Tornadoes touch down as massive winter storm heads to Northeast
An EF2 tornado that hit Norman, Oklahoma's third-largest city, was one of the nine documented tornadoes that tore across Kansas and Oklahoma.
During the nocturnal hours, the Norman tornado wounded at least 12 people.
According to the city, none of the injuries were life-threatening, and there were no fatalities.
Foster said that two Norman elementary schools are closed and that several highways have been closed.
In Oklahoma City, there were reports of hail that was one inch in diameter and wind gusts of over 70 mph.
On the Oklahoma border, at Memphis, Texas, gusts of 114 mph were measured.
California was covered with more than 11 inches of rain in some areas and 84 inches of snow in others last week.
On Monday, 60,000 Californians are without electricity.
In Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, and northern Kentucky, there is a chance of strong thunderstorms, strong winds, and tornadoes.
Illinois has already seen four tornadoes, according to reports.


Greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide trap heat in the Earth’s atmosphere. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), greenhouse gas emissions from human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels, are causing global warming. The IPCC’s latest report lists several projected impacts of climate change, including sea level rise, more intense storms and droughts, biodiversity loss, reduced agricultural yields, and water supply stress. The report represents the consensus of world’s leading climate scientists and was approved by member governments, including the United States. The report concludes that greenhouse gas emissions must be reduced by 50 to 85% by 2050 in order to limit global warming to 4 degrees Fahrenheit, avoiding many of the worst impacts of climate change.*
Transportation accounts for 29 percent of U.S. greenhouse gas emissions.** Strategies for reducing transportation emissions fall into four categories: 1) increasing vehicle efficiency, 2) lowering the carbon content of fuels, 3) reducing vehicle miles traveled (VMT), and 4) improving system efficiency. Public transportation can reduce greenhouse gas emissions by providing a low emissions alternative to driving and facilitating compact development (thus reducing VMT), as well as by minimizing the carbon footprint of its operations.
Climate-related changes are already observed in the United States and will increase in the future, according to the U.S. Federal government’s Global Change Research Program.*** These changes are projected to grow even if aggressive action is taken to reduce greenhouse gas emissions because of the level of long-lived emissions already in the atmosphere. Public transportation infrastructure and operations will need to be adapted to perform under changing climate conditions. For instance, extreme heat can cause deformities in rail tracks, resulting in speed restrictions and derailments. Subway tunnels, busways, rails, and roads are vulnerable to an increase in the frequency of flooding from sea-level rise, storm surge, and more intense rain storms. While widespread climate impacts are occurring now and expected to increase, the extent of climate change, and its impacts, depends on choices made today to mitigate human caused emissions of greenhouse gases.
- Mitigation: An intervention to reduce the causes of changes in climate, such as through reducing emissions of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere.
- Adaptation: Adjustment in natural or human systems to a new or changing environment that exploits beneficial opportunities or moderates negative effects.
- Carbon Dioxide Equivalent (CO2e): Carbon dioxide (CO2) makes up 84% of all U.S. greenhouse gas emissions and 96% of all U.S. transportation greenhouse gas emissions. The other main human induced greenhouse gas emissions are methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N20), chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), hydro fluorocarbons (HFCs), per fluorocarbons (PFCs), and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6). Greenhouse gas emissions are commonly reported in terms of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) to provide a common unit of measure. Other greenhouse gases are converted into CO2 equivalent on the basis of their global warming potential. For instance, one pound of CH4 is estimated to have the same global warming effect as 21 pounds of CO2.
- Resilience: A capability to anticipate, prepare for, respond to, and recover from significant multi-hazard threats with minimum damage to social well-being, the economy, and the environment.
- Vulnerability: The degree to which a system is susceptible to, or unable to cope with, adverse effects of climate change, including climate variability and extremes.
*Intergovernmental Pane on Climate Change (IPCC), Fourth Assessment Report, 2007 http://www.ipcc.ch/.
**U.S. Department of Transportation, Transportation’s Role in Reducing U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions, 2010.
*** U.S. Global Change Research Program, Global Climate Change Impacts in the United States, 2009.


An extreme weather phenomenon is occurring in Germany. In the north, there is heavy snow, in the south warmer spring-like weather, and in between there is extreme rain resulting in flooding. The reason is two weather systems over central Europe; one is bringing cold weather and snow down from the arctic and the other is bringing warm weather up from the Mediterranean.
Snowy scene. Photo: Henning Sørby via Pixabay
The federal government is looking to encourage the use of vehicle fuel from rapeseed oil as a way of reducing the environmental impact of personal transportation. However, critics point out that this will only delay the phase-out of internal combustion engines.
This article discusses the issues regarding the uptake of German public transportation in a post-pandemic world.


This would happen because water temperatures would rise.
â€œCorals are intolerant of temperatures just a few degrees warmer than usualâ€ (Fast Facts).
You can view samples of our professional work here.
Any opinions, findings, conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of UK Essays.
A greenhouse gas known as carbon dioxide is the second biggest absorber of the sun’s heat rays.
Humans affect the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere in many ways.In 2004, 300 million humans, 1 in 20 of us, had to leave their homes for a week, a month, a year, or forever because of rising watersâ€ (The Planet Speaks 124).Much of the gained water would be from melting icecaps in the ocean and melting glaciers on land. Global warming would not affect only humans; it would also affect sea life.Results have shown that methane is â€œgenerated by biological activity related to rice cultivation, leaks in domestic and industrial gas lines, and the digestive process of domestic livestock, especially cattleâ€ (Murck, Skinner, and Porter 490).The Environmental Media Services Organization has found that the greenhouse effect â€œcould drive temperatures up as much as 6 degrees by the year 2100 – an increase in heat comparable to the 10 degree warming that ended the last ice ageâ€ (Fast Facts).- A stronger greenhouse effect will probably warm the oceans and partially melt glaciers and other ice, increasing sea level.Ocean water also will expand if it warms, contributing to further sea level rise.What does the greenhouse effect have to do with global warming?When humans release gases into the air, the greenhouse effect will alter the temperature of the earth.More gases in the atmosphere means the earth will start to get warmer, and the result is global warming.On the other hand, if there was no greenhouse effect, the earth would be too cold for humans to comfortably exist.


What has the United Nations called “the most successful treaty in UN history?” The Montreal Protocol which banned ozone-destroying gases such as CFCs, then commonly found in aerosol cans and air conditioners. On September 15, 1987, 24 nations signed the treaty with another 173 more signing on in the years since. Ozone-depleting chemicals have declined in the atmosphere and the ozone hole is diminishing.
Read more about The Montreal Protocol and environmental treaties in the following books:
Environment and Statecraft: The Strategy of Environmental Treaty-Making by Scott Barrett (Law Library Basement KZ1318 .B37 2003)
The Montreal Protocol: Celebrating 20 Years of Environmental Progress – Ozone Layer and Climate Protection edited by Donald Kaniaru (Law Library Balcony K3593 .M66 2007)
Sustainable Development in World Investment Law edited by Marie-Claire Cordonier Segger, Markus W. Gehring, Andrew Newcombe (Law Library Balcony K3830 .S87 2011)


