Often the weather reports you see in a weather app are from stations miles away from your location. Consequently, there can be significant discrepancies in these reports compared to the actual conditions around you.
This is why you should consider a home weather station. The best home weather stations will do what smartphone apps cannot. They can also connect to the Internet, so you can monitor your weather conditions from anywhere and share your findings with other weather enthusiasts. A weather station can withstand the elements to provide many years of service.
Here is our standout pick as the best home weather station overall. Chosen for its affordability and performance advantage—we recommend the Ambient Weather WSC WiFi in-1 click here to check the price. Our team of editors independently research, test, and recommend the best products to help you navigate when shopping online. This post contains compensated links, and if you make a purchase using the links included, we may earn a commission.
To learn more, read our disclaimer. The Ambient Weather WSC Osprey provides the best value for money compared to any other personal weather station on the market right now. As a result, it is our number one recommendation. The WSB update added additional sensor support, and now the WSC has a new, user-friendly layout on the display console to make the wind information more prominent.
One indoor and one outdoor PM2. However, these sensors do not display on the console. Instead, the console acts as a hub to connect the sensors and display the data on the Ambient Weather Network. If you want to add additional sensors to your station and view the data directly on the console, take a look at our premium pick—the WS This solar-powered WiFi connectable station can measure wind speed, wind direction, rainfall, UV, solar radiation, barometric pressure, outdoor temperature and humidity, indoor temperature and humidity, dew point, heat index, wind chill, and more.
The wireless outdoor sensor transmits updated readings every 16 seconds to the LCD color display console, and it has a ft wireless range. Through either of these networks, you will be able to remotely view real-time and historical conditions from your phone, tablet, or computer. The weather station can also integrate with Google Assistant and Amazon Alexa, which means you can ask a compatible device e. There is also IFTTT compatibility to control other smart devices throughout your home with automatic triggers.
The Ambient Weather WSC is the perfect model for weather enthusiasts who need a reliable, user-friendly, and accurate weather station without breaking the bank. The WSC wowed us with its connectivity and value for money, and for these reasons, it still holds the top spot as our number one recommendation. However, for those looking for a premium yet affordable option that supports additional sensors, then the Ambient Weather WS is the station to buy.Weather station with a 7 colour LCD.
Displays temperature, wind speed, wind direction, wind chill, barometric pressure, and dew point transmitted wirelessly through indoor, outdoor sensors. Connects to WiFi to allow data upload to Wunderground to view data from anywhere in the world. A desktop weather station for temperature and humidity connected to an outdoor remote transmitter. With LCD display and amber backlight. Range of meters.
Comes with one XC sensor.
Weather station that transmits weather information wirelessly to display up to m. Davis Vantage Vue wireless weather station with data logger software package. Multi-colour weather station that displays wind speed, wind direction, wind chill, dew point, heat index, rain fall and barometric pressure.
Connected to a 5-in-1 outdoor sensor for round the clock weather monitoring. Can be connected to the output sensor up to meters. This Digital Rain Gauge with Temperature has a wireless self-emptying rain collector for measuring rainfall and temperature. The wireless rain collector sensor transmits data by using a low power radio frequency to the display main unit that can be located up to m away line of sight. The solar powered sensor suite for the Wireless Vantage Pro2 makes it easy for weather enthusiasts to track current conditions log weather data.
With 2 Year Extended Warranty! The TESA WS includes an indoor thermo-hygrometer in the console and can remotely read and update up to eight remote thermo-hygrometer sensors at the same with large digit display. WS includesone remote thermo-hygrometer and 7 additional sensors can be added for comprehensive monitoring.
Your one glance resource for the current temperature, barometric pressure, humidity and the current forecast. The Cabled Vantage Pro2 helps weather enthusiasts track current weather conditions and make accurate forecasts based on changes in barometric pressure. Connects up to m Range to a 5-in-1 outdoor sensor that combines anemometer, wind vane, rain gauge, temperature and humidity sensors.
Indoor display receives frequency wirelessly from outdoor temperature sensor. The C Colour Weather Forecast station with Temperature alerts from La Crosse Technology offers animated color forecasts with trends react to changing barometric pressure. Indoor comfort indicator can help achieve a comfortable and healthy living environment and may even save you heating costs. Animated color forecasts with trends react to changing barometric pressure.
It also features digital time and date with snooze alarm, moon phase, and has a wireless transmission range of over ft. The Netatmo rain gauge provides real-time readings of the amount of rainfall and accumulated precipitation data.
Track rain information precisely so you'll know when you need to water your plants. Durable and high-quality home weather station with indoor and out door modules and compatible with Android and Apple devices for real time data downloading and monitoring. Made from high quality plastic, the Netatmo Wind Gauge is durable enough to withstand UV rays, strong winds and hail.
The WeatherLink software and dongle for the VantagePro 2 and Vantage Vue weather stations allows weather enthusiasts to track, graph, store and share their recorded weather data. The BL is a complete weather station connected to your smartphone via Bluetooth wireless technology. It measures accurately wind speed, wind direction, temperature - wind chill heat index, Humidity - dewpoint and pressure - altitude QNH.
Measurements are stored and shared easily to most social media networks such as Facebook, Twitter or Instagram. C Remote Monitoring Weather Station features wind, rain, indoor and outdoor temperature and humidity data, daily high and low temperature records, dynamic forecast icons, and a new WIFI connected option, which will allow you to see all of your sensor data in our new La Crosse View app. The Vantage Pro2 console comes equipped with an integrated sensor suite and the WeatherLink for Vantage Pro2 software to make accurate weather forecasting and current conditions easily available to weather enthusiasts.
These products are compatible with your android and apple devices for real time data measurements and monitoring.If you want to brace yourselves for any weather disturbances, then getting yourselves the best weather station is a must. You can install a weather station in your house, office, and your backyard and the best ones let you connect your smart devices with the weather station. If you install one at your house, then you can get information about the local temperature, rainfall, humidity, wind speed, wind direction, and pressure.
The 7 Best Home Weather Stations – [2020 Reviews]
Alarms can be set for you to be aware when the extreme conditions are reached and when the values reach beyond the maximum limit. There are quite a different variety of weather stations available on the market but there are some parameters that you must keep in mind while looking for the best weather stations. The basic parameters of their configuration, features, and costs are the most important. The first thing you should be very clear about before you purchase is that the purpose of the weather station — where you will install it, and for what purpose you will use it.
The next factor is the kind of data that you want to measure. Best weather stations provide information on all kinds of data.
The connection type and distance should also be considered. Thus, decide on your purpose and get yourself the best one.
Some of them can also provide integrated soil moisture, water temperature, dew points, and video glimpses of the sky also. Still wondering if you need one of them or not when there are various news channels, websites, and apps that can do the same thing for you? Well none of them gives you the accurate and frequently updated weather reports about your local area.
Actually, a weather station gives you a close proximity to weather readings that suits your needs. But with the help of a weather station, they can significantly schedule their day as per the weather reports which not only saves money rather saves their life too.
The devices are battery backed up and can charge themselves with solar energy and come with the wireless feature as well. They can be also connected to the internet so that you can monitor your weather conditions from anywhere and share your findings with other enthusiasts. Depending on the features, durability, and efficiency there is a significant wide spectrum of prices to pick from. Advance features like information regarding lighting, UV and solar radiation can be fetched as well.
Style name — Single Display. The AcuRite Pro Color Weather station helps you to plan your day by giving you the weather forecast and temperature information. It uses the patented self-calibration technology to predict the weather conditions from 12 to 24 hours. It comes with a colored screen console decked with the latest features that makes it more technologically accurate in predicting the indoor and outdoor temperature and humidity, rainfall, wind speed, wind direction, wind chill, heat index, dew point, barometric pressure.
The sensor unit contains the 5-in-1 wireless technology that makes the weather station easy to install. Things We Like.
Things We Dislike. Final verdict. The AcuRite wireless weather station is of high quality and is durable and reliable. The product is decked with the latest technologies and systems that make the device pinpoint accurate and is very helpful for those who have to plan their activities outside on a regular basis.
This Ambient Weather weather system can monitor your home and backyard weather conditions with the latest technologies and comes with a brilliant, easy-to-use LCD display. It is capable of measuring the wind speed and direction, rainfall, outdoor and indoor temperature and humidity, solar radiation, UV, and barometric pressure, dew point, wind chill, and heat index.
It is can be connected to the weather underground website and the Osprey streams the real-time data updated every 16 seconds to this website. The Wi-Fi connectivity option enables you to manage and use your device from your laptop, tablet or mobile phones. With the Osprey Color display console and the Osprey sensor array, the forecasts made are highly accurate.Best Weather Station 2020 [RANKED] - Weather Stations Reviews
The product comes in a full-color display that will give you the temperature and humidity, along with the future weather prediction. It uses the latest technologies to give accurate information about the weather.The best home weather stations can provide you with the important data that you need such as temperature, pressure, humidity, wind speed, and much more.
The latest weather stations can be complex and it takes some research to understand which is right for your needs. Our reviews of the top rated weather stations with our comparison table and buyers guide to help you choose the right one for your needs. The station is equipped with the tools necessary to measure wind speed, wind direction, rainfall, outdoor temperature and humidity, solar radiation, dew point, wind chill, and heat index.
The Ambient weather station has been well reviewed for its looks and quality and is a reliable option that provides plenty of data to help you understand the local weather.
You can even export the data to spreadsheets if required, which is a nice touch for enthusiasts. With Alexa compatibility, a world of opportunity is opened for your smart home. This simply means that you can execute actions in certain circumstances. If no rain is forecast for a set period of time, for example, you can automatically trigger sprinklers on your lawn. This is everything that you need to get started to begin tracking the weather with accuracy and reliability.
The person weather station provides accurate readings for a range of weather conditions such as indoor and outdoor temperature, humidity, barometric pressure, wind speed and direction, dew point, and rainfall. While the wireless home weather station lacks the accessibility and data management capacities of the Ambient Weather model above, it does boast fast updates from the ISS to the console every 2. This digital backyard weather station places the emphasis on convenience and simplicity.
The large illuminated display has auto-dimming and clearly provides you with the key information that you need on a 12 to hour schedule. The sensor is simple and fast to install. Building on the previous AcuRite model, this is a more advanced personal WiFi weather station which is capable of accurately measuring five different weather conditions including rainfall, wind speed, wind direction, outdoor temperature, and humidity.
This means that rather than relying upon readings from news networks or the internet, meteorologists can now create their own personalized weather forecasts which are generated right from their back yard. Once the data is collected by the sophisticated weather station is can be analyzed and put to use via the AcuRite website or application. This allows the user to view their data from anywhere around the world and also set up programmable alerts and much more.
This Wi-Fi weather station is well reviewed for the accuracy of its readings and the rich set of features that it offers given the attractive price.
Offering an attractive blend of engineering, design, and functionality the system tracks temperature, humidity, rainfall, wind speed, and wind direction. All of this information is presented attractively on the large and high-quality screen. This makes for simple analysis to help you plan your day and any activities which are going to be affected by the weather.
Unlike many of the other models in this list, the temperature gauge is kept separately from the rest of the monitors. This improves its accuracy and gives the user flexibility when it comes to choosing where they place it to get the most accurate reading possible. The third AcuRite weather station in our list, the M model comes with a range of unique features. These features really place an emphasis on making the digital weather station a practical device which can shape your day-to-day decisions and keep you informed.
This emphasis on practicality is achieved through compatibility with up to seven AcuRead devices. Weather updates can also be shared with your friends and family, as well as popular online weather communities such as Underground. The package comes with one remote sensor as standard, though it can support readings from up to three at any one time.
This accurate sensor is capable of transmitting accurate temperature and humidity ratings do the attractive LCD display which is easy to read and can be operated via a touchscreen. The affordability of this product makes it a particularly attractive proposition, despite the fact that it pales in comparison to its competitors in terms of the readings that it can offer. There are countless brands and prices, so it can be difficult to get an accurate reading on which is the best option for you!People ask me why I started this blog.
I want to help you on your search to find the right weather station for your home; but sometimes, the best weather station for person A might not be so great for person B and vice versa. Either way, having a home weather station can help you stay safe and plan your days effectively. That is why want to help you choose one! Installing a weather station gives you first-hand information about your local temperature, humidity, rainfall, barometric pressure, wind speed, wind direction and more.
Furthermore, you can stay on top of important weather-related changes by setting automatic alerts. However, perhaps the most valuable part about owning a home weather station is that you can use it to predict the forecast without having to rely on delayed information from the news.
Unfortunately, choosing a weather station can be challenging because there are so many different products available out there. All the different features can get pretty overwhelming, especially for first time buyers, who often give up because they get confused. I will simplify the process of selecting the home weather station that best suits your individual needs. In addition to the following guide on weather stations for home use, this blog also contains numerous reviews on a variety of weather station models as well as information about the weather in general, so feel to click around.
This device is quite possibly the best professional weather station out there. Jam packed with customizable features that provide unparalleled performance, the Davis Vantage Pro2 is widely considered to be the most capable and reliable professional weather station available today.
As for transmission distance, this model has a massive range of up to 1, feet. Being at the forefront of weather monitoring technology, this home weather station is geared for weather buffs who know their stuff and require maximum accuracy and performance. Equipped with a range of premium features, this high quality unit it built for weather enthusiasts that require superior dependability, accuracy and capability.
With 1, feet of transmission distance, the Vantage Vue has a range of over 3 times more than your average weather station. It also updates every 2. The Vantage Vue would be a fine choice for a weather enthusiast looking for an entry-level pro device on a flexible budget. Perhaps the most popular model by Ambient Weather, the WS A has just right amount of features for anyone looking to take up weather monitoring as a hobby.
Ambient Weather is a trusted name in the industry that has been around for many years. In addition, it provides you with graphing capabilities and a number of other features that will keep you busy for a long time!
Due to the WS A's above average features and relatively modest price, it also makes a good everyday weather monitoring solution. Here, we have the signature home weather station by La Crosse Technology, a company that is known for producing decent and affordable devices.
Best Home Weather Station – 2020 – Reviews & Buying Guide
Although this weather station will probably not satisfy the more serious weather buffs out there, it certainly can do a lot without breaking the bank. It also has a few extras, like heat stress index, altitude, compass and pressure trend information. It would make a great addition to your home if you would like to stay informed about local weather conditions without requiring professional grade accuracy and advanced features.
This is the weather station for everyday planning and casual weather monitoring. Plus, it has a sleek design and sharp graphical forecasting icons, another quality that La Crosse Technology is known for. If you want a family-friendly weather station that is designed to fully integrate with your mobile devices, there is no better option than the Netatmo Weather Station.
This weather device consists of aluminum-encased indoor and outdoor modules that connect to your mobile device directly with Netatmo's proprietary app, so no additional console is needed for monitoring. The indoor module measures temperature, humidity and comfort level.
It also has a built-in CO2 sensor that alerts you went ventilation is needed, which is a safety feature that no other home weather station has. This smart weather station would make a great addition for a baby room because of this safety feature. As for the outdoor module, it provides real-time data about temperature, pressure and humidity; less than other weather stations, but enough for basic household use. Through the app, users can also enjoy historical data and graphs.
Although this weather station does not offer the same level of functionality as some other models, its unique design provides the perfect combination of simplicity, practicality and classiness for users who require basic information about indoor and outdoor conditions.
If you're searching for a reliable, accurate and portable weather station, the best solution is the Kestrel This unit packs a lot of punch for its size.What is the best weather station for home? A full-fledged weather station displays not only the temperature, humidity, and atmospheric pressure, but also the wind direction and speed, solar radiation as well as other data. However, if you do not need this amount of information, it would be wise not to pay the extra money for more expensive feature-packed models.
Cordless battery-powered options are more convenient to use, while weather-resistant models are best for outdoor use. Today, more and more people opt for smart-home devices, and choosing an Alexa-compatible model is a modern approach to your home improvement.
In the market for a weather station? The weather has long been regarded as the quintessential example of something unpredictable and random. In fact, in the early days of computing, one of the main goals of tracking multiple parallel values was in hopes to properly predict the weather five to ten days in advance. Once upon a time, the best weather readouts you could get were from the news, simple rain gauges, weather vanes, barometers, and thermometers.
Over time, more advanced equipment made it possible to track the weather digitally, and with the advent of smartphones and broadband computer connections, things changed. Apps and feeds could provide real-time feeds from meteorological stations, giving you a decent view of local weather over a large area. This is where home weather stations can come in handy, and thank goodness, there are plenty to choose from nowadays.
So, hop on and enjoy the ride! Digital weather stations have replaced the analog barometers, which used to predict the weather in a rather mediocre manner, taking into consideration only the atmospheric pressure indicators.
The weather stations consist of a framework that processes and displays all of the following relevant data from the corresponding sensors:. Invest in the cut-rate thermometers if you only need to measure temperature and humidity at home. The most primitive cut-rate items are only equipped with two built-in sensors of the temperature and humidity and will merely outline a general picture. If a weather station is equipped with a barometer; it is possible to get a forecast of hours. Such stations may have several temperatures and moisture sensors for monitoring the state of different rooms.
Many homeowners find this set of sensors to be sufficient for continuous monitoring of the room comfort level, as well as for forecasting the weather accurately for a few hours. Check out all the models. Go for the semi-professional weather stations to have the complete analysis of weather and the most precise weather forecast.Our editors independently research, test, and recommend the best products; you can learn more about our review process here.
We may receive commissions on purchases made from our chosen links. With extreme weather becoming increasingly common, tracking meteorological conditions is more important than ever.
However, you can always invest in a weather station, which is a specialized device that continuously tracks all kinds of weather-related data and transmits it to a connected console for further action if needed.
There are quite a few of them available in the market across all price pointsso choosing one can be a daunting task. Ambient Weather is one of those brands that command the industry alongside, perhaps, AcuRight.
The WS is just about the best home weather station on the market, and the specs bring that through. This in-1 station measures wind speed, wind direction, rainfall, outdoor temperature, outdoor humidity, solar radiation, and UV.
The outdoor sensors are top-of-the-line from a tech perspective, and the indoor controls are even compatible with Google Assistant and Alexa.
The 8 Best Home Weather Stations of 2020
If you're on the hunt for a reliable weather station that doesn't cost an arm and a leg, look no further than La Crosse Technology's CV3. It includes a digital console having a full color LCD screen that displays information in an intuitive and easy-to-understand way, complete with animated forecast icons and color-coded comfort level indicators. Capable of measuring temperature and humidity levels, the "TXH-BV2" sensor can transmit recorded weather data to the console wirelessly, up to a distance of feet.
Apart from temperature and humidity, the weather station can also display other information like heat index and dew point. You can also use it to set up customizable temperature alerts. Take a look at the best storm tracker apps worth checking out. Undeniably one of the most versatile weather stations available in the market, AcuRite's comes with a 5-in-1 sensor unit that can measure rainfall, wind speed, wind direction, humidity, and temperature.
Not only that, it fully supports forecasting for 12 to 24 hours. It ships pre-calibrated with all the necessary settings and is therefore quite easy to use. Simply install the sensor suite, sync it with the bundled digital console, and you're good to go. Speaking of the console, it features an illuminated color display with an auto-dimming backlight, and can receive weather data wirelessly from the sensor suite up to a distance of feet.
As for the sensor unit, it is powered by four AA batteries that can keep it up and running for up to two years.
Check out some of the best hurricane tracker apps you can use. The Davis Instruments weather stations are designed more for scale and function than they are for the hobbyist weather watcher. This particular unit supports home gardeners and full-fledged farmers in a variety of ways. First off, the tried and true accuracy Davis offers in all of their stations will ensure accurate humidity, precipitation and wind readings to expertly monitor growth conditions.
The outdoor sensor included in this pack is impressively rugged as it survives cyclic erosion from the elements, and all electronics are fully covered and sealed to protect from any unwanted moisture. That meter reads the standard humidity and temperature both indoor and outbarometric pressure, wind speed, wind direction and more.
But the integrated indoor panel display shows a unique amount of additional stats under each category that expand on the standard information gleaned from weather stations. Its wind speed measurement is ultra-accurate, catching measurements from 2 mph all the way up to mph. This is particularly important for larger gardens or farms when you want to measure the full spread of your field. In addition, Davis offers expandable units that let you add additional sensors that all connect to the same system, which means your weather system can expand with your farm.
More sensors are not necessarily better, though; rather it depends on what you plan to use your station for. The sensor unit consists of a thermometer, anemometer, and hygrometer, so it can measure things such as temperature, wind speed, humidity, pressure and more at a transmission range of up to feet.
It records daily, monthly and all-time highs and lows, and has a history chart of the past 12 hours. It displays all the data on a compact color display.
With a rechargeable lithium battery, this station can survive the cold after months of use. Equipped with a professional-grade rechargeable sensor, the ThermoPro will give you the most accurate temperature readings both inside and outside — comparable to more expensive models.
Using six highly sensitive vents to check the temperature and barometric pressure, the ThermoPro takes measurements every 50 seconds to keep your information up-to-date and accurate to the minute so that you can plan your day accordingly.
To be honest, a lot of home weather stations are clunky and unattractive.


