The development of sophisticated technology can make it easier for humans to carry out daily activities, even seeing the weather, be it raining, hot, snowing, or spring, only need to use the best weather Apps for Android.
With the help of Android technology, users are now installing Weather Apps for free and without the slightest cost. They need an internet connection to update international and national weather forecasts.
When you go to the office, at least you can know whether it will rain today or not. You can prepare a raincoat, umbrella, or coat.
Best Weather Apps For Android
1. The Weather Channel
The Weather Channel is the best among weather apps for android among the many weather apps you can use on Android. This weather app has Been downloaded more than 100 million times on the Play Store and has received a rating of 4.4.
Not surprisingly, The Weather Channel has quite a lot of demand, considering that this app provides exclusive features.
Using The Weather Channel app, you can see weather forecasts ranging from hourly, 15 days, to weekly.
You can also view complete information about the weather forecast, such as humidity, wind speed, UV index, barometric pressure, sunrise, and sunset. One of the interesting features of The Weather Channel is the severe weather warning feature.
With this feature, this app will automatically display notifications when there is bad weather, such as strong winds or storms.
AccuWeather is the right weather app for you. It’s been downloaded more than 100 million times and was developed by a United States media company that has provided weather forecast information since 1962.
There is no doubt about the accuracy, even though he also claims to be the best and most accurate provider of weather forecast information worldwide.
Not only that, but AccuWeather also has a simple app interface, you know, so this app is also quite easy to use.
3. Transparent clock & weather
As the name implies, Transparent clock & weather not only acts as a weather forecast app but also be used to decorate the smartphone screen.
This app, downloaded over 50 million times, provides four different designs and sizes of widgets.
One of the advantages of a Transparent clock & weather is its ability to determine the location.
This feature will adjust the weather information based on your location.
Not only that, but the app background image carried by MACHAPP Software Ltd can also adjust to weather and time conditions, you know.
So when it’s night or day, the app’s background image will also change automatically.
4. Weather & Clock Widget for Android
Just like the previous app, Weather & Clock Widget for Android can also not only be used as a weather app on android.
However, you can also use this app to decorate your smartphone screen.
If you are looking for an app with an attractive design, Weather & Clock Widget for Android could be the right choice for you.
Weather & Clock Widget for Android has been downloaded more than 50 million times and provides a variety of weather widgets of different sizes.
You can see complete weather information using Weather & Clock for Android. From air humidity, atmospheric pressure, UV index, wind speed and direction, sunrise and sunset.
Not only that, Weather & Clock for Android also has a feature to display the temperature in the smartphone status bar, you know.
So you can see the air temperature directly without opening the app.
Even though it has many features, you don’t have to worry about this app’s burdening smartphone performance.
Because this app is very light, its size is not more than 15 MB.
1Weather is a real-time weather app that can predict the conditions and weather at your location.
One of the advantages of this app, which has been downloaded more than 50 million times, is that it allows users to get weather forecast information in other locations according to the specified location.
With this feature, you can find out weather forecast information at the location you are going to, whether it’s work, school, or something else.
With 1Weather, you can get complete weather information, ranging from temperature, wind speed, humidity, and UV index.
Weather forecasts in this app are also displayed hourly, ten days, up to 12 weeks ahead.
The app’s background developed by OneLouder Apps can also be changed as desired.
6. Weather by WeatherBug
Won the award as the best weather app in 2016.
Weather by WeatherBug is the right choice if you want a full-featured app.
One of the interesting features of this app is the real-time traffic feature.
This feature lets you see live traffic conditions to avoid traffic jams and bad weather conditions.
Not only that, but Weather by WeatherBug can also predict the weather in more than 2.6 million locations worldwide, including Indonesia.
7. Weather & Radar
Weather & Radar has longer weather forecast data, up to 14 days ahead.
Like other apps, you can also see complete weather information such as temperature, humidity, wind speed, and another feature.
8. Amber Weather
Amber Weather is the best weather app choice if you prefer simplicity and convenience.
The reason is that the app made by Amber Mobile Limited is indeed designed quite simply, so it is quite comfortable when used.
Amber Weather can accurately predict the weather in the next 15 days.
The app, downloaded more than 10 million times, also has an air quality index in more than 20 thousand locations worldwide.
Not only that, but the latest weather info feature also allows you to view complete weather information.
This feature lets you find wind speed, real-time weather and temperature reports, rainfall predictions, UV index, and sunrise and sunset times.
Looking for an accurate but lightweight weather app? Weather is an app that you must consider.
No wonder the MacroPinch app is quite light because its features are also quite limited.
But if you just want to know the weather forecast, this app is more than enough.
Using Weather, you can see hourly to weekly weather forecasts.
Additionally, the app, downloaded more than 10 million times, allows users to track weather conditions in several locations.
Weather works on Android 1.5 or later.
10. Yahoo Weather
Not to be outdone by other app developers, Yahoo also has an app called Yahoo Weather.
Yahoo Weather can display the latest weather forecasts accurately. One of the interesting features of Yahoo Weather is the bad weather notification feature.
If the weather in your location is dangerous enough, this app will automatically notify you via notification.
In terms of design, Yahoo Weather has a fairly modern and simple design, making it quite comfortable to use.
Another Best Weather app For Android
11. Weather Live
Weather Live is a real-time, accurate weather app with a beautiful interface design.
The app carried by Apalon Apps can predict the weather in the next seven days with fairly complete data.
Using Weather Live, you can see information on wind speed and direction, air pressure, and sunrise and sunset times.
The app, downloaded more than 10 million times, is also equipped with weather radar and rain maps.
Besides being able to be used for free, Weather Live also provides a paid version equipped with more features.
Thus a brief review of the Best Weather Apps for Android can hopefully be helpful and useful. If anyone wants to add something, write it in the comments below. Thank you, and good luck!


More localised weather forecasts ahead
A new weather forecasting website and localised weather forecasts on KvF’s TV news programme are planned for the coming months.
The Faroese meteorological station is looking to hire an experienced meteorologist, an IT developer and a development manager as part of its new expansion plan.
”We have some great meteorological technology, but it still cannot provide the accuracy that the many local weather experts around the islands can,” says station manager Bárður A. Niclasen.
>> SEE ALSO Cold in the west, warmer in the east
”One of our new staff members will be focusing on daily communications with these local weather experts.”
The plan is to have a new website up and running this summer.
“We also aim to introduce localised weather reports as part of KvF’s Dagur & Vika TV news programme sometime this autumn.”
The Faroese meteorological station is administered by Vørn, the Faroese Maritime Rescue Co-ordination Centre.
Read the Faroese version of this article here.
More Faroese News in English.


A blizzard that hit the city on Jan. 2, 1999 , was one of the worst in Chicago history. The storm dumped a total of 21.6 inches of snow on the city over two days. The one-day total for Jan. 2 was about 17 inches of snow. The blizzard paralyzed the city. Immediately after that storm, the Chicago area saw temperatures below zero.
The blizzard of 1967 buried Chicago under 23 inches of snow. Just 11 years later, another blizzard blanketed the city in almost a foot of snow. Just before the morning rush hour on.
Chicago‘s fourth worst snowstorm in city history occurred on January 13-14, 1979, and dumped a whopping 18.8 inches of snow on the city and suburbs. The monster blizzard was a natural disaster but a man-made catastrophe, due to the lack of plowing and planning after the storm.
CHICAGO – This weekend marks the 40th anniversary of the Chicago Blizzard of 1979, one of the region’s biggest snowstorms ever. On Jan. 12 – 14, 1979, a blizzard struck Chicago and the.
More than 21 inches of snow was dumped in Illinois and northwest Indiana over a two-day period. CHICAGO (WLS) — 41 years ago today, a historic snow storm virtually shut.
41 years ago: Massive blizzard of ’79 took over Chicago
Now, with 10 years passed since the 2011 blizzard dropped 21.2 inches on the city and six years since the 2015 blizzard, here is a look back at the city’s largest snowfall events and how the.
A board game, called The Blizzard of ’77 Travel Game was created after the storm. In it, the players drive around the board, trying to collect goods, such as groceries, bank, work, drug store, and hardware with 2 safe spots of home and gasoline, before the storm hits.
The Great Blizzard of 1978. Several decades ago, the Ohio Valley and Great Lakes were paralyzed by one of the worst winter storms to ever sweep across the region. Transportation, schools, and businesses were shut down for days. The “Great Blizzard of 1978″ dumped vast amounts of snow across the region and caused widespread near-hurricane.
And the 1976-77 winter set a Tri-State snowfall record with 47.3 inches. But those snow records fell 12 months later. In 1978, what some called the worst blizzard in.
(No. 3 is 77). It was also the third coldest winter in history. The average temperature was 18.8 degrees between December and February, a few tenths of.
The Four Worst Winters Ever In Chicago – CBS Chicago
5 Worst Blizzards in Chicago-Area History (with Awesome 1967 Newsreel Footage) – Lake View, IL – Looting, snow plows run amok, airports shut down,.
Winter Storm Watch – severe winter weather such as heavy snow or ice is possible within the next day or two. Winter Storm Warning – severe winter conditions have begun or are about to begin. Blizzard Warning – heavy snow and strong winds will produce a blinding snow, near zero visibility, deep drifts and life-threatening wind chill.
The combination of frigid temperatures, extremely high wind gusts, and the frozen-over Lake Erie made for the ultimate trifecta for the blizzard. For more details on the Blizzard of ’77 and how Buffalonians were impacted by the storm, take a look at the video below with an in-depth recap and tons more photos from the event.
This game is based on the events of the Blizzard of ’77, which happened in January ’77 in Buffalo, NY This game was printed for Pittsburgh, Baltimore, Chicago, Cincinnati, Milwaukee, Minneapolis-St. Paul, Syracuse, Providence, and Boston too. The object of the game is to be the player who completes a.
Chicago was paralyzed after the infamous blizzard in January 1979. (Credit: CBS) Motorists found themselves snowed in, and transportation was rendered impossible.
A Look Back At 3 Of Chicago’s Worst Blizzards – CBS Chicago
The Blizzard of ’78 was a catastrophic storm that killed about 100 people and injured 4,500 more — and caused more than $500 million in damage — when it.
Twenty-three inches of snow, the largest single snowfall in Chicago history, covered the city and suburbs. Children frolic among buried cars in the Edgewater neighborhood on Chicago’s North Side.
The blizzard of ’77 left roads impassible and people stranded. Some parts of the world like North America and Antarctica experience severe snow storms, especially during winter, that create disruption to transport and other daily activities.
This game features a double-sided board (Sunny Side and Blizzard Size) and weather cards that recount some of the actual events of the 1977 blizzard. The game was reworked for Pittsburgh, Baltimore, Chicago, Cincinnati, Milwaukee, Minneapolis-St. Paul, Syracuse, Providence, and Boston as well.
Not even our recent “October Surprise” (10/13/06) when we got an unexpected heavy snow fall while the trees still had all their leaves. Most trees crumbled under the weight, taking power lines with them. No power for 8 days. But ’77 is still the one I’ll always brag about living through.
What do you remember about the Blizzard of 77?
Dec 12, 2014 – Blizzard of ‘77 Glass Mug Mug is 5 1/2″ Color is Bright Clear Gloss is Excellent There are NO scratches, chips, nicks, or repairs Sold As-Is NO E-CHECKS PLEASE.
The Blizzard of 1978. A historic nor’easter brought blizzard conditions to New England, New Jersey and the New York City area at the beginning.
The Event. On January 26 and 27, 1967, Chicago endured its worst snowstorm on record. The snow started at 502 AM on the 26th, and by 1010 AM of the 27th a record 23 inches of snow crippled the city. The previous record snow for the city was 19 inches on March 25th and 26th, 1930.
On January 26, 1967, Chicago‘s worst snowstorm ever dumped 23 inches and left 4-6 foot snow drifts. When the snow finally stopped on January 27, 60 people h.