Garbottam is observation of cloud formation along with specific other meteorological features. It is one of the important methods for predicting rainfall beforehand.
Authors of literature on rainfall methods: Vedic sages Garga, Parasara, Kasyapa and Vatsa.
Texts to find: Brihad Samhita (Chapter 21 to 28) and Prasna Marga (Chapter 25).
- Knowledge of names of Lunar months and dates (thithi) and names of 27 stars of the Vedic astrology.
- Astrology software or an almanac which helps in knowing the star in which Sun or Moon transits on a particular day.
- Round the clock observation of the sky with the naked eye or observation at regular intervals.
When to begin observation.
There are 3 dates given, two by Brihad Samhita and one by Prasna Marga. No explanation is given by the authors for the differences. My interpretation is given in brackets.
- The first day of the bright half of the lunar month of Karthika (Oct- Nov) –Siddhasena School (Check for the breaking of South West Monsoon in Lakshadweep or Kerala.)
- The day Moon transits Puravashada in the bright half of Margashira (Nov- Dec) – Sage Garga (Check for the first rains in Middle or North India)
- The day Sun enters the star Purvashada. This is occurs after 13-20 degrees in the Sign Sagittarius. The period of 13 to 14 days starting from this is called the period of ‘Conception of rainfall’ or Garbottam.
Types of Garbottam observation.
(1) Everyday Garbottam.
(2) Margazhi or Solar Garbottam.
Observed on all days starting from the Lunar month of Karthika until Shravana in general;
Or from Solar month of Karthikai to Vaikasi if the observer is in the West coast of India;
Or from Solar Margazhi to Solar month of Aani if the observer is in the east coast where NEM is expected.
The transit of the Sun in the star Purvashada (Pooradam) in the month of Margazhi can be known as Mother of Garbottam. This duration is given in the Panchanga. The extent of a star is 13 degrees and 20 minutes. Sun covers roughly 1 degree per day. Therefore this Garbottam is roughly for 13 / 14 days.
Preliminary observation for this 14 day period of Garbottam is to check if the entire sky is covered with dark clouds and the Sun is hidden behind the clouds.
The observation (or any observation that is being said in this article) is applicable for the place of the observer. In olden days every village had astrologers doing that observation. Even common man was doing the observation. Today meteorology applies to vast regions, but the ancient Indian method helps to tell on a day to day basis whether a particular locality would get rains or not. For that, the observer must be available on the place continuously atleast from Margashira (Margazhi) to Phalguni (Panguni) and on specific days at other months.
If on the 1st day of Garbottam, there are dark clouds all over the sky and sun is hidden behind, it will rain here and there and every now and then in the 14 day period when Sun will be transiting Arudra (in Gemini)
Similarly if on the 2nd day of Garbottam, there are dark clouds all over the sky and sun is hidden behind, it will rain here and there and every now and then in the 14 day period when Sun will be transiting Punarvasu star (in Gemini and Cancer).
Similarly on the 3rd day of Garbottam, there are dark clouds all over the sky and sun is hidden behind, it will rain here and there and every now and then in the 14 day period when Sun will be transiting Pushya star (in Cancer).
Like this Sun’s transit upto Moola star (prior to starting of the next Garbottam) is noted for rainfall. If the sky is completely overcast for the whole day in one of the Garbottam days in Margazhi, predict rainfall for the entire duration of 13 / 14 days of Sun’s transit in the corresponding star later.
The corresponding stars for each day of Margazhi Garbottam are as follows:
1st day – Arudra (Thiruvadirai) (Starts in June)
2nd day – Punarvasu
3rd day – Pushya
4th day – Aslesha (Ayilyam)
5th day – Magam
6th day – Purva phalguni (Pooram)
7th day – Uttara Phalguni (Uttaram)
8th day – Hastha
9th day – Chithra
10th day – Swati
11th day – Vishaka
12th day – Anuradha (Anusham)
13th day – Jyeshta (Kettai)
14th day – Moola.
What to observe:
The following are applicable for both Margazhi Garbottam and everyday Garbottam. In the case of Margazhi Garbottam, the impact will be for 13 / 14 day duration of Sun’s transit in the corresponding star later. In the case of everyday Garbottam the impact will be felt on the 196th day.
Basics factors to observe:-
- Roar of thunder
- Appearance of clouds
Now relating the observation with prediction:
Gentle and agreeable wind = Good rainfall
Cool breeze from North and Northeast = good rainfall.
Heavy winds = rain clouds would gather but be shattered
Dust storm = No rains
In Margashira, there will be no rains. If it rains heavily, rainfall on the corresponding day would be affected. A gentle rain or drizzle would give good rainfall on the corresponding day after 6 and a half months.
Lightening = good rainfall
Rainbow in the morning or evening = good rainfall
- Roar of thunder
Low, rumbling roar of thunder = good rainfall
Heavy sounding thunder = rain clouds would shatter away.
Sky overcast with huge, bright, dense clouds = good rainfall
Needle shaped clouds or sword shaped clouds = good rainfall
Blood red clouds = good rainfall.
If on any day in the months from Margashira to Phalguni, all the above 5 factors are present, the quantity of the subsequent rainfall will be 1 Drona. (Drona is equal to 200 phalas. Quantification in today’s terms is not known. Perhaps the rainfall on those days can be recorded and cross checked with other days when similar conditions prevailed.)
Reduce the quantity by quarter for the absence of every one factor.
(I) Terrestrial factors to be observed.
- Sweet chirpings of birds.
- Animals moving relaxedly and making pleasant sounds
- Kids making sweet sounds and playing
- Trees with sprouts
- Trees grow without diseases.
(II) Atmospheric factors to be observed.
- Clouds resembling pearl or silver colour
- Clouds in the shape of aquatic animal, huge and dense.
- These clouds scorched by bright sun light
- Gentle breeze (presence of 3 and 4 together would result in torrential rain on the 196thday)
- Sun and the Moon encircled by glossy, bright and thick halo.
- Sky filled with bulky clouds or smooth needle like clouds (cirrus), or in the shape of sword.
- Clouds appearing in red or blue tint.
- Pleasant twilights in morning and evening.
- Light rumbling thunder
- Rainbow in the lower horizon.
- Red glow in the horizon at dawn and sun set. This must be seen only in Margashira and Pushya months. (Solar months also)
- Clouds with halos
In Margashira –
- red sun in the morning and evening,
- sky in red colour before sunrise and after sunset.
- clouds surrounded by halos,
- very cold.
In Pushya –
- red sun in the morning and evening,
- clouds surrounded by halos,
- excessive snowfall.
In Magha –
- strong wind,
- sun and moon must be dimmed by clouds or snowfall at sun rise and sun set,
- fog, mist, excessive cold
In Phalguni –
- rough and violent storms
- tawny colour of the sun,
- broken and imperfect halos around the sun and the moon,
- glossy clouds moving across the sky
The above ensure good ‘conception of rainfall’.
In Chaitra and Vaishaka, sky marked by winds, clouds and halos ensure conception of rainfall which will fall on 196th day afterwards.
The following features in the 4 months from Margashira to Phalguni mar / spoil conception of rainfall.
- Meteor showers.
- Dust storm
- Appearance of city-like formation of clouds.
- Unnatural phenomenon in the atmosphere in colour of sky, clouds etc and at sun rise and sun set.
- Sighting of comets
- Spots in solar disc (sun spot maxima?)
(III) Planetary factors to be observed in the 4 month period.
Good for conception of rainfall
– Planets appearing with clear and bright disc at night
– Planets moving in Northern declinations
– Moon and stars must appear white
Planetary features marring / spoiling conception of rainfall.
- Eclipses (mar rainfall later on the corresponding day)
- Planetary war (where planets are close together in such a way one planet will be crossing another.) (mars rainfall for several days in the corresponding period.)
Position of Moon during the above 4 -month period.
When the above 3-some favourable features of conception are present in a day when Moon is crossing Purvashada, Uttarashada, Purva bhadrapada, Uttarabhadrapada and Rohini, the subsequent rainfall on the 195th day will be abundant.
When the above 3-some favourable features of conception are present in a day when Moon is crossing Arudra, Aslesha, Magha , Swati and Satabhishak, the subsequent rains will go on for many days. On the contrary, if the 3 some factors are marred, there will be dryness.
If Moon crosses all the above mentioned stars with 3-some factors being present and marring factors being absent in Margashira – would give rainfall for 8 days later (after 195 days).Read More »


The debate over climate change may have taken a turn this year as the North Hemisphere suffered through a brutally hot July. In fact, according to the United Nations, “July has already seen the hottest three-week period ever recorded; the three hottest days on record; and the highest-ever ocean temperatures for this time of year. The era of global warming has ended; the era of global boiling has arrived. Climate change is here. It is terrifying. And it is just the beginning,” reported the Washington Post.


One significant environmental issue that the world is facing today is global warming, and this problem has many people striving to find the best possible solution. Although some skeptics may say that the issue is not caused by human activity or is not in critical need of attention, there is evidence that shows otherwise. There are many contributors to global warming as well as many things affected by this problem. Ways to reduce the contributors to global warming have been researched and implemented by many different countries, states, and cities. However, if it is repairable it will take the cooperation of the world to solve it.
Global warming occurs naturally within the earth’s atmosphere. Carbon dioxide and other gases such as methane, and nitrous oxide create a greenhouse effect by absorbing infrared radiation which keeps the earth’s surface warm enough to live on. The issue arises from the extra output of these gases and other man made gases due to human activity. In fact, large quantities of these gases have been released into the atmosphere for many years by human activity (Miller, 2008).
This data shows that since the preindustrial revolution to present there has been approximately a 100 parts per million increase of carbon dioxide, a 1,117 parts per billion increase of methane, and a 48 parts per billion increase of nitrous oxide. Because some of these gases such as carbon dioxide stay in the atmosphere for hundreds of years, the gases have and will continue to create additional warming on the earth and ocean surfaces (Axia College Week Five, 2007).
According to Axia College Week Five reading (2007), “In 2001 the IPCC projected a 1.4º to 5.8ºC (2.5º to 10.4ºF) increase in global temperature by the year 2100” (p.216 ¶4). The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has also researched the change in global temperatures since 1850. The research shows that out of the 12 hottest years 11 were between 1995 and 2006 (Miller, 2008). These findings show that there has definitely been a change to our climate. To determine the cause of global warming we must look closer at what contributes to this issue.
Many different gases contribute to global warming including carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, chlorofluorocarbons, and tropospheric ozone. However, the increased amount of these gases due to human activities, are created by many different sources (Axia College Week Five Reading, 2007). According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (2008), the primary greenhouse gas that is emitted as a result of human activity is carbon dioxide. Most of the carbon dioxide created by humans is due to the burning of fossil fuels that contain carbon such as oil and coal. Another activity which contributes to the carbon dioxide output is the destruction of tropical rain forests. When the trees are burned they release all the carbon dioxide which they once stored (Axia College Week Five Reading, 2007). Since trees are responsible for absorbing a large amount of the carbon dioxide in the air, we basically double our emission through deforestation.