Select the Global Warming Temperature Increase Calculator
How much warming does carbon dioxide itself contribute to the current surface temperature of the Earth?
We can calculate the CO2 flux density (F) at concentration C in the current atmosphere using the fundamental equation:F = 5.35 ln C.CO2 concentration reached 400 ppm on 11th May 2013 and therefore,ΔF = F = 32.05 W/m2. The surface temperature, Ts = 288.15oK (15oC) and from the equation above we have ΔT = 0.31 ΔF and
therefore,ΔT = 0.31 X 32.05 = 10oCWater vapour adds a further 75 W/m2 giving total ΔF = 107.05 W/m2. Surface temperature increase ΔT = 0.31 X 107.05 = 33oC. That is, CO2 and water vapour increase the surface temperature of the Earth by 33oC. Greenhouse gases, including CO2 and water vapour, keep the surface temperature about 33oC warmer than it would otherwise be.
The Earth is absorbing 0.5 Watts/m2, more than it is radiating to space. As we add more CO2 to the atmosphere this absorption increases. If we multiply this rate by the surface area of the Earth (5.100656 X 1014 m2) we find that the Earth is accumulating heat at a rate of 2.6 x 1014 Watts (or Joules per sec). Given the Hiroshima atomic bomb yielded an explosive energy of 6.3 x 1013 Joules, this is equivalent to four Hiroshima bombs of heat per second. Our climate in 2013 absorbed 126,227,704 such bombs in accumulated energy. Humans added a further 36 billion tons of CO2 in 2013 so the rate of heating increases each and every day.
Equation for Global Warming
Derivation and Application
Amazing carbon dioxide View
Why a small increase in carbon dioxide (CO2) content in the atmosphere makes a critical difference to the actual global surface temperature of the Earth.
Derivation of IPCC equation: ΔF = 5.35 ln (C/C0)
Equation gives the increase in heat flux density, ΔF (in Watts/m2) when CO2 concentration increases from C0 to C ppm.
Two distinctly different derivations are given:
2.1 Derivation One - uses an equation derived from the Heat Transfer Equation.
2.2 Derivation Two - mostly uses first principles and includes:
- Derivation of the basic equation: F = 5.35 ln C
- Setting of initial conditions giving: ΔF = 5.35 ln (C/C0)
- Calculation of CO2 flux density and comparison with the other non-condensing
greenhouse gases that maintain a temperature structure for the atmosphere.
Derivation of temperature increase equation: ΔT = 1.66 ln (C/C0)
Equation gives the temperature increase, ΔT (in oC) when CO2 concentration increases from C0 to C ppm.
Calculation of temperature increase for doubling CO2 content
Calculation of the temperature increase for instant doubling the atmosphericCO2 content when there is:
- feedback from a change in water vapour opacity due to a change intemperature.
Evaluation of the temperature increase for instant doubling the atmosphericCO2 content when all feedbacks are included.
Global warming and storms View
Why the strongest storms driven by latent heat will become more powerful as a result of Global Warming.
Global warming and extreme weather View
Why a small increase in global surface temperature can mean a large increase in extreme weather.
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List of the most intense tropical cyclones, hurricanes and typhoons
Google+ Conversation with Al Gore about combating climate change
World Meteorological Organisation - climate change
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Fundament Equation for Global Warming
Alternative Form of Fundamental Equation for Global Warming
Let us calculate the temperature increase for instant doubling the atmospheric CO2 content when there is no feedback.The average global surface temperature, Ts = 288.15oK (15oC). We calculate ΔT by setting C = 2 C0 in Temperature Increase Equation:
ΔT = 1.66 ln (C/C0) = 1.66 X 0.693 = 1.2oC
The increased surface temperature from the instant doubling of CO2 content allows an increased water vapour content by maintaining a constant relative humidity. The extra water vapour increases the overall absorption by water vapour itself raising the surface temperature further by about another 1.2oC. The total increase is about 3oC when all feedbacks are included. (More details in full PDF document)