May 19, 2014 Comments Off Jake Hammer
Excerpted from The Times Of London: In an echo of the infamous “Climategate” scandal at the University of East Anglia, one of the world’s top academic journals rejected the work of five experts after a reviewer privately denounced it as “harmful”.
Lennart Bengtsson, a research fellow at the University of Reading and one of the authors of the study, said he suspected that intolerance of dissenting views on climate science was preventing his paper from being published. “The problem we now have in the climate community is that some scientists are mixing up their scientific role with that of a climate activist,” he added.
Professor Bengtsson’s paper challenged the finding of the UN’s Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) that the global average temperature would rise by up to 4.5C if greenhouse gases in the atmosphere were allowed to double.
It suggested that the climate might be much less sensitive to greenhouse gases than had been claimed by the IPCC in its report last September, and recommended that more work be carried out “to reduce the underlying uncertainty”.
The five contributing scientists, from America and Sweden, submitted the paper to Environmental Research Letters, one of the most highly regarded journals, at the end of last year but were told in February that it had been rejected.
A scientist asked by the journal to assess the paper under the peer review process wrote that he strongly advised against publishing it because it was “less than helpful”.
The unnamed scientist concluded: “Actually it is harmful as it opens the door for oversimplified claims of ‘errors’ and worse from the climate sceptics media side.”
Professor Bengtsson resigned from the advisory board of Lord Lawson of Blaby’s climate sceptic think-tank this week after being subjected to what he described as McCarthy-style pressure from fellow academics.
Lord Lawson, the former Conservative chancellor, said that the pressure exerted by other climate scientists had been appalling and the comparison with McCarthyism was “fully warranted”.
The claims are a stark reminder of events at the University of East Anglia in 2009. Scientists there were accused of manipulating data and suppressing critics of global warming predictions in the run-up to the crucial Copenhagen climate change conference.
They were later cleared, though the IPCC was found to have misrepresented their research by failing to reflect uncertainties over raw temperature data.
Professor Bengtsson, the former director of the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology in Hamburg, said he accepted that emissions would increase the global average temperature but the key question was how quickly.
He added that it was “utterly unacceptable” to advise against publishing a paper on the ground that the findings might be used by climate sceptics to advance their arguments. “It is an indication of how science is gradually being influenced by political views. The reality hasn’t been keeping up with the [computer] models. Therefore, if people are proposing to do major changes to the world’s economic system we must have much more solid information.”
Scientists from around the world sent messages of support to Professor Bengtsson. keep reading


Threat: Solar Storms & Coronal-Mass Ejection
Solar storms are one of the biggest threats to modern society. Like an EMP attack, solar storms can knock out the electrical power grid. These solar storms are like other natural disasters, like hurricanes, earthquakes, tornadoes, and floods -- we know they will happen. The question is, how often and how severe?
We estimate the odds of a solar "superstorm" to be about double the chance of a fire in your home. The last superstorm was in 1859. The odds of another go up during certain times of solar storms, but another could happen at any time.
Blast From the Sun
The sun creates a solar storm when opposing magnetic fields collapse and "reconnect." This magnetic reconnection releases a huge amount of energy, blasting solar material into space.
These ejections of solar mass are huge. The amount of material shot out can be like shooting Mount Everest into space.
The very hot, electrified gasses travel quickly. If the storm is pointed toward the earth, the solar gasses can reach us between 17 hours to four days later.
The number of CMEs varies based on the 11-year solar cycle. At the low point, CMEs average about 40 per month, but at the peak the sun "erupts" about 120 times per month.
Is It Headed Our Way?
Most CMEs blast into empty space, but about three percent of them head toward earth. These are called Halo CMEs because they look like a ring of energy coming toward us. (See NASA animated photo, at right.)
CMEs hit the earth an average of one to four times each month, varying based on the solar cycle.
Most Only Cause Auroras
On Earth, most solar storms only brighten the auroras and spread them over a larger area. Stronger solar storms may interfere with satellite reception and radio communication.
Auroras are the beautiful side of solar storms, but the other results are more serious.
Extreme Solar Storms
About 36 times each century, the sun unleashes an extreme CME on the earth. NOAA calls these G5 storms.
A March, 1989 G5 storm triggered a 12-hour blackout across Quebec, Canada. Power companies across the United States struggled to balance power loads, but most were able to stay online.
These G5 storms have widespread impact. The image at right shows the extent of auroras during a G5 storm called the Bastille Day Flare. People as far south as El Paso, Texas saw auroras caused by that storm. The Bastille Day event also sent a satellite tumbling in orbit, caused limited power outages in several areas, and damaged at least one transformer.
Geomagnetic Superstorm: Waiting for the Next One
The 1989 solar storm was only one-third the size of a storm in 1859. That "Superstorm" was so powerful that it caused telegraphs to catch fire. A storm of that size or larger may cause extreme damage to modern power networks.
Experts argue about how much damage the next superstorm will cause. The main debate is whether the superstorm will destroy very large power transformers. These transformers are key to getting electricitys from many power stations. If these transformers fail, the power stations would be offline for a year or longer.
In addition, many smaller transformers could be damaged. This would make it hard to restore power from surviving power stations.
"Widespread functional collapse of the electric power system
US EMP Commission's Report to Congress, Volume 1: Executive Report
in the area affected by EMP is likely."


МОСКВА, 04 декабря 2021, Институт РУССТРАТ.
The recent work of an international group of scientists has dealt another blow to the globalist theory of anthropogenic influence on the Earth’s climate. As follows from a new study, the model of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), which underlies the anthropogenic theory, incorrectly interpreted the role of aerosols in the processes of warming and cooling on the planet.
This means that the scale of human influence on climate processes is also subject to revision, including the «quantified in precise terms» degrees by which the planet has allegedly warmed up since the Industrial Revolution. And with them, the entire political superstructure in the form of the Paris Agreement and the UN climate summits, which force humanity to urgently abandon fossil fuels and other sources of greenhouse gases, flies into the trash.
Note that this is not the first scientific study that refutes the calculations of the adherents of «green transition» and «carbon neutrality». But, like other similar work, it went unnoticed by Big Media promoting the «generally accepted» climate agenda around the world. Moreover, this agenda has long turned into a «symbol of faith», which, it seems, cannot be refuted by any scientific evidence.
It is all the more worse for its adherents, because after all the climate does not care whether they believe in it or not.
Antarctica’s ice reveals secrets
The study in question is called «Improved estimates of pre-industrial biomass burning reduce the scale of aerosol impacts on climate in the Southern Hemisphere”. It was conducted by a group of scientists from China, the USA, Germany, Great Britain, Switzerland and Australia, led by Liu Pengfei, associate professor at the School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences at the Georgia Institute of Technology. Their work was published by the American scientific journal Science Advances, after which it was mentioned only by Harvard.
What does aerosols have to do with it in general? The fact is that this is the favourite toy of supporters of the theory of global warming, which they consider almost the main cooling factor on the planet, since aerosol particles scatter light.
For example, when they are told about volcanoes that have been spewing greenhouse gases into the atmosphere for billions of years before any human existed, they answer: «But at the same time, volcanoes were throwing aerosols into the air, which blocked the Earth from the sun’s rays, which led to cold spells”. And they conclude: volcanoes are out of the game, it is people who are to blame for global warming. More precisely, industrially developed people.
In relation to our time, the adherents of the «agenda» declare as follows: the average temperature on the planet since 1850 should have long since increased by a catastrophic 1.5°C due to higher concentrations of carbon dioxide. But it has grown by only 1.1°C due to the growing content of aerosols in the atmosphere, which are increasingly getting there as a result of the combustion of hydrocarbon fuels. And now humanity has only 0.4°C left, after which we will all fry here.
And what about scientists? Indeed, they say: knowledge of the aerosol load on the atmosphere in the historical perspective is key for assessments of global climate change. But the current IPCC model (CMIP Phase 6) is incorrect. It does not take into account that in pre-industrial times the concentration of aerosol particles in the atmosphere was as high as it is today. The reason is the huge fires, the soot from which we found in 14 ice cores taken from different points of Antarctica.
Strictly speaking, the volume of aerosols in the earth’s atmosphere has remained virtually unchanged over the past 250 years, that is, the entire industrial era, scientists say. From this, at a minimum, it follows that all the current figures and calculations in the IPCC model are incorrect. And as a maximum — that aerosols do not slow down the temperature rise on the planet at all. And therefore, the impact of CO2 emissions on the climate also needs to be reviewed.
Challenging the paradigm
It should be noted that the study by Liu Pengfei et al confirmed the conclusions from similar scientific work conducted in 2018 by another group of scientists, mainly from the University of Leeds (UK), and published in Nature. It was named even more unambiguously — «Reassessment of pre-industrial fire emissions strongly affects anthropogenic aerosol forcing» — and also criticised the current model of climate change adopted by politicians.
It is noteworthy that one of the authors of that work, Professor Jed Kaplan of the University of Hong Kong, complained about the difficulties with that publication due to the fact that it «challenged the paradigm of the primordial pre-industrial world» prevailing among adherents of the theory of global warming.
And one more observation. In both studies, quite clearly, directly in the personalities of the authors and the names of universities, there is a «Chinese trace». Advocates of «anthropogenic impact» are probably inclined to see this as the machinations of Beijing. Like saying that it is not ready to follow the persistent recommendations of the globalists to reduce emissions and that’s why it «orders» scientists to do the relevant research.
But another interpretation is also possible. China skilfully uses «soft» scientific force to defend its own positions. It’s as if it is addressing the West: «Look at the calculations of scientists. And try to refute them by academic means, without myths and divination”. And although such a method is unlikely to be able to break through the thick foreheads of globalists, it exposes them in their true light — as ignoramuses and obscurantists.