Kiruna aurora & northern lights tours
The aurora borealis, the northern lights, is a natural phenomenon like the sun, rain, wind or a thunderstorm – observing this nature play is mind blowing. But as much as we would like to - we simply can not guarantee that you will see the northern lights during your stay in Kiruna.
Our tours are our reaction onto the inspiration that we got from guests that came to Kiruna to see the aurora borealis / northern lights. The basic question was always "why do all northern lights tours end so early when it is known that the strongest activity is to expect later at night ?"
First and foremost it is - of course - always about the logistics and safety in wilderness travel under sub-arctic climate conditions ! Still we have been continuously working on solutions to fulfill the demands of our clients.
Today we are proud to offer you Swedens biggest choice of REAL NIGHT TOURS AND ACTIVITIES. A selection of extraordinary travel packages accomplished to increase your chances of experiencing the aurora in a unique way during your visit in Kiruna.
Just look around on these sites and choose your tour after your preferences by using the navigation bar on top of the page. Do not hesitate to contact us for an individual offer in case you should not find what you are in search for.
Welcome to Kiruna, Lapland, Sweden !
Our free aurora photography guide is to download as .pdf H E R E
contact us by mail to
+46 - (0)73-8365115 (08.00 - 21.00 every day)
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How to be a feminist in China
By Michelle L. Purdy, Associated Press article China is now the most populous nation in the world with an estimated 6.2 billion people.
China’s population is projected to rise to 9.2 trillion by 2035, according to the United Nations.
China has the world’s fastest growing economy and is in the midst of a rapid transition to a market economy.
China has become the world leader in the development of new technology and the country is now a center of the global manufacturing sector.
China is also a leader in renewable energy, particularly wind power, solar power and solar thermal power, and its government has committed to increasing the country’s carbon emissions.
However, a new report from the United States Council on Foreign Relations finds that the country remains a major producer of greenhouse gases and is a top polluter in the United State.
The report, called China’s Carbon Emissions: The Global Perspective, comes on the heels of the U.S. government’s decision to cut its carbon emissions by a third.
The new report says the United Kingdom has a better record than China on emissions than China has on other countries.
The report notes that the United states has cut its own emissions in the past and the report shows the United Nation has a “better record” on China than it does on the rest of the world.
China is ranked sixth on the carbon footprint list and the United Arab Emirates is number seven.
The ranking does not take into account the impact of human activities on the atmosphere, such as deforestation, pollution and water shortages.
The United Nations has been warning that China’s pollution is so severe that it could destroy its future as a global leader in environmental stewardship and a leader on climate change.
The study says China’s emissions are among the worst in the developed world.
It estimates China emits nearly 3.4 million metric tons of CO2 per year, and it has surpassed countries such as the United Sates, France and the Netherlands.
China’s emissions have been on a trajectory of increasing over the last decade.
It was already the largest emitter in 2014, but the report says its emissions rose significantly in 2015.
It said China’s new target for 2030 will be a “realistic” increase, but its targets are still a long way off.
China continues to build its factories and factories have a greater carbon footprint than those in the U and Europe.
China currently accounts for over half of all the CO2 emitted in the industrial world.


Improving the Understanding, Diagnostics, and Prediction of Precipitation4 September 2023
Improving the Understanding, Diagnostics, and Prediction of Precipitation
Weather forecasting plays a crucial role in our daily lives. It helps us plan our activities, prepare for severe weather events, and make informed decisions. One of the key elements in weather forecasting is precipitation. Understanding, diagnosing, and predicting precipitation accurately is essential for providing reliable weather forecasts.
The Importance of Precipitation
Precipitation refers to any form of water that falls from the atmosphere to the Earth’s surface. It includes rain, snow, sleet, and hail. Precipitation is a vital component of the Earth’s water cycle and has a significant impact on various aspects of our lives, such as agriculture, water resources, and climate patterns.
To improve the understanding of precipitation, scientists and meteorologists conduct extensive research and collect data from various sources. They analyze factors such as atmospheric conditions, temperature, humidity, and cloud formations to gain insights into the precipitation process.
Diagnostics of Precipitation
Diagnostics of precipitation involve the examination of past weather events to identify patterns and trends. By studying historical data, meteorologists can detect recurring weather patterns and understand the factors that contribute to different types of precipitation. This knowledge helps in developing diagnostic tools and models for predicting future precipitation events.
Improving Prediction Accuracy
Predicting precipitation accurately is a challenging task due to the complex nature of atmospheric processes. However, advancements in technology and the availability of high-resolution weather models have significantly improved prediction accuracy in recent years.
Utilizing Advanced Technologies
New technologies, such as weather radars, satellites, and weather balloons, provide valuable data for predicting precipitation. These tools help in monitoring atmospheric conditions, tracking storm systems, and identifying potential areas of heavy rainfall or snowfall.
Enhancing Numerical Weather Prediction Models
Numerical weather prediction models use mathematical equations to simulate atmospheric conditions and predict weather patterns. By continuously improving these models and incorporating more accurate data, meteorologists can enhance the accuracy of precipitation forecasts.
Improving the understanding, diagnostics, and prediction of precipitation requires collaboration between meteorological agencies, research institutions, and technology providers. By sharing knowledge, data, and expertise, these entities can work together to develop innovative solutions and improve the accuracy of precipitation forecasts.
Frequently Asked Questions
- Why is precipitation forecasting important?
- What factors affect precipitation?
- How do weather radars help in predicting precipitation?
- What are numerical weather prediction models?
Precipitation forecasting is important as it helps in planning activities, managing water resources, and preparing for severe weather events.
Factors such as temperature, humidity, atmospheric conditions, and cloud formations affect precipitation.
Weather radars provide real-time data on precipitation intensity, movement, and type, which helps in predicting its future behavior.
Numerical weather prediction models are computer-based models that use mathematical equations to simulate atmospheric conditions and predict weather patterns.
Improving the understanding, diagnostics, and prediction of precipitation is crucial for enhancing the accuracy of weather forecasts. By utilizing advanced technologies, enhancing numerical weather prediction models, and fostering collaborative efforts, meteorologists can provide more reliable and timely information about precipitation, enabling individuals and communities to make informed decisions and stay prepared for any weather conditions.


Showers early becoming a steady light rain later in the day. High 63F. Winds SSE at 5 to 10 mph. Chance of rain 70%..
Cloudy with periods of rain. Low around 50F. Winds WSW at 5 to 10 mph. Chance of rain 90%. Rainfall around a half an inch.
Updated: October 28, 2021 @ 12:54 am
Leticia Ramirez took this video of high winds swirling debris in her neighborhood. The National Weather Service has confirmed a small tornado touched down in St. Helens. Two trees were blown over in Ramirez's neighborhood and a fence was downed.
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St. Helens Chronicle


The winds have shifted for Christmas Day weather in Sydney, with the latest forecast for all-day showers across Sydney and thunderstorms in the west. The hemispheric long wave pattern has remained stable in recent weeks. There are five main troughs. Currently the most significant troughs are near the longitudes of South Africa, Western Australia, eastern Australia, the south Pacific, and the southeast Pacific.
Weather forecasts, current conditions, weather radar and warnings from the Bureau of Meteorology plus world weather, surf and snow reports. NSW school holiday dates for 2018, including term dates for NSW public schools. Plus, download a free wall planner. Christmas day: Dec 25: Boxing day: Forecasted weather conditions the coming 2 weeks for Sydney. 2 Week Extended Forecast in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Updated Thursday, September 13, 2018 6: 14: 13 am Sydney time - Weather by CustomWeather, © 2018.
Learn about Sydney's weather, climate and average temperatures. Find seasonal activities and events on offer throughout the year. Aug 30, 2018. Climate outlook for September to November 2018. Published Date:. Spring days are likely to be warmer than average for Australia. With clear. These Santas in the surf at Bondi are preparing for a sunny Sydney Christmas Day. Picture: Jeremy Piper. NSW. Christmas Day weather in Sydney: What the forecast has in store.
A Palindrome Day happens when the day’s date can be read the same way backwards and forwards. The dates are similar to word palindromes in that they are reversible. Depending on the date format Palindrome Days can be rare. Get Central Coast, Australia typical December Weather including average and record temperatures from AccuWeather. com. NSW Christmas Holidays NSW is a magical place to spend the Christmas season.
From the festive fairy lights in the rolling vineyards of the Hunter Valley to the parades and carols on the foreshores of the beautiful NSW Central Coast, there’s lots of holiday fun to be had. Get Sydney, Australia typical December Weather including average and record temperatures from AccuWeather. com Christmas Day 2018 weather forecast. Tue 25 Dec 2018. Will this year be a white Christmas? The last official white Christmas was in 2010, when snow was widespread across Northern Ireland, Scotland, parts of Wales, the Midlands, north-east and far south-west England.
NSW. Rain and thunderstorms forecast for Christmas in Sydney. With Christmas Day likely to be marred by a high chance of showers and the chance of an afternoon thunderstorm. In weather that. NSW Forecast Area Map. 2018 Australian Weather Calendar.
amazing weather across our magnificent landscape—and has made a favourite Christmas gift for more. Here is the weather forecast for Christmas Day. December 23rd 2017;. Mr Sharpe said the trough is expected to shift further north in NSW, increasing heat in Queensland, while storms will remain.
Light winds becoming northeasterly 15 to 20 km/h during the day. Wollongong weather forecast issued today at 3: 16 pm. Next forecast at approx. 4: 16 pm. 1-Day 3-Day 5-Day NSW Public Holidays - Get the official NSW Public Holiday Dates in NSW for 2017 and 2018 including Easter from the NSW Government. NSW Public Holidays - Get the official NSW Public Holiday Dates in NSW for 2017 and 2018 including Easter from the NSW Government. Skip to content.
Close. Christmas Day public holiday: Tuesday, 25 December. Get Sydney, Australia typical December Weather including average and record temperatures from AccuWeather. com. Christmas Day 2018 Available for bookings;. Pokolbin NSW 2320 Hunter Valley Australia. Weather Forecast. 14. Good weather predicted for at least the start of Christmas Day. Photo:. Fiona Morris" We should see hot temperatures during the day and into the afternoon, before big puffy clouds start to build.
Bureau Home > Australia > New South Wales > New South Wales Forecasts. overviews, 7-day forecasts and latest weather graphs. Commonwealth of Australia 2018.


