The National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) has tested and employed a variety of unmanned systems including the Waveglider USV, Puma UAS, and Coyote UAS. NOAA's missions include weather forecasting, climate monitoring, fisheries management, coastal restoration, and supporting marine commerce.
NOAA Demonstrates Improved Coyote UAS
A team from NOAA and Raytheon successfully demonstrated recent advancements of the Coyote Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS) while completing a mid-flight launch from the NOAA P-3 Hurricane Hunter aircraft on January 7th. The successful flight verified new technology designed to improve Coyote’s ability to collect vital weather data to improve hurricane forecasts.
The Coyote was released from NOAA’s Hurricane Hunter P-3 aircraft to fly over the Avon Park Air Force Range in Avon Park, Florida in order to measure the transmission range of upgraded technologies. The unmanned aircraft set a new distance record for flight control and data transmission to the P-3, and provided NOAA hurricane forecasters with real-time data on atmospheric air pressure, temperature, moisture, wind speed and direction as well as surface temperature. The Coyote collects all of this essential data at altitudes too low for manned aircraft to safely navigate in the hurricane environment.
“NOAA is investing in unmanned aircraft and other technologies to increase weather observations designed to improve the accuracy of our hurricane forecasts,” said Joe Cione, Ph.D., hurricane researcher at NOAA’s Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory and chief scientist of the Coyote program. “This successful flight gives us additional confidence that we will be able to use this unique platform to collect critical continuous observations at altitudes in the lower part of a hurricane, an area that would otherwise be impossible to reach with manned aircraft.”
Dr. Joe Cione, hurricane researcher at NOAA’s Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory and chief scientist of the Coyote program, holds the Coyote in front of NOAA's P-3 aircraft at MacDill Air Force Base. Image credit: NOAA
The Coyote, a small aircraft launched from the belly of the P-3, is capable of maneuvering in the most violent regions of a hurricane, collecting data to help improve accuracy of current storm conditions and eventually forecasts. Because hurricanes are fueled by warm ocean water, information collected at the interface of atmosphere and ocean is vital to the understanding and prediction of a storm’s strength.
"Here at the National Hurricane Center, we are keenly interested in obtaining measurements from the Coyote of the strongest winds near the center of the storm," said Chris Landsea, science operations officer at NOAA's National Hurricane Center (NHC). "Coyote could help us paint a better picture of current storm intensity for our storm updates."
The platform was tested in a major hurricane for the first time during the 2014 Atlantic hurricane season when researchers flew multiple Coyote missions into Hurricane Edouard at controlled altitudes as low as 400 feet, providing NOAA with real-time data on the storm’s structure. After the successful hurricane flights, scientists and engineers went to work to upgrade the Coyote technology with the goal of improving its operational capacity.
One of the keys to the future utility of the platform was improving its ability to fly farther from the P-3 launch aircraft while providing continuous data from its array of sensors. Engineers at NOAA’s Aircraft Operations Center and Raytheon successfully developed and installed a new antenna and radio, allowing operators to stay in communication with the Coyote as it flew away from the hurricane hunter aircraft during the flight.
7 January 2016 - The upgraded Coyote UAS flies over the Avon Park Air Force Range during a demonstration flight. Image credit: NOAA
“We’ve made some significant improvements to Coyote. It can now fly for 50 miles away from the launch aircraft,” said Dr. Thomas R. Bussing, vice president of the Advanced Missile Systems product line at Raytheon. “Raytheon technology is playing a key role in enhancing safety for hurricane researchers, and helping to deliver vital information about potentially deadly storms to the American people.”
During Hurricane Edouard, the P-3 had to fly within five to seven miles of the Coyote in order to pick up its signal. The increased flight range allows the P-3 to deploy the Coyote and continue on its own flight pattern at a higher altitude while monitoring Coyote’s position relative to a storm and the hurricane hunter aircraft.
The Coyote is now equipped with an upgraded instrument package that includes an infrared sensor to measure sea surface temperature. These measurements should help scientists better understand how a hurricane extracts energy from the ocean – and how it might intensify or change. The team also is working towards optimizing battery life, which should allow the Coyote to fly longer in future hurricane flights.
The flight verified the Coyote’s ability to transmit the data collected from its instrument package to operators aboard the P-3 as well as at NOAA’s National Hurricane Center, where personnel monitor storms and develop forecasts. Data from Coyote flights will provide NHC with an additional source of real-time measurements that will assist forecasters in the development of the most accurate estimates of a storm’s current intensity. Data collected from the Coyote will eventually be incorporated into hurricane models to help fill the data gap created by a lack of spatial coverage in the lower portions of a storm.
NOAA adopted the Coyote, a platform originally developed by the Navy for maritime surveillance, for hurricane research in 2009. Manufactured by Raytheon Co., of Waltham, Mass., NOAA’s mission for Coyote is to help improve forecasts of hurricane intensity at levels where it will directly impact people and property.
With the potential for becoming an operational component of NOAA’s fleet of hurricane technologies, researchers continue to upgrade components of Coyote that will improve data collection and reduce per unit cost. These improvements could expand Coyote’s application to other aspects of NOAA’s portfolio where remote access and observation is essential.
Liquid Robotics Signs R&D Agreement with NOAA
24 April 2014 - Liquid Robotics and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) today announced the signing of a multi-year, Cooperative Research & Development Agreement (CRADA) designed to advance ocean observations to improve U.S. weather forecasting, fisheries management and environmental monitoring. The NOAA/Liquid Robotics CRADA combines the significant product capabilities of the Wave Glider, a revolutionary, wave powered unmanned ocean robot, with NOAA’s engineering, data analysis and modeling expertise for applications that will have long-term benefits to the general public.
"Over several years, we’ve worked closely with Liquid Robotics on multiple applications with their innovative technology, the Wave Glider. We've used the Wave Glider to demonstrate advances in hurricane forecasting, measure CO2 levels, monitor the Arctic marine environment, detect tsunamis and collect fisheries data,” said Craig McLean, NOAA’s deputy assistant administrator of the Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research. “I am pleased to establish this agreement to strengthen our important partnership and to improve environmental observations.”
The NOAA/Liquid Robotics CRADA will focus research on three primary areas:
• Expand and enhance integrated sensor capabilities that will augment information needs, fill data gaps and lower data acquisition costs.
• Improve unmanned platform operational capabilities or geographic scope of coverage to collect data in areas or in conditions too difficult or risky for manned observations.
• Utilize sensor data collected from unmanned platforms to augment or replace existing data collection technologies (i.e. moored buoys, satellites, research vessels).
More specifically, the CRADA will involve collaboration for:
• Improvement of hurricane intensity forecasting models
• Arctic meteorological and oceanic exploration
• Coastal mapping/hydrographic surveys
• Carbon dioxide monitoring and ocean acidification data gathering
• Fisheries surveys
• Marine animal population assessments
• High precision water quality measurements in the Great Lakes
• Augmentation or replacement of coastal weather buoys
• Improvement of domain awareness of marine sanctuaries
Additionally, there will be research expeditions to augment weather satellite data collection records by providing high resolution, surface (in-situ) data over long duration time periods (up to a year) and vast ocean expanses never before affordable or feasible to collect.
“We are excited to be working closely together with NOAA to advance ocean observations with long duration autonomous systems,” said Bill Vass, CEO of Liquid Robotics. ”We believe our Wave Glider technology provides a cost efficient way to gather scientific and environmental data to address the many challenges ahead.”
NOAA Issues Solicitation for Multi-rotor UAS
18 April 2014 -Yesterday the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) issued a request for quotation set aside for a small business to provide a multi-rotor unmanned air system and associated ground control station for use from a ship or rigid hull inflatable boat.
The multi-rotor (hexacopter or octocopter) must be capable of carrying a high resolution camera payload weighing up to 360 grams for a 20-30 minute flight at ranges of up to a kilometer away from the control station. The aircraft will be used to assess populations of marine mammals, seabirds, and sea turtles. It will also collect breath samples from whales. The solicitation is listed here.


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Have you ever gazed up at the sky and wondered why it appears blue? You’re not alone! This question has intrigued people for centuries. Rest assured, I’m here to help you understand this fascinating phenomenon with a clear and concise explanation.
The sky appears blue due to a process called Rayleigh scattering, where sunlight interacts with the Earth’s atmosphere, scattering shorter wavelengths of light (blue and violet) more than the longer wavelengths (red and yellow). Our eyes perceive this scattered light as blue, although violet is also scattered to an even greater extent, but is less visible to the human eye.
But wait, there’s more to this captivating tale! Read on to discover the intricate details behind the blueness of our sky and learn how different factors can influence its color.
Rayleigh scattering occurs when sunlight collides with molecules and particles in the Earth’s atmosphere, causing the light to scatter in different directions. Shorter wavelengths (blue and violet) scatter more effectively than longer wavelengths (red and yellow) due to their size relative to the atmospheric particles[^1^]. Although violet light scatters more than blue, our eyes are more sensitive to blue light, and thus, the sky appears blue to us[^2^].
Interestingly, during sunrise and sunset, the sky often appears red or orange. This occurs because the sunlight has to pass through a larger portion of the atmosphere, scattering the shorter wavelengths almost entirely, leaving only the longer wavelengths (red and orange) to reach our eyes[^3^].
Clouds and pollution can also influence the color of the sky. On cloudy days, the sky may appear gray or white due to the clouds scattering all wavelengths of light equally. Clouds are made up of water droplets, which are larger than the molecules responsible for Rayleigh scattering, causing a different type of scattering called Mie scattering[^1^]. This results in the even distribution of all colors, giving the sky a more neutral appearance.
Air pollution can also affect the color of the sky. Particles in the air, such as dust and pollutants, can scatter and absorb sunlight, leading to a hazy or washed-out appearance[^2^]. In some cases, air pollution can even cause the sky to take on a brownish or yellowish hue.
The intensity of the blue color in the sky can vary depending on several factors. One of these factors is the position of the sun. When the sun is directly overhead, the sky appears a deep, vibrant blue because the sunlight travels through a smaller portion of the atmosphere[^3^]. As the sun moves closer to the horizon during sunrise or sunset, the blue light becomes less intense, and the sky takes on a more reddish or orange hue.
Another factor that can influence the intensity of the blue color is altitude. At higher altitudes, the atmosphere is thinner, allowing more direct sunlight to reach the observer. This results in a deeper, more intense blue color in the sky[^1^].
While Earth’s sky is predominantly blue, other planets in our solar system have different sky colors due to their unique atmospheric compositions. For example, Mars has a thin atmosphere composed mostly of carbon dioxide, and its sky appears reddish-orange due to the presence of iron oxide (rust) particles in the air[^2^]. Venus, with its thick, cloudy atmosphere, has a sky that appears mostly yellow-orange[^3^]. It’s fascinating to consider how different each planet’s sky can appear based on its atmospheric makeup!
Although it is rare, the sky can sometimes take on a greenish hue. This typically occurs during severe weather events, such as thunderstorms or tornadoes, when sunlight filters through storm clouds containing large amounts of water and ice[^1^]. The combination of these elements can cause the sky to appear green, often serving as a warning sign for impending severe weather.
The blue color of our sky is the result of Rayleigh scattering, where shorter wavelengths of sunlight (blue and violet) scatter more effectively than longer wavelengths (red and yellow) when interacting with Earth’s atmosphere. Factors like clouds, pollution, the position of the sun, and altitude can all influence the intensity and appearance of the sky’s color.
Understanding this captivating phenomenon not only answers a common curiosity but also allows us to appreciate the beauty and complexity of the world around us.
[^1^]: Bohren, C. F., & Clothiaux, E. E. (2006). Fundamentals of Atmospheric Radiation: An Introduction with 400 Problems. Wiley-VCH.
[^2^]: Nave, C. R. (2021). HyperPhysics: Rayleigh Scattering. Georgia State University. http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/atmos/blusky.html
[^3^]: Coffey, J. (2017). Why is the Sky Blue? Universe Today. https://www.universetoday.com/74020/why-is-the-sky-blue/Tags: education


GEELONG and the Surf Coast are set to be inundated with a thick rain front sweeping across the Western District.
The Bureau of Meteorology has forecast a very high chance — nearly 100 per cent — of rain this afternoon, dissipating to showers in the evening.
Winds are anticipated to be east to southeasterly 20 to 30 km/h tending south to southeasterly 25 to 35 km/h in the evening.
Nearly 50 millimetres of rain has fallen over the Warrnambool region since 9am Tuesday although there has been less rain in the Hamilton district with a still sizeable 30 millimetres during the same timeframe.
Less than one millimetre of rain had fallen in the Geelong region between 9am and 4pm on Tuesday, although that was set to change within hours.


New South Wales Minister for Water Property and Housing Melinda Pavey
Rainy Relief But Not Enough To Sink The Big Dry
Victor P Taffa
More than 30 mm of rain has fallen across Sydney over the past 36 hours, but this has been only a third of what Sydney has needed to significantly impact dam inflows, Minister for Water, Property and Housing Melinda Pavey said today.
Mrs. Pavey said a single rain event is not itself enough to break the drought and people across the State have to be mindful that water restrictions are in place.
“It’s strange to be thinking about water restrictions and the severe drought across the State when they’re reaching for their umbrellas and raincoats.” Mrs. Pavey said.
“Reality is our dams need at least 100 mm to start filling up. Over the past 36 hours around 30 mm has been recorded in parts of Sydney a third of what we need to make an impact.”
“Last year rainfall levels in New South Wales were among the lowest ever recorded over an extended period. In some areas, the state is the driest it has ever been and worse than the millennium drought.”
This rain event has produced:
- 40 mm of rainfall over the Upper Nepean, Woronora and Shoalhaven Catchments,
- 30 mm of rainfall over Warragamba Catchment,
- 20 mm recorded over the Blue Mountains Catchment.
On Saturday, Level 1 water restrictions were introduced across greater Sydney, while other parts of the state have had water restrictions for over a year.
“Water restrictions will mean households across Sydney are doing their bit to conserve this precious commodity our water.” Mrs Pavey said.
Reducing Shower Time:
- 1 minute can save,
- 9 litres of water every shower which equals,
- 45 Million litres of water across the city, every day.
New South Wales Rainfall Map Week Ending 5 May 2019


The British Met Office’s forecasts for rain are apparently keeping visitors away from a tourist attraction. The owners are threatening to sue unless the forecasts get sunnier.
It is hard to tell from the article what exactly the problem is. It may be that there’s too large of an area lumped together, that it’s wet in one place but the whole region is painted with a rainy forecast. There could also be a time issue, e.g. it rains 10 minutes, but is sunny the rest of the day. There also could be a fundamental forecast skill issue, e.g. when they say 80% chance of rain today, it only rains on 20% of days.
The Independent gives some quotes from local users:
“The Met Office seems to come up with such pessimistic forecasts predicting chances of rain when we're enjoying sunshine. We've had a lot rain - that's why it's nice and green. But it's important for the tourist industry that when we do have sunshine we need to be shouting about it rather than saying there might be some chance of rain. The Met Office forecasters need to realise that everything they say has an impact on whether people go on holiday or go for a day out."…
"People just hear the word rain and that puts them off going somewhere for the day. There's a difference between that goes on for two or three hours and rain that lasts ten minutes in a shower and then passes through."
"It is already causing holiday-makers to stay away,” she said. “Just a few days ago we were hearing that all caravan parks in the West Country were on flood alert, and this simply wasn't the case.”


Project will use satellite imagery to help tackle fuel poverty and carbon emissions in UK
24 September 2018
Satellite data will be used in a UK project to pinpoint areas where energy efficiency measures are most needed in order to combat fuel poverty and carbon emissions.
The project, which involves E.ON, the European Space Agency (ESA) and Earth observation specialist Astrosat, will use near real-time and archived data gathered from orbiting satellites – including optical sources, thermal-infrared for heat mapping and air quality and pollution tracking. This will be combined with Astrosat's ThermCERT software to address issues including housing condition and insulation, and air quality.
When cross-matched with existing housing or data on vulnerable customers, the platform is expected to provide local authorities with a street-level view of where improvements are most needed, allowing them to better target their approaches to upgrading housing stock, optimising energy efficiency installations, and improving air quality.
Source: The Engineer
Image credit: Astrosat/E.ON/ESA - Astrosat, E.ON and ESA to tackle fuel poverty with satellite data.


Cyclone Kenneth a Large Number of Individuals Evacuated in Mozambique Before the Equivalent of a Category 4 Hurricane Storm
Countless the equivalent of a Category 4 hurricane strong the equivalent of a Category 4 hurricane. The equivalent of a Category 4 hurricane late Thursday afternoon, the equivalent of a Category 4 hurricane. Kenneth comes over a month after the nation the deadliest and costliest storm of his from the deadliest and costliest storm of his history, Tropical Cyclone Idai. The National Institute of Disaster Management in Mozambique said it’d provided shelter and started the forced evacuation of families to the shelters.
Additionally to the harmful projected for North Mozambique over the next four rain and significant flooding. Projected for northern Mozambique over the next four can be projected for North Mozambique over the next four days, roughly 4 times the average monthly rainfall for the region. Kenneth strengthened rapidly Landfall was expected roughly 1, 000. North of where Idai struck km north of where Idai hit. Residents along the Mozambique/Tanzania border should make preparations such as storm surge along the coasts, heavy rain, and storm force winds, NASA warned. Affect the Lake Victoria basin, its mountainous areas\. In Tanzania, Kenneth is likely to hit the coast regions affects the Lake Victoria basin, its mountainous areas, and the town affects the Lake Victoria basin, its mountainous areas and the in accordance with the Tanzania Meteorological Agency.
Strong winds and rain can be spared, Kenneth nevertheless will shore, forecasters said. Governments are spared, Kenneth nevertheless will remain indoors in these areas due to their safety. Even though be spared, Kenneth nevertheless will go to be spared, Kenneth still will hit Mozambique only 30 days then storm killed over of the country’s gross domestic. It generated of the country’s gross domestic harm, or nearly 10 percent product.


Some of the things that you should expect from the 2019 to 2020 Winter Season
Having the ability to predict what the weather is going to be like is very important as it ensures that you have been provided with an opportunity to plan in the right way. One of the major benefits that you are likely to enjoy is that it ensures that you have been provided with an opportunity to choose the right kind of clothing during this period and time. It is also very important as it ensures that you have been provided with an opportunity to tell exactly the best time for you to leave for a vacation. this article therefore highlights some winter predictions in order for you to be able to tell which places to visit and which you should not.
One of the areas that has been experiencing avalanches over the past years is Colorado, this article. Studies have shown that more than six avalanches have been experienced in the month of March alone. Studies have also shown that the hottest temperatures were experienced in the month of July, this article. Revisiting the latest winter season is very important as it ensure that we have been provided with an ability to tell what is actually going to happen during the winter season, this article.
The North-west region has been experiencing a lot of precipitation over the years according to studies made. The temperature that has been recorded during the month of February was around thirty two degrees. Studies have also shown that there are a lot of variations that have been taking place over the years. This is because some of the deserts experienced colder temperatures than average while there are actually other areas that were warmer than average, this article. Therefore, with such variations, it may not be very easy for us to make reliable predictions about the winter season, this article.
Studies have however shown that a lot of precipitation is going to be experienced during this winter season. Thrills and chills are also capable of getting experienced during this period of time. However, this is not something that is going to be experienced in every region of the United States. For instance, the desert south west is expected to experience some wintry conditions. Some of the south-east areas will be brisk and wet during the winter season.
The lake regions on the other hand are expected to be very wet during the winter season. Some of these regions are actually going to be a little bit colder than average especially in Boston and Washington DC. Utah is one of the regions that is expected to experience a lot of snow fall. The coastal regions are also expected to experience the same.


Video Library > Indoor Air Quality and Volatile Organic Compounds
Indoor Air Quality and Volatile Organic Compounds
Sensirion, the expert in environmental sensing presents a short introduction to volatile organic compounds.6/27/2017 5:30:14 PM
Next-Gen Smart Air Quality Monitoring Example Project Demo from Cypress and Sensirion
Publish Date: 2019-03-15
Randall Restle interviews Tahir Naeem from Sensirion | Sensors Expo 2017 | Digi-Key
Publish Date: 2017-07-05
Sensirion SEK-SHTxx/SGP30 | Digi-Key Daily
Publish Date: 2018-02-22
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Exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) air pollution has been linked to a higher risk of dementia, even at levels lower than existing US, UK, and European air quality regulations.
The results of the study were published by The BMJ.
More limited data suggest that exposure to nitrogen dioxide and nitrogen oxides may also be risk factors for dementia.
Many uncertainties remain, so caution is needed when interpreting these findings, but the researchers said the results “strengthen the evidence that air pollutants are risk factors for dementia.”
More than 57 million people worldwide are living with dementia and the global burden is increasing. But interventions to delay or prevent the onset of dementia are rare.
Growing evidence suggests that air pollutants may contribute to dementia risk, but studies have used different approaches and none have included detailed assessments of bias, making it difficult to draw firm conclusions.
To address this, a team of US researchers set out to investigate the role of air pollutants in dementia risk, accounting for study differences that may have influenced the findings.
Using scientific databases, they identified 51 studies reporting associations between exposure to air pollutants lasting an average of one year or more and cases of dementia in adults.
After assessing study quality and risk of bias, they were able to include 16 studies in their main quantitative analysis, mostly from North America and Europe.
The results showed that higher exposure to fine particulate pollution was associated with an increased risk of dementia.
In 14 studies that specifically examined the potential effects of PM2.5 on dementia, they found that for every 2 micrograms per cubic meter (ug/m3) increase in average annual PM2.5 concentration, the overall risk of dementia increased by 4%.
Studies that actively assessed participants reported stronger associations between dementia risk and air pollution than studies that used passive monitoring methods, such as electronic health records.
In studies with active evaluation, results suggested a 42% greater risk of dementia for every 2 ug/m3 increase in average annual PM2.5 concentration. The most conservative estimate was a 17% greater risk.
The results also suggest a higher but smaller increase in dementia risk with exposure to nitrogen dioxide (2% for each 10 mg/m3 increase) and nitrogen oxide (5% for each 10 mg/m3 increase), but this was based on more limited. data.
The study did not find a link between ozone and dementia. The researchers acknowledge that most studies had concerns related to risk of bias that, along with other limitations, may have affected the results.
But they say the findings suggest consistent evidence of a link between ambient air pollution and clinical dementia, particularly for PM2.5, below the current US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) annual standard of 12 mg/m3, and below the limit. UK (20 mg/m3) and European Union (25 mg/m3).
These findings support the public health importance of limiting exposure to PM2.5 and other air pollutants and provide regulatory agencies and others with better estimates of disease burden and impact for use in policy discussions, they conclude.
In the linked editorial, the researchers note that PM2.5 concentrations vary widely among major cities, from less than 10ug/m3 in some cities (eg Toronto, Canada) to over 100ug/m3 in others (eg Delhi, India). , air pollution is likely to influence dementia risk worldwide.
They also point to several challenges, such as the complex interrelationships between socioeconomic status, ethnic groups, air pollution, and dementia, and the paucity of studies from low- and middle-income countries.
Effective measures to reduce air pollution will likely require global legislation and policy programs that focus on the transition to clean and renewable energy sources, reduced energy consumption, and changes in agriculture, they write.
Any positive impact on dementia and general health would be accompanied by significant impacts on climate change and biodiversity, so reducing air pollution should be a global health and humanitarian priority, they conclude.
This story is published from the Wire Agency feed without modification to the text. Only the headline has been changed.


Hurricane Survival Guide
Prepare For & Survive a Hurricane
Author: James Kavanagh
Illustrations: Raymond Leung
Hurricanes, deadly and powerful tropical storms, can cause catastrophic damage to coastlines and adjacent inland areas. With winds topping 150 miles per hour, hurricanes also produce storm surges and heavy rainfall hazards.
Publisher: Waterford Press Inc.
Imprint: A Pocket Naturalist Guide
Illustration Count: N/A
Size: 8.25" H x 3.5" W
Weight: 1 OZ
Product Form: folded


Beijing Temporarily Bans Cars to Reduce Pollution, Closes Schools
City issues its first "red alert" for pollution.
Beijing issued its first red alert for air pollution on Monday, a decision that has led to severe but temporary restrictions on car usage for the city's 20 million-plus residents.
Enacted in 2013, China's air pollution response system has never reached its highest level of "red" before. By Monday, Beijing listed its air quality index at 253, or above the 200 that the U.S. government defines as "very unhealthy." At these levels, it is recommended to avoid outdoor activities if at all possible. As early as November 30, deadly particulate matter called PM 2.5 was detected in some areas of the city, nearly 40 times the limit recommended by the World Health Organization.
In response to the red alert, Beijing is ushering in a series of temporary restrictions that go into effect from 7 a.m. on Tuesday to noon on Thursday. Not only will schools close, but drivers will only be allowed to use their cars on alternating days depending on their license plate number. Government agencies have vowed not to drive their cars on the streets for 30 percent of this time.
The Beijing government warned the public about the red alert and restrictions late Monday while also posting a picture of the 2008 Summer Olympics Stadium covered in thick smog. Over the weekend, the city was only on orange alert, which recommends stopping outdoor construction and work that produces heavy pollution.
Of course, Beijing is far from the first city to ban cars on a temporary basis to curb pollution. Paris is one of the many cities in Europe and elsewhere to issue "car-free" days, and we recently heard that Oslo, Norway, is looking to completely ban cars from its city center by 2019. As China has promised to reduce coal usage in a first step toward emissions reductions, it will be interesting to see if more car bans will go into effect in Beijing in the future.
Photo credit: Bert Oostdijk
Source: The New York Times


The Weather & Clock Widget for Android is an app designed to show the user the most accurate weather forecast possible. The application can determine the user's location and process the specified data to display the weather forecast for the selected location.
When you download and install the Weather & Clock Widget for Android, you get your Pocket Weather Center. The detailed forecast shows you the air temperature, wind direction, and pattern, air pressure, probability of precipitation, air temperature, humidity level, and other necessary parameters that you can choose to adjust them.
Numerous settings allow the user to enable or disable the display within the desired units of measurement, update time, roaming, automatic mode or manual location, as well as other important options that will help you in the setting. Weather forecasting app for your own needs.
The Weather & Clock Widget for Android allows the user to use a landscape or portrait widget on the screen. Also available to set the desired view of the clocks.
The main advantages of the application are as follows:
- The app provides the user with weather conditions;
- Weather forecast 5 or 10 days in advance;
- Sunrise and sunset. This option allows you to observe the duration of day and night in some areas.
The database includes numerous cities around the world, including not only large cities but also some small human settlements. You can search by zip code or using a compromise name.
Choose differently sized widgets for high-resolution devices. These widgets can show the detailed weather forecasts for a few days, local time, battery level, and other necessary data related to weather parameters.


THE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE HAS EXTENDED SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WATCH 11 TO INCLUDE THE FOLLOWING AREAS UNTIL 11 PM CDT THIS EVENING IN TEXAS THIS WATCH INCLUDES 7 COUNTIES IN SOUTH CENTRAL TEXAS BASTROP CALDWELL FAYETTE GONZALES GUADALUPE LAVACA WILSON THIS INCLUDES THE CITIES OF BASTROP, FLORESVILLE, GONZALES, HALLETSVILLE, LA GRANGE, LOCKHART, AND SEGUIN.
Current Condition: Clear
Wind Speeds: 2.88mph
Chance of Precipitation: 0%
Temperature: 79/49 Partly cloudy in the evening. Tuesday:
Temperature: 72/43 Clear throughout the day. Wednesday:
Temperature: 76/53 Partly cloudy in the afternoon. Thursday:
Temperature: 81/64 Mostly cloudy starting in the afternoon and breezy overnight. Friday:
Temperature: 82/67 Mostly cloudy throughout the day and breezy starting in the evening.


Enter the letters of your anagram on the text above. Our tool will unscramble the anagram and output the unscrambled word together with a definition.
|(n.) Any phenomenon or appearance in the atmosphere as clouds rain hail snow etc.|
|(n.) Specif.: A transient luminous body or appearance seen in the atmosphere or in a more elevated region.|
The word METEOR is a 6 letter word that contains 1 syllable .
The syllable division for the word METEOR is METEOR
Below you will find all the words that can be formed from the letters of the word METEOR.


Derecho storms are extremely powerful and can uproot large trees, as shown by this image of an uprooted tree in the August 2020 Midwest derecho in :Shellsburg, Iowa.
Credit – National Weather Service (Quad Cities Office) /Glenn Rushworth. Public Domain
Powerful thunderstorms over the weekend in Ontario and Quebec killed at least nine people and caused extensive damage. More than 200,000 families are still without power.
At least eight deaths from the storms occurred when people were hit by falling trees, authorities said. A ninth person died Saturday when the boat she was in capsized on the Ottawa River near Masson-Angers, Quebec.
Hydro utilities reported Sunday that the thunderstorms caused extensive damage in both southern Ontario and Quebec, reports CTV News Canada. This means that even as crews work around the clock to make repairs, it could still be days before the outages are resolved.
“This event is significantly worse than both the ice storm of 1998 and the tornadoes of 2018. This level of damage to our distribution system is simply beyond comprehension,” said Hydro Ottawa in a letter sent to the mayor on Sunday, reports CBC Canada.
Monday morning outages were still affecting more than 200,000 customers, while Hydro Ottawa reported more than 166,000 customers were still without power. Across the provincial border, Hydro-Quebec had nearly 1,450 outages affecting more than 237,000 customers.
Storms packed the power of a tornado
Reuters is reporting that the storms that hit Saturday afternoon lasted over two hours, carrying wind gusts as strong as 132 kilometers (82 miles) per hour that felled trees, uprooted electric poles, and toppled many metal transmission towers, utility companies said.
The storm that moved across Ontario and Quebec Saturday is known as a “derecho,” a powerful kind of windstorm that is long-lasting and far-reaching, according to Environment Canada Senior Climatologist David Phillips.
“It’s not a word we use very often because they don’t occur that often,” he told Newstalk 580 CFRA’s ‘CFRA Live with Andrew Pinsent’ on Sunday. “It’s sort of like a microburst or a thunderstorm but you get a whole army of those. Imagine soldiers lined up and just mowing down the front lines as they move along. Meteorologically, that’s essentially what happens.”
“This storm was almost about 1,000 kilometres from Michigan to Maine as it went across Ontario and Quebec. That’s what a derecho is, it’s a long line of very active thunderstorms or microburst kind of situations. Nothing can deter it. It just marches along,” said Phillips.


Areas of dense morning fog. Partly cloudy skies in the morning will give way to cloudy skies during the afternoon. High 69F. Winds SE at 5 to 10 mph.
T-storms. High around 70F. Winds SSE at 15 to 25 mph. Chance of rain 80%.
Showers and thundershowers in the morning, then cloudy with rain likely in the afternoon. High 67F. Winds S at 10 to 20 mph. Chance of rain 100%. Rainfall may reach one inch. Locally heavy rainfall possible.
Rain early...then remaining cloudy with showers in the afternoon. High 63F. Winds W at 10 to 15 mph. Chance of rain 70%.
Sunny skies. High 62F. Winds WSW at 10 to 15 mph.


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As climate change unfolds, we’re learning that warming is uneven. Temperature records show distinct hot spots, and northern Minnesota is among the fastest warming areas on the planet.
Minnesota’s Iron Range and Canadian border counties have warmed more than 2 degrees Celsius — 3.6 degrees Fahrenheit — since 1895. That’s twice as fast as the Twin Cities and the global average of about 1 degree Celsius.
What might seem like a small change to some is already having a noticeable difference on the state’s boreal forest, said Lee Frelich, director The University of Minnesota Center for Forest Ecology.


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We may have waited all year, but that first cool temperature drop has finally arrived! We couldn’t be happier, especially since this is the ideal time to repair and restore roofing across the Fort Worth area. But the real question is… could we be in store for a rare snow & ice covered winter season in Texas?
According to the Old Farmer’s Almanac, the 2020 edition predicts a milder, drier winter than normal for portions of Texas and Oklahoma, but it’s not counting out a chance for snow.
Fort Worth has mostly gotten a few rare sightings of snow in recent years, according to the National Weather Service. The last time the area saw more than 1 inch of snow was March 2015, when 3.5 inches of snow were recorded at DFW Airport.
The almanac also said one of the best chances for snow in the area would be in early January.
North Texas saw its first snowflakes of 2019 on Jan. 19. Most of that snow, however, fell farther north in cities such as Carrollton and McKinney. At DFW International Airport, where official records for Dallas-Fort Worth are measured, the snowfall only amounted to a trace.
The almanac does not predict how much snow the area will get per snow event, but it does forecast precipitation — rain or snow — totals per month. It forecasts 2 inches of precipitation in December, 3 inches in January and half an inch in February. The almanac also predicts the coldest periods of the winter will arrive in late December, late January and mid-February.
Source: Dallas Morning News
Although the weather can be unpredictable in the Fort Worth area, we suggest making it a priority to keep your home protected from snow, ice, and heavy winter winds. Discover more info about taking precautions for freezing temperatures.


With Severe weather season upon us, 40/29 Chief Meteorologist Darby Bybee and the rest of the Get Ready Weather team want to remind viewers about Severe and Impact days.
We all have days were the weather could impact our daily activities. It could be simply a game getting rained out, kids getting pick up from school or missing bad weather during your commute to and from work.
The 40/29 Get Ready Weather team want to help you plan your week by using weather icons for Severe and Impact days during their weather forecast. That way you can be better prepared for bad weather. (see icons to right) See below a list of potential impact days and severe days.
Impact Days would be days the weather could cause a nuisance to your daily plans.
List of Impact weather events:
Wild Fire Danger
Severe Days would be days that the weather could be life threatening to you or your family.
List of Severe Weather Events:
Straight Line Winds
Snow and Ice
If you need to find out about severe weather events as they are happening, there is a 40/29 weather tab in the top right hand corner of our blog that will take you to 4029tv.com/weather or you can tune in over the air on The Arkansas CW or 40/29 News for updates during Severe Weather so that you can be better prepared.
Below is a list where you can find The Arkansas CW in our area!
Free Over the Air Antenna: 40.2 or 29.2
Cox Cable: 4 or 2004
AT&T U-Verse: 30 or 1030


This article will provide NCERT notes on topics such as these for the IAS Exam aspirants. The latter are the focus of discussion in this section. Wind always moves from high pressure areas to low pressure areas.Q2. Ans. Only 1b. The smaller scale weather systems – mid-latitude depressions, or tropical convective cells … Only 2c. Sci. Only 2c. Global atmospheric circulation - Polar, Ferrel and Hadley cells. Which of the following is/are about âFrontsâ?1. Atmosphere MCQ is important for exams like IBPS, SCC, UPSC, NEET etc. (a) the Equatorial forestÂ (b) the HimalayasÂ Â (c) the Siberian PlainÂ (d) the Deccan Plateau, Related: Subtropical High, Subpolar Low, Easterlies, Westerlies | Pressure Belts of World. If the warm air mass moves towards the cold air mass, the contact zone is a cold front.2. latitudinal variation of atmospheric heating (from equator to poles), emergence of pressure belts (HP and LP system), the migration of belts following the path of the sun (warm temperature cause air to rise), the distribution of continents and oceans (land heats faster than water). This pressure belts is not permanent in nature, it oscillate with the movement of the sun. 1. (ii) While the pressure gradient force is from north to south, i.e. This movement of air is called global atmospheric circulation. Pattern of movement of planetary winds and local winds is called general circulation of atmosphere.Select the correct answer from the following codesa. They derive their energy through the evaporation of water from the ocean surface, which ultimately re-condenses into clouds and rain when moist air rises and cools to saturation. This causes accumulation of air at about 30o N and S. Part of the accumulated air sinks to the ground and forms a subtropical high. The rotation of earth3. Only 2 and 3d. Frictional Force – It affects the speed of the wind. As a result, equator is a low pressure zone. 20 to 30% questions appear from the Geography section only and it can make a huge difference, For the Civil Services IAS Exam Geography has vast and it covers most sections of the General Studies for the IAS Prelims Exam. Ans. It contains life-giving gases like Oxygen for humans and animals and carbon dioxide for plants. The corresponding anomalous sinking branch lies over the eastern Amazon basin and western deep tropical Atlantic (i.e., 5°S–15°N, 35°–65°W). This results in variations in the atmospheric pressure. They bring abrupt changes in temperature.Select the correct answer from the following codesa. Only 1b. The easterlies from either side of the equator converge in the Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ).Q9. Only 1b. Warm air of tropical desertc. General Circulation of the atmosphere is one of many concepts for UPSC Geography that candidates must familiarize themselves with. It raises upto 14km in troposphere and reaches land surfaces near equator as Easterlies.3. The rate of change of pressure with respect to distance is the pressure gradient. Factors affecting the speed and direction of wind are:-. Only 1 and 2c. Air in horizontal motion is wind. In contrast to the Hadley, Ferrel and polar circulations that run along north-south lines, the Walker circulation is an east-west circulation. A pilot enters the weather service office and wants to know what time of the day she can expect to encounter the least turbulent winds at 760 m above central Kansas. Here comes the role of chapter wise Test of Atmospheric Circulation and Weather Systems. They cover a larger area and can originate over the land and sea. It is zone of convergence of easterlies from either side of the equator.Select the correct answer from the following codesa. Neither 1 nor 2 Answer: bExplanation: Frictional force affects the speed of the wind. Consider the following statements 1. (Remember that it just appears to deflect to the right because the ground beneath it moves.) It goes up to a height of 14 km from the surface of the earth. The atmosphere is a mixture of different gases. Figure C. Walker Circulation. Topics relevant for CSE Prelims in following books are covered in crack IAS Prelims Booklets of World Geography, Indian Geography, Geography Theory and Environment related portions. a) 1 only b) 2, 4 and 5 only c) 2 and 4 only d) 3 and 5 only Both 1 and 2d. The air is a mixture of several gases and it encompasses the earth from all sides. With reference to Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), which of the following is/are true?1. The adjective thermohaline derives from thermo-referring to temperature and -haline referring to salt content, factors which together determine the density of sea water. Thus, pressure gradient from sea to land is created and the wind blows from the sea to the land as sea breeze. The air surrounding the earth is called the atmosphere. Both 1 and 2d. Which of the following is/are true about Extra tropical cyclones?1. ... Clear frontal system is visible in tropical cyclones. Thunderstorms occur over short area and are violent.3. Subtropical High, Subpolar Low, Easterlies, Westerlies | Pressure Belts of World, Industrial Regions of North America – USA and Canada, Migration| Types, Causes & Consequences â Chapter 2 Class 12 NCERT Geography, Population | Distribution, Density, Growth & Composition – Chapter 1 Class 12 NCERT Geography, Everything on Ramsar Convention – Wetlands in India | UPSC, IAS, CDS, NDA, SSC CGL, Types of Forests in India – Evergreen, Deciduous, Thorny, Montane, Littoral Swamp | UPSC, IAS, CDS, NDA, Biodiversity and Conservation â Chapter 16 Class 11 Geography NCERT Solutions. (iii) The direction of wind around a low pressure in northern hemisphere is: (a) clockwise (b) perpendicular to isobarsÂ (c) anti-clock wiseÂ (d) parallel to isobars. In which part of the tropical cyclone do torrential rains and high velocity winds blow and why? Over the sea surface the friction is minimal. Only 2 and 3d. The atmosphere is essential for the survival of plant and animal life. (i) Discuss the factors affecting the speed and direction of wind. and moves towards the poles. They are characterised by steep gradient in temperature and pressure.3. Thunderstorms are caused by intense convection on moist hot days. Atmosphere is the air surrounding the earth. It is low pressure zone where winds from tropics converge.2. The higher the pressure gradient force, the more is the velocity of the wind and the larger is the deflection in the direction of wind.Q5. Another reason for sinking is the cooling of air when it reaches 30o N and S latitudes. Clear frontal system is visible in tropical cyclones.2. They also require the optimum temperature to keep themselves warm and grow. Ans. Rarely a question asked from following books is missed from their concise version in the form of crack IAS Booklets. Only 1b. This force is called the Coriolis force. Pre-existing weak low- pressure areaSelect the correct answer from the following codesa. Coriolis forces is maximum at the poles and is zero or absent at the equator. 8) The movement of air across the planet occurs in a specific pattern. When tropical cyclones reach latitudes nearÂ 30 degrees North, they often move northeast. atmospheric circulation, the turbulent pattern of wind, the formation of air masses, the disturbed weather when air masses interact with each other and the phenomenon of violent tropical storms. Powered by WordPress. It is greatest at the surface and its influence generally extends up to an elevation of 1 – 3 km. Only 1 and 2c. What are the possible reasons for the formation of subtropical high pressure over 30o N and S latitudes? The Earth's atmospheric circulation varies from year to year, but the large-scale structure of its circulation remains fairly constant. 27Â° C3 moist hot days lower latitudes to higher latitudes maintains the general circulation of atmosphere weather forecaster what... It reaches 30o N and 30Â° s exists high-pressure areas known as the from... Becomes warmer than the sea is relatively high IAS 2020 Exam: Click here to get Complete... Heated and gets compressed when cooled of Bengal, Arabian sea and Indian ocean is 600! And tornadoes warm temperature over the globe proportional to the isobar are known as frontogenesis planet due to Hadley! 30 days Study Plan to score high in Prelims do you realise that our body is to... Forms subtropical high how much they have learned from the following codesa surges and inundate... 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2020 atmospheric circulation and weather system clear ias


I made a silly mistake.
I looked at the 28 day forecast.
Mid North Coast 28-day rainfall forecast
The high for Saturday is a 90% chance of 5-10ml.
The 12 month forecast was even more depressing.
Then on the My Weather page, I found this.
|Taree Ap Year To Date|
|Average rainfall to Jul||781.0mm||91.0 day(s)|
|Total for 2014||342.4mm||91 day(s)|
|Total to this day 2013||1009.2mm||98 day(s)|
|Wettest day||90.6mm||Mar 2|
|Lowest temperature||0.2°C||Jun 28|
|Highest temperature||37.5°C||Jan 2|
It shows we’ve had less than half our rainfall for the year. On top of the less than half we had last year. If you haven’t read that blog, you can here.
We are one of the lucky few who have some fodder conserved. It’s not brilliant, but its better than nothing.
The rain is something we cannot control.
Nan’s philosophy was it always rains at the end of a drought.
Thank you – I think – to Elders Weather for the information.


Funny weather we are having here this Winter.
It's usually fine and sunny with daytime temperatures hovering around 22 degrees.
Oh, the nights get cold - mainly around 10 degrees but the days usually warm up quickly.
Lately it's been cold for Brisbane, with daytime temperatures not warming up because it's overcast.
Bleak......( for us !)
with lots of high cloud and fitful sunlight...
and only around 16 degrees....
Of course Queenslanders think it's COLD
but for me it's a chance to wear some warm clothes and rug up for a change and cook some lovely comforting food.
Out came the big pot.....
and soon healthy vege soup was on the boil.
That should keep us going for a while ! ( some will go into the freezer for next week )
Yesterday I went out into the country about half an hour's drive from here to visit a friend.
She's busily renovating a little wooden farmhouse near Minden.
It's coming along very nicely....
and look at the views from her windows.
and look there's that funny weather I was telling you about.
Clouds in one direction .....
and sunshine in the other !


The adoption of the agreement sends a message to the world that countries are taking the fight against climate change seriously. It is a remarkable triumph that the 196 parties to the Convention have reached this agreement. Thus, the United States will cease today all implementation of the non-binding Paris Agreement and the draconian financial and economic burdens that the agreement imposes on our country. It also means ending the implementation of the national contribution and, most importantly, the Green Climate Fund, which is costing the United States a huge fortune. Article 21, paragraph 1, of the Paris Agreement enters into force thirty days after at least 55 countries representing 55% of global greenhouse gas emissions filed their instruments for ratification, acceptance or approval with the Secretary-General of the United Nations. A timetable specifying greenhouse gas emissions to determine the threshold unfccc.int/files/paris_agreement/application/pdf/10e.pdf the agreement negotiators stated that the INDCs presented at the time of the Paris conference were insufficient and found that “estimates of aggregate greenhouse gas emissions in 2025 and 2030 are the result of planned contributions at the national level, not covered by the most cost-effective scenarios at 2 degrees Celsius, but will reach a projected level of 55 gigatonnes by 2030” and he also acknowledges that “much greater efforts will be needed to reduce emissions in order to keep the increase in the average global temperature to less than 2 degrees Celsius by reducing emissions to 40 gigatonnes or 1.5 degrees Celsius.”  [Clarification needed] Countries have every reason to respect the terms of the agreement. It is in their interest to implement the agreement, not only to realize the benefits of combating climate change, but also to show global solidarity. Taking part in an election campaign promise, Trump – a climate denier who has claimed that climate change is a “hoax” perpetrated by China, announced in June 2017 his intention to withdraw the United States from the Paris Agreement.


All sky camera image obtained from the roof of Physics at UNR.
Reno National Weather Service Forecast.
Aerosol PM2.5 and BC concentration measured at the 4th floor of Physics at UNR.
UNR Valley Road Weather Station
US PRECIPITATION AS MEASURED BY THE National Weather Service Radars.
Global precipitation in last 3 hours from the NASA Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission (TRMM).
Animation of Global precipitation from NASA TRMM.
Accumulation of precipitation from NASA TRMM.
RENO PRECIPITATION LOOP AS MEASURED BY THE National Weather Service Radar.
Reno details: IR Satellite Image of Vigorous Clouds. Click here to add additional data.
IR Satellite Image of Vigorous Clouds. Shows mostly upper level clouds. GOES Satellite.
Colors indicate upper atmosphere water vapor. GOES satellite imagery more detail.
Clouds as illuminated by the sun. Shows all clouds, including those close to the surface such as stratus clouds and fog. GOES Satellite.
Sea Surface Temperature Anomaly Satellite derived sea surface temperature anomaly. The anomaly is the deviation of the sea surface temperature from its average value. The actual sea surface temperature is given in the next image. See also the movie of sea surface temperature anomaly
Sea Surface Temperature Satellite derived sea surface temperature.
Global ozone concentration.
Equivalent Potential Temperature ThetaE.
CLIMATE RELATED APPLICATIONS
GFS Model Vertical Cross Section from here


Leaf gas exchange in canopy species of a Venezuelan cloud forest
Palabras ClaveClusia, Guettarda, Leaf carbon assimilation, Lycianthes, Miconia, Sapium, Stomatal conductance, Tropical montane
MetadataShow full item record
Tropical cloud forests are considered humid ecosystems with frequent cloud cover down to the ground surface. However, seasonal variation in precipitation may induce short-term water stress. For canopy leaves, this water stress may also be a consequence of large atmospheric vapor pressure deficits. The objective of this work was to study five canopy cloud forest species to determine if there are restrictions to leaf gas exchange as a consequence of seasonality in precipitation and to daily water deficit due to air evaporative demand mainly during maximum incoming radiation hours. Seasonal daily courses of microclimatic variables (air temperature, relative humidity, photosynthetic photon flux density) and plant responses (leaf water potential, stomatal conductance, CO2 assimilation rates, leaf nitrogen concentration) were measured at 2400masl in Monterrey, an intermontane valley of the Venezuelan Andes. A gradient in terms of responses to water stress conditions was observed between the species, with Clusia multiflora (a 46% reduction in stomatal conductance between seasons) as the most affected and Miconia resimoides (increased stomatal conductance) responding more favorably to slight water stress conditions. If we consider the limitations of water stress and/or light conditions on CO2 assimilation we may arrange the species into those in which water stress conditions have a greater impact on leaf carbon gain, those where light conditions are determinant and one in which both water stress and light conditions may affect leaf carbon assimilation.
|Editor||Biotropica 41(6): 659-664|
|Institución||Universidad de Los Andes|


China’s first smart platform to accurately monitor carbon emissions data was launched Monday in the new Pudong area to help achieve China’s carbon neutrality goal.
The cloud computing platform based on cooperation between companies and governments can monitor the energy consumption of companies with high energy consumption and provide the government with a carbon dioxide emissions data map.
The platform, mainly developed by Shanghai Pudong State Grid Power Supply Co., integrates electricity, water and gas supply data. The system will monitor the energy consumption and carbon emissions data of some 6,500 companies.
On Monday, a map of carbon emissions from the new Pudong area on the smart cloud computing platform
It is the first smart energy cloud computing platform for the energy sector in China, said Chen Yun, director of the company’s Internet office.
The country aims to reach maximum carbon dioxide emissions by 2030 and achieve carbon neutrality by 2060. Shanghai aims to reach maximum carbon dioxide emissions by 2025.
During Monday’s ceremony, a strategic cooperation alliance was initiated between the Pudong government, Shanghai State Grid Pudong Power Supply Co., State Grid Yingda Group and the Shanghai Environmental and Energy Exchange.
A strategic cooperation alliance is launched to help achieve carbon neutrality in the new Pudong area.


Certainly during the decades I lived in San Jose and San Diego, CA, there was weather. But it wasn't as extreme as we get here in the high desert, or as people in other parts of the country experience regularly. Plus, I think, living in the city insulates you from much of it, unless it's intense enough to affect traffic or power supply.
Here at the ranch, though, I notice it. Yesterday you could almost see the cold front coming in (except for the dust and tumbleweeds blowing into your face), pushing the air in front of it in the form of strong, gusting winds. A few days ago it was still in the low 80s in the daytime, with nightly lows in the low 30s or 40s. Last night, around 8:30, I noticed that we were losing a degree every ten minutes. We had our first fire of the year in the upstairs woodstove.
This morning at 7, it was 10. It has warmed up to 32 now, about 9:15. I tried to take a shower a little while ago, but between breakfast and now, the water in the pipes coming in from the well has frozen, so nothing's getting through.
Yesterday's forecast said it would be colder tonight than last night. We'll see--I know it gets into the single digits here, but it hasn't yet since we moved to the Flying M.
UPDATE: It actually made it down to 9 yesterday morning, so we have, in fact, dropped into single digits. Warmer today, with a low of 15. Compared to the folks in the midwest getting slammed with snow and ice, we have it easy, but it's all relative. 36 hours ago 15 would have seemed really cold, and today it's just so-so.


New catastrophic climate activities have still left many wondering: What just occurred?
Regions of southwest Montana are flooding, the northwest location received weighty snowfall in mid-June, and temperatures statewide are envisioned to increase into the 80s and 90s on Thursday and Friday.
Brian Tesar, a Nationwide Weather conditions Services meteorologist primarily based in Billings, reported the flooding in southwest Montana was primarily a consequence of rainfall on significant snowpack.
Recent winter storms and cooler May perhaps temperatures contributed to usual and earlier mentioned-normal snowpack sitting down in mountains higher than 6,000 ft. Warmer June temperatures softened the snow, which Tesar said “was primed to melt serious fast.”
Then an atmospheric river — a lengthy, slender region of the atmosphere like a river of h2o vapor in the sky — moved in from the Pacific. When it dropped weighty rainfall on the Beartooth Mountains, the hefty, damp snow melted, and melted fast.
“We had 7 inches of water occur off the mountains in 24 hours,” Tesar reported. Normally, 7 inches of drinking water would melt off about the training course of quite a few weeks. In a normal 12 months, rivers gradually rise as the snowpack melts, but the mix of heavy rainfall and moist snow introduced much more drinking water than channels could regulate, making floods in southwest Montana disastrous.
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Tesar reported the elements contributing to the floods were being “relatively unusual.” Montana observed a relatively amazing Could, and there were being a little bit strange late snow storms that added to a building snowpack. The atmospheric river passing as a result of the Beartooth Mountains was unusual.
“These elements on their own are a little strange,” Tesar explained. “By on their own, they never trigger alarm. But when they are lined up just appropriate, it generates this entire scenario.”
Tesar mentioned it’s too quickly to say irrespective of whether the floods are a symptom of local weather change.
“Climatologists will examine this and figure out if it is section of a sample brought about by local weather improve,” he stated. “But one particular party in alone is nothing we can really hold our hat on. It is actually tricky to say.”
Whilst temperatures are envisioned to increase this 7 days and some parts of the condition will receive rain, Tesar claimed these components probably won’t be a enormous issue. Warm temperatures will bring about some snowmelt, but Tesar explained the snow will not be melting practically as rapid. While it can be intended to rain in some spots this weekend, Tesar stated the showers will be intermittent and will not be as devastating as the atmospheric river.
Jennifer Kitsmiller, a NWS meteorologist in Missoula, said that even though northwest Montana observed much less flooding in comparison with other parts in the state, places alongside the Freeway 2 corridor observed 1.5 to 3 inches of precipitation. Hungry Horse been given shut to 3 inches of rain in 24 hours, and Kalispell established a new report for June 14 rainfall with 2.07 inches in 24 hrs. The previous document, set on June 14, 1973, was .87 inches of rain in 24 several hours.
Mountains in Glacier National Park, Whitefish and the Swan Variety obtained 4 to 7 inches of dampness. A snow monitoring site northeast of Bigfork, located at 6,000 toes elevation, reported practically 40 inches of snow.
“The reality that the precipitation arrived in the sort of snow probable saved us from obtaining a greater flood state of affairs because not all the liquid in the program instantly melted out,” Jennifer reported. “At elevations of 5,500 feet and up, it fell as snow and it’s however sitting down there.”
Jennifer said some snow in northwest Montana will soften as temperatures increase on Thursday and Friday, but she doesn’t expect the melt to trigger major problems, while rivers will operate high and fast.
A very low force technique coming from the Gulf of Alaska is heading towards northwest Montana this weekend, and NWS meteorologist Jeff Kitsmiller explained professionals are “fearful about it.”
In a very low force system, winds are blown inward, leading to air to rise, which provides clouds and condensation.
This reduced force method will be hotter than the atmospheric river. Jeff said you will find a single significant issue: Wherever will the precipitation drop?
“If it can be nearer to us, it will conclude up becoming a quite massive rain occasion in northwest Montana,” he claimed. “It truly is rough to notify where it will end up. There’s a array of alternatives.”
Though Jeff reported the probability of a large rain event in northwest Montana this weekend is minimal, the repercussions would be dire.
“Considering that the rivers and streams are higher currently and the Flathead and Whitefish rivers are flooding, adding a lot additional rain in the procedure will develop into a truly large flood problem,” he stated.


SUZUKA, Japan (AP) — The powerful typhoon that is heading for Japan's main island this weekend could impact on the Formula One Japanese Grand Prix.
Typhoon Hagibis is expected to hit western and eastern Japan between Saturday and Sunday, the Japan Meteorological Agency said. It has urged people to take precautions with the storm approaching.
"The FIA, Formula 1, Suzuka Circuit and the Japanese Automobile Federation are closely monitoring Typhoon Hagibis and its potential impact on the 2019 FIA Formula 1 Japanese Grand Prix," organizers said Thursday in a statement.
"Every effort is being made to minimize disruption to the Formula 1 timetable, however the safety of the fans, competitors and everyone at the Suzuka Circuit remains the top priority."
The Japanese Grand Prix weekend has been affected by extreme weather before, most recently in 2014 when heavy rain fell during the race. Meanwhile, in 2004 and in 2010, qualifying was postponed and held on Sunday morning because of bad weather.
The Pacific side of western and eastern Japan may see torrential rains from Friday until the typhoon passes, and the agency warned of floods caused by the high waves and tides.
Monday is also a national holiday in Japan meaning Sunday's race could potentially be pushed back a day.
Practice for the Japanese GP is scheduled for Friday with qualifying set for Saturday.
More AP sports: https://apnews.com/apf-sports and https://twitter.com/AP_Sports


Mackay’s average monthly summer rainfall is 264mm compared to just 45mm in winter.
Summer brings the cyclone season and on average between December and April 43 tropical cyclones will pass within 100km of the city. Tropical thunderstorms are common at this time of year and Mackay on average, experiences 17 storm days per year.
In 1987 Mackay experienced its wettest January on record when 1034mm of rain fell.
There is no real Autumn as such, but temperatures do cool, humidity drops and rainy days start to disappear.
The region is prone to flooding during summer months and the Pioneer River has a long record of bursting its banks, one of the worst occasions recently being in 2008.
Winter days in Mackay are warm and sunny, while the nights can be cool - especially inland - away from the coast.
Maximum daytime temperatures will reach 25C with minimums of 13-14C at night.
During winter months fog is also common inland, especially where daytime temperatures have reached mid to upper 20s and then dropped to as low as 4C at night.
Clike here the official Macky weather forecast from the Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology.


After doing some more research and digging around, I’ve decided to track the air quality this year as everyone heads back to school maskless.
Last year I monitored the sick log and would pull the kids from school based on how that looked. But this year is going to be a bit trickier so I need to up my game.
So, today I just purchased two Aranet4 air quality monitors. One for each kids’ backpack.
After doing some research, I learned that with proper ventilation can reduce your risk of catching covid19. The virus lives in the air for 1-2 hours. And doing something as simple as opening a window can ventilate the room in as little as 10 minutes (up to 10 hours depending on air flow). Without ventilation aerosols remain in the air for up to 12 hours.
For the monitor, today I just picked up two Aranet4s. It hooks up to an app and alert you when to act! Aranet4 warns you when the air quality has deteriorated, and you should improve air exchange.
You see, CO² concentration can be used as an air quality indicator and can be monitored with sensors such as Aranet4!
So, get stealthy parents. And even go to the local library and print out this cool golem from Minecraft cover for the monitor to attach to your kids’ backpack!


It was cloudier than the Clear Sky forecast predicted [Clear Sky is a great astronomer's forecast, although it is only updated once every 12 hours. http://www.cleardarksky.com], but we could still see some stars in the northern sky. In the southern sky, there were clouds with nearly constant lightning far away. The clouds cleared out at around 11 PM. We looked at Saturn with some higher magnification, which did make it bigger but fuzzier. We [my friend Anton and I] tried to find some other objects, but the telescope would get near it, and then just keep moving somewhat slowly for a long time. It also tried to rotate up and over. So I mostly took long exposure pictures of the sky with my camera. We were out until almost 2 AM.
The Big Dipper behind some clouds.


In our local climate, humidity is as much an enemy to summer comfort as the temperature. We all know that humid days feel much hotter and less pleasant. This isn’t because humidity makes the air hotter. High humidity makes it harder for our bodies to release heat through perspiration. With more heat trapped in our bodies, the temperature of the air around us feels hotter.
For example, on an 85°F day with a relative humidity of around 40%, the air will feel like it’s 85° or 86°F. But if the relative humidity is 75%—a common occurrence in Florida—that 85° will feel like it’s 95°. A huge difference!
But you have an air conditioner in your home, so that should take care of it, right? Well, not exactly. Your AC does dehumidify the air … but not enough that it could be considered a “dehumidifier.”


Scientists from Harvard have been working on it for a few years, and now, they are ready to conduct it. They intend to spray the sky using high altitude airplanes, in order to block the sunlight and thus prevent global warming and cool the Earth.
They are prepared to start this experiment in early 2019, and even though they initially decided to use an aluminum spray, they changed their mind and opted for calcium carbonate instead.
Their aim is to “replicate” the climate-cooling effect a volcano eruption would have on planet Earth.
The experiment and their plan were announced in Nature magazine recently:
“If all goes as planned, the Harvard team will be the first in the world to move solar geoengineering out of the lab and into the stratosphere, with a project called the Stratospheric Controlled Perturbation Experiment (SCoPEx).
The first phase — a US$3-million test involving two flights of a steerable balloon 20 kilometers above the southwest United States — could launch as early as the first half of 2019.
Once in place, the experiment would release small plumes of calcium carbonate, each of around 100 grams, roughly equivalent to the amount found in an average bottle of off-the-shelf antacid. The balloon would then turn around to observe how the particles disperse.”
Harvard also explains:
“SCoPEx builds on four decades of research on the environmental chemistry of the ozone layer in the Anderson/Keith/Keutsch groups. SCoPEx will use or adapt many of the high-performance sensors and flight-system engineering experience developed for this ozone research.
Analyzing these experiments will improve our knowledge beyond what is currently available within computer models or is measurable with confidence under laboratory conditions.”
According to Forbes:
“The basis around this experiment is from studying the effects of large volcanic eruptions on the planet’s temperature. In 1991, Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines erupted spectacularly, releasing 20 million tonnes of sulfur dioxide into the stratosphere. The sulfur dioxide created a blanket around Earth’s stratosphere, cooling the entire planet by 0.5 °C for around a year and a half.
As scientists, governmental agencies around the world, and environmental groups grow increasingly worried of our collective ability to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and curb climate change, the idea of geoengineering a solution has become more accepted.
The ultimate goal is to reduce the warming on Earth. This can be done by reducing greenhouse gas emissions, sucking CO2 from the atmosphere, or limiting the sunlight that reaches Earth’s surface.”
Researchers, in fact, intend to normalize geoengineering instead of testing how the particles white out the sun. There is actual data that proves the existence and history of geoengineering, which is a specifically weaponized weather modification.
Yet, this poses the question: do we actually know what happens when scientists spray calcium carbonate into the sky?
Is it possible that the whole narrative of climate change or global warming comes from the same people and institutions that work in or are related to geoengineering, including MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology), and the “defense” contractor Raytheon, with their strong ties to George H.W. Bush’s administration and their use of Raytheon’s staple Patriot Missiles?
Numerous people believe they have already felt the effects of geoengineering, and there is even evidence to prove it, like the rain tests obtained from the West Coast that tested positive for high levels of aluminum.
Many people claim that they can smell of static electricity in the moisture in the air, and there are also some who say that they can even see it happening, and experience flu-like symptoms then.
There are also many who find it difficult to believe that someone sprays the sky with aluminum or barium daily, and consider these claims conspiracy theories.
Yet, if it happens, can we predict the effects of such an experiment? What is the real goal behind such a practice? If it is a conspiracy theory, what is the explanation of the constant aluminum traces in the rain?


We all appreciate the significance of excellent air quality is, consider the last time you have had a flight and poor air quality has had some negative effects for all of us, and it has been written that the quality of the air we take in has a absolute effect on our health and well being.
But some of us don't take much notice of the quality of the air we breath in a homes and house, we have some or no idea how much the outside factors of our surrounding have on the condition of the air we breath in our house and homes. This has a significant effect on our families and we all should start to acknowledge how important the quality of our air is.
We have read about air purification system, air filters and air purifying solutions, the accepted view of these products and solutions are the very expensive and the overall result is not justified compared to the price, but with the improvement in air purification and air ionizer technology with a little research you can find a product which will produce super clean air to suit any budget and any sized house.
You're are able to get a air ionizer that will provide many benefit for your family: health improvement, better sleep, dust removal, so you don't have to! Air Ionizers remove dust from the room so it will not have the chance to settle on you furniture so it's save you from doing that most dull job of dusting.
There are a number of different air purifiers and air ionizers available for purchase, the largest difference is the way the system filters the incoming air and how it turns the polluted air into excellent clean air. One of the most trusted and most common are air-cleaning filters that use products like charcoal to remove the impurities from the polluted air. One of the new solutions, which have being taking the industry by storm, is Ionizer technology, which uses electricity to clean the air.
Air ionizers are the most powerful for removing dust from the air in our houses, cars and offices this process of producing clean air is done by removing the dust and removing any impurities to reduce the risk of you in taking air which adds in the spread of allergies significantly.
If you are considering a purchase of a air ionizer the best course of action is to spend a lot time researching which is the prefect air ionizer for your family. Also take into consideration the maintenance cost and cost for the replacement filters.


Like i said on some other post, not climate change, more likely
el nino /la nina.
Also, When you cut down a ton of trees, or remove shade somehow, it gets hot.
Trees absorb moisture, and keep things cooler. That happened where
Natural disaster took out 70% of the vegetation.
Naturally, weather's hotter, people think it's climate change, and a very irritated meteorologist explained on the local news that, TREES ARE GONE. WHAT do you expect?
Every now and then I see a heard of climate change protesters walking around thinking that the hotter weather is “proof” that climate change exists. Like if climate change is some type of new religion
El Niño and La Niña are short-term events that only last a couple years each. If the documented slow rise in temperatures over the last couple decades/centuries does have a natural cause, it is not due to El Niño and La Niña.


Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) occur naturally in nature, but they are produced by mankind on a greater level. Emissions of VOCs are one of the most serious industrial emissions; since some of them are toxic or carcinogenic, they have a direct impact on human health. Furthermore, they contribute to the formation of photochemical smog and ground level ozone and contribute to the global greenhouse effect, also showing a negative influence on human health. Air pollution is responsible for seven times more deaths than traffic accidents on European roads.
We have decided to be engaged in the effort for clean air. The best way to avoid the formation of smog and ozone is to eliminate the emissions of these hazardous VOCs. The equipment of Filtrační technika is designed for this very purpose.


Recent climate change has increased arctic soil temperatures and thawed large areas of permafrost, allowing microbes to convert previously frozen carbon into the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide (CO2). Furthermore, soil destabilization from melting ice has caused “thermokarst failures,” soil slumping over a large area. This increases exposure of buried carbon and also releases it to surface waters. We are working to understand how and how quickly this newly exposed carbon can be converted to CO2. Our first paper on this process is now published online. We studied seven thermokarst failures on younger to older landscapes and found that thawed soil carbon in sunlight is at least 40% more susceptible to conversion than carbon still in the dark.
Our study has implications for the debate on how climate change in the Arctic will ultimately affect global temperatures. We know that permafrost soils have the potential to double the amount of carbon in the atmosphere on a timescale similar to human inputs of greenhouse gases. What we need to understand are the factors that control the conversion of this carbon once it moves from soils to surface waters, and our study is a step in that direction.


Vortex support Cardiff Council with large VTX Air network
Cardiff Council and Vortex have launched an ambitious project with forty-seven air quality monitors installed across four Air Quality Management Areas (AQMA) and twenty-six school locations in the Welsh capital.
Scott Sutton - 26 April 2023
As part of the Clean Air Cardiff initiative, Vortex’s monitors will measure Nitrogen Dioxide and very small particles of dust known as Particulate Matter (PM10 and PM2.5) - and further improve how Cardiff Council measures air pollution to deliver more comprehensive air quality benefits across the city.
Public Health Wales has stated that poor air quality is a critical health concern and the most significant environmental determinant of health, with estimates between 1,000 – 1,400 deaths attributed to air pollution each year.
The new monitors, manufactured in South Wales, will collect localised air pollution data every five minutes and will help inform the Council where interventions should be made to improve air quality and enable them to judge their effectiveness.
There is clear evidence to show that exposure to air pollution reduces life expectancy and significantly increases the risk of dying from heart disease, strokes, respiratory diseases, lung cancer and other conditions. ”
Cllr Dan De'Ath continues and says, "The latest study into air pollution in Cardiff shows that residents enjoyed cleaner air across the city throughout 2021 when compared with pre-pandemic figures in 2019. Although this data is encouraging, there is more work to do. We need to continue to reduce the levels of pollutants. If we want people to be healthier, we have to encourage people to be less reliant on their cars and to make the shift to public transport, cycling or walking. Not only will it benefit people's health, but will help the city reduce our carbon imprint as we look to combat climate change.
"Along with emissions from industry, vehicle emissions, especially from diesel vehicles, are the highest-contributing factor to poor air quality in cities across the UK. By enhancing our monitoring network with these new monitors, we will better understand Cardiff's air quality, allowing us to react quickly to any pollution concerns and ensure appropriate measures are put in place to reduce air pollution and improve the air that our residents breathe."
The Council will use the real-time data from the VTX Air monitors to analyse the changes in air quality throughout the day, week and year, and will be reported either quarterly or monthly on the Shared Regulatory Services website.
By having a real focus on the air quality status quo outside schools and with traffic being an obvious problem around school streets, the Council will now be able to measure the impact of idling vehicles during these peak times.
We are excited to support clean air projects with Cardiff Council and welcome another Welsh local authority to our growing UK client base. ”
"The new network of VTX Air monitors across the city and wider Cardiff area will provide accurate and hyperlocal data on a range of pollutants to support local air quality improvement projects and promote a greater public awareness of the harmful impacts of air pollution".
Using our portal and a customised application programming interface (API), the Council can become more self-aware of activities that cause levels to rise and identify the pollution blind spots to plan future air projects while validating current interventions' success.
Collecting data on particulate matter and gasses, VTX Air monitors are deployed on a highly secure decentralised mesh network and powered by AI, ensuring a constant calibration with Automatic Urban and Rural Network (AURN) stations with any required configurations performed over the air.
For more information on our air quality services, contact us here: https://vortexiot.com/contact.
Supported by the Welsh Government, Vortex joins one of six suppliers in the Well-Being Wales programme.
A groundbreaking eight-year partnership to monitor air quality at hyperlocal level.