- Course Number: ENGL 23
- Advisory Enrollment Information:
- Quarter: Winter 2024
In one sense, the climate crisis is being caused by a rise in atmospheric CO2 and other so-called greenhouse gases. Science can address this cause. However, approached in another way altogether, this crisis is being caused by a range of troubling human activities that require the release of these gases, such as our obsessions with endless consumer goods, cars, certain food, lavish houses, fast fashion, air travel, and a broad range of additional lifestyle choices. The natural sciences may be able to tell us how these activities are changing our climate, but not why we are engaging in them. That is a job for the humanities and social sciences.


Measuring Carbon Stocks Across Land Use Systems: A Manual
Kurniatun Hairiah, Sonya Dewi, Fahmuddin Agus, Sandra Velarde, Andree Ekadinata, Subekti Rahayu and Meine van Noordwijk
Date Published: 12/31/2010
The Manual is consistent with the Good Practice Guideline (GPG) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) that is to be used for national accounting of carbon stocks and greenhouse gas emissions. The GPG discusses the information, in terms of classification, area data, and sampling that are needed to estimate the carbon stocks and the emissions and removals of greenhouse gases associated with Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU) activities.
Download manual here
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UNIZIK JOURNAL OF BUSINESS 1(1) 2018 DOI: 10.36108/unizikjb/8102.10.0190
LEGAL REGULATIONS ON AIR POLLUTION CONTROL AND INDUSTRIALISATION IN NIGERIA
Jude O. Ezeanokwasa
Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka
Industrialization holds the prospects of a better economy for Nigeria. It provides employment and goods to the teaming population of the country and so combats poverty. These prospects are greatly threatened if air pollution associated with industrialization is not checked. Air pollution is the emission into the atmosphere of particulate matter and gases which have deleterious effects on human health, the ecosystem and the environment on which humankind depends. Air pollution causes among other things nasal, eye and airway irritation, and even lung and heart problems. Studies show that air pollution is currently responsible for more deaths in Africa than malnutrition or dirty water. A way out of the air pollution occasioned by industrialisation is to pursue industrialisation along the paths of air quality and pollution control regulations; or else industrialisation would be counterproductive. Thus, this paper appraises the legal regime for the control of air pollution in Nigeria. This covers the international legal instruments ratified by Nigeria as well as the municipal legislations and regulations on the subject. The finding is that though Nigeria has legislations and regulations on air pollution control, they are out of date and not in tune with developments in international environmental law. It recommends a review of these legislations and regulations. The methodology of the paper is doctrinal.
Keywords: air pollution control, industrialisation, Nigeria, legal framework,


Heavy rains lashed Chennai and several parts of Tamil Nadu on Thursday, inundating low-lying areas and disrupting normal life. The India Meteorological Department (IMD) has forecast more rains across the state in the next six days.
The rains, which began late Wednesday night, continued intermittently throughout Thursday. Several areas of Chennai, including Tambaram, Pallavaram, and Velachery, were waterlogged, while traffic was thrown out of gear.
The IMD has issued an orange alert for Chennai and several other districts of Tamil Nadu, warning of heavy to very heavy rains in the next six days. The department has also warned of thunderstorms and lightning activity.
The rains have been attributed to a low-pressure area over the Bay of Bengal. The system is expected to move northwestwards and intensify over the next few days.
The Tamil Nadu government has advised people to stay indoors and avoid venturing out into low-lying areas. The government has also deployed disaster relief teams to the affected areas.
The rains have brought some relief from the scorching heat that has been gripping the state in recent months. However, the heavy downpours have also caused some damage to property and infrastructure.
The IMD is closely monitoring the situation and will issue updates as and when necessary.


This post is called Us Temperature Map February. You can download all the image about home and design for free. Below are the image gallery of Us Temperature Map February, if you like the image or like this post please contribute with us to share this post to your social media or save this post in your device.
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Muscat: Northern towns and cities in Oman, such as Sohar, Seeb, Sur and Khasab have experienced the highest temperature rises in the country owing to global warming, an Omani researcher has said.
Yaseen Abdulrahman Al Sharaabi, the director of the Centre for Environmental Studies and Research at Sultan Qaboos University, added that the weakest impact in the country, due to global warming, was felt along the southern coastal region.
“The country’s climate has witnessed obvious changes over the past three decades, which is consistent with the conclusions of recent studies of the Arabian Peninsula and the neighbouring regions,” he said. “Between 1980 and 2013, meteorological stations throughout Oman showed evidence of warming.”
“The average annual temperatures have increased by about 0.4 degrees per decade,” added Al Sharaabi.
“This increase shows great variation across the country ranging from 0.1°C per decade around Salalah to about 1.1°C per decade for every decade all over Sur. There is also clear evidence that the highest temperatures in the Sultanate - the maximum and minimum - have increased over the past decades.”
Statistical studies show that the change in the average maximum temperature ranges from -0.6°C per decade around Sohar to about 1.2°C per decade, in the surroundings of Khasab.
The same studies also show that the change in the annual minimum temperature ranges from 0.2°C per decade around Seeq to about 1.7°C per decade in the vicinity of Sur.
In general, the average minimum temperature increased in all the governorates by about 0.5°C per decade.
There are also other noticeable trends that include a clear rise in the maximum temperature at night in all parts of the country, while the cases of high temperatures during the day were clearer in the north of the Sultanate.
Precipitation patterns have changed during the past three decades, but changes were much less severe than the changes in temperature. There is a large variation in rainfall from year to year and it witnessed high fluctuations during the ‘80s and ‘90s. Finally, rainfall, in general, witnessed a decrease between 1980 and 2013.
Al Sharaabi indicated, “The country’s future climate will be significantly different from its historical patterns. By the middle of the 21st century, annual averages of maximum temperatures overall will experience a significant increase regardless of the future climate pathway used. In the best case, maximum temperatures are expected to rise by at least 2°C along the southern coastal regions.”
“The worst case forecasts indicate an increase in maximum temperatures by 4°C in the interior and northern governorates, including Musandam,” he added. “It is expected that the eastern and south eastern coastal regions will witness the least change in the expected maximum temperatures. The maps also show that the maximum temperature will increase from the coastal eastern regions to the interior western regions throughout the country and across all representative concentration pathways.
He continued: “So, towards the end of the 21st century, annual maximum temperatures will continue to change dramatically. In the worst-case maximum temperatures are expected to increase by 1°C compared to their mid-21st century counterparts, exceeding historical levels by up to 5°C, for all the interior regions of Oman, as well as some coastal areas in the northern parts of the Sea of Oman and the western parts of the Arabian Sea.”
According to best-case scenarios, it is not expected that the maximum temperatures will increase in the late 21st century in most regions of the country. Rather, it is expected that some areas in Al Hajar Mountains, far north and near Ramlet Umm Al Hait in the western Dhofar Governorate will witness a decrease in temperatures of up to 0.5 degrees Celsius.
By the middle of the 21st century, annual averages of minimum temperatures overall will experience a significant increase regardless of the future climate pathway used, and in the best-case scenario, a minimum temperature increase of at least 2°C is projected for all southern coastal regions along the Arabian Sea, as well as the southern border of the Sea of Oman.
In a worst-case scenario, minimum temperatures are expected to rise by 1.5°C compared to mid-21st century levels - or a total of 5.5°C above the historical levels - in the northernmost regions of the Hajar Mountains. Most regions of the Sultanate will have an increase in minimum temperatures ranging between 0.5 and 1°C above the levels recorded for the middle of the 21st century.
In the best cases, the minimum temperatures are expected to decrease from the middle of the 21st century to the end of the 21st century for most regions of the Sultanate. It is even expected that some regions in the interior parts of the Sultanate will witness a decrease in the minimum temperature of up to 1.5°C.
“The change in the average annual precipitation shows different results in light of the expected climatic changes. In a best-case scenario, the change in annual precipitation is projected to be between 0 and 10 mm per year in most regions. In the worst case, average annual precipitation will decrease by up to 10 mm/year in most areas. Only areas near the southwestern and eastern coasts experience an additional 0 to 10 mm/yr change,” Prof Al Sharaabi stated.
By the late 21st century, average annual rainfall will have changed significantly across the country. Under the best-case scenario, average annual precipitation is expected to decrease at a rate of up to 10 mm per year in the interior regions, south of the Hajar Mountains, while the average annual precipitation remains the same as it was in the middle of the 21st century or a slight increase in the Hajar Mountains region.
As for the worst case, the average annual precipitation in most areas will decrease by up to 10 mm per year, compared to the levels of the middle of the 21st century, but in specific parts of the Dhofar Governorate, the average annual rainfall remains the same as it was in the middle of the 21st century. The average annual rainfall will remain the same as it was in the middle of the century.


Here is the question :
WHICH MOUNTAIN GETS THE MOST SNOW ON AVERAGE EVERY WINTER?
Here is the option for the question :
- Mount Everest, Nepal
- Mont Blanc, France
- Mount Rainier, Washington
- Mount Fidelity, Canada
And, the answer for the the question is :
[STC002139] Although mountains in other countries may be higher, the United States may confidently claim to have the snowiest mountains. Mount Rainier in Washington has the highest seasonal average of mountain snowfall in the world, with 671 inches (56 feet) of the white stuff per year, and a record of 1,122 inches (93 and a half feet) of snow in the winter of 1971 to 1972. The Washington Cascades receive an average of snowfall similar to that on a yearly basis, while adjacent Mount Baker holds the record for the greatest snowfall that has ever been recorded in the United States in a single season (a staggering 95 feet in 1998-1999).