In order to understand the significance (or lack thereof) of the effect we are having on the climate, it is helpful to look at pictures of climate past. Not surprisingly perspective makes a big difference in the story the pictures tell. And past performance is no guarantee of future results. I don’t think that the pictures below prove either way the effect of anthropogenic activity on climate; but they’ve all been entered as evidence into the debate. And there is a debate whether people on either side of the argument find that comfortable or not.
The graphs below are from the latest UN-sponsored IPCC study. The one immediately below clearly shows temperatures rising since 1850. There’s some debate about the methodology but the shape of this graph is generally accepted. Since the temperature increase dates from the beginning of the industrial age and the warming apparently accelerates as greenhouse gasses accumulate in the atmosphere (picture below this), it is used as strong evidence of cause and effect and projected into the future (which I’ll write about later).
For the next graph we widen our perspective to warming and cooling over the last two thousand years. Here we see that global temperature seems to oscillate and that it was really cold about 1700 and very warm around 900. We are now recovering from what is called the “Little Ice Age”. The green line, about which there is some debate, does show a noticeable spike now above any previous peak. This spike is often cited as evidence of anthropogenic warming.
But when scientists look at data they also look at the likely accuracy of the measurement. The graph below shows the same data as the graph above but shaded to show what range of possible actual temperatures the graphed line represents. All measurements are subject to some error and estimates from before anyone was directly measuring temperature even more so. It is highly likely that the pre-measurement data obscures any short-term peaks (but that doesn’t prove there were any). The graph below shows that, within the range of likely error, the current peak – even the disputed peak at the end – may not be a onetime event.
Now let’s look back 4500 years. It was much warmer than now about 100BC. There were certainly humans then and they had fire but they weren’t making any significant change to the atmosphere. The scientists who made this chart say: “We, Cliff Harris and Randy Mann, believe that the warming and even the cooling of global temperatures are the result of long-term climatic cycles, solar activity, sea-surface temperature patterns and more. However, Mankind’s activities of the burning of fossil fuels, massive deforestations, the replacing of grassy surfaces with asphalt and concrete, the ‘Urban Heat Island Effect,’ are making conditions worse and this will ultimately enhance the Earth’s warming process down the meteorological roadway in the next several decades.” After that they predict natural causes will take over again.
Finally if we look back to before there was life on earth, we see that temperature oscillations are the norm. The huge drop in CO2 (purple line) at the beginning is because of the emergence of photosynthesizing plants. In the couple of million years since our ancestors evolved from the primate pool, temperatures have been relatively stable at the low end of the historic range. But “relative” covers a lot of ground. 20,000 years ago Vermont was covered by a mile of ice and migration to North America was by land across the Bering Strait. Lots of warming and lots of rising seas since then.
So what should we make of all this “evidence”?
- We urgently need to better understand the causes of past climate change. No reason to think those same causes aren’t still at work. Could show, for example, that we’re in for extreme warming even with drastic reduction in the emission of greenhouse gasses. I hope government-funded research in the new administration will be on natural as well as anthropogenic causes. I don’t hope the research will stop; we do need to understand this.
- Looking at the last 160 years by itself can be misleading (doesn’t mean it leads to the wrong conclusion, though).
- Climate change is apparently chaotic; its graph a fractal. Small inputs can have huge effects and vice versa. Remember the butterfly wing in China that can cause a hurricane in the Florida. From a mathematical point of view, this means the linear extrapolations of the effects of increasing concentrations of greenhouse gasses in the UN report are suspect (but more on that later).
Other posts in the climate change series:


Needs, resources and climate change - Clean and efficient conversion technologies
Energy “powers” our life, and energy consumption correlates strongly with our standards of living. The developed world has become accustomed to cheap and plentiful supplies. Recently, more of the developing world populations are striving for the same, and taking steps towards securing their future energy needs. Competition over limited supplies of conventional fossil fuel resources is intensifying, and more challenging environmental problems are springing up, especially related to carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions.
There is strong evidence that atmospheric CO2 concentration is well correlated with the average global temperature. Moreover, model predictions indicate that the century-old observed trend of rising temperatures could accelerate as carbon dioxide concentration continues to rise. Given the potential danger of such a scenario, it is suggested that steps be taken to curb energy-related CO2 emissions through a number of technological solutions, which are to be implemented in a timely fashion. (...)


What about the atmospheric and oceanic oxygen content?
Which role does oxygen content play in our survival on planet Earth?
We will soon die at the lack of oxygen in the air, if not cease to burn petrol and oil, we enter the death zone of the human race!
Do you want to die from lack of oxygen in the air?
Level of Carbon Monoxide - Nivo Ugljen Monoksida
March 2000 until August 2012
Download a Quicktime animation of this dataset (6 MB)
Colorless, odorless, and poisonous, carbon monoxide is one of the six major air pollutants regulated in the United States and in many other nations around the world. When carbon-based fuels, such as coal, wood, and oil, burn incompletely or inefficiently, they produce carbon monoxide. The gas is spread by winds and circulation patterns throughout the lower atmosphere (called the troposphere).
These maps show monthly averages of global concentrations of tropospheric carbon monoxide at an altitude of about 12,000 feet. The data were collected by the MOPITT (Measurements Of Pollution In The Troposphere) sensor on NASA’s Terra satellite. Concentrations of carbon monoxide are expressed in parts per billion by volume (ppbv). A concentration of 1 ppbv means that for every billion molecules of gas in the measured volume, one of them is a carbon monoxide molecule. Yellow areas have little or no carbon monoxide, while progressively higher concentrations are shown in orange and red. Places where the sensor didn’t collect data, perhaps due to clouds, are gray.
In different parts of the world and in different seasons, the amounts and sources of atmospheric carbon monoxide change. In Africa, for example, the seasonal shifts in carbon monoxide are tied to the widespread agricultural burning that shifts north and south of the equator with the seasons. Fires are an important source of carbon monoxide pollution in other regions of the Southern Hemisphere, such as the Amazon and Southeast Asia.
In the United States, Europe, and eastern China, on the other hand, the highest carbon monoxide concentrations occur around urban areas as a result of vehicle and industrial emissions. Fires burning over large areas in North America and Russia in some years can be an important source. The MOPITT observations often show that pollution emitted on one continent can travel across oceans to have a big impact on air quality on other continents.
Carbon monoxide is a trace gas in the atmosphere, and it does not have a direct effect on the global temperature, like methane and carbon dioxide do. However, carbon monoxide plays a major role in atmospheric chemistry, and it affects the ability of the atmosphere to cleanse itself of many other polluting gases. In combination with other pollutants and sunshine, it also takes part in the formation of lower-atmospheric (“bad”) ozone and urban smog.
SEE HERE IN GOOGLE EARTH LEVEL OF CARBON MONOXIDE
Rudolf ( BOSCHNJAK ) Bosnjak
Prava kopiranja. Sva prava pridržana. Rudolf Bošnjak.
Copyright. All rights reserved. Rudolf Bosnjak.


On August 30, a storm was spotted off of the coast of the Atlantic Ocean. Based on the size of the storm’s development and information gathered such as speed wind and rotation, the storm was given an eighty-percent chance of developing into a tropical storm within 48 hours. According to a timeline on ABC News, the next day, the storm was named a tropical depression and carried winds that were up to 35 miles per hour. September 4 came along with winds up to 75 mph; that is faster than the legal PA speed limit. By night, it was considered a Category 2 hurricane, and winds increased to around 100 mph.
According to Coastal Living, a Category 2 hurricane has the ability to cause extensive damage to property. Wind speeds around 100 mph can ruin roofing, siding, and windows, even if they are protected. During a storm of this magnitude, there will also be damage to the structure of apartment buildings and buildings such as grocery stores. Along with damage due to the wind, there is flooding in some areas, and power outages can last up to a few days and maybe even weeks.
The next day, there was a message sent out, stating that the hurricane needed to be taken seriously; the hurricane went from a Category 3 to a Category 4. Winds reached 130 mph, which is faster than the speed of an average train. It went back to a Category 3 by nightfall. According to Coastal Living, during a Category 3 hurricane, the property damage is quite significant. Most mobile homes or poorly framed houses are destroyed; well-built homes receive a large amount of damage, as well. There can also be flooding inland, and power outages can last several weeks. During a Category 4 hurricane, damage to property is catastrophic, and there is extreme damage to the frames of homes and severe structural damage to shopping centers. In addition to homes and buildings being ripped apart, there are long-term power outages and water shortages up to a few months. There is only one category above this level: a Category 5. A Category 5 hurricane has winds over 155 mph and causes almost complete destruction of property, homes, and buildings. Most, if not all, of the trees in the area will be uprooted or snapped by the force of the wind. Power outages and water shortages can last for months. The area will be inhospitable for possibly months because of all of the destruction.
September 6 came, and the hurricane seemed to settle for the time being. At this point, it was considered a tropical storm. Although the storm settled on September 6, on September 10, it was back up and gaining energy. It was being considered a Category 3 hurricane, but as the day went on, it turned into a Category 4. Winds reached 140 mph. This day also came with a notice from President Trump, approving a declaration of emergency.
Evacuation was initiated and was highly recommended, although not everyone listened to this call. Evacuation is put in order to try to save lives; it will not save the belongings and property and anything left behind, and that is why some people don’t leave. Some people think about the materialistic things they are leaving behind, and that is enough for them to decide not to leave. Others think it will never happen to them, and then, it does. A hurricane is a natural disaster. There is no stopping it; whatever power it has built up, it will release all of it causing great damage. There are things people try to use to lessen the impact, such as sandbags to stop the flooding. Trying to block the severity of these storms is a lost cause. These storms are powerful, and when they are done, they take a decent amount of casualties, people, and land with them.
While the storm was approaching land on September 12, it was downgraded to a Category 2 hurricane. There was still an immense potential for damage. Although it was downgraded, the size was still massive. It was 500 miles in diameter; that is 120 miles wider than the farthest two parts of the state of Kentucky. Spreading outward from the storm were hurricane-strength winds that reached outward about 80 miles away from the outside of the storm. Reaching beyond those lines were tropical-storm-speed winds that spread to almost 200 miles from the outside of the hurricane. With this spread and the distance the hurricane itself covered, the majority of the coasts of North and South Carolina were being hit the worst. Then the storm worked its way to most of Virginia and parts of Kentucky, Tennessee, and West Virginia. Other states were also affected, but they did not receive anything as detrimental as these states have received.
According to the National Weather Service, at 7:15 am on September 14, the anticipation of Hurricane Florence’s arrival stopped as it first made landfall at a North Carolina beach. Upon landfall, it was downgraded to a Category 1 hurricane. After hurricanes reach land, they lose strength and all of the free movement that they had out in the ocean. Once they hit land, they are slowed down. The land acts like the breaks of a car for the storm until the energy is all lost, resulting in the end of the storm and leaving the land in destruction.
The destruction of Florence was felt on the first day of its hitting land. The hurricane killed seven people in those first 24 hours: two died from a tree falling on their house; one died from electrocution; another was picked up by the winds; a woman’s car was smashed by a tree, killing her; and swift water on roadways killed two others. That same night, the hurricane was downgraded to a tropical storm. On September 15, rainfall reached 40 inches; that does not include the additional flooding. Over a million people were left without power. According to ABC News, by the afternoon of September 16, the storm resulted in the deaths of fifteen people.
Hurricanes are natural disasters, and the effects of this storm will be felt well into the next month for some. For others, the memory of the storm will affect them for the rest of their lives.


