globe. This causes some parts of the world to be warmer or colder than others. The warm water from the equator is less dense so it rises to the surface and then is pushed to the poles by the wind. Once it reaches the poles it becomes much colder and denser which causes it to sink to the deeper parts of the ocean. It is then pushed back to the equator where it becomes warmer again and the cycle continues. But since the ice is melting it will cause the cycle to change due to freshwater entering the ocean. Freshwater causes the density of the sea water to be lowered which means it will sink more slowly. Without the force to drive it downward the whole global system will change and it will affect our global temperature and our weather. In 2018 scientists discovered that the major ocean current in the Atlantic Ocean had slowed down by 15% some studies have also predicted that it could worsen to more than 30% by 2100. These significant changes to the ocean currents and the atmosphere could cause the winters in Europe to be much colder. The South Atlantic could be warmer and could disrupt monsoon cycles in Asia and South America due to the ocean currents influencing the temperature, rainfall and the wind.
Click For more Info. Here
Jetstreams Our planet has four jet streams two polar jet streams near the south and north poles and two sub-tropical jet streams which are closer to the equator. The jet streams are formed in the troposphere when warm air and cold air mixes. The Sun also doesn’t heat the earth evenly which means places near the equator are much hotter than others while places near the poles are much colder than others. When hot air meets cold air the hot air rises and the cold air sinks to replace the hot air this creates an air current. On average a jetstream moves at 110 miles per hour but if there is a dramatic change in temperature the jetstream will move at 250 miles per hour or higher. The faster winds usually happen in the polar jet streams during winter. The fast moving winds in a jet stream help move weather systems across the globe affecting temperature and rainfall. But if a weather system is further away from the jetstream it might stay in one place this is how weather events such as heatwaves and floods are created.
The polar vortex is a large area of low pressure and cold air around the poles. When the polar vortex is stable it remains closer to the North Pole due to the strong polar jetstream that stops the cold air from moving to the continents below it. This polar jetstream is sustained by the temperature difference between the warmer regions and the polar region and the rotation of the Earth. When the temperature difference is large the strong winds keep the polar vortex stable. But if the temperature difference is small the jetstream is much weaker causing the polar vortex to become unstable and it breaks off. A low pressure system creates winds such as cyclones or the polar vortex. A high pressure system pushes air away into the low pressure system to create balance. Due to climate change the behaviour of the polar vortex has become more extreme as the temperature difference between the warmer regions and the polar region has been reduced and will continue being reduced. This will cause the polar jetstream to be much weaker and unstable and more cold air will be bought south. Climate change will further weaken the polar jetstream causing our weather to be more extreme.
Temperature will be one of the first immediate effects of climate change. Temperature increase at different speeds around the world with the temperature increase being more significant over land while in the ocean its warming more slowly. The most warming is happening in the Arctic in the winter seasons while in the warmer regions near the equator its happening in the warmer seasons. Many countries will experience heat waves and extremely hot temperatures such as Central and Eastern North America, Central and Southern Europe, the Mediterranean, Northern Africa, the Middle East, Western and Central Asia and Southern Africa. Many Arctic land regions will see the cold extremes warm by 5.5 degrees Celsius. Many countries will also be getting more droughts such as the Mediterranean, Southern Europe, Northern Africa, Middle East, Southern Africa, South America and Australia. Many countries will also have to deal with extreme flooding such as Western Canada, Eastern Canada, Greenland, Iceland, Northern Europe, Northern Asia, Southeast Asia, and Eastern North America. Temperature will also affect our ocean currents, sea level, jetstreams and our polar vortex.
In New Zealand most of our weather is influenced by a Southern Hemisphere mid latitude jetstream. A jetstream is a narrow band of very strong winds that stretch from the surface of the Earth to the troposphere which is the lowest layer of the Earths atmosphere at about 18km in height. These jet streams are created by the difference in temperature in the atmosphere by the cold polar air and the warm tropical air and the Earths rotation. This jetstream gives us our westerlies which encircle the Southern Ocean. This jetstream doesn’t stay near New Zealand all the time it travels across the globe. But in winter this jetstream is directly above New Zealand but sometimes it moves south. Climate change is having a significant effect on our jetstream. New Zealand air temperatures have increased by 1 degree in the past 100 years just like the rest of the globe. But within the the tropics the air temperature is increasing 80% faster than the surface. At the same time the man made ozone depletion has helped cool the air in Antarctica. This increasing temperature difference between the tropics and the south pole is causing a significant effect on our jetstream and is changing the properties of the atmosphere forcing the jetstream to mover further south towards the south pole. These effects will depend on the seasons. In summer and autumn the jetstream will shift further south causing the westerlies to be weaker and the conditions will be drier and calmer especially in the north island. In winter and spring the jetstream will be stronger which will cause the westerlies to be much stronger and there will be more rain on the west coasts of both islands and there will be less rain on the east coasts. Due to the increasing strength of our jetstream bigger waves will be impacting our coastlines.
Sources that were used What is Global Warming- https://www.nrdc.org/stories/globalwarming-101#:~:text=A%3A%20Global%20warming%20 occurs%20when,bounced%20off%20the%20earth’s%20 surface.&text=That’s%20what’s%20known%20as%20the%20 greenhouse%20effect. Sea Level Rise- https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/ sea-level-rise/ Ocean Currents- https://chinadialogueocean.net/15101-how-doesclimate-change-affect-the-ocean/#:~:text=Ocean%20currents%20 are%20vulnerable%20to,drag%20surface%20water%20with%20 them. Jetstreams- https://scijinks.gov/jet-stream/ Polar Vortex- https://climatechange.ucdavis.edu/climate-changedefinitions/what-is-the-polar-vortex/ Temperature- https://climate.nasa.gov/news/2865/a-degree-ofconcern-why-global-temperatures-matter/ How Will NZ be affected- https://www.mfe.govt.nz/climate-change/ likely-impacts-of-climate-change/likely-climate-change-impacts-nz https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/new-zealand/2020/01/alarmingnew-map-shows-the-devastation-rising-sea-levels-could-cause-innew-zealand.html


Tweets on climate change 4/2/23
Climate tweets update 12/13/22
Climate tweets update 12/5/22
Tweets on climate change – 10/31/22 update
More tweets on flooding
Climate change is real.
More on floods
Rain and floods – climate change is real
Climate tweets update 7/26/22
Climate tweets 7/19/22
It’s a hot week in many parts of the US and Europe.


