Summer Storm Approaches
The small town of Hastings was dealt a significant blow when the heavens opened up over the city. The storm approached the town from the northwestern parts of Adams County on the evening of June 7th. Not long after the storm was spotted, residents in Adams County were warned of the impending danger by means of outdoor warning sirens. Residents were warned to remain indoors and out of harm’s way and advised to keep their eyes and ears on local news sources.
The storm quickly filled the Adams County sky with large hail, heavy rainfall, and intense wind speeds. Wind speeds reached up to 70mph in Hastings. Trees were torn limb from limb and littered the city’s streets.
The National Weather Service warned residents to expect goofball-sized hail to fall from the sky. Damage to homes, rooftops, windows, and property is to be expected. Video footage of the National Weather Service office north of Hastings shows how the storm unleashed all kinds of chaos in the area. Residents also took to social media to show the giant-sized hailstones that had fallen on their properties.
Due to the intense wind speeds of the storm and increasing rotation in Odessa to Axtell, the National Weather Service issued a tornado warning for these areas. A second tornado warning was issued for Minden, Norman, and Holstein, as the storm rotation strengthened in these areas.
Tornado Touch Down
A week later, two tornadoes touched down in eastern Nebraska and western Iowa. As soon as the tornadoes touched down, damage and destruction quickly followed. Straight-line winds were also firing at the area, with no sign of easing up.
Winds in Hastings were recorded at about 75mph. In Greenwood, a family that had been camping suffered some injuries as the storm completely flipped their RV. According to Greenwood Volunteer Fire Chief Mark Sobota, the fire department responded to several tree and powerline damages in the area.
The National Weather Service also received several reports of large hailfall. Some farms suffered significant crop damage as a result of giant hailstones. Over 63 homes and commercial properties sustained some damage due to the hailstorm.
If your roofing system suffered any storm damage it’s advised to see to it immediately. Our professional roofing team at Burford Roofing & Construction is available to help you with all your storm roof damage needs. Give us a call today for a free estimate.


Forecasters warned people celebrating Father’s Day outdoors to take precautions as triple-digit temperatures prompted heat advisories across much of the southern U.S., triggered thunderstorms that knocked out power from Oklahoma to Mississippi and whipped up winds that raised wildfire threats in Arizona and New Mexico.
A suspected tornado struck near Scranton, Arkansas early Sunday, destroying chicken houses and toppling trees onto homes, the National Weather Service said. There were no immediate reports of serious injuries.
Louisiana Gov. John Bel Edwards declared a state of emergency for north and central parts of his state after strong winds and severe weather caused widespread power outages on Saturday. On Sunday, more than 740,000 people were without power in Oklahoma, Texas, Louisiana, Arkansas, and Mississippi, according to PowerOutage.us.
Meteorologists said that potentially record-breaking temperatures would continue into midweek over southern Texas and much of the Gulf Coast. Storms producing damaging winds, hail and possibly tornadoes could strike the lower Mississippi Valley.
“If you have outdoor plans this #FathersDay, don’t forget to practice heat safety! Take frequent breaks, stay hydrated, NEVER leave people/pets alone in a car!” the weather service office in Houston said on Twitter.
In Florida, the weather service issued another heat advisory Sunday, this time mainly for the Florida Keys. Forecasters said heat index readings – the combination of high temperatures and oppressive humidity – could reach between 42 and 45 Celsius in places such as Key Largo, Marathon and Key West.
“These conditions will cause increased risk of heat illness for people outdoors or in non-air-conditioned spaces,” the weather service said in a bulletin.
In the Southwest, where fire crews are battling multiple wildfires in Arizona and New Mexico, forecasters said triple-digit temperatures and gusty winds would lead to critical fire weather over the next couple of days. Sunday promised to be the hottest day of the year in Arizona, with highs up to 43.5 C in Phoenix.
Winds were forecast to gust from 48 kph to 64 kph on Sunday east of Flagstaff, Arizona, along the Interstate 40 corridor and up to 80 kph on Monday, creating potentially critical fire weather across much of northeast New Mexico.
A large brush fire that broke out Friday afternoon south of Tucson, Arizona shut down a state highway on Saturday. Arizona 83 reopened on Sunday and no homes were in immediate danger, authorities said.
Much of Nevada was under a high-wind advisory with gusts up to 88 kph with blowing dust that could hamper visibility on highways, the weather service said.


The El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon is the strongest driver of inter-annual climate variability around the world and exerts a substantial influence on the climate of cotton production areas in the United States. ENSO phases are characterized by sea surface temperature anomalies in the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean. When sea surface temperature (SST) is higher than normal the phenomenon is referred as El Niño, and when the sea-surface temperature is lower than normal, the phenomenon is referred to as La Niña. Neutral is the term for when neither El Niño nor La Niña are present in the Pacific. Although El Niño and La Niña return every 2 to 7 years, the tropical Pacific can be thought of as neutral, or near normal, a majority of the time. It is important to recognize that ENSO affects the climate in the northern hemisphere primarily during the fall, winter, and early spring months of the year but still may impact summer crops in certain regions of the United States. The main goal of this report is to evaluate the influence of ENSO on cotton yield variability.


We hate to rain and snow on your Thanksgiving parade, but the weather is not looking good for people traveling during the holidays.
According to AccuWeather, at least three major storms are expected to hit various parts of the United States before the upcoming holiday. If you live in the Midwest and the Northeast, you could potentially see a wintery mix of snow and rain…And it is only going to get worse.
Starting Tuesday, a “significant and potentially very disruptive” storm will pump heavy snow across a 1,200-mile stretch of the heartland. The storm is predicted to spread from Colorado all the way up to parts of Wisconsin, Minnesota, Illinois, Indiana, and Michigan by midweek. They’re even calling for “blizzard conditions” in the upper parts of the Midwest on Wednesday.
As the Thanksgiving travel period kicks off this weekend and continues through the following weekend, at least three storms of note have the potential to cause trouble on the roads and at the airports across the United States: https://t.co/AsDa4p7tE1 pic.twitter.com/Hn8lmZNjix
— AccuWeather (@breakingweather) November 20, 2019
So if you are planning on driving or flying that day, you may want to reschedule your trip.
According to the American Automobile Association (AAA), more than 55 million people across the U.S. are planning to travel at least 50 miles ahead of Thanksgiving. And with the weather predicted to be as bad as it may be…Good luck!SKM: below-content placeholder


Unfortunately, there is no good way to predict or explain the weather in New England,
and especially in the hills of Northern Vermont. We have actually had pouring rain in our front yard, full sun in
the back yard, and snow flurries just down the road, at the same time! With that in mind, the radar below shows
a pretty accurrate picture of what the weather is doing in our area.
On the map below, The Great Vermont Corn Maze is located just left of the "St" in St. Johnsbury.
If the weather looks questionable, please call us first. If we need to close the maze due to heavy rain or severe weather,
we try to do so at least 2 hours prior to closing.


South Africa Seasons & When to Travel
South Africa is split into two main climatic zones.
The north of the country, including Johannesburg, the Kruger National Park, Limpopo Province, the Kalahari Desert, Durban and northern KwaZulu Natal, is influenced by a sub-tropical climate and receives most rainfall during the warmer summer months from November to March. Temperatures can soar to 40C at this time, especially in the ‘lowveld’ areas of Mpumalanga and KwaZulu/Natal, and it can also be very humid near the coast.
It is usually ‘dry’ from April through to October, and the main winter period runs from May to August. During this time, altitude plays an important factor with temperatures. Along the coast, days are usually warm, but nights can be quite cool. In the ‘highveld’ areas (the Kalahari, Madikwe, Waterberg, Johannesburg and western Limpopo and Mpumalanga provinces), whilst daytime temperatures can reach the high ‘teens’, night temperatures can drop well below freezing and snow can fall on the mountains. September and October see a rapid increase in temperatures as summer approaches.
The south of the country, including Cape Town, the Cape Winelands, Cederberg Mountains, Hermanus, the Karoo Desert, Garden Route, Port Elizabeth and the Eastern Cape, has a more temperate climate and receives most rainfall during the winter months, from April to October. Weather can be extremely varied during this time, swinging from beautifully crisp sunny days to miserable wet and windy conditions. Temperatures are not usually too cold, but snow does often fall on the mountains. During the summer months, from November to March, there is little rain and day time temperatures can reach 40C, particularly away from the coast in the Karoo.
The best time to visit Cape Town and the south of the country is therefore November to March, when you can expect warm, dry weather. In the north of the country, it rather depends on your interests and priorities, but the best safari season is technically during the dry season from May to October, when game viewing conditions are really good. However, the quality of game viewing in the private reserves of northern South Africa is much less affected by season and weather conditions than in much of the rest of Africa, and therefore it is possible to enjoy a very successful safari all year round.


I Believe in Washington
By Sameer Ranade
Our agricultural breadbasket is in a state of severe drought – and the rest of the state isn’t faring much better: the U.S. Drought Monitor shows nearly every inch of Washington is abnormally dry. This spells danger for farms, fish, forests, and, of course, people. We rely on our mountain snowpack to slowly melt and provide water during the spring and summer. But this year’s snowpack runoff is expected to be the lowest recorded in 64 years! Is global warming responsible? You bet. But thanks to the fossil fuel industry’s political influence, we haven’t mustered the will to effectively address global warming by curbing heat-trapping carbon pollution.
Carbon pollution is upsetting the balance of nature, causing more extreme weather like the droughts and wildfires that have been ravaging Washington in recent years. Climate science experts agree that such dangerous events are likely to become more frequent and intense if fossil fuels continue to dominate our energy supplies.
Our children don’t deserve this future. We can take action that turns the tide against global warming and creates stronger economic growth and healthier communities everywhere. Investing in Washington’s clean homegrown energy instead of imported fossil fuels produces immediate benefits: reducing heart and lung disease from air pollution and sparking new industrial growth and good paying jobs. The vehicle to move this idea forward is the Alliance for Jobs and Clean Energy, of which I am a member. We’re building a broad and diverse coalition to advance the best climate policy for Washington.
Please join the Alliance by taking the “I believe in Washington’”pledge, here: http://jobscleanenergywa.com/ and affirm your support for keeping our communities vibrant, our families healthy and our economy strong.
Sameer Ranade is a Climate and Clean Energy Associate at the Washington Environmental Council and a PSARA member.