Columbus’ evening forecast: Cloudy with snow showers after midnight. Low near 20F. Win ENE at 10 to 20 miles per hour. Snow probability 60%. Snow accumulations less than an inch. It could be a good day to bundle up indoors. Temperatures barely reach 22 even though it feels a lot colder at 12.7. We will see a low temperature of 12 degrees tomorrow. Tomorrow’s weather forecast shows a precipitation probability of 76%. Do not devote a lot of time to outdoor activities. The winds should be calm tomorrow, with winds reaching miles per hour and coming from the northeast. For more daily forecast information, see columbustelegram.com.


The weather on Taboga Island is considered a Tropical Maritime climate. This brings the delightful weather which Taboga Island is so famous for. Some people think that the weather is often hot with a long rainy season (like some other parts of Panama) but this is not true of Taboga Island.
Beacause the island is surrounded by the sea, this modifies temperatures on Isla Taboga. During the day, temperatures run around 83 degrees Fahrenheit (28 celsius) throughout the year. The evening average is 75 degrees (24 celsius). At times during the evenings, temperatures can drop to 70 degrees Fahrenheit (21 celsius).
Our guests at Cerrito Tropical enjoy the weather year round. Taboga receives the Trade Winds from the NE in winter and from the SE in summer. Sea breezes come off the coastline and up the mountain refreshing the island most of the day. Taboga does not get hurricanes, at times during a thunderstorm it gets high wind bursts.
Taboga has both a wet season and a dry season- although it rains much more (some 50% more) on Panama’s mainland than on Taboga Island. When it is pouring in Panama City, the residents of Taboga Island watch the rainfall but rarely get it. Regularly, black clouds can blow right past the island and not a drop of rain will fall. The rainy season begins in the month of May and ends around November (with a dry period around July-August) during which time it will rain for an hour or two a day cooling off the island; from time to time it may rain all night during the end of rainy season. From 15 December through April, the skies are clear and sunny. In fact during that period Taboga receives little to no rain.
The months of January through April are the busiest tourist months on Taboga. Visitors come from Panama and other countries come to Taboga to enjoy the 2 beaches as well as the clear, clean tropical waters and hike on the historic paths of the village of San Pedro.


Air is a mixture of different gases. Under normal environmental conditions the gases have an ideal behavior, i.e. each gas molecule can act independently from all others. Dalton’s law is valid :
The partial pressure p is defined as the pressure of a gas, if it would occupy alone the whole volume of the gas mixture.
Water in its gaseous phase (vapor) is also a component of air mixture. Under normal conditions it behaves like an ideal gas. With Dalton’s law p becomes:
Vapor Pressure Above Liquid
The concentration of water vapor in air is limited. There is a maximum partial pressure of vapor which depends on temperature. Air at high temperature can take more vapor than at low temperature.
This behavior can be explained as follows :
the molecules in a liquid are moving with different velocities (or energies) whereby the average
energy is proportional to the temperature of the liquid. With respect to energy, the water molecules show a statistical distribution as in Fig. 1. The molecules with energy lower than the binding energy of the liquid cannot leave the water surface. Those with higher energy can leave the water.
They evaporate and increase the vapor partial pressure in the air (Fig. 2). The opposite phenomenon happens with the water vapor molecules. Those with lower energy than the binding level of the liquid condensate on the water surface and decrease the vapor partial pressure in the air.
In a closed volume partly filled with water at temperature T (Fig.2) there is an equilibrium between evaporation and condensation. If there is a lack of water molecules in the moist region, more evaporation will occur and the vapor concentration will increase. In the opposite case more molecules will condense than evaporate and the vapor concentration will decrease.
The balance between evaporation and condensation leads to a vapor partial pressure (respectively concentration) which only depends on temperature.
A temperature rise will increase the energy of water molecules (Fig.1) and the balance will be shifted to higher vapor concentration. For equilibrium at temperature T the vapor concentration (or water partial pressure e or number of water molecules per m³) is the maximum concentration which can exist at this temperature and cannot be exceeded. A higher concentration would lead to condensation again and after a short time the old balance would be reached.
This vapor concentration is called saturated concentration or in terms of partial pressure
at temperature T.
The saturation pressure above water has an exponential dependence on T and is given in Tab.1.
Vapor Pressure Above Ice
Below 0.01 °C (triple point of water) water can exist in a liquid phase as well as in a solid phase (ice) whereby the liquid phase is not stable. For temperatures lower than 0.01 °C, in addition to vapor pressure above water there is also a vapor pressure above ice. (Tab 2.)
Consequently there are two saturation curves below 0.01 °C which are given in Fig.3 in a logarithmic scale. From -100 °C to 100 °C the saturation vapor pressure is changing over 8 orders of magnitude.
Fig.3 : Vapor saturation curves above ice and water. Below the triple point (0.01 °C) the curve splits into two graphs.
Real Gas Correction
Up to now water vapor has been regarded as ideal gas, i.e. water molecules act independently from each other in the air mixture.
In reality there is a small interaction between molecules which leads to a small increase of saturation vapor in air. This is described by an enhancement factor f(p,T).
For normal pressure the enhancement factor is to 1 and can be neglected. In this case, water vapor can be seen as an ideal gas.
Relative Humidity RH [%RH]
Tab.1 and Tab.2 give the values for saturation vapor pressure as a function of temperature. These values are maximum values and cannot be exceeded. Usually the partial vapor pressure is lower.
Mixing Ratio r [g/kg]
r is the mass of water to evaporate and mix with 1 kg dry air to perform a certain relative humidity or partial vapor pressure e.
Specific Enthalpy h [kJ/kg]
The enthalpy of 1 kg moist air with relative humidity RH and corresponding mixing ratio r at temperature T is the total energy you need
- to warm up dry air from 0 °C to T
- to evaporate the water (latent heat of water)
- to warm up the vapor from 0 °C up to T
The specific enthalpy is a relative quantity, i.e. only variations are of interest, not the absolute value. The variation of enthalpy is the measure of energy required to transform the moist air from one equilibrium state to another.
To warm up air from 20 °C to 25 °C and humidify the air from 40 %RH to 60 %RH 20.2 kJ/kg would be needed.
example 2 :
Warming up from 20 to 25 °C at constant relative humidity 40% requires only 10.3 kJ/kg.
example 3 :
Warming up from 20 to 25 °C at constant partial vapor pressure (i.e. e = const , r = const , Td = const), the relative humidity decreases from 40% to 29.5 %RH. This requires only 5.1 kJ/kg energy.
The Mollier diagram is a very useful tool to solve HVAC-problems graphically. It includes all humidity functions in one chart.
Fig. 4a : Mollier diagram: curves of constant relative humidity . The region below 100% (fog region) is not valid because condensation occurs.
Fig. 4b : Curves of constant enthalpy are added to Fig.4a . Also example 1 is included.


IPY Postdoctoral Position -- Environment Canada -- Toronto, Canada
PhD specializing in environmental chemistry or environmental/chemical engineering
Environment Canada is seeking a postdoctoral fellow for the IPY project "Intercontinental Atmospheric Transport of Anthropogenic Pollutants to the Arctic (INCATPA)." The position is located in Toronto, Canada, for the term April 2008-March 2010.
INCATPA will measure persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and mercury in air in the Canadian, Russian, and American Arctic, as well as at potential source regions in the Asian Pacific Region and in North America. From these measured results, the fellow will deduce where these chemicals have come from, how much from which region, and what climate conditions influence their movement to the Arctic. Data collected will be incorporated into environmental transport models to determine how future climate change will affect contaminant transport to the Arctic. The fellow will have the opportunity to collaborate with experts in both field measurements and transport modeling of atmospheric pollutants.
Applicants must have graduated or completed all requirements to graduate before April 2008 from a recognized university with a PhD specializing in environmental chemistry or environmental/chemical engineering. A background in meteorology pertaining to atmospheric pollutant transport will be an asset.
The successful candidate should be an expert in atmospheric contaminant transport and possess the following qualities:
- extensive experience in field measurements of trace levels of atmospheric pollutants, including POPs and/or mercury;
- comprehensive knowledge in the principles of atmospheric transport mechanisms, chemical properties and environmental behavior of POPs and mercury;
- ability to analyze atmospheric measurement data using statistical techniques for source identification, apportionment, and chemical profile fingerprinting;
- ability to communicate effectively in English, both orally and in writing;
- ability to present scientific results and prepare manuscripts for publication in internationally recognized journals, funding proposals, progress reports, and international conferences; and
- dependable, committed to research, motivated, can take initiative, able to meet deadlines, team player, and able to work independently.
Applicants should submit a 500-word summary of their PhD thesis and previous work experience, highlighting experience relevant to the above mentioned research; one copy of CV, and one copy of transcripts by Monday, 31 December 2007, to:


With past thirty day period coming in as one particular of the warmest Augusts ever observed, 2020 is even now likelier than not to be the warmest 12 months on record.
Gavin Schmidt, Director of the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Scientific studies, areas the recent odds at sixty three percent, but he also says that “if La Niña develops more, it’ll be a tossup.”
La Niña is characterized by cooler than typical sea area temperatures in the tropical Pacific, which are likely to depress world-wide normal temperatures.
For the record, NASA’s normal regular assessment areas past thirty day period as fourth warmest due to the fact 1880. In the meantime, the Nationwide Oceanic Atmospheric Administration today introduced that August was next warmest. Only August 2016 was warmer in NOAA’s estimation. The organizations use slightly diverse approaches in their independent analyses, from time to time major to fairly small discrepancies.
La Niña is Below
In the meantime, NOAA created it official past week: La Niña problems were being in fact existing in the tropical Pacific for the duration of August, “and there’s a 75 percent prospect they’ll hold all over as a result of the wintertime,” says NOAA’s Emily Becker.
You can get a hint of people problems in the map over demonstrating world-wide temperature anomalies for the thirty day period. Appear alongside the equator in the Pacific: The warmer than typical temperatures noticed in most other parts (with some notable exceptions) fade absent there, with some cooler than typical problems proper at the equator.
Here’s how sea area temperatures in the tropical Pacific diverse from the very long-phrase normal for the duration of much of the summer season. (Supply: NOAA Local climate Prediction Center)
The animation over features an even clearer photo of the cooling in the tropical Pacific. It shows how sea area temperatures have diverse from the very long-phrase normal week by week concerning late June and early September. All that blue shows you just how much cooling has transpired, which performed a main component in NOAA’s declaration of a La Niña.
La Niña (“the kid” in Spanish) is the opposite of El Niño (“the boy”), which is characterized by warmer sea area problems in the tropical Pacific. Each can have impacts on weather conditions much afield.
Typical place of the jet stream and usual temperature and precipitation impacts for the duration of a La Niña wintertime above North The us. (Credit rating: Map by Fiona Martin for NOAA Local climate.gov)
As the illustration over shows, we ought to count on La Niña to have an effect on the weather conditions in the United States in a number of strategies this coming wintertime.
The phenomenon normally does it “as a result of its impact on the Asia-North Pacific jet stream, which is retracted to the west for the duration of a La Niña wintertime and typically shifted northward of its normal place,” writes Becker at NOAA’s ENSO Blog. “Usually, La Niña winters in the southern tier of the U.S. are likely to be warmer and drier, when the northern tier and Canada are likely to be colder.”
About the next couple of months, the outlook is grim for much of the U.S. West — which has now been struggling from unusually heat and dry problems major to widespread drought and exacerbation of raging wildfires this summer season.
U.S. drought problems as of Sept. 8, 2020. (Credit rating: U.S. Drought Observe)
La Niña could aid in the northwestern section of the Decreased forty eight states. But the opposite is very likely to be legitimate across the southern portion of the location.
How Will 2020 Rank?
Bringing things whole circle, the adhering to graph over shows Gavin Schmidt’s recent prediction for how the world-wide local weather in 2020 will rank:
Below is the recent prediction from Gavin Schmidt of NASA for how 2020 will in the long run rank in terms of world-wide temperature. (Credit rating: Gavin Schmidt by means of Twitter)
The green dot shows the likeliest end result, and the green bar depicts uncertainty.
A person matter is now obvious: We’ve not noticed anything rather like the remarkable scope and ferocity of wildfires that have characterized so much of 2020 in the U.S. West, Siberia, and Australia previously in the 12 months. Heightened wildfire action like this has been connected by many scientific studies to human-prompted local weather alter.
And no make a difference how 2020 in the long run compares to earlier years, there is no dilemma that it will be one particular of the warmest years ever observed.


A cold, cloudy but largely dry day. Road surfaces will be close to or just below zero in the early evening to the north and east side of Oldham. Cloud will then thicken through the evening bringing some outbreaks of rain, sleet and snow, and milder temperatures. However they may be a period where precipitation will be falling on to frozen surfaces causing some patches of ice and temporary accumulations of snow. By midnight any wintry precipitation should have turned back to rain and road surface temperatures will have recovered back above zero, melting any snow and ice. It will become drier later in the night but remain rather cloudy, with some hill fog.
For a more detailed weather forecast go to http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/


Bangkok has launched a campaign to reduce air pollution, starting with the downtown Pathum Wan district. City Hall is using cutting-edge technology to help monitor air quality in real time, while providing clean energy transportation options for residents.
The Bangkok Metropolitan Administration (BMA) has joined hands with 21 public and private agencies to pilot the clean air campaign in Pathum Wan district, as part of the wider effort to curb air pollution.
City Hall adapted London’s Low Emission Zone concept for Bangkok by monitoring heavily polluting vehicles, providing clean energy transportation options, and implementing modern technologies to help tackle the issue.
As part of the campaign, City Hall and partner agencies will be developing an online BMA-BLEZ database to report vehicle emissions in the district, running electric bus lines with stops at major shopping malls and offices, and installing air quality sensors for PM 2.5 airborne particulate matter, with large displays providing real-time air quality readings.
The BMA hopes this cooperative move will yield concrete improvements to air quality through collective sharing of knowledge and making Bangkok a more liveable metropolis.


Temperate Cyclones (Mid Latitude Cyclone or Extra tropical ,RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SNOW EXTENT AND MID
The systems developing in the mid and high latitude (35° latitude and 65° latitude in both hemispheres), beyond the tropics are called the Temperate Cyclones or Extra Tropical Cyclones or Mid-Latitude Cyclones or Frontal Cyclones or Wave CyclonRELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SNOW EXTENT AND MID-LATITUDE CYCLONE CENTERS FROM NARR OBJECTIVELY DERIVED STORM POSITION AND SNOW COVER by Matthew Rydzik A thesis submitted in partial fulﬁllment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science (Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences) at the UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN
The Development of a Mid-Latitude Cyclone: Mid-Latitude cyclones are the result of interacting of the warm tropic and cold polar air at the polar front In their mature stage, mid-latitude cyclones have a warm front on the east side of the storm's center and a cold front to the west The cold front travels faster than the warm frontActually, a cyclone is another name for a hurricane so they are the same size 43 people found this useful What is bigger than a hurricane? Mid-latitude cyclones are sometimes wider than hurrican Share to: Are Cyclones stronger than Hurricanes? Cyclones are the same as hurrican.


In this paper, we study the relationship between pollution and military expenditure. A distinction is drawn between the indirect and direct impact of military expenditure on pollution which operates through the impact of military expenditure on income and the resultant impact of income on pollution. Using data of 120 countries covering the period 1980–2015, both indirect and direct effects of military expenditure on air pollution emissions are estimated. The results show that the military expenditure is estimated to have a positive direct effect on per capita emissions. Indirect effect is found to be positive, the total effect of military expenditure on emissions is positive.


Psychro Tools gives you a unique insight in your air treatment, air conditioning or any other psychrometric processes by simulating them using a climate file.
This app allows you defining psychrometric processes for different ambient air conditions and simulate them using climate data. While simulating, it calculates the capacities required to perform these processes. The reporting, both on screen and as pdf file, shows details about every psychrometric point in the processes, about all actions and processes and climate data.
To define a psychrometric process, you can use actions between two or more psychrometric points, depending on the kind of action:
- Saturate: cool air from a given psychrometric point to a saturation point at 100% relative humidity. By entering a sensible heat factor, the app calculate the resulting saturation point.
- Condensate: cools the air along the saturation line and dries it through condensation.
- Heat: heats air using a given capacity, up to a given temperature or to a given psychrometric point. For the first two options, the app calculates the target point.
- Cool: cools air using either a given capacity and sensible heat factor (SHF) or up to a given psychrometric point.
- Humidify: humidifies air through steam or water evaporation, using a given humidification amount or up to a given psychrometric point.
- Mix air: adiabatic mixing of air from two sources resulting a mixed air condition.
- Heat exchange: heat or cool ambient air using the exhausted room air. You can choose between a total heat exchanger and a sensible one.
There are also two specific actions:
- Fixed or dynamic psychrometric points. A calculated point is dynamic, but also an ambient air point, as its value changes during a simulation
- Thermostat: a conditional action deciding whether to use a cooling, a heating or ventilation process. It uses temperature and humidity limits to change the process in use.
You can now combine these actions into processes, which in turn define a project. Then you define a climate. The app contains climate parameters for all capital cities of the world, but you can adapt them for any location. Climate data define ambient air conditions for each hour of 365 days, giving a total of 8760 climate conditions.
During a simulation run these conditions are applied to the processes and visualized on a psychrometric diagram. At the same time, the app calculates capacities required to heat, cool or humidify, so that you get an overview of the yearly capacities needed to run these processes. An elaborate reporting function shows the process data, the climate data and the simulation results both on screen and on pdf.
In addition to these main functions, the PsychroTools app contains different smaller functions:
- Choose one of the diagram types (Psychrometrics or Mollier) and select the lines to display.
- You can select colors for the psychrometric diagram, the climate graphs and the report headers.
- Choose between metric or imperial unit dimensions, e.g. °C and °F or kW and BTU/h.
- You can define the parameters for heat exchangers.
- The app contains demo projects, which you can use as a template for more complex projects.
PsychroTools supports five languages (English, French, German, Spanish and Dutch) and detects the current light or dark theme settings on your computer, tablet or phone.
This app is available on
The Psychro Tools User manual explains the different functions in more detail. Please download it here