In the News
Here's what you need to know about Hurricane Irma
It would be an understatment to say that the current events of the past few weeks have been overwhelming. Texas was devestated by Hurricane Harvey, and the photos of the storm's aftermath are enough to make anyone feel heartbroken. Unfortunately, Florida is about to endure a similar fate as the state is hit with Hurricane Irma. Here's what we know about the storm right now.
Category: Hurricane Irma has been classified as a Category 4 storm. As of Saturday morning, the storm has sustained 130 mph winds, according to the National Weather Service
Where it has hit: According to CNN, Irma began to effect Florida's Southern tip early Saturday morning.
Where it will hit: Later today, the storm will become more intense. Florida Gov. Rick Scott said in a statement Saturday that by noon today it will be too late for citizens to evacuate. See the image below from the National Weather Service for a visual of the hurricane's expected path.
Other things you should know:
+Approximately 5.6 million evacuated Florida prior to the storm hitting. Many were moved into shelters in the state (see above image).
+In the hurricane's path through Barbuda, the British Virgin Islands, Puerto Rico and other locations (prior to reaching the US), it claimed the lives of 24 people. There have been no deaths reported in the US yet, but Scott said the storm is expected to be "deadly."
+There are two other hurricanes, Hurricane Jose and Hurricane Katia, moving through nearby regions right now, too. Newsweek is providing live updates on all three storms right here.
How you can help: Just like with Hurricane Harvey, there are ways to help (click here to find out how you can still aid those in need of assistance in Texas). Then, go here to find out how you can donate money, time, supplies, etc. to those that will be affected by Hurricane Irma.
If you're feeling overwhelmed by these current events, here are a few things you can do to de-stress.
+This is the *perfect* playlist to turn a bad day around
+These are the most positive Insta accounts you should follow
+A guide to meditation for the girls who just *can't* sit still
Photo credit: CNN


The earth has become warmer over the last few years. Though we don´t see a big change on the thermometer, a lot has changed on this planet due to the rising temperatures. Professor Iain Stewart and Professor Kathy Skyes have a closer look at global warming and try to predict what will happen in future. Moreover, this documentary involves over 4000 findings of climate scientists.
The temperature could rise by 3 degrees by the end of this century causing a change of the earth system. Researches have proven that consequences of global warming can already be found and it won´t slow down if we don´t change anything. Technology and Science could help slow down this process, however, society has to help and change their way of living.


PROVINCE ISSUES MARCH FLOOD OUTLOOK FOR 2017Flood Risk Remains Moderate to Major in West, Eases in Red River Valley
Levels of spring flooding continue to be dependent on future weather conditions, however the risk of overland flooding is slightly reduced since the February outlook while it still remains moderate to major across the province.
The province’s Hydrologic Forecast Centre continues to monitor precipitation, spring melt and inflows from the northern United States and the Souris River basin to the west. At this time, the Souris River basin continues to be of concern while favourable weather conditions have eased expected flows in the Red River Basin. Based on the current outlook, the chance of closing PTH 75 during the spring runoff is low.
The potential for spring runoff is generally normal to above normal throughout all watersheds, with the exception of the Souris River basin which has above normal to well-above normal runoff potential. At this time, it is anticipated the province’s major flood infrastructure, including the Red River Floodway and the Portage Diversion, would be activated under unfavourable weather conditions.
At this time, with unfavourable weather, the outlook suggests:
- watersheds in the southwestern region: major risk;
- Pembina River: moderate to major risk;
- Roseau River: moderate to major risk;
- Assiniboine River: moderate to major risk;
- Eastern region and the Winnipeg River: major risk;
- Interlake region and the Fisher River: moderate risk;
- Red River: moderate risk;
- northern Manitoba/The Pas regions and the Saskatchewan, Carrot and Swan rivers: moderate risk.
At this time, forecasted flood levels for major rivers are as follows:
- the Red River from Emerson to the floodway inlet with normal weather levels would be similar to 2013, with unfavourable weather observed levels would be similar to 2010;
- with the benefit of floodway operations James Avenue 4.6m (15 feet) for favourable weather or 5.5m (18 feet) in unfavourable conditions;
- the Pembina River with normal weather river levels would be similar to 1998, with unfavourable weather levels would be lower than 2011;
- the Roseau River with normal weather river levels would be similar to 2013, with unfavourable weather levels would be similar to 2011;
- the Assiniboine River with normal weather river levels from Shellmouth to Brandon would be similar to 2009 but lower than 2005, levels from Brandon to Portage would be similar to 1995 levels, with unfavourable weather levels from Shellmouth to Brandon would be slightly lower than 1976 or 1995, levels from Brandon to Portage would be less than 2011 or the summer of 2014;
- the Souris River with normal weather river levels at Wawanesa would be similar to 2014 summer levels, with unfavourable weather levels would be lower than 1976 and 2011 levels at Wawanesa; and
- the Fisher River with normal weather river levels would be similar to 2006, with unfavourable weather levels would be lower than 2008.
Dauphin Lake remains a concern at this time. Even with normal future weather conditions, the lake could rise above the flood stage. With unfavourable weather conditions between now and the spring runoff, the lake could rise more than 1.5 ft. above the flood stage.
Following a municipal tour of potentially affected areas throughout southwestern Manitoba, the minister noted the province plans and prepares for flood risk predicted with unfavourable weather conditions and the scenario of highest flood risk.
The province will provide daily flood information to municipalities once runoff commences which they can use to fine tune flood preparations.
More information is available at www.gov.mb.ca/flooding.
Article courtesy of Infrastructure Minister Blaine Pedersen


There have been sightings of strange long orange lights in the skies in America. The strange lights were seen across the country and people have no explanation. Could this have a scientific explanation?
If you’ve been paying attention to the news, you may have heard about the strange phenomenon that has caused a stir around the country.
On some evenings last week, people from across the United States reported seeing strange elongated orange lights in the sky.
One person also said people saw it in Egypt as well. People were concerned because of its unusual color and shape. Many wondered if it was a UFO or even Russia conducting tests.
The biggest concentration of reports has come from Texas, with numerous people posting about the light on Reddit.
The first report came on March 24, when the user Berrry007 posted a video recording of this strange light over Louisiana. The woman in the car sounded a little concerned as she looked at this strange light.
“What is that,” said a female, the witness behind the wheel.
“Bitch the aliens are coming to get us,” said a male voice, the witness holding the camera.
An article, NewsWest9 of Midland, Texas, reported on a very similar sighting.
The National Weather Service (NWS) has confirmed that the mysterious lights seen in the sky over the city on January 8, 2019, are nothing to be alarmed about.
The NWS says that the lights were due to light from gas flares being refracted by thermal inversion.
Although it isn’t clear what caused the thermal inversion, NWS says it was likely cold air trapped underneath warm air as a result of a recent cold front.
The NWS received over 50 phone calls from concerned residents reporting strange lights hovering over the city.
“See these lights in the sky in the Permian Basin? There’s nothing to worry about! Basically what is happening here is light is being refracted by little ice crystals in the clouds. The light is likely from flare-ups from the oil rigs,” said Anthony Franze, chief meteorologist.
“1. oil rigs don’t flare up (unless there’s a blowout) 2. Flares don’t pulsate 3. I counted 20 of these pulsating lights in the sky last night (over the city where no flares are located) 4. The same thing happened in Arizona and Canada last week,” said FORTYAM, In West Texas producing oil.
“Experts agree that the red vertical light over Houston last night was likely caused by flaring at a refinery in La Porte,” said KHOU 11.
Light Pillars appear in the night sky as straight, vertical lines of light that extend upwards from a light source. Often they are seen above streetlights, but they can also form above the sun or moon. They are most visible when it is extremely cold outside, and they are made possible by ice crystals suspended in the atmosphere.
Light Pillars are formed by the refraction of rays of light through these ice crystals. The crystals must be oriented horizontally in order to form a pillar of light. If they were oriented vertically, they would form what is known as a halo instead.
While Light Pillars are not at all uncommon, their presence can cause alarm for people who do not understand what is causing them to appear. They have been mistaken for UFOs, space stations, and even stairways to heaven!
If you see an unusual light in the sky and are unsure what it is, you should always be cautious. But don’t jump to conclusions that it’s aliens or a weather phenomenon when there might be a much simpler explanation.
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NOAA ESRL forecasts shows
over 100 mm of rainfall for the next four days.
Indian Meteorological Departments Regional Model Predictions for the February 5-7th
Flood Disaster in Sri Lanka
There are reports that the Flooding in Sri Lanka has become the second most damaging natural disaster affecting Sri Lanka in Sri Lanka after the Tsunami. The floods have been most devastating in the Eastern coastal zone. The citizen website Groundviews has an updated compilation and mapping of flood impact reports.
Rainfall Estimates by Sub-Districts
Here are rainfall departures from a 10-year mean estimated from available satellite and ground observations by NOAA/CPC. We have found that these rainfall estimates are good within 25%. The rainfall from the end of December 2010 and January 2011 is mapped below. The rainfall is well above the historical record – the average rainfall expected based on a 140 years of record for all of Sri Lanka during December is about 50-80 mm for 10 days. The Eastern region usually gets significantly more rainfall of 70-100 mm. However, rainfall that has been received is about five fold specially in the Eastern Coastal region from Pottuvil, Batticaloa reaching to Trincomalee.
MacArthur Foundation, USA will fund the University of Peradeniya to offer an MDP program with a focus on sustainable development challenges in South Asia, emphasizing tropical coastal areas and small islands. The University will collaborate with the International Research Institute for Climate and Society at Columbia University, University of California, Davis, and the Foundation for Environment, Climate and Technology, among others. Field training will take place in Sri Lanka and the Maldives.
Read more here about MacArthur Foundation’s Awards to Support New Master’s Programs to Train Sustainable Development Leaders Around the World.
Weather and Climate shapes lives, livelihoods, environment and the economy with pervasive impact. The Foundation for Environment, Climate and Technology takes advantage of advances in weather and environmental prediction technologies, advances in computing, satellite imaging and communication technologies towards developing useable scientific and technological information that can be applied in diverse sectors in Sri Lanka. We also specialize in the areas of information technology, publishing and engineering for sustainable development in addition to climate. We work with partners in government institutions,research institutes and universities.


It could be hotter than Ibiza in Liverpool this week
2 weeks ago
The Met Office has said temperatures could be 4C hotter than Ibiza and UK temperatures could also be warmer than Ayia Napa in Cyprus.
Liverpool is set to be hotter than Ibiza as temperatures could reach 32C on Wednesday and Thursday, as a heat health alert has been issued across much of England for the rest of the week.
The Met Office has said temperatures could be 4C hotter than the Spanish island and British temperatures could also be warmer than Ayia Napa in Cyprus (30C) and Athens in Greece, where it could be 27C on Thursday.
The UK Health Security Agency has issued a yellow alert in place across the whole of England apart from the North East, between 2pm on Monday and 9pm on September 10.
Met Office spokesperson Oli Claydon said:
“We will see good sunny conditions through the week with cloudless skies, and some high temperatures by the time we get to Wednesday and Thursday, where we could see 31 maybe 32 degrees.
“The high temperatures are quite widely spread across the UK, although the highest temperatures are probably somewhere in south-eastern England spreading out to central parts of England as well.
“(It could be) a warm night overnight on Wednesday, with the potential for temperatures not dropping below 20 degrees, which is what we term a tropical night.
“That’s most likely in the southern half of the UK and more likely in urban areas where the temperatures obviously stay up that little bit higher overnight.
“Then as we move through to Thursday, another hot day with highs of 31 to 32. And again, another warm night with potential for a tropical night on Thursday.”
Temperatures reached 30C on Monday in southern England and the south east of Wales, according to the Met Office spokesperson.
The hot weather will also continue through Tuesday with highs of 31C expected.
The forecaster explained tropical storms in the far western Atlantic and deep areas of low pressure have helped to amplify the jet stream over the Atlantic Ocean and has led to high pressure “dominating over the UK”.
The Met Office said temperatures could also hit 31C on Friday, although there could be more cloudy weather and chances of rain in the far north-west of Scotland.
But the weather conditions could change over the weekend and Mr Claydon said there is “no indication at the moment of another strong heatwave after this”.
He added: “Through the weekend, we start to see some heavy, potentially thundery, showers developing but (they are) only isolated. There is a little bit of uncertainty as we start to get that far ahead.”
Average temperatures are expected to return by the middle of next week.


Curbing two types of air pollution could save thousands of lives in the United States every year, a new study contends.
Research by the American Thoracic Society (ATS) says that reduced airborne levels of ozone and fine particles would also prevent many serious illnesses and significantly reduce missed days of school and work. The ATS recommendations are lower than current U.S. Environmental Protection Agency standards.
Specifically, the ATS said 9,320 lives could be saved each year with an eight-hour ozone standard of 0.060 parts per million, rather than the EPA’s 0.070 standard. So would a fine particle annual standard of 11 mcg/cubic meter, rather than the EPA’s 12 mcg standard.
Stricter standards would reduce serious health events such as heart attacks, hospital admissions and emergency room visits by 21,400 a year, the ATS said. The reduced pollution would also cut 19.3 million days that severe breathing problems leave Americans unable to go to work, school or be physically active each year, the group said.
The study was published online in the August issue of the journal Annals of the American Thoracic Society.
“While there is information available about counties in the United States that exceed EPA air pollution standards, there has not been a similar source of information about how that air pollution actually affects the health of people living in those areas,” study lead author Kevin Cromar said in a society news release.
The pollution levels recommended by the ATS are based on national and international animal and human studies, the group said.
According to the ATS, the 10 urban areas that would benefit most from lower levels of these air pollutants are: Los Angeles, Riverside, CA, New York City, Phoenix, Pittsburgh, Fresno, CA, Bakersfield, CA, Houston, Cleveland, and Cincinnati.
Cromar is director of the Air Quality Program at the Marron Institute of Urban Management at New York University. He is also an assistant professor of population health and environmental medicine at the NYU School of Medicine.
Eighty percent of the U.S. population lives in an urban setting. The vast majority of the population is exposed to these pollutants constantly. Please note these statistics only represent two types of air pollution – ozone and fine particles.
Air pollution occurs in many forms but can generally be thought of as gaseous and particulate contaminates that are present in the earth’s atmosphere. In addition to ozone, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, volatile organic compounds (VOC), hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen fluoride, and various gaseous forms of metals are all in the gaseous pollutant category. These all come from fossil fuel fired power plants, smelters, industrial boilers, petroleum refineries, and manufacturing facilities.
Particulates can be large, small or fine. Large particles include substances such as dust, asbestos fibers, and lead. The fine particles, including sulfates and nitrates come from power plants, smelters, mining operations, and automobiles.
The Bottom Line:
Tightening the pollution standards would be a step in the right direction for American health. However, there is a much broader range of pollutants that need to be addressed. Most of these pollutants come from the dirty ways in which we produce energy and manufacture products. We must seek alternative energy sources like solar, wind and water to meet our future energy needs and protect our health and that of the planet.
August 10, 2016 National Institutes of Health