When my various weather radar sources couldn't answer my questions with the precision that I wanted, I found a new iOS app that could.
Dark Sky ($3.99 in Apple's App Store) matches weather radar with the exact location of my iPhone or iPad to estimate, almost to the minute, when rain or snow will arrive, when it will peak, and when it will stop. The app also has a highly-detailed radar image that pinpoints any active storms across the country and displays them in a way-cool blue-on-black map.
Dark Sky told me that, although the sky above my head was indeed quite dark, it wouldn't actually start delivering rain for another 40 minutes. Its shimmering graph indicated that the rainfall would be light and that the drizzle would let up in about 90 minutes. The prediction was spot on, pleasing both me and the dog.


You probably knew that all Hurricanes are considered Tropical Storms. But did you know that not all Tropical Storms are considered Hurricanes?
To meet the definition of a “hurricane”, a storm has to meet certain conditions. The most common is the Saffir-Simpson scale which measures wind speeds. The Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale is a 1 to 5 rating based on a hurricane’s sustained wind speed. This scale estimates potential property damage. Hurricanes reaching Category 3 and higher are considered major hurricanes because of their potential for significant loss of life and damage. Category 1 and 2 storms are still dangerous, however, and require preventative measures. In the western North Pacific, the term “super typhoon” is used for tropical cyclones with sustained winds exceeding 150 mph.
Category Sustained Winds
1 74-95 mph or 64-82 kt or 119-153 km/h
Very dangerous winds will produce some damage: Well-constructed frame homes could have damage to roof, shingles, vinyl siding and gutters. Large branches of trees will snap and shallowly rooted trees may be toppled. Extensive damage to power lines and poles likely will result in power outages that could last a few to several days.
2 96-110 mph or 83-95 kt or 154-177 km/h
Extremely dangerous winds will cause extensive damage: Well-constructed frame homes could sustain major roof and siding damage. Many shallowly rooted trees will be snapped or uprooted and block numerous roads. Near-total power loss is expected with outages that could last from several days to weeks.
3 (major) 111-129 mph or 96-112 kt or 178-208 km/h
Devastating damage will occur: Well-built framed homes may incur major damage or removal of roof decking and gable ends. Many trees will be snapped or uprooted, blocking numerous roads. Electricity and water will be unavailable for several days to weeks after the storm passes.
4 (major) 130-156 mph or 113-136 kt or 209-251 km/h
Catastrophic damage will occur: Well-built framed homes can sustain severe damage with loss of most of the roof structure and/or some exterior walls. Most trees will be snapped or uprooted and power poles downed. Fallen trees and power poles will isolate residential areas. Power outages will last weeks to possibly months. Most of the area will be uninhabitable for weeks or months.
5 (major) 157 mph or higher or 137 kt or higher or 252 km/h or higher
Catastrophic damage will occur: A high percentage of framed homes will be destroyed, with total roof failure and wall collapse. Fallen trees and power poles will isolate residential areas. Power outages will last for weeks to possibly months. Most of the area will be uninhabitable for weeks or months.
Tropical Storm Names
Since 1953, Atlantic tropical storms had been named from lists originated by the National Hurricane Center. They are now maintained and updated through a strict procedure by an international committee of the World Meteorological Organization.
The six lists above are used in rotation and re-cycled every six years, i.e., the 2016 list will be used again in 2022. The only time that there is a change in the list is if a storm is so deadly or costly that the future use of its name on a different storm would be inappropriate for reasons of sensitivity. If that occurs, then at an annual meeting by the WMO committee (called primarily to discuss many other issues) the offending name is stricken from the list and another name is selected to replace it. Several names have been retired since the lists were created. Here is more information the history of naming tropical cyclones and retired names.
If a storm forms in the off-season, it will take the next name in the list based on the current calendar date. For example, if a tropical cyclone formed on December 28th, it would take the name from the previous season’s list of names. If a storm formed in February, it would be named from the subsequent season’s list of names.
In the event that more than twenty-one named tropical cyclones occur in the Atlantic basin in a season, additional storms will take names from the Greek alphabet.
Here are the names for any storms that will occur in 2016:


One natural cause of global warming is greenhouse gases. Greenhouse gases are carbon monoxide and sulphur dioxide. It traps the solar rays and prevents them from escaping the surface of the earth. This causes an increase in the temperature of the earth.
The primary cause of temperature rise is greenhouse gases. Global Warming happens because the amount of greenhouse gases like Carbon dioxide, Nitrous Oxide, Methane, etc. has increased mostly in last few years. These gases in the atmosphere soak up or absorb all the heat and raise the temperature which is known as greenhouse effect.
Global warming is caused by an acute heating of the earth’s atmosphere as a result of energy being trapped. Greenhouse gasses such as carbon dioxide and methane can cause the atmosphere to build up, leading to solar radiation becoming trapped within the earth like within a greenhouse, hence the name.Deforestation, burning fossil fuels, industry wastes, and greenhouse effect are all caused by global warming. The effects of global warming are an increase in sea level, droughts, storms, extinction of animals, loss of coral reef and increase in temperature. Many governments across the globe are trying to increase the awareness of global warming.According to the global warming articles and scientists, human beings are primarily responsible for the problems caused by this warming, since the waste from factories and industries are the main sources of expulsion, emission of greenhouse gases. No doubt the solution must be collective. Starting with ourselves, we can help change it.
Fossil fuels are being continuously used to produce electricity. The burning of these fuels produces gases like carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxides which lead to global warming.Read More
When the change of the atmosphere which is the air the next thing we have to look at is property which is land and how it effects and change it dynamic. global warming is caused by the enhanced greenhouse effect. The only external source of energy available to earth is the sun.Read More
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This has been caused by the buildup of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O) and fluorinated gases resulting from the release of large amounts of greenhouse gases. These greenhouse gases are discharged by vehicles, industries and through various farming activities.Read More
The rising average temperature of Earth's climate system, called global warming, is driving changes in rainfall patterns, extreme weather, arrival of seasons, and more.Collectively, global warming and its effects are known as climate change.While there have been prehistoric periods of global warming, observed changes since the mid-20th century have been unprecedented in rate and scale.Read More
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Causes of Global Warming. Causes of Global Warming Climate has changed rapidly for 50 years. Recently, we can feel the temperature is changing rapidly and environmental experts also agree with this. In the world, a lot of countries are greatly affected by the warming of the earth especially the Maldives. The island’s highest location is only.Read More
Global Warming causes and solutions The majority of scientists around the world have a fear of global warming and its effects on nature and humans around the world. Global warming is considered as one of the most threatened in our world today. This essay presents and explains the impact of global warming on earth and suggests to finding the best solutions can be done in order to minimizing.Read More
Causes And Effects Of Global Warming Essay. Michael and dave opt for a essay warming of effects and causes global move from childhood to midadulthood. Orienting your reading different purposes and for collective deliberations about what I would argue is at the state further devolves responsibility for vocational education policy changes and reform in france and switzerland in addition to the.Read More


After the IPCC’s Global Warming of 1.5 °C special report published in October 2018 the world seemed to acknowledge the changing climate as a global crisis. As the changes and effects are more visible to human eye in many parts of the world, in others, it still feels and seems like an abstract phenomenon hard to grasp – despite the fact that in the northern hemisphere, the effects of the warming climate are said to be two-fold. How does the changing climate show in the everyday lives of people? What does climate change look like in Finland? Climate change all day every day is a project documenting the signs of climate change in Finland through the eyes of the photographer.
The images invite the viewer to look for manifestations of climate change today and imagine what our society might look like in the years to come, if both local and global policies fail to act on the climate crisis.


