Climate change and the scientific method
It really does get tedious to read the various defences of the climate change hypothesis wheeled out by scientific illiterates take the age today with its editorial that “the evidence is in: science gets an f”. All ipcc definitions taken from climate change 2007: the physical climate” the scientific method is basically that method or methods used by scientists to do. View lab report - ag102 sample formal lab report from agr 102 at university of guam climate change and the scientific method name september 1, 2012 8:00pm ag102- introduction to plant science lab. Climate change models and the scientific scientific method using these datasets has been applied in climate science regarding the pronouncements about climate. Spending billions on climate change seems to be a waste especially when converting human food into exotic biofuels i listened to the president preach to an audience that the science is settled yet he said nothing to prove those statements.
Climate alarmism has become the chant of the media and liberals who favor more government regulations as chairman of the house science committee, i have challenged the alarmist rhetoric and pursued the facts about climate change the committee follows the scientific method, which welcomes critiques. This report summarizes and communicates the results of epa’s ongoing climate change the scientific literature a method by which the average change. Climate alarmism has become the chant of the media and liberals who favor more government regulations. The scientific opinion on climate change is the overall judgment among scientists regarding the extent to which and we endorse its method of achieving this.
Are climate sceptics the real champions of the scientific method since climate change came to prominence in 1988, the role of scientific knowledge. Climate change and the scientific method lab climate change and the scientific method hands on labs, inc version 42-0045-00-01 lab report assistant this document is not meant to be a substitute for a formal laboratory report. Policy-makers and the public who are not members of the relevant research community have had to form opinions about the reality of global climate change on the basis of often conflicting descriptions provided by the media regarding the level of scientific certainty attached to studies of climate. Environmentalism more a pseudo-science has become a full blown religion it attempts to use scientific authority while rejecting its proper use.
Professor j scott armstrong says the intergovernmental panel on climate change violates each of the basic criteria of the scientific method. Fewer than 1 percent of papers published in scientific journals follow the scientific method, according to wharton school professor j scott armstrong. Climate change news articles and videos from climate change and the scientific method climate alarmism has become the chant of the media and liberals who. Hello, i am trying to get my head around the scientific method in climate change i know about climate change, as i have done my research i am doing a report about climate change and the conflict between the natural side and the human induced side, and what part the scientific method plays in this.
Climate science: assumptions, policy implications, and the scientific method hearing charter. Hearing- climate science: assumptions, policy implications, and the scientific method yes climate change is real.
Climate change and the scientific method hands on labs, inc version 42-0045-00-01 lab report assistant this document is not meant to be a substitute for a formal laboratory report. Climate alarmists don’t understand basics in the scientific method climate the only defined mechanism by which co2 can affect climate change.
- Recently my colleagues and i announced the discovery of a remarkable planet orbiting a special kind of star known as a pulsar based on the planet’s density, and the likely history of its system, we concluded.
- Diamond planets, climate change and the scientific methodpage 1 of 3 search the conversation uk beta au uk beta 12.
- Climate science and the scientific method they shout that we “know” this or that about climate change, what the planet will be like in 5,000 years, etc.
Unbound, lays out political strategy at crowd of climate change subject of climate change and also on the scientific method. Start studying chapter 12—air pollution, climate change, and ozone to climate change include a natural and healthy part of the scientific method. Partial list of leading scientific organizations endorsing human-induced climate change the rapid change in climate of the past scientific method steers. Do scientists agree about climate change the myth that scientists disagree about the existence of climate change persists because the scientific method is.Get file


Despite the name (winter), it can also be present during the summer. This wind is appreciated by the sailors. As it is a lake breeze, it blows in the late morning or at the beginning of the afternoon, and it goes towards the North part of the Lake. Its formation or its straightening during an unusual time can lead to a weather change, and it becomes the Invernone (the big winter).
It is a wind blowing from East that, through the Val Padana, reaches the Verbano, enhancing the Inverna. It is a very good predictor of the weather change, towards a cloudy sky, sometimes with rainfall.
Marenca o Marenco
It is very rare, it blows only a few times a year, and it can last half a day. It comes from the Gulf of Laveno and it blows hard (even up to 90km/h) towards Intra.
Vento da Nord
This wind blows after a rainfall, usually over the Alpine region, combined with the creation of depression in the Mediterranean region, and with the peak of depression into Central Europe, and the rotation of the winds in the altitude of the North section.
If the airstreams come from Northwest, the wind often blows from the Valle Maggia, but, if it comes from North-Northeast, the presence of the Levantina and the Mesolcina is dominant. This wind blows out of blue, and it lasts for more than a day. It has an irregular intensity, and for this reason, it can be dangerous. When it generates a rise in temperature, it is called Favino.
The name is due to his origin. It comes from North or when storms occur in the Valle Maggia. In this case, strong gusts of wind occur on the Northern part of Luino.
It blows when it comes from the North and goes to the Val Verzasca, then it blows onto the Northern part of the Lake, between the delta of Maggia and the mouth of Ticino.
It occurs when the wind blows from East-Southeast, and from the Monte Cenerino arrives in the Northern part of the Lake, with strong wind gusts, provoking big wawes.
It is rare, it comes from the Ghirindon, and it is accompanied by storms. This wind can be very dangerous because it blows hard gusts from the mountains and perpendicularly towards the Lake.
It's the given name when the Malvaggino and the Montecerino blow at the same time. Harbinger of the storm, this wind is very dangerous because it can bring high and irregular waves, which can exceed one meter of height.
It blows from the Val d'Ossola and crosses the Lake, blowing harder between Baveno and Verbania. From that point, it passes crosswise the Lake towards the Lombard coast near Cerro di Laveno. It is a strong wind (up to 100 km/h), and it comes suddenly, but it lasts no longer than a couple of hours. When it blows at the speed of 8-15 knots, it's called Mergozzino.
When they do not have a particular feature, these are called general breezes from the mountains. From the night to the morning, the Montive come from the mountains or from the valleys with a low strength towards the center of the Lake, and it blows away after one km. They can also have local names.
These name is referring to all the breezes which blow during the day-time near the flat coves, such as Monvalle or Germignaga.
Most of the Montive and Bozzasche have their proper names, that usually derives from their origin, such as quassetta, cannobino. marcuraghina, intragnola, cavandonera, etc.
It is a land's breeze, from the mountain, which blows from the evening till the early morning, going down the slopes towards the Lake. Unlike the Montive, it marks a more intense and general presence on this area.
THE WINDS OF VERBANO


The deep Antarctic air that is expected to sweep across the country this week is bringing very significant weather to many provinces. Here’s the official MetService view of the key weather concerns for the country.
MetService Media and Communications Meteorologist Dan Corbett commented, “While snow will be a major issue for those in the South Island, wind and hail will affect many North Island districts.”
Snow is expected to fall to sea level, or very near it, from Southland to South Canterbury from late Wednesday into Thursday and Friday. The snow level is expected to rise to 200m from about Christchurch northwards. Snow accumulations may reach 1m above 300m for inland parts of Canterbury and South Marlborough. Bitterly cold southeasterlies will bring damaging gusts up to 150km/h for the South Island West Coast, and 130km/h for exposed parts of Marlborough and Nelson. These winds could disrupt travel, and severe wind chill will stress livestock.
The North Island should see snow falling to about 600m from late Thursday into early Saturday, as south to southwest winds become very strong. The developing southerly flow may bring damaging gusts to 130km/h for Wellington and some parts of the Kapiti Coast. Further north, squally showers riding the gale southwesterlies may bring gusts to 120km/h along western shores.
Corbett also commented, “It’s important to note that the weather concerns differ across various major cities.”
Showers, heavy and thundery at times and often laced with hail, are likely to continue well into Friday. Westerlies rise to gale on Thursday with squally gusts reaching 120km/h at times. Very large waves are likely on western shores.
Rain, with some heavy falls Thursday as southerlies rise to 130km/h. Snow about the eastern ranges. Very large waves develop in Cook Strait during Thursday, and may affect coastal roads into Friday.
Snow above 200m, with sleety showers elsewhere. Heavy snow above 300m affecting the Port Hills and Banks Peninsula. Gale southerlies, gusting 100km/h in exposed places and bringing large waves to south facing beaches. Wind chill will be severe.
Snow lowering to sea level, with moderate falls likely about the hill suburbs. Strong gale southerlies gusting 80km/h in exposed places resulting in extreme wind chill.
Conditions around the country are expected to ease during Saturday as this low moves away to the east.
Please stay up to date with the latest official forecasts, watches and warnings on metservice.com or on mobile devices at m.metservice.com. You can also follow our updates on MetService TV, @metservice on Twitter and at blog.metservice.com.
For further information please contact:
Daniel Corbett Media and Communications Meteorologist (04)4700 754
MetService issues Warnings, Watches and Outlooks for severe weather over New Zealand.
Warnings are about taking action:
* When severe weather is imminent or is occurring
* Issued only when required
* Recommendation: ACT
Watches are about being alert:
* When severe weather is possible, but not sufficiently imminent or certain for a Warning to be issued
* Issued only when required
* Recommendation: BE READY
Outlooks are about looking ahead:
* To provide advance information on possible future Watches and/or Warnings
* Issued routinely once or twice a day
* Recommendation: PLAN


