Distinction of Worldwide Warming as well as Climate Adjustment Worldwide warming and also climate change are 2 separate terms that are in some cases perplexed. Both have significant overlap, yet there are likewise subtle differences. While the two terms are closely relevant in their causes as well as repercussions, they are different in terms of price and level of influence. Here’s a check out what they indicate and also just how they vary. First of all, international warming influences the earth’s environment much more rapidly than climate modification. This indicates that winters are most likely to obtain colder as well as storms a lot more intense. It likewise indicates that wildfires are likely to come to be much more regular as well as devastating, killing off plants and also pets. The second distinction between global warming and also climate adjustment is the level to which temperature rises are causing the climate to alter. Although global warming is a well-documented problem, environment modification is a much more gradual process that takes years to completely establish. Click for more info on this website. In the early 20th century, global temperature levels remained secure, but they started to increase during the late 1970s. Actually, average surface area temperature levels worldwide have actually increased by a bit more than a level Celsius given that 1880. That’s more than double the rate that was experienced in the seventeenth century. In straightforward terms, global warming is the rise in typical international temperature. Climate modification, on the other hand, is the change in environment that arises from increased degrees of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. These modifications can impact every little thing from the size of the periods to the strength of severe climate occasions. Click here for more info. For those of us who are not scientists, however, this distinction can be complex. In other words, worldwide warming is a continuous procedure that will continue to trigger more harmful climate condition. Click this homepage to learn more about this service. Ultimately, the results of environment adjustment will affect everybody, from animals to humans. As a result, radical measures will certainly be needed to avoid hazardous levels of greenhouse gas emissions. One recent research study concluded that a reduction in greenhouse gas discharges might conserve hundreds of lives in the United States by the end of this century. In a similar way, it can prevent billions of bucks in problems from dry spell, wildfires, and also flooding. Environment modification is a long-term adjustment in the Earth’s weather patterns that has been attributed to human task. Read more here on this page to discover more about this product. It includes global temperatures that are increasing and some regions that are obtaining chillier. Basically, it is an uncommon lasting change in the problem of Earth’s ambience. It is often gone along with by severe weather conditions such as storms and rainstorms.


Urban Aerosol Characteristics during the World Expo 2010 in Shanghai
During the World Exposition 2010, which ran from May to October, emission control measures were implemented inShanghai and surrounding areas to improve the air quality. This study evaluated the effects of regional transport on aerosolcharacteristics under these controlled local emission conditions using a month’s worth of observations of the aerosol number size distributions (10 nm–10 μm) and the chemical compositions of the aerosols. Back-trajectories and a Lagrangian dispersion model were combined to analyze the transport characteristics of regional and local air pollution and the related mechanisms. Two classes of aerosols were identified and compared. Class I was a clear air condition with ocean-oriented air masses. Particle counts in this class were dominated by particles in the size range 20–40 nm, and NH4+ was mainly present in the form of (NH4)2SO4. A strong peak at noontime indicated that the particle formation or growth process was promoted by the photochemical process. Class II was characterized as a regional transport pollution condition with air masses originating in the surrounding areas. The analysis showed increases in particle number concentrations and total water soluble ions of about 17% and 350%, respectively, compared with Class I episodes. The fraction of particles in the size range 50–200 nm increased sharply to almost 50% of the total particle counts. An examination of the diurnal pattern and major water soluble ions suggested that the increase in size mode (50–200 nm) particles was mainly due to the particle growth
process and the presence of enough precursor gases. NH4+ was present in the form of (NH4)2SO4 and NH4NO3. Although air control measures during the World Expo significantly limited local emissions, our results indicate that the regional transport from surrounding cities was responsible for the higher trace gases and particle volume concentrations, along with
the large number of Aitken mode particles.


More warnings issued for wind and rain this weekend
PUBLISHED: 12:30 07 February 2014 | UPDATED: 12:30 07 February 2014
Road users are being urged to take caution this weekend as more strong winds and heavy rain is scheduled to smash into the UK.
The weather surge is forecast from this afternoon (Friday, February 7) and into Saturday, with several bands of heavy rain expected across the South West from tonight.
The downpours could result in further flooding and accumulated rainfall of 30 to 40mm, and further problems with local flooding are possible.
Met Office experts have also issued an Amber Alert for the South West for very strong southerly winds from 5am on Saturday morning.
These could result in gusts of 50 to 60 miles per hour across the South West with gusting up to 70mph on exposed roads near the South coast.
The Severn Bridges could also experience gusts of around 50 to 60mph, with possible gusts to 70mph for the M4 Second Crossing.
Winds are expected to drop below 60 mph by midnight on Saturday night, but it remains windy into Sunday.
Road users driving high-sided vehicles, riding motorcycles or towing caravans are being urged to check traffic and weather conditions before setting out on journeys and to heed any advice such as speed restrictions once they are on the strategic road network.
The public should be aware of the risk of disruption from strong winds, which may cause some damage, with disruption due to fallen trees and debris onto roads.
Rob Llewellyn, Highways Agency Emergency Planning Manager in the South West said:“As we are in for another couple of days of bad weather we are urging road users to continue checking traffic and weather conditions before setting out on journeys and to heed any advice such as speed restrictions once they are on the strategic road network.
“Be aware of sudden gusts of wind, and give high-sided vehicles, caravans, motorbikes and bicycles plenty of space. In the event of persistent high winds we may need to close certain bridges to traffic for a period, so please be alert for warnings of closures and follow the clearly signed diversion routes.”


Is it possible to get lightning powers? Although it’s rare, with the odds of getting struck in your lifetime being roughly 1 in 12,000, every now and then a human will provide an attractive target for lightning bolts to unleash their power.
Is it possible for a human to control lightning? Lightning is also unpredictable. While humans have been placing lightning rods for centuries to increase the probability of striking in a certain fixed point, its path cannot be controlled.
Is there a way to get powers?
What is the ability to control lightning called? Electrokinesis is also the term used in Electrohydrodynamics to refer to the movement of a fluid or particle by an electric field in a fluid with a net mobile charge. To prevent possible confusion, one could use the term Fulgurkinesis to refer to someone with the power to manipulate lightning.
Is it possible to get lightning powers? – Additional Questions
What can earth powers do?
- Geokinesis – control, manipulate, and reshape the earth at will.
- Atmokinesis – control and manipulate the weather by mixing water, fire, earth, air, and lightning/electricity.
- Crystallokinesis – manipulate minerals and crystals.
- Ferrokinesis – manipulate metal at will.
- Fraxikinesis – manipulate burnt matter.
What is lightning magic?
Lightning Magic 「雷魔法 Kaminari Mahō」 is a magic attribute that allows the user to generate and manipulate lightning and electricity. It is derived from the Wind Magic attribute.
What is the physics of lightning?
Lightning is the result of the build up of electrostatic charge in clouds. Positive and negative charges separate, negative usually towards the bottom of the cloud, while positive goes to the top. After a certain amount of time, the negative charge leaps, connecting with either another cloud or even the ground.
What are the 4 types of lightning?
- Positive Cloud-to-Ground Lightning (+CG)
- Cloud-to-Air (CA) Lightning.
- Ground-to-Cloud (GC) Lightning.
- Intracloud (IC) Lightning.
- Cloud-to-Cloud (CC) Lightning (or intercloud lightning)
How can I control my hands from lightning?
What is lightning in science?
Lightning is a giant spark of electricity in the atmosphere or between the atmosphere and the ground.
What color is lightning?
The distinctive blue-white color of lightning is caused by light emitted as the electrons drop back to their original energy states. Seen from above, lightning storms also produce less well-known emissions of blue or red light above the clouds, known as jets and sprites.
What is lightning kid friendly?
Is lightning made of fire?
Lightning – a brilliant electric (creates light) spark (fire) discharge in the atmosphere, occurring within a thundercloud, between clouds, or between a cloud and the ground. Both fire and lightning are linked due to the flow of energy.
What are the 3 types of lightning?
There are three common types of lightning: cloud to ground, cloud to cloud and cloud to air. Cloud to ground lightning is the most dangerous. The ground is mainly consisted of positively charged particles while the bottom of violent storm clouds have negative charged particles.
Which is stronger water or lightning?
Florida Tech Study Confirms Lightning More Powerful Over Water.
Is lightning hotter than the sun?
In fact, lightning can heat the air it passes through to 50,000 degrees Fahrenheit (5 times hotter than the surface of the sun). When lightning strikes a tree, the heat vaporizes any water in its path possibly causing the tree to explode or a strip of bark to be blown off.
What color lightning is the strongest?
White: most powerful lightning color
White is the most dangerous color of lighting. It suggests both a low concentration of moisture and a high concentration of dust in air. We all are aware that being hit by lightning can have serious consequences.
How hot is purple lightning?
Purple lightning is often seen during thunderstorms and it’s one of the more moderate forms of lightning with temperatures reaching up to 55,000 degrees Fahrenheit!
What is the hottest lightning color?
The color spectrum in this case start with infared which is red and the coolest up to ultraviolet which appears violet and is the hottest. Lightning also can take on a range of colors, depending on conditions in the clouds and in the air. Typically, blue lightning within a cloud indicates the presence of hail.
Is rainbow lightning real?
Rainbow lightning is a rare as the chances of lightning striking near a rainbow are slim, explained Randall Cerveny, a professor of meteorology at Arizona State University in Tempe. ‘Usually, you don’t get those two things to line up at the same time,’ he said in a 2015 Live Science piece.
Is there Black lightning?
Dark lightning appears sometimes to compete with normal lightning as a way for thunderstorms to vent the electrical energy that gets pent up inside their roiling interiors, Dwyer says. Unlike with regular lightning, though, people struck by dark lightning, most likely while flying in an airplane, would not get hurt.
Is red lightning real?
Red lightning doesn’t exist in the literal sense, according to the National Weather Service. The closest known phenomena is something called a red sprite, which occurs high in the atmosphere “directly above an active thunderstorm,” NOAA says.
What is Spider lightning?
Spider lightning refers to long, horizontally traveling flashes often seen on the underside of stratiform clouds. Spider lightning is often linked to +CG flashes.
What is the rarest type of lightning?
ball lightning, also called globe lightning, a rare aerial phenomenon in the form of a luminous sphere that is generally several centimetres in diameter.
What is dark lightning?
However, the weather phenomenon referred to as “dark lightning” occurs much less frequently. According to NASA, dark lighting is a mostly invisible burst of energy inside of thunderstorms that fills the sky with gamma rays. It is widely considered the most energetic radiation produced naturally on Earth.