I decided to add Air Quality to my weather setup. The ideal is a Purple Air sensor but that costs $250 and even more to ship to the UK.
The challenge I had was to add code to upload the data to my website and then get the website to use the data and display it.
After about half a day of coding, and a few tweaks in subsequent days, I ended up with the page above.
You can also see the data uploaded to the AQICN.ORG website for worldwide AQI coverage


Home | News
TERI University in the News
Latest NewsHoping for a happier diwali
Millennium Post(Online), 14 October 2017
With the festival of lights knocking at the door, Sayantan Ghosh writes about the estimated improvement in the air quality with meteorological factors in favour and the recent ban on firecrackers imposed by the SC.
Shrikant Mathur, a 14-year-old boy clad in a white and blue school uniform stops at the gate of his apartment, takes out a pollution mask and wears it because his parents repeatedly told him to do so in order to combat the city pollution. This schoolboy like many other children in the Capital suffers from acute Asthma. With the festival of lights around the corner, people in metro cities are scared as the quality of air is deteriorating at an alarming rate.
Diwali is knocking at the door and the markets of Delhi are full of cloured diyas and lights. The air-quality of the national capital is set to deteriorate further and become "very poor", with the count of pollutants, especially PM 2.5 increasing drastically, predicted the agencies. The Capital is not the only city suffering, the air quality of other metro cities has also gone down rapidly. According to the System of Air Quality and Weather Forecasting and Research (SAFAR), on Monday (September 9) the PM 2.5 concentration was recorded at 117 units in Delhi, and considered "poor" as per the Indian emissions standards. This, however, increased to 128 units on the following two days, entering the category of "very poor" air quality.
'Capital to get a better Diwali than the last one'
Despite the reports of poor air quality in the Capital, experts predicted that the air quality would be much better on Diwali this year as compared to last year. Meteorological conditions, monsoon, early Diwali and the firecracker ban would be the major reasons for an estimated better air quality, predicted environmentalists.
"Delhiites will experience much better air quality this time in Diwali because the meteorological conditions are favorable," said Sunil Dahiya, Senior Campaigner of Climate and Energy, Greenpeace India. He elaborated that there has not been much change in terms of comprehensive actions against pollution, but pollution and air quality are not only dependent on external factors but also on the climate.
Agreeing to his arguments, Dr Suresh Jain, Head of Energy and Environment department, TERI University said, "This year Diwali is being celebrated much earlier than the last one and we had also experienced a good monsoon; these factors will make the air quality better." He explained that the present air quality is deteriorating because of the external factors and the government should take proper action plans to stop that. "The polluted air is getting a passage to go out this year, which it did not happen last year. It was smoggy and foggy all over, but this year it will not happen," Jain said. He further added that proper sunshine will play a big role in maintaining the air quality this time.
What happened in last Diwali?
In 2016, Diwali fireworks pushed pollution in Delhi to a dangerous level, the worst in three years, as it turned the air highly toxic due to a deadly cocktail of harmful repairable pollutants and gases, engulfing the city with a cover of thick smog triggering health alarms.
Various monitoring agencies including Delhi Pollution Control Committee (DPCC), Central Pollution Control Board, Pune-based SAFAR and Centre for Science and Environment were unanimous about the severity of the air quality in the city.
As per DPCCs real-time monitoring mechanism, the ultra pollutant PM 2.5 breached the safe standard by over 14 times at Anand Vihar, Delhi's most polluted area, at 2:30 am. Many other areas including densely populated RK Puram had nearly similar readings when pollution peaked past midnight. A day after Diwali the city woke up to the seasons worst air quality as smoke from Diwali fireworks, coupled with moisture and nearly stagnant wind movement, shrouded the city in a thick cover of smog. Commuters in several areas found it difficult to find their way as the visibility level plunged to nearly zero in several areas. SAFAR, an agency of Earth Sciences Ministry, said air quality was not only severe but plunged to its worst in three years during Diwali mainly due to low wind movement and falling boundary layer, that traps pollutants close to the surface.
Hurdles of tackling air pollution
Environmentalists in India found out a number of problems which cause air pollution. The experts opined that all these problems are much discussed and the authorities are well equipped to deal with these. "Thermal power plants are one of the most important sources of air pollution. The government should have to monitor the air quality of these plants exclusively and tag the data with the meteorological data of wind. If these two data are put together then it would be very easy to take immediate action and to control the air pollution," said Sunil Dahiya, Greenpeace India. He raised an important question, that when all the effects and causes of air pollution are known, why do the governments wait until the air quality becomes worst and then they have no option left except closing these plants, which thereafter affects in power supply.
The experts also suggested that the governments should take proper actions on crop burning as it is another major source of pollution. Senior officials of Delhi Pollution Control Committee (DPCC) the prime body to monitor Delhi pollution said, "The government has already written to the neighbouring states to take actions against crop burning but there have been no positive results and already the reports of burning have started coming in." The DPCC, however, agreed that they do not have any plan to deal with the matter by meeting the officials of the neighbouring states.
The dangers of crop burning
The official definition of crop burning or stubble burning is: 'Stubble burning is the deliberate setting fire of the straw stubble that remains after wheat and other grains have been harvested.' In India, it is an old practice. Punjab and Haryana comprise of large numbers of farmlands and this time of the year the farmers start working on clearing their fields so that they can start fresh work.
The program director of SAFAR, Dr G Beig, said that 70 per cent of Delhi's air pollution is caused by crop burning. He further added that the smoke after the burning of crops in the neighborhood states enters the Capital, and as at this time of the year the air becomes heavy, the polluted air cannot go out. This highly polluted air stays in the atmosphere in a condensed form and forms a layer, then other pollution sources such as firecrackers add more toxic air to this.
Ban on firecrackers in Delhi
The Supreme Court on Monday suspended any further cracker sales till November 1 as part of an experimental move to gauge the effect of crackers on the alarming air pollution levels in Delhi-NCR. Critics, however, feel this would only lead to black marketing in crackers and higher prices. The apex court said the order suspending all licenses should be tested once to see if there was any positive effect on air quality this Diwali. It would reassess the situation after the festival.
Health hazards due to air pollution
According to doctors and published research works, particulate matter (PM) in the air can cause a number of health problems and has been linked with illnesses and deaths from heart and lung disease. These effects have been associated with both short-term exposures (usually over 24 hours, but possibly as short as one hour) and long-term exposures (years). Groups particularly sensitive to particle pollution include people with heart or lung disease, are older adults and children.
Health hazards in animals
The poor air quality is not only harmful to the citizens but also for the animals dwelling in the city. They suffer from various health hazards which cause respiratory problems, loss of clear eye site, and loss of appetite. The effects are recorded predominantly in the pets as they stay in continuous observation. However, the doctors said that the effect is same for all the animals and birds.
Air pollution causes cardiovascular diseases or respiratory symptoms such as a persistent cough, wheezing, shortness of breath, tightness of chest, said a veterinary doctor. He further added that many birds suffer from breathing trouble, causing a hindrance to their flight, many birds also die at this time. A bird hospital in Delhi admitted the same and doctors said that they get a lot of cases of injured birds during this time of the year. "Most of these birds cannot fly due to breathing problems and they fall sick on the ground as well, leading to accidents," said a doctor. The bird hospital doctors also added that the birds lose eye sites due to the pollution and meet with accidents.
Delhi is not suffering alone
The Greenpeace India did a survey which has revealed that the top 20 most polluted cities had PM10  levels between 268 µg/m3 and 168 µg/m3 for the year 2015. While, Delhi topped the list with 268 µg/m3, it was followed closely by Ghaziabad, Allahabad, and Bareli in Uttar Pradesh; Faridabad in Haryana; Jharia in Jharkhand, Alwar in Rajasthan; Ranchi, Kusunda and Bastacola in Jharkhand; Kanpur in Uttar Pradesh, and Patna in Bihar; with PM10 levels ranging from 258 µg/m3 to 200 µg/m3.
"Air pollution is a national public health crisis as almost none of the cities have bothered to keep air pollution in check, making them unlivable. We are facing an apocalypse right now due to unbreathable air. Deaths due to air pollution are only a fraction less than those due to use of tobacco yet authorities are turning a deaf ear to the numerous scientific reports that have set alarm bells ringing," says Sunil Dahiya.
A recent study and several reports also say that the air quality of Kolkata is also deteriorating. According to reports a joint study by the British Deputy High Commission, UKAID and Kolkata Municipal Corporation that was released last year had found that the city was already the fifth highest among major cities in the country emitting 14.8 million tons of Green House Gas (GHG) and also the second highest contributor in terms of per capita CO2 emission, producing 3.29 tonnes of CO2 per capita. Experts predicted that if this trend continues then Kolkata would become one of the most polluted cities in the world.
Every day the country is fighting with poor air quality and the ban on firecrackers has become a topic of debate. The schoolboy never likes to wear the mask because it pains, but neither does he like the chest pain when his Asthma increases. He always fails to understand why his breathing trouble goes up at this time and winter. even though he learns about pollution, he feels sad as there are no crackers. With various emotions in the mind, the festival of lights is coming. With a flicker of hope, the city is looking forward to a better Diwali.
Shrikant's school bus picks him and leaves, vanishing in the slight morning fog, leaving behind the question, is this a fog or a smog?
Growth opportunities with sustainability management courses
The Tribune (Online), 11 October 2017
Jobs Careers By Pervin Malhotra
email your queries to email@example.com
Q.Could you please tell me something about the scope of pursuing a course in sustainability management? I am a BTech graduate in environmental engineering? — Pranav Bansal
A.The changing landscape of risks in the 21st century has a potential spillover on society at large and the environment in particular.
As a result, businesses worldwide have started feeling the pinch. Increasingly stringent legislation to cope with these risks has made it necessary to introduce environmentally responsible and stakeholder centric management practices.
Even the UGC has mandated that B-schools under its umbrella offer environment management as a core subject. Another important development in the policy sphere is the introduction of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) which mandates that high-net worth companies ( Rs 500 crore and above) must spend 2 per cent of their profits on social development activities. SEBI, the capital market watchdog, has also made it mandatory for the 100 top listed companies (on BSE & NSE) to submit annual business responsibility reports.
To cope with this changing landscape of risks a number of courses incorporating formal training, exposure and environment have been introduced to create a pool of environmentally and socially conscious professionals by acquainting them with the issues that impact organisations:
For instance, TERI University, Delhi offers a full-fledged MBA in Business Sustainability. Other prestigious institutes that offer programmes on sustainability management include IIM (Lucknow) which offers a post-graduate programme in sustainability management (2-year, FT) at its Noida campus.
Xavier School of Sustainability Management, Bhubaneswar under the aegis of Xavier University also offers a relevant course. Symbiosis Institute of International Business, Pune and the National Institute of Industrial Engineering (NITIE), Mumbai, offer an MBA in Energy & Environment and a PG Diploma in Industrial Safety & Environmental Management, respectively. Great Lakes Institute of Management, Gurgaon offers a PG in management with a specialisation in Energy as well as a Post Graduate Executive Programme in Energy Management.
Similarly, MDI, Gurgaon offers an Executive Post Graduate Programme in Energy Management. Other institutions, including IIM (Kolkata), IIM (Bangalore), IIM (Ahmedabad), IIM (Kozhikode), IMT (Ghaziabad) have also added courses related to responsible and sustainable management practices to their traditional management curriculum.
Students graduating from these programmes are primarily absorbed in CSR and sustainability divisions or departments of various private and public sector companies; in consultancy organisations like KPMG, PwC, E&Y, Deloitte that have dedicated verticals on responsible and sustainable business practices. Even financial institutions have started rising to the occasion by hiring professionals who can help them make responsible investment decisions; Notable among these being IFC, Yes Bank, HSBC, Deutsche Bank etc....
Delhi to celebrate a safer Diwali this year, say experts
Millennium Post(Online), 11 October 2017
NEW DELHI: Despite multiple reports of poor air quality in the Capital, environmental experts have predicted that this year during Diwali, the air quality would be much better than what it was last year in the same period.
The meteorological condition, monsoon, early Diwali and the Supreme Court's order to ban firecrackers will be the main reasons for better air quality, predicted environmentalists.
"Delhiites will get much better air quality this time in Diwali than last year, because the meteorological conditions are favourable," said Sunil Dahiya, senior campaigner of climate and energy, Greenpeace foundation.
He elaborated that though there has not been much change in terms of comprehensive action against pollution, air quality and pollution levels are also dependent on climate in addition to external factors.
Dr Suresh Jain, head of Energy and Environment department, TERI University said, "This year, Diwali is arriving much earlier than last year, and the monsoon was also better.These factors will make the air quality better.
He elaborated that the air quality at present is deteriorating due to external factors and the government should formulate a proper action plan to stop it.
"Polluted air is getting a passage to go out this year, which it did not get last year. It was smoggy and foggy all over, but this year it will not happen," Jain said.
He further said that proper sunshine will play a big role in maintaining the air quality this time.
Meanwhile, officials of the Delhi Pollution Control Committee (DPCC) said that this year the Capital received a better monsoon than last time, which would play a key role in maintaining better air quality.
A senior member of DPCC said, "The ban of firecrackers plays a very crucial role as well. It will make this Diwali better."
However, the official cautioned that citizens should take necessary precautions to avoid ill-effects of air pollution.
In 2016, Diwali fireworks pushed pollution in Delhi to dangerous levels, the worst in three years, as it turned the air highly toxic due to a deadly cocktail of harmful repairable pollutants and gases, engulfing the city with a cover of thick smog triggering health alarms.
Various monitoring agencies, including DPCC, Central Pollution Control Board, Pune-based SAFAR and Centre for Science and Environment, were unanimous about the severity of the air quality in the city.


While the danger from winter
weather varies across the country, nearly all Americans,
regardless of where they live, are likely to face some type
of severe winter weather at some point in their lives. That
could mean snow or subfreezing temperatures, as well as
strong winds or even ice or heavy rain storms. One of the
primary concerns is the winter weather's ability to knock
out heat, power and communications services to your home or
office, sometimes for days at a time.
for Winter Weather
Make sure your home is
well insulated and that you have weather stripping around
your doors and window sills to keep the warm air
yourself with the terms that are used to identify
Freezing Rain creates a coating
of ice on roads and walkways.
Sleet is rain
that turns to ice pellets before reaching the
ground. Sleet also causes roads to freeze and
Winter Weather Advisory means
cold, ice and snow are expected.
Watch means severe weather such as heavy snow or ice
is possible in the next day or two.
Storm Warning means severe winter conditions have
begun or will begin very soon.
Warning means heavy snow and strong winds will
produce blinding snow, near zero visibility,
deep drifts and life-threatening wind chill.
Frost/Freeze Warning means below freezing
temperatures are expected.
Thoroughly check and
update your family's emergency supply kit before
Include adequate clothing
and blankets to keep you warm.
If you have a
car, fill the gas tank in case you have to leave.
NOAA Watch for
more weather-related information.


by Henry Fountain, NYT
Aiming to reduce errors like the one it made in 2012, when it wrongly forecast the track of Hurricane Sandy into the New York area, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration on Wednesday introduced a major upgrade to the software at the heart of its weather prediction capability.
Using huge amounts of computing power, the software, known as the Global Forecast System, or G.F.S., models the physics of global weather, taking data from satellites and sensors to produce predictions of conditions in coming hours and days. Meteorologists around the world rely on it for making forecasts.The U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) has introduced a significant upgrade to the software that guides its weather prediction capability for the first time in four decades.
The Global Forecast System (GFS) software requires huge amounts of computing power to model the physics of global weather. The system uses data from satellites and sensors to predict conditions in coming hours and days. The upgraded system will help improve predictions of severe weather, including winter storms, hurricanes, and other tropical storms. The GFS upgrade has been tested for a year, running models based on data from past warm and cold seasons and comparing the results with what actually happened. Said Brian Gross, director of NOAA’s Environmental Modeling Center, “We are confident the upgrade will provide an overall improvement,” and more accurate forecasts of temperature, rainfall, and snowfall. Full Article
DCL: There’s a lot of complex event processing that goes into analyzing NOA’s incoming data to detect patterns of events that may signify emerging weather problems. Same technological issues apply to analysis of social media for early warnings of emerging pandemics. Its a wild world out there, and CEP is a basic technology needed to keep us ahead of the game!


All of Puerto Rico was without power Sunday as Category 1 Hurricane Fiona barreled toward the island, threatening to drop massive amounts of rain on its southern coast.
The island’s governor Pedro Pierluisi confirmed the mass blackout a few hours after President Biden made an emergency declaration for Puerto Rico on Sunday.
Biden’s announcement allows FEMA to prepare to deal with the aftermath of Hurricane Fiona, which was anticipated to bring up to 25 inches of rain, with most affected areas seeing between 12 and 16 inches.
“It’s time to take action and be concerned,” Nino Correa, Puerto Rico’s emergency management commissioner, said.
The island’s power service, Luma, said it wasn’t sure when power would be restored because “current weather conditions are extremely dangerous and are hindering our capacity to evaluate the complete situation.”
It warned residents they might have to wait several days to regain electricity.
Fiona, then a tropical storm, killed one man in the French territory of Guadeloupe on Friday after his home was washed away by floods. His body was discovered on Saturday.
The storm was upgraded to a Category 1 hurricane on Sunday as it reached sustained winds of 80 mph, and churned about 25 miles south of the city of Ponce as of 3p.m. EST Sunday.
These rains will produce life-threatening flash flooding and urban flooding across Puerto Rico and the eastern Dominican Republic, along with mudslides and landslides in areas of higher terrain,” the the National Hurricane Center said.
“What worries me most is the rain,” forecaster Ernesto Morales with the National Weather Service said.
The National Weather Service said Saturday that the Blanco River in the island’s southeast is already overflowing and told those who live nearby to flee to higher locations, and other rivers began to crest Sunday.
Public schools and government agencies will be closed on Monday, and Gov. Pierluisi has deployed the country’s national guard. The island’s main airport and its ports were closed Sunday.
The area expected to be hit by the hurricane is still reeling from a string of earthquakes in 2019 that cause significant destruction.
Fiona will land just two days before the five-year anniversary of Hurricane Maria, the Category 5 hurricane that destroyed Puerto Rico’s power grid and killed around 3,000 people.
The country’s grid, which has already failed, has remained particularly tenuous since Maria.
“I think all of us Puerto Ricans who lived through Maria have that post-traumatic stress of, ‘What is going to happen, how long is it going to last and what needs might we face?’” Danny Hernández, who works in San Juan, told the Associated Press.
Hernández stocked up at a local supermarket before the storm hit. “After Maria, we all experienced scarcity to some extent,” he added
Fiona is this Atlantic Ocean hurricane season’s sixth named storm.


The Southwest of the U.S. becomes drier as rainy weather patterns are moving further north. A new study conducted by researchers at the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) looked at meteorological data spanning 35 years to find weather patterns becoming more or less frequent in the Southwest states.
Led by Andreas Prein, the research team determined that Southwest states may be transitioning to a drier climate. The recent drought spell is a strong indicator of meteorological and environmental changes to come.
The meteorological data used in the study spans the period between 1979 and 2014. In their search for precipitation drivers and their frequency, the researchers also looked at how high pressure systems and low pressure systems re-arranged over the course of 35 years.
The analysis revealed that the pressure systems critical for precipitation aren’t as frequent in the Southwest states. The Southwest of the U.S. becomes drier according to the results published in the open access article featuring in the Geophysical Research Letters.
The Southwest region is already a highly arid region. With droughts already damaging the states here, less frequent rainy weather patterns will translated in even longer droughts. Megadroughts of up to 30 years are a cause for stir and should sustain enhanced policy efforts.
A previous research conducted by researchers with the Cornell University used climate models to understand the megadroughts prospects in the Southwest region. According to the results of this study, the likelihood that megadroughts will occur in the Southwest in the U.S. soon enough is over 50 percent.
The findings of the study conducted by Andreas Prein support a similar outcome. As rainy weather patterns decrease in frequency, a dry spell is slowly taking over. The effects of the Southwest becoming an even drier region may wreak havoc. Dust storms and wildfires are just two of the adverse effects resulting from the lack of precipitation. Desertification looms on the horizon. Water management policies may become increasingly difficult to control.
The NCAR research team looked at three weather systems which are known to ensure precipitation in the Southwest of the U.S. These include low pressure systems in the North Pacific. Plotting meteorological data spanning 35 years, the researchers observed that low-pressure systems aren’t forming at the same frequency anymore.
Moreover, they are pushed over by high pressure systems. Other studies observed that average pressure systems are moving towards the north. As a result, drier conditions which inhibit rainy weather patterns are installed.
The Southwest of the U.S. becomes drier. However, the research makes no correlation with climate change, as this fell outside the scope of the current study.
Photo Credits: onlinelibrary.wiley.com, Andreas F. Prein et. all


it is hardly recent, the UN Framework on Climate Change was released in 1992 from work done by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change over the preceding few years - I don't see the term global warming in their name, just the term climate change.
A little bit of research does go such a long way....
I'm sorry, please see the poster boy's website as quoted.
Nobody believes the UN on this anyway. Including some of the contributing writers of the UN Propaganda Piece.
Some other scientists of note like Richard Lindzen who is the professor of meteorology at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. There's Shunichi Aksofu (ph), one of the two most cited scientists in the world in Japan who's completely against it. Scientists like Roy Spitzer and John Christy who do all the atmospheric measurements using balloons, radio signs and satellite, and Fred Singer who established the U.S. satellite weather service.
And when you google for the UN Study it all says global warming. By the way, are we now saying that global cooling will raise the ocean levels? Are we saying that global cooling will reduce the glacial ice shleves in the arctic and antarctic thus decreasing the salinity of the oceans, stopping the conveyor belt currents and creating the "The Day After" scenario?
No we are talking about global Warming and what causes it and who is claiming that human activity is causing it via green house gasses. Co2 levels have not gone down by the way. Only temperatures...wait that can't happen according to the scientific consensus that is telling us that CO2 levels increase temperatures.


Relámpago del Catatumbo (Catatumbo Lightning) is an atmospheric phenomenon that occurs where the Catatumbo River meets the Lake Maracaibo, in Venezuela.
How do they happen? The winds blowing accross the Maracaibo lake and other swampy plains around the area meet with the Andes mountain ridges. These winds carry a lot of heat and moisture, which are perfect for creating electric charges. The result? Lightning for 280 times an hour, 10 hours a day for 160 nights a year!
It is believed that the phenomenon has been going around since at least the 16th century (and most likely, even more than that). The first time this storm was reported in writing was an epic poem called "la Dragontea," by Lope de Vega in 1597, which told of the defeat of Sir Francis Drake at this site. Drake tried to attack the city of Maracaibo, but the lightning gave away his position and the city was able to respond in time.
All the electric activity makes the Catatumbo Lightning the largest single generator of Ozone in the planet. The lightning is visible up to 400 km away! Because of this, it's also called as the Maracaibo Beacon.


ET.20.017 – Understanding and forecasting weather for renewable energy application in society
In order to combat climate change, the Netherlands is increasing its share of energy generation from renewables such as solar and wind. This makes the energy system more vulnerable to the weather. In particular, rapid changes in solar radiation or wind speed put pressure on energy grid operations and management. But even on much larger timescales, variability has implications for balancing and energy market trading. To mitigate this, requires improved understanding of the meteorological processes underpinning the output of renewable energy generators and using this information to transform energy management processes. Our initiative aims to better understand and forecast the physical processes behind the meteorological variations across a range of relevant time and spatial scales from seconds to months and metres to 100s of km. On the short term, these processes require forecasts at a high spatiotemporal resolution, e.g. at one-minute intervals for clouds, fog and wind speed at ~km scale up to 48 hours ahead for energy balancing. On the long term, regional seasonal forecasts are required for long-term bilateral energy trading. This requires unprecedented detail in terms of high-resolution modelling, machine learning and understanding of long-term weather patterns which is currently lacking.
We will develop a combined modelling and observation system that enables forecasting and monitoring of solar radiation, clouds and wind speed, supported by crowdsourced observations and numerical simulations at unprecedented detail. This will be combined with modelling of the energy system considering advanced control capabilities of wind and solar farm production and their impact on the energy market at all scales including ancillary services, balancing and forward trading.
Our aim is to facilitate a transition in term of energy management across different scales, considering the multiple challenges of atmospheric modelling, forecasting, renewable generation, control and energy markets connecting fundamental science with practical societal impacts.
energy grid, energy transition, Renewable energy, society, solar energy, weather, wind energy
Haagse Hogeschool, Technische Universiteit Delft (TUD), TU Twente (UT)
|Organisation||Wageningen University (WUR)- meteorology and air quality section|
|Name||Dr. ir. G.J. (Gert-Jan) Steeneveld|


Quote of the Day - Breathe, breathe in the air. - Pink Floyd, Dark Side of the Moon
How Long To Clean Air?
Don't expect it to let up soon. The USEPA announced that stricter clean air regulations will likely stay in effect for another 10-15 years.
The two major sources of pollution to clean up the air: nitrogen oxide and sulfur releases from power plants and diesel fuel and large truck engines.
If past experience is any indicator, we can look probably think in terms of another 30 years, possibly 45.


Air pollution has been one of the world’s most horrible dilemmas and it is the most common major problem anywhere in the world today. The effects of air pollution do not just destroy the world; it ruins the human life as well.
Air pollution refers to the contamination of the air. It is either be a physical, biological or chemical alteration of the air in the atmosphere. When harmful gases, dust, and smoke enters the atmosphere, it makes it difficult for plants, animals, and humans to survive. Other causes of air pollution can be managed by changing lifestyle but some causes are beyond of control. Here are the 10 sources of air pollution:
10. Wood fires
Wood fires discharge particulate matter into the air. The released particles become lodged in human’s respiratory system. When the particles enter into the lungs, it can intensify various lung problems such as asthma and other respiratory ailments.
Deforestation creates a big impact on the atmosphere in so many ways. The forest is considered to be the sinks for carbon dioxide through a carbon sequestration process. Carbon dioxide can be found in the tissue of the plants as they take in gas to make food. This process omits carbon dioxide from the air. So, when forests are burned, the storage area of carbon dioxide is destroyed.
8. Mining operations
When the minerals below the Earth are extracted using large equipment, the dust and chemicals are released into the air resulting enormous air pollution. Mining operations are responsible for weakening health conditions of people nearby and destroying the original formations of land.
7. Radioactive fallout
Radioactive sources produce high amounts of energy, yield harmful quantities of sulfur dioxide and several heavy metals into the air. Air pollution from radioactive fallout has been proven to make various environmental concerns. Some of them are defoliation, deformation and nature destruction. Radioactive air pollution causes danger to human’s health as well. After inhaling emissions from nuclear plants, one can have cancers and various respiratory diseases.
6. Chemical pesticides
The chemical pesticide is good for farmers for their plants but it is very much dangerous to humans. Pesticides keep vermin, bacteria and fungi destroyed. However, the use of pesticides inflicts air pollution that can be fatal for animals, birds and even marine life. Apart from creating bad effects to air, pesticides actually damage to the health of the plants in the long run. It decreases plant production and pollination that makes crop yields lower.


This paper discuss about existing mathematical models for in-cabin CO2 concentrations and compare it with experimentally measured CO2 concentration. The study involves with different size light passenger vehicles under different occupancy and airflow conditions. The sensor board measures temperature, humidity and atmospheric gas concentrations at front and rear of the cabin during journey and these data are used to compare with the theoretical model predicted values. The recirculation mode made rice in CO2 levels more rapidly compared to open air intake through vehicle air conditioning system. However, the open air intake mode is more vulnerable to toxic gases inside tunnels and confined environments. Therefore measuring in cabin carbon dioxide and oxygen levels and opening ventilation intelligently is essential in the driver-less future vehicles. This study pays the path for intelligent control of cabin air depending on the external environment the vehicle being passing through and the present cabin air quality. New algorithms for predicting in cabin air quality will be derived through experimental observations.
Previous Article in event Previous Article in session
Next Article in event
Experimental Study on Cabin Carbon Dioxide Concentration in Light Passenger Vehicles
Published: 14 November 2020 by MDPI in 7th International Electronic Conference on Sensors and Applications session Applications
Keywords: cabin air quality; carbon dioxide sensing; oxygen sensing; automatic controlling of CO2 concentration


According to Climate.NASA, “Global climate change has already had observable effects on the environment. Glaciers have shrunk, ice on rivers and lakes is breaking up earlier, plant and animal ranges have shifted and trees are flowering sooner.” These effects happening now were predicted years ago by climate change scientists.
Now, scientists are predicting that depending on our emissions of heat-trapping gasses, even greater effects are to come in the future. Temperatures will continue to rise, storms and droughts will increase, and hurricanes will become stronger than ever are just a few of these predictions.
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change estimates that the global emissions outcome of current nationally stated mitigation ambitions as submitted under The Paris Agreement would “not limit global warming to 1.5°C, even if supplemented by very challenging increases in the scale and ambition of emissions reductions after 2030” and that “Avoiding overshoot and reliance on future large-scale deployment of carbon dioxide removal (CDR) can only be achieved if global CO2 emissions start to decline well before 2030.” Meaning, we are currently not on track to achieve our goal of simply limiting the global warming change of 1.5 degrees Celsius.
This indicates that the time to act is now and strong changes in how companies and businesses operate can become the forefront force in meeting these goals. We’ve reached a point in consumerism where the normal operation of business is catastrophic to the planet yet through greenwashing, we choose to only acknowledge the smaller issues such as replacing straws.
In reality, there needs to be a complete overhaul on how business is conducted if we even wish to stand a chance.


Understanding the Role of Carbon Dioxide in the Earth’s Atmosphere
Role of Carbon Dioxide in the Earth’s Atmosphere
In a world where conversations about climate change dominate headlines, understanding the role of carbon dioxide in the Earth’s atmosphere becomes crucial. This article aims to unravel the complexities surrounding carbon dioxide, from its basic properties to its profound impact on our planet.
Why should we care about carbon dioxide? The answer lies in recognizing its pivotal role in shaping the Earth’s climate. As we delve into the intricacies of this ubiquitous gas, we’ll uncover not only its sources and effects but also explore strategies to mitigate its impact.
What is Carbon Dioxide?
At its core, carbon dioxide is a colorless and odorless gas, but its influence extends far beyond its unassuming nature. Understanding its properties lays the groundwork for comprehending its atmospheric impact. Moreover, exploring the natural sources of carbon dioxide sets the stage for dissecting its involvement in the greenhouse effect.
The Greenhouse Effect
The greenhouse effect, often a misunderstood concept, relies on the interplay of various gases, with carbon dioxide taking center stage. Let’s demystify this phenomenon and grasp how carbon dioxide contributes to the delicate balance of our planet’s climate.
Historical Trends in Carbon Dioxide Levels
To understand the present, we must glance at the past. Examining historical data on carbon dioxide concentrations reveals patterns and trends that guide us in comprehending the trajectory of atmospheric carbon dioxide levels. This historical perspective unveils key milestones and events shaping the Earth’s current atmospheric composition.
Human Activities and Carbon Dioxide Emissions
The surge in carbon dioxide levels is not a natural phenomenon; it’s a consequence of human activities. From industrialization to deforestation, our actions significantly impact atmospheric carbon dioxide. Unpacking these human-induced factors paints a clear picture of our responsibility in the ongoing climate crisis.
Consequences of Rising Carbon Dioxide Levels
The repercussions of elevated carbon dioxide levels extend beyond rising temperatures. From the melting of polar ice caps to disruptions in ecosystems and biodiversity, the consequences are far-reaching. It’s imperative to acknowledge the multifaceted impact and work collectively to mitigate these effects.
The Role of Carbon Capture Technologies
As we navigate the challenges posed by carbon dioxide emissions, technological innovations come to the forefront. Carbon capture and storage technologies offer a glimpse into potential solutions. Exploring the current advancements and future applications provides hope for a sustainable future.
International Efforts to Mitigate Carbon Dioxide Emissions
Climate change knows no borders, and addressing carbon dioxide emissions requires a united front. This section delves into global initiatives and agreements aimed at curbing carbon dioxide emissions. While progress is evident, challenges persist, emphasizing the need for continued collaboration.
Carbon Footprint and Individual Responsibility
Shifting our focus to individual actions, understanding our carbon footprint empowers us to make informed choices. Small lifestyle changes can collectively contribute to a significant reduction in carbon dioxide emissions. It’s time for individuals to embrace responsibility and take action.
Renewable Energy and its Impact on Carbon Dioxide
Renewable energy emerges as a beacon of hope in the battle against carbon dioxide. By exploring how alternative energy sources can replace traditional fossil fuels, we uncover success stories and inspire further investments in sustainable practices.
Misconceptions About Carbon Dioxide
Addressing misconceptions is crucial for fostering informed discussions. Distinguishing between natural and human-induced carbon dioxide emissions dispels common myths, enabling a more nuanced understanding of our impact on the environment.
Future Projections and Climate Models
Peering into the future, climate change projections guide our preparedness. This section unravels the intricacies of climate models, emphasizing the indispensable role of carbon dioxide in shaping future climate scenarios.
Adaptation Strategies for a Changing Climate
Adaptation becomes paramount as we witness the tangible effects of climate change. Communities and governments must embrace strategies that enhance resilience and minimize vulnerability. Navigating a changing climate requires proactive measures and innovative solutions.
Educational Initiatives on Carbon Dioxide
Education serves as a powerful tool in combating climate change. Initiatives promoting environmental literacy lay the groundwork for informed decision-making. By fostering a deeper understanding of carbon dioxide, we empower future generations to champion environmental stewardship.
In conclusion, our journey through the intricate web of carbon dioxide’s role in the Earth’s atmosphere unveils the urgency of collective action. From historical perspectives to future projections, each aspect contributes to a comprehensive understanding of the challenges and opportunities ahead.
- Is carbon dioxide always harmful, or are there positive aspects to its presence in the atmosphere? Carbon dioxide is a natural component of Earth’s atmosphere and plays a vital role in the greenhouse effect, which is essential for maintaining a habitable climate. However, the concern arises when human activities significantly increase its levels, leading to adverse effects such as global warming.
- Can individual actions truly make a difference in reducing carbon dioxide emissions? Yes, individual actions collectively contribute to a significant impact on carbon dioxide emissions. From reducing energy consumption to adopting sustainable practices, individuals play a crucial role in mitigating climate change.
- How do carbon capture technologies work, and are they effective in reducing carbon dioxide levels? Carbon capture technologies aim to capture carbon dioxide emissions from industrial processes and power plants. While these technologies show promise, their effectiveness on a large scale is still being explored and developed.
- What are the main challenges faced in global efforts to reduce carbon dioxide emissions? Challenges in global efforts include differing priorities among nations, economic considerations, and the need for widespread cooperation. Overcoming these challenges requires diplomatic efforts, technological advancements, and a shared commitment to sustainability.
- Are there any natural processes that can help absorb excess carbon dioxide from the atmosphere? Yes, natural processes like photosynthesis in plants and the absorption of carbon dioxide by oceans contribute to balancing atmospheric carbon dioxide levels. However, these natural processes may be overwhelmed by the current rate of human-induced emissions.


Energy conservation/ Renewable energy sources sample essay
Our beautiful earth since its origination has been a ‘hotbed’ of activity. Activity in the sense, we humans has been involved in various activities, utilizing our physical as well as mental part. The activities only caused tremendous transformations, transforming our globe from a primitive one to a developed one. But, one can see that these activities not only resulted in development, but have also caused destructions to our earth.
That is, in his/her quest to achieve advancement, humans have invented or inventing many tools. The same tools are used as life damaging tools, damaging human lives and importantly the earth’s environment, which sustain the human lives. So, this paper will discuss one of those threatening phenomenon, Global warming by focusing on the problems it produces for the society and also the common solutions to solve it. Nonliving and living factors that contribute to or are affected by the problem
Our Globe gets warmed or the climate gets changed due to various processes that take place inside and outside the earth like the earth’s rotation on its orbit, flow of air currents, rays from the sun etc. But, after the industrialization has set in, earth got even warmer or hotter due to artificial factors. One of the artificial factors and a byproduct of industrialization, which is the chief culprit of Global warming, are greenhouse gases.
The industries and motorized vehicles only release most of the green house gases into the atmosphere without adopting any preventive measures. Most of the scientific researches prove this fact about greenhouse gases because global warming had peaked as a phenomenon in the last 50 years going ‘hand-in-hand’ with the industrialization and development, which is taking place in most of the countries of the world, particularly the western countries. Behind that industrialization, it is the human activity, which is the initiator for the outlet of various greenhouse gases.
So, even though greenhouse gases can be shown as the cause of global warming, it is human activity which manufactures these gases, and they only should be blamed for its repercussions. This fact was accepted by the members of the Nobel Prize wining Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) who agreed that human activities are only causing global warming in the last 50 years” (Breslin) Increase of Greenhouse gases especially Carbon Dioxide level in Atmosphere
Greenhouse gas (GHG) is the term given to the naturally occurring or human produced gas, which creates a greenhouse effect inside our earth. Among the greenhouse gases, the one, which has the most virility, is Carbon dioxide (Co2). The level of the greenhouse gas, carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has shown an uphill path, again due to industrialization. Carbon dioxide is most times released from various industries in the form of smokes, causing global warming, air pollution and importantly damaging many things.
It is a common fact that humans normally exhale carbon dioxide, as build up of it in the human body will kill the person. But, Carbon dioxide exiting from the industries and fuel based vehicles will build up the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, then it will affect the human’s various organs causing mainly diseases like lung diseases, cancers etc and eventually death. Increase in temperatures Due to the phenomenon of global warming, the climate is changing to extreme level overriding the already established settings.
That is, the global warming by increasing the hotness of our earth have made the summer months hotter and even extended the summer months to extra periods. The current raising temperatures have made summers hotter and thereby caused and also causing heat related deaths in large numbers. That is, the increase in extremely hot summers predicted by climate change models will lead to a higher death toll that will not be offset by fewer deaths during warmer winters, say Mercedes Medina-Ramon of Harvard University’s School of Public Health in Massachusetts (Brahic).
Heart attacks are found to be the chief reasons for the heat related deaths. With the increase in temperature and the related discomforts, the stress increase to a peak level causing heart attacks, particularly among old persons. This summer related deaths cannot be prevented unless something really is done to decrease the temperatures. This extreme hot weather conditions also affects the people in the form of heat stroke deaths. Intense Heat waves deaths were occurring in large scale in 2000’s all over the world with older people constituting the majority of the deaths
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Do plants purify the air around you?
Houseplants aren’t just for decoration but can actually help purify the air in your home. A two-year study conducted by NASA in 1989 compiled a list of air filtering plants which contribute to living a less toxic life. In the study they found that indoor air pollution can be greatly mitigated by the introduction of these plants as they act as a natural air filter. They remove organic air pollutants such as: benzene, formaldehyde and trichloroethylene.
Why is air pollution bad for you?
Poor quality air can contribute to health problems in humans all over the world. These include lung and heart issues, coronary artery disease, emphysema, respiratory infections, stroke and cancer. Children and the elderly are particularly sensitive to air pollution. It can also be dangerous for pregnant women as it can contribute to birth defects. Air pollution is proven to also worsen present conditions such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cardiovascular disease and diabetes.
The list of plants below were determined to be the top 18 most effective at naturally filtering out indoor air pollutants.
Devil’s ivy, pothos plant (epopremnum aureum)
Peace lily (spathipyllum ‘mauna loa’)
Chinese evergreen (aglaonema modestum)
Bamboo palm (chamaedore seifrizii)
Variegated sanseviera ‘snake plant,’ (dracaena trifasciata ‘laurentii’)
Heartleaf philodendron (philodendron cordatum)
Selloum philodendron, lacy tree philodendron (philodendron bipinnatifidum)
Elephant ear philodendron (philodendron domesticum)
Red-edged dracaena, marginata (dracaena marginata)
Cornstalk dracaena (dracaena fragrans ‘massangeana’)
Weeping fig (ficus benhamina)
Barberton daisy, gerbera daisy (gerbera jamesonii)
Florist’s chrysanthemum, chrysanthemum morifolium)
Janet craig (dracaena deremensis)
Warneckii (dracaena deremensis)
Banana (musa Oriana)
PLEASE NOTE: Some of the listed plants may be poisonous for cats or dogs so before introducing them into your home, make sure to research which ones may be the most suitable.
Medical Disclaimer: Articles are intended for informational purposes only and should not be used as the basis of patient treatment. Ask a medical professional if you have any health-related questions or concerns.
Barandy, K. (2021). In search of fresh air: NASA lists the indoor plants that will naturally clean your space. https://www.designboom.com/technology/nasa-clean-air-study-plants-natural-filter-06-13-2021/
Krans, B. (2017). Air pollution: what are we breathing and how is it bad for us?https://www.healthline.com/health-news/air-pollution-what-are-we-breathing-and-how-bad-is-it-for-us-102115#
Love the Garden. (n.d.). NASA guide to air filtering house plants.https://www.eldercarehomehealth.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/nasa-guide-to-indoor-plants.pdf
Wolverton, B. C., Johnson, A., Bounds, K. (2013). Interior landscape plants for indoor air pollution abatement. https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19930073077


Kuwait has an arid climate. Kuwait has a huge temperature difference between winter and summer. Rainfall in the nation varies from 75 to 150 millimeters (2.95 to 5.91 in) a year. Actual rainfall has ranged from 120 millimeters (4.72 in) a year to as much as 600 millimeters (23.6 in). In summer, average daily high temperatures range from 42 to 48 °C (108 to 118 °F); the highest ever temperature recorded in Kuwait was 54.0 °C (129.2 °F) at Mitribah on 21 July, 2016 which is the highest recorded temperature in Asia and also the third highest in the world. Mitribah temperatures until mid 2010 were affected by overexposure conditions and the station was later fixed.
The summers are quite long, punctuated mainly by dramatic dust storms in March and April when northwesterly winds cover the cities in sand. In the late summer, which is more humid. By the end of October all of the hot weather is over, and colder winter weather sets in, dropping temperatures to as low as −6 °C (21 °F) at night. On the other hand, daytime temperature is between 10–17 °C (50–63 °F). In this time, there are brief but strong thunderstorms. Frost occurs when the temperatures drop below 5 °C (41 °F).
Kuwait’s winter is colder than in other Persian Gulf countries, such as Bahrain, Qatar or United Arab Emirates. Kuwait experiences colder weather because it is situated farther north, and because of cold winds blowing from upper Iraq and Iran. In Kuwait, precipitation usually occurs from October until April (mostly in November).


publish date 1970-01-01 03:00:00
A huge cloud surrounded by a rainbow dazzled residents in China, as it looked amazing and rare when it briefly appeared on the horizon during sunset, and the brightly colored cloud reportedly left locals confused by its surreal appearance after it was seen hanging in the sky, according to the website published. British Daily Mail.
This unique phenomenon was spotted over the Chinese city of Haikou on the southern island of Hainan on August 21, as a video posted to Twitter showed a huge dark cloud topped by a barely believable rainbow crown, with fiery orange, yellow and green colors on the edges.
The nine-second clip has since gone viral with more than 28 million views, more than 15,000 likes, and received more than 4,000 retweets. mantle, formed at the right time of the evening to produce an “iridescence” – or rainbow cloud.
Stunning colors decorate the sky in China
According to the report, rapidly rising hot air pushes a cumulus cloud above it, creating a smooth, mantle-shaped effect, where moisture condenses completely along the top of the updraft, then ice crystals and droplets in the mantle portion of the cloud refract sunlight when it hits the corner Just correct and creates a stunning rainbow effect.
A huge cloud surrounded by a rainbow in the sky of China
The report explains that the clouds must be very thin and made of ice crystals or water droplets of uniform size. Pylos clouds are usually short-lived and end up being absorbed by the growing cloud beneath them by the process of convection. Pileus Always in bright colors like the one in the video, the Haiku people were treated to a striking example hanging in the sky.
A rare natural phenomenon stuns the people of China
#huge #cloud #surrounded #rainbow #sky #China #dazzles #residents
Jordan Miscellaneous news
Source : اخبار الاردن


| < April >
|Normal Max/ High Temperature
|Min/ Low Temperature
|Average Sea or Water Temp
|Number of Wet Days (probability of rain on a day)
|Average Sunlight per day
|Average Daylight per day
|Sunny (Cloudy) Daylight Hours
|Sun altitude at solar noon on the 21st day.
- The average sea tempeature is 0 °C (32 °F).
- The average temperature in Vaasa in April is very cool at 1.7 °C (35.06 °F).
- Afternoons can be cool with average high temperatures reaching 6 °C (42.8 °F).
- Overnight temperatures are generally slightly cold with an average low of -3 °C (26.6 °F).
- In April the range/ variation of daily mean temperatures is 9 °C (16.2 °F).
- The weather in April is somewhat parched with sleet, snow or rain now and again. A paltry 26mm (1in) of H2O falls during an average of 11 days.
- In April the blue above Vaasa is reasonably fine with an average of a detectable 6:15 of intense sunlight per day.
- The shortest day is 13:31 long and the longest day is 16:34 long with an average length of 15:03.
- There are approximately 8:17 per day when bright sunshine is absent due to cloud, haze or the sun being too low on the horizon to register.
- It is sunny approximately 43% of daylight hours and cloudy 57% of daylight hours.
Check the distance to and compare the Vaasa April averages with somewhere beginning with:
A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | All
Weather Trend Graph for April in Vaasa, Finland
Navigate to April Weather in Locations Surrounding Vaasa:
- Haparanda, Sweden - 328.2 kms (203.9 miles) NNE
- Oulu, Finland - 273.2 kms (169.7 miles) NE
- Kajaani, Finland - 322.3 kms (200.3 miles) ENE
- Kuopio, Finland - 299.3 kms (186 miles) E
- Jyvskyl, Finland - 212.2 kms (131.9 miles) ESE
- Kankaanp (Niinisalo), Finland - 138.2 kms (85.9 miles) SSE
- Tampere, Finland - 204.2 kms (126.9 miles) SSE
- Jokioinen, Finland - 264.4 kms (164.3 miles) SSE
- Turku, Finland - 282.9 kms (175.8 miles) S
- Helsinki, Vantaa, Finland - 347.6 kms (216 miles) SSE


Earth’s global average surface temperature was 1.71°F (zero.ninety five°C) above the twentieth-century average in 2019. Researchers will design a mission to learn about underground aquifers in areas such as the Sahara and the way local weather change will have an effect on them in the future. Set for launch in November, the Earth-observing satellite will intently monitor sea level and supply atmospheric data to support weather forecasting and local weather models. Details of the fashionable climate report are identified via Positive Climate Future the taking of measurements from such weather instruments as thermometers, barometers, and anemometers through the previous few centuries. The devices used to check weather over the fashionable time scale, their known error, their immediate environment, and their exposure have modified over time, which should be considered when studying the climate of centuries previous. Paleoclimatology is the research of past local weather over a fantastic period of the Earth’s history.
It uses evidence from ice sheets, tree rings, sediments, coral, and rocks to determine the previous state of the local weather. It demonstrates intervals of stability and intervals of change and might indicate whether or not adjustments observe patterns corresponding to regular cycles. Thermal classifications throughout the Thornthwaite scheme embrace microthermal, mesothermal, and megathermal regimes. A microthermal climate is certainly one of low annual mean temperatures, generally between 0 °C (32 °F) and 14 °C (fifty seven °F) which experiences brief summers and has a possible evaporation between 14 centimetres (5.5 in) and 43 centimetres . A mesothermal local weather lacks persistent warmth or persistent chilly, with potential evaporation between fifty seven centimetres and 114 centimetres .
As local weather change continues to accentuate, droughts will too, further exacerbating the problem. The destiny of the rule is unclear with president-elect Joe Biden, who has vowed aggressive action to struggle climate change, taking workplace on Jan. 20. Energy research group BloombergNEF and the Sasakawa Peace Foundation discovered that firms with at least 30% female boards have a better track document of developing insurance policies and strategies to address climate change. The climate is also affected by the solar, by modifications in the orbit of the Earth, by plate tectonics, and by human activities, significantly the burning of fossil fuels, which can result in a greenhouse effect. NOAA Climate.gov supplies timely and authoritative information about climate.
“Climate change and air air pollution have the same root trigger — the burning of fossil fuels.” “Many carbon-intensive practices and insurance policies lead to poor air high quality, poor meals high quality, and poor housing quality, which disproportionately harm the health of deprived populations,” the authors of The Lancet analysis write. Buontempo said policymakers who prioritize mitigating climate dangers “ought to see these data as alarm bells” and think extra critically than ever tips on how to best comply with the 2015 Paris Agreement.
The best modern definitions of local weather regard it as constituting the total experience of climate and atmospheric behaviour over a variety of years in a given area. It should include not solely the typical values of the climatic components that prevail at different times but additionally their extreme ranges and variability and the frequency of various occurrences. Just as one yr differs from another, decades and centuries are found to vary from one another by a smaller, however typically important, quantity. Climate is subsequently time-dependent, and climatic values or indexes shouldn’t be quoted without specifying what years they check with. Britannica Quiz April Showers to March’s Lions and Lambs What is the most popular recorded temperature on Earth? Strap in your thinking caps–and, if its raining, seize an umbrella–and check your knowledge of weather and local weather in this quiz.
A megathermal local weather is one with persistent high temperatures and plentiful rainfall, with potential annual evaporation in excess of 114 centimetres . Human activities also can affect local weather by altering concentrations of CO2 and different greenhouse gases in the ambiance (Box 1.2), altering the concentrations of aerosols and altering the reflectivity of Earth’s surface by altering land cowl. “We need to cease investing in one thing that could be a thing of the past, and is definitely subsidizing health harms,” she says.
The announcement marked an unusual moment of harmony between conservation groups and the Trump administration, which has not prioritized the setting nor acknowledged the problem of local weather change over the past 4 years. Some recent research, including a paper revealed by Nature Communications in 2019, have found that climate change has goosed intensification. The three-member panel keeps the White House up to date on the state of the economy and provides economic evaluation of issues similar to altering the tax code or rolling out laws to mitigate climate change.


This unit was the first to provide accurate relative humidity measurements from a hand-held weather meter, and the Kestrel 3000 features two patents on its humidity measuring sensors. A testament to the 3000's accuracy: it's become practically required equipment for wildland firefighters-users whose lives literally depend on the accurate weather data their Kestrel 3000 provides. From the Kestrel 3000's accurate relative humidity readings, it also calculates the dewpoint and heat stress index-important information to know when working or playing outdoors in hot and humid conditions.
Kestrel 3000 Measures: Current Wind Speed, Maximum Wind Gust, Average Wind Speed, Air, Water & Snow Temperature, Wind Chill, Relative Humidity, Heat Stress Index, Dewpoint.
Kestrel 3000 Features: Protective cover with sure-grip overmolding, Data hold function, Large easy-to-read display with backlight, Waterproof and floats, Humidity sensor can be recalibrated in the field with our , User-replaceable impeller, External temperature sensor, Patented Quick-Response RH Sensor.
All instruments and accessories are completely assembled in the USA, 5-year warranty.
Kestrel 3000 Includes: A slip-on protective cover, Neck lanyard, CR2032 coin cell battery Average life 300 hours), Kestrel Certificate of Conformity.
Shipping Weight: 8 oz. (225g)


Climate forecasting is your Procedure Of forecasting the change in weather states. It’s not sure if the days of the monsoon season might be rainy. There is going to be a few days that would have sunny and pleasant weather. This is sometimes checked using the assistance of weather forecasting. The current weather calling can be readily assessed on the web. Now, smartphones possess weather displays that show that the weather conditions prevailing in a special area. So, weather forecasting is vital to easily foresee the upcoming weather conditions, also you also can use weather kempten (wetter kempten).
Why is it essential?
Forecasting is important to predict Future climatic changes. In the early phase, the principles too called weather using all the assistance of some scientific tools. The elements calling can help you to organize tasks of daily so. In the event the atmosphere is polluted or there is a possibility of the storm or a humid atmosphere, it can help people understand about this to stay inside. Thus from these types of points, an individual may resolve that weather forecasting is very crucial.
Weather Conditions Kempten
Kempten is a little city in Germany. One can visit or plan any occasion . Even the weather kempten (wetter kempten) means the weather states in this town. Check out the site to can check out the climatic states happening in Kempten. On this website, one may check the current weather conditions of the day and even the coming days. During this time period, the temperature is usually minimal, and even snow fall will be likely to. Apart from this town, one may check the current weather requirements of different regions also.
Hope the post explained Weather forecasting along with its particular importance and about the weather in Kempten.


The Big and Small of Planetary Atmospheres
Have you ever wondered why some planets have thick atmospheres while others have thin ones? Why does Earth have a breathable air while Mars has a thin and cold one? How does the size of a planet affect its ability to retain an atmosphere? In this article, we will explore these questions and explain how the size of a planet is related to the thickness of its atmosphere.
Gravity and Temperature: The Key Factors
The thickness of a planet’s atmosphere depends on two main factors: the planet’s gravity and the temperature of the atmosphere. Gravity is the force that attracts objects towards the center of a planet. The stronger the gravity, the more it can hold on to the molecules that make up the atmosphere. Temperature is a measure of how fast the molecules are moving. The higher the temperature, the faster the molecules move and the more likely they are to escape the planet’s gravity.
A planet with weaker gravity does not have as strong a hold on the molecules that make up its atmosphere as a planet with stronger gravity. The gas molecules will be more likely to escape the planet’s gravity. This is why smaller planets tend to have thinner atmospheres than larger planets. For example, Mercury, the smallest planet in our solar system, has almost no atmosphere because its gravity is too weak to retain any gas. On the other hand, Jupiter, the largest planet in our solar system, has a very thick atmosphere because its gravity is very strong and can hold on to a lot of gas.
However, gravity is not the only factor that determines the thickness of a planet’s atmosphere. The temperature of the atmosphere also plays a role. A planet with a hotter atmosphere has more energetic molecules that can overcome the planet’s gravity and escape into space. This is why planets that are closer to the sun tend to have thinner atmospheres than planets that are farther away from the sun. For example, Venus, which is closer to the sun than Earth, has a very hot atmosphere that is about 90 times thicker than Earth’s atmosphere. However, most of its original hydrogen and helium gas has been lost to space because of its high temperature. On the other hand, Neptune, which is farther away from the sun than Earth, has a very cold atmosphere that is about 1000 times thicker than Earth’s atmosphere. However, most of its original hydrogen and helium gas has been retained because of its low temperature.
The Goldilocks Zone: The Perfect Balance
So far, we have seen that smaller planets have thinner atmospheres and larger planets have thicker atmospheres. We have also seen that hotter planets have thinner atmospheres and colder planets have thicker atmospheres. But what about Earth? How does it manage to have an atmosphere that is just right for life?
Earth is located in what is called the Goldilocks zone or habitable zone of our solar system. This means that it is at a distance from the sun that allows it to have a moderate temperature that is neither too hot nor too cold for liquid water to exist on its surface. Liquid water is essential for life as we know it.
Earth also has a size that allows it to have enough gravity to retain an atmosphere but not too much gravity to compress it too much. Earth’s atmosphere is composed mainly of nitrogen and oxygen, which are heavier than hydrogen and helium, and therefore less likely to escape into space. Earth’s atmosphere also has a layer of ozone that protects it from harmful ultraviolet radiation from the sun.
Earth’s atmosphere is not static but dynamic. It changes over time due to various factors such as volcanism, life, weathering and human activity. These factors can affect the composition, temperature and pressure of the atmosphere and thus its thickness.
In conclusion, we have learned that:
– The size of a planet is related to the thickness of its atmosphere because larger planets have stronger gravity and can hold on to more gas than smaller planets.
– The temperature of a planet is also related to the thickness of its atmosphere because hotter planets have more energetic molecules that can escape into space than colder planets.
– Earth has an atmosphere that is suitable for life because it is located in the Goldilocks zone of our solar system and has a size that allows it to retain an atmosphere composed mainly of nitrogen and oxygen.
According to Wikipedia, “The study of Earth’s atmosphere and its processes is called atmospheric science (aerology), and includes multiple subfields, such as climatology and atmospheric physics.” If you are interested in learning more about this fascinating topic, you can check out some online courses or books on atmospheric science.