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The effect is most commonly associated with a nuclear explosionbut any sufficiently energetic detonation or deflagration will produce the same effect. Some volcanic eruptions and impact events can produce natural mushroom clouds. Mushroom clouds result from the sudden formation of a large volume of lower-density gases at any altitude, causing a Rayleigh—Taylor instability.
Wrong Way - Arco - Deeper Side mass of gas plus entrained moist air eventually reaches an altitude where it is no longer of lower density than the surrounding air; at this point, it disperses, drifting back down see fallout. The stabilization altitude depends strongly on the profiles of the temperature, dew point, and wind shear in the air at and above the starting altitude.
Although the term appears to have been coined at the start You Are Like The Wind - Dee Clark - The Delectable Sound Of Dee Clark the s, mushroom clouds generated by explosions were being described centuries before the atomic era.
A contemporary Mushroom Cloud - Kick To Kill - Black Kisses by an unknown artist of the Franco-Spanish attack on Gibraltar shows one of the attacking force's floating batteries exploding with a mushroom cloud, after the British defenders set it ablaze by firing heated shot.
InGerhard Vieth published a detailed and illustrated account of a cloud in the neighborhood of Gotha that was "not unlike a mushroom in shape". The cloud had been observed by legation counselor Lichtenberg a few years earlier on a warm summer afternoon. It was interpreted as an irregular meteorological cloud and seemed to have caused a storm with rain and thunder from a new dark cloud that developed beneath it.
Lichtenberg stated to have later observed somewhat similar clouds, but Mushroom Cloud - Kick To Kill - Black Kisses as remarkable. The Halifax Explosion produced one.
The Times published a report on 1 October of a Japanese attack on Shanghai in China which generated "a great mushroom of smoke". During World War II, descriptions of mushroom clouds were relatively common.
The atomic bomb cloud over NagasakiJapan was described in The Times of London of 13 August as a "huge mushroom of smoke and dust". Laurencethe official newspaper correspondent of the Manhattan Projectwho accompanied one of the At The Mountains Of Madness - Listen Featuring Mel Martin - Listen Featuring Mel Martin aircraft that made the bombing run.
He wrote of the bomb producing a "pillar of purple fire", out of the top of which came "a giant mushroom that increased the height of the pillar to a total of 45, feet". Later inthe Operation Crossroads nuclear bomb tests were described as having a " cauliflower " cloud, but a reporter present also spoke of "the mushroom, now the common symbol of the atomic age ". Mushrooms have traditionally been associated both with life and death, food and poison, making them a more powerful symbolic connection than, say, the "cauliflower" cloud.
Mushroom clouds are formed by many sorts of large explosions under earth's gravity, but they are best known for their appearance after nuclear detonations. Mushroom Cloud - Kick To Kill - Black Kisses gravity, the explosive's by-product gases would remain spherical. Nuclear weapons are usually detonated above the ground not upon impact, because some of the energy would be dissipated by the ground motionsto maximize the effect of their spherically expanding fireball and blast wave.
Immediately after the detonation, the fireball begins to rise into the air, acting on the same principle as a hot-air balloon. One way to analyze the motion, once the hot gas has cleared the ground sufficiently, is as a 'spherical cap bubble',  as this gives agreement between the rate of rise and observed diameter. As it rises, a Rayleigh—Taylor instability is formed, and air is drawn upwards and into the cloud similar to the updraft of a chimneyproducing strong air currents known as " afterwinds ", while, inside the head of the cloud, the hot gases rotate in a toroidal shape.
When the detonation altitude is low enough, these afterwinds will draw in dirt and debris from the ground below to form the stem of the mushroom cloud.
After the mass of hot gases reaches its equilibrium levelthe ascent stops, and the cloud starts flattening to the characteristic mushroom shape, usually aided by surface growth due to the decaying turbulence. Nuclear detonations produced high above the ground might not create mushroom clouds with a stem. The heads of the clouds themselves consist of highly radioactive particles, primarily the fission products and other weapon debris aerosols, and are usually dispersed by the wind, though weather patterns especially rain can produce problematic nuclear fallout.
Detonations significantly below ground level or deep below the water for instance, nuclear depth charges also do not produce mushroom clouds, as the explosion causes the vaporization of a huge amount of earth and water in these instances, creating a bubble which then collapses in on itself; in the case of a less deep underground explosion, Heavy Crown - Iggy Azalea - Reclassified produces a subsidence crater.
Detonations underwater but near the surface produce a pillar of water, which, in collapsing, forms a cauliflower-like shape, which is easily mistaken for a mushroom cloud such as in the well-known pictures of the Crossroads Baker test. Underground detonations at low depth produce a mushroom cloud and a base surgetwo different distinct clouds.
The amount of radiation vented into the atmosphere decreases rapidly with increasing detonation depth. With surface and near-surface air bursts, the amount of debris lofted into the air decreases rapidly with increasing burst altitude. In contrast, megaton-range explosions tend to have most of their radioactivity in the lower third of the mushroom cloud. At the moment of the explosion, the fireball is formed. The ascending, roughly spherical mass of hot, incandescent gases changes shape due to atmospheric friction and cools its surface by energy radiation, turning from a sphere to a violently rotating spheroidal vortex.
A Rayleigh—Taylor instability is formed as the underneath cool air initially pushes the bottom fireball gases into an inverted cup shape.
This causes turbulence and a vortex that sucks more air into its center, creating external afterwinds and cooling itself. The speed of its rotating slows down as it cools, and may stop entirely during later phases. The vaporized parts of the weapon and ionized air cool into visible gases, forming the early cloud; the white-hot vortex core becomes yellow, then dark red, then loses visible incandescence.
With further cooling, the bulk of the cloud fills in as atmospheric moisture condenses. As the cloud ascends and cools, its buoyancy lessens, and its ascent slows. If the size of the fireball is comparable to the atmospheric density scale heightthe whole cloud rise will be ballisticovershooting a large volume of overdense air to greater altitudes than the final stabilization altitude.
Significantly smaller fireballs produce clouds with buoyancy-governed ascent. After reaching the tropopausethe bottom of the region of strong static stability, the cloud tends to slow its ascent and spread out.
If it contains sufficient energy, the central part of it may continue rising up into the stratosphere as an analog of a standard thunderstorm. Smaller-scale explosions penetrating the tropopause generate waves of higher frequency, classified as infrasound. The explosion raises a large amount of moisture-laden air from lower altitudes. As the air rises, its temperature drops, and its water vapour first condenses as water droplets, and later freezes as ice crystals.
The phase changes release latent heatheating the cloud and driving it to yet higher altitudes. I Want You To Know - Cliff Richard - Original Album Series (Box Set, Album, Album, Album, Album, Alb mushroom cloud undergoes several phases of formation.
The shape of the cloud is influenced by the local atmospheric conditions and wind patterns. The fallout distribution is predominantly a downwind plume. However, if the cloud reaches the tropopauseit may spread against the wind, because its convection speed is higher than the ambient wind speed. At the tropopause, the cloud shape is roughly circular and spread out. The initial color of Mushroom Cloud - Kick To Kill - Black Kisses radioactive clouds can be colored red or reddish-brown, due to presence of nitrogen dioxide and Mushroom Cloud - Kick To Kill - Black Kisses acidformed from initially ionized nitrogenoxygenand atmospheric moisture.
In the high-temperature, high-radiation environment of the blast, ozone is also formed. It is estimated that each megaton of yield produces about tons of nitrogen oxides.
The ozone gives the blast its characteristic corona discharge -like smell. The droplets of condensed water gradually evaporate, leading to the cloud's apparent disappearance. The radioactive particles, however, remain suspended in the air, and the now-invisible cloud continues depositing fallout along its path. The stem of the cloud is gray to brown in a groundburst, as large amounts of dust, dirt, soil, and debris are sucked into the mushroom cloud. Mushroom Cloud - Kick To Kill - Black Kisses produce white, steamy stems.
Groundbursts produce dark mushroom clouds, containing irradiated material from the ground in addition to the bomb and its casing, and therefore produce more radioactive fallout, with larger particles that readily deposit locally.
A higher-yield detonation can carry the nitrogen oxides from the burst high enough in atmosphere to cause significant depletion of the ozone layer. A double mushroom, with two levels, can be formed under certain conditions. For example, the Buster-Jangle Sugar shot formed the first head from the blast itself, followed by another one generated by the heat from the hot, freshly formed crater.
The fallout itself may appear as dry, ash-like flakes, or as particles too small to be visible; in the latter case, the particles are often deposited by rain. Large amounts of newer, more radioactive particles deposited on skin can cause beta burnsoften presenting as discolored spots and lesions on the backs of exposed animals.
The cloud contains three main classes of material: the remains of the weapon and its fission products, the material acquired from the ground only significant for burst altitudes below the fallout-reducing altitude, which depends on the weapon yieldand water vapour.
The bulk of the radiation contained in the cloud consists of the nuclear fission products ; neutron activation products from the weapon materials, air, and the ground debris form only a minor fraction. Neutron activation starts during the neutron burst at the instant of the blast itself, and the range of this neutron burst is limited by the absorption of the neutrons as they pass through the Earth's atmosphere. Most of the radiation is created by the fission products.
Thermonuclear weapons produce a significant part of their yield from nuclear fusion. Fusion products are typically non-radioactive. The degree of radiation fallout production is therefore measured in kilotons of fission. Were it to be detonated at or near the surface, its fallout would comprise fully one-quarter of all the fallout from every nuclear weapon test, combined. Initially, the fireball contains a highly ionized plasma consisting only of atoms of the weapon, its fission products, and atmospheric gases of adjacent air.
As the plasma cools, the atoms react, forming fine droplets and then solid particles of oxides. The particles coalesce to larger ones, and deposit on surface of other particles.
Larger particles usually originate from material aspired into the cloud. Particles aspired while the cloud is still hot enough to melt them mix with the Mushroom Cloud - Kick To Kill - Black Kisses products throughout their volume. Larger particles get molten radioactive materials deposited on their surface.
Particles aspired into the cloud later, when its temperature is low enough, do not become significantly contaminated. Particles formed only from the weapon itself are fine enough to stay airborne for a long time and become widely dispersed and diluted to non-hazardous levels. Higher-altitude blasts which do not aspire ground debris, or which aspire dust only after cooling enough and where the radioactive fraction of the particles is therefore small, cause much smaller degree All My Loving - Paul McCartney - Out There Osaka 1st localized fallout than lower-altitude blasts with larger radioactive particles formed.
The concentration of condensation products is the same for the small particles and for the deposited surface layers of larger particles. The volume, and therefore activity, of the small particles is almost three orders of magnitude lower than the volume of the deposited surface layers on larger particles.
For higher-altitude blasts, the primary Mushroom Cloud - Kick To Kill - Black Kisses forming processes are condensation and subsequent coagulation. For lower-altitude and ground blasts, with involvement of soil particles, the Mushroom Cloud - Kick To Kill - Black Kisses process is deposition on the Il Doppio Destino - Nistri* - Fiori Carones* - Nistri - Fiori Carones particles.
A low-altitude detonation produces a cloud with a dust loading of tons per megaton Snoops Upside Ya Head - Snoop Doggy Dogg* - Tha Doggfather yield.
A ground detonation produces clouds with about three times as much dust. For a ground detonation, approximately tons of soil per kiloton of yield is melted and comes in contact with radiation. The fireball volume is the same for a surface or an atmospheric detonation.
In the first case, the fireball is a hemisphere instead of a sphere, with a correspondingly larger radius. The particle sizes range from submicrometer- and micrometer-sized created by condensation of plasma in the fireballthrough 10— micrometers surface material agitated by the blast wave and raised by the afterwindsto millimeter and above crater ejecta.
The size of particles together with the altitude they are carried to, determines the length of their stay in the atmosphere, as larger particles are subject to dry precipitation. Smaller particles can be also scavenged by precipitationeither from the moisture condensing in the cloud itself or from the cloud intersecting with a rain cloud.
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April 28, 2015
Monday marks the beginning of National Air Quality Awareness Week. The Vermont Department of Environmental Conservation and the Vermont Chapter of the American Lung Association are partnering to encourage everyone to become more aware of their air.
This year Vermonters, particularly seniors, those with young children, or people with respiratory ailments, are encouraged to sign up for the EPA's air quality alerts through the EnviroFlash system. Subscribers receive an e-mail when decreased air quality is forecast, or can receive daily forecasts. There is also a companion smartphone app for Android and iPhone. Subscribe to EnviroFlash at http://www.enviroflash.info/.
Vermont's air quality is often considered to be among the best in the nation and a majority of our daily forecasts in 2014 rated air quality as "Good" throughout the state. However on 90 days, in certain locations, air quality was only "Moderate" or lower. And 3 days exceeded the national health standards making the air quality "Unhealthy for Sensitive Individuals."
"Vermonters are fortunate to enjoy good to excellent air quality for most of the year," said Agency of Natural Resources Secretary Deb Markowitz. "However, it shouldn't be taken for granted. This is a great week to recognize our good fortune, and to become more aware of conditions that can result in a decrease in our air quality."
Each day of Air Quality Awareness Week has an associated theme or activity. Monday is Reduce your Contribution to Air Pollution. Tuesday is Air Quality; Important at Every Age. Wednesday is Air Quality and Your Health. Thursday is Get Outside ... with the Air Quality Index, and the week ends with a focus on Traveler's Health.
For more information, visit the Air Quality Awareness Week website at http://www.epa.gov/airnow/airaware/. You can also find information through the American Lung Association, http://www.lung.org/healthy-air/, and the Vermont Air Quality and Climate Division, http://www.anr.state.vt.us/air/.
Contact: Rich Poirot, Air Quality and Climate Division; 802-272-3664; firstname.lastname@example.org
Source: Department of Environmental Conservation
Last Updated at: April 28, 2015 08:42:39