If the gloomy computer models at the U.S. Climate Prediction Center are right, we will see this trio:
• The ``Pineapple Express,'' a series of warm, wet storms heading east from Hawaii, drenching Southern California and the far Southwest, which already are beset with heavy rain and snow. It could cause flooding, avalanches and mudslides.
• An ``Arctic Express,'' a mass of cold air chugging south from Alaska and Canada, bringing frigid air and potentially heavy snow and ice to the usually mild-wintered Pacific Northwest.
• A warm, moist storm system from the Gulf of Mexico drenching the already saturated Ohio, Tennessee and Mississippi valleys. Forecasters also expect heavy river flooding and springlike tornadoes.
All three are likely to meet somewhere in the nation's midsection and cause more problems, sparing only areas east of the Appalachian Mountains.
``You're talking a two- or three-times-a-century type of thing,'' said prediction center senior meteorologist James Wagner, who has been forecasting storms since 1965. ``It's a pattern that has a little bit of everything.''


The drop in temperature depends on various factors i.e. Air Temperature, % Relative Humidity Level, Room Size, Degree of Insulation & Cross Ventilation. The temperature of air coming out of an evaporative air cooler depends on the temperature and the humidity of the air going in. The constant movement of the air created by the blower – the cooling breeze it creates, makes the occupants of a room feel 4 to 6 degrees cooler than the actual temperature.Evaporative air coolers works best in the hottest time of the day. As the temperature outside increases as the sun climbs, the humidity normally drops. In the early morning, for example, the temperature may be 70 degrees, with a relative humidity of 60 percent. By mid-afternoon, when the temperature has climbed to 90 degrees, the humidity may well have dropped to 30 percent – conditions that make evaporative cooling work more effectively.


COTES Engineering provides implementation of automated systems to control emissions of pollutants and greenhouse gas into the atmosphere at the enterprises comprising the fuel and energy complex and industrial facilities. We undertake a full range of works (examination, design, construction and assembling operations, supply, and setup).
Advantages of exit gas monitoring systems
Continuous Emission Monitoring Systems (CEMS) ensure continuous monitoring and control of flue gas composition prior to gas exit into the atmosphere. Automated processing of the results of the measurements and transmission of the final information to the operator's control panel allows online equipment control. The application of the exit gas monitoring systems allows you to be sure of compliance with environmental safety standards, prevents excessive equipment wear, reduces the risk of human errors. Typically, the system consists of a sampling device, a sample line, and a gas analyzer.
Exit gas monitoring systems control emissions for:
- sulphur dioxide (SO2);
- nitrogen monoxide (NO);
- nitrogen dioxide (NO2);
- carbon dioxide (СO2);
- oxygen (O2);
- carbon monoxide (CO);
- ammonia (NH3);
- hydrogen sulphide (H2S);
- total hydrocarbon content;
- optical density and mass dust content.
The data obtained can be used to:
- • limit emissions into the atmosphere;
- control emissions in line with the regulations used by the plant;
- provide emission reporting;
- prepare an ecological certificate of the plant;
- provide information for the state supervisory bodies dealing with environmental aspects.
Where exit gas monitoring systems can be used
The systems for pollutant emissions monitoring can be installed at all types of plants: power plants, boiler houses, and industrial facilities.


A smoky haze was hanging in the air the night of July 4th in some Sioux City neighborhoods because of all the fireworks being set off.
Information from air quality monitors showed several cases around Iowa where the air quality exceeded the E-P-A limit for fine particles in the air during the Fourth of July weekend.
The D-N-R’s Todd Russell says the state generally does not have such long-term periods where the air exceeds the federal standard.
He says there was one in Davenport in 2012.
OC………the levels” :22
He says air monitors saw issues in Des Moines, Davenport, and Muscatine on July 4th, and in Des Moines and Clive on July 5th.
Russell says the calm weather conditions likely contributed to the problem.
OC…..direction or another” :23
No figures were provided for Sioux City.
He says the air in Iowa this summer has otherwise been clean.


In reality, there are many causes of local weather change and global warming. However simply in case you do not know what causes this drawback, here are the issues that almost all contribute to the issue:
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Human Activity – Air pollution, deforestation, local weather pollution, overpopulation, and so forth. all contribute to climate change and international warming. All of these are, clearly, the results of humans’ burning of fossil fuels.
International Warming is caused by the greenhouse effect, which is solely the way in which that heat from the solar interacts with Earth’s atmosphere. Now we have always questioned how a lot heat it takes to cause our planet to be heat enough for plant life to survive. The answer is, it takes heat that is equal to that of a city of 2 million people in a single day.
So, when is this problem of global warming a problem that will have an effect on us directly? Nicely, we’re those that can management our CO2 emissions. So, if we put a cap on how a lot we can add to the atmosphere per year and stop all further deforestation, etc., we are able to slow down the amount of warming that we get and hopefully avoid harm to the atmosphere and the natural world. For extra data on this, please see the hyperlinks beneath.
Change of worldwide Weather Patterns – Climatologists have measured report-breaking droughts and rainfall will increase, along with vital modifications in international weather patterns. Only in the near past, scientists have estimated that the western United States is at the moment experiencing its second driest 12 months on document. Additionally, the rainfall has increased ten to twenty percent in some areas. For more info on this, please see the links under.
Global Warming and Hurricane Exercise – Hurricanes, floods, and storms have elevated world wide in recent times. Ifyou are living in Florida, you might be most likely acquainted with this.
Rising Ocean Heat Content – Another signal of world warming and climate change is an increase in ocean heat content. Current research signifies that the oceans are absorbing a larger amount of power from the sun, leading to much less overall heating of the planet.
Sea Degree Rise – This one is just not a brand new one, but it does affect quite a lot of areas. According to NASA, “A latest study found that sea level rise and storm surge of up to two ft are already occurring at the moment – and will reach such ranges inside a number of many years.” For more data on this, please see the links below.
Coral Bleaching – Coral bleaching happens when changes in water temperature, mild, and acidity outcomes in the gradual loss of life of the coral. For more info on this, please see the links below.
Severe Weather Events – Hurricanes, floods, tornadoes, earthquakes, floods, and so forth. All of those are linked to local weather change and international warming, as a result of increased heat within the atmosphere, and ocean, and air, inflicting them to rise, thus inflicting more of these pure disasters.
Poor People – One thing we have been listening to about recently is the rising value of our meals and drugs, because of the rising cost of those merchandise due to the elevated international value of meals and medication resulting from local weather change and international warming. Some folks have said that the elevated value is just going to increase, because the worth of fossil fuels will improve as nicely. For extra data on this, please see the links beneath.
These are some of the big causes of climate change and global warming. One different thing that will surprise you is that it’s also a contributing issue to the quantity of CO2 launched into the ambiance, so you must take care of this problem. Consider all this in 2020.
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Greece recorded the wettest May of the last 15 years following a winter with low rainfall and a relatively dry spring for most parts of the country, with the only exception of the west. Based on the data of the National Observatory of Athens/Meteo.gr, heavy rainfall was recorded:
· in the Ionian islands,
· on the mainland,
· in Crete,
· in the Dodecanese
The National Observatory of Athens explained that it is not uncommon to have showers and thunderstorms in May, especially during the evening hours.
Heavy rainfall and a large number of rainy days were also observed in 2007, 2011, 2016, 2017 and 2018.