The Compendium on Carbon Capture provides a single document to compile a comprehensive history of the development and use of carbon capture technology in the oil and gas industry. We present the latest research results on improved oil recovery from CO2 capture and storage (CO2) technologies by carbon capture companies.
The success of this research will enable the development of carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies that can be applied to the existing fossil fuel fleet – fuelled plants by the carbon capture companies. These technologies can capture CO2 emitted from significant industrial sources to significantly reduce their emissions without drastically changing the production of oil, natural gas, coal, and other fossil fuels. In combination with BECCS technology (bioenergy – to – carbon capture – storage), CCS can generate harmful emissions by removing CO2 from the atmosphere. The necessary reduction methods are similar to those studied here, such as hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and biofuels, but are more efficient and cost-effective.
These technologies could mitigate climate change by removing emissions from existing fossil fuel production and even removing carbon from the atmosphere. CCS could play an essential role in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and enable the development of new energy sources such as biofuels, bioenergy, and renewable energy.
In Germany, structural, economic, and ecological aspects are considered the most critical factors in developing the technology for capturing and storing CO2. Carbon capture applications could be integrated into biomass systems, using coal and natural gas applications as examples. The article offers a comprehensive analysis of the feasibility of using biomass to generate electricity from power plants that capture Carbon Dioxide and store it in geological formations.
The Blue Planet process requires CO2 purification and enrichment, reducing the cost per unit of energy consumed for capture. Until now, the focus has been on the use and embedding of carbon, so-called carbon capture, use, and storage.
Studies have shown that, according to the US Department of Energy, there will be a lack of room for carbon capture and storage if climate change targets are not met by 2100. Releasing too much carbon into the atmosphere, rather than trying to capture it, is a significant obstacle to reversing global climate change, said Michael Berend, director of the Center for Climate and Energy Policy at the University of California, Berkeley. Even the best carbon capture technology will likely be useless if the world is not willing to place a premium on carbon.
The choice of carbon capture technology is quite relevant, and careful trading – off – must be considered. The IPCC estimated that the cost of electricity generation would increase through carbon capture and storage, depending on fuel, technology, and location. However, new coal-fired power plants could only meet this standard if they introduce carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology. Tax breaks are also likely to encourage retrofitting coal-fired power plants, as the US Energy Information Administration estimates the cost of separation.
Some capture technologies are already commercially implemented by carbon capture companies and deployed in the next few years. These include existing large-scale carbon capture projects and existing or potentially large-scale commercial carbon capture projects in Europe and the US.
Industrial processes that have demonstrated large-scale CO2 capture or are commercially operating include coal-fired power plants, nuclear power plants, coal mines, and coal ash basins. Accelerating carbon capture technologies is essential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from industrial processes such as coal mining, oil, and gas extraction, power plant combustion, and other industrial activities.
The widespread adoption of carbon capture technologies is crucial to keeping global temperatures well below 2 degrees Celsius. Carbon capture, use, and storage (CCUS), a critical technology needed to limit warming, is an integral part of the global strategy to mitigate and adapt to climate change


The Windtower that sits prominently in Masdar Institute’s central courtyard is a contemporary re-interpretation of the traditional Arabic wind tower that is so iconic across the Gulf region. Similar to the ‘barjeel’ of old, Masdar Institute’s Windtower has been designed to bring cooling breezes down to ground level. Rising 45m above the campus podium level, the Windtower is able to capture the cooler upper-level winds and direct them to the open-air public square at its base.
Sensors at the top of the steel structure operate high-level louvers to open in the direction of prevailing winds and to close in other directions to divert wind down the tower. A non-stick membrane carries the wind downward, while mist generators at the top add additional cooling to the air. Combinations of evaporative cooling and air movement techniques help to moderate perceived air temperatures, thereby improving personal comfort. Masdar Institute also uses the tower as a platform for its scientific instruments, including weather measuring equipment and air quality testing tools.


|Weather.com Doppler radar shows storms moving in (9 May 2012)|
It's delightfully stormy here today. After a rather dry couple of months—uncharacteristic of a Southern spring—we've had quite a bit of rainy weather over the last week. Thank goodness! The plants were already beginning to look droopy. Local lakes, which I watched refill with water during January and February, seemed to be slipping back down again. But I think they'll be all right after the inch or two of rain we've had lately.


Does El Nino mean more snow for the Alps?
El Nino appears to be a hot topic for the Tabloid Press at the moment. Depending on where you live there is a lot to be excited / scared about. Climatologists are predicting a monster El Nino this year, possibly the second biggest on record. But what exactly is El Nino and how does it affect the snow for this season in the French Alps?
El Nino is part of the ENSO cycle (El Nino-Southern Oscillation) which describes the fluctuations in temperature between the ocean and atmosphere in the Pacific Ocean. El Nino refers to the periodic warming of the sea surface temperature and how the atmosphere reacts. These warmer ocean temperatures have a knock on effect to the global climate. The other side of the coin is La Nina which describes the relationship between periodic cooling of the sea surface in the Pacific Ocean and the atmosphere. El Nino occurs every 2 – 7 years and La Nina not quite so often.
So should skiers keep an eye on El Nino as a snowfall predicter? In some parts of America the answer is yes. In the southern third of the United States El Nino generally results in higher than average snowfall. However in the northern third of the country El Nino tends to cause warmer temperatures and less snowfall. So for winter season 2015/16 there may be more snow in Californian resorts such as Squaw Valley and Northstar, but less snow in more northern resorts like Whistler and Aspen. This will be welcome news as winter 2014/15 was a bumper year in the north and a shocker in the south.
But what about the effect of El Nino on snowfall in the European Alps? Will this ‘monster’ El Nino determine this years snow in Morzine and Le Grand Massif? The short answer is no. There has never been a proven link between El Nino and snowfall in the Alps. The Met Office forecaster Tomasz Shafernaker says that sometimes El Nino can bring colder and drier weather to Europe in the winter and spring, however El Nino ‘never behaves in the same way twice, and this is just one of the elements at play.’ Other factors such as the North Atlantic Oscillation play arguably a bigger role, as do a large number of other variables.
So, it’s nice to see snow arriving so early in Avoriaz this season. But is it because of El Nino? Probably not.


This 97 per cent figure keeps turning up in discussions on climate science.
When a survey of all the climate scientists actively publishing on climate change found that 97 per cent agreed that climate change was caused by humans, skeptics argued that the population (79 climate scientists) was too low to be representative.
A follow-up study of 908 scientists who had published peer-reviewed climate papers found that 97 per cent agreed with anthropogenic climate change.
Then this analysis found that 97.1 per cent of 4,000 climate papers from the Web of Science, a database of peer-reviewed research only, displayed a tone agreeing with the consensus.
And then of the 1,200 of the scientists who wrote 2,000 of the climate papers from the website, 97.2 per cent expressly stated their papers endorsed the consensus.
A strong method to test consensus on scientific issues is to first obtain the consensus of the researchers themselves and then analyse their peer-reviewed papers.
When both investigations reveal the same number of agreement, there can be no debate.
However, surveys have shown other scientists are not so in favour of the concept of man-made global warming.
(Check out this report that only 36 per cent of geoscientists and engineers believe in climate change and that it is caused by humans.)
Additionally, there is a petition which is said to have been signed by 31,487 American scientists, including 9,029 with PhDs.
Interestingly, the largest represented scientific field in the petition (with just over 30 per cent) is signatories who come from an Engineering background, while the second largest field is Physics (especially Mechanical Engineering).
This is why climate sceptics and conservatives say there is no scientific consensus on anthropogenic climate change.
Perhaps the dissonance across different scientific areas provides an insight into the climate change debate that looks beyond the simple politics of the issue.
Maybe we are seeing the first ever full-scale cross-science conflict?


Tornadoes are always big news, because they are strong storms that we still don't understand very well. Because of their size, speed, and unpredictability, they can cause massive amounts of damage. Yesterday, an unusual tornado touched down in Kansas. Even in an area known for its frequent twisters, this week’s storm was strange in that it lasted on the ground for about 90 minutes, which is 10 times longer than usual. The twister traveled about 23 miles. Luckily, there were no deaths or injuries.


IMPAC2T is a Young Investigator’s Group funded by the FONA intiative of the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) in Germany. It is a joined project between DLR and Helmholtz Munich in close collaboration with local authorities and further associated partners. In IMPAC²T, our overarching mission is to deliver a profound scientific understanding of the trends and drivers of ambient air pollution and its impacts on human health and vegetation in a changing climate. This understanding will enable policy makers to discuss potential mitigation options for air pollution in a changing climate. Moreover, we will scientifically investigate specific mitigation options.
To tackle this challenge holistically, an interdisciplinary team will collaborate across the duration of the project and join their expert knowledge regarding chemistry climate interactions and epidemiology.
A key research focus of IMPAC²T are emissions from the transport sector (cars, trucks, ships, etc.), which affect air pollution, and thus human health and vegetation, as well as the climate.
Technological advancements and the energy transition in the transport sector (e.g. electrification) are likely reduce anthropogenic emissions in the future, but on the other hand the effects of climate change (higher air temperature, changing wind and precipitation patterns) might increase air pollution. Most importantly, interactions between changed air pollution and increased air temperature can affect human health strongly. A better understanding of these interactions will enable more effective air pollution and climate policies.
Geographically, the project will focus on West Africa and Europe, with a particular focus on Germany. These regions experience very different realities regarding their current and projected emissions, the effects of climate change, the type of crops and vegetation that can be affected by pollution. Therefore, we want to identify the potential differences in drivers of ambient air pollution between the regions to define effective mitigation policies.
In IMPAC²T the global-regional chemistry-climate model MECO(n) to will be employed to perform consistent air quality and climate projections at high resolution for Europe, Germany, and West Africa. These simulation results will be used to study trends of ambient air pollution, atmospheric temperature and their impacts on human health and vegetation.
For Germany we will perform a detailed epidemiological assessment based on the MECO(n) results and the NAKO cohort study with a focus on cardiovascular diseases.
We will work in close collaboration with local authorities to discuss and define potential mitigation option for the transport sector to reduce air pollution effects on human health and vegetation.