WEATHERING THE STORMS IN HAWAII- A REPORT BY DRGOLD
TALKING TO MY NEIGHBOR YESTERDAY…
She said, “We cannot control Mother Nature.”
I said, “NO, not Mother Nature. It is FATHER GOD who controls the WEATHER.”
THE BIBLE states:
“All things were made by him; and without him was not any thing made that was made.” John 1:3
This is Drgold’s 8-8-14 email report to family and friends on Hurricane Iselle hitting the island of Hawaii:
“Hurricane Iselle made landfall over the Big Island at 11 pm last night, and is now Tropical Storm Iselle, being torn up by the twin high mountains of Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa. Tropical Storm Iselle has already passed the Big Island bringing just high winds, heavy showers, and localized power outages, but not much different from many of the storms there. Iselle is now moving westward and will be passing to the south of Maui and Oahu today, and Kauai later on Saturday.
Maui, Oahu and Kauai should expect strong and gusty winds, but no hurricane force winds; occasional heavy showers, and very rough seas. Honolulu Airport at 8 am this morning reported NE winds at about 30 mph, partly cloudy skies with light rain. Gusts up to 60-70 mph can be expected at higher elevations. Please tie down loose objects and furniture.
Direct hurricane hits over Hawaii are very rare, especially over the Big Island. This is the first hurricane to hit the Big Island since 1871, 143 years ago. Also it has been about 8000 days since Kauai was last struck by Hurricane Iniki 22 years ago with 175 mph winds, bringing $1.8 billion damage and costing 6 lives. (In contrast, the Philippine Islands where we visit and minister gets about 25 tropical storms/typhoons each year, including recent devastating Super Typhoon Haiyan last Nov 8, 2013 with 195 mph winds, over 7500 dead or missing and $3 billion in damages!)
Here is an interesting diagram of past storms, how close they came to Hawaii since 1950, but with only 3 hurricanes striking, only Kauai- Dot in 1959, Iwa in 1982, and Iniki in 1992 and none over the rest of the islands! A blowup and careful study of the diagram and the color code will yield a lot of information.
Since this year’s El Nino warm water season in the Pacific is relatively strong and hurricane season officially ends Nov 30, we can expect more Tropical Storm/Hurricane threats till then, but the effects this time of Iselle should be relatively mild over us. The next one to watch is approaching Category 2 Hurricane Julio about 2.5 days away with 100 mph winds. Julio may weaken later, but it is too early to tell.”
Posted on August 8, 2014, in News stories, Uncategorized and tagged High surf and winds/power outage and downed trees and power lines, Iselle and Julio unwanted visitors to Hawaii state, Tropical storm watch and Hurricane Warning. Bookmark the permalink. 2 Comments.


The CyCARE campaign – a common initiative between the Cyprus University of Technology (CUT), Limassol and TROPOS – will fill a gap in the global understanding of aerosol-cloud interaction. The CyCARE campaign, which began in October 2016 and will last until April 2018, mainly aims to determine the role of different aerosol types on cloud and rain formation. These investigations will help answering the question how rain patterns will develop in future and what the effect of climate change on arid regions might be. Cyprus is a unique place where this interaction can be studied especially well, because the island is influenced by a large variety of air pollutants, desert dust, and marine salt particles.
In the following film, Dr. Albert Ansmann (Leader of the Working Group Ground Based Remote Sensing – TROPOS) explains what scientists learn from Cypriot dust. Long-term measurements are relevant to forecast the complex interactions between aerosols, clouds and precipitation; and to better understand their impact on environment, health and climate.


Monsoon rains cause $90k damages in Maldives capital
Prevailing bad weather across the Maldives has caused damages worth at least MVR 1.4 million ($90,638) in the island nation’s capital alone, the city’s mayor announced Friday.
Shifa Mohamed told reporters that torrential rains have caused flooding in Male over the past two weeks.
The city was also hit by sea swells last week, ravaging Rasfannu, a popular man-made beach and hang out spot on the western end of the congested city.
“We are currently fixing the damaged property,” Mohamed said.
Bad weather has also caused extensive damage in the southernmost atoll of Addu. The second most populous city in the country experienced heavy showers last week, causing flood damage to at least 646 houses, according to Addu City Council.
The latest to experience monsoon rains are the northern atolls. Several islands in the northern Haa Alif, Haa Dhaal and Shaviyani atolls reported flooding due to heavy showers over the weekend.
Maldives Meteorological Service on Friday issued an ‘orange’ level alert for the northern atolls. The region is expected to experience torrential rain and thunderstorms with average wind speeds of 10 to 20 miles per hour and gusts of 45 miles per hour for at least 48 hours.
It was only the second ‘orange’ level weather alert on record. The first ‘orange’ alert was issued for the capital region in mid May after Male and its suburbs were hit by unusually strong gusts and heavy rain.
Bad weather is expected to continue throughout the archipelago until Sunday, the MET office says.
The bad weather is the result of the southwest monsoon, locally known as Hulhangu.
As a tropical monsoon climate, the Maldives have two dominating seasons: a dry season, locally known as Iruvai and associated with dry northeast winter monsoons, and a wet season, associated with moist southwest monsoons and strong winds and storms.
The dry season has little rain and lower humidity; it lasts from December-April. The wet season is characterised by stronger winds and rain; it lasts from May-November.


5 edition of The Oryx resource guide to El Niño and La Niña found in the catalog.
The Oryx resource guide to El Niño and La Niña
Joseph S D"Aleo
Includes bibliographical references (p. -226) and index
|Statement||by Joseph S. D"Aleo with Pamela G. Grube|
|Contributions||Grube, Pamela G|
|LC Classifications||GC296.8.E4 D35 2002|
|The Physical Object|
|Pagination||x, 230 p. :|
|Number of Pages||230|
|LC Control Number||2001050030|
El Niño and La Niña are part of a cycle that runs over the course of three to seven years. While El Niño features warmer-than-normal ocean waters in the central and eastern tropical Pacific. El Niño and La Niña are opposite phases of what is known as the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) ENSO cycle is a scientific term that describes the fluctuations in temperature between the ocean and atmosphere in the east-central Equatorial Pacific (approximately between the International Date Line and degrees West).
The terms El Niño and La Niña refer to periodic changes in Pacific Ocean sea surface temperatures  that have impacts on weather all over the globe. In the Pacific Ocean near the equator, temperatures in the surface ocean are normally very warm in the western Pacific and cool in the eastern Pacific .This helps to generate heavy rains over southeastern Asia and northern Australia and. También, ya que los niños eran más preciados, el mayor tiempo en casa de la madre con la niña recién nacida podía fortalecer los lazos familiares más profundamente. B. La purificación, rito para limpieza después del nacimiento. 1. (Levítico ) El sacrificio requerido.
Warmer or colder than average ocean temperatures in one part of the world can influence weather around the globe. Schools are increasingly aware of how beneficial positive character skills can be, but resources on how to develop them are scarce. This book gives teachers the means to promote gratitude, positive emotions, character strengths, and positive relationships through + easy-to-implement activities such as student diaries, classroom displays and.
History of the English Novel
The way you look tonight
Crown pastoral leases and leases in perpetuity
2000 Import and Export Market for Taps, Cocks, and Valves for Pipes, Tanks, and Vats in Mali
Darwins Influence on Freud
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From grove to cove to grove
London town garden 1740-1840
Collected works of Liu Shao-chi.
How you can experience the adventure of giving
Telling the story of the local church
Dewatering electrochemical machining sludge
secret of the lighthouse
Lifetime of love
El Niño―The Christ Child―and its climatological opposite, La Niña, are global events so powerful and strange they virtually have personalities. Many remember the El Niño seasons of andwhich brought floods, tornadoes, droughts, and snow to unusual by: Get this from a library.
The Oryx resource guide to El Niño and La Niña. [Joseph S D'Aleo; Pamela G Grube] -- Explains to general readers the fundamentals of the now infamous Tropical Pacific siblings that two decades ago were an obscure phenomenon affecting weather in a few islands far away.
Oryx resource guide to El Niño and La Niña. Westport, Conn.: Oryx Press, (DLC) (OCoLC) Material Type: Document, Internet resource: Document Type: Internet Resource, Computer File: All Authors / Contributors: Joseph S D'Aleo; Pamela G Grube.
Read Now ?book= Download The Oryx Resource Guide to El Nino and La Nina Ebook Online. The Oryx Resource Guide to El Ni ñ o and La Ni ñ a. Phoenix, AZ: Oryx Press, Glantz, Michael H. Currents of Change: Impacts of El Ni ñ o and La Ni ñ a on Climate and Society.
Cambridge, U.K.: University of Cambridge Press, Hildebrand, Paula E. El Ni ñ o and La Ni ñ a Events and North Atlantic Tropical Cyclones. Washington D.C. El Niño and La Niña are opposite phases of what is known as the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) ENSO cycle is a scientific term that describes the fluctuations in temperature between the ocean and atmosphere in the east-central Equatorial Pacific (approximately between the International Date Line and degrees West).
El Niño and La Niña Atmospheric Gases, Atmospheric Wave Dynamics, Dynamic Initialization, Earth’s Energy Balance, Neteorological Data Assimilation, Roles Of Atmospheric, Structure Of Terrestrial Atmospheres, Study Of Oceans admin 0. The names, El Niño and La Niña weren't always that well-known, and in meteorological terms, only started to "gain fame" and become topics of discussion in recent years.
This is mostly a result of the way in which they began to have a more noticeable and significant impact on. El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) (ĕl nēn´yō), large-scale climatic fluctuation of the tropical Pacific Ocean and the overlying El Niño [Span.,=the child] is the South American term for the warm surface current that usually appears around Christmas in the Pacific off Ecuador and Peru and disappears by the end of March, but every two to seven years it persists for up to.
El Niño and La Niña are the warm and cool phases of a recurring climate pattern across the tropical Pacific—the El Niño-Southern Oscillation, or “ENSO” for short. The pattern can shift back and forth irregularly every two to seven years, and each phase triggers predictable disruptions of temperature, precipitation, and winds.
El Niño is associated with the weakening of the ‘normal’ pressure/temperature gradients between the western and eastern Pacific Oceans. My question is this: why does it only exist in the Pacific O. El Niño and La Niña are a global climate phenomenon caused by cyclical shifts in the water temperature of the Pacific Ocean.
While focused on a small section of the Pacific near the Equator, these shifts have global ramifications. They influence both temperature and rainfall. Each El Niño or La Niña event lasts between 9–12 months, and.
El Nino/La Nina, Prentice Hall The Flash animation outlines the steps leading to the formation of the El Nino and La Nina over a ten month time span. The strength of the animation is its ability to view changes between atmospheric pressure conditions and oceanic circulation in both the plan view and cross section.
The Oryx Resource Guide to El Nino and La Nina. Westport, Conneticut: Oryx P, "El Nino and La Nina." World Almanac and Book of Facts. Academic Search Premier. Dayton. 25 Mar. El Nino. By: Katie Durham & Mike Magnuson Que es el nino. El Nino is a crucial climatic disturbance of the ocean and the atmosphere.
Schematic diagrams of El Niño, Normal and La Niña conditions. The left side of each diagram is the western Pacific Ocean, near Asia, and the right side is the eastern Pacific Ocean, near South America.
Red/orange colors indicate warm ocean surface temperatures, yellow/greenish colors. There is a need to further examine and enhance knowledge concerning the relationship among El Nino and La Nina cycles, drought events, and grain production in the Russian Federation, Ukraine and Kazakhstan (RUK) region, which accounts for more than one third of total wheat exports.
This report contributes to close this knowledge gap. This El Nino, La Nina, and The Jet Stream activity bundle is a great resource to aid in your weather unit. This resource contains five print and go station activities that students can guide themselves through, or can be enhanced in a teacher station.
This activity pack includes: The Jet Stream R. D’Aleo, Joseph S., and Grube, Pamela G. The Oryx Resource Guide to El Niño and La Niña. Oryx Press, Westport, Connecticut.
Diaz, Henry F., and Kiladis, George N. Atmospheric Teleconnections Associated with the Extreme Phases of the Southern Oscillation. During non El Niño years, prevailing easterly trade winds keep ocean waters relatively cool in the central South Pacific Region, and in turn causes a warm pool of water to gradually pile up in the GWO Products: ENSO - Hurricane - Climate Change - Speakers 1.
La Niña - Neutral Conditions - El Niño 2. Hurricane Zone Forecasts a. What are El Niño and La Niña. El Niño is a term for the warming phase of the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), a cyclical weather pattern that influences temperature and rainfall across the global.
It is a warming of the central to eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. During an El Niño event, sea surface temperatures across the Pacific can warm by 1–3°F or more for anything.
The Ocean and Weather: El Niño and La Niña Students in grades explore El Niño and La Niña, map where they occur, and discuss the benefits of predicting these events. El Niño Lesson Students in grades use satellite data from the El Nino and correlate it to local weather.
La Niña conditions recur every few years and can persist for as long as two years. El Niño and La Niña are extreme phases of a naturally occurring climate cycle referred to as El Niño/Southern Oscillation, and both terms refer to large-scale changes in sea-surface temperature across the eastern tropical Pacific.Indue to a combination of overfishing and El Niño, Peruvian anchoveta fisheries collapsed.
The El Niño also adversely affected the Peruvian fisheries and economy. During La Niña events, the trade winds resume and intensify, which increases the equatorial upwelling and extends the colder water of the east Pacific westward.


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Combined Met Station Includes: Wind speed and direction, temperature and relative humidity.
Global Solar Radiation Sensor (Pyranometer) with levelling plate. Standard option: 380nm to 1120nm wavelength. 5m cable. Advanced option: 305 to 2800nm, first class pyranometer.
Tipping bucket, stainless steel rain gauge. 0.2mm resolution, 2% accuracy. Cable length: 5m.


Health at Home: The Role of Indoor Air Quality Monitoring
Indoor air is as necessary as outdoor air when it comes to your health and well-being. In fact, research shows that indoor air quality can negatively affect your health and even lead to death.
Considering that the average person spends 87% of their time indoors, indoor air quality needs to be measured and dealt with.
So how will you ensure healthy indoor air within your home? How will you measure it and deal with any issues that arise?
That’s where indoor air quality monitoring comes in.
Keep reading to learn how installing indoor air quality monitoring in your home can help restore and protect your health.
Indoor Air Quality and Your Health
Research has shown that the air inside our homes can be more polluted than the outside. There are many sources of indoor air pollution.
It includes smoke, household cleaning products, pesticides, radon, and lead. Some health effects of indoor air pollution include headaches, dizziness, nausea, and irritated eyes, nose, and throat.
Short-term exposure to high levels of indoor air pollution can also cause respiratory infections. Long-term exposure to indoor air pollution can contribute to the development of chronic diseases such as lung cancer, heart disease, and strokes.
How to Improve Your Indoor Air Quality
You can do a few simple things to improve your indoor air quality. First, control the source of contaminants by using natural and nontoxic products.
Second, increase ventilation by opening windows and doors or using exhaust fans. It will help to remove stale air and bring in fresh air from the outside.
Third, keep your home clean and free of dust and mold. Regular dusting and vacuuming can help to reduce the number of allergens and contaminants in the air. For air filters and air duct cleaning, view more here.
Fourth, use air purifiers to remove contaminants from the air. They can help remove harmful particles in the air and make breathing easier.
Lastly, you can monitor your IAQ with an indoor air quality monitor. It improves the air quality in your home by providing information about the sources of pollutants and how to remove them.
How Does Indoor Air Quality Monitoring Work?
Indoor air quality monitoring works by measuring the levels of various pollutants in the air inside a building. It provides a reading that you can use to determine the level of risk. And what you can do to improve the air quality.
Indoor air quality monitors can detect carbon monoxide, lead, and mold. It can also monitor airborne particles such as dust and pollen.
You can purchase these monitors for home use. But, there are times the law requires it in commercial and public buildings.
The Benefits of Indoor Air Quality Monitoring
Health at home is vital. Indoor air quality monitoring can play a role in ensuring that indoor air is safe and healthy.
Indoor air quality monitors can detect and measure a variety of pollutants. These include volatile organic compounds, carbon monoxide, and particulate matter.
Additionally, these monitors can provide information on temperature and humidity levels. That can impact the health of occupants.
Building owners and occupants can be aware of potential problems by continuously monitoring indoor air quality. They can also take necessary steps to mitigate them.
The Different Types of Indoor Air Quality Monitors
There are various types of indoor air quality monitors available on the market. Each of them has its advantages and disadvantages. Select the right monitor for your specific needs to get accurate results.
One of the most popular types of monitors includes particle counters. These monitors measure the concentration of particles in the air, such as dust, pollen, and mold spores.
They help identify the potential source of pollution by measuring the number of particles in the air. When it does, you can take steps to improve the air that you breathe.
Another common type includes gas monitors. They help you detect the presence of harmful gases in your home so you can take steps to remove them.
Gas monitors can also help you monitor your home’s air quality over time. This way, you can identify trends and take steps to improve your home’s air quality.
The next is humidity monitors. These monitors measure the amount of moisture in the air.
High humidity levels can lead to the growth of mold and mildew. It can also make it difficult to breathe.
By tracking the humidity levels in your home, you can ensure that the air is not too dry or too humid. It can help prevent health problems like respiratory infections, allergies, and asthma.
How to Choose the Best Indoor Air Quality Monitor
There are a variety of indoor air quality monitors on the market, so how do you choose the best one for your needs? First, consider the types of pollutants you want to monitor. Some monitors only measure a single type of pollutant, while others can measure multiple types.
Next, consider the size of the area you want to monitor. Some monitors are designed for small spaces, while others are better suited for larger areas.
Finally, consider your budget. Indoor air quality monitors can range in price from a few hundred dollars to several thousand.
By considering these factors, you can narrow down the field. Choose the best indoor air quality monitor for your home.
The Key to a Healthy Home
Indoor air quality monitoring is the key to a healthy home. By keeping an eye on the air quality in your home, you can ensure that your family is breathing healthy air.
This guide has provided you with several things that can affect the air quality in your home. It is necessary to be aware of them.
It is also crucial you address these potential health hazards in our homes. So, start investing in an indoor air quality monitor. It will ensure that your family is breathing the safest air possible.
If you enjoyed this article and would like to read more great posts, check out the rest of our website. We update our pages regularly with the latest information, so check back often!


This weeks speaker is Eric Steig from the University of Washington. Steig will be discussing climate change in Antarctica from the perspective of the ice sheets. Last year Steig was an author on a controversial paper published in Nature where they presented evidence that Antarctica is certainly warming. Scientists have known for a long time that the Antarctic Peninsula was warming rapidly causing ice shelves to break up (like the Larsen Ice Shelf) and glaciers to accelerate sliding toward the ocean. However, the East Antarctic Ice Sheet was previously believed to be cooling, creating a climate enigma because this finding runs counter to the forecasts of computer climate models. Part of the explanation for this result is because the gathering of weather data has occurred for a few decades in the sparsely populated East Antarctic. Over the last 20 to 30 years cooling has occurred over the East Antarctic, however, the reason for this cooling put forward by David Thompson (Colorado State) and Susan Solomon (NOAA Aeronomy Lab - the scientist who brought the attention of the Ozone Hole to the world) is the increasing strength of the circumpolar westerlies, and that this can be traced to changes in the stratosphere, mostly due to photochemical ozone losses. Substantial ozone loss did not occur until the late 1970s, and after this period significant cooling begins in East Antarctica.
In Steig's new study, satellite measurements were used to interpolate temperatures in the vast areas between the sparse weather stations, and the time interval studied was extended to 50 years. From 1957 through 2006, temperatures across Antarctica rose an average of 0.18 degrees Fahrenheit per decade, comparable to the warming that has been measured globally.
Steig says “We now see warming is taking place on all seven of the earth’s continents in accord with what models predict as a response to greenhouse gases”
This caused ripples throughout the climate denier community. Global warming skeptics have pointed to Antarctica in questioning the reliability of the models because of the mismatch between the data and the models. A quick web search reveals accusations of fraud and bitter name calling. A blog that is supported by many top climate scientists to try and explain and debunk mnay of the issues raised by climate deniers is Real Climate. Have a look at the debate to get a sense of the passion in this field....Real climate debate
Below is the video produced by Nature on Steigs paper which is in your resources.