Salary for Atmospheric and Space Scientists
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SEE MORE SALARIES FOR SCIENCE AND PROFESSIONAL ENGINEERSUsing their knowledge of climate theory, mathematics, and physics, atmospheric and space scientists create complex computer models to study climate phenomena and provide meteorlogical predictions. The data they use to create these simulations is gathered using infrared, satellite imagery, radar, air and ground weather stations, maps and photographs. These scientists may study long-term processes such as climate change, or short-term phenomena such as daily weather patterns. They may conduct laboratory or computer-based experiments to study these phenomena, and many are expected to publish their findings in peer-reviewed literature. A Bachelor's degree is the minimum requirement for entrance into this profession.
A Atmospheric or Space Scientist gets an average compensation that can range from $52,350 and $153,150 depending on experience and talent. will most likely earn wages of one hundred thousand five hundred and fifty dollars per year.
obtain the most salary in District of Columbia, where they can get average wages of close to $132,340. People in this job function can make the highest salaries in Utilities, which has a compensation of $110,110.
The annual compensation for this career has gone up since 2004. Salaries have increased by an average of 41.59 percent nationwide in that time.
Atmospheric and Space Scientists tend to make the most in the following industries:
In general, they earn less within the industries below:


Dr. James Hansen (Director of Climate Science, Awareness and Solutions Program Earth Institute, Columbia University) and 18 co-authors just published an article – Ice melt, sea level rise and superstorms: evidence from paleoclimate data, climate modeling, and modern observations that 2 °C global warming could be dangerous – in the journal Atmospheric Chemistry & Physics. Their article is significant because not only does it raise the issues of superstorms and sea level rise that are associated with human forcing of climate change, but their research also suggests that current climate models do not adequately gauge the effects of ice melt runoff from the Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets. The video embeded below is done by Dr. Hansen and his co-authors and is a good abstract of their recent research findings.
Yesterday the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) released its latest Synthesis Report (SYR5) – a summary of the IPCC’s Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) on the state of knowledge on climate change. The big news with the SYR5’s release is the change in language used within the report – words like “unequivocable” and “clear” now replace the earlier usage of “probable” and “likely” when describing global warming and the role that human activity has played in the temperature increase. Text from the SYR5 underscores this major language shift:
“Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia. The atmosphere and ocean have warmed, the amounts of snow and ice have diminished, and sea level has risen.”
“Human influence on the climate system is clear, and recent anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases are the highest in history.”
The SYR5 summarizes IPCC’s three other major reports on various facets of climate change that were released in 2013-2014. These reports are all available from the IPCC website:
- Climate Change 2013 – The Physical Science Basis;
- Climate Change 2014 – Impacts, Adaptations, and Vulnerability; and
- Climate Change 2014 – Mitigation of Climate Change.
The Carbon Brief 11/2/2014 blog gives a listing and good, brief descriptions of what else is noteworthy in the SYR5. Here’s a quick recap on their list:
- Global warming continues unabated
- Human influence on warming is clear
- Ocean acidification, sea level rise, glacial ice decline
- IPCC’s new carbon budget
- Consequences of inaction – climate change impacts
- Low carbon transition – costs and savngs
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change‘s (IPCC) much awaited report, the Fifth Assessment Report (AR5), concludes that scientists are 95% certain that humans are the “dominant cause” of global warming since the 1950s. A policy makers’ summary for AR5, IPCC’s latest report on physical evidence for climate change, was released today. The full report will be released on September 30th.
As noted in IPCC’s 9.27.2013 press release on the AR5:
Human influence on the climate system is clear. This is evident in most regions of the globe, a new assessment by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) concludes.
It is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming
since the mid-20th century. The evidence for this has grown, thanks to more and better observations, an improved understanding of the climate system response and improved climate models.
Warming in the climate system is unequivocal and since 1950 many changes have been observed throughout the climate system that are unprecedented over decades to millennia. Each of the last three decades has been successively warmer at the Earth’s surface than any preceding decade since 1850, reports the Summary for Policymakers of the IPCC Working Group I
assessment report, Climate Change 2013: the Physical Science Basis, approved on Friday by member governments of the IPCC in Stockholm, Sweden.
“Observations of changes in the climate system are based on multiple lines of independent evidence. Our assessment of the science finds that the atmosphere and ocean have warmed, the amount of snow and ice has diminished, the global mean sea level has risen and the concentrations of greenhouse gases have increased,” said Qin Dahe, Co-Chair of IPCC Working Group I.
Thomas Stocker, the other Co-Chair of Working Group I said: “Continued emissions of greenhouse gases will cause further warming and changes in all components of the climate system. Limiting climate change will require substantial and sustained reductions of greenhouse gas emissions.”
“Global surface temperature change for the end of the 21st century is projected to be likely to exceed 1.5°C relative to 1850 to 1900 in all but the lowest scenario considered, and likely to exceed 2°C for the two high scenarios,” said Co-Chair Thomas Stocker. “Heat waves are very likely to occur
more frequently and last longer. As the Earth warms, we expect to see currently wet regions receiving more rainfall, and dry regions receiving less, although there will be exceptions,” he added.
Projections of climate change are based on a new set of four scenarios of future greenhouse gas concentrations and aerosols, spanning a wide range of possible futures. The Working Group I report assessed global and regional-scale climate change for the early, mid-, and later 21st century.
“As the ocean warms, and glaciers and ice sheets reduce, global mean sea level will continue to rise, but at a faster rate than we have experienced over the past 40 years,” said Co-Chair Qin Dahe. The report finds with high confidence that ocean warming dominates the increase in energy stored in the climate system, accounting for more than 90% of the energy accumulated between 1971 and


Frontline paddy rice emissions publication in ‘Soil Science & Plant Nutrition’ Journal
The Special Section ‘Frontline research in mitigating greenhouse gas emissions from paddy fields’, which contains 10 original papers, has been published online by the Soil Science and Plant Nutrition (SSPN), in association with the GRA’s Paddy Rice Group, Partners and Affiliates.
Paddy fields are recognized to be a major anthropogenic source of atmospheric methane (CH4), a potent greenhouse gas with a relatively short lifetime in the atmosphere. Like other biogenic sources, CH4 is produced by the activity of CH4-producing archaea, or methanogens, as one of the terminal products in the anaerobic food web in flooded soils. Due to the large amount of CH4 emitted globally from paddy fields, mitigation of emissions from this source is very important in order to stabilize its atmospheric concentration. In addition, because of the possibility of controlling these emissions by agronomic practices, such as management of water, fertilizer, and organic matter, paddy fields appear to be one of the most promising sources for mitigating CH4 emissions.
The mechanisms and factors controlling CH4 production in flooded soils were systematically elucidated almost 50 years ago, mainly by laboratory experiments. Field measurements of the emissions from paddy fields have been conducted at various locations of the world since the early 1980s. Compilation of these data provided the emission and scaling factors for CH4 from rice cultivation in the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. Trade-offs and synergies of mitigating CH4 emissions with N2O emissions or rice production have also been studied. As a result, an array of options that mitigate greenhouse gas emissions from paddy fields has now been proposed and demonstrated by field experiments.
However, there is a strong social need, as the next step of research advancement, to develop implementation strategies for extending the options successfully to local farmers and communities. Because the systems of rice cultivation are widely diverse depending on climate, social, and economic conditions, the options often need to be developed in accordance with those regional conditions. Also, it is necessary to improve the sharing of knowledge of the mitigation options among researchers and other stakeholders, such as policy makers and land users, in different regions of the world. These endeavors are particularly crucial to set up nationally appropriate mitigation actions for rice producing countries, in order to undertake ambitious efforts to combat climate change and meet the 2016 Paris Agreement on Climate Change.
This special section, ‘Frontline research in mitigating greenhouse gas emissions from paddy fields’, has been proposed to address the current research needs. Research papers on the issue were collected through the framework of the Paddy Rice Research Group of the Global Research Alliance on Agricultural Greenhouse Gases (GRA).


Forecast from FOX6 Meteorologist Tom Wachs
Mostly cloudy overnight with temperatures holding in the 40s.
Mostly cloudy, windy and warmer on Friday with highs in the middle 60s.
The warmest day of the weekend will be Saturday with highs in the middle 60s along with a chance for showers.
Cooler, but dry on Sunday with highs in the upper 50s. Partly sunny, windy and warmer on Monday with highs in the upper 60s.
Tonight: Mostly cloudy.
Low: 44°…Read More


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Top Rated Breakfast Restaurants In Fort Woth Blue Mesa Grill – so many options, such a great price.. We will make sure your party for 100 or quick lunch for your office of 10 comes. Private rooms at the restaurant are set up for your business or social event.. terraces with views of downtown Fort Worth.
Fort Worth Weather | Weather Averages, Fort Worth Forecast – WEATHER. Just like our balance of Cowboys and Culture, the city offers an ideal balance of warm and cool climate: 230+ days of sunshine a year, just enough rain to keep things green, occasional light snows for picture-perfect winter memories and warm summer months for outdoor fun. Weather in Fort Worth can range from the:
DFW Weather – Climatology – Dallas/Fort Worth is located approximately at 32.89 north latitude and -97.05 west longitude, about 251 miles north of the Gulf of Mexico. The Metroplex, as it is sometimes referred, is located in the upper Coastal Plain at an elevation of about 587 feet above sea level.


Nor’easter “Stella” Blankets Livingston in Snow
A fierce and fast-moving nor’easter dubbed “Stella” by weather forecasters dumped about a foot of snow on Livingston on Tuesday, March 14. The storm hit New Jersey, dropping up to 20 inches in some parts of the state, before heading north to ravage New England.
“This was a nasty storm,” said Mike Anello, Livingston’s superintendent of Public Works. “What killed us was the ice.” The storm had been predicted to drop some 18 to 24 inches of snow on the area; however, a three-to-four hour period of sleet kept the snow totals down while creating an extreme ice hazard.
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Gordon Sloshes Ashore, Drenching Floridagreenspun.com : LUSENET : TB2K spinoff uncensored : One Thread
Sunday September 17 9:19 PM ET
Gordon Sloshes Ashore, Drenching Florida
By Jim Loney
MIAMI (Reuters) - Weak and wet, Tropical Storm Gordon slogged ashore in a sparsely populated area of northwest Florida on Sunday, drenching the state with torrential rains and a powerful storm surge that flooded low-lying coastal areas.
Gordon, a hurricane for much of the day as it hurtled across the Gulf of Mexico toward landfall on Florida's Gulf Coast, lost some steam as the leading edge of its eye crossed the coast at the ``Big Bend,'' where 280,000 people were ordered to evacuate.
The storm was expected to weaken further as it moved over north Florida on a track that will take it along the coasts of Georgia and both South and North Carolina during the next two days.
``It's pretty beat up. It should be winding down as it moves ashore,'' National Hurricane Center storm specialist Stacy Stewart said. Gordon lashed Florida with 70 mph winds and up to eight inches of rain in some areas. State emergency managers said flooding was reported in low-lying coastal areas from Fort Myers to Cedar Key, about 100 miles (160 km) north of Tampa, where the eye went ashore.
It threatened to do its worst at flood-prone Cedar Key, a resort off Florida's west coast that is no stranger to hurricanes. Residents shuttered and boarded up many of the town's rustic 1920s-era wood buildings along the waterfront before moving to higher ground.
``Ain't no people around here. Everybody's left,'' one businessman told reporters as he put the final touches on his storm preparations.
Officials warned that flooding from the storm surge and rain remained a big threat and Gordon could also spawn tornadoes. But other damage could be minimal, they said.
``At the present we do not have any reports of deaths or injuries,'' said David Bruns, a spokesman for the Florida Emergency Management center.
Gordon played havoc across Florida on Sunday. Wind, rain and battering waves lashed the Gulf Coast, inundating the Tampa Bay area, one of the state's major population centers. Some flights to Tampa's international airport were canceled and the Tampa Bay Devil Rays-Oakland As baseball game was postponed. The storm dropped eight inches of rain between Lake Okeechobee and Fort Myers in south Florida. Its tail spawned at least one tornado in the suburbs of Fort Lauderdale, ripping roofs off some mobile homes, but populous Miami was largely spared.
The state was on full alert as Gordon marched across the gulf as a hurricane with 75 mph winds. National Guard troops and emergency teams were primed for action. At Cape Canaveral on the Atlantic coast, the Kennedy Space Center also battened down in case the storm turned in that direction.
Heart Of Storm Hit Wildlife Refuge
The heart of the storm struck at Cedar Key, a wildlife refuge near the mouth of the Suwannee River, tucked into the coastline's so-called ``Big Bend.'' The mainland in that area, about 60 miles (100 km) southeast of Gainesville, is largely mangrove swamps and small villages.
About 280,000 people were given mandatory evacuation orders from Citrus, Taylor, Hernando, Levy and Franklin counties, the State Emergency Operations Center said. Voluntary evacuations were advised in Pinellas, Sarasota, Hillsborough, Manatee and Dixie counties. Thirty emergency shelters were open and hundreds of people took advantage of them. At 8 p.m. EDT Gordon was plowing northeast at 13 mph, packing winds of 70 mph . Although the front edge of the eye had crossed the coast, its center was about 25 miles (40 km) west-southwest of Cedar Key at latitude 29 north and longitude 83.4 west.
On the Gulf Coast, a tropical storm warning was in effect from Anna Maria Island, near St. Petersburg, to the Indian Pass in the Florida Panhandle.
On the Atlantic coast, a tropical storm warning was in effect from Titusville, Florida, through Georgia to Little River Inlet, South Carolina. A tropical storm watch was in effect from Little River Inlet north to the North Carolina-Virginia border.
The Kennedy Space Center at Cape Canaveral was on alert although Gordon was passing north of the facility. NASA decided to leave space shuttle Discovery on the launch pad rather than roll it back to a hangar, a move that would almost certainly delay its Oct. 5 launch.
Rains from Gordon already have caused death and mayhem in Guatemala, where 19 people were killed and more than 50 hurt in recent days. Hundreds of people in the Central American country fled their homes for fear of flooding and landslides.
Gordon is the seventh named storm of the Atlantic storm season. In 1994, another Tropical Storm Gordon triggered landslides that killed about 400 people in Haiti as it steamed through the Caribbean, then killed four in Florida.
-- (firstname.lastname@example.org), September 17, 2000


After 1815 there was increasing interest in exploration of the polar regions, and scientists also felt a growing need for international collaboration in fields studying global phenomena, such as in meteorology and geomagnetism. By 1880 it was realized that regular series of observations in the polar areas might be of more value for science than sporadic results from brief expeditions. This led to the first International Polar Year 1882-83, during which much effort was spent on establishing research stations in the Arctic. No stations were set up in Iceland at this time. In the next few decades, however, many meteorologists in Europe turned their attention to the Iceland region as an important "center of action" in the generation of Europe's weather, and meteorological expeditions were sent to Iceland and Greenland.
By 1930, regular trans-Atlantic air communications via Iceland were becoming an attractive possibility and were a prime reason behind the organizing of a new Polar Year effort half a century after the first one.
In the Second International Polar Year, a field station was erected at 820 m altitude near the Snæfellsjökull glacier in Western Iceland by Danish and Swiss institutions in collaboration with the Icelandic Meteorological Office. The station was in operation for 10 months, collecting meteorological and other geophysical data as well as running a short-wave radio transmitter.
Also in 1923-33, Dutch meteorologists collected valuable data on atmospheric conditions over Reykjavik by two biplanes and balloon observations. German scientists made extensive meteorological and oceanographic observations in the Iceland area, in close connection with the 1932-33 Polar Year activities. Additionally, geomagnetic variations were recorded by Th. Thorkelsson in Reykjavik for a while at this time, but a permanent magnetic observatory was not set up in Iceland until 1957.