Yangon March 13
The day temperatures in three cities, Yangon, Mandalay and Nay Pyi Taw will reach 40 degree centigrade by the end of this month, according to Department of Hydrology and Meteorology.
“Day temperatures in Yangon and Nay Pyi Taw stood at 37 degree centigrade on March 11 as Mandalay saw 38 degree centigrade on the same day. Temperatures will remain high throughout the summer,” said U Kyaw Moe Oo, deputy director general of Department of Hydrology and Meteorology.
“The temperatures are not that high for the time being just because some clouds from Bay of Bengal are crossing through Myanmar. But, temperatures will get higher on the days to come and, if and when the temperature reach 40 degree centigrade, public should strictly follow the instructions of the Health Ministry,” he said.
Meanwhile, day temperatures reached over 40 degree centigrade in some towns in Central Myanmar, usually dubbed as dry zone. Chauk saw 43 degree centigrade on March 11 whereas temperatures were 41 degree centigrade in Magway and 40 degree centigrade in Myingyan, NyaungU, Yamaethin, and Minbu Townships, according to Department of Hydrology and Meteorology.
“Mandalay and Magway Regions have seen 3 degree centigrade above the average temperatures in March, but temperatures are 3 degree centigrade lower than average in Kachin State and are just the average in other regions and states,” said the Department of Hydrology and Meteorology.
The department expects that day temperatures may increase slightly in Nay Pyi Taw, Sagaing, Mandalay, Magway, Bago, Yangon and Ayeyarwady Regions.
Regarding the talk that household thermometers read over 40 degree centigrade, he said: “Those thermometers are ordinary ones. There is usually three to four degree of differential between our meteorological thermometers and ordinary ones. Thermometers used by our department can’t be just put on the street and measured, ours have to be kept in a cage with good ventilation.”
The Myawady Daily


The greenhouse gas (GHG) agreement is an international agreement that was reached by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in 2015. The agreement aims to limit global warming to well below 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels, and to pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 degrees Celsius.
The agreement was signed by 195 countries and has been ratified by 189 of them. The countries that have ratified the agreement are committed to reducing their greenhouse gas emissions and to regularly reporting on their progress.
The GHG agreement has been hailed as a major step forward in the fight against climate change. It is the first time that the international community has come together to address the issue of greenhouse gas emissions in a meaningful way.
The agreement is designed to be flexible and to allow each country to determine its own greenhouse gas reduction targets. The countries are also encouraged to increase their targets over time as they are able to do so.
The GHG agreement is a significant achievement, but there are still challenges to be addressed. One of the biggest challenges is ensuring that countries actually meet their commitments. There is also the need to secure sufficient funding to support the implementation of the agreement.
In addition, there are concerns that the current targets may not be sufficient to prevent the worst effects of climate change. Some experts argue that more ambitious targets are needed if we are to avoid catastrophic consequences.
Despite these challenges, the greenhouse gas agreement represents a major step forward in the fight against climate change. It shows that the international community is committed to taking action to address this critical issue, and it provides a framework for countries to work together in pursuit of a common goal. By reducing greenhouse gas emissions, we can help to protect our planet and ensure a sustainable future for generations to come.


Bangkok may be choking on filthy air but hope for a cleaner future is on the way thanks to a prototype urban air purification tower which is being installed at a property project in downtown Bangkok.
Named “Fahsai” or clear sky, the air purifier can remove pollution and PM 2.5 dust using hybrid auto air purification technology and can purify up to 120,000 cubic meters of air/hour.
The hybrid air purifier tower uses technology developed by Research & Innovation for Sustainability Centre (RISC) by Magnolia Quality Development Corporation Limited (MQDC) and NESTECH Thailand with AGS team.
Kraipichit Muangwong, chief executive of NESTECH Thailand and President of Energy Research Integrate Group (ERIG) said his company hopes the new innovation will serve as a prototype of urban air-purifying towers to substantially help resolve air quality problems, especially PM2.5.
The air purifier is now cleaning air at its location between Siam Discovery and Siam Center. RISC plans this year to install more urban air purifiers in areas with low air quality and high PM2.5 dust levels to protect people’s health.
News feed below:


The evidence for rapid climate change is compelling: Just ask NASA.
Sea level rise
The global sea level rose about 17 centimeters (6.7 inches) in the last century. The rate in the last decade, however, is nearly double that of the last century.
Global Temperature Rise
All three major global surface temperature reconstructions show that Earth has warmed since 1880. Most of this warming has occured since the 1970s, with the 20 warmest years having occurred since 1981, and with all 10 of the warmest years occurring in the past 12 years. Even though the 2000s witnessed a solar output decline resulting in an unusually deep solar minimum in 2007 - 2009, surface temperatures continue to increase.
The oceans have absorbed much of this increased heat, with the top 700 meters (about 2,300 feet) of ocean showing warming of 0.302 degrees Fahrenheit since 1969.
Shrinking Ice Sheets
The Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets have decreased in mass. Data from NASA's Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment show Greenland lost about 150 to 250 cubic kilometers (36 to 60 cubic miles) of ice per year between 2002 and 2006, while Antarctica lost about 152 cubic kilometers (36 cubic miles) of ice between 2002 and 2005.
Declining Arctic Sea Ice
Both the extent and thickness of Arctic sea ice has declined rapidly over the last several decades.
Glaciers are retreating almost everywhere around the world — including the Alps, Himalayas, Andes, Rockies, Alaska, and Africa.
The number of record high temperature events in the United States has been increasing, while the number of record low temperature events has been decreasing, since 1950. The U.S has also witnessed increasing numbers of intense rainfall events.
The carbon dioxide content of the Earth's oceans has been increasing since 1750, and is currently increasing about 2 billion tons per year. This has increased ocean acidity by about 30 percent.
EPA Climate Change Website
NASA Climate Change Website
National Science Foundation
March 4, 2010 Press Release, explains that methane releases from East Siberian Arctic Shelf could trigger abrupt climate warming... Read More
National Snow and Ice Data Center
Director states Arctic Ice is in a death spiral - Sept. 20, 2010


I’ve been riding since April 12th, 2013. I have less than two months to go. Whoever thought this winter would be so…so…outrageously wintery! We’re only three inches shy of the snowiest winter on record for the Fort Wayne area, and this January was the snowiest month on record, with over 30 inches of snowfall. So far, this winter has been the 5th coldest ever. The average temperature has been 20.2 degrees, which is 7 degrees below normal. I’ve ridden 15 days in below zero temperatures. The lowest was -16 degrees!
After this week, I thought I was past the subzero temperatures. Then I looked at the weather prediction for next week—possible single digits days and maybe even negatives again! Great.
I’ve enjoyed the above freezing temperatures we’ve had the last couple days. The first day was very weird. It was a Saturday afternoon. It was both sunny and warm! Definitely not what I was used to. I could even ride at almost normal speeds and didn’t have to watch out for snowy areas on the road. It was definitely an improvement.
Yesterday I rode home at 6:30 pm. It was still light out and I could see a blue ski! Spring is coming, I think. In Indiana, you know spring is close when you have a major snow storm, eight inches overnight, roads are drifted shut and they call off school, then later the same day, it’s above freezing and the snow has all but melted off most the roads.
The days are getting longer. Spring is coming. I hope.
Thursday morning, though, was even more bizarre! The road was covered with deep water puddles, slushy ice, and glare ice. It was hard to see the difference between them with my rain-splattered face shield. It was raining hard with two to three feet of snow alongside the road. Then there was lightning and thunder! It was not your normal day’s motorcycle ride. My two rainiest rides have been in January and today.
I’m expecting to see frogs fall from the sky soon.


snow days are the best days
Last week Indianapolis received almost a foot of snow overnight. It was the first significant snow we received this winter. More snow in one night than the monthly average for January. We were lucky though. To the south of us, the storm came through with freezing rain through Kentucky. Four days after the storm, some areas of Kentucky are still without power, and could be without power for even a couple more days. For us, the storm gave us a snow day in the middle of the work week, no school for the kids, remote work from home for me by laptop. Once they got our street plowed, about 3 in the afternoon, we headed out to take advantage of the fresh snow.


KRIS Kootenai : Chart Table Page
|Topic||Climate: Snowfall - Fortine, MT - Monthly Min, Mean, Max|
Caption: The Chart Table, climate_snowfall_monthly_fortine_mt.DBF, contains a summery of monthly minimum, mean, and maximum snowfall accumulation (inches) at the Fortine 1N, MT weather station from 1906 to 2001. Data is from the National Climatic Data Center and compiled by the Western Regional Climate Center.
50 rows of a possible 90 have been displayed.


New information has emerged from the final orbits carried out by NASA’s Cassini spacecraft that is hovering around the rings of planet Saturn to provide data of this hitherto unexplored region between the planet and its mysterious rings. Research details gleaned from the spacecraft are busting some preconceived ideas about the region while throwing up new questions about its existence. Details of the Cassini’s findings are being published in Science journal by six teams of researchers since 5 October under the headline of the spacecraft’s “Grand Finale” when it finally ran out of fuel.
Cassini’s direct sampling of the region shows that complex organic matter rain down from Saturn’s rings while particles in its inner rings develop electrical charges to travel on magnetic-field lines; it has an electric-current system and radiation belt; the spacecraft also made a close measurement of Saturn’s sub-zero magnetic-field tilt. When the team realized that the Cassini is nearly out of fuel, they steered it as close to Saturn as possible within 22 orbits to gather detailed information before it vaporized and plunged into atmosphere in September 2017.
The team maneuvered Cassini to a region it was not designed to fly in, namely, the Saturn’s magnetized environment and probe through icy rocky ring particles while sniffing the atmosphere within 2,000 kilometer radius shrouded within clouds and rings. Some of the findings of this last trip of Cassini are Presence of water, silicates, methane, ammonia, carbon monoxide, nitrogen and carbon dioxide within the rings. Varied organic compounds exist within its moons Enceladus and Titan; so, there are three distinct organic molecular reservoirs within Saturn’s system. Cassini saw for the first time in human history about how the planet’s external rings interact with the planet and witnessed inner ring particles and gases falling directly into its atmosphere. Also,Cassini revealed that an unknown electric current connects the rings to the top of this planet’s atmosphere.


AT least 20 areas in Luzon, including Metro Manila, were placed under storm signal warnings yesterday as “Pepito” intensified into a tropical storm from a tropical depression.
Pepito is expected to exit the Philippine area of responsibility on Thursday when it may also further intensify into severe tropical storm, according to the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA).
In a bulletin issued at 8 p.m. yesterday, PAGASA said 15 areas were under signal No. 2.
These are La Union, Pangasinan, Ifugao, Benguet, Nueva Vizcaya, Quirino, Nueva Ecija, Tarlac, Aurora, southern portion of Isabela, southern portion of Ilocos Sur, northern portion of Zambales, northern portion of Bulacan, northern portion of Pampanga and northern portion of Quezon.
Under signal No. 1 were Metro Manila, Abra, Kalinga, Mountain Province, Bataan, Rizal, northern portion of Camarines Norte, Catanduanes, rest of northern portion of Quezon, and rest of Zambales.
PAGASA said Pepito was forecast to make landfall in Aurora last night. It will then move generally westward while traversing the Luzon landmass, and emerge over the West Philippine Sea this morning, PAGASA said.
As of 7 p.m yesterday, Pepito was some 70 km east of Baler, Aurora. It is was moving west northwest at 25 kph, packing maximum winds of 75 kph near the center and gustiness of up to 90 kph.
Pepito will bring moderate to heavy rains in Central Luzon and Mimaropa regions, and the provinces of Camarines Norte, Quezon, Nueva Vizcaya, Quirino, Isabela, mainland Cagayan, La Union, Pangasinan, and Benguet until this morning.
Light to moderate with at times heavy rains will be experienced in Metro Manila and the rest of Luzon, Western Visayas, Zamboanga Peninsula, and Bangsamoro.
“Flooding (including flash floods) and rain-induced landslides may occur during heavy or prolonged rainfall especially in areas that are highly or very highly susceptible to these hazards,” PAGASA said.
Ricardo Jalad, executive officer of the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council and administrator of the Office of Civil Defense, said Camarines Sur and Quezon experienced heavy rains ahead of the landfall.
But no major flooding has been monitored.
Jalad said the agency is well-prepared to respond to the effects of the storm. He noted that the council had a pre-disaster risk assessment meeting on Monday at the NDRRMC office in Camp Aguinaldo.
“We released memorandum to national government agencies, regional disaster disaster risk reduction management councils and LGUs for preparedness that they have to do,” he also said.
Isabela Gov. Rodito Albano said the province has prepositioned relief goods for families that may be affected by Pepito.
Albano said evacuation centers have been also prepared for residents who may be displaced.
“Everything is prepositioned, including food for our constituents, in case something bad happens. We are well ready,” said Albano.


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THE KEY ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
What is climate change?
When we talk about climate change, we are talking about the way that human actions have added to natural variations in the Earth’s climate, leading to a dangerous rise in global temperature. This in turn is leading to ice melting, rising sea levels, changing weather patterns and growing seasons, and other direct impacts on human, animal and plant life and health.
1.5°C Rise in Temperature – The Committee on Climate Change warns that “there is no clear threshold where climate change moves from safe to dangerous. We can expect some disruptions and irreversible losses of natural habitats and resources, even with a 1.5 or 2°C temperature rise. However, with rapid global action to cut greenhouse gas emissions, we can still reduce the likelihood of global temperatures increasing by more than 1.5 – 2°C. On the other hand, if we take no action, global temperatures could increase by 4°C or more by the end of the century.” Capping global temperature rises at 1.5°C is a vital aim of all climate change mitigation strategies.
Net Zero Carbon Emissions – We know that climate change is the result of greenhouse gas emissions caused by human activity. Having net zero carbon emissions, or reaching carbon neutrality, means that carbon emissions are balanced with carbon removal. The States of Guernsey defines this as: “Balancing the emissions that are produced as a community with activities that absorb, capture or reduce those emissions so they are equal. This applies to all greenhouse gas emissions (not just CO2) and is expressed in units of CO2e (carbon dioxide equivalent).”
Tipping Points – Scientists have identified a number of critical ‘tipping points’. These are thresholds which, if crossed, could trigger large-scale and irreversible changes that will have a significant impact on global warming. Urgent action on climate change may prevent some of these tipping points being reached. Others may already be in motion, and our actions need to focus on mitigating the worst damage.
Why should we care about climate change?
Climate change, on the scale we are now experiencing, is a direct result of human activity, and it will take human activity to mitigate the damage we have caused.
The effects of climate change around the world include major changes in weather patterns, rising sea levels, and loss of vital habitats. In turn, this creates food and water insecurity, affects the spread of diseases, increases global poverty, increases the displacement of people (migration) and threatens critical infrastructure (particularly in low-lying areas
These impacts have already begun and potentially they threaten human survival, and so require urgent local and international action, particularly as there is a time-lag between emitting greenhouse gases and the resultant warming. Future generations will bear the cost of our inaction.
Adapting to a rapidly changing climate is made more difficult today in a world of seven and a half billion people, where many communities are not sustainable (such as ours) or resilient to change (such as those in the poorer and worst affected areas) and competition for resources results in conflicts, as does the mass movement of displaced people.
Why does it matter here in Guernsey?
Guernsey is at the very end of supply lines on which it is utterly dependent and so is vulnerable to the increasing probability of disruptions caused by the consequences of Climate Change. We have a vulnerable low lying coastline where most of our population live and critical infrastructure sits. Changes in rainfall patterns are increasingly causing flooding and the collapse of infrastructure. It is putting additional pressure onto our already struggling biodiversity and natural environment. In June 2019, the States formally recognised that we face a climate crisis, and agreed that “Guernsey must address the climate and ecological crisis at both local and international levels.” In 2020 they agreed a Climate Change Policy & Action Plan, which now needs to be put into practice as a priority.
Guernsey will not be sheltered from the effects of climate change, and our actions as an Island contribute to it – or can help to mitigate it, if we take the right steps now.
Additionally, there is a reputational risk to our outward facing economy if we don’t willingly demonstrate our desire to be part of the solution.
Where can I find out more?
• Royal Society: The Basics of Climate Change
• BBC: What is Climate Change? A really simple guide
• Committee on Climate Change: What is Climate Change?
• States of Guernsey: Climate Crisis Amendment (see detailed explanatory note and references)
• Wikipedia: Carbon Neutrality (Net Zero Carbon Emissions)
• States of Guernsey: Mitigate Climate Change – States of Guernsey Climate Change Policy & Action Plan
• Carbon Brief: 9 Tipping Points that Could be Triggered by Climate Change
• National Geographic: Climate change driving entire planet to dangerous ‘tipping point’
• IPCC Special Report: Global Warming of 1.5°C
• Green Facts: Impacts of a 4C Warming


Today's forecast from the National Weather Servcie calls for mostly sunny skies with a high near 83. Light west wind increasing to 10 to 15 mph in the morning. Winds could gust as high as 20 mph.
Thursday Night Partly cloudy, with a low around 57. Northwest wind 5 to 10 mph, with gusts as high as 20 mph.
Friday Sunny, with a high near 76. North wind 10 to 15 mph, with gusts as high as 25 mph.
Friday Night Clear, with a low around 46.
Saturday Sunny, with a high near 82.
Saturday Night Mostly clear, with a low around 54.
Sunday Mostly sunny, with a high near 83.
Sunday Night Partly cloud...


SYDNEY: Sydney received almost a third of its monthly rainfall overnight as the skies opened drenching coastal parts of New South Wales.
As per meteorological department, Bondi Beach received 30 mm while 33mm fell in the CBD. On the central coast 50mm of moisture deposited itself on Gosford during the wee hours. And further rain is to come through the first half of the week.
But that was just a light sprinkling compared to Western Australia with Perth hosting a very sodden State of Origin match on Sunday night. For locals, the rain was an all-too familiar sight.
The city has now collected over 170mm of rain this month, it’s been the wettest June in over a decade and there’s more rain on the way for WA.
Southern states will also have to shiver through a few more days of freezing air until it finally starts to warm up as the week progresses.
The rain began to fall over NSW late on Sunday night and barely stopped until dawn. It was heavily concentred on the coast, however, with totals of over 25mm in Sydney’s city centre and inner and middle ring suburbs.
The 33mm of moisture in the CBD is approaching almost a third of Sydney’s average rainfall in June which is usually around 102mm. In the last week, 60mm has fallen on the Harbour City.
However, in areas further from the coast, such as in Penrith, the rain gauge topped out at a more modest 12mm overnight. Indeed, very little, if any, rain has made it west of the Great Dividing Range.


Once, dangerously thin, the Ozone layer has been healing slowly since recent years, fortunately with a great stand of the 1989’s Montreal Protocol. The agreement took the countries out from the most dangerous chemicals that were responsible for destroying ozone and allowed to rebuild the protective UV shield of the planet.
But Montreal Protocol left a chemicals group that researchers believed at that time too short living to pose damage. Now, those chemicals are getting produced in the East Asia, while new research says that it will be carried by the seasonal air currents at enough high to threat the ozone layer.
The ozone layer lies around six to ten miles above the surface of earth, which is a region called as ‘stratosphere’. Earlier research suggests a fact of the time during the winter of Northern Hemisphere, when the cold surges were rapidly polluted the air from the parts continental East Asia and China in to tropics, to where the stratosphere could be pushed.
This study added more values to the new hypothesis with the help of air samples that were collected by the ground level of the Malaysia and Taiwan as well as from the airplanes crossing Southeast Asia.
A leading researcher, David Oram from the University of East Anglia said that, “Ozone depletion is a well-known phenomenon and, thanks to the success of the Montreal Protocol, is widely perceived as a problem solved. Generally, thought to be too short-lived to reach the stratosphere in large quantities. This was a major surprise to the scientific community and we were keen to discover the cause of this sudden increase. We expected that the new emissions could be coming from the developing world, where industrialization has been increasing rapidly.”


All Posts Tagged With: "Intelligent Cooling"
Our atmosphere (the air around us) is made up of gasses consisting of nitrogen (78%), oxygen (21%), carbon dioxide (0.3%) and water in the form of vapor (humidity). The amount of water in the atmosphere is measured as a Relative Humidity (RH) Data Center air should contain the proper amount of water vapor [...]Continue Reading
HVAC Economizers (sometimes known as air-side Economizers) are useful for data centers which are located in regions of the world where the outdoor temperature is lower than the desired data center temperature (for at least some of the day or year) and the outdoor humidity is mild. Economizers save energy by cooling buildings with outside [...]Continue Reading
The basis of intelligent cooling is that it allows us to deliver only the cooling that is required to meet our temperature requirements. By reducing the flow of air down to that which is actually needed (rather than just blowing as fast as we can) it is possible to reduce the energy demand of our [...]Continue Reading
Data Centre Basics There are some basics that just need to be done to keep a data centre efficient and as green as possible. Maintaining the floor is often a task that is left too late. Gaps and unnecessary holes in the floor are bad news and lead to the mixing of hot and cold [...]Continue Reading
Cooling for Free (Almost) Fresh air cooled data centres simply draw fresh air from outside (via filters) and pump it under the plenum floor rather than the refrigerated and recycled air that is used in 20th Century Data Centres (see picture above). This approach can reduce the energy required to cool a site by 80% [...]Continue Reading


While a global day of youth action on climate change is being held this Friday, March 25, around the world, an event came to remind us of the reality of climate change: record temperatures for the season were recorded simultaneously at the two poles at the end of last week. On Thursday, March 17 and Friday, March 18, temperatures exceeded seasonal norms by more than 40 ° C in the Antarctic, and variations of more than 30 ° C were also observed in the Arctic. This visualization from the Institute on Climate Change at the University of Maine (USA) shows the extent of these two simultaneous waves of gentleness at both poles.
[Graphic from https://t.co/53SpSZcJCa] pic.twitter.com/qHU0u9HLt0
—Zack Labe (@ZLabe) March 19, 2022
Supports infographics, france info comes back to these unusual heat waves and what they say about the state of the polar climate. While the records recorded in Antarctica surprised by their magnitude and suddenness, the wave of mildness at the North Pole is, on the contrary, the syndrome of a warming that has been going on for many years.
In Antarctica, an unprecedented phenomenon of concern
“This is unheard of! We are 40 ° C above seasonal norms, but also almost 15 ° C above previous records for the seasonsays Gaetan Heymesforecast engineer at Météo France. Although the climate in Antarctica is more changeable than in France, the temperature difference can be compared to a temperature of 35 ° C in March in Paris“explains the man who spent several weeks on a mission to the South Pole.
Temperatures recorded at the French-Italian base Concordia, located in Antarctica, is really impressive. The following graph is produced using data provided by the Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur and based on the model of an infographic made by the latter. It allows you to realize it that -12 ° C measured on March 18 is a record high for at least eight years and that this peak comes at a time of year when temperatures are generally falling. Usually they are around -55 ° C.
Tristan Guillot was in the front row to observe this record. At the Côte d’Azur Observatory, where he is CNRS research leader, scientists receive live images from the Concordia base and operate a telescope on site. But on March 17, an event occurred to disrupt the operation of the unit: “We received a message from someone who was overwintering on the spot informing us of abnormal heating of the camera box on our telescope, heated to withstand outdoor temperatures of -80 ° C. We then noticed that the temperature in the camera box exceeded 40 ° C! We have been forced to stop our telescopic acquisitions while waiting for more normal conditions. “
If this temperature particularly surprised scientists, approxis because it intervenes in a region that did not appear to be in a warming dynamic: “In Antarctica, an increase in temperatures was observed in the western part, but not in the eastern part of the continent, while it is precisely in this area that the heat wave was recorded.details Gaétan Heymes. As this event is unique and is not part of a long-term dynamic, it is difficult to attribute it with certainty to climate change today. But it is very likely that the connection in retrospect will be demonstrated“, confirmshe.
A warning about the situation in Antarctica had already been registered last month. In 25 February, in the middle of the Australian summer, the surface of the pakis around the white continent had reached its historic low for more than forty years, as measured. But again, since the phenomenon is not long-lasting at the moment, it is difficult to make a direct connection with climate change.
In the Arctic, a warming observed for several years
At the same time, even though it was immersed in the boreal winter, the Arctic also recorded very high temperatures, more than 30 ° C above normal for the season. But unlike the South Pole, rising temperatures in the Arctic are part of a sharp warming of the region, which has been observed for several years.
“The heat wave at the North Pole is slightly smaller than at the South Pole, but above all it is less surprising because the rapid warming of the North Pole is a well-known phenomenon. “ Explain Gaetan Heymes. In fact, the Arctic is warming much faster than the rest of the globe: onWhile the global temperature has risen by about 1 ° C compared to the reference period 1950-1980, this rise reaches almost 3 ° C for the Arctic.
This accelerated warming is the result of a vicious circle in which the North Pole finds itself: “IRising temperatures melt the ice, and since ice usually reflects the sun’s rays, its disappearance leads to greater absorption of this solar heat and therefore an increase in temperatures.Explains Joël Guiot, Research Director at the European Center for Research and Education in Environmental Geosciences.
The melting of sea ice (pakis) in summer in the North Pole region has been very marked in the last fifteen years: while the minimum sea ice surface (which reached the end of the summer) never fell below 6 million square kilometers before the end of the 1990s, this annual minimum surface area is barely more than 4.5 million square kilometers on average since the mid-2000s . The fifteen lowest levels recorded since the early 1980s correspond to the last fifteen years.
According to Patricia Espinosa, Executive Secretary of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), summers in the Arctic Ocean could be ice-free as early as 2030 if CO2 emissions continue at current rates.


Not so long ago (on January 2012), I’ve written about the Secret Google Weather API. Surprisingly, few days ago, Google decided to secretly shut down the Google Weather API entirely.
Many developers (including myself) who were relying on the free Google Weather API were left hanging in the air and began looking for a proper alternative to the free Google weather API .
My requirements for the Google Weather API alternative were as follows:
- The API should provide existing weather conditions for a given city name / coordinates.
- International (should support at least the main cities world wide)
- Should support at least 3 days weather forecast.
- And last but not least… should be 100% FREE!
My personal hunt for an alternative for the Google Weather API took about an hour, and I came up with the following findings…
- http://openweathermap.org– very nice projects with a free & open API that will let you retrieve the existing weather conditions in every country in the world
PROs: absolutely free
CONS: doesn’t seem to support weather forecastsSample JSON response: http://openweathermap.org/data/2.0/find/station?lat=55&lon=37&cnt=10
PROs: includes city weather reports (including forecasts).
CONs: there’s a cap of 500 call per day (plus 10 per minute) for the free plan.API : http://www.wunderground.com/weather/api/
- http://www.yr.no/- weather service from the Norwegian Meteorological Institute (met.no) and the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation.
PROs: Free, 6 millions including 3 days weather forecastAPI: http://om.yr.no/verdata/php/(English translation)
I haven’t tested this service, but it looks promising…
PROs: free including 3 days weather forecast.
CONs: owners request developers not to excess 500 requests per hour (see FAQ: http://www.worldweatheronline.com/free-weather-feed.aspx?menu=faq)
I’m sure there are many more alternatives that I haven’t covered… so if you are familiar with another 100% FREEservice, please post a comment.


Scientists have discovered that changes in the Earth's climate and biosphere might be induced by the increasing concentrations of certain gases that are now measurable in the Earth's atmosphere -- some naturally occurring, others man-made -- that have the potential to significantly alter the planet's heat and radiation balance. Popularly termed "global warming," an increase has been measured in average global temperatures of approximately 0.9 degrees Fahrenheit over the past century. If current trends continue, the latest projections for future warming have been increased to between 2.7 and 10.8 degrees Fahrenheit over the next century.
Included among these "greenhouse" gases are carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide, as well as several other gases occurring in trace amounts in the atmosphere. Such alterations of Earth's heat and radiation balance could lead to an increasingly warmer climate in the next century, portending a potpourri of possible effects -- both potentially adverse and beneficial -- for human health and welfare and for the land and aquatic biospheres. As the ramifications of those developments become better understood, and given what scientists are currently able to tell planners and policymakers about the magnitude, timing, rate, and regional consequences of any potential climatic change, the key issues include questions of what are the appropriate policy responses both at the national and international levels. (For more information, see CRS Issue Brief IB89005: Global Climate Change. [pdf 8/13/01] [html 4/11/01)
It is now widely accepted by the scientific community that human activities, such as the burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, and certain land-use practices, are increasing atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2), which, along with increasing concentrations of other trace gases (methane, nitrous oxide, hydrofluorocarbons-HFCs, perfluorinated compounds-PFCs, sulfur hexafluoride-SF6, and trifluoromethyl sulfur pentafluoride-SF5CF3), could affect global climate. Careful monitoring and direct measurement of the concentrations of those gases in the atmosphere, and analysis of ice cores in Greenland and Antarctica that have captured past concentrations of some of those gases, leave no doubt that their global concentrations are increasing. Emissions of CO2 and the other greenhouse gases are not regarded as criteria pollutants (e.g., carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, volatile organic compounds, ozone, particulate matter) in terms of direct effects on human health and, therefore, have not been regulated directly in such pollution control laws as the Clean Air Act. In addition, they are emitted by most major productive activities in human societies -- transportation, use of power to heat and cool buildings, industrial activity, etc. Their pervasive nature makes limitations seem potentially restrictive in all these areas. Any specific emissions limits are shaping up to be very controversial.
According to recent projections based on computer models of the atmosphere, if these gases continue to accumulate, a globally averaged warming of 2.7 to 10.8 degrees F could occur over the next 100 years through enhancement of Earth's naturally occurring "greenhouse effect" -- the process by which the atmosphere traps infrared radiation emitted by the Earth, warming the Earth's surface in a process somewhat analogous to that which occurs in a greenhouse. The potential for impacts of such a climate change -- some positive, some negative -- on natural systems, national economies, and quality of life is uncertain and the subject of intense investigation. Thus far, scientific evidence suggests that, in some regions of the world, climate change could be detrimental for human health, ecosystems, food security, and water resources.
Globally averaged air temperatures at the Earth's surface have warmed by about 0.9 degrees F over the last 100 years. Natural variability of climate is large enough, however, that even the record-setting warmth of some years in the 1980s and 1990s or singular events such as a severe summer drought or seasonal flooding have not allowed a majority of scientists to state with any certainty that a global warming signal attributable to human activities has been identified . . . at least not until now. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), jointly established in 1988 by the United Nations World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), reported in its Second Assessment (1996) that ". . . [such] a change is unlikely to be entirely natural in origin . . . [and that] the balance of evidence, from changes in global mean surface air temperature and from changes in geographical, seasonal, and vertical patterns of atmospheric temperature, suggests a discernible human influence on global climate." And now, the latest report (January 2001), the Intergovernmental Panel's Third Assessment, concedes that a firmer association between human activities and climate seems to have emerged. That is news, because reservations about the source of the past century's warming and whether it bore a human fingerprint are often cited in policy debates, usually in support of deferring actions aimed at mitigating possible global warming. In addition, the IPCC reports a higher range of potential warming - roughly between 3 and 11 degrees Fahrenheit over the next 100 years.
The so-called "global warming" theories and the IPCC findings have not gone unchallenged, however, within the scientific community. Critics argue that scientific proof supporting scenarios of future global warming is incomplete, and that many uncertainties remain surrounding the nature and direction of Earth's climate itself -- including the timing, rate, magnitude, and extent of any model-projected global warming. They question the ability of the atmospheric simulation models to project accurately a future global warming when computer runs using those same models yield more warming over the past 100 years than has actually been measured at the Earth's surface. They point to satellite instruments, which indirectly measure the conditions of the atmosphere in a vertical column of air well above the Earth's surface. Interpretation of the data record from those satellite instruments shows little or no positive global warming trend over 21 years (1979-1999) of record. Still others question whether the roles of such natural drivers and governing factors of climate as the Sun, and its various solar cycles, the world ocean, or the land and aquatic biospheres are properly accounted for in simulations of climate, past and present. Continued research is indicated if such questions are to be answered and if unknowns and uncertainties are to be reduced. In this regard, the IPCC is currently in the final stages of producing what will be its Third Assessment Report, scheduled for release in early 2001. (For further information see Greenhouse Effect and Global Climate Change in this Briefing Book.)
International political implications have proven significant. By far the majority of greenhouse gases are emitted by sources in industrial and transportation sectors (especially automobiles) that are concentrated in developed countries. Those countries have shown concern not only about their own emissions, but about increased emissions from poorer countries as they expand their economies. Friction has been evident in the debates over which actions, by developed and developing countries should be undertaken, on what schedules, and which parties should pay incremental costs for mitigation measures. Developing countries generally have argued that the financial burden of change should be borne by developed countries, which are mainly responsible for current atmospheric change due to human activity.
The nations of the world have been meeting annually under the auspices of the United Nations Convention on Climate Change, and at Kyoto, Japan, in December 1997 agreed on legally binding reductions in greenhouse gas emissions for the most developed nations. The United States signed the Kyoto Protocol on November 12, 1998, but the Clinton Administration did not submit it to the Senate for advice and consent, citing the lack of developing country participation in the commitments to limit greenhouse gas emissions, which the Senate had indicated in S.Res. 98 would be necessary for its approval for ratification. As of November 2000, some 84 nations had signed the Protocol, and 31 had ratified. None of the industrial nations with binding reduction commitments have ratified the Protocol. Without these ratifications the Protocol will not enter into force. (For more information on the background of the Protocol and recent negotiations, see CRS Report RL30692, Global Climate Change: The Kyoto Protocol.[pdf: 8/13/01] [html: 4/11/01)
Technical work has been progressing on many of the methodologies and procedures needed to implement the Convention and to ensure that the Protocol would be fully operational at such time as it might enter into force: A number of specifics relating to commitments, emissions trading mechanisms, implementation, compliance, and enforcement of the Protocol remain to be clarified and finalized. It was a goal of the parties that these issues would be resolved by the sixth conference of the parties (COP-6), held in The Hague, November 13-25. However, these negotiations collapsed without agreement due to major political differences, especially among the developed countries, in addition to the technical difficulties in getting agreement on how to make the Protocol's mechanisms operational. The Bush Administration asked for a delay in resumption of these negotiations, to allow time for consideration of its approach and policies, and talks are now likely to be scheduled for the second half of July.
Several committees of relevant jurisdiction in the House and the Senate held hearings in the 106th Congress, reviewing the details of the Kyoto Protocol and related issues. In that milieu, arguments were presented that policy actions to reduce emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases should be taken now, in line with the intent of the Kyoto Protocol. Alternative arguments called for delay, citing scientific uncertainty, the need to expand technological options for mitigating or adapting to the effects of any climate change, and the associated high cost of replacing capital stock before the end of its economic life. Of particular interest was whether enacting measures that would focus on carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas reductions to meet the terms of the Protocol could be achieved at little or no net cost to the national economy, as some have suggested, or whether the Protocol might result in increased taxes, loss of jobs, or a dramatic jump in energy costs for Americans, as others have suggested. (See Energy Issues and Economic Issues in this briefing book). Other questions related to whether any environmental benefit at all would be achieved under the levels of greenhouse gas reductions mandated by the Protocol. Those committees also engaged in examining the details of federal spending initiatives related to climate change research, technology investments, and tax incentives with an eye toward determining first, if they were worth the money, and second, what portion of that spending might constitute sound contingency actions to deal with the potential of global climate change versus what portion might prematurely commit the United States to the as yet unratified Kyoto Protocol.
Debate in Congress over the prospect of global warming, to the extent it occurs, and what the United States could or should do about it, has produced legislation in the years since the Kyoto Protocol was agreed in 1997 from both sides of the issue (see Legislation in this Briefing Book), including a number of proposals aimed at finding ways to give credit to activities that lower greenhouse gas emissions, even if the Kyoto Protocol is not finally approved, and provisions in several appropriations bills to prohibit funding for activities to implement the Kyoto Protocol prior to its ratification by the United States.
Domestically, environmental groups welcome the Kyoto Protocol, but many industrial and labor groups either oppose it or argue for major modifications. The Protocol would require the United States to reduce greenhouse gas emissions -- mostly carbon dioxide -- by 7% from 1990 levels, on average, in the period 2008-2012. Language in the Protocol does allow for the conduct of emissions trading and joint implementation, although details for such are left to be fleshed out by the annual meetings of the Conference of the Parties to the Framework Convention. The Protocol does not, however, contain any new commitments for developing countries, as called for by the President in October 1997 and set by the Senate in S.Res. 98, passed 95-0 on July 25, 1997. That resolution also expressed Senate opposition to any protocol whose binding provisions would seriously harm the U.S. economy or were not backed by sound scientific and economic analysis
It is likely that the debate over whether the Kyoto
Protocol is the appropriate mechanism to address climate change concerns will continue,
within Congress and in public opinion, and that additional research will provide further
insights into the science of climate change, adding new perspectives to this debate.
Page last updated March 8, 2001.


Every company has contingency plans for when things don’t go as expected. Whether it’s a backup supplier in the case of a material shortage; or a different carrier for when capacity gets tight. However, when the weather picks up, is your supply chain ready to weather the storm?
Major weather events pose a significant disruption for supply chains, and hurricanes are no exception.
Major weather events pose a significant disruption for supply chains, and hurricanes are no exception. High winds and torrential rains can make travel all but impossible. Flash flooding and road damage can make typical routes impassible. After the more severe storms, much of the carrier capacity is consumed by rebuilding and relief efforts. All in all, if you don’t have a solid plan, you could find your supply chain washed out.
To that end, we want to make sure that your supply chain is prepared. We believe that there is no such thing as being over-prepared, especially when it comes to hurricane season. We’ve created our 2020 Hurricane Preparedness Guide to help you make sure your supply chain is protected. But first, take a look at what’s expected this hurricane season.
2020 is set to be a Record-Breaking Year for Hurricanes
With the way the year has gone so far, is it really any surprise that 2020 is already breaking records for hurricanes? So far, the Atlantic Hurricane season is already in full swing, well ahead of the peak month which is typically September. Hurricane Isaias which caused significant damage on the east coast was the earliest ninth named storm on record. Now, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) is predicting that even more records might be broken in the upcoming months with at least 10 more named storms.
The updated outlook released Thursday calls for a total of 19 to 25 named storms
“The updated outlook released Thursday calls for a total of 19 to 25 named storms (winds of 39 mph or greater), of which 7 to 11 are expected to become hurricanes (winds of 74 mph or greater), including three to six that could become major hurricanes (winds of 111 mph or greater). This update covers the entire hurricane season, which ends Nov. 30, and therefore includes the nine named storms to date,” reads a recent Washington Post article.
According to the National Weather Service Director, Louis Uccellini, 95 percent of hurricanes and major hurricanes, form between August and October. “In over two decades of issuing storm warnings and forecasts, NOAA has never predicted that as many as 25 named storms would form in a single season,” says the Post.
The Long List isn’t Quite Long Enough
Interestingly enough, the list of names that are assigned to storms is predetermined ahead of time by the World Meteorological Organization. As it stands, there are only 21 names left on the Atlantic list. Afterward, forecasters will have to resort to using characters from the Greek alphabet. This has happened only one other time, back in 2005, which was the most active hurricane season on record.
NOAA’s Initial Predictions Might have been Too Optimistic
The initial prediction from NOAA, which was released in May, called for a 60 percent likelihood for an above-average level of hurricane activity. The prediction called for a 70 percent chance for 13 to 19 named storms, with six to 10 having the potential to become hurricanes. Of the predicted hurricanes, three to six could become major hurricanes with a Category 3 rating or higher.
The updated forecast now places the chance for an above-average season at 85 percent, 24 named storms, which include 12 total hurricanes, five of which will be major.
The season has the potential to be one of the busiest on record, NOAA said.
Battening Down the Hatches
A busy hurricane season in of itself has the potential to be devastating to businesses along the coast. Supply chains can very easily become disrupted as carriers are pulled away to haul for humanitarian aid for the places most heavily affected. Couple in the fact that storms will continue to hit in quick succession, leaving little time for roadways and other necessary infrastructure to be repaired and you have the perfect recipe for disaster.
For companies that manage extensive supply chains along the Atlantic coast, now is the time to begin preparing for the rough season ahead. Fortunately, we here at BlueGrace have a lot of first-hand experiences with Hurricanes, being based out of Tampa Florida. Working with shippers and carriers alike, we have our 2020 Hurricane Preparedness Guide down to a science. Don’t get caught unprepared, download our white paper today!


weather officials Announced Wednesday, Fiona and Ian’s names were being pulled from the rotating list of Atlantic tropical cyclone names because of the death and destruction caused by the most recent storms bearing those names.
Farrah will replace Fiona on the lists, Idris will replace Ian, The World Meteorological Organization he said in a press release. Tropical cyclone names are assigned from the alphabetical list when they intensify into tropical storms with winds of 39 mph. The Atlantic hurricane season officially runs from June 1 to November 30. If a season has more than 26 named storms, forecasters use Greek letters.
Officials said storm names have long been used to help communicate warnings and alert people about potentially life-threatening dangers. The names are usually repeated every six years unless the storm is so deadly that the name is retired. Since the current storm naming system was adopted in 1953, a total of 96 names have been pulled from the Atlantic Basin list.
Hurricane Fiona hit the Lesser Antilles, Puerto Rico, and the Dominican Republic and islands Turks and Caicos Islands Last September, it moved north over the western Atlantic Ocean and struck Canada as a powerful post-tropical cyclone. The storm caused over $3 billion in damages across the Caribbean and Canada, and was responsible for 29 direct and indirect deaths.
Days after Fiona’s death, Ian hit western Cuba as a major hurricane and it happened Landfall in southwest Florida As a Category 4 storm, it causes massive storm surge and flooding. Ian has been responsible for more than 150 direct and indirect deaths, and more than $112 billion in damages in the United States. It was the costliest hurricane in Florida history and the third costliest in the United States.


Dr. Loughman received his Bachelor of Sciences degree from the College of William and Mary in 1993 (Physics major, Mathematics minor). He then attended the University of Arizona, receiving M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in Atmospheric Science in 1995 and 1998, respectively. After five years as a post-doctoral Research Associate at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, he joined the faculty at Hampton University, where he is currently Chairman and Associate Professor of the Department of Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences.
Teaching Experience: Developed undergraduate and graduate courses in Atmospheric Physics, as well as graduate courses in Atmospheric Radiative Transfer and Atmospheric Measurements.
Research Interests: Improving our remote sensing capability for the Earth-atmosphere system is my primary research goal. This work has several aspects, including: Development of new tools for modeling radiative transfer more efficiently and accurately, extending knowledge of the underlying physics of the Earth-atmosphere system to identify promising measurement strategies, and development of systematic methods to forecast the expected performance of various retrieval methods (and to assess their actual performance using measured data). More specifically, retrieval of atmospheric properties from limb scattering measurements has been my primary focus, with particular interest in the areas of ozone and aerosol remote sensing.