Seasons change. The earth experiences four seasons throughout the year. Of all the four, winter is the coldest. Some regions experience winter all year round, making them some of the coldest places on the planet earth. But, do you know what the coldest countries in the world are?
Here is a list of countries with the lowest temperature ever recorded. Note that there are two main ways to determine the coldest countries in the world – by the coldest temperature ever recorded or by the average annual temperature.
What are the Coldest countries in the world?
Technically not a country, but Antarctica is the coldest continent and coldest place on the planet. The whole landmass is covered in snow throughout the year and winter temperatures and summer temperatures are not that different. Antarctica usually experiences extreme conditions and is only inhabited by scientists and researchers. It is known for recording sub-zero temperatures over and over. Antarctica is colder than Russia, the coldest country in the world. Canada Glacier in Antarctica is known to be among the most beautiful glaciers in the world.
The lowest temperature ever recorded in this region is -100 degrees Celsius.
Straddling two continents of Europe and Asia, Russia is among the largest countries in the world and the coldest country in the world in terms of the coldest temperature ever recorded. Two villages of Oymyakon and Verkhoyansk experience winter all year round and have both experienced an extremely cold temperature of -67.8 degree Celsius, which is also the lowest temperature ever recorded in Russia.
Most regions in Russia experience extremely cold temperatures throughout the year. The northernmost region, Siberia, for instance, is permanently blanketed by snow, especially its mountain ranges.
With its lowest ever recorded temperature, Russia is the world’s coldest country and perhaps the second coldest region on the planet after Antarctica.
The autonomous state of Greenland is under the Kingdom of Denmark. Known for being the largest island on the planet, this country is one of the coldest in the world. And Greenland has the 4th longest coastline in the world. Oh, and don’t be fooled by the name ‘Greenland’, there is hardly vegetation there. This large landmass is usually covered by snow throughout the year and even summer months usually experience sub-zero temperatures.
The country also has long nights and days depending on the season. Summer temperatures can be extremely cold yet there are 22 hours of sunlight.
Despite its extreme winter temperatures, still many people visit this country to have close a close experience with the Northern Lights and to explore the Viking Ruins.
The lowest temperature ever recorded is -66.1 degrees Celsius, making Greenland the 3rd coldest country.
Located in North America, Canada is usually covered by snows caused by extreme winter temperatures. The temperature in Canada can drop to -40 Celsius below zero, making it the world’s third coldest country. Though some places experience cold or temperate climates all year round, some parts experience high temperatures during summer.
As with most countries in the northern part of the globe, Canada usually experiences extreme sunlight in some parts and extreme darkness. Despite this, it is one of the most visited countries on the planet, especially due to the Rocky Mountains, Niagara Falls, CN Tower in Toronto, and many other attractions.
The United States of America
Regions in the northern pole tend to experience very cold temperatures, but as you move towards the equator, the climates change towards warmth. Being south of Canada and slightly away from the North Pole the United States is the sixth coldest county in the world, especially its Pacific North West regions.
The US is the third-largest country on the planet, and since it is spread out to cover a variety of geographical regions, the climates vary depending on the region you are in. But generally, its north is much colder than the south. Alaska experience a polar climate and has recorded -60 degree Celsius, the lowest in lowest temp. recorded in the United States.
Other states that are colder include Montana, Utah, Wyoming, and Colorado.
China usually experiences two distinct climates – extreme cold in the north and warmer temperatures in the south. The northern region is what makes China the coldest country in Asia and one of the coldest countries in the world. In winters the temperature is usually freezing, with the lowest temperature recorded being -58° China, apart from being the coldest country in East Asia, is also known for being the world’s most populated country and the second-largest county in terms of land area.
The city of Harbin is also known for being the coldest of the major cities in the country.
Situated between Russia and China, Mongolia also experiences large variations of temperatures throughout the year, characterized by warm summers and very cold winters. The lowest temperature ever recorded in Mongolia is between -20 degrees Celsius and -45 degrees Celsius in winter.
Its scattered mountain ranges are usually covered by snow thanks to the extreme winter temperatures. The cold winds traveling from the North are trapped by the tall peaks, causing snowfalls throughout the country and can experience sub-zero temperatures during the winter season.
Also located in Central Asia like Mongolia, Kyrgyzstan is one of the coldest countries on the planet, having once recorded a below-zero temperature of -30° Celsius. Its valleys and mountain ranges are mostly covered by snows virtually all-year round, with winter starting from December and lasting through February.
Though Sweden experiences relatively warmer summer temperatures compared to other coldest countries in the world, it shares the same latitude as Siberia in Russia and Hudson Bay in Canada. The northern part of the country is where you will find extreme temperatures in winter with snowfalls.
The lowest temperature ever recorded in Sweden reached -53° Celsius, in Malgovik in Vasterbotten County.
It is common to have temperatures of about -4- degrees Celsius during winter in Sweden. However, its southern part and mid-Sweden usually experience lower temperatures.
Overall, Sweden usually makes the list of the top 10 coldest countries in the world. Its climates have been massively affected by the Gulf Stream as well as warm steam that flows from Norway.
Norway – Another European country on our list. Sharing its borders with some of the coldest countries in the world, including Russia, Sweden, and Finland, Norway also tends to make the list of the top 10 coldest countries in the world. The country is geographically located in the North-western part of Europe. It also has temperate climates because of the North Atlantic Current.
In winters the temperature can go as low as -50°Celsius.
Known for being the world’s largest landlocked state, Kazakhstan is located in Europe. It experiences extreme continental climates with hot summers and cold winters. Its capital, Astana, is the coldest capital city in the world after Mongolian Capital Ulaanbaatar, with winter temperatures dropping as low as -30° C and -35°C.
Many folks think to expect Iceland to be the coldest country in the world, but in reality, rarely crack the top 10 coldest countries in the world. In fact, Iceland has more green spaces than Greenland. Iceland doesn’t experience harsh winter temperatures like some of the countries situated on the same latitude.
The warm climates are due to the fact that Iceland lies on the path of the North Atlantic Current, making most of the region temperate. Temperatures usually drop to sub-zero during the winter months, with the lowest temperature recorded being -30 degrees Celsius.
Located in the northernmost region of the planet, there is no wonder Finland is one of the coldest countries in the world. It is known for being the most sparsely populated country in Europe due to the extreme weather conditions, particularly in winter. The country is located in the boreal zone, which is a term used to refer to a region that is characterized by harsh cold temperatures and warm summers.
The country’s winter usually lasts for 100 days, though its northern region in Lapland, lasts up to 200 days. Its landscape is covered in snow from October to May.
Lapland is the coldest region in Finland, with temperatures here dropping as low as -45 degrees Celsius. This region doesn’t see a lot of sunrise during and only receives 51 days of sunlight during winter and around 73 days in summer.
This small country is situated in Northern Europe. Though Estonia usually experiences warmer and temperate climates compared to even some of the top 10 coldest countries in the world, its inconsistent rainfall tends to cause a massive drop in temperature throughout the year. However, the cold winter temperatures in Estonia are caused by the monsoon winds that usually render the country perennially frigid.
The coldest temperature to ever be recorded in Estonia is around -43°C during winter.
Known for its extremely cold winters and relatively warmer summers, Belarus is one of the coldest countries in Europe. Its coldest time of the year is when the Siberian Anticyclone reaches the country, during which the sub-zero temperatures reach -30°C. In some cases, the temperatures have even dropped to -40°C and its winter usually lasts from December to March.
Denmark is comparatively warmer compared to other coldest countries in the world, the country, just like Sweden, shares the same latitude as Siberia in Russia and Hudson Bay in Canada. The warmer summer temperatures are brought about by the warm ocean currents flowing from the southern United States.
The lowest temperature ever recorded in Denmark was -31.2 °C.
Located in the Baltic region of Northern Europe, Latvia often experiences cold and grey winters characterized by snowfalls. According to records, the lowest temperature in Latvia was -43.2°C and the coldest months are January and February where temperatures can fall between -4.6°C and -4.7°C.
The Coldest Country In The World – Pin it for later
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SELECTED BY BALTIMORE YACHT CHARTERS
Synoptic Charts T+84
Today's analysis chart and synoptic charts up to 84 hours ahead in colour from the Met Office.
Synoptic Charts T+120
Today's analysis chart and synoptic charts up to 120 hours ahead in black and white from the Met Office.
Mean Sea Level Pressure Charts from the ECMWF
Charts from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts showing the progression of weather systems every 24 hours up to 240 hours ahead.
Pressure Charts from MSW
Some of the best charts available showing the progression of weather systems every 3 hours up to 180 hours ahead.
Sea area forecast from Met Eireann.
Watch the progression of rainfall as it approaches and passes over Ireland. Radar images are shown for the past three hours in 15 minute intervals as an animation and show the intensity of the rain in varying colours.
Shipping forecast and gale warnings for your particular area. Again
we would always check the sea areas Shannon and Fastnet. This site
is much improved and quite user friendly.
Great site for predicting wind speed and direction anywhere in Ireland/UK.
Wind Guru Windspeed
Another great site for predicting wind speed and direction and especially rainfall. When you compare their predictions of Rainfall as warm and cold fronts pass over us you will find that they are very accurate in both the time and intensity of the rainfall.
Windfinder Wind and Weather
Eight day Wind and weather forecast for Sherkin Island. Includes wave height and direction, precipitation, air temperature, etc.
Irish Weather Buoy Data
Information includes wind speed, wind direction, maximun gust, wave
height, atmospheric pressure, sea temperature and air temperature.
Very good for comparing trends with other forecasters.To use click
on the buoy in your area of interest and you get the preceeding
24 hours information which is updated hourly.
WeatherOnline Wind Speed & Direction for 7 days
Another wind predictor for any sea area. Click on the sea area and
then click on wind forecast day and time. You can get a prediction
for up to seven days ahead every three hours.
Tides for your Local Port
If you want the time of high and low water and the tidal curve for
the next 7 days, click this link. Gets rid of all the secondary
port calculations if you are not in a primary port. Times are given
in local time.
Above are some of our favourite forecasters, however if you think
we omitted any other good sites, please contact us.