Cloud extinction can be calculated directly using satellite information. The calculation process includes determining the cloud index (CI) according to the satellite imager and its application in adjusting the clear sky irradiance inversion.
The basic principle of calculation is actually to use the quasi-linear relationship between the satellite remote sensing results and the ground GHI, but the operation needs to be handled carefully and requires a considerable number of characteristic site remote sensing observations.
Before cloud index processing, satellite data needs to be quality control and position correction. Sometimes it is necessary to perform geometric correction on the satellite data to eliminate the small position error (that is, the error in the range of 1 to 2 pixels). Especially the older satellite sensors will have position errors. Sometimes it is necessary to use special post-processing to deal with larger position errors.
To infer the cloud index from the satellite sensor visible light remote sensing data, the first step is to multiply the visible light remote sensing data by the reciprocal of the zenith angle cosine, so all image pixels have the same sun-earth geometry. Per Schmetz (1989) pointed out that the cosine correction value must be approximately proportional to the global clear sky index t’, that is, the second step of GHL/GHIlcaro is to define the dynamic range of each image pixel. For a specified location, its dynamic range is between the smallest possible value and the largest possible value, that is, the domain of cosine-corrected remote sensing data from clear sky to dense cloud cover. Figure 1 shows the dynamic range of the sample position over the Atlantic Ocean from the perspective of the GOES-East satellite. It is worth noting that over time, the dynamic range evolves into a function of ground albedo (generally with seasonal periodicity), satellite calibration attenuation, and satellite variation.
Within a specified time and a specified location, the cloud index CI is determined by the cosine-corrected remote sensing value CCC, taking into account the local dynamic range of each equation.
In the formula, UB and LB respectively represent the upper and lower limits of the dynamic range at a specific time point and space.
Using dynamic range in semi-empirical models such as the SUNY model has operational advantages: the model can be automatically calibrated, so the user does not need to accurately understand the calibration of the satellite. They can determine the upper and lower limits of the dynamic range based on their specific location data history.
The upper limit of the dynamic range indicates dense cloud cover, that is, deep convective cloud cover with high cloud tops. In the SUNY model, it is assumed that these conditions are common to all positions and solar geometries①. Therefore, over time, the variability of the upper limit of the dynamic range is only caused by satellite calibration attenuation or satellite changes (see Figure 1 for details). For a specific satellite, the upper limit of the dynamic range is determined based on the data history of a few sample positions by matching a simple exponential decay model with the data.
During the implementation of SolarGIS, before calculating the CI, the satellite count is converted to the on-board radiance using the calibration parameters distributed with the satellite data, and the upper limit of the dynamic range is achieved under the condition of no sensor degradation or signal changes between different satellites. The stability.
The lower limit of the dynamic range is a function of ground reflectivity (albedo), which is variable over time.
At the same time, it is also a function of the sun-terrestrial geometry and the sun-satellite geometry. Due to differences in vegetation and soil moisture, the ground albedo may change over time. However, this kind of change changes gradually with the seasons, and the 60-day (SUNY model) and 30-day (SolarGISt model) drag windows can be used to keep track of the data history to capture them.
The SolarGIS model has other algorithms to handle non-standard data behaviors in more complex geographic environments (such as deserts and equatorial tropical regions with thicker clouds and rare clear skies), and it is also used to process close to satellite images (with extreme satellite views) Geometry) data that appears on the edge.
The effect of solar geometry that affects the lower limit of the dynamic range includes the following aspects:
Specular ground reflectivity: The ground albedo varies according to the angle of the solar satellite. The ground albedo in the arid zone is the strongest, especially the salt bed in the desert of the southwestern United States, almost like a mirror. Ground albedo, also known as directional reflectivity, can be observed on ocean surfaces and snow-covered surfaces. Ground albedo will also appear on other types of ground, but it has a small impact on the results of satellite remote sensing.
Hot spots appear when the sun-satellite relative azimuth is zero degrees: According to several authors, when the sun-satellite relative azimuth is close to zero degrees, the reflectivity will increase. The reasons include the following two aspects: ①Rayleigh backscatter-forward Ray Rayleigh scattering and reverse Rayleigh reflection are the strongest, so when the sun is behind the satellite, the clear sky may appear brighter. ②Shadow suppression effect-when the shadow is cast on the ground object, if the sun is behind the satellite, the ground elements or trees cannot be observed from the satellite’s dominant position, and the ground appears brighter.
Upper atmosphere quality effect: When the sun’s zenith angle is large, the total horizontal irradiance received by the ground under clear sky conditions is approximately proportional to the reciprocal of air quality. But the atmospheric column above the ground will still receive more radiation from the side. Since the bright side atmosphere above the observation point reflects radiation to the satellite, the cosine calibration pixels will be brighter than expected. Early versions of the SUNY model and other models have established empirical formulas to try to explain different sun-geometric structure effects. However, the effective method adopted by most current models is to consider the history of several dynamic ranges, that is, one dynamic range per time interval (according to the satellite every hour, every half hour, or even every quarter hour). In just a few days, each dynamic range maintains roughly the same sun-satellite geometric structure, while the dynamic range at different times exhibits different geometric structures. Figure 2 shows the difference between the lower limit of the dynamic range in the morning and afternoon in the arid southwestern United States with strong specular reflectivity.
In the SolarGIS method, the albedo of each time interval is calculated according to all the classified clear sky values in the sliding 30-d window. Therefore, the lower limit is represented by a smooth two-dimensional surface (day dimension and time gap dimension) instead of determining a value every day. The lower limit reflects the daily and seasonal changes in surface albedo (see Figure 3 for details). When it snows, the length of the sliding time window is shortened.


Chengdu Climate: Weather and Climate information in Chengdu China Find out the best time to visit Chengdu 10 day weather forecast for Chengdu Weather summary and Chengdu forecast,including sun, rain, snow, wind and temperature
Chengdu has a monsoon-influenced humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cwa) and is largely mild and humid. It has four distinct seasons, with moderate rainfall concentrated mainly in the warmer months, and relieved from both sweltering summers and freezing winters. The Qin Mountains (Qinling) to the far north help shield the city from cold Siberian winds in the winter; because of this, the short winter is milder than in the Lower Yangtze. The 24-hour daily mean temperature in January is 5.6 °C (42.1 °F), and snow is rare but there are a few periods of frost each winter. The summer is hot and humid, but not to the extent of the "Three Furnaces" cities of Chongqing, Wuhan, and Nanjing, all which lie in the Yangtze basin. The 24-hour daily mean temperature in July and August is around 25 °C (77 °F), with afternoon highs sometimes reaching 33 °C (91 °F); sustained heat as found in much of eastern China is rare.
Rainfall is common year-round but is the greatest in July and August, with very little of it in the cooler months. Chengdu also has one of the lowest annual sunshine totals nationally, with less sunshine annually than much of Northern Europe, and most days are overcast even if without rain. This is especially so in the winter months, when it is typically interminably grey and dreary, compounding the poor air quality. With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 16 percent in December to 38 percent in August, the city receives 1,073 hours of bright sunshine annually. Spring (March–April) tends to be sunnier and warmer in the day than autumn (October–November). The annual mean is 16.27 °C (61.3 °F), and extremes have ranged from −4.6 °C (24 °F) to 37.5 °C (99.5 °F).
Best Time for Travel in Chengdu
Spring in Chengdu often comes early from the beginning of March and lasts long until early May. There are frequent alternative changes, sometimes you may feel chilly in Spring.
Every spring the Peach Blossom Festival is celebrated in Longquanyi District in eastern Chengdu. And the best time to see the peach blossoms is from late March to early April.
Summer in Chengdu is hot and rainy, starting from mid-May to the end of August. The weather is hot and sultry but the temperature seldom exceeds 35 degrees Celsius.
To escape the summer heat, you can visit the nearby Qingcheng Mountains and Mt. Emei, and summer is the best season to see the giant pandas when they are most active.
Autumn usually starts from September and lasts till the end of October or early November. In late Autumn, the temperature drops quickly and there may be a lot of rain.
This is one of the best time to visit Chengdu, when the Ginkgo trees turn into a color of the glorious gold. The autumn scenery at Jiuzhaigou and Huanglong are among the most beautiful in China.
Winter is from December to February, the average temperature is about 5 degrees Celsius.
Xiling Snow Mountains are a good place for skiing, while the plum blossoms at in several place in the eastern suburb are also the winter highlights in Chengdu.
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The Gauhati University ST Radar is an advance system with cutting edge indigenous technology in VHF band with open configuration (Antennas, Transmit/Receive Module Modules and Cables), where active phased array concept has been used. It is a coherent pulsed Doppler radar operating in the Doppler Beam Swinging (DBS) mode. It consists of 576 antenna elements arranged in a circle with square grid. Each antenna is connected with its own T/R Module to generate high quality wind data (wind speed and its direction) with high spatial and temporal resolution on continuous basis.
Guwahati is considered to be the gateway to the North-Eastern region of India which is dominated with intriguing dynamical and meteorological aspects such as wind structures, cloud morphology, monsoon troughs, tropospheric temperature, boundary layer characteristics and different small and large scale variabilities associated with atmospheric background oscillations. So, the Gauhati University ST-Radar system will provide a deep insight into synoptic processes and mesoscale systems with high vertical and temporal resolutions over North-Eastern region. This region is also considered as a special zone to study solar terrestrial energy dynamics, meet with the flow of wind through four corridors carrying sea salt and aerosols from Bay of Bengal and China. Along with these factors, the regional orographic structure has made North-Eastern region a very rich atmospheric natural laboratory which is yet to be explored. The forecasting and nowcasting of the atmospheric phenomena in North-Eastern region will be very helpful to various sectors viz; meteorology, agriculture, civil aviation, disaster management etc. It will be extensively utilised by the universities and research laboratories in the North-Eastern region as well as rest of the country, and will also be produced skilled manpower in the field of atmospheric research and RF technology.
Radar is an excellent and indispensable experimental tool to measure different physical parameters related to earth’s atmosphere, weather patterns, atmospheric winds, waves, turbulence, temperature pressure etc. These physical parameters are used for basic atmospheric research, weather forecasting and disaster management. To study the lower atmospheric dynamics over the North-Eastern region, a state of the art Stratosphere-Troposphere (ST) Radar has been designed and installed at Gauhati University, Guwahati (26.1° N, 91.7° E, ~ 50 m above MSL) for operating at frequency of 212.5 MHz in collaboration with SAMEER, Mumbai. The project is funded by Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology, Government of India and Government of Assam.
Specifications of the system