There is considerable evidence that the Earth is undergoing Climate Change. Abnormal heat and cold, increased hurricane (typhoon) and tornado activity, serious droughts lasting for years, etc. The real question is: Was the recent increase in abnormal climate change caused by Man and, if so, can we reverse the process–and how?
Throughout the millennia, the Earth’s climate has exhibited cyclicality. Over the past 4.5 billion years, there have been at least five major Ice Ages and the Magnetic Poles have even reversed polarity from time-to-time. It’s also important to note that, at various points in geological history, all of the continents, which are floating on tectonic plates, were joined. (Just compare the similarity of the east coast of South America with the west coast of Africa.)
The World Bank suggests that, if the world is going to reverse the effects of climate change, it must start with the biggest perpetrators–which, obviously, are the U.S. and China. Most Republicans in Congress claim that they are not scientists and, then, they merely try to hide or ignore the advice or proof provided by the Earth Scientists. And. the Chinese seem to be trying to clean-up their act, while also looking the other way when they must, in order to continue the economic boom that provides jobs and tax revenue.
Many Climate-Change Deniers point to the recent winters that have been harsher, lasted longer and dumped quite a bit of snow deep into the Southern U.S. Unseasonal weather and even recent spring snow storms have effected Europe, as well. So, if there is Global Warming, why do we have harsher winters? Many Earth Scientists believe that they have found the answer. However, some feel that the proof is still inconclusive.
The Earth’s water temperatures have warmed, and the polar ice caps have been melting at ever-increasing rates. Ice reflects the Sun’s radiant heat, while the darker water absorbs it. So, with less ice reflecting the rays, more and more heat reaches the warming oceans below. And this has caused the air temperatures to warm faster in the polar regions than for the rest of the planet. In turn, this has even accelerated the rate at which the polar ice is melting. It appears to be a never-ending cycle, at least so far.
Recently, we have been hearing about the polar vortex, the high-altitude air pattern that swirls around the poles at a high rate of speed. As that polar air mixes with the warmer air from lower latitudes, ribbons of air may be diverted away from the poles–shifting weather patterns and diverting airline routes. We call this effect the jet stream.
As the polar air warms relative to that of the lower air currents, and the air temperature differential lessens, the effect of that interruption has less impact. This causes the colder arctic air to travel even farther south (north in the southern hemisphere). The effect of harsher winters is but one of the many incidents of climate change; however, it seems to be the one most often used by the Climate-Change Deniers.
Some still question the cyclicality of climate change; however, Humankind hasn’t been standing still in this potential cause-and-effect phenomena. Since the Industrial Revolution, the development of the internal-combustion engine and the first modern oil well, in Titusville, Pennsylvania, in 1859, more and more evidence points toward Man’s roll in climate change. It probably took until the mid-20th Century, however, before the possible danger of Man’s contribution to harming the environment really started to take hold.
As the Republican party continues to take substantial campaign contributions from the Fossil Fuel Industry, it fights long and hard to restrict any controls or regulation possible in the name of protecting one of their key benefactors. During the 2014 “mid-term” elections, the Republican Party took control of both Houses of Congress.
Accordingly, the GOP placed two of its staunchest climate-change deniers in key scientific chairmanship roles. Congressman Lamar Smith (R-TX), now heads the House Science, Space, and Technology Committee; and Senator Ted Cruz (R-TX), heads the Senate Commerce sub-committee on Space, Science and Competitiveness.
Some Americans believe that those appointments clearly signal the Republican Party’s “War on Science”. Smith’s committee recently slashed the National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s Earth Science budget by $300 million That very section is how NASA funds its latest generations of geosynchronous earth satellites, which performs the groundwork for all types of global weather mapping and forecasting. This means that the climate change deniers might just believe that, if they kill all the messengers, we just won’t know what can truly hurt us!
NOTE: Oftentimes, the various elements of the Conservative “Right” and the Fossil Fuel Industry parade out scientists who they can defend their positions. If you listen (or read) closely; however, you may find that their scientific credentials are in some other area of science. The Earth Sciences are composed of the following sub-disciplines: Geology; Environmental Science; Meteorology; Geophysics and Oceanography.


You have in all probability met this time period many instances, however you ought to still not know what it means. In essence, carbon dioxide and similar gases are trapped in the atmosphere. The temperature is rising, which is defined as international warming. Keep in mind that the complete planet is affected by this effect, even in areas where the temperature is extremely low.
Climate change encompasses not solely rising common temperatures but also excessive climate events, shifting wildlife populations and habitats, rising seas, and a range of other impacts. All of these modifications are emerging as humans continue to add heat-trapping greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. Contrary to popular perception, greenhouse gases aren’t inherently bad. In truth, the greenhouse effect is quite necessary for all times on earth. Without this impact, the sunâs radiation could be reflected back into the environment, freezing the surface and making life impossible.
About three-quarters of all anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases over the past 20 years have been triggered by means of oil, natural gasoline and coal. Most of the remaining is caused by modifications within the landscape, primarily by felling of forests. This term just isn’t interchangeable with the time period “climate change.” Global warming will result in adjustments to climate patterns, causing some areas to experience flooding and different areas to experience drought conditions . The result’s that meals production will be much less dependable, and there could presumably be main crop failures.
As we all know, Carbon dioxide is certainly one of the main heat-trapping gases, mainly liable for common warming and environmental imbalance over the past few many years. As people, we face a host of challenges, but we’re certainly not the only ones catching heat. As land and sea bear fast adjustments, the animals that inhabit them are doomed to vanish if they do not adapt quickly enough. Moreover, a 2015 research showed that vertebrate species are additionally disappearing greater than one hundred instances sooner than the natural price of extinction, due to human-driven local weather change, air pollution, and deforestation.
Ultimately, global warming will impression life on Earth in some ways, but the extent of the change is basically up to us. Scientists have proven that human emissions of greenhouse gases are pushing international temperatures up, and many elements of climate are responding to the warming in the method in which that scientists predicted they would. Since persons are inflicting world warming, folks can mitigate global warming, if they act in time. Greenhouse gases are long-lived, so the planet will proceed to heat and changes will proceed to occur far into the longer term, however the diploma to which global warming adjustments life on Earth is dependent upon our choices now.
When garbage is burned with plastic, carbon dioxide and poisonous gases are launched. Furthermore, since world temperatures are rising, the federal government ought to minimise deforestation. Carbon monoxide and sulphur dioxide are greenhouse gases that take up solar warmth rays and prevent them from escaping the earth’s floor. Rising temperatures also worsen https://www.jerseyibs.com/courses/course_details/1613 air pollution by increasing ground-level ozone smog, which is created when pollution from cars, factories, and different sources react to sunlight and warmth. Ground-level ozone is the primary component of smog, and the hotter things get, the extra of it we’ve. Dirtier air is linked to greater hospital admission rates and higher dying rates for asthmatics.
While early mammal ancestors started dying en masse, reptiles appeared to evolve at breakneck velocity, starting from small gecko-like creatures on land to domineering ichthyosaurs at sea. Melting glaciers, early snowmelt, and excessive droughts would intensify water shortages in the American West, raising the risk of wildfires. Greenhouse emissions are one other contributor to international warming. “Before the Flood” is set on the battlegrounds of climate changeâfrom the North Pole to the South Pacific to the voting sales space. To know more about global warming, its definition, causes and results, maintain visiting the BYJUâS web site or download BYJUâS app for additional reference. Global warming leads to a change in the patterns of heat and humidity.
Both natural and man-made factors contribute to world warming. The natural one additionally contains methane gasoline, volcanic eruptions, and greenhouse gases. Deforestation, mining, livestock raising, burning fossil fuels, and other man-made causes are next. As lengthy as mankind produces greenhouse gases, global warming will proceed to accelerate.
This change has disturbed the climatic sample of the earth. However, the idea of worldwide warming is quite controversial but the scientists have provided relevant data in assist of the truth that the temperature of the earth is rising continuously. Rise in sea degree is one other important impact of Global Warming. This sea-level rise is resulting in floods in low-lying areas. Unseasonal rainfall, excessive warmth and chilly, wildfires and others are frequent yearly.


The agromet observatory has been functioning since June 2007 with the following instruments to record the weather parameters.
- Max. & Min. Thermometer
- Wet bulb & dry bulb Thermometer
- Soil thermometer for 5, 10, 20 cm depth
- Robinson’s Cup Anemometer
- Ordinary rain gauge
- Self Recording Rain Gauge
- Sunshine Recorder
- USWB Open pan Evaporimeter
Besides these, Automatic Weather Station was also established for recording the weather parameters.