Get the latest coronavirus (COVID-19) updates for the United Arab Emirates with current travel advice, statistics and online resources.. Below are average maximum temperatures at popular destinations in the UAE in May. Daytime maximum temperatures average around a hot 37°C (99°F), whilst at night 24°C (74°F) is normal. May is the driest month of the year. The weather in Dubai in May is extremely hot, while temperatures can easily rise above 38 degrees. The progression of the heat is more and more felt, especially towards the middle of the day. Weather in Dubai Temperature. This feeling of discomfort is further increased by the presence of the sun. so that i can a little idea of what will be the weather of dubai in may … Unusual Weather In April in Dubai. Here is the day by day recorded weather in Dubai in may 2020: Click over cities on the map for information about the weather in may. Travel guide and advices. Temperature of water and air, precipitation, amount of days with rain and advice on the best time to visit Dubai. It is exceptionally hot and incredibly stuffy. Throughout the May you can expect the heat wave with warmweather and average temperature above 40℃. These charts show the evolution of average minimum/maximum temperatures as well as average daily precipitation volume in Dubai in may. Get the latest coronavirus (COVID-19) updates for the United Arab Emirates with current travel advice, statistics and online resources. Average Day Temperature: 101.5°F: Average Night Temperature: 90.3°F: Sea Water Temperature: 87.6°F: Number of Sunny Days: 30 days: Sunshine Hours: 13.1 - 13.6 hours: Number of Rainy Days: 0 days: Precipitation Totals: 0.0 in: detailed information: 14 day weather forecast. On the other hand, Boudoir at the Dubai Marine Beach Resort & Spa is one of Dubai's most beloved nightclubs. The area is somewhat temperate — in the 52nd percentile for pleasant weather — compared to tourist destinations worldwide. There are normally 11 hours of bright sunshine each day in Dubai in May - that's 83% of daylight hours. You plan to go to Dubai in United Arab Emirates in may : check the weather and seasonal norms below. This hot weather is not advisable for long walks and outdoors activity, so please prepare for summer conditions with water and comfortable light clothes for a trip in Dubai during May. This feeling of discomfort is further increased by the presence of the sun. So you can pack your bags or check for the best time in year to go to Dubai. Precipitation in Dubai is very rare; in May the average probability of rainfall on any given day is only 3%, with little variation over the course of the month. May weather forecast for Dubai, United Arab Emirates. There is a margin of error and these forecasts are to be considered as general information only. May is in the spring in Dubai and is typically the 5th warmest month of the year. The climate in Dubai during May can be summarized as very hot and very dry. Free Weather Widgets. Weather forecast in mobile app. Armani/Prive at the Armani Hotel, Burj Khalifa is known as one of Dubai's best super clubs. Montly weather forecast in Dubai on Yandex.Weather. Temperatures rise averaging between 26°C (78.8°F) and 39°C (102.2°F), and as the clouds are minimal, this is an interval to endure for a few sunburns under the blazing sun. April to October is the off-season in Dubai so flights & accommodation would be cheap. Is it to hot and humid? Rooms at the Radisson cost from just £64 per night. Are you planning a holiday with hopefully nice weather in Dubai in April 2021? Average temperature for August is 41 °C (106 °F), but at afternoon it may increase to … See weather overview. It is exceptionally hot and incredibly stuffy. On April 18th in 2008 a severe sandstorm hit Dubai causing reduced visibility up to 1,500 metres. This place has been running for over 10 years and still remains a popular place for tourists and locals on a Friday and Saturday night. There’s just a single millimetre of rain, and you can expect 13 hours … Dubai: Sea Water Temperature. The wind speeds in May typically vary from 1 m/s to 7 m/s, which is considered as a light to moderate breeze, rarely exceeding 9 m/s. Whats the weather like? 11.1 Hrs of Sun / Day. Avg Snow Days. May 2016 Weather in Dubai — Graph °F. Select a destination to see more weather parameters. The average minimum temperature (usually the minimum temperature is noted during the night) in Dubai in May is 25.0°C (77°F). Get Dubai typical weather in May. The shortest day in May is May 1st with 13:07 hours of daylight, whilst the longest day is May 31st with 13:36 hours of daylight in total. Sandstorms in Dubai are usually caused by strong north-westerly winds blowing from Saudi Arabia. As Dubai is a desert region, rain in May is very rare so it's a great time for being outdoors, though beware of the high humidity levels, which may be uncomfortable for some. The weather in Dubai can vary slightly from year to year, but this data should limit surprises. The lows range from 24°C to 27°C with about 11 hours of sunshine. Weather by month, temperatures and climate table in May for Dubai Dubai: Climatic table and weather throughout the year. Dubai is also renowned for having an excellent nightlife. Second Ten Days of May in Dubai The destinations are displayed with objective criteria (climate, budget, activities ...) and are not related to any commercial offers. This is a hot and steamy … Summer in Dubai is not only hot temperature-wise but also extremely humid. Weather-wise, Dubai really only experiences two seasons: hot and hotter. Dubai Tourism Dubai Hotels Dubai Bed and Breakfast Dubai Vacation Rentals Dubai Packages Flights to Dubai Dubai Restaurants Dubai Attractions Dubai Shopping Dubai Travel Forum Dubai Photos Dubai Map Dubai Guide All Dubai Hotels; Dubai Hotel Deals; Last Minute Hotels in Dubai; … May is the best time to sunbathe in … °F °F °F, knots °C, m/s °C, km/h °C, mph °C, knots Home. Considering humidity, temperatures feel hot for about half of the year and otherwise nice with a very low chance of rain throughout the year. Many of the beaches in Dubai are private and you have to pay to access them, however, Jumeirah Beach is one of the most popular and cheapest beaches in the area. Daytime temperatures usually reach 37°C in Dubai in May with very high heat and humidity, falling to 23°C at night. The weather throughout May in Dubai is characterized by a strong rise in heat levels. The temperatures in Dubai in May are high, ranging between 29 ° C and 36 ° C. Dubai can get very hot on May so it is very important to drink a lot of water and to not spend too much time in the sun without protection. The average minimum temperature (usually the minimum temperature is noted during the night) in Dubai in May is 25.0°C (77°F). Check below seasonal norms These datas are set from the weather statements of the last years of may. UAE weather in May 2021. The sea temperature is a very warm 28°C which is perfect for water sports such as windsurfing and kite surfing. High & Low Weather Summary for May 2016 Temperature Humidity Pressure; High: 111 °F (May 6, 1:00 pm) 89% (May 24, 3:00 am) 29.86 "Hg (May 24, 3:00 am) Low: 73 °F (May 2, 5:00 am) 9% (May 6, 1:00 pm) 29.53 "Hg (May 20, 5:00 pm) Average: 91 °F: 41%: 29.68 "Hg * Reported May … Average day temperature: 35.8°C: Average night temperature: 30.1°C: … Low with an average of 31°C ( 77°F ) severe sandstorm hit Dubai causing visibility... 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New Haven is turning out to be quite a dramatic place so far. Last Tuesday, I was working at my desk when suddenly my chair started wobbling, and then my desk started wobbling, and then it felt like my entire 6th-floor room was wobbling. I thought my head had gone funny, but realised it was an earthquake. A very calm, elegant one as earthquakes go: shaken by a few seconds of strangeness and then back to normal – except I was left feeling awed by the fact that the earth had moved underneath me, and had an unusual sense of the epic scale of our planet, the vastness of this rock on which we wander around from shop to shop and fret about which classes to choose.
Now it’s not the earth moving but the air, howling through the streets, with gusts every now and then that shriek as if with delight. A Category I hurricane has sustained winds of around 75mph: imagine zooming down a motorway and sticking your head out of the car window. Hurricane Irene has been downgraded to a tropical storm, which is still impressive because at 41 degrees North of the equator we’re well out of the tropics. But from the safety of my room, it just feels like I’m back in Edale on a typical summer’s day.
The rain began last night and is still puddling the streets, though there’s no sign of flooding near me. All the shops here are shut and there’s no public transport, although from my window I did see one brave soul battling down the road on his bicycle. We’ve been advised not to leave our buildings until given the all-clear by the Yale Alert system, and luckily we still have electricity on campus, though 700,000 houses across Connecticut are without power. Apparently hurricanes are usually followed by a heat wave, so I feel for the people who won’t be able to cool down their homes with air con.
As well as giving us packages of food to last us through the day, Davenport College gave us a really good low-down on how hurricanes work (which I’ve supplemented here with info from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration), which delighted the geographer in me! ‘Hurricane’ is the name given to tropical cyclones in the Atlantic; elsewhere, it’s called a typhoon. To form, it needs warm sea surface temperatures of more than 26 degrees C, because below this temperature, the atmosphere is relatively stable so you don’t get strong enough upwards convection. Moisture evaporates from the ocean surface; warm air rises and as it rises it cools, so the moisture condenses into water droplets. This condensation process releases energy, which drives the circulation of the cyclone.
As soon as a hurricane moves over cooler waters, or moves over land, it loses the driving power of the warm water, so starts to calm down (as this map demonstrates). Irene has got so far north because along the USA’s east coast runs the Gulf Stream, which transports warm water from the Gulf of Mexico northwards. In the northern hemisphere, hurricanes spin in an anti-clockwise direction, so the winds pile up the seawater on the eastern side of the storm and can cause a storm surge, which is why they were worried about serious flooding in New York City. Apparently in New Haven we’re protected from storm surges by Long Island, which has borne the brunt of the weather.
Lastly, tropical cyclone scientists cannot yet say whether or not hurricanes are getting stronger and more frequent due to climate change. It’s hard to make out long-term trends with the evidence currently available, so they can’t draw firm conclusions. But they point out that it is likely that as tropical sea surface temperatures increase, cyclones will have higher peak wind speeds and rainfall. And as sea levels rise, the risk of storm surges will be amplified.


Discovering what we cannot see…
My People, My Air (Mi Gente, Mi Aire) provides members of impacted communities with the information needed to protect themselves from air pollution. We believe that people should be able to know what they’re breathing, what the causes are, and have a say in building the solutions.
My People My Air
This program is funded by the California Air Resources Board (CARB) under CA Assembly Bill 617. Under this law, CARB dedicates funds to work with community organizations like CFROG to learn more about emissions and reduce exposure to air pollution in heavily impacted communities.
Through a partnership with Clinicas del Camino Real and Patagonia, we have installed high-sensitivity air monitoring systems at health clinic locations in Oxnard and West Ventura. These monitors pick up on Volatile Organic Chemicals (VOCs) and other pollutants not measured by standard air monitoring systems. CFROG is gathering air quality data that is not currently available through government agencies’ monitoring programs, providing a greater level of air quality data that may inform health impacts and pollution burdens in vulnerable neighborhoods in Ventura County.
Through community outreach and education, My People, My Air (Mi Gente, Mi Aire) also provides residents of environmental justice communities in Oxnard and Ventura with information about local air quality, its public health impacts, and opportunities to engage in the public decision-making process.
Advanced, moderate- to low-cost air monitors for gaseous pollutants (Aeroqual) and particulate matter (PurpleAir) are placed in designated disadvantaged communities in Ventura County to fill data gaps. These data and community knowledge are used to increase awareness regarding air quality and promote civic engagement among residents to reduce air pollution in impacted neighborhoods.
PurpleAir: Real-time Air Quality Monitoring
Courtesy - PurpleAir