$cat /home/rajulocal/.weatherrcAfter that you can get the current weather conditions and forecast by using the weather command.
City = ITHACA
Forecast = True
ID = KITH
St = NY
$weatherWeather uses METAR data that it fetches from the the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and forecasts from the National Weather Service. The list of weather stations and their codes can be obtained from http://www.rap.ucar.edu/weather/surface/stations.txt .
Current conditions at Ithaca Tompkins Regional Airport (KITH)
Last updated Feb 26, 2008 - 05:56 PM EST / 2008.02.26 2256 UTC
Wind: from the WNW (300 degrees) at 3 MPH (3 KT)
Sky conditions: obscured
Weather: light snow; mist
Precipitation last hour: A trace
Temperature: 31.1 F (-0.5 C)
Relative Humidity: 95%
City Forecast for Ithaca, NY
Issued Tuesday afternoon - Feb 26, 2008
Tuesday night... Low 21, 100% chance of precipitation.
Wednesday... Snow showers, high 22, 80% chance of precipitation.
Wednesday night... Low 9, 40% chance of precipitation.
Thursday... Very cold, high 19.
Thursday night... Low 9.
Tested on Debian Etch using
$weather --versionRelated links :-


Nashville Flood – May 2010
If you don’t know, Nashville is experiencing one of the worst floods it has ever seen. The Cumberland river was inundated with water after record rainfalls this past weekend (May 1-2). Nearly 14 inches of rain fell in only 2 days. During that time period, the 12 hour rainfall record was broken, the 24 hour rainfall record was broken and the 48 hour rainfall record was broken. The record rainfall for the month of May was also broken…. in the first 2 days of the month.
I was able to make it downtown to get some photos of (what I certainly hope) is a once in a lifetime event. The Tennessee Titans’ LP field was flooded up to the first couple of rows. Even the Bridgestone Area, where the Nashville Predators play and many concerts are held, was taking on water. The Grand Ole Opry and Oprlyland hotel were flooded. Thousands of homes are destroyed and many people have lost their lives.
It will take a long time for Nashville to fully recover from this disaster….


Visitors watch the paths of high energy charged particles as they are revealed by condensing clouds in this cloud chamber. The main component of the exhibit is a refrigeration unit which keeps the air in the chamber supersaturated with alcohol. High energy charged particles are produced by cosmic rays. These high energy particles ionize the air along their tracks. The ions in the air then act as condensation nuclei for the alcohol. Thus, droplets of alcohol form clouds along the tracks of the charged particles. As the droplets grow they settle out of the chamber, which is then ready for more particles.
For Information About Exhibit Sales:
+1 415-528-4432 (phone)


Right now the winds are still strong (over 40 mph) which is blowing the snow back after it's been cleared. The paths I made and the patio I cleared with the snowblower are completely filled again. While I'm not concerned about the snow (which is about 12" only), I am very concerned about the predicted wind chills of -15 to -25 for tomorrow morning.
just seeing, saying and sharing...
A Snow Cyclone???
with you and those at


In its current implementation, the psychrometric extension of Sigmafine calculates absolute humidity as a function of relative humidity and dry bulb temperature.
This extension implements a method of determining the absolute humidity (H) as the mass of water vapor present per unit mass of dry air at a given temperature and 1 atm. of pressure.
Using this extension makes it easy to estimate condensation and evaporation in unit operations.
- Microsoft .Net Framework 4.5 and above
- PI Asset Framework 2016 and above
- Sigmafine 4.6.8 and above
The psychrometric extension is still under development to include additional capabilities such as: extrapolation to different pressures, dewpoint calculation, relative humidity estimates and enthalpy calculations for air-water vapor mixture.
Contact us for more information.
- Product ID: SF-EXT-THE (for use with Sigmafine)
- Sigmafine License Size: 1 000, 3 000, 6 000, 10 000, 15 000, 20 000 Elements


How is venus the hottest planet?
- Top best answers to the question «How is venus the hottest planet»
- FAQ. Those who are looking for an answer to the question «How is venus the hottest planet?» often ask the following questions
- Your answer
- 20 Related questions
Top best answers to the question «How is venus the hottest planet»
Venus is so hot because it is surrounded by a very thick atmosphere which is about 100 times more massive than our atmosphere here on Earth. As sunlight passes through the atmosphere, it heats up the surface of Venus… The heat becomes trapped and builds up to extremely high temperatures.
Those who are looking for an answer to the question «How is venus the hottest planet?» often ask the following questions:
📢 Why is venus the hottest planet?
As sunlight passes through the atmosphere, it heats up the surface of Venus… The greenhouse effect on Venus causes the temperatures at its surface to reach 864 degrees Fahrenheit (462 degrees Celsius), making Venus the hottest planet in the entire Solar System!
- Is venus the hottest planet in space?
- Why is venus called the hottest planet?
- Why is venus the hottest planet mercury?
📢 Why venus is called hottest planet?
Why Venus is the hottest planet?
- Venus is the hottest planet in our solar system because it is covered by a thick layer of clouds composed of carbon dioxide and other gases, which prevent the heat from the sun from escaping back into outer space.
- Is venus the hottest planet in the world?
- Which is the hottest planet venus or mercury?
- Which planet is the hottest venus or neptune?
📢 How did venus become the hottest planet?
- Venus is the second planet from the Sun and our closest planetary neighbor. Similar in structure and size to Earth, Venus spins slowly in the opposite direction from most planets. Its thick atmosphere traps heat in a runaway greenhouse effect, making it the hottest planet in our solar system with surface temperatures hot enough to melt lead.
- Why is venus hottest planet and not mercury?
- Why is venus the hottest planet but not mercury?
- Why is venus the hottest planet instead of mercury?
We've handpicked 20 related questions for you, similar to «How is venus the hottest planet?» so you can surely find the answer!
What makes venus the hottest planet in the solar system?
- Like its fellow terrestrial planets, Venus has a central core, a rocky mantle and a solid crust. Even though Venus isn't the closest planet to the Sun, it is still the hottest. It has a thick atmosphere full of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide and clouds made of sulfuric acid. The atmosphere traps heat and keeps Venus toasty warm.
Why is venus the hottest planet in our solar system?
- This greenhouse effect means that the heat Venus receives from the sun gets trapped, whereas, on Mercury, there is nothing to trap the heat and so more heat can escape naturally from the planet. This results in Venus becoming hotter overall and earning its reputation as the hottest planet in our solar system.
Why is venus the hottest planet in the solar system?
- How Hot is Venus? Although it is the second planet from the sun, Venus is the hottest planet in the solar system. The reason Venus is hotter than even Mercury is not because of its position in the solar system but because of its thick, dense cloud layer.
Why does venus is the hottest planet in the solar system?
Even though Mercury is closer to the Sun, Venus is the hottest planet in our solar system. Its thick atmosphere is full of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide, and it has clouds of sulfuric acid. The atmosphere traps heat, making it feel like a furnace on the surface. It's so hot on Venus, the metal lead would melt.
What is the hottest planet in the solar system earth venus uranus?
Why is mercury the closest planet to the sun but venus is the hottest?
Mercury has a led core and Venus has a thicker atmosphere, which keeps more heat in.
Why venus is considered as the brightest and the hottest planet in solar system?
Because it is the brightest and it is the hottest
Is venus one of the hottest planets?
Venus is the exception, as its proximity to the Sun and dense atmosphere make it our solar system's hottest planet.
What is the hottest temperature on venus?
880°FVenus - 880°F (471°C)
All about planet venus?
Venus is the second planet from the Sun. It orbits the Sun once every 225 days and makes one rotation on its axis every 243 days. This makes one day on Venus longer than one year.
Is planet venus cold?
No. Venus is very hot, with temperatures around 850 degrees Fahrenheit.
Is venus a planet?
Yes, Venus is a planet . It is the second planet from Sun.
Planet venus' general appearance?
it is red, medium sized and VERY HOT. JUJU
Venus' the planet landform?
what is venus's landform i don't know i need it for a science project
Who discovered planet venus?
No one knows who actually discovered Venus, since it always has been visible from Earth. Sumerian and Babylonian astrologers are credited with being the first to give the planet the name Venus.
Who named planet venus?
The ancient Roman people named the planet Venus. The planet was named after the goddess of the same name.
Is the planet venus bigger than planet earth?
- Earth is bigger as compared to Venus. Venus is smaller as compared to Earth. The atmosphere found in planet Earth is contained mostly of nitrogen and oxygen. The atmosphere of planet is primarily comprised of carbon dioxide. Earth rotates counter clockwise on its axis. Venus rotates clockwise on its axis.
Is the planet venus the most gaseous planet?
- Different planets have different composition of gases among them but some of planets are completely made up of gases or gaseous particles. There are five planets which are regarded as the most gaseous planets in the solar system. These planets include Jupiter, Saturn, Venus, Neptune and Uranus .
Is venus a planet or a dwarf planet?
Venus is a planet.
Is venus a small planet or giant planet?
its not small but its not too big!