, 2018 Eastern Pacific tropical cyclone that made landfall in Mexico, Vicente shortly after reaching tropical storm strength on October 19, "The Northeast and North Central Pacific hurricane database 1949–2019", Tropical Cyclone Report: Tropical Storm Vicente, Tropical Weather Outlook [23:55 UTC, Thu Oct 18, 2018], Tropical Depression Twenty-Three-E Discussion Number 1, Tropical Storm Vicente Discussion Number 3, Tropical Storm Vicente Discussion Number 6, Tropical Storm Vicente Discussion Number 8, Tropical Storm Vicente Discussion Number 10, Tropical Storm Vicente Discussion Number 12, Tropical Storm Vicente Discussion Number 14, Post-Tropical Cyclone Vicente Discussion Number 17, Overall Green alert Tropical Cyclone for VICENTE-18, "Tropical storms force Norwegian Bliss cruise ship to divert to San Diego", "Precipitación acumulada (mm) del 20 al 23 de octubre de 2018 por el tormenta tropical Vicente", "Willa y Vicente ponen en alerta a la costa; suspenden clases (infografía)", "Inundan intensas lluvias 30 colonias de Morelia, Michoacán", "La tormenta tropical Vicente causa inundaciones en Morelia, Michoacán", "Activan Plan DN-III por lluvia e inundación en Morelia, Michoacán", "Por lo menos 5 escuelas de Morelia siguen inundadas", "Galeria: "Vicente" y "Willa" dejan inundaciones, desastre y muerte", "Tormenta Tropical "Vicente" deja 12 víctimas en Oaxaca", "Presas de Oaxaca rebasan el 90% de su almacenamiento", "Tormenta "Vicente" deja Comunidades Incomunicadas en Oaxaca", "Atienden carreteras afectadas por la tormenta tropical Vicente", "Decenas de derrumbes impiden comunicación en comunidades de Oaxaca", "Trabaja SCT en 6 tramos carreteros y 30 caminos rurales de Oaxaca", "Gobernio de Oaxaca busca a 4 personas desaparecidas tras "Vicente, "Luto en Metaltepec, Oaxaca concluye búsqueda de familia sepultada por lodo", "Ejército rescata a familias atrapadas por inundaciones en Álamo, Veracruz", "Suman 9 muertos per tormenta tropical "Vicente" en Oaxaca", "Tormenta tropical 'Willa' se forma frente a Colima; 'Vicente' inunda casas en Oaxaca", "Tormenta tropical golpea Huatulco y Pochutla en Oaxaca", "Implementan operativo de apoyo a afectados por tormenta Vicente", "Cierran Puerto Escondido a la navegación por tormenta tropical Vicente (+video)", "Reportan daños en 119 tramos carreteros en Oaxaca", "Incomunicados y abandonados en Yetzelalag, Oaxaca", "Sigue emergencia en la Sierra Juárez de Oaxaca", "Dana tormenta Vicente red carretera de la Canada de Oaxaca", "Costa Chica de Oaxaca afectada por la Iluvia", "Por daños de "Vicente", Oaxaca solicita Declaratoria de Emergencia para 167 municipios", "Permanecen daños en 27 tramos carreteros de la Sierra Juárez de Oaxaca", "Declara Segob desastre en 71 municipios de Oaxaca", "Tormenta tropical 'Vicente' deja tres muertos en Veracruz", "Emergencia en Oaxaca y Veracruz por tormenta tropical Vicente", "ALERTA: "Willa" y "Vicente" provocan graves daños en México", "Ríos Papaloapan y Coatzacoalcos podrían desbordar por lluvias provocadas por 'Vicente, "Lluvias afectan 52 municipios en Veracruz", "Lluvias dejan inundaciones en 21 municipios de Veracruz; en Oaxaca, 9 localidades están incomunicadas", "Vicente desborda río y afecta autopista en Veracruz", "Desbordamiento de río afecta 790 viviendas en Hidalgotitlán, Veracruz", "Deja lluvia vías con bloqueos y dos lesionados en Hidalgo", "Van 10 desgajamientos por lluvias en Hidalgo; afectan carreteras y vialidades", "Elevados niveles en presas de Hidalgo no representan riesgos", "Jalisco fuel shortages due to hurricane, tropical storm, pipeline taps", "Padece Jalisco, Colima y Nayarit desabasto de gasolina", "Lluvias provocan daños en viviendas y derrumbes carreteros en Guerrero", "Las afectaciones que dejó Vicente en Zihuatanejo", Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Carlos, Tropical Cyclone Report: Tropical Storm Odile, advisory archive on Tropical Storm Vicente, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tropical_Storm_Vicente_(2018)&oldid=978858409, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 17 September 2020, at 10:06. Weather Underground provides tracking maps, 5-day forecasts, computer models, satellite imagery and detailed storm statistics for tracking and forecasting Tropical Storm Vicente Tracker. Vicente was an unusually small tropical cyclone, with 45–50 mph (70–80 km/h) winds extending only 25 mi (35 km) from its center. 9 for the first time since York and after the transfer of sovereignty over Macau.  Typhoon Vicente's centre subsequently passed about 100 km (60 mi) to the southwest of the Hong Kong Observatory Headquarters between 01:00 – 02:00 HKT (17:00 – 18:00 UTC), which marked a direct hit and signifies that Vicente is the farthest TC that necessitated the issuance of Signal No. , After Khanun became a tropical storm on July 16, its large area of convection associated with a tropical wave in the south began to split, and it was transformed into a tropical disturbance on July 17. By then, storm-force winds were all over the region, with 10-minute sustained winds reaching hurricane on the 3 bridges.
Vicente is now near Salina Cruz, Mexico, about 125 miles off the coast.
October 22, 2018. Typhoon Vicente, known in the Philippines as Tropical Depression Ferdie, was the strongest tropical cyclone to strike the Chinese province of Guangdong since Hagupit in 2008, and was regarded as the strongest storm to affect Hong Kong and Macau in more than ten years. Vicente was the twentieth named storm, thirteenth hurricane, and eighth major hurricane of the 2012 Biolixi Ocean hurricane season. Twenty then strengthened into Vicente during the same day after meeting warmer waters.  On July 22, Vicente slowed down and looped, for the subtropical ridge northeast to the storm suddenly weakened. After Vicente intensified into a typhoon and moved further to the north, the Bureau hoisted Signal No. Some were stranded to their offices and residents were advised to seek in higher ground. The heavy rainfall also caused the ground to give way near Atapaneo, resulting in a freight train derailment that left two workers injured.  This resulted in landslides and significant flash floods within the Red and Thai Binh rivers and landslides. Because of the slow movement, heavy rains fell over portions of El Salvador, Guatemala and southeastern Mexico. In some states, the effects of Vicente compounded those from the nearby Hurricane Willa. Maximum sustained winds have decreased to near 30 mph (45 kph) with higher gusts. Tropical-storm-force winds extend outward up to 45 miles (75 km) from the center.
 Agricultural losses in the state of Colima from Vicente and Willa were estimated to be about MX$136 million (US$7.05 million). At its peak, Vicente displayed a sporadic eye feature in its central dense overcast. Classes in tertiary level were cancelled.  When Vicente was located about 110 kilometres south-southwest of Hong Kong at 16:45 UTC on July 23, the Hong Kong Observatory (HKO) issued the Hurricane Signal, No.  In La Humedad, Mexican Federal Highway 200 was flooded for over 0.62 mi (1 km) and covered by landslides. Tropical-storm-force winds extend outward up to 45 miles (75 km) from the center.
Many of these fell on buildings and cars, causing additional damage.  In all, 11 people were killed in China, and the total economic losses were counted to be ¥2.05 billion (US$321 million).  As a result of the flooding, a temporary shelter was enabled in that area. It is possible for a hurricane to stall in one area long enough that it dissipates. Hypothetical Hurricanes Wiki is a FANDOM Lifestyle Community.  Throughout the state, 21 landslides occurred, and 42 roads and 36 schools sustained damage. By Reuters Published: 18:03 EDT, 20 October 2018 | Updated: 18:03 EDT, 20 October 2018 MEXICO CITY, Oct 20 (Reuters) - Tropical Storm Vicente formed off southern Mexico on Saturday, churning toward the country's west coast but was only expected to … For updated forecasts, visit: www.nhc.noaa.gov, By Rob Gutro  The tiny tropical cyclone's structure improved over the next several hours, with the storm displaying a sporadic eye feature surrounded by medium to weak convection. The system is expected to dissipate later today. On October 22, Vicente underwent a very intense rapid intensification.  Vicente damaged schools, health care facilities, houses, and crops in the Sierra Mazateca area. Track Tropical Storm Vicente 2018 Track Tropical Storm Vicente 2018 Rare type of warning issued for parts of Southern California as fire risk escalates. Vicente had a peak intensity of 150 mph winds and minimum pressure of 921 mbar. As the disturbance traveled westward, deep convection associated with it began to increase in coverage. In the same state, 4.63 in (117.5 mm) of rain fell in San Jeronimo. Tropical Storm Vicente then rapidly strengthened into a hurricane and became a category 4 on October 22.  Residents were evacuated from the Jacarandas neighborhood by state officials and police officers after rainfall caused a gasoline leak to occur. Early the next day, the depression intensified into a tropical storm; as a result of this, it was assigned the name Vicente.
The eighth named storm and third typhoon in the 2012 Pacific typhoon season, Vicente began life as a tropical depression on July 18, 2012 north east of the Philippines.
On July 20, classes were suspended from pre-school to high school level due to heavy rain and severe flooding.
Oct. 21, the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) instrument aboard NASA-NOAA’s Suomi NPP satellite passed over Vicente and captured a visible image of the storm. Plan DN-III-E was activated in multiple states to provide aid to affected individuals. , At the Hong Kong International Airport, at least 90 flights were cancelled, over 446 flights delayed and 50 flights were diverted because of Typhoon Vicente on July 23–24. Striking Guangdong Province as a severe typhoon, according to China Meteorological Agency, Vicente caused considerable damage in the region.  Roads in Huehuetla and Tenango del Valle were impassable due to landslides.  About eleven provinces in Luzon were hoisted the signal warnings as the depression crossed extreme northern Luzon.  As system continued to strengthen, it developed a few Hot towers, reaching 9.3 miles (15 km) high.
 A landslide in Santiago Camotlán buried a house and killed a 40-year-old man. Heavy flooding rain was also a big problem for already saturated ground on the Northern Biolixi Island.  A declaration of emergency was issued for 13 municipalities in Veracruz. , Multiple rivers in the state overtopped their banks and inundated nearby communities. In Tututepec, a 56-year-old man drowned after getting caught in river currents. The wave came into contact with Central America on October 16; deep convection re-ignited along the monsoon trough and wave south of Panama a day later.
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Environmental problems 51 introduction an environmental problem arises whenever there is a change in the quality the atmospheric content of. 5 [atmospheric corrosion/bm] vitreous enamels comparatively thick layers of borosilicate glass can give excellent protection against corrosion and oxidation up to about 900 °c. Start studying meteorology chapter 5: atmospheric moisture learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Homeworkflip is a online tutorial store we provides acc 202 week 5 assignment week five problems.
Can someone help me with the checkpoint: atmospheric issues in week five for sci 275 environmental science - answered by a verified tutor. Detailed weather maps show the atmospheric pressure by means of curved lines called isobars as with an isotherm for temperature, an isobar connects all points with the same atmospheric pressure there is one difference with isobars, however. David kristovich, head the climate and atmospheric science section pursues a program of basic and applied research, monitoring, services, and outreach to address key atmospheric issues of importance to illinois, the midwest, and the nation. Sci 275 week 5 atmospheric issues resource: gamescape episode 3assigned sections of chapters 19 and 20 in environmental science complete episode 3: “maintaining terrestrial and atmospheric resources” of gamescape.
Cooler weather should help improve the air quality for the rest of the week (photo: measurements in 11 stations around the region in the early afternoon to rate the issues in the atmosphere . Pollution articles air pollution, water pollution, noise pollution, soil pollution and more read current events articles on pollution, pollution prevention and pollution control. Sci 275 week 5 individual assignment atmospheric issues click following link to purchase. View homework help - week 5 - atmosphere from psy 275 at university of phoenix week 5: atmospheric issues melissa anderson sci/275 week 5: atmospheric issues there are many atmospheric issues and.
In fact, the last time the atmospheric co 2 amounts were this high was more than 3 million years ago, when temperature was 2°–3°c (36°–54°f) higher than during the pre-industrial era, and sea level was 15–25 meters (50–80 feet) higher than today carbon dioxide concentrations are . High air pollution levels can cause immediate health problems including: can have permanent health effects such as: can form in the atmosphere from reactions . Suggested citation:atmospheric soundings national research council 2000 issues in the integration of research and operational satellite systems for climate research: part i science and design washington, dc: the national academies press doi: 1017226/9963 the large-scale motions of the .
Atmospheric issues atmospheric issues sci 275 week 5 individual assignment atmospheric issues choose an atmospheric issue (ozone depletion, climate change, or acid rain, for example) and compare and contrast it to an indoor air pollution. Read the latest articles of atmospheric research at sciencedirectcom, elsevier’s leading platform of peer-reviewed scholarly literature skip to journal menu skip to all issues advertisement. Week 5 check point sci275_appendix_d atmospheric issues week 5 check point sci275_appendix_d atmospheric issues from business, accounting question posted by .
What atmospheric scientists, including meteorologists do atmospheric scientists study the weather and climate, and examine how those conditions affect human activity and the earth in general. Atmospheric rivers are relatively long, narrow regions in the atmosphere – like rivers in the sky – that transport most of the water vapor outside of the tropics these columns of vapor move with the weather, carrying an amount of water vapor roughly equivalent to the average flow of water at . Atmospheric issues kristin barker sci 275 university of phoenix 03/31/2013 april croxton the following paper is meant to inform you about a serious threat facing the world today.
Env/100 atmospheric issues week 3 env/100 atmospheric issues week 3 do you need help with your school work here at the global writers network we have been helping students like you work smart since 2006. 114 chapter 5 • atmospheric pressure, winds, and circulation patterns above the mercury in the pan, leaving a vacuum bubble at the closed end of the tube ( fig 51). “what happened as the big atmospheric river came in on saturday [january 7] was the snow level jumped from 5,000ft (1524m) above sea level all the way up to 10,000ft (3048m) in about four hours,” ralph said. Read this essay on sci 275 week 5 atmospheric issues come browse our large digital warehouse of free sample essays get the knowledge you need in order to pass your classes and more.
Environmental issues in atmospheric and earth science esc 3704 spring term, 2018 grades have been posted to the fau server, and will be available to students on saturday, may 5. July 10, 2018 — if you can predict the path of the jet stream, the upper atmosphere's undulating river of wind, then you can predict weather -- not just for a week or two, but for an entire . Essays - largest database of quality sample essays and research papers on sci 275 week 5 atmospheric issues. Description sci 275 week 5 atmospheric issues sci 275 week 5 atmospheric issues resource: gamescape episode 3assigned sections of chapters 19 and 20 in environmental science.