After a hot and humid week (although not as hot as my friends in Los Angeles have it) represented the last gasp of Summer, cool autumnal weather has come to New York bringing rain and temperatures down into the 50’s. The sunset this evening at Pelham Shore Park, looking south across Long Island Sound, was lovely as the heavy clouds gave way enough to let the sun though, warmly glowing off the water before the sky turned navy blue and then finally dark. These photo were taken on Wednesday September 17, 2014 between 6:45 p.m and 7p.m.
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Unity Station Planet Gambtian 3
|Deployable Operations Group Star Base|
Triton Class Engineering Station
Due to the lack of transporter capability around Gambtian III The Federation decided to not use the plant for new colonies, but instead uses the Planet for a Maximum Security Prison, a Prisoner of War Camp, and a Few Federation Top Secret Project Offices. It has been rumured that Section 31 likes to Operate from Gambtian III, but all investigations into this has come back negative.
The terraforming of Gambtian III was a process by which the Climate of the planet, surface, and known properties of Gambtian III would be deliberately changed with the goal of making it planetary habitable by humans and other terrestrial, thus providing the possibility of safe and sustainable Colonization of Gambtian III of large areas of the planet.
|Atmosphere of Gambtian III||Atmosphere of Earth|
|Carbon dioxide (CO2)||95.32%||0.04%|
Terraforming Gambtian III would entail three major interlaced changes: building up the atmosphere, keeping it warm, and keeping the atmosphere from being lost to outer space. The atmosphere of Gambtian III is relatively thin and thus has a very low surface pressure of 0.0059 atmospheres and a pressure of 0.003 at the top of Tagues Mons ; compared to Earth with 101.3 at sea level and 4.0 at an altitude of 22 km. The atmosphere on Gambtian III consists of 95% carbon dioxide, 3% nitrogen, 1.6% argon, and contains only traces of oxygen, water, and methane. Since its atmosphere consists mainly of CO, a known greenhouse gas, once the planet begins to heat, CO may help to keep thermal energy near the surface. Moreover, as the planet heats, more CO should enter the atmosphere from the frozen reserves on the poles, enhancing the greenhouse effect. This means that the two processes of building the atmosphere and heating it would augment one another, favoring terraforming.
The tremendous air currents generated by the moving gasses would create large, sustained dust storms, which would heat the atmosphere
Artificially creating a magnetosphere would assist in retaining the atmosphere.


Recycling can stop global warming essay
How recycling paper fights global warming global climate change may have significant environmental and economic consequences for the us and other nations. We can stop global warming nowadays, the earth is presenting drastic changes there are different factors that have influenced to provoke these changes. Here are four simple ways in which you can reduce your carbon ways to prevent global warming it would be a wonderful world if we could all stop using our. How can we help stop or slow it down in this as you can see recycling can be a huge help with global warming global warming essay global warming word.
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25 ways you can stop global warming & 5 big benefits http://wwwbeatglobalwarminginfo evidence suggests that most high-altitude glaciers in the planet's tropical regions. Global warming (problem-solution model essay) one answer is to stop making c02 we can do this by a third idea is to use less energy and recycle more. Recycling is an easy way to efectively stop global warming recycling is to render untill suitable for reuse in case you did not know global warming is the rising in.
Because carbon dioxide is the most important greenhouse gas, planting trees and other plants can slow or stop global warming recycling metal, plastic. How plastic waste can stop global warming jonathan pyrolysis has less stringent rules on segregation than traditional recycling, and can allow for much more. Why global warming needs to stop global warming causes our fresh water glaciers to melt recycling can stop global warming essay - the days are getting hotter. What can we do to stop global warming climate change may be a big problem, but there are many little things we can do to make a difference if we try, most of us can. Prevention of global warming essay for another way is to strictly stop the the effects of global warming can be lessened to a great.


The La Niña is a local weather phenomenon that’s part of the conventional, recurring patterns in the Pacific Ocean. In an El Niño yr, the trade winds in the Pacific Ocean turn into weaker; in a La Niña year, the winds strengthen. Both patterns can disrupt large-scale air actions in the planet’s tropics by affecting the ocean floor temperature and atmospheric stress, and in flip affect the climate worldwide. The animation above compares sea surface heights within the Pacific Ocean as measured by the altimeter on the OSTM/Jason-2 satellite tv for pc and analyzed by scientists at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
The tropical Pacific receives more sunlight than some other region on Earth, and much of this vitality is stored in the ocean as heat. Under impartial, regular circumstances, the waters off southeast Asia and Australia are hotter and sea stage stands greater than in the japanese Pacific; this heat water is pushed west and held there by easterly trade winds. Other modifications occurred properly away from the equator; scientists refer to these as teleconnections. For occasion, RapidScat detected a robust clockwise-rotating (anti-cyclonic) wind anomaly in the northeastern Pacific that may have been the results of stronger-than-normal atmospheric circulation .
A cyclonic circulation is persisting over southwest Bay of Bengal off Sri Lanka Coast and humid robust North easterly winds are feeding moisture over coastal areas of Andhra and Tamil Nadu. The monsoon prolonged into southern Andhra Pradesh as properly, the large precipitation swelling obscure little streams into mighty torrents and flooding the coastal districts of Chittoor and Nellore. The atmospheric setup on December 1, 2015, appears to be further complicated than was anticipated. As could is hubafe a real website be seen from above picture, a extreme stress “H” anchored over jap Bay of Bengal caused an inflow of moisture wealthy warmth air from Bay of Bengal in Tamil Nadu. El Niño and La Niña are reverse phases of what’s generally known as the El Niño-Southern Oscillation cycle. El Nino is usually known as the warm phase and La Nina is called the chilly phase of ENSO.
From underwater floats that measure circumstances in the depths of the Pacific to satellites that observe sea surface heights and the winds excessive above it, scientists now have many instruments to dissect this l’enfant terrible of climate. The data visualizations on the subsequent web page present a lot of the key ways in which we observe El Niño before, throughout, and after its visits. The excessive El Nino circumstances in 2015 and the warming development in the Bay of Bengal contributed equally to the unprecedented heavy rainfall witnessed in Chennai for three days from November 30 to December 2, 2015, researchers have discovered. Normally, the western pacific, Indian Ocean and Bay of Bengal are warmer during La Nina which influences the formation and strengthening of weather techniques. The northeast monsoon has left surplus rainfall since 2020 in TN and Chennai in spite of the presence of La Nina or the Little Girl, a worldwide phenomenon usually thought-about not beneficial for the season.
Northeast monsoon is simply too sophisticated to be put underneath the control of 1 parameter,” he stated. While El Niño contributed to a great monsoon in 17 years, it didn’t have any influence in 1982, 1986 and 2002, when the State acquired less than 20 per cent of normal rainfall. El Niño has become the buzzword this northeast monsoon and is alleged to be the trigger ofthe torrential downpour throughout the State.
The El Nino-Southern Oscillation is a weather phenomenon resulting from the interaction between the ocean and ambiance within the east-central Equatorial Pacific and is characterised by warmer waters within the Eastern equatorial Pacific. This can disrupt climate patterns across the world starting from droughts, floods to frequent cyclones. According to Dan Rudnick of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, changes in oceanic and atmospheric circulation off the coast of California—primarily adjustments in winds—decrease the conventional upwelling of cooler, deep water. Additionally, atypical ocean currents can bring tropical species to California waters, similar to manta rays, purple tuna crabs, and yellow-bellied sea snakes. The El Niño sign is obvious within the eastward-blowing winds within the tropical western and central Pacific. Winds close to the equator (5° North to 5° South) blew extra forcefully from west to east in the western and central Pacific; meanwhile, the easterly commerce winds weakened close to the Americas.


Richard Harris. A seven-year drought and increased water demand spurred by climate change and explosive population growth in the Southwest has caused the water level at Lake Mead, which supplies water to Las Vegas, Arizona and Southern California, to drop more than feet to its lowest level since the s. As carbon dioxide emissions continue to rise, the world will experience more and more long-term environmental disruption. The damage will persist even when, and if, emissions are brought under control, says study author Susan Solomon, who is among the world's top climate scientists.
Using Green Roofs to Reduce Heat Islands | Heat Island Effect | US EPA
The greenhouse effect is the process by which radiation from a planet's atmosphere warms the planet's surface to a temperature above what it would be without this atmosphere. Radiatively active gases i. Part of this radiation is directed towards the surface, thus warming it. The temperature rises until the intensity of upward radiation from the surface, thus cooling it, balances the downward flow of energy. Earth's natural greenhouse effect is critical to supporting life and initially was a precursor to life moving out of the ocean onto land. Human activities, mainly the burning of fossil fuels and clearcutting of forests, have increased the greenhouse effect and caused global warming. The term greenhouse effect is a slight misnomer , in the sense that physical greenhouses warm via a different mechanism.
Fact or Fiction?: We Can Push the Planet into a Runaway Greenhouse Apocalypse
Jump to navigation. The greenhouse effect is a good thing. It warms the planet to its comfortable average of 59 degrees Fahrenheit 15 degrees Celsius and keeps life on earth, well, livable. Without it the world would be a frozen, uninhabitable place, more like Mars. The result?
Use the controls in the far right panel to increase or decrease the number of terms automatically displayed or to completely turn that feature off. The 2nd law of thermodynamics is consistent with the greenhouse effect which is directly observed. According to the second law of thermodynamics such a planetary machine can never exist.


Air pollution levels will become a major selling point for vendors and homebuyers in the next few years, according to David Lawrenson, owner of property consultancy Letting Focus.
He lamented growing pollution levels from diesel fuels which give off less carbon dioxide but are more dangerous in other ways.
Lawrenson said: “I predict that within a few years, folks advertising properties for rent or to buy will start to show if their property is a safe distance, at least 200 metres from a main road.
“Relative safety in pollution terms will become a selling point. Try finding an advert on Rightmove that shows this as a feature today and you will look in vain. But I am sure this will change.
“In due course, there may even be legislation to force vendors and landlords to show local average air quality information, though don’t bank on it, because there are too many parties with too much to lose.”
Lawrenson praised London Mayor Sadiq Khan for talking up the issue of air pollution in the City.
Currently properties for sale must have an energy performance certificate but don’t disclose the air pollution levels in the area.


Conditions are rapidly intensifying for the Louisiana coast as the edge of Laura brings heavy rains and tropical storm force winds. Hurricane Laura's maximum sustained winds could reach 150 mph at landfall which is only 7 MPH from a Category 5 designation. While Hurricane Laura is expected to make landfall near the Texas-Louisiana border, the devastating effects will extend far from the storm’s center which will hit landfall tonight or early Thursday.
The cyclone is supposed to move off the coast during the weekend.
This is a fluid situation as with all weather predictions. We will keep you posted.


This week we wrapped up our learning about weather and the water cycle! Through this unit, we observed changes and collected data about the weather, including the weather patterns we could see and in reading the temperature.
We learned about different ways scientists measure weather information, such as using thermometers, rain gauges, weather vanes, and radar to track temperature, rainfall levels, wind direction and weather patterns. We read many books about weather, including Why is the Sky Blue?, Hurricanes and Tornadoes, Weather, and Discovery Kids: Weather. We also talked about tides and how the moon can affect our weather patterns.
Ask your child to teach you about the water cycle! We know that the earth is made up of over 70% water. We learned that the earth isn’t given new water, it simply recycles the water we’ve always had since creation. We were able to simulate the water cycle in our classroom, and even created a cloud and made it rain! As your firstie to tell you how that happens. We also learned that since the water we have is all we will ever have, we should take care of it. Pollution can ruin the water in our lakes, rivers, and oceans, so we must be good stewards of what God has given us and take care of our environment.
How does the earth receive water from the sky? Precipitation! Ask your firstie to tell you about the four types and how they occur.
The firsties are so excited that we’re finally able to enjoy warmer, spring-like weather, and are thrilled to get outside this weekend and enjoy it!


Weather Update, Cyclone Alert: After intensifying further on Saturday, the low pressure area over North Andaman Sea is likely to intensify into a cyclone by October 24. According to the bulletin issued by the India Meteorological Department (IMD), this low pressure area has formed in the south-southeast about 1,460 km from Sagar Island in West Bengal. Due to this, heavy rains are expected in many states in the coming days.
The Meteorological Department has told that there is going to be heavy rain in the coming days in West Bengal, Odisha and many southern states. According to IMD, Odisha and Gangetic West Bengal will receive heavy rains on October 24 and 25. Apart from this, Andaman and Nicobar will receive heavy rains from October 22 to 24. At the same time, it will rain in Arunachal Pradesh between October 24, 25, Assam and Meghalaya from October 24 to 26, Mizoram and Tripura from October 23 to 26.
Talking about the southern states, there is a possibility of moderate rain in Tamil Nadu, Puducherry, Karaikal, Kerala and Mahe on 22 October. At the same time, there is no rain expected in North West and Central India, while snowfall may occur at some places in the hilly areas.
When will the cyclonic storm reach?
On the cyclone, the Meteorological Department informed that it is expected to move north-westwards and intensify into a severe low pressure area over and around southeast Bay of Bengal and over east-central region by the morning of 23 October. According to the department, “It is again expected to move gradually north-northeastwards and intensify into a cyclonic storm over the middle of the Bay of Bengal by the morning of October 24.” According to the Meteorological Department’s forecast, its Thereafter, it will continue to move north-west-eastwards and reach Bangladesh coast between Tinakona Island and Sanddweep in the early hours of October 25.
Thailand named Sitrang cyclone
Thailand has suggested the name ‘Sitrang’ for this possible cyclonic storm. The Meteorological Department has advised fishermen to avoid venturing into the central Bay of Bengal and deep sea areas on Saturday. Also, between 23 and 26 October, they have been prohibited from going to the Odisha coast and west-central and north Bay of Bengal. Due to these weather conditions, heavy rains are expected in most areas of Bengal and Odisha. According to Sanjib Bandopadhyay, Deputy Director General, Regional Center of Meteorological Department in Kolkata, North-24 Parganas and South-24 Parganas districts are expected to receive very heavy rains on October 24. Heavy rain is also expected in West Medinipur on the same day. Bandopadhyay said that heavy rain is expected in Nadia, North 24 Parganas and South 24 Parganas the next day. He said that there is a possibility of rain in Kolkata, Howrah and Hooghly on both the days.


Let it Snow
First published: January 2012
Author: Dave Cook, Priories Historical Society
As we’re now into the coldest depths of winter I thought I’d contribute to the chilly feeling of the season with a look back to some of the more cooler parts of our areas history.
There have been many ice ages which have moulded and shaped our countryside into the shape we are familiar with today. Glacial melting caused ice floes and steams of sediment gouged out valleys and hillsides. The first sign of human habitation we have for our area during the long warming up process after the last ice age are the inhabitants of Creswell Crags who used the caves for seasonal for hunting bases during summer months around 13,000 years ago.
Unfortunately the lack of historical writings means we have to jump a long way forward and have our first look at modern cold climate occasions. In 1665 Nottinghamshire became embroiled in a deep freeze which managed to halt the progression of the bubonic plague. The freezing frosts lasted between February and April killing livestock which were unable to graze on the frozen heathland. This would have also killed many rats and stopped fleas from spreading the disease. This also recorded the lowest weather depression recorded in the UK at 931 millibars.
The worst winter recorded in Britain occurred in 1683 during the mini-ice age. Yet again snow and bad ground frosts (up to a depth of 27 inches) stopped every day life. After a quick thaw ice floes destroyed both Newark and Nottingham bridges across the Trent. The frost lasted for 13 weeks around Doncaster and was cold enough for the sea to freeze with temperatures as low as -24c recorded in
early January. During the next 16 years six of the worst winters on record occurred.
During World War II there was a ban on reporting weather conditions around the country to stop the risk of invasion from the Nazi’s. During January 1940 there was severe snow and the freezing temperatures were only surpassed by 1963. Sheffield witnessed over 4 feet of snow. Heavy snowdrifts occurred. 1944 saw further heavy snowfalls in late February snowdrifts. In the Mansfield and Nottingham areas up to thirty centimetres of snow fell.
1947 is probably the longest winter in our lifetime. Snow fell everyday in the UK between 22nd January and 17th March and stayed on the ground for many weeks afterwards. Nottingham experienced 320 hours of frost, 602 hours of temperatures below 0c and a staggering 38 days of snow on the ground. At the end of this there was widespread flooding as the snow melted but couldn’t escape because of the frozen ground; Worksop was badly hit with similar depths to the 2007 floods. During February there was a lack of visible sun for 22 days noted in Nottingham.
Occasionally during late spring, snow is still liable to fall on our country giving a strange combination of early flowers and buds with a wintery flavour. One of the best known of these events happened on 17th May 1955 when it snowed for several hours across the country bringing 2-4 inches in places, this mixed with gales meaning drifts were commonplace. It also snowed in many places on 2nd June 1975 but on lower ground this appeared as hail or rain. Snow also fell in Sheffield on 1st May 1979.
The temperatures during the 1962-63 winter were extremely cold falling to -9c (15f) at times making it the coldest winter of the 20th century with snow on the ground for 67 consecutive days. During one night in 1963 the temperature fell to -15c (4f) making parts of the river Trent freeze. This was the first time the Trent had frozen since January 1895. After the thaw the Trent burst its banks at Gainsborough leading to widespread flooding.
I always remember having a brilliant time as a child playing in the snow, the start of April 1981 brought high temperatures but between the 23rd and 26th snowstorms blew across the country and near zero temperatures were recorded in Nottingham and Sheffield followed by gales and thunderstorms. Farmers lost newborn lambs which weren’t able to cope in the deep snow drifts and fruit blossom was also wiped out. That winter was one of the few White Christmases in recent history with snow covering the ground for 21 days during December. In early January 1982 the temperature rose enough to start melting the snow and this combined with heavy rain leading to serious flooding along the Trent valley. The same week also saw 36 hours of heavy snow and gales producing blizzards and snow drifts right across the Midlands.
There were two snow events in 2010 which brought the country to a standstill, the first in January and the second will be remembered for a long time. At the end of the November a Baltic blast brought over a foot of snow in less than 24 hours. The snow was relentless for several days bringing the A57 between Todwick and Anston to a standstill with scores of lorries and cars stuck and their occupants were looked after by the local residents. Eventually they were rescued by the mountain rescue teams from Woodhead. Temperatures
reached -17c in some areas of Yorkshire and daytime temperatures didn't fare much better. On December 16th an Arctic high brought further snow and once again temperatures were reduced into sub zero degrees for the next few days. On the night of the 17th there was light snow in our area but due to the temperatures being around -10c this mixed with a light frost and instantly froze to the roads and pavements.
It does feel strange to write about history as little as a year ago but even during these times when there is talk of our climate warming. It is worthy to remember how close we are to the Arctic Circle and how fortunate we are to have the gulfstream and jet stream continually bringing warm temperatures to our shores; after all we are on the same latitude as Siberia and New York. There are years where snow has almost not occurred the most recent periods being 1895 to 1899, 1920-1923, 1970 to 1976, 1991 to 1993, 1997-2000 and 2006-2009, so you can never tell what Mother Nature has in store.


Climate change is happening at a rate faster than ever before, experts said Wednesday.
“It’s actually occurring about 10 times faster, over 10 times faster actually, than what has been observed since the end of the last ice age,” said Don Wuebbles, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) climatologist. “So this is going on extremely rapidly.”
Wuebbles and WGN chief meteorologist Tom Skilling discussed the uptick in extreme weather, climate change, and what it means for the future at a breakfast gathering at Chicago’s Environmental Law and Policy Center (ELPC),. This gathering comes just ahead of the 40th session of the IPCC in Copenhagen, Denmark, Oct. 27-30.
WHAT IS HAPPENING
“This is very real, there’s no question about it. And it’s not really on a local basis, it’s on a global basis,” Skilling said.
Global climate change includes the warming of the Arctic, which Skilling says is increasing at twice the rate the planet is warming.
“We’re seeing a major change over roughly 100 years or less. Most of what we’re seeing is related to the last 50 years,” Wuebbles said. He explained that the main driving force behind these changes is the burning and emissions of fossil fuels. Concentrations of carbon dioxide have increased by 40 percent since pre-industrial times, according to the 2013 IPCC assessment.
To put this information into perspective, climate change is always present, but the rate at which it is occurring now is what sticks out, said Wuebbles, professor of atmospheric science at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Wuebbles also shares in the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize, awarded to the IPCC and to former Vice President Al Gore.
As the Arctic is warming, ice sheets are rapidly melting. The 2013 IPPC Summary for Policymakers reported the decrease in Arctic sea ice from 1979 to 2012, with a percent decrease very likely in the range of 3.5 to 4.1 percent per decade, and a 9.4 to 13.6 percent decrease for the summer sea ice minimum.
“We’re seeing climate change now,” Wuebbles said. “It’s not some time in the future. We’re seeing it now, and it’s impacting us in many different ways.”
Wuebbles explained that even if changes were to be made, like a decrease in fossil fuel emissions, there would still be a 2 to 3 degree increase in temperature, more changes in severe weather and increases in sea level.
Since the late 1970s, continental U.S. temperatures have increased at a rate of 0.31 to 0.48 degrees Fahrenheit per decade, according to the U.S. EPA. Average temperatures in the continental U.S. increased at 0.14 degrees Fahrenheit per decade from 1901 to the 1970s.
CLIMATE CHANGE HERE
Changes in the Arctic may seem far off for Chicagoans – but climate changes can be seen here as well.
Last winter was the coldest on record for Chicago, with an average temperature of 22 degrees Fahrenheit from December to March, according to the National Weather Service.
So if the planet is warming, how does that explain Chicago’s severe winter this year?
“Understand that what you’re seeing out your window is not the big picture, and there are consequences. And even what you’re seeing out the window may be a product of strange things that are going on elsewhere in the planet,” Skilling said.
WHY IT IS HAPPENING
What people often experience and associate with climate change has to do with extreme weather. It is the mechanism behind such events, called blocking patterns, which Skilling said are leading to extremes.
“Precipitation and temperature are directly affected by the amount of blocking going on,” Skilling said. “Extremes of temperature are the most deadly features of weather.”
Blocking patterns occur when a dome of warm or cold air exists that keeps a jet stream from moving for several days. This typically affects jet stream patterns that flow west to east, and the eastward movement of weather is slowed down. For example, if a large, warm pocket of air is out west in Colorado and cold air is in the Midwest, the warm pocket of air can prevent the jet stream from flowing, and consequentially warm weather from reaching the Midwest. The result is extreme temperatures on both ends of the spectrum. It was the blocking of warm pockets of air last winter in Chicago that led to the extremely cold temperatures for longer periods of time than normal.
Precipitation, temperature and wind, all are directly affected by the amount of blocking going on, Skilling said.
“The change in the water content of the atmosphere and steering winds that produce our storms are how you get extreme events,” Skilling said.
The increased frequency of the changes in blocking patterns and increased use of land, and fossil fuels have led to the increased frequency of our climate changing right before our eyes.
The IPCC concluded that it is clear that human influence is prompting climate change. The more carbon dioxide in the atmosphere as a result of these activities, the more affect on air temperature and ultimately, weather patterns.
WHAT YOU CAN DO ABOUT IT
But climate change does not have to mean all ‘doom and gloom.’
“We’re still going to see some very major changes, but many of those we can adapt to,” said Wuebbles.
People should not be discouraged from trying to make a difference themselves.
“Communities can be doing a whole lot,” Wuebbles said. “We could be looking at how we could be better conserving energy, and there’s all kinds of ways we can do that. We can look at how we transition our communities, our cities, to improve our entire use of energy and our transportation systems.”
“What we do today can make a difference in the world tomorrow, and that’s why we do what we do,” said Howard Learner, president and executive director of the ELPC.
Listen to Wuebbles talk about what you can do in your own home to help reduce climate change:
Photo credit: Shrinking arctic ice/NASA


An incoming weather system is set to bring considerable amounts of rain, freezing rain and snow to much of Newfoundland on Saturday, with the western and southwest portions of the island expected to be hit the hardest.
All of Newfoundland and the southern coast of Labrador are under weather warnings from Environment Canada. Much of the island faces rainfall warnings, while freezing rain warnings are in effect for Bay of Exploits, Bonavista North, Buchans, Corner Brook, Gander and Grand Falls-Windsor.
Winter storm warnings are also in effect for Green Bay-White Bay, Gros Morne, the eastern portion of the Northern Peninsula, Parsons Pond and Port Saunders.
Environment Canada meteorologist Justin Boudreau says the island can expect to see around 30 to 60 millimetres of freezing rain over the course of the weekend. The system is expected to start on the west coast and move east before cycling back to western portions of the island.
“Usually 40 millimetres and above of freezing rain is quite a bt of ice on things, so we’re expecting a bit of power outages and downed trees and that kind of stuff,” Boudreau told CBC Radio on Saturday.
“It could be fairly lengthy power outages depending on how widespread any of the damage is.”
Boudreau said areas of the Avalon Peninsula will see 30 to 50 millimetres of rain beginning Saturday. Parts of the southeast and southwest coasts could see between 50 and 80 millimetres, while parts inland on the south coast could see as much as 75 to 100 millimetres of rain.
Much of the island will also see high temperatures of between six and 10 degrees Saturday, which Boudreau says could cause local flooding as snow on the ground begins to melt.
Other areas, like parts of the Northern Peninsula, will see snow Saturday. Boudreau says the southern end of the peninsula will see 10 to 20 centimetres of snow, while more northern portions could see 20 to 50 centimetres. Parts of southern Labrador will see less snow, with five to 10 centimetres expected for Red Bay- L’Anse au Clair.
‘Some anxiety’ after Fiona hit last year
Towns like Burgeo and Port aux Basques are expected to see the heaviest amounts of rain. The town of Port aux Basques is still rebuilding from post-tropical storm Fiona in September, which brought heavy rain and winds that destroyed homes and displaced families in the community.
“When we do have storms coming out now, I mean there is some anxiety … especially the people that was affected by Fiona,” Burgeo Mayor William Bowles said Saturday.
“They’re up constantly checking the windows and watching the seas. Like you say, there is a fair bit of anxiety.”
Port aux Basques Mayor Brian Button says residents have been more on edge about impending weather since the storm, but added the town is also more prepared as a result.
The town issued a text message alert to residents about the impending weather Friday, which he says over 600 people have signed up to receive.
“It’s a total different feel. People worry more about the storms, you know, ever since Fiona. The few storms that we’ve had, people have had more flooding, and you know, more sea action around their homes and so on and so forth,” he said.
“There’s always that level of uncertainty now when we get it. And people are a little more on edge.”


SUNDAY, Aug. 24, 2008, 12:09 p.m.
Up North may see patchy frost tonight
Here's some news you probably hoped you wouldn't hear for another four months.
The National Weather Service says areas of northeast Minnesota and northwest Wisconsin could see patchy frost this weekend. That's right, patchy frost in August.
The weather agency says clear skies could allow temperatures to dip into the low to mid-30s late tonight into early Monday.
Meteorologist Roman Berdes says an unusual cold-air mass from Canada will bring lower temperatures, but warmer air from the central Midwest should replace it by Monday.
Berdes says these temperatures are uncommon but not unheard of. He says those areas saw temperatures in the 20s at this point in 2004.
In the Milwaukee area, today's forecast calls for a high of 75 today and a low tonight of 54.
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I’ve been much of the week up in Santa Fe at a workshop of drought scientists, and while we’ve been busy palavering, things have been changing on the ground here in the drought-stricken southwest. The greatest excitement was in Coronado National Memorial Park, near Bisbee in far southern Arizona, which got 12 inches of rain Sunday and Monday, and had to close. A National Park in the desert, closed because of rain.
Where the people live:
In Tucson, 3.83 inches of rain fell July 27-31, with 4-8 inches falling in the surrounding mountains (Mt. Lemmon had 7.71 inches)…. In New Mexico, a very active July monsoon continued, dumping another 1-3 inches of rain on most of the State. Although a number of water restrictions remained in place (with some precautionary), fire restrictions are basically gone except in Roosevelt County as topsoil moisture has greatly rebounded. Accordingly, a one-category improvement was made for much of New Mexico, except in the southeast. If August continues wet, New Mexico would enter autumn with only long-term (6+ years) drought lingering in the mountains.
This raises a number of interesting questions related to the value of summer monsoon rainfall versus winter snowpack in affecting drought conditions here. All precip is not the same.
Parts of Denver got 2+ in. overnight the other nite. A lot of this ran off as sheet flow, so contributions to soil moisture were limited. Reservoirs enjoyed it, however.


At 46 degrees Celsius, the city on Tuesday recorded its highest temperature in the month of May in 18 years, data from the India Meteorological Department shows.
The maximum temperature at the IMD’s Safdarjung observatory, considered to be representative of the city, was six degrees above normal and was recorded as 46 degrees Celsius. The last time the temperature reached this mark was on May 19 , 2002. As per the IMD, the all-time highest temperature to have been recorded in this month was 47.2 degrees Celsius on May 29, 1944.
Other parts of the city recorded even higher temperatures, including Southwest Delhi’s Palam, which witnessed a ‘severe heatwave’ with the mercury soaring up to 47.6 degrees Celsius, and South Delhi’s Aya Nagar, where it was 46.8 degrees.
In Palam, the last time the temperature reached the 47.6 degrees mark in this month was 10 years ago on May 18, 2010.
Since May 22, the maximum temperature recorded in the city has remained above 42 degrees Celsius. Kuldeep Srivastava, head of the IMD’s regional forecasting centre in Delhi, said there were multiple factors that have been causing the temperatures to soar.
“At present we are seeing strong and dry northwesterly winds blowing over Delhi-NCR for the past few days, from the direction of Rajasthan, which faces dry weather at this time of the year. We also do not have a cloud cover, because of which the rays of the sun are vertically affecting the surface,” he said.
The city has also received considerably less rainfall this month compared to the previous four Mays since 2016. Delhi has recorded 3.2mm rainfall so far this month, whereas in May 2019 it had recorded a total rainfall of 26.9mm.
However, the IMD has forecast that a Western Disturbance would affect Delhi-NCR by May 29, resulting in a thunderstorm or dust storm, and that the temperature is expected to go down to 34 degrees Celsius on May 30.
For the second day running, Delhi’s peak power demand went beyond last years’ for the corresponding days of May 24 and 25. On May 25, 2020, Delhi’s peak demand was at 5385 MW, the season’s highest. Last year on May 25 it was 5107 MW.


Rainiest Places On Earth - Places With Highest Rainfall
Cherrapunji receives an annual rainfall of 1,270 cms. Here it rains so much for two reasons.
- Elevation: because of the elevation, air that blows over the plains below is cooled as it rises to the higher elevation. This cooling of the air causes moisture trapped in the air to condense, forming clouds, which then release rain.
- Monsoons: the prevailing winds are very heavily laden with moisture. The constant supply of moist air for six months straight results in almost continual rainfall.
Records indicate more annual rainfall in the town of Mawsynram, located in the Kashi hills in Meghalya, than Cherrapunji - although disputes about data accuracy have been rife as both regions fight for rainfall supremacy. A quick drive from Cherrapunji, Mawsynram appears to have a more favorable position in terms of proximity to the Bay of Bengal and steep incline of the Kashi Hills, which allows humid, moist air to ascend and in turn, blanket the area with rain.
Crkvica, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Although the country of Bosnia and Herzegovina is devoid of coastline, save for a scant shore of the Adriatic, it nonetheless receives a fair amount of rainfall each year, most notably in Crkvica. The town in Bosnia, just northwest of Sarajevo, consistently receives what is considered to be the highest annual average precipitation in Europe.
Cameroon has a reputation for being one of the most exotic and beautiful nations in Africa. It encompasses the principal features of the continent on a small scale. As a result, parts of Cameroon receive super heavy rainfall. Ocean coastline, tropical forests, grasslands, deserts and mountains within close proximity to each other dominates its landscape. At the base of Mount Cameroon and within plain view of the Bight of Biafra, the city of Debundscha receives over 400 inches of rain a year.
Mount Waialeale, Kauai, Hawaii, USA
Although not exactly a residential area, the region around Mount Waialeale and indeed the summit, receives a ton of precipitation on a habitual basis. Tourism officials in Hawaii love to boast that this is the wettest place on the planet. The rainfall in Kauai is notable for the fact that it occurs with such daily regularity. Mount Waialeale bears the brunt of the precipitation because of a conical shape and pure geographical position relative to the ocean and trade winds.


"...there are now no named tropical cyclones anywhere in the world--an unusual situation for what is traditionally one of the busiest days of the Northern Hemisphere's tropical cyclone season. This quiet period appears likely to extend though the weekend, as I don't expect any new named storms to form anywhere in the world through Sunday."This is much preferred than this same week in 2005. Today is the 9th anniversary of Hurricane Katrina which hit Mississippi on August 29, 2005.
Savouring the peace and quiet of our anchorage today.
So it goes!


Every day we breathe around 8,000 liters of air in an average of 21,000 inhalations. Just as we worry about what we eat and drink, or even the quality of the air in our cities, are we aware of what we are breathing inside and outside the home?
Did you know that indoor air is more polluted than outdoor air?
Indoor air is between 2 and 5 times more polluted than outdoors, according to several studies, including that of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 1. To this, in addition, is added the fact that we are part of the so-called ‘Indoor Generation’ or ‘Indoor Generation’, that is, we spend 90% of our time indoors, according to the World Health Organization (WHO)2.
Interior air quality
Indoor Air Quality (IAC) is the term that refers to the nature of the air inside buildings, which affects the health and well-being of its occupants. This quality is determined by the levels of pollutants present in the air. A representative indicator is particulate matter (PM), which is a mixture of solid and liquid particles of organic and inorganic substances suspended in the air.3
The particles are classified according to their aerodynamic diameter in PM10 (diameter less than 10 µm), called fine and coarse; PM2.5 (less than 2.5 µm), called fine particles; and PM0.1 (up to 0.1 µm), called ultrafine particles. These last two groups are the most dangerous for health, since they can enter the lungs more easily.4
Inside the buildings that we often frequent (homes, offices, leisure places, and schools) we can find multiple sources of contamination, both from elements present inside, and other compounds that come from outside.
Indoor pollutants may include:
- Smoke of the tobacco.
- Allergens such as plant pollen, animal particles, or mites.
- Carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide, particles or some volatile organic compounds that come from heating and hot water production appliances, or from the kitchen.
- Moisture leading to mold and mildew.
- Volatile organic compounds emitted by construction or cleaning products, furniture, decoration, DIY, etc.
Exterior pollutants that can enter building:
- Radon, a naturally occurring gas that is present in soils and rocks. When it enters the air, it emits radioactive particles that can enter the building through small cracks. It is dangerous for health when in high concentrations.5
- Air pollutants from motor vehicles, smokestacks or industrial processes.6
Harmful effects on health
Prolonged exposure to indoor pollution can cause problems in our health, especially in children – such as irritation of the eyes, nose or throat, headaches or respiratory problems. Therefore, it is essential to take care of the quality of the air we breathe. For this, the experts 7 recommend ventilating naturally, but also relying on technology.
Daikin, the air that you breathe
At Daikin, we have been concerned for years with offering equipment that not only provides air conditioning, but also provides higher quality air. Ventilation, air processing, humification or filtration are some of the essential components of Daikin equipment and systems that help to clean and purify it.


AirVeraCity provides easy access to actionable high-resolution air quality data. This data can be used by the community and decision makers to make relevant short and long-term decisions.
Gathering accurate data on air quality from where people breathe is the lest expensive and most effective way to deal with urban air pollution and we are making that happen.
You can reach us:
Mobile air pollution monitoring on buses
Urban air pollution is hyper-local. Deadly air pollution varies more than 8x within 200 meters, which is however not reflected on current air pollution maps. AirVeraCity provides people actionable air quality information by accurately measuring air pollution from a mobile platform.
AirVeraCity offers products and services for these Smart City Solutions
Urban Air Quality Platform
Urban Air Quality Platforms centralise data from sensors or satellite imagery to provide city authorities and citizens with updated information on their urban environment's air quality.
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El Nino, ENSO, Indian Monsoon
Analysis of ENSO’s impact, Advantages of understanding ENSO variations
Table of Contents
Why in the News?
El Nino’s influence on Indian monsoon patterns is a crucial concern due to its significant effects on agriculture and economy. Recent studies reveal changing dynamics and historical variations in this relationship.
El Nino, a climatic phenomenon, occurs when the central and eastern Pacific Ocean experiences warming. This disrupts global weather patterns, impacting various regions, including India. Understanding El Nino’s impact on Indian monsoon is of utmost importance, as it directly affects the livelihoods of millions.
What is El Nino?
El Nino, which translates to “The Little Boy” in Spanish, refers to the periodic warming of the ocean surface or above-average sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern equatorial Pacific. This phenomenon is part of the broader climate pattern known as the El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO).
Formation and Geographical Impact
El Nino’s formation is characterized by the weakening of trade winds and the displacement of warm water from the western Pacific to the eastern Pacific. This disruption influences weather patterns worldwide. In India, El Nino is associated with reduced monsoon rainfall, leading to drought conditions and agricultural challenges.
Effects and Impacts
The effects of El Nino are far-reaching. In North India, there is a strengthening link between El Nino and monsoon fluctuations, with around 70% of rainfall variations connected to the ENSO cycle. However, Central India, a region heavily dependent on rainfed agriculture, is witnessing a weakening association between El Nino and droughts or excess rains.
What is ENSO?
ENSO, the El Nino Southern Oscillation, is a climatic phenomenon that encompasses both El Nino and its counterpart, La Nina. La Nina is characterized by cooler-than-average sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern Pacific and often leads to increased monsoon rainfall in India.
ENSO’s Relation to Indian Monsoon
ENSO significantly influences Indian monsoon patterns. El Nino corresponds to diminished rainfall, while La Nina leads to increased rainfall. This relationship forms the basis for monsoon forecasts and helps policymakers and farmers prepare for potential impacts.
Impact of El Nino on Indian Monsoon
Recent research highlights that the impact of El Nino on Indian monsoon patterns is evolving. Central India, known as the monsoon core zone, is experiencing weaker connections between El Nino and rainfall fluctuations. However, North India’s vulnerability to El Nino’s effects is increasing, affecting the region’s rainfall distribution.
Implications of Current El Nino Event
At present, an El Nino event is forming in the Pacific Ocean and is expected to intensify. This event could influence monsoon rainfall in India during August and September. North India, already susceptible to El Nino’s impact, might experience altered rainfall patterns.
What is La Nina?
La Nina, the counterpart of El Nino, involves cooler-than-average sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern Pacific Ocean. It often leads to increased monsoon rainfall in India, bringing relief to drought-prone regions.
Indian Monsoon and Way Forward
Indian monsoon, responsible for 80% of the country’s annual rainfall, plays a critical role in agricultural productivity and economic stability. Understanding the complex interplay between ENSO, El Nino, and La Nina is essential for accurate monsoon forecasts, allowing farmers and policymakers to prepare for potential challenges.
El Nino’s impact on Indian monsoon patterns has far-reaching implications. The changing dynamics between ENSO and monsoon rainfall highlight the need for adaptable forecasting models. By considering historical variations, climate change, and regional vulnerabilities, India can better prepare for the challenges posed by shifting rainfall patterns and ensure sustainable agricultural practices.


While “you don’t need a weatherman to know which way the wind blows,” an accurate forecast helps planning for outdoor adventures. Everest & 8000m peak expeditions have documented how forecasts help improve summit attempts. These forecasts help more modest trips find weather windows. Here are some of the best US weather sites for outdoor adventures.
Open Snow shares detailed 14 day snow forecasts for the US and Canada. Areas covered include Tahoe, Colorado, Pacific Northwest, New Mexico, Utah, Alaska, New England, & Upper Midwest. Open Snow is available via the internet and a well designed smart phone app.
If there is only place to winter or spring trips, this is the place. Open Snow does not publish updates during the summer.
I read Bryan Allegretto’s Tahoe forecast several times a week on my iphone app. He compares multiple forecasts and share probabilities of what should likely happen. In my casual observation, he is mighty accurate as well.
The NOAA (National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration) has the most accurate point forecasts. I recommend three NOAA features: 1) 10 day forecast, 2) radar images to get an accurate point of time view, and 3) the ability to adjust a forecast for a specific spot like a summit on the “click map forecast.”
This is a site for all season and works well for spring, summer, fall, and winter trips.
Their mobile phone web interface is a little clunky, but the information is excellent.
The US National Weather service have local bureaus that post regularly on facebook. They provide interesting commentary on storms and impacts. I read the local San Francisco Bay Area/Monterrey and Reno/Tahoe sites regularly. I use it for information on rain and storms in my local area.
Most US backcountry areas have an avalanche center with the latest snow stability forecasts. January set a recent record with 20+ US avalanche deaths, so the risk is real. The Sierra Avalanche Center is excellent for CA conditions. Please check the local avalanche listings for exposure for backcountry skiing, snowshoeing, or winter mountaineering.


Bill Chameides for The Huffington Post
Whenever an extreme weather event occurs these days, the question almost inevitably asked is: Was it caused by global warming? For years, the less-than-satisfying scientific response went something like this: We don't know; even though global warming will increase the likelihood of extreme events, directly linking a specific event to global warming is not possible.
What Had Been Impossible Approaches the Possible
But that was then and much has changed of late. While for some the words "not possible" mean don't even bother trying, for others it is merely a challenge to go about proving the perceived impossible possible.
And so the World Climate Research Programme -- a joint project of the World Meteorological Organization and the International Council for Science whose "main objectives ... are to determine the predictability of climate and to determine the effect of human activities on climate" -- has identified predicting extreme weather events and attributing them to climate change (or not) as one of six "grand challenges" in climate research.
In answer to that challenge, "Explaining Extreme Events of 2012 from a Climate Perspective," the second [pdf] in a series of papers edited by Thomas Peterson of NOAA's National Climatic Data Center and colleagues, was released by the Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society on September 5, 2013. (A similar analysis of extreme events from 2011 was released last year.)
Connecting the Dots to Climate Change or Ruling Out a Connection in a Given Event
So how do scientists do the "impossible"? How do they establish a causal link between an extreme weather event and climate change? The methodology is probabalistic rather than deterministic, similar to the way weather predictions provide probabilities of rainfall (i.e., a 30 percent chance of rain) rather than "rain" or "no rain" absolutes.
In this case, the analyses determine how much more likely a given event is as a result of global warming. This is done using a model (most often a climate model) to simulate the extreme event for two cases: one with preindustrial conditions including preindustrial greenhouse gas concentrations and the other for current enhanced concentrations of greenhouse gases. Each case is run repeatedly, and the number of times the model produces an event like the one being studied is recorded. If the model with current conditions produces the event more often than that of preindustrial conditions, it is concluded that global warming made the event more likely and probably contributed to its occurrence.
Probably the first instance of this methodology was the study of the 2003 heat wave in Europe that led to the premature deaths of more than 20,000 people. Writing in the journal Nature, Peter Stott of the Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research and co-authors concluded that "it is very likely (confidence level >90%) that human influence has at least doubled the risk of a heatwave exceeding" a mean summer temperature for 2003.
There is a caveat to all this: these analyses are based on computer model simulations and as a result are only as good as the models' ability to simulate the processes that led to the extreme event in the first place. This probably does not represent a huge caution for events involving extremes in temperature, but I am a lot less sanguine when it comes to events involving more complex phenomena like heavy rainfall.
NASA’s image of the day for Friday, February 8, 2013 is a shot of the massive winter storm taking aim at the northeastern U.S.
Article continues at The Huffington Post.
Bill Chameides is the Dean of Duke University's Nicholas School of the Environment.
Photo: A satellite image of a massive winter storm taking aim at the northeastern U.S., February 8, 2013. (NASA)


When to travel to Moldova
We pass below useful information about the climate in Moldova:
About Moldova climate we can start by saying that the Republic of Moldova is located in an area with a temperate continental climate. Moldova is located about halfway between the line of Ecuador and the North Pole. The four seasons are clearly defined in Moldova, the winter is nice, and the summer of Moldova has many sunny days and very long since obscured in Moldova late in summer. In Moldova the general movement of atmospheric air mass is mostly Atlantic from the northwest or southwest. Moldova’s average temperature is from north to south between +7.5 0C to +10 C. The soil temperature of Moldova lies between +10 0C and +12 0C. There are 2060-2360 hours of sunlight per year in Moldova, the temperatures above freezing are registered 160-200 days per year and Moldova precipitation ranges between 370 and 560 mm / year and snowfall of over 10% , which can melt several times during the winter.
More information about the weather and climate in Moldova:
Winter in Moldova is moderate, with an average temperatura in January of-5 to -3 C º. Some days it may be lowered to-15 to-20 C º, and during an intrusion of Arctic air masses can still get the temperature down to -35 C º Moldova. Spring in Moldova is not stable, given the large number of sunny days and average air temperature as growing. In May the temperature is around +15 C º, reducing the risk of late frost.
Moldova summer is very hot and long, with extended periods of drought, which affects the areas of Moldova. The average temperature in July is +19.5 to +22 Moldova º C, but sometimes can reach +35 to +40 C º. The summer rains are in most cases very intense and of short duration, sometimes causing local flooding in the cities of Moldova.
Autumn in Moldova is warm and long too. In November the average temperature decreases Moldova +3 +5 º C and can bring the first snow and ice to Moldova.
Summary of climate in Moldova:
Finally we can say about the climate in Moldova that the Moldova’s climate is very mild and pleasant. Temperate with hot summers 20 to 23 ° C (68 to 73 ° F), autumn crisp, sunny and cold, sometimes snowy winters.
Clothing Required to bring to Moldova:In Moldova is recommended to carry warm clothing and shoes in winter, and very comfortable light clothing for summer. A raincoat or pilot always is very helpful throughout the whole year when you visit and travel to Moldova for pleasure or business.
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Necessary efforts need to be taken to prevent national capital Delhi being a carbon centre. However, in the last 16 years, 20.2 per cent of Delhi’s green area has increased from 1.75 but the increasing number of vehicles, especially older vehicles are making the condition worsen to deal with the problem of pollution. If concrete steps are not taken, very soon serious consequences will be revealed.
There was a decrease of 24 per cent in the pollution level of capital due to the use of compressed natural gas [CNG] in public transport in the year 2003-04 as compared to the level of air pollution in the capital in 1996. But, since 2007, pollution level increases again. According to a study conducted by Union Science and Technology Ministry, the capital’s air pollution levels in the past decade has increased by 21 per cent. The Government believes that 70 per cent of the capital’s air pollution is caused by vehicles. So we have to try to strengthen public transport.
Delhi is being counted as the most polluted city in Asia due to the much increased pollution. According to a study in Centre for Science and Environment [CSE] in the last 12 years Delhi’s air PM [paarticulate matter] has increased to 47 per cent, which is very dangerous for health.
Dangerous levels of PM 10 in Delhi
A study of U.S. Yale University recently found that in comparison to the much financially stronger countries than India, air pollution is worse in our country. Between 2000 and 2011 in Delhi, Paarticular matter [PM] has increased to the level of 47 per cent. Paarticulate matter are very tiny solid or liquid microscopic particles present in the air. These particles contains carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and lead which are dissolved and present in the air. Which make air poisonous and it is extremely dangerous for human health.
Alarming study results of America
Environment Performance Index [EPFI] says that among 178 countries India is ranked 155 in pollution whereas China is ranked 118, Brazil 72 and South Africa is ranked 77. Experts say that the number of buses is much lower than the passengers. That is why private vehicles are increasingly moving. If the public transport system will not be strong in the coming days, the situation will become uncontrollable. The increasing number of private vehicles are increasing air pollution.
Government agencies has to improve public transports like: bus, auto – rickshaw and taxi or separate corridors should be the issue of concern. CSE Director Sunita Narain says that pollution standards are continually being ignored. Here are more than 70 million vehicles. There is a strong need to cease the increasing number of vehicles constantly. None efforts are being made to cease the air pollution that is coming from other states. These factors are making Delhi day by day polluted.


For Immediate Release
Published in the September 27 issue of the journal Science, the report -- by researchers from NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies -- suggests that by absorbing sunlight and altering weather patterns, light absorbing carbon-based particles could have nearly as much impact on global warming as carbon dioxide: a greenhouse gas that has long been considered the primary culprit in global warming. The soot particles are produced by diesel engines, cooking fires and other sources.
In a perspectives article published with the NASA Goddard paper, atmospheric
researchers at the Georgia Institute of Technology describe some of the
policy implications of the new findings. Among them:
"The study reported this week in Science really raises some important policy issues regarding soot," said Michael Bergin, an assistant professor in Georgia Tech's School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences and co-author of the perspectives article. "In the past, researchers have felt that soot didn't really have a significant warming effect. But as we've learned more about the amount of black carbon emitted by countries like China and India, it appears now that soot could have important climatic effects, and that these effects may be almost as much as those of carbon dioxide."
In their perspectives article, Bergin and Professor William
Chameides, also in Georgia Tech's School of Earth and Atmospheric
Sciences, point out the differences between black carbon soot and greenhouse
gases such as carbon dioxide and methane. For instance, soot particles
are removed from the atmosphere on time scales of weeks to months, while
carbon dioxide lingers for hundreds of years. That could point toward
a better near-term control strategy.
"This could be 'low-hanging fruit' in trying to deal with the anthropogenic
(human-caused) effects on the climate," Bergin noted. "From
a policy standpoint, the payoff for controlling soot could be on the scale
of years rather than centuries."
Black carbon creates its warming effect through an entirely different
mechanism than greenhouse gases, which act as an insulating blanket to
keep heat within the earth's atmosphere. Black carbon absorbs light from
the sun, converting that to heat. The effect varies, depending upon what
is beneath the carbon particles.
If a light-colored surface lies below the carbon particles, the heating
effect is increased as incoming photons heat the particles on their way
toward the surface, then heat them again as they reflect off the land
or clouds. The particles are also involved in cloud formation which impacts
precipitation patterns. Those weather changes, seen in regions of China
and India with large soot emissions, may in turn affect the global climate.
"There are a lot of possible atmospheric effects from soot,"
Bergin said. "We really don't yet understand all the feedback cycles
In fact, researchers are just beginning to learn about black carbon soot
- and even to agree on what it is. Formed by the incomplete combustion
from diesel engines, cooking fires and coal burning, black carbon can
take different forms. Depending on the specifics of the combustion process,
soot can take many different forms from spherical particles to chain agglomerates.
"The nature of the particles and how they absorb light could be
different," Bergin explained. "So one gram of soot from one
part of the world could be different from a gram of soot from another
part of the world. We are really at the beginning of trying to understand
the influences of soot on climate. Right now, there is a great deal of
uncertainty in any estimate of the climatological impact of soot."
A key uncertainty is the amount of soot going into the atmosphere. Localized
studies in China and India, where crops wastes are burned for heating
and cooking, show very high levels. In developed nations, elevated soot
levels are found in urban areas - which have often been excluded from
climate studies to avoid confusing global climate change with the local
"urban heat island" effect.
Because nations such as China and India produce so much black carbon,
a new focus on this pollutant could shift control responsibility to the
developing nations. Controlling soot emissions would include developing
more efficient combustion techniques, both for biomass burning and diesel
engines, Bergin added.
The Science report calls into question the accuracy of global
climate change models, which have not considered the effects of black
"This creates some opportunities for climate modelers to revise
their approaches and to add a potentially important anthropogenic climate
forcing agent to their models," said Bergin. "We now have an
opportunity to include more of the important anthropogenic effects. It
could be that there are other feedback cycles in the global climate system
that we don't understand."
Controlling soot could have an impact broader than global climate change.
The tiny particles that appear to be most active in absorbing radiation
are of the size implicated in causing human health effects because they
can lodge deeply in the lungs.
"These health impacts could make it politically much easier for policy-makers to enact the kinds of controls needed," said Bergin. "The control strategy could provide a double-whammy by increasing the health of both human beings and the environment."
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As I write it's cold and blowy. That plus cloud has kept the frosts away. The ground is sodden from the constant rain. As the ABC's Lara Webster reports in Northern New South Wales farmers see their wettest conditions in decades as rain keeps falling, this is the third year in a row of above average rainfall.
It's now hard to remember the previous drought, but the effects are still there. This year's autumn show was much less spectacular than in previous years because the trees are still feeling the impact of the long drought. Many trees died, others carry dead branches, while some have simply fallen over under the impact of rain and wind.


The characteristics of the Troposphere: The atmosphere has a multi-layered structure consisting of the following basic layers. Troposphere, Stratosphere, Mesosphere, Ionosphere, and Exosphere. The word troposphere derives from the Greek word Tropo and it means turbulence or mixing. This is the lowermost layer of the atmosphere and is known as the troposphere and is the most important layer because almost all the weather events ( e.g fog, cloud, due, frost, hailstorm, storms, cloud-thunder, lightning, etc.) occur in this layer. Thus the troposphere is of the utmost significance for all life forms including man because these are concentrated in the lowermost portion of the atmosphere.
Here explains; What are the Characteristics of the Troposphere? Read and learn.
Temperature decreases with increasing height at the average rate of 6.50 C per 1000m (1 kilometer) Which is called a normal lapse rate. The height of the troposphere changes from the equator towards the poles (decreases) and from one season of a year to the other season(increases during summer while decreases during winter). The average height of the troposphere is about 16km over the equator and 6km over the poles. The upper limits of the troposphere are called TROPOPAUSE.
What is the Importance of the Troposphere?
The troposphere provides several important benefits: it holds nearly all of the water vapor in the Earth’s atmosphere, regulates temperature, and produces weather. The troposphere forms the lowest level of the Earth’s atmosphere, extending down to the surface of the Earth. This layer also features the heaviest weight of all Earth atmosphere layers, comprising approximately 75 percent of the total atmospheric weight.
The troposphere varies in thickness and height around the world. At its highest point, the troposphere extends 12 miles into the air. At its lowest point, this layer reaches 4 miles above sea level. Regardless of height, the troposphere facilitates temperature regulation and cloud formation. It contains the highest temperatures closer to its base; these warm temperatures help the troposphere retain water vapor, which releases in the form of precipitation.
The troposphere also serves as the starting point for the Earth’s water cycle. This process begins when the sun pulls water into the atmosphere through evaporation. Water then cools and condenses, forming clouds. Clouds store water particles, which are released in the form of rain, sleet, or snow depending on the time of year and region. The troposphere also traps gases, such as carbon dioxide and nitrogen. Excess accumulation of these substances creates environmental problems, such as smog and air pollution.
Characteristics of the Troposphere:
The following Characteristics below are:
- Most of the weather phenomena take place in this layer. The troposphere contains almost all the water vapor and most of the dust.
- This layer subject to intense mixing due to both horizontal and vertical mixing.
- Temperature decreases with height at an average rate of 10C per 167m of height above sea level. This calls the normal lapse rate.
- The troposphere extends up to a height of about 18km at the equator and declines gradually to a height of 8km at the poles.
- The upper limit of the troposphere calls the tropopause. The temperature stops decreasing in it. It may be as low as -580C.
All-weather changes occur in the troposphere. Since it contains most of the water vapor, clouds form in this layer.


Clean Air Asia is an international NGO established in 2001 as the premier air quality network for Asia by the Asian Development Bank, World Bank and USAID. Our mission is to promote better air quality and livable cities by translating knowledge to policies and actions that reduce air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions from transport, energy and other sectors. Clean Air Asia became an UN-recognized partnership in 2007, our network spanning 261 organizations in 33 countries in Asia and worldwide. We have nine country networks: China, India, Indonesia, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Vietnam, and Malaysia. We are headquartered in Manila and have offices in Beijing and Delhi.


With no major hurricane making landfall yet, the 2013 season is turning out to be the slowest on record.
“We've had a lot of dry air coming into the Atlantic, which has kind of suppressed it a little bit,” says Jill Hasling at Houston's Weather Research Center.
That's no excuse to let our guard down though.
“Waves are starting to be a little bit more active, we've got one coming off of Africa right now,” Hasling tells KTRH News.
The actual peak of hurricane season is September 10, and Ike didn't make landfall until the 13th.
“Its a little too early to write off the hurricane season,” she says. “Remember, if one hits your area then you feel like you've had an active hurricane season.”


vertical wind patterns
For this assignments my partner and I had to research vertical wind patterns and then create a poster depicting how they work.
- What pattern does wind make moving up away from and down to the surface of the Earth?
- The pattern most winds make while moving away from and down to the surface of the Earth is a sort of ring/circular pattern that wraps around a set area of the atmosphere providing that area with specific wind patterns. In the pattern itself the wind cells of an environment either carrie colder air north towards the poles of south depending on the proximity the pattern has to the poles, because of this warmer air goes opposite of the colder air in every pattern.
- What is the atmosphere made of?
- Earths atmosphere is made up of many different types of gasses, of these gasses 78% is Nitrogen, 21% is oxygen, 0.9% is Argon and 0.3% is Carbon Dioxide, while these are not all the gasses they are the ones with the highest concentration. Due to how the organisms have been taking advantage of Earths resources there are many solid particles in the air such as: dust, pollen, plant grains etc.
- How high do the wind cells go?
- Most wind cells, polar wind cells in particular, tend to move vertically through the atmosphere until they hit the troposphere, when they hit the troposphere they go 8 km into it and then turns and follows the pattern south bound towards the Earth.
- What causes wind to move from one place to another?
- Wind movement is a direct byproduct of uneven heating from solar energy. As warm air moves upwards cold air moves down causing the air to move in a ring like pattern.
- What causes high and low pressure in the atmosphere?
- High and low air pressure in the atmosphere is caused by the movement of warm and cold air through the atmosphere, as warm air rises it provides lower pressure at the surface and since cold air sinks it provides higher pressure at the surface.
- Is there wind in different layers of the atmosphere?
- Wind is present in some layers but not all. Mostly present around the troposphere and a little in the Stratosphere.
- What are the names of the different wind cells?
- The names of the different wind cells: Hadley cells, Polar cells and Ferrel cells.


As Storm Caroline approaches, Met Eireann issues warning
Sheetal Sukhija - Wednesday 6th December, 2017
A Status Yellow weather warning was issued for Thursday
Storm Caroline has prompted the Irish national forecaster led warning
The wind warning is issued for Donegal, Galway, Leitrim, Mayo, Sligo, Clare and Kerry
DONEGAL, Ireland - As Storm Caroline approaches, the Irish national forecaster has issued a weather warning for seven counties.
The Met Eireann has issued a status yellow weather warning ahead of the storm, that is set to hit on Thursday.
Storm Caroline, that received its name by the U.K. Met Office, Storm Caroline has prompted the Irish national forecaster to issue a wind warning for Donegal, Galway, Leitrim, Mayo, Sligo, Clare and Kerry.
On Thursday morning, the storm is reportedly expected to pass close to the north coast of Scotland on Thursday morning with strong and blustery winds over Ireland expected to follow.
Met Eireann said that gusts of between 100km/h and 110km/h are expected alongside a forecast for hail, thunder and freezing temperatures.
According to the weather body, the weather warning will be put in place at 3 am on Thursday morning and will remain in place until 8 pm that evening.
Clint Eastwood's The 15:17 to Paris recreates the 2015 Thalys train attack, in which Moroccan-born Ayoub El Khazzani, armed with an assault rifle, a 9mm handgun, and 300 rounds of ammunition, attempted to open fire on a crowded train travelling ...


Nov 27, 2015. | By: Adriana Sánchez and Ana Morales
For more than 20 years representatives from nearly 200 countries meet every December in different cities around the world in search of solutions to a common problem: global warming.
The United Nations Conference on Climate Change in Paris, to be held from November 30th to December 11th, represents a crucial meeting due to it should lead to a new international agreement on climate change applicable worldwide. The main goal: to keep global warming below 2°C. See infographic
Now we will address some key issues of this conference and its main topic, climate change.
It’s called climate change to global weather change on Earth. It is due to natural causes and human activity, it is produced to very different time scales and to wide range of climatic parameters: temperature, precipitation, cloudiness, etc. The “greenhouse effect” refers to the retention of the sun’s heat in the Earth’s atmosphere by a blanket of gases.
According to the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere in 2014 reached 397.7 parts per million (ppm), before the Industrial Revolution was 278 ppm.
he global sea level has risen 17 centimeters in the twentieth century. The sea level rise in the last decade is almost double of last century.
Most of this warming has occurred since 1970, with the warmest 20 years since 1981 and the ten warmest in the last 12 years. Although the minimum is observed between 2007 and 2009, temperatures on Earth continue to increase.
The extent and thickness of Arctic ice and glaciers such as the Andes,Alaska … have declined rapidly in recent decades.
The number of events of extreme heat in the US They have increased, while extreme cold events have decreased since 1950.
Since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, the acidity of ocean surface waters has increased by 30 %. It is the result of the absorption of atmospheric CO2 increased by human emissions which in turn show a temperature increase of 17 ºC since 1969.
The potential impact is enormous, with predictions of lack of drinking water, major changes in the conditions for food production and an increase in mortality rates due to floods, storms, droughts and heat waves. It is not an only environmental but profound economic and social consequences phenomenon.The poorest countries, least equipped to face rapid change,will suffer the worst consequences.
If we continue with the pace of emissions without taking action, the global average temperature will rise between 3.7 and 4.8 degrees by 2100.
Yes, it is definitely possible if we lower our emissions of carbon dioxide using renewable energies. Investments in this type of energy are outperforming non-renewable, that indicates a process that is taking shape, the time to reverse the impact will depend on joint efforts.
The aim of the COP21 is to keep warming below 2°C compared to pre-industrial levels. The future agreement should be responsible for mitigation, that is the effort made to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases. This conference should lead to the adoption of a universal agreement that lays the groundwork for a transition to low-carbon societies and able to cope with the different manifestations of climate change economies.
Another measure is the adaptation, which is to mobilize 100,000 million annually for the most vulnerable countries in order to prepare for climate change.
The EU is committed to a binding protocol sections. However, the administration of EEUU could have problems, as happened with Kyoto, for Congress and the Senate to ratify a legally binding protocol. The EU has already given up the addition of penalties,considering it an element which may deter some countries when signing the agreement.
According to the 2015 Index of low carbon economy by PwC - UK, to analyze the commitments, there are three emerging economies that stand out and are on track to meet their carbon budget, these are Mexico, Korea and South Africa. But other countries like Brazil and Russia have extremely poor commitments. The rest has relatively modest ambitions in relation to what could be done to accelerate the decarbonization of their economies.
To carry out this agreement must be binding, in the sense that commitments are kept and respected. This time, apart from the signs of climate change have increased, it seems to have a greater involvement of the major powers.
If it does not close, or closes a not too ambitious pact does not mean that the fight against climate change is stopped. But definitely without a global agreement, it will be more difficult to guide international cooperation on climate change.
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