22 Sep What to Expect This Winter
Today, September 23rd, marks the first day of fall. As much as most of us don’t like to think about it, we all know what happens as the days start getting shorter and colder–winter!
For most of the U.S., last winter ushered in wide swaths of snow and bitterly cold temperatures. According to the Old Farmer’s Almanac, we should expect the same for the coming year. Many depend on the Almanac’s forecasts while others relegate them to myth status. Either way, it’s commonly believed that the Almanac provides accurate info approximately 80% of the time. Not good enough for you? Yep, that’s a pretty roomy margin for error, but wouldn’t you rather get a sneak peak of the possibilities than be totally clueless?
Almanac experts estimate weather patterns based on these criteria: “We employ three scientific disciplines to make our long-range predictions: solar science, the study of sunspots and other solar activity; climatology, the study of prevailing weather patterns; and meteorology, the study of the atmosphere.” Without further ado, here’s what to expect for the upcoming winter (kind of?).
Official 2016 Winter Outlook from the Farmer’s Almanac
The winter of 2015–2016 looks a lot like last winter, at least in terms of temperatures with unseasonably cold conditions over the Atlantic Seaboard, eastern portions of the Great Lakes, and the lower peninsula of Michigan, Ohio, Kentucky, most of the Tennessee and Mississippi Valley, as well as much of the Gulf Coast.
-New Englanders will once again experience a very nasty winter.
-Much of the central United States will see pretty standard winter temperatures. This includes the western and central Great Lakes, the upper peninsula of Michigan, Wisconsin, Indiana, Illinois, and most of the Great Plains.
-In these areas, nature will mix intervals of unseasonably mild temperatures with occasional shots of bitter cold.
-Texas and the other South Central States will see a cool to cold winter, but nothing too extreme.
-Farther west, over the Rockies, the Colorado Plateau, Pacific Northwest, and the Southwest States, milder than normal temperatures are expected.
-If you like snow, then you should head out to the northern and central Great Plains (most of the North Central States), the Great Lakes, New England, and parts of the Ohio Valley where snowier-than-normal conditions are forecast.
-Over the Northeast and Mid-Atlantic States, the winter will be stormy with a good amount of snow. We are “red-flagging” the second week of January and the second week of February for possible heavy winter weather with a long, drawn out spell of stormy weather extending through much of the first half of March.
-An active storm track will bring above-normal precipitation to the Southeast States, as well as the Mississippi Valley, Southern Great Plains, the Gulf Coast, and along the Atlantic Seaboard.
-Another area of above-normal precipitation (thanks to incoming storms from the Pacific) will cover much of the Pacific Northwest.
-Near-to-below normal winter precipitation will cover the rest of the country, which includes much of the drought-stricken areas in the Southwest.
Do you believe the Old Farmer’s Almanac? (If you read this far, you must take some stock in it.) Or will you wait til you hear the weather from the five-day forecast? The bottom line is, if we’re (at least 80%) correct–get ready for weather-related traffic delays.
It’s inevitable: Winter is coming, and we want you to learn how to stay safe before the first snowflake hits the ground. Check out this blog for info about traveling during snow season.Stay Warm!


Air Quality Issues - Daily Updates
Air Quality - https://www.purpleair.com/
Parents, the coaching staff is monitoring the Air Quality. Please use the link to https://www.purpleair.com/ to check the air quality. Shasta College just purchased a sensor so now we are getting accurate updates. Thank you, Shasta College.
Our guideline is if the air quality is above 150 AQI we will evaluate, if it’s 200 AQI we will cancel. Please make sure you activate your SMS on your account, so we can quickly notify you.
Thank you, Coach Mark


high energy, highly skilled Meteorologist to join our Weather team. We are looking for a Meteorologist who knows the science, but can tell a relatable weather story. Our next Meteorologist will be an accurate forecaster, convey an appropriate tone of urgency and authority in severe weather coverage, summarize complicated information, and stay cool under pressure. This meteorologist will be assigned to weekend weather anchoring and fill-in for weekday meteorologists.
- Give our viewers the weather forecast with accurate, compelling, and understandable weather storytelling and graphics.
- Will provide urgent, immediate weather information before and during severe weather events
- Will be able to simultaneously provide content on TV and on our digital platforms.
- Will utilize all the technology and tools available to us, including the WSI weather system, to tell an intriguing weather story
- Could be deployed in the field during weather events
- Gather news and information
- Summarize facts and clearly communicate content for broadcast
- In-depth knowledge of weather science and forecasting.
- Proven on-air experience in handling breaking news and severe weather coverage
- Dynamic and authoritative on-air presence with a conversational weather presentation
- Knowledgeable about how to interpret and translate high powered radar data
- Proficient in using WSI graphics and technology
- Excellent forecasting and on-air skills
- Strong organizational skills
- Ability to tell a compelling weather story
- Ability to use common television weather systems.
- Radar experience preferred
- Ability to do live field reporting on weather and other topics.
- Minimum Bachelor’s Degree in Meteorology or related field/equivalent experience


All of northern Utah faces risk from dust storms laced with arsenic and other chemicals from a shrinking Great Salt Lake, a scientist warned a panel of lawmakers on Tuesday night. “The dust is dangerous regardless of what it’s made out of if the concentrations are high enough,” said Dr. Kevin Perry, an atmospheric sciences professor at the University of Utah.
Dr. Perry has been researching the dust generated by the increasingly exposed lake bed. He met with the Utah State Legislature’s bipartisan Clean Air Caucus, which is looking into bills dealing with air quality as a result of the dramatically declining Great Salt Lake. More than 800 miles of lake bed is now exposed as a result of the lake’s record low. Research has shown it has arsenic, lithium, copper and other metals in it that are naturally occurring in portions of the lake. Where water has kept it covered, that is no longer the case and dust storms are increasingly blowing it into areas around northern Utah.


https://youtube.com/shorts/FLAVHDDX0K4?feature=share Watch the stream run down through the grass during this thunderstorm! Heavy rain, thunder and the bonus stream are elements I absolutely love! How about you???
I absolutely LOVE when I see a “SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WARNING” via The Weather Channel show up on my phone! I’ll often go sit on my patio and watch it roll in. In fact, for this one, multiple neighbors also came outside to enjoy Mother Nature’s show.
I absolutely LOVE when I see a “SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WARNING” via The Weather Channel show up on my phone! I’ll often go sit on my patio and watch it roll in. In fact, for this one, multiple neighbors also came outside to enjoy Mother Nature’s show. The one thing I’ll say, though, is my cameraContinue reading “Thunder, Lightning & Pouring Rain”
I filmed this a few weeks ago because I love a thunderstorm and heavy rain. I figured you’d also enjoy it.
April Fools’ Day came late this month! This morning there was heavy wet snow falling when just yesterday the temp was in the mid-50’s! It’s still here tonight! What the heck, Old Man Winter??? Excuse me as I run screaming from the room!
Earlier on Sunday, February 27, 2022, there were severe weather alerts for snow squalls. Definition of snow squall from Wikipedia : “A snowsquall, or snow squall, is a sudden moderately heavy snowfall with blowing snow and strong, gusty surface winds. It is often referred to as a whiteout and is similar to a blizzard butContinue reading “Snow Squall: Vermont Style!”
Today’s video includes not only the Oakley winter snowstorm from yesterday, but also the stupid driver who chose to drive so fast that his car’s back end fishtailed all over the place! I can only hope he got a ticket for driving like that. Winter snowstorm Oakley is expected to cover northern and central VermontContinue reading “WINTER SNOWSTORM OAKLEY IN VERMONT STUPID DRIVER EDITION!”
Winter snowstorm Oakley is expected to cover northern and central Vermont with 6-12″ of snow today. The winter storm warning is in effect until 10 pm. There is ICE beneath that snow! Be extra careful, if you need to go out. I fell HARD as I walked. And YES, I still hurt from my slip.
Snowstorm Landon dumped between 9 and 17 inches of snow on Vermont during Round 1 of its arrival. The Winter Storm Warning was extended on February 4, 2022 from 1 pm to 7 pm to give us another 1 to 3 inches of the white fluffy stuff. Oh the joy! And if that weren’t enough,Continue reading “SNOWSTORM LANDON: VERMONT STYLE!”
There is a severe thunderstorm warning in place here in Chittenden County, VT. I enjoy the sounds of rainstorms. Perhaps you do as well, https://youtu.be/Vp7nGgRDeOo…


I bring up this hypothetical because it reminds me of the global warming deniers who crow every time snow falls somewhere, thinking that it's the big win, the blizzard that will prove them right.
Honestly, I wish it were true, but it isn't.
THE Earth has just experienced its warmest December-February since records began 128 years ago, adding fire to global warming concerns.
A US government agency reported a record warm January worldwide pushed average temperatures to 0.72C above normal for the 20th Century.
The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) said it was the highest average temperature for the period since records began in 1880.


Top 10 Most Dangerous Places On The Earth
2. Verkhoyansk, Russia
Verkhoyansk is a town in Verkhoyansky District of the Sakha Republic, Russia, located on the Yana River near the Arctic Circle, 675 kilometers (419 mi) north of Yakutsk.
Verkhoyansk is notable chiefly for its exceptionally low winter temperatures and some of the greatest temperature differences on Earth between summer and winter. Average monthly temperatures range from −45.4 °C (−49.7 °F) in January to +16.5 °C (61.7 °F) in July. Mean monthly temperatures are below freezing from October through April and exceed +10 °C (50 °F) from June through August, with the intervening months of May and September constituting very short transitional seasons.


Dr. Célia Sapart
CO2 Value Europe
Célia holds a PhD in climate science and atmospheric physics and chemistry from the University of Utrecht, The Netherlands, a bachelor and master degrees in oceanography and paleoclimate from the University of Bordeaux, France and University of Alaska Fairbanks, USA, as well as a second master degree in climate sciences from the University of Norwich, UK. During her studies, she has acquired majors in scientific and media communication and taught courses on climate change communication at various universities. After 13 years of teaching and academic research on the topic of greenhouse gas emissions, budgets and monitoring, she is now leading the communication team of CVE, raising awareness on CCU solutions and coordinating the International Scientific Advisory Committee of the association. Over the last years, she has also coordinated the expert CCU-related review of the recently published 6th assessment report on Climate Mitigation of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).