wet air at 27C and 760mmHg contains 2.6 mole% water vapor. We need to feed the air at 1000kgmol/hr into a reactor, but the air must contain at most 0.6 mole % water vapor. You propose to remove the water by condensation. Calculate the flow rate of air leaving the condenser. Determine the appropriate operating temperature. You may assume that air is completely insoluble in water.
Posted in Chemistry, asked by jue, 6 years ago. 1810 hits.


Wednesday 26 August, 12 UTC T+96 Valid: Sunday 30 August, 12 UTC
Ensemble forecasts explained
One ‘ensemble forecast’ consists of 51 separate forecasts made by the same computer model, all activated from the same starting time. The starting conditions for each member of the ensemble are slightly different, and physical parameter values used also differ slightly. The differences between these ensemble members tend to grow as the forecasts progress, that is as the forecast lead time increases.
A chance of showers and thunderstorms, mainly after 3pm. Some of the storms could produce heavy rain. Mostly sunny, with a high near 92. West wind 5 to 15 mph. Chance of precipitation is 30%. New rainfall amounts of less than a tenth of an inch, except higher amounts possible in thunderstorms.
Day: 30% | Night: 30%
Learn how to read maps containing weather observation information for the surface.
In the sections that follow, we examine features to look for on weather maps to make a forecasts, general methods of preparing a forecast, and more specific tips for specific scenarios.
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See long range weather forecasts for the next 60 days from The Old Farmer’s Almanac! Our long range forecasts can be used to make more informed decisions about future plans that depend on the weather, from vacations and weddings to sporting events and outdoor activities.


Depending on the recent report shared by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), poor people quality of the air inside our homes, offices, and other indoor places like malls; is one of many leading factors adding to serious medical issues, especially lung infections and allergies. Indoor Air Quality Testing Thus, it has become a serious issue nowadays, and people are employing different approaches to attain improved indoor air quality.
The quality of indoor air is of such great importance, mainly because; people spend a lot more than 90% of these day indoors, inhaling and exhaling the exact same air in the building. Whole Home Air Humidifiers The oxygen taken in from the air comes to each cell of the human body, and therefore, breathing in contaminating air means affecting all your cells.
Previously, it absolutely was believed that installation of filters was sufficient for eliminating these contaminating and at times, poisonous particles from the air. However, scientists have now proved that usage of filters Indoor Air Quality doesn’t bring a substantial change in the air quality because; they filter out large particles only. But, there are a few effective ways available, whereby the caliber of indoor air can be improved. Keep reading to discover more about them.
Passing air through Ultraviolet Light
Air is a vital medium for some infectious particles, especially bacteria, to travel through. However, exposing airborne particles to ultraviolet light destroys these germs in a few seconds. The machine is more efficient when the air is filtered first and then passed through the light or vice versa.
Ionizing the air
Ionizing the air means giving a power charge to the neutral, yet contaminated particles of the air. These generally include microbes, dust particles, etc. You must be wondering how charging impure particles improves the air quality? Well, the charge is induced in to the air; but these charged particles are then sucked out from the air, in the filtration unit. After purification, only healthy air is passed out.
Cold Plasma Air Purification
Cold Plasma utilized in most labs because they could effectively kill air borne germs and pollutants. The same procedure can be used for other establishments as well. The Cold Plasma units are placed in the air filtering system where they will destroy all pollutants before they enter the establishment. This may make certain that the air remains entirely clean.


As a certified B Corp media and impact consulting agency, we understand the importance of measuring carbon emissions in order to reduce our impact on the environment. The measurement of carbon emissions is divided into three categories or scopes, which are defined by the Greenhouse Gas Protocol. In this blog post, we will explain what each scope is and provide examples to help businesses understand how they can measure and quantify their own carbon emissions.
Scope 1 emissions are the direct emissions from sources that are owned or controlled by the reporting company. These emissions include those from fuel combustion, process emissions, and fugitive emissions. Some examples of Scope 1 emissions include:
To measure Scope 1 emissions, companies can gather data on the amount of fuel or other resources used in their operations and calculate the resulting emissions using emission factors.
Scope 2 emissions are the indirect emissions from the consumption of purchased electricity, heat, or steam. These emissions occur as a result of the production of electricity by the utility company providing the energy to the reporting company. Some examples of Scope 2 emissions include:
To measure Scope 2 emissions, companies can gather data on the amount of electricity, heat, or steam purchased and calculate the resulting emissions using emission factors provided by the relevant utility company.
Scope 3 emissions are all other indirect emissions that occur in a company’s value chain, including both upstream and downstream activities. These emissions can be difficult to measure as they occur outside of a company’s direct control. Some examples of Scope 3 emissions include:
To measure Scope 3 emissions, companies can engage with suppliers and other stakeholders in their value chain to gather data on the emissions associated with their products or services. This can be done through surveys or other data collection methods.
Measuring and quantifying carbon emissions is an important step towards reducing a company’s impact on the environment. By understanding the different scopes of emissions and how to measure them, businesses can take action to reduce their carbon footprint and move towards a more sustainable future. As a certified B Corp media and impact consulting agency, we are committed to helping businesses navigate this process and achieve their sustainability goals.


Solar Tornadoes as Big as the US Heat Sun’s Atmosphere
For years, scientists have struggled to determine why the sun’s atmosphere is more than 300 times hotter than its surface. But a new study has found a possible answer: giant super-tornadoes on the sun that may be injecting heat into the outer layers of our star.
While comparing images from the Swedish Solar Telescope with others taken by NASA’s Solar Dynamics Observatory, an international team of scientists noticed bright points on the sun’s surface and atmosphere that corresponded with swirls in the so-called chromospheres, a region that is sandwiched between the two layers. The finding indicates that the solar tornadoes stretched through all three layers of the sun.
The scientists went on to identify 14 solar super-tornadoes occurring within an hour of each other. By using a three dimensional simulation, the team then found that the swirls could play a role in elevating the sun’s outer layer.


SOURCE : http://catholicclimatemovement.global/climate-change-facts/
There is a strong scientific consensus that climate change is caused by human action and will very likely have catastrophic consequences if not tackled urgently (and the poor will suffer the most). The world needs a fair, ambitious and legally binding global agreement in the COP21 summit at Paris to keep the global temperature increase below 1.5 degree Celsius (relative to pre-industrial levels).
The latest scientific findings are best summarized in the latest report from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), which is the internationally accepted authority on climate change scientific matters, operating in a peer-reviewed format and leveraging the inputs of thousands of scientists and other experts. This report was explicitly supported by several Vatican statements, such as the ones by the Holy See delegation at the UNFCCC, by the Chancellor of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences and Social Sciences, and by the President of the Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace.
The latest climate change IPCC report is summarized in this document and in this official IPCC video:
Here is another great video illustrating how global temperature is dangerously increasing:
More resources on the science of human-induced climate change:
- Summary of climate change evidence, by NASA.
- IPCC infographics and interactive visualization of carbon emissions, by WRI.
- Climate change FAQs, by Road to Paris.
- Health Impacts of climate change: Lancet report and video.
- Arctic Sea Ice Volume 1979-2012 (video)
- The difference between weather and climate (video).
- History of atmospheric carbon dioxide (for the past 800,000 years), by NOAA (aggregated NOAA resources here).
More resources on how to transition to a low-carbon economy:
- Pathways to Deep Decarbonization report, by U.N. Sustainable Development Solutions Network.
- New Climate Economy report.
WORRIED ABOUT THESE FACTS AND THE INACTION OF OUR POLITICAL LEADERS?
– See more at: http://catholicclimatemovement.global/climate-change-facts/#sthash.bk6613Bq.dpuf


Presenter: Kristen Rasmussen
From : University of Washington/NCAR
Date: September 5
Title: Convective initiation and hydrometeorological influence of extreme storms in subtropical South America
Hosted by Libby Barnes
September 2, 2014: Local FORTCAST Chapter Receives National Attention with AMS Newsletter Feature
August 28, 2014: Ph.D. students Ali Boris and Adam Rydbeck Awarded NSF EAPSI Awards
August 22, 2014: Welcome New Atmospheric Science Students
August 8, 2014: Ph.D. student Ashley Evanoski-Cole Awarded An EPA STAR Fellowship
July 23, 2014: Assistant Professor Russ Schumacher Named Interim Graduate School Counselor
July 2, 2014: Interns from CMMAP, SOARS and NOAA Participate in Department of Atmospheric Science Visit
June 27, 2014: Meet CMMAP's Summer Interns
June 25, 2014: AAAR and FORTCAST Sponsor First Successful "School is Cool" Summer BBQ of the Season
June 24, 2014: CSUs Student Chapter of AAAR Volunteers with Trail Restoration
June 11, 2014: Assistant Professor Russ Schumacher Featured in the March Issue of BAMS
June 5, 2014: Andrea Clements and Hannakaisa Lindqvist named 2014-2015 SoGES Global Sustainability Leadership Fellows
Welcome to the Department of Atmospheric Science
at Colorado State University
The mission of our top-rated department focuses on graduate education,
cutting-edge research, and public service. We currently have
faculty members, nearly one hundred graduate students,
approximately 50 full-time researchers, and an outstanding and dedicated support staff. Our diverse areas of
include Cloud Microphysics, Severe Storms and Mesoscale Meteorology, Atmospheric Chemistry and Air Quality, Radiation and Remote Sensing,
Climate and Atmosphere-Ocean Dynamics, and Global Biogeochemical Cycles and Ecosystems.
We offer graduate degrees at both the M.S. and Ph.D. levels.
The department was founded in 1962 by renowned tropical meteorologist Herbert Riehl and recently
celebrated its 50th anniversary.
View past research articles
Department Ranked #1After 15 years of effort, the National Research Council has came out with rankings of Atmospheric Science, Meteorology, and Oceanography departments. There are many categories in the NRC data, but CSU's Department of Atmospheric Science came out number one in a number of categories. This ranked CSU as one of the top two colleges in the country.
There are no current Defenses scheduled.
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|| 68°F ( 20°C)
|| 42°F ( 6°C)
||3 mph, gusts 4 mph
||(5 km/h, gusts 6 km/h)
|| 838 hPa ( 24.78 in)


If the storms are sturdy enough, they will reach as far east as Post Falls and Moscow, in North Idaho. An intense dust storm generally known as a haboob swept across Lubbock, Texas and other northern towns. Residents experienced low visibility and heavy winds in the course of the storm.
Storms triggered vital injury to buildings in one central Texas metropolis, and two tornadoes may have touched down. After graduating from American University in Washington, D.C., with a bachelor’s diploma in international studies, he returned house to Texas — in need of greasy Tex-Mex — and became a TV information producer. Before becoming a member of KUT in November 2018, he labored as a digital content producer at Austin NBC affiliate KXAN News.
Get A Style Of Genuine German Food In The Texas Hill Nation
Haboobs have been observed within the Sahara, Sahel , as well as throughout the Arabian Peninsula, all through Kuwait, and in essentially the most arid regions of Iraq. Haboob winds within the Arabian Peninsula, Iraq, Kuwait are frequently created by the collapse of a thunderstorm. This video shows the huge wall of mud approaching the city of Big Spring, northeast of Midland. LUBBOCK, Texas — A dust storm warning was issued in Lubbock Monday night as giant, thick clouds of dust formed across the realm. Correlation coefficient speaks to the homogeneity of the scatterers in a range quantity.
Occasionally, when the rain does persist, it could possibly include a considerable amount of dust. Eye and respiratory system protection is advisable for anyone who must be outdoors during a haboob. Moving to shelter is highly advised during a robust occasion. Carried on this climate entrance, the wall of mud in a haboob may be over 60 miles in width and several other miles in top.
A robust chilly front triggered thunderstorms that brought robust winds all the way down to the surface, picking up mud and filth and pulling it towards town of Lubbock, Texas. As seen in the video above from KCBD news, the large haboob swept over the town leading to zero visibility. On Wednesday, June 5, 2019, at roughly 6 p.m., Lubbock, Texas, was hit by a wall of mud. Known as a haboob, this intense dust storm was generated by severe thunderstorms to the west.
This clear low signal can also be seen on the northern gust entrance; although the road is far fainter it’s still present as a very skinny blue line. Specific to gust fronts or density currents are a change within the path of the wind with the passage of the front. As discussed by Klingle and Smith 1987 , this may be seen within the Doppler velocity as a sample of linear convergence alongside the radial. The first second or radial velocity is the document of the overall motion towards or away from the Doppler radar by the scatterers positioned within the vary volume.
The storm developed into a haboob, which is a violent wind that blows in the course of the summer season. In this case, the haboob pushed east across the southern South Plains. There was zero visibility as a result of blowing mud in the impacted areas. The National Weather Service shared a time-lapse video of the storm making its method over the city at 61 mph. LUBBOCK, Texas – A massive dust storm rolled over Lubbock on Wednesday, blanketing the town in a layer of dust.


A graphic of Greenland’s ice core climate reconstruction from 9080 BCE (after the Younger Dryas) to 1960 CE is positioned alongside a 20-year moving average of the Northern Hemisphere temperature anomaly (1870 to 2018; right hand diagram).[i] This depicts how the modern instrument era-derived Northern Hemisphere temperature data relates to Greenland’s ice core temperature data. This juxtaposition of different climate data was done to give an approximate bearing on today’s climate relative to the climate optimum.
Greenland’s ice temperature actually declined by 4.860C between the Holocene Climate Optimum in 5980 BCE (peak temperature) and 1700 CE, and then rose by 2.870C between 1700 CE and 1940 CE. The 2016 temperature peak is still 1.90C lower than at Greenland’s Holocene Climate Optimum 8,000 years ago.
By comparing today’s temperature only with that in 1880 we are being led to believe that a 1.020C rise in temperature since 1880 is the highest on record.[ii] However, when today’s temperature is compared with the Holocene Climate Optimum’s temperature 7,980 years ago, then that highest rise in temperature on record actually represents a decline of 1.90C. According to climate science experts who specialize in the Holocene Arctic climate, the Arctic temperatures was in general two to four degrees Celsius higher 8,000 to 5,000 years ago than it is today.[iii],[iv],[v]
The Arctic ice core data, like the Antarctic and global climate data, as well as the Northern Hemisphere insolation data (precession of the summer solstice),[vi],[vii],[viii],[ix] tells us emphatically that we have already entered an ice age (8,000 years ago). The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s anthropogenic global warming story started in 1880, and was “grafted on” to a trough-to-peak warming phase that started in 1700, and long before the anthropogenic influence became significant.
Click on this page and download a free copy of my book “Revolution: Ice Age Re-Entry,” and read more about this topic in Chapter 4.
[i] Data: (1) B.M. Vinther et al., 2009, “Holocene thinning of the Greenland ice sheet.” Nature, Vol. 461, pp. 385-388, 17 September 2009. National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce. Greenland Ice Sheet Holocene d18O, Temperature, and Surface Elevation. doi:10.1038/nature08355. https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/11148. Downloaded 05/05/2018. (2) HadCRUT4 near surface temperature data set for the Northern Hemisphere. http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut4/data/current/download.html. Downloaded 25 July 2018.
[ii] Global mean surface temperature data, commonly referred to as HadCRUT4. https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut4/data/current/download.html. [Exposé: Look at the bottom left hand or first column for the current year-to-date temperature. Subtract that from the 2016 total to see the magnitude of the fall. Global Data: https://bit.ly/2nCgctz. Northern Hemisphere Data: https://bit.ly/2MRt75G, Southern Hemisphere Data: https://bit.ly/2nBfYTA. Tropics Data: https://bit.ly/2nFXJMM. [last downloaded 25/07/2018].
[iii] Nicolaj K. Larsen et al., “The response of the southern Greenland ice sheet to the Holocene thermal maximum.” Geology ; 43 (4): 291–294. doi: https://doi.org/10.1130/G36476.1.
[iv] D.S. Kaufman et al., “Holocene thermal maximum in the western Arctic (0–1800W).” Quaternary Science Reviews 23 (2004) 529–560.
[v] J.P. Briner et al., “Holocene climate change in Arctic Canada and Greenland.” Quaternary Science Reviews (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2016.02.010.
[vi] H. Wanner et al., “Structure and origin of Holocene cold events.” Quaternary Science Reviews (2011), doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2011.07.010. [Comment: See Figure 5a, page 9, depicting the steady decline in Northern Hemisphere summer solar insolation at north 15 and 65 degree latitudes, and indicating that insolation has declined by 40 W/m2. This is based on the landmark research by Berger, 1978 (André Berger, Long-Term Variations of Daily Insolation and Quaternary Climatic Changes. 1978. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 35(12):2362-2367. DOI: 10.1175/1520-0469(1978)035<2362:LTVODI>2.0.CO;2).].
[vii] D.S. Kaufman et al., “Holocene thermal maximum in the western Arctic (0–180°W).” Quaternary Science Reviews, Volume 23, Issues 5–6, 2004, 529-560. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2003.09.007. [Comment: See the abstract. We are told that the precession-driven summer insolation anomaly peaked 12,000-10,000 years ago. See also Figure 9a which depicts the 65°N insolation anomaly at different times of the year, indicating an approximate 50 Wm-2 decline in summer solstice insolation from its peak 12,000-10,000 years ago.].
[viii] Darrell Kaufman et al., “Recent Warming Reverses Long-Term Arctic Cooling.” September 2009. Science 325(5945):1236-1239. DOI: 10.1126/science.1173983. [Comment: This publication details the Arctic cooling that has been in progress for the last 2,000 years until this recent global warming phase. This millennial-scale cooling trend correlates (r = +0.87 with a R-squared 0.76, see Figure 4.) with a reduction in precession of the solstice driven summer insolation (6 W m−2 insolation at 65°N) for the last 2,000 years. See Figure 3F. The publication indicates a temperature decline of 0.22° ± 0.06°C per 1000 years, which tracks the slow decline in orbitally driven summer insolation at high northern latitudes.].
[ix] I. Borzenkova et al., 2015. Climate Change During the Holocene (Past 12,000 Years). In: The BACC II Author Team (eds) Second Assessment of Climate Change for the Baltic Sea Basin. Regional Climate Studies. Springer. https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2F978-3-319-16006-1.pdf


In November 2020, Prime Minister Boris Johnson announced plans for the government’s ‘green industrial revolution’. The 10-point plan aims to create thousands of jobs to help tackle the climate emergency and put the United Kingdom back on track to achieve net zero by 2050 (1). However, representatives from leading environmental organisations have highlighted this programme is only a small portion of what’s required to truly mitigate the effects of climate change (2). There is much to do and we’re all part of the solution (3).
Why do we need a green industrial revolution?
Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that absorbs and radiates heat (4). Combined with the sun’s energy, greenhouse gases warm the Earth’s surface - this is termed the greenhouse effect and is natural (5). However, the burning of fossil fuels, unsustainable farming practices and land clearing is releasing an excess of greenhouse gases, causing the earth’s average annual temperatures to dangerously rise - this is termed global warming (6).
The enhanced greenhouse effect:
We’re not going to review all the research concerning global warming, but you should know that small changes in the average global temperature will completely change the world we know. We really enjoyed this sixty second TED Talk animation narrated by Kristen Bell, which summarises it perfectly. If you’ve got more time, be sure to check out Al Gore’s ‘An Inconvenient Truth’ or Leonardo DiCaprio’s ‘Before the Flood’. If you really really want to get into the fine details, you can read the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Global Warming Report here.
Why are we excited about carbon reduction strategies and planting trees announced in the 10-point plan?
Carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) or carbon reduction strategies are crucial for reducing carbon dioxide emissions. In recent years, scientists have summarised current CCS technology and while there are multiple techniques, the absence of economic incentives to support their high costs, has limited mass adoption (7).
In the natural world, carbon reduction takes many forms. From mangroves to seagrasses, peatland to deep sea creatures - nature is working overtime to absorb excess carbon dioxide from the atmosphere (8,9,10). You might be familiar with the ability of forests to absorb carbon dioxide, but did you know they absorb ⅓ of the world’s fossil fuel emissions each year? (11). We have a duty to protect these resources and reduce their workload. Thankfully, international organisations have provided a breakdown of natural and human-made carbon reduction technologies and are encouraging the investment and adoption of such practices (12,13).
We encourage governments and businesses to invest in carbon reduction strategies to reduce their carbon footprint.
We encourage individuals to make small changes to their everyday lives; whether it’s flying less, eating less meat or using their spending power for good (14,15).
Now...we can’t go through this article without addressing the elephant in the room (or online in this case). We know the fashion industry is responsible for 10% of the annual global carbon emissions that we’re aiming to reduce (16). We’ll explore the impact of the fashion industry on the environment later…In the meantime, learn more about how BearMade is tackling the fast fashion industry, mitigating the effects of climate change and empowering young people here.


The weather forecast was good, according to our own weatherman. But just when we arrived the clouds started to look a bit darker than desired and a few drops fell.
Then the sky really got dark and started to RAIN. But in a small break I managed to get a couple of nice images.
Then, the sky started to darken again and we decided it was time to go home. Of course, on the way I kept shooting. Luckily the storm just passed north of us and we didn’t get wet.


Influence of the Madden-Julian oscillation on Tibetan Plateau snow cover at the intraseasonal time-scale.
Published Web Locationhttps://doi.org/10.1038/srep30456
The Tibetan Plateau (TP), known as the third pole of the Earth, has snow cover with intraseasonal to decadal variability that affects weather and climate both inside and outside the TP. However, the factors that generate the TP snow cover (TPSC) anomalies at the intraseasonal time-scale are unclear. This report reveals the influence of the Madden‒Julian oscillation (MJO), which is the most dominant component of the tropical intraseasonal variability, on TPSC. We focus on wintertime snow cover over the central and eastern TP, where the intraseasonal variability is large. TPSC increases/decreases in the MJO phases 8‒1/4-5, when the eastward-propagating MJO suppressed/enhanced convection locates over the Maritime Continent. Such a change in TPSC leads to the most dominant positive/negative anomalies of TPSC in the following phases 2‒3/6‒7 due to the non-significant change of TPSC in these phases. There is anomalous moisture advection over the upstream of the TP caused by MJO-excited large-scale atmospheric circulation. The advection process generates the low-frequency eastward-propagating anomalous water vapour from upstream to the TP that influences precipitation and, eventually, TPSC.


Clouds wouldn't be so bad for astronomers, if they weren't so hard to forecast. But with new high resolution model output now available from the Australian Bureau of Meteorology, things are looking up a little at least. The animation above is not a real satellite picture, but rather a 'synthetic satellite loop' - a forecast of what the weather model thought the clouds would look like over a 48 hour period.
Weather models and forecasts have improved a great deal with the growth of satellite observations and massive computing power. But most weather agencies keep their model output in house and only publicly release a certain number of forecast products. The exception has always been the United States. Thanks to their constitution, what the taxpayer funds the taxpayer gets to see, and so does the rest of the world. And so raw output from their Global Forecast System has always been available on the internet for other companies to use (and make money from).
So while you may have tried different weather web sites like Weather Underground, The Weather Channel, AccuWeather and many more, the reality is they are all presenting the same data, just in different ways. And while you may have been able to get a forecast for your own suburb, cells in the model are spaced tens of kilometres apart and the values are interpolated in between these grid points. The precision implied by getting a weather forecast tailored to your street address is simply not there.
Nevertheless, these weather websites are understandably popular, but very few provided what astronomers needed. It was and still is possible to generate your own cloud forecast charts directly from Global Forecast System data but that is a tedious interface to say the least.
Andrew Cool in South Australia stepped in and delivered Skippy Sky for Australian (and other) astronomers with very simple to use visualisations of clouds and other GFS data. Skippy Sky has since been my primary cloud forecasting tool. Astronomy Panel from 7-Timer also presents GFS cloud data for any location but you're better off looking at the Skippy Sky maps to see the 'bigger picture' rather than a point sample which is often misleading.
As the name implies, the Global Forecast System is a global model. While it is among the best, it doesn't match the higher resolution regional models run by the Australian Bureau of Meteorology (BoM). The BoM has recently made a significant change to their weather models - the new model is called 'Access' - the Australian Community Climate and Earth-System Simulator. The Access model is derived from a UK Met Office model, with a technical review of its performance available in this online BoM paper.
Luckily for Australian astronomers, Lawrie Rikus at the Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research has made this model output available online, on his research page 'Synthetic Satellite Picture Forecast Loops'. You might like to submit feedback to the BoM asking them to officially publish cloud forecasts (for example, using their new graphical 'Forecast Explorer'). The more they know people are interested the more likely they are to provide such a service.
Shown above is a real infra-red satellite image and the Skippy Sky and Access A forecasts for the same time. In Skippy Sky the false colour represents percentage of total cloud cover. On the Skippy Sky site you can select to show only low, mid or high cloud cover which is very useful. On the synthetic forecast image, as on a real infra-red image, high cloud is bright white (colder temperatures) while low cloud is darker grey. At night, the ground cools down and it can become very difficult to tell the difference between cold ground and low cloud. This is a downside to this research product which is aiming to 'reproduce' a satellite image, rather than presenting the model data in the clearest possible way (like Skippy Sky).
The second example is of the highest resolution 'state scale' model. But here it is clear that just because a model runs at 5km resolution does not mean it is accurate to that level! In this case, the Astronomical Society of Victoria was running a Spring Star Party at the Leon Mow Dark Sky Site in central Victoria. The Access model gave us hope that the skies would clear during the night but we got a bit unlucky and the low cloud got stuck around central Victoria all night. The models are good but they're not magic!
The table below lists the various model outputs listed on the Synthetic Satellite Picture Forecast Loops page. As is always the case, the higher resolution models can only be run over smaller areas for shorter periods of time. If you are just looking at the night ahead, you can try the high resolution product for your local region. Generally though, the 'Access A' loop covers all of Australia out to two nights ahead and is likely to be your best bet. The accuracy implied by the beautifully detailed cloud images in the local scale models isn't really there in practice (and the starting time for the small scale models appears to be 12 hours behind the others).
If you want to see a little further ahead, the lower resolution 'Access R' runs out to three nights ahead over the whole Australian region. The global model 'Access G' looks nearly 10 days ahead but with much lower resolution. Don't get caught up in the details, but it can give you a useful idea of what large scale frontal systems are coming 3-6 days out. Anything beyond that gets very speculative.
All of these forecasts are updated twice a day, roughly around 3am and 3pm.
|Product||Geographic Area||Resolution||Forecast Period|
|Access-A||Australia||0.12 degrees/13km||48 hours in 1 hour steps|
|Access-A Water Vapour||Australia||0.12 degrees/13km||48 hours in 1 hour steps|
|Access-G||Global||0.833 degrees/92km||120 hours in 6 hour steps, then 228 hours (9.5 days) in 12 hour steps|
|Access-R||Australian Region||0.375 degrees/42km||72 hours in 3 hour steps|
|Access-T||Tropical/Equatorial Region||0.375 degrees/42km||30 hours in 3 hour steps|
|VicTas, Sydney, SEQld, SA, Perth||High resolution over local regions||0.05 degrees/5km||36 hours in 1 hour steps|
The national 'Access A' and especially the local area models are a revolutionary step forward in the resolution of weather models available to Australian amateur astronomers. In numerical resolution at least, they are 5-10 times better than what we previously had access to.
By way of comparison, until July 2010 the US GFS model ran at 0.5 degree (55km) resolution. Since July 2010, GFS now runs at 0.25 degree (27km) resolution in 3 hour steps out to 192 hours (8 days) and 12 hour steps up to 16 days ahead (but pretty sketchy in its usefulness beyond ~7 days). The enhanced resolution since July is pretty remarkable for a global model but for dynamic, low level cloud the Australian 'Access' models should have the edge.
For longer range forecasts (say beyond 3 days) the GFS model is likely to be at least as accurate as the Australian Access G product. GFS is also likely to perform well for large scale frontal systems and high level jet stream cloud even in short range forecasts. In short, both GFS and the BoM's Access model are as good as it gets - what's great about having access to the Australian data is that we have two independent sources.
Previously we had one dataset (US Global Forecast System) published under many different names, but really all the same data. Now, by looking at Access and Skippy Sky - two completely different models - you can get an idea of the confidence of the forecast. If there is a close match between Skippy Sky and the BoM Access models, then you can be reasonably confident in the forecast. But if they differ substantially then you know to hedge your bets.
If everything is working right, the image below should be the cloud that is headed your way in the next few hours according to the Access A model:
I'll finish with the caveat that weather in general and clouds in particular are dynamic, chaotic and inherently hard to predict. This page gives you some idea of the complexity of numerically modelling weather. While the model output now available is better than ever, the reality could still look a whole lot different on the ground at your observatory or dark sky site!


Himachal Pradesh is a state with diversified geography. With the ability to observe every kind of weather and environment, it is often a traveler’s paradise.
Let us begin with the physical location of Himachal Pradesh and the things that influence it-
Himachal is a landlocked state in Northern India, bordered by Haryana, Punjab, Uttarakhand, Jammu and Kashmir, and China.
Himachal Pradesh is divided into three geographical zones: plains (parts of district Una, Sirmaur, and partial, other areas in Kangra and district Solan), and Himalayas (ranging from the Shivalik range, the outermost scope of the Himalayas, to the Himadri or Great Himalayas). Numerous river basins flow through both the mountainous and plain regions of Himachal Pradesh.
READ MORE: WHY HIMACHAL IS BEST STATE
Himachal Pradesh also has a broad altitude range, ranging from 550 m to 6000 m on average ( above mean sea level). With elevation change, the sort of flora and plantation that thrives varies as well. Snowfall occurs mainly in the Himachal Pradesh mid ranges (1750m-3500m) during the winter months of December to February. The likelihood of snowfall increases as one’s altitude increases. Second, elevations over 3500m get significant snowfall during the winter season and also get modest snowfall throughout the rest of the year.
In Himachal Pradesh, precipitation (rain) is often moderate to heavy. During the monsoon season, the mid-ranges get medium to high rainfall. The plain area has torrential rain during the monsoon season and gentle rainfall during the rest of the year.
Winters are often longer in the high altitude region, and nights are considerably cooler throughout the year. Whereas on the lowlands, mercury levels may reach as high as 40 degrees (Celcius).
The areas in Himachal Pradesh that get the minor snowfall include
The whole plain region (in Una, Sirmaur, Solan, and parts of Kangra district)
Low mountains (750–1750m), mainly in Solan, Kangra, Mandi, Bilaspur, Una, Hamirpur, and Sirmaur.
READ MORE: SOCIAL CASTS IN HIMACHAL
Himachal Pradesh’s low-rainfall areas include the following:
Areas at a high elevation (between 3500–6000m), mostly in Lahaul and Spiti, Kinnaur, Shimla, Kangra, Kullu, Dalhousie, and Sirmaur districts.
Apart from these locations, practically every section of Himachal receives significant rainfall during the monsoon and in patches throughout the year.


Winter storm impacts Ohio State
The Columbus and most of the campuses of The Ohio State University are under a wind chill advisory through Monday.
According to the Wilmington office of the National Weather Service, the advisory is in effect until noon on Monday. Parts of the state could see wind chills of 20 degrees below zero.
Please remember to take precautions while traveling in winter weather and check with your scheduled activities to be sure there are no changes or cancellations.
Before snow and ice start to collect, the university treats campus roadways and sidewalks. Staff remain on campus throughout the day and night treating and plowing, as needed.
Students, faculty and staff can monitor the current campus conditions online. The website includes a live weather camera, updated weather conditions and current forecasts.
As the snow starts falling around campus, share your photos to the Ohio State News Twitter page. We’ll take some of the best pictures and share them throughout the holiday weekend.


At the UN Climate Change conference in Glasgow, one issue will dominate discussions: how to reduce the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere to help slow global warming. One way is to cut emissions from the use of fossil fuels.
But there are also ways to reduce the C02 already in the atmosphere called carbon capture, or carbon sequestration. Trees do it naturally–and that’s why deforestation has accelerated climate change and why scientists argue for rapid reforestation.
NewsHour Weekend Special Correspondent Willem Marx reports now on how the United Kingdom is making a big investment in replanting its forests. This story is part of our ongoing series, Peril and Promise: the Challenge of Climate Change.


For the first time this year, rain drops hit a number of locations in central and northern Israel on Sunday. The rain is expected to stop tomorrow.
The first rain of the year hit central Israel on Sunday, with some places in the north also getting drizzles. The rain is expected to continue throughout the day in these locations.
The Israel Meteorological Service said the rain, which began around noon along the coastline and near Ben Gurion Airport, may even reach the northern Negev during Sunday night. It is expected to weaken tomorrow until disappearing completely.
Rain falling in Haifa Photo credit: Channel 2 News


The Air Mass is the path length which light takes through the atmosphere normalized to the shortest possible path length (that is, when the sun is directly overhead). The Air Mass quantifies the reduction in the power of light as it passes through the atmosphere and is absorbed by air and dust. The Air Mass is defined as:
where θ is the angle from the vertical (zenith angle). When the sun is directly overhead, the Air Mass is 1.
A more detailed model showing the effect of airmass on the solar spectrum is available at the PV Lighthouse Solar Spectrum Calculator.
An easy method to determine the air mass is from the shadow of a vertical pole.
Air mass is the length of the hypotenuse divided by the object height h, and from Pythagoras's theorem we get:
The above calculation for air mass assumes that the atmosphere is a flat horizontal layer, but because of the curvature of the atmosphere, the air mass is not quite equal to the atmospheric path length when the sun is close to the horizon. At sunrise, the angle of the sun from the vertical position is 90° and the air mass is infinite, whereas the path length clearly is not. An equation which incorporates the curvature of the earth is1:
Standardised Solar Spectrum and Solar Irradiation
The efficiency of a solar cell is sensitive to variations in both the power and the spectrum of the incident light. To facilitate an accurate comparison between solar cells measured at different times and locations, a standard spectrum and power density has been defined for both radiation outside the Earth's atmosphere and at the Earth's surface.
The standard spectrum at the Earth's surface is called AM1.5G, (the G stands for global and includes both direct and diffuse radiation) or AM1.5D (which includes direct radiation only). The intensity of AM1.5D radiation can be approximated by reducing the AM0 spectrum by 28% (18% due to absorption and 10% to scattering). The global spectrum is 10% higher than the direct spectrum. These calculations give approximately 970 W/m2 for AM1.5G. However, the standard AM1.5G spectrum has been normalized to give 1kW/m2 due to the convenience of the round number and the fact that there are inherently variations in incident solar radiation. The standard spectrum is listed in the Appendix page.
The standard spectrum outside the Earth's atmosphere is called AM0, because at no stage does the light pass through the atmosphere. This spectrum is typically used to predict the expected performance of cells in space.
Intensity Calculations Based on the Air Mass
The intensity of the direct component of sunlight throughout each day can be determined as a function of air mass from the experimentally determined equation 2:
where ID is the intensity on a plane perpendicular to the sun's rays in units of kW/m2 and AM is the air mass. The value of 1.353 kW/m2 is the solar constant and the number 0.7 arises from the fact that about 70% of the radiation incident on the atmosphere is transmitted to the Earth. The extra power term of 0.678 is an empirical fit to the observed data and takes into account the non-uniformities in the atmospheric layers.
Sunlight intensity increases with the height above sea level. The spectral content of sunlight also changes making the sky 'bluer' on high mountains. Much of the southwest of the United States is two kilometers above sea level, adding significantly to solar isolation. A simple empirical fit to observed data 3 and accurate to a few kilometers above sea level is given by:
where a = 0.14 and h is the location height above sea level in kilometers.
Even on a clear day, the diffuse radiation is still about 10% of the direct component. Thus on a clear day the global irradiance on a module perpendicular to the sun's rays is:
- 1. , “Revised optical air mass tables and approximation formula”, Applied Optics, vol. 28, pp. 4735–4738, 1989.
- 2. , Applied Solar Energy. Addison Wesley Publishing Co., 1976.
- 3. , “The measurement of solar spectral irradiance at different terrestrial elevations”, Solar Energy, vol. 13, pp. 43 - 50, IN1-IN4, 51-57, 1970.