A National Weather Service wind advisory is in effect from noon today until midnight tonight.
The passage of a cold front this afternoon will result in 25- to 30-mph winds from the west with gusts up to 45 to 50 mph. Travel along north to south roads will be difficult as strong crosswinds will make high-profile vehicles hard to control. Small objects such as lawn furniture and trash cans could be blown away by the strong winds.
A wind advisory is issued when sustained winds are forecast to be 30 to 39 mph or gusts will range between 45 and 57 mph. Winds of these magnitudes may cause minor property damage without extra precautions. Motorists in high-profile vehicles should use caution until the winds subside.
The forecast through Sunday:
Today: A 50 percent chance of showers and thunderstorms. Mostly cloudy, with a temperature falling to around 55 by 5 p.m. Breezy, with a south wind 18 to 26 mph becoming west in the afternoon. Winds could gust as high as 41 mph.
Tonight: Partly cloudy, with a low around 29. Breezy, with a west wind 24 to 29 mph decreasing to 16 to 21 mph after midnight. Winds could gust as high as 44 mph.
Friday: Sunny, with a high near 53. West wind 11 to 18 mph, with gusts as high as 25 mph.
Friday night: Partly cloudy, with a low around 33. Southwest wind 5 to 10 mph becoming west after midnight.
Saturday: Partly sunny, with a high near 50. West wind 5 to 8 mph becoming north in the afternoon.
Saturday night: Mostly cloudy, with a low around 26.
Sunday: Partly sunny, with a high near 38.
Sunday night: Partly cloudy, with a low around 21.


Srinagar: According to experts, with rising temperatures, the melting of glaciers has become inevitable phenomenon. The glaciers in Kashmir region are melting at an unusual pace posing a big threat to the environment as well as to the people in the region, shows a study.
Across the Jammu & Kashmir region of Northern India, the heat records are being shattered and at the same time frequent rainfalls, hailstorms and flashfloods are on rise. While extreme heat is impacting some areas of the region, flooding and frequent rainfall is impacting other areas.
For the past two months, especially in July, high rainfall was recorded in Kashmir region, triggering a dozen flash floods in the Valley that caused damage to the agricultural fields and other assets. In July, at least 15 Amarnath pilgrims died in a cloudburst incident near the Holy Amarnath Cave triggering flash floods. On the other hand, frequent landslides and shooting stones triggered by heavy rains at various places have blocked the national highway many times.
Researchers also suggest that the recent climate change in Jammu & Kashmir has a huge impact on the glaciers.
Dr. Mohammad Muslim, Assistant Professor, of Environmental Science at University of Kashmir indicates that the global phenomenon is casting its shadow on the Himalayan region.
“The climate change has impacted freshwater resources by disturbing the hydrological cycle and we can see increased activity of Indian summer monsoons winds into the valley,” said Dr. Muslim.
Linking the phenomenon with increased rainfall, he said, “Our main source of water comes from the glaciers which are already melting at a rapid speed, and additional rainfall in the summer months means additional water in the rivers that is a worrisome issue.”
He further blamed 'deforestation' for the climate change and said, “the pace at which we are cutting down forests in Kashmir is to be worried about, when we cut down the trees the stored carbon is released into the atmosphere again as CO2. This is how deforestation and forest degradation contribute to global warming and forests plays a strong role in water balance.”
"We are also losing unique species,” he added.
How can we tackle climate change?
Scientists believe that climate crisis is getting worse, but there are many ways we can do to secure our future. These actions fall into one of two broad categories: Climate change adaptation and Climate change mitigation.
Mitigation means reducing the impact of climate change by reducing the flow of greenhouse gases (GHG) into the atmosphere.
While as Adaptation means altering our behaviour, adjusting to the actual or expected future climate.
“The need of the hour is to aware and educate people about the climate change through different methods, making them aware and future ready can help us in many ways,” says Muslim.
According to The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report, global warming will have major impact on Asia and India is at high risk amongst the Asian countries.