The cold front is just off the coast this morning and will continue to slowly press eastward through the day. Showers will linger over the Bronx through at least the start of the game, however the heaviest rain is now over. There may be a delay, but this game will be played. Strong high pressure from the Great Lakes will build in through the rest of the afternoon with clearing conditions. Winds will be from the northwest around 10 to 20 mph with gusts to 35 mph. This wind will blow fly balls out towards center and left field. Temperatures through the game will range from 64 to 66 degrees.Can we make it 3 thrillers in a row? For everyone heading out to the game. we hope so!
Sunday, May 17, 2009
We're about to start out trek back to the city from the lovely town of Oneonta, NY. While we're driving and enjoying the lovely baritone voice of John Sterling, here is the game day weather forecast, courtesy of Steve from NYNJPAWeather.com:
Weather Update for May 17, Yankees vs. Twins - Showery Beginning
rain Yankees|Weather for Yankees vs Twins May 17|weather impact on upcoming game|
SEO By Profit By Search India


SpaceX Launches Ocean-Monitoring Satellite Into OrbitCBS LocalLiftoff from Vandenberg Air Force Base, northwest of Los Angeles, occurred as planned at 10:42 a.m. PST Sunday under mostly cloudy skies. As the current El Nino in the eastern Pacific has strengthened, Jason-3 has been stuck on the ground. Jason-3’s …US-European ocean-monitoring satellite set to launch near Los […]
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WEEKEND WEATHER: Temps in 70s, Isolated Thunderstorms – Patch.com - Patch.comOn Friday, unseasonably warm high temps between 65 and 74 degrees are in the forecast for the Chicago area. It’s also expected to be windy on Frid...
57 minutes ago


Airy Pure ismission to Get Rid of dirty air. Millions of people live in area where the air quality dose not meet standards. Heavy Industries, Passenger vehicles and heavy-duty trucks are the main sources of this pollution, which includes ozone, particulate matter, and other smog-forming emissions. The health risks of air pollution are extremely serious. Poor air quality increases respiratory ailments like asthma and bronchitis, heightens the risk of life-threatening conditions like cancer, and burdens our health care system with substantial medical costs. Particulate matter is singlehandedly responsible for up to 30,000 premature deaths each year. Passenger vehicles are a major pollution contributor, producing significant amounts of nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, and other pollution. In 2013, transportation contributed more than half of the carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides, and almost a quarter of the hydrocarbons emitted into our air.
Air quality has a strong bearing on India’s ability to sustain high economic growth, but national policy has treated the issue with scant importance. This is evident even from the meagre data on pollution for a handful of cities generated by the ambient air quality measurement programme"


Written by By Matt Chaban, CNN
The UK is set to freeze for several days of gale-force winds, heavy snow and harsh weather that will also put plans to launch the Winter Olympics in jeopardy.
Late last week, heavy snow in some parts of England and Wales prompted police to issue warnings about road travel, while an elderly couple was forced to abandon their car after being unable to walk.
Snow flurries are forecast for most of the country on Tuesday and Wednesday, with nearly five inches expected in some rural areas, while Wednesday could see the highest totals of 12 inches in the north and east of the country.
Forecasters are warning of severe winter weather across the country, including widespread rain and wintry showers.
This week, the Met Office issued severe weather warnings for ice over large parts of the country, with cold wind making it feel even colder.
It could be the coldest spell of weather on record for December in the North East of England, and for Wednesday – Friday as cold air sweeps in from the North Pole.
Meanwhile a strong low pressure system is barreling across the South Pole, bringing snow and freezing rain to southern parts of the UK.
A separate Weather Channel forecast predicts up to 20 cm of snowfall could fall on Monday and Tuesday across southern parts of England and Wales.


Researcher, Kyoto University
Board Member, S4W-Nepal
The word “Monsoon” comes from the Arabic word “mausim” which translates directly to ‘season’ in English. The monsoon season in Nepal and other parts of Central and Southeast Asia is characterized by a large seasonal shift in wind flow and direction accompanied by a dramatic increase in precipitation. Monsoon can be both boon and bane for inhabitants of this region. Extreme (heavy) precipitation during the monsoon season often results in major water-induced hazards such as floods, landslides, and debris flow. However, the monsoon season is equally important for agriculture and the economy. Lower than average monsoon precipitation, or even simply a later than average start date to the monsoon season, can have a disastrous impact on the nearly 3/4th of the population in Nepal that is dependent on agriculture. The nature of the monsoon precipitation – its amount, temporal variability, intensity, frequency of occurrence, and spatial variation is a major factor affecting agricultural potential. In Nepal between 1968 and the present, the average start and end dates for the summer monsoon are June 10th and September 23rd, respectively. Figure 1 shows the start and end dates, and average duration, during this period.
The country receives more than 80% of its annual precipitation during the monsoon season (Shrestha, 2000). Rice is a major food staple in Nepal. The planting of rice normally begins in early May in the hills and in June in the Tarai, the country’s food basket. The monsoon precipitation is directly linked with the growth of this rice crop and the country’s agriculture and in turn, the economy. This year (A.D. 2020) monsoon began in Nepal on the 12th of June. The monsoon season is characterized by not continuous but continual rain for a few days separated by rainless intervals. The long term temporal record of monsoon onset and withdrawal (Figure 1) shows a delayed monsoon withdrawal coupled with either altered or unchanged monsoon onset. The monsoon season is, in general, found to be longer in recent times. On average, six or seven monsoon depressions* (twice per month) move in every year, each corresponding to a period of about 17 days (Nayava, 1980). When the monsoon trough (a large depression) moves closer towards the foothills of Nepal (which we call active break-monsoon), heavy precipitation-related extreme events usually occur in parts, or across the whole, of Nepal. During such extreme precipitation events, floods (river floods, flash floods, urban floods) are likely to occur. The timing of flood/inundation and early warning mechanisms are crucial for effective mitigation of flood risks, along with mapping and understanding of flood-prone areas, which are, to some extent, predictable.
However, landslides and debris flow can sometimes even occur in unexpected areas. A recent example of a landslide followed by a debris flow at Kushma municipality, Parbat on June 13, 2020 highlights this point. The terrain, which never experienced a landslide before, experienced this, followed by a debris flow that was a devastating event affecting lives and property. Figure 2 shows a preliminary assessment of cumulative precipitation derived from hourly precipitation data of a satellite-based product, PERSIANN CCS (spatial resolution, 4 km) and the spatial location of landslide/debris flow before and after the event using Planet Imagery (spatial resolution, 3 m).
Even a single event with intense precipitation for a short period can bring urban inundation, land/mudslides, or flash flooding. Therefore, it is high time to map potential hazards and prepare for worst-case scenarios. You can’t manage what you don’t measure. Citizen-science based precipitation measurements can be used as a reference to calibrate and correct satellite-based precipitation estimates. Let’s measure.
Nayava JL. 1980. Rainfall in Nepal. The Himalayan Review. Nepal Geological Society, 12.
Shrestha ML. 2000. Interannual variation of summer monsoon rainfall over Nepal and its relation to Southern Oscillation Index. Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, 75: 21–28. https://doi.org/10.1007/s007030070012.


MEXICO CITY — Newly fashioned Hurricane Frank quickly gained pressure over the open japanese Pacific Ocean on Saturday, however it was removed from being any risk to the mainland.
The U.S. Nationwide Hurricane Heart mentioned Frank reached hurricane pressure late Friday and grew to have most sustained winds of 90 mph (150 kph) on Saturday afternoon.
It was centered about 610 miles (970 kilometers) southwest of the southern tip of Mexico’s Baja California Peninsula and was heading to the northwest at 12 mph (19 kph).
The Hurricane Heart mentioned Frank might strengthen considerably earlier than weakening over cooler waters.
In the meantime, Tropical Storm Georgette was a lot additional out to sea, with most sustained winds of about 50 mph (85 kph). Forecasters mentioned it was anticipated to steadily weaken over the approaching days.


In the context of climate change processes, natural CO2 storages play an important role as parts of
the carbon cycle. This unit focuses on the forest as a carbon sink and asks the question of relations
between the binding of CO2 in Germany’s forests and the emission of greenhouse gases within Germany. With the help of satellite images, the pupils get an overview of the distribution of forest areas in Germany. These insights are linked to background information to solve the central problem.
Interpret infrared satellite images and estimate the forest area of Germany.
Describe how the seasons influence the display of forest areas in the satellite image.
Estimate the value of forests for CO2 storage.


Dust and water ice in the Martian atmosphere
University of Toronto
The Martian climate system is dominated by three major component cycles. Each involves the cycling of substances between the surface and atmosphere, with all three cycles coupled through microphysical, thermal, and radiative processes. Carbon dioxide, the main atmospheric gas, freezes onto the polar caps each winter resulting in a large surface pressure cycle, significant seasonal modification of the planetary albedo through surface ice deposition, and vapor-pressure buffering of the atmospheric thermal structure in the winter polar atmosphere.
Particulate mineral dust, lifted from the surface by winds, significantly modifies the atmospheric thermal structure and amplifies the already strong asymmetry between the two solstitial seasons that is driven by a large orbital eccentricity. In extreme cases, radiative feedbacks enhance dust lifting and cause global dust storms that completely obscure the planetary surface. The long term effect of such global events can be found in changing global patterns of surface albedo.
The water cycle interacts strongly with both the dust and carbon dioxide cycles, having a surface source and sink in the polar caps, and in the atmosphere nucleating onto suspended dust to form cloud ice particles. Clouds form in the atmosphere during well defined cloud seasons that are ultimately linked to the preferential availability of water during northern summer and the much cooler state of the atmosphere when the planet is nearer aphelion. As a result, water ice clouds play a key role in the radiative heating and circulation during the Martian summers and in modifying the distribution of atmospheric dust.
Within this context, I will discuss efforts to capture the effect of the dust and water ice in the Martian atmosphere using General Circulation Models (GCMs) as a proxy for the real atmosphere. I will describe the processes responsible for dust lifting and water ice sublimation from the surface and their interaction within the atmosphere. Finally, I will show simulations of the Martian atmosphere using the MarsWRF GCM that includes models of these processes, and I will discuss the combined influence of aerosols on the thermal and dynamical evolution of the Martian climate system.
|Date: ||Mardi, le 22 novembre 2016|
|Lieu: ||Université McGill|
| ||MSI (3550 University), Conference Room|
|Contact: ||Kelly Lepo|