According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), indoor air contains 2 to 5 times more pollutants than outdoor air.
The EPA ranks indoor air pollutants among the top five environmental risks to public health.
Failure to maintain the indoor air free from pollutants may lead to serious short-term and long-term health disorders; therefore it is essential to maintain the quality of indoor air by installing air filter systems in homes, offices, schools etc.
Modern houses, offices, and schools are insulated to make them energy efficient and prevent the loss of heat during cold weather. This energy efficiency comes at the cost of fresh and healthy air.
An average American spends 90% of their time indoors and chronic exposure to air pollutants can lead to serious respiratory diseases in the long run. One way to reduce the health risks is to install home air filters that can keep the air you breathe indoors clean, healthy, and fresh.
There are many health and economic benefits of installing an air filter in your home. Let’s take a look at them.
The indoor air contains dust particles, which settle down on the furniture and makes it look dirty and dusty. Dust particles are relatively larger in size than other air pollutants and therefore, they can be efficiently removed by all types of home air filters.
Increased Work Productivity
Polluted indoor environment leads to health problems and can decrease the productivity of employees and children at school. Good quality indoor air is essential to create a healthy learning environment for students at schools and colleges. Maintaining the quality of air by installing air filters also leads to increased productivity of employees.
Healthy Indoor Air
Air inside homes contains pollutants like molds, pet dander, bacteria, pollen, etc. which can cause different respiratory diseases and allergy. Highly efficient air filters are able to remove around 99% of the air pollutants, creating an almost pollutant free indoor environment.
Schools tend to contain more air pollutants than homes and offices because they have more occupants than any other building of the same capacity. Also, children breathe a greater volume of air relative to their body weight and therefore they are more susceptible to indoor air pollution.
Installing air filters at schools improves students’ health and contributes to their learning journey.
Toxin Free Environment
Indoor air may contain pollutants from toxic sources like kerosene, pesticides, tobacco products, asbestos containing insulation, household cleaning products, etc. These toxic pollutants are very hazardous to health and can cause life threatening diseases.
Highly efficient home air filters can remove the vapors and fumes of these toxic substances, making the environment safe and healthy.
Clean Air Services is a premier air filter provider in Tampa. We specialize in different types of air filter products and services for residential and commercial use. We offer cost-effective and highly efficient air filters for your homes and offices. We have best paint spray booth air filters from Filtrair.
If you are interested in creating a healthier and cleaner environment for your home or business, you can give us a call at 1-813-237-6826.


Sources, sinks, and subsidies of carbon within coastal saltmarsh habitats
To improve our understanding of what the sources of organic carbon are for Scottish saltmarshes, and their fates once accreted. This will contribute to work to include saltmarshes in the UK’s Greenhouse Gas Inventory and identify how they cycle carbon and fit into the global carbon cycle.
- Use extensive fieldwork and a range of complementary methods (such as bulk δ13C and 14C) to determine what the relative contributions of different sources of organic carbon are to saltmarshes in varying environments.
- Determine which of these sources are primarily degrading, and which are contributing to the long-term carbon store.
- Use a novel method for 14C analysis of CO2 and CH4 emitted from saltmarshes.
Email: [email protected]


|SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA-(26-12-2004) The Bureau of Meteorology has given a belated Christmas present to the skippers and crews of the 116 yachts starting the 60th Anniversary Rolex Sydney Hobart Yacht Race at 1:10pm this afternoon.
The heavy weather conditions they had been warned about in the preliminary forecast on Christmas Eve appear to have eased, though there are still two south-westerly fronts headed towards Bass Strait and for most of the fleet it will still be a rough, uncomfortable sail for much of the race.
At the final pre-race weather briefing this morning, the Bureau told the skippers that they can expect to start in a light north-easterly sea breeze on the harbour, followed by a fast spinnaker run down the New South Wales coast in the strengthening breeze.
Early Monday morning the front runners will sail into the first southerly front a little earlier than expected, the change due at Ulladulla around 9.00am, with winds expected to reach 15 to 25 knots and freshening to 25-35 knots over the course of Monday and Tuesday. Offshore, conditions will be more testing with winds peaking at 40 knots and 4-6 metre seas.
Even though the peak wind speed has been reduced “…it is still going to be cold, windy and miserable,” said Peter Dunda from the Bureau, with the forecast still for showery squalls and cold temperatures out in the Tasman Sea.
The updated forecast means that the prospects for the bigger boats also winning on handicap have lessened, with the race now wide open to decide the Overall winner of the Tattersalls Cup. In fact, any one of 20 boats could be the Overall winner of this 60th anniversary race.
Expect the super maxis to be ahead of Nokia’s 1999 race record schedule by tonight but when they hit the ‘brick wall’ of the southerly front tomorrow, the record should stay safe for another year.


Thesis statement against global warming
Please include your IP address in your email. Global warming is a complex problem that often sparks policy debates. When writing about it, stick thesis statement against global warming the facts and make sure that your thesis statement - the central assertion of your essay - is supported by research. Some global warming topics have produced extensive research worldwide and can serve as topical guides in formulating your thesis statement.
The causes of global warming are complex, including natural and man-made emissions of carbon dioxide and methane. Use your thesis to highlight the difference between natural sources and man-made sources. For example, according to the Environmental Protection Agency, carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere have risen from 280 parts per million in the 18th century to 390 parts per million in 2010. Human activities release more than 30 billion tons of carbon dioxide each year, or 135 times as much as warminb.
It depends, what is your essay writing for media. This rising temperature is largely attributed to human activities and coincided with the massive industrialization of the tsatement century. This is expected to increase exponentially within the coming statemennt, with estimates ranging from an average increase of 1.1C to .4C, although there is no consensus among scientists regarding thesis statement against global warming figure. Ok, so I have a speech class, and in a debate, Glonal on the side AGAINST global warming, not on the side for it.
I have to give a speech on why its NOT happening. I have all the info and everything, I have done tons of research. I just need a good thesis. The teacher said it has to be a thesis being in the form of. show more Ok, so I have a speech class, and in a debate, Im on the side AGAINST global warming, not on the side for it. The planet has warmed (and cooled) many times during the 4.5 billion years of it s history. At present Earth appears to be facing thesis statement against global warming rapid warming, which most scientists believe results, at least in part, from human activities.
The chief sarming of this warming is thought to be thessis burning of againwt fuels, such as coal, oil, and natural gas, watming releases into the atmosphere carbon dioxide and other substances known as greenhouse gases.


At least 250 people have died in 6 southern states as a string of vicious tornadoes leveled property and left a swath of destruction in their path. Alabama was the hardest hit of the states with at least 162 confirmed fatalities. Governor Robert Bentley said, “We had a major catastrophic event.” Tornadoes also caused fatalities in Mississippi, Tennessee, Georgia, Virginia and Kentucky. Each of the states affected has declared a state of emergency.
The tornadoes moved in rapidly and devastated urban areas like Tuscaloosa, Alabama. Residents had little time to flee or prepare for the storms. The National Weather Service said it received reports of 137 tornadoes from the storm. An estimated 1 million people are without power and several hundred people were injured in the storm. A nuclear power plant was shut down in the aftermath of the storm.
Residents produced some absolutely incredible and terrifying videos of the disaster. In this clip, an obviously terrified videographer records as the tornado tears up trees in a nearby parking lot.
Entire neighborhoods were destroyed by the tornadoes.
Here’s video from storm chasers of four different tornadoes that touched down during the storms.
You can see how terrified the newscasters are as they report the storm live. The weatherman is clearly in shock and trying to keep it together.
This photo just captures the sheer size of one of the storms.
In this footage (posted by the AP), you get a real sense of just how wide these storms were.
Look at the sheer size of the storm as it approaches. Also, note that it is right downtown, in a highly populated area.
This video was shot from inside a car during the storms. You can see just how large the storm is and watch as it jumps across the highway.
I have no idea why anyone would be outside when they can see this so close to them.
This photo is perhaps most shocking of them all. The tornado is just tearing about an urban area.
Will update as new images/ videos become available.


Schools have been ordered to remain closed for the safety of children in many districts of Uttar Pradesh due to heavy rains. These include districts like Noida, Lucknow, Aligarh, Kanpur, Sitapur, Bahraich.
Rains wreak havoc in Delhi-NCR, UP. Many districts of Uttar Pradesh are receiving continuous rain. 16 people were reported to have died in separate accidents from Wednesday night to Thursday afternoon due to rain. Etawah had the highest number of deaths at 10.
According to reports, one person died in Mainapuri, three in Firozabad and two in Kasganj due to rain and rain-related incidents. Chief Minister Yogi Adityanath expressed grief over the death in the rain-related incident. He directed the officials to provide proper treatment to the injured.
On the other hand, schools have been ordered to remain closed in many districts of Uttar Pradesh for the safety of children due to heavy rains. These include districts like Noida, Lucknow, Aligarh, Kanpur, Sitapur, Bahraich.
Chance of heavy rain for next 2 days
According to India Meteorological Department, heavy rain is likely in many districts of Uttar Pradesh for the next two days. The IMD has issued an alert for UP till September 25. Officials of the Meteorological Department say that heavy rainfall may occur in Uttar Pradesh during the ongoing monsoon.
Farmers are worried
Farmers fear possible loss of paddy crops due to incessant rains. Vegetable crops were also damaged. Due to the increase in the price of vegetables in the market, there will be an additional burden on the common people due to the loss of vegetable crops.


Yes there are UV rays at night but at very low intensities. So, if you are planning on getting a sun tan that almost certainly is impossible at night.
Below we will go into more detail on UV rays at night and other factors such as if moonlight is a UV light.
Explaining UV Rays at Night
As there is no direct sunlight at nighttime the vast majority of UV rays are gone at night though there can still be a small amount of UV even at night.
One of the ways you can get a little UV at night is from UV rays that are reflected by our atmosphere. What that basically means is some UV rays are reflected back into space by the Ozone layer.
What also can happen is some UV rays reach earth and are absorbed by the ground, though there are some which are reflected back into the atmosphere and then basically they reflected back again to the ground.
In the early part of the night the process is more likely but the longer the night goes the less this will have an effect. It’s also worth mentioning that these reflected rays are much less intense than the rays when they first arrived.
Sometimes also what can happen is the moon giving UV light. This sometimes leads to the question is the moon a UV light?
Well, no moon itself does not emit any UV light and is not a UV light. But at night the sun can light up the moon making it appear bright. A somewhat similar process then happens where some UV light is reflected off the moon and to earth at nighttime. Admittedly it is very low but there is still a very small amount of UV.
What Time of Day Do UV Rays Stop?
Technically UV rays do not stop at all but go to an extremely low level at night-time. This is typically at least an hour after the sun sets. If we were rounding the UV index at night it would always be 0 as the amount would almost always be very little.
Are There UV Rays After Sunset?
Yes, there are UV rays after sunset. The UV rays will be low even at the start of sunset, and as time passes after sunset their levels will drop even more.
Why is There No UV Light at Night?
There is a very small amount of UV light at night-time though the amount is almost negligible. The reason for this is because the sunlight rays are no longer reaching the surface of earth at night-time and the sun is the primary source of UV rays on earth.


We are having the most amazing and perfect weather this weekend.
Normally in Virginia in July we have temperatures in the upper 80s to even as high as 100. The air can be so muggy that your clothes stick to you just on the walk from the air conditioned house to the air conditioned car. It's miserable when it's like this, but it helps us appreciate the crisp fall air all that much more.
So far this summer, it hasn't been that bad -- only a few truly hot days here and there. The humidity hasn't been as soul-sucking as usual.
And this weekend, we've had high temps of only 78 with nighttime lows in the upper 50s. Virtually no humidity either. It's just absolutely perfect. I enjoyed it today by sitting on the screened porch and reading the Sunday paper.
Perfect in every way and I wish it would stay until about October.


Weather and Climate of India
India hosts a much diversified weather condition and you must have a proper planning on best time to visit and embark on any India trips. The most powerful time is during rainy season that starts during the month of June at southern India and slowly make its way towards northern India till the month of August. Monsoon is at its peak especially around forested areas of north western India.
After the month of September, the monsoon usually leaves from north and it takes further few months to disappear from far southern region. Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh at east coast and Kerala at South coast gets second monsoon between October and December when retreating monsoon sweeps from Bay of Bengal. However, by the end of December, most of the areas are blessed with clear and un-obstructive sky views. During the mid winter, we can see the most varied temperature in northern and southern India. For example, in Delhi, temperature is quite chilly due to cool Himalayan wind blowing from north and there will still be few signs of monsoon and bright humid conditions at southern Tamil and Kerala regions.
Therefore, the best time to visit India would be during cool season from late October to early April. The popular golden triangle tour and visit to other sites are ideal during this time. Also if you are planning toward Southern India then join between January and March. If you need any further weather and climate information about visiting India then Contact us now. We ensure you will have a great time while visiting India.


Assessment of air pollution level in Sonbhadra district using air quality index
Keywords:Air pollution, air quality index, exceedance factor, N.A.M.P, environmental degradation
Air pollution constitutes the most significant issue affecting India. A multitude of individuals are experiencing various ailments as a direct consequence of air pollution. The Air Quality Index (AQI) is employed as a means to report the state of air pollution, providing a daily assessment of air quality. The examination of air quality serves the purpose of assessing the atmospheric condition in a given location. To facilitate this, the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) has established monitoring centers in two areas within the Sonbhadra district, namely Annpara colony and Renusagar colony. A comprehensive investigation spanning six years (2017-2022) has been conducted for the Sonbhadra district, examining the annual and seasonal fluctuations in the Air Quality Index. The data utilized for this analysis was obtained from CPCB and enabled the calculation of annual figures by determining the average mean. Moreover, the pollution situation in the city was evaluated using the exceedance factor (EF). The examination of these figures reveals that the city exhibits a higher concentration of PM 10 pollutants. Conversely, the levels of NO2 and SO2 are relatively well-regulated. Notably, the year 2018 was marked by the highest levels of pollution, while 2020 witnessed the lowest pollution levels. These findings suggest that the pollution prevention measures implemented in the city over the years have been effective.


United Airlines, Air Canada, WestJet, US Airlines and Delta scrapped flights between Ottawa and destinations such as New York, Newark, Washington and Philadelphia, according to the Ottawa International Airport Authority’s website. Porter Airlines also cancelled flights to Toronto’s Island Airport.
That’s on top of the more than 70 flights cancelled Monday.
Southern Ontario is expected to bear the brunt of the storm today, with powerful winds being more of a concern for forecasters than the rain. Tens of thousands of customers lost their electricity in both Ontario and Quebec.
A wind warning has been lifted for Ottawa, where Environment Canada predicted gusts of up to 50 km/h on Tuesday.
-With a report by the Canadian Press


Over the past two decades, scientific understanding and modeling of the climate has improved immensely. However, significant uncertainties remain. Chief among these are the representation of convection (clouds and precipitation) and vegetation’s physiological reaction to water stress.
Convection is poorly characterized in numerical models, especially regarding its frequency and intensity. The so-called “cumulus parameterization problem” continues to plague climate and weather model development and, more fundamentally, limits understanding and prediction of phenomena such as monsoons, El Niño and many others.
In addition, many numerical models predict a peak of photosynthesis and evapotranspiration in the wet season in wet tropical forests; however, observation shows the opposite to be true. Without a correct model of photosynthesis and evapotranspiration, we are unable to predict changes in the tropical carbon and hydrologic cycles. Given that tropical forests are the “lungs of the planet,” providing its main CO2 sink, they are thus a key piece of the human-caused climate change puzzle; understanding and predicting their fate is critical to our future, and the failure to properly model their dynamics represents a major gap in much-needed understanding.
The erroneous representation of the continental hydrological cycle arises from 1) the inaccurate timing of radiation and precipitation at the surface and 2) our inability to represent the physiological response of plants to water stress.
To address the first challenge, Columbia Water Center researchers used a probabilistic approach of turbulence and cloud modeling that will result in improved predictions and correction of most observed precipitation biases (frequency/intensity), compared to conventional deterministic models of convection. This work will help better predict rainfall across multiple temporal and spatial scales, and most importantly help better simulate how a changing cloud cover affects (forces) rainfall and radiation at the Earth’s surface. Results of this research were published in three papers in the Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences.
In addition to obtaining the correct surface forcing, the CWC research group is now working to improve the scientific description of how plants react to water stress, which in turn will help accurately predict the continental patterns of the hydrologic cycle. The team’s new, physiologically-based water stress model will accurately simulate the way plants redistribute water in the soil—a fundamental change from current ad-hoc representations of vegetation water stress. Starting from first principals, the new model is based on the simple fact that water flows from high to low moisture regions. Preliminary results are promising, replicating the observed way that plants use near-surface water in the wet season and deeper soil moisture from groundwater in the dry season. As a result, estimates of carbon and water fluxes are drastically improved and exhibit correct seasonality and response to water stress. These improvements are essential to better predict ecosystems’ response to droughts and climate extremes, which are likely to become more frequent under climate change. In the tropics, this understanding will be key to determining whether tropical forests remain CO2 sinks in the future or if droughts transform these forests into sources of CO2, leading to further increases of atmospheric CO2 concentration.
Finally, the team is constraining and validating its models through new applications of global satellite remote sensing. Using cutting-edge, machine-learning tools, the group is developing new algorithms to observe vegetation water stress, soil moisture and precipitation. Combined with data assimilation, this innovative approach can improve predictions and refine model parameters globally.
All together, this research holds the promise of pushing fundamental advances in the scientific representation and prediction of weather and climate forecasting, as well as the future of state of carbon in the atmosphere.Today, the most up-to-date climate models provide a valuable but still limited understanding of climate system processes. New Columbia Water Center research, however, could spark fundamental advances in our ability to comprehend the complexities of climate by using probabilistic cloud modeling to properly characterize precipitation and solar radiation, and by developing a realistic representation of how plants respond to water stress.


As supercomputers become more powerful, the climate of the future becomes more and more precise. In this case, it is the climate of Europe and the North Atlantic, recently elucidated by a new high-resolution model powered by supercomputers and managed by scientists at the Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC) in collaboration with the Met British Office.
“IPCC [Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] models predict a likely increase in winter precipitation over northern Europe under a high emission scenario, ”reads the article, published in the May issue of Environmental research letters. “These projections, however, are generally based on relatively coarse resolution models of around 100 km that can distort important processes that cause precipitation, such as extratropical cyclone activity and ocean eddies.”
The climate model of these researchers, on the other hand, was a “pioneer” atmospheric model operating at a resolution of 50 km coupled with a similar high-resolution ocean model. To run this intensive model, the researchers used the Barcelona Supercomputing Center’s internal supercomputer: specifically, its MareNostrum 4 supercomputer, which delivers 6.5 Linpack petaflops and ranks 42nd on the most recent Top500 list (but soon to be upgraded). up to date).
The result: “[the] The model… projects a significantly larger increase in winter precipitation over northwestern Europe by mid-century than the lower resolution configurations. For this increase, the highest resolutions of the oceanic and atmospheric models are essential … all recent IPCC climate projections using traditional models with a resolution of around 100 km could underestimate the increase in precipitation in Europe in winter and, therefore, the potential risks associated.
IPCC reports are generally the gold standard for climate research and are used to guide policy around the world for years after publication. For the BCS researchers, the stark differences between their results and those published by the IPCC are grounds for serious reconsideration.
“These models present a quantitatively different future than traditional models suggest, with regions like the Gulf Stream experiencing extraordinary warming,” said Pablo Ortega, co-head of BSC’s climate forecasting group. “But more importantly, they also anticipate significant changes in the behavior of ocean circulation with implications for the weather conditions we experience in our daily lives.”
The cause of the predicted increase in precipitation, of course, was the predicted 7 ° C warming by 2050 (using a mid-20th century benchmark). “Such warming is at the root of all the changes in precipitation that we see in Europe,” said Eduardo Moreno-Chamarro, researcher in BSC’s climate prediction group and lead author of the study. “Warming pumps heat from the ocean to the atmosphere, promoting the formation of low pressure systems over the North Atlantic. These lows are ultimately responsible for the increased precipitation over northwestern Europe. “
To learn more, read the article here.


Weather and climate play an important role in air quality, which in turn impacts our health. As if the frosty winter weather weren’t bad enough, air quality also declines along with the temperature, especially indoors. Our desire to hunker down during cold winter months means our homes need air purifiers and potentially even radon services in Des Moines, IA.
Pollution seems worse in the winter because of the cold. Stagnant air and cold temperatures mean pollutants stay nearer to the ground where they were emitted. During warmer temperatures, the warm ground-level air rises easily and carries the pollutants into the atmosphere.
During a temperature inversion, a layer of cold air is trapped under a layer of warm air. The warm air acts as a barrier so pollutants like carbon monoxide remain near the ground and reach unhealthy levels. Inversion layers often form on clear and calm nights because the ground cools rapidly.
One way that nature remedies these temperature inversions is with storms. Wind, rain and snowstorms help blow, rinse or otherwise clear these pollutants from the area.
Manmade pollution in winter
Chestnuts roasting on an open fire? Sounds like a magical holiday, but the increased usage of fireplaces and wood stoves mean higher levels of particulate matter in the air. Particulate matter includes dirt, dust, soot and salt. This causes breathing problems for people both inside and outside the house making the fire.
During the winter it’s a lot harder for some commuters to maintain their green lifestyle, meaning they swap out walking or biking to work in favor of driving their cars. Additionally, the need to warm up the car in the morning and the reluctance to get out of the car in freezing temperatures means more cars are idling for longer and emitting more carbon monoxide. As with fires, cars also release particulate matter.
Indoor air quality in winter
Outdoor pollutants aren’t the only concern during winter. Indoor air quality is important to monitor in winter because more people are spending time inside. Good ventilation is key to maintaining good indoor air quality; without it, carbon dioxide levels can rise dangerously high, causing headaches and fatigue.
Low humidity is another winter air quality issue that is harmful to you and your family. Because cold air can’t hold much water vapor, the air becomes much drier. Low indoor humidity can cause issues like dry skin and nosebleeds. It can also damage wooden furniture and hardwood floors.
You can combat poor indoor air quality in winter by keeping your ventilation systems and fireplaces well cleaned and maintained. If you’re able, open windows occasionally for short periods to allow fresh air inside. If you’re feeling up to it, grab your warmest coat and enjoy a quick stroll in the crisp air, as outdoor air quality is often better than indoor air quality in winter.
Investing in quality ventilation systems and air cleaners will help your home stay safe and comfortable throughout the cold winter months.
At Sir Build-a-Lot, we understand how important it is to improve indoor air quality in your home, especially during winter. Our air purifiers and radon services in Des Moines, IA will protect you and your family all winter long. For a consultation on our air ventilation systems, contact us today.


Blog page content.
Coupling Metrics Toolkit
Simple Weather App
|#||Chapter Title||Book Title||Year|
|1||Convective Initiation in Climate Models using the Heated Condensation Framework||Current trends in the Representation of Physical Processes in Weather and Climate Models||2018|
Building convection from the ground up, CGD Seminar Series, Boulder, Colorado (2017)
Land Cover and Convection, CESM Workshop and Tutorial Specialized Talk, Boulder, Colorado, (2017)
Land surface initialization: Impact on forecasts and current models, CESM Annual Workshop, Boulder, Colorado, (2017)
Dynamic Scale Awareness: Switching parameterized convection on at the right time, American Meteorological Society Annual Meeting, Seattle, Washington, (2017)
When does the land surface matter? Surface-Convection Feedbacks and Models, CGD Seminar Series, Boulder, Colorado, (2016)
Isolating the Impact of Local and Large-Scale Forcings on Surface Triggered Convection, American Meteorological Society, Annual Meeting 2014, Atlanta, Georgia (2014)
Testing land cover change effects on convection in the real world without cutting down a tree, AGU Annual Meeting, New Orleans, Louisiana, (2017)
LoCo Updates and Perspectives, GLASS Panel Meeting, Tokyo, Japan, (2017)
Convection and Land Cover Change: Interpretation, gaps, and moving forward, Hydrology delivers Earth Sciences to Society 4, Tokyo, Japan, (2017)
Know Your Forcing: Extracting land-atmosphere feedback information from offline simulations, CESM Annual Workshop, Breckenridge, (2016)
Tracking land-atmosphere coupling in CESM, Mini Breckenridge Meeting, Boulder, Colorado (2016)
Observed Local Soil Moisture-Atmosphere Feedbacks within the Context of Remote SST Anomalies: Lessons from recent droughts, American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting, San Francisco, California (2015)
Land-Atmosphere Feedbacks: A Local Look at How Droughts Deepen, Climate and Global Dynamics Seminar Series, Boulder, Colorado (2015)
Land-Atmosphere feedback lessons learned from seasonal drought, George Mason University Departmental Seminar, Fairfax, Virginia (2015)
Assessment of land-atmosphere coupling in CAM-CLM, CESM Annual Workshop, Breckenridge, Colorado (2015)
A new sub-grid convective initiation scheme, Atmosphere Working Group Meeting, Boulder, Colorado (2015)
Rethinking convective initiation and implications for land-atmosphere feedbacks, North Carolina State University Brown Bag Seminar, Raleigh, North Carolina (2015)
A new sub-grid convective initiation parameterization, American Meteorological Society Annual Meeting, Phoenix, Arizona (2015)
Soil moisture-convection coupling against the backdrop of global oscillations, American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting, San Francisco, California (2014)
Daily coupling and predicting convective initiation, World Weather Open Science Conference, Montreal, Canada (2014)
How land-convection interactions produce different diurnal cycles and mean conditions: A coupled problem, Land Model Working Group Meeting 2014, Boulder, Colorado (2014)
Description and practical applications of the Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature (MEGAN), Community Land Model Tutorial Workshop 2014, Boulder, Colorado (2014)
Separating the Impact of Local and Large-scale Forcings on Soil Moisture-Precipitation Coupling, American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2013, San Francisco, California (2013)
When is the Land Surface Important for Triggering Convection? George Mason University, Workshop on Land Surface Modeling in Support of NWP and Sub-Seasonal Climate Prediction, Fairfax, Virginia (2013)
Can We Separate Local from Large-scale Forcing for Moist Convection?, UK Met Office, Global Land/Atmosphere System Study, Exeter, United Kingdom (2013)
Evaluation of Land-Atmosphere Coupling Processes in High-Resolution Simulations, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Land Model Working Group Meeting, Boulder, Colorado (2013)
The Intersection between Climate and Ozone Air Quality: Applying a Coupled-System Framework, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia (2013)
Connecting Clime and Air Quality through Soil Moisture-Atmosphere Feedbacks, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois (2012)
Cold Season Feedbacks and Insights into Coupling from Near-Surface Ozone Chemistry, Center for Ocean-Land-Atmosphere Studies, Beltsville, Maryland (2012)
Connecting Clime and Air Quality through Soil Moisture-Atmosphere Interactions, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Palisades, New York June (2012)
The Effects of Soil Moisture-Atmosphere Feedbacks on Ground-Level Ozone, Workshop on Theory and Regional Climate Modeling, Trieste, Italy (2012)
Understanding the Model Ozone Bias over the Southeastern U.S.: The Role of Soil Moisture and Regional Climate, EOS Trans. AGU, Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract, A13K-08, (2011)
A Climate-Air Quality Connection: Soil Moisture Controls on Isoprene and Ozone, Egyptian Meteorological Authority, Cairo, Egypt, (2011)
Regional Climate over Egypt, Chemistry-Climate Feedbacks on Egypt and the Nile River Basin Workshop, Cairo, Egypt, (2011)
A Climate-Air Quality Connection: Soil Moisture Controls on Isoprene and Ozone, Chemistry-Climate Feedbacks on Egypt and the Nile River Basin Workshop, Cairo, Egypt (2011)
Biogenic VOC Emissions and there Effects on Ozone, Chemistry-Climate Feedbacks on Egypt and the Nile River Basin Workshop, Cairo, Egypt, (2011)
Implementation of CLM into RegCM: What’s new and how to use it, Workshop on Theory and Regional Climate Modeling, Trieste, Italy (2010)
From Land Surface to Atmospheric Chemistry: Implementation of CLM and several Gas Phase Chemistry Mechanisms into RegCM, International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Trieste Italy (2009)
Implementation of Biogenic VOC Emissions Model, Chemistry-Climate Feedbacks on Egypt and the Nile River Basin Workshop, Trieste, Italy (2009)
Feb 2018 – Current
Senior Data Scientist
Voith Digital Ventures
I explore and analyze various types of real-time IoT data derived from industrial manufacturing and energy production.
- Created our internal analytics engine from scratch used to produce malfunction reports for hydroelectric power plants.
- Developed several new algorithms taking cutting-edge peer-reviewed papers and turning them into useable code, specifically the thousand brains theory, a Bayesian isolation forests, and an efficient binned Gaussian mixture model
- Served as advanced analytics expert to the North American Sales team separating promising tech from hype.
- Performed anomaly detection and prediction on high-temporal frequency IIoT acoustic and operational data to help inform industrial machine operators when failures may occur and why (root-cause analysis)
- Rapidly prototyped advanced analytics solutions for hydroelectric, locomotive systems, and industrial engines oftentimes creating simple dashboards and tools for non-technical domain experts
Jan 2015 – Feb 2018
National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR)
- My work largely focuses on land-atmosphere interactions specifically trying to understand when, where, and how the surface influences moist convection. The goal is then to apply that knowledge to improve the character of the afternoon convection in models and ultimately improve seasonal forecasts and beyond.
- Executed long-term global climate simulations on multi-processor super computing systems, routinely managing and
analyzing 10-50 TB of data.
- Designed and programmed several open-source software packages designed for expediting the use of the most state-of-the-art climate and weather research practices (www.coupling-metrics.com; www.github.com/abtawfik/coupling-metrics; the Local Land-Atmosphere Coupling Data Dashboard, the Single Column Boundary Layer Model).
- Created and implemented a new parameterization in a global climate model to realistically represent unresolved convective physical processes (www.github.com/abtawfik/CESM_1.2.2_Subgrid_Triggering).
- Severed on the United Nations World Meteorological Organization Global Energy and Water Exchange working group for local land-atmosphere coupling to outline strategies for better predicting water resources and the water cycle
Aug 2012 – Jan 2015
George Mason University
- Developed a new framework for exploring and describing cloud initiation that uses existing standard observed data.
- Explored the connection between surface moisture and where and when cumulus clouds form
Atmospheric Science, PhD
University of Michigan
I studied atmospheric science and completed a thesis on the non-linear feedbacks between soil moisture, vegetation, biogenic volatile organic compounds, gas phase chemistry, and precipitation.
Atmospheric Science, Masters
University of Michigan
I got my Master Degree in atmospheric science studying atmospheric chemistry, planetary atmospheres, fluid dynamics, and computational dynamics.
Meteorology, Bachelors of Science
North Carolina State University
I studied Meteorology with a minor in physics that included thermodynamics, atmospheric dynamics, differential equations, and general and special relativity.
Marine Science, Bachelors of Science
North Carolina State University
I studied Marine Science taking classes in chemical and physical oceanography.


The coldest weather of the season will give Wichita a hearty case of the chills today, forecasters say.
Highs will not climb out of the 30s and north winds will be gusty, approaching 25 miles an hour at times. Those winds will ease to the single digits by afternoon, however.
Overnight lows tonight will drop to the low 20s again under partly cloudy skies, and Wednesday should be warmer. Highs could approach 50 with sunny skies, forecasters say. Winds, which are likely to shift to the south during Wednesday’s early hours, are expected to top 30 miles an hour in gusts.
For more information on current conditions, go to our weather page.


Air pollution from vehicles has been a significant problem in the US for quite a long time. Although the US has made significant strides in terms of inventions and technological advancement to combat this kind of pollution, it is not yet there.
The government has not been left behind in this as it has set several regulations to control air pollution from not only from vehicles but also other sources. In this article, we will discuss the Motor Vehicle Air Pollution Control Act aimed at controlling air pollution from vehicles.
The motor vehicle air pollution control act is an establishment with set minimum standards that control the emission of air pollutants from motor vehicles, particularly those powered by gasoline. The act was built from an amendment that was done on the US Clean Air Act of 1963. It was first implemented on the 1968 vehicle models when it first set federal standards to control air pollution.
These standards were set to ensure that the air was cleaner through reduced emissions from gasoline-powered vehicles.
The 1963 standards were to reduce emission as follows:
• Crankcase hydrocarbons- 100%
• Carbon monoxide-56%
The motor vehicle air act did not apply to all regions until 1970, when it became multistate. Each state had to review its legislation to ensure that it offered coverage in its regulations, the standards set in this act. To set the regulations, each state had to engage the public and gather their ideas.
The version of the act currently in place is a result of the amendments done severally over the years. In most amendments, more standards were added and the existing ones made stricter in a bid to curb air pollution by motor vehicles even more.
The act was crucial, considering that motor vehicles are a significant air pollutant in the US. In this regard, motor vehicles had a variety of emissions to air, not to mention that most of the compounds were toxic and capable of affecting the quality of air to a large extent.
Before the act, there were no strict measures on the production and assembly of vehicle parts and gasoline production pertaining to air pollution. On the introduction of this act, restrictions on engine and fuel production were set.
Concerning manufacturers, the act required them to produce vehicles with cleaner engines such that they would burn the fuels in a less polluting manner. Also, the car manufacturers had to ensure that the production processes did not produce air pollutants to a particular extent.
Most of the regulations were set for fuel refiners. Considering that most of the pollutants from motor vehicles come from the fuel components, it makes sense for the strict restrictions in this area.
The first regulation was to reduce the level of sulfur in fuels by 90% and hence reduce the pollution it causes in the air. Also, since many trucks and buses in the US use diesel as fuel, there were standards set to cut its emission and to reduce the use of sulfur diesel fuel.
The act also suggested the importance of alternative oils such as electricity, methanol, and propane to reduce air pollution.
The US government has been at the frontline in advocating for cleaner air through reduced pollution from notorious sources such as motor vehicles. Acts such as the Motor Vehicle Air Pollution Control Act has been set in place for the good of all people and not to make the life of some people like fuel refiners difficult.
Perhaps if some of these acts were not implemented at an early stage, the air may have been polluted to the point that the polluted regions would be inhabitable. Let’s continue observing all the regulating standards in such acts to ensure that the air we inhale is clean and of good quality.


The survey was sent to over 10,000 scientists and out of that group 79 of those who bothered to answer the survey identified themselves as climate scientists, and out of that number 75 of them said global warming was man-made. So it turns out for all the hoopla this whole notion that 97% of scientists believe global warming is man-made we are taking the word of 75 scientists out of a total of over 10,000 scientists.
Despite the fact that more and more scientists are coming out against man-made global warming, and despite the fact NASA and NOAA have been changing historical temperatures to fudge the numbers, we have been told for years that something like 97% of all scientists believe man-made global warming is real. A number Barack Obama magically turned into 99.5%…
First let me restate the 97% number is based on a lie (the words in bold are mine):
The origin of the “97 percent” statistic has been traced back to a 2009 study by University of Illinois/Chicago graduate student Kendall Zimmerman, who sent a survey to 10,257 earth scientists asking them two questions:
“When compared with pre-1800s levels, do you think that mean global temperatures have generally risen, fallen, or remained relatively constant?” and
“Do you think human activity is a significant contributing factor in changing mean global temperatures?”
View original post 379 more words


As part of its commitment not only to mitigate the impact of its activities on climate change but also to improve the quality of the ambient air, the LTG Group has set a target to ensure that the LTG Group’s emissions of pollutants to the ambient air from its haulage vehicles in 2030 will be 40% lower than in 2005.
The primary pollutants emitted from haulage vehicles are particulates and nitrogen oxides. These pollutants can be particularly harmful to human health and the environment, potentially forming toxic smog under unfavourable dispersion conditions.
Pollutant emissions are directly linked to the use of fossil fuels in rail transport, with 85% of these emissions originating from freight transport. The renewal of the haulage vehicle fleet through the acquisition of electric models, the implementation of electrification projects, and the increased utilisation of renewable energy sources will significantly reduce air pollutant emissions.
The LTG Group continuously monitors emissions into the ambient air from 185 stationary pollution sources (distribution centres, warehouses, railway stations, and other facilities).


Eu tests for cars are limited to laboratory measurements of prototype vehicles, whereas for trucks and buses mobile testing devices are mandatory photograph: rex/shutterstock modern diesel cars produce 10 times more toxic air pollution than heavy trucks and buses, new european data has revealed. The automobile and the environment in american history by martin v melosi auto emissions and air pollution the santa barbara oil spill was a dramatic reminder of the risks inherent in the search for energy resources. Read our air pollution prevention tips to actively take steps against air pollution carpooling is a major air pollution solution, as is green driving. Tips to reducing auto air pollution and optimizing gas mileage aside from ridesharing, there are many practical ways each of us can help to reduce pollution and optimize gas mileage from our cars. A study by the university of boulder, colorado shows that detergents and soaps are as dangerous as cars when it comes to air pollution.
Information and statistics on motor vehicles and air pollution : environment, health & transportation: motor vehicles and air pollution we would love your support showed long-term air pollution from cars in austria. The list of detrimental health effects from vehicle air pollution sounds like a little shop of horrors outdoor air pollution from cars, suvs, trucks, and buses: cause acute respiratory problems, temporary decreases in lung capacity, and inflammation of lung tissue impair the body's immune. For a history of how air pollution from transportation in the us has history of reducing air pollution from transportation in the united air pollution and cars were first linked in the early 1950's by a california researcher who determined that pollutants from traffic was to blame. Air pollution articles read scientific research on air pollution including pollution sources, health effects, and ways to reduce air pollution full text, images. Air pollution is a significant issue worldwide and there are many things that contribute to air pollution, such as plastic industry, asbestos, cigarette and automobile.
The greatest contributor to air pollution in the burlington area is the automobile each year, motor vehicles in vermont emit about 1,000 tons of toxic and carcinogen compounds into the air. Emissions and air pollution to be discussed at lowcvp conference | by automobiles lowcvp's 2018 'moving north' conference will focus on the challenge of. What percentage of air pollution is due to cars visit howstuffworks to learn what percentage of air pollution is due to cars. Simple solutions to help reduce air pollution in california, about half the air pollution comes from cars and trucks fewer trips in your car or truck can help improve air quality even how you drive can reduce your car's footprint. Transportation is the largest single source of air pollution in the united states fortunately, clean vehicle and fuel technologies can significantly reduce air pollution from cars and trucks. Encyclopedic entry air pollution consists of chemicals or particles in the air that can harm the health of humans, animals, and plants it also damages buildings.
How to reduce air pollution from cars and trucks from walking to work to carpooling, there are lots of ways you can reduce your impact discover your commuting style. Cow air pollution debate is back cows in pen, 7-30-02 ap producing more than even cars and light trucks the san joaquin valley unified air pollution control district has determined that a cow annually emits 193 pounds of volatile organic compounds. Motor vehicle emissions contribute to air pollution and are a major ingredient in the creation of smog in some large cities california air pollution kills more people than car crashes, study shows huffington post. Air pollution is caused by a much smaller number of cars than you might think poor air quality can cause heart disease, cancer, and asthma. Ucs works to change current transportation policies, which favor gasoline vehicles, by developing and promoting innovative strategies to reduce and clean up motor vehicle travel. (see reference 3) such a sharp incline in traffic volume begs the question: how does car pollution affect the environment and the ozone layer according to the us environmental protection agency, more than half of the air pollution in the nation is caused by mobile sources.
Transportation and global warming we're working for stronger regulation of both greenhouse pollution from automobiles through the clean air act and higher the obama administration announced the first national plan to regulate greenhouse gases under the clean air act for cars. Running head: air pollution and automobiles air pollution and automobiles jason madison com 220 february 22, 2010 will tyler the automobiles that we travel in everyday play a vital role in our lives.


Forecasters warned of “dense fog” patches and visibility below 100m in places from 7pm tonight until 11am on Saturday morning across North East England. The patches of fog will form and become more widespread overnight.
The Met Office said: “Fog patches will form during the evening and then become more widespread overnight, perhaps leading to some travel disruption.”
They warned drivers to be aware of “impaired visibility leading to hazardous driving conditions in places, and probable slower journey times especially by road” and travellers there would be possible delays to public transport including bus and train services.
The warning is in place for today and Saturday.
Forecasters from Meteogroup UK said of tonight’s weather: “A dry evening however patches of mist and fog will soon reform.
“Overnight will then continue to be largely dry with some clear spells however thick cloud will build and there is a widespread chance of mist and fog.
“There may be some spells of light rain and drizzle, mostly across northern Scotland.”
It comes as temperatures are expected to hit -4 degrees as thick fog grips the south of England.
The high pressure and low winds fuelling the dense fog have also been blamed for trapping pollution in and around London leading to concerns over air quality.
BBC’s Matt Taylor told BBC Breakfast: “Here we’re going to contend with some fog around this morning, particularly across parts from the Bristol Channel through in towards the Midlands.
“One thing I should also mention with the high pressure in place, very light winds, very poor air quality, high pollution levels in the London area.
“The fog elsewhere will lift and clear and it’s going to be another afternoon of lots of sunshine across the southern half of the country but staying pretty chilly, especially where the fog lingers the longest.
“Temperatures sticking around 7 degrees for some in the north of Scotland.
“Contrasts that little bit through tonight greater chances for some mist and fog in some eastern areas.
“Maybe temperatures dropping more across the north where we see clear skies develop to take us into tomorrow morning,” added Mr Taylor.
“But there’ll be some frost around some fog patches across England and Wales once again to start your weekend.
“But the weekend sticking with a prolonged dry story there is a chance of some splashes of rain for a time later Saturday and into Sunday morning.
“But most places said we’ll stay dry and getting a little bit milder.”


Denver Water monitors the weather, including snow and rainfall in the mountains and on city streets.
To give us a better picture of how much precipitation falls in our service area, Denver Water gathers information from multiple weather stations and averages it together to inform our planning.
Those locations include one at the old Stapleton Airport near I-70 and Quebec Street, one at our Administration Building near I-25 and Eighth Avenue and one near Waterton Canyon in southwest Littleton.
These stations are geographically dispersed within our service area. The average of the information gathered by the stations do a reasonable job of representing weather in our service area.


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El Niņo and global warmingIs there a connection?
Normally the West Pacific is moist. Warm air rises over there and
decends in the East Pacific. This is the Pacific Walker Cell.
Over the equator an Easterly wind blows. Together with Southerly winds
along the Chilean and Peruvian coasts this causes upwelling of colder
water. Most years around Christmas some warmer water appears along the
Ecuadorian and Northern Peruvian coasts. This phenomenon was called El Niņo
(the boy-child) by the local people. Every 2 - 7 years the warming of the water
in the East Pacific is much more widespread, with dramatic (local, but also
larger scale) consequences. This phenomenon is referred to in the literature
as ENSO (El Niņo / Southern oscillation), or just the initial name of the local
people of Peru: El Niņo.
2. Events in the past
In the past some dramatic weather incidents took place in which El Niņo may have
played a role in. A notorious example is a devastating drought in India and
Australia in the years 1789 - 1792. In these years there was a monsoon failure
in South Asia. Millions of people perished in India in the famines which followed.
In the records the El Niņo of 1791-92 is bookmarked as "very severe", probably
about as strong as the 1982-83 and 1997-98 events.
Now the subject is addressed from three angles:
3. Looking at El Niņo from three angles
3.1. The impacts of El Niņo
As mentioned in the introduction, El Niņo is accompanied by shifts in the so called
Walker cell circulations over the equatoral part of The Earth. Two circulation
cells can be distinguished: The Hadley cells and the Walker cells.
If one compares the 1982-83 and 1997-98 El Niņo's in both cases there were droughts
in Indonesia and floods in Peru and Ecuador. But there were also differences.
The biggest differences were over Australia and Eastern Africa. In 1982-83 East
Africa was dry (due to subsiding air), while it was very wet at the end of 1997
(An eightfold of normal rainfall in Mombasa, a clear signal of convective activity).
At the start of 1998 NE Australia was deluged, while in 1982-83 droughts dominated
It is striking that the Monsoon over India was hardly affected by the 1997-98 El Niņo. I will come back on this at the end.
3.2. El Niņo and global warming
Now an interesting subject for further research arises. Is there a connection between the frequency and intensity of El Niņo and possible global warming? A first thing one can do is looking at the records, of which the qualitative records are quite long - going back to the conquest of the Inca Kingdom by the Spanish in the early 16th century.
Looking at these records reveils episodes with severe El Niņo's and less severe
El Niņo's: Very active periods were around 1580, the 1720-ties, around 1790,
1880-ties and 1890-ties, and after 1982-83 the 1990-ties.
However: This doesn't prove that there isn't a possibility of "passing a critical
treshold" boyond which a sort of switch to an other regime in terms of El Niņo
frequency and/or severity might be possible.
The authors of the article correctly point out that there are still processes not well understood, such as cloud feedback, which might change the found results from the model work.
A recent publication at the KNMI site points in the direction that there is no correlation between the temperature on Earth and the activity of the El Niņo cycle. (ref. 3)
Concluding: Up to now no connection between global warming and El Niņo has been found. The most recent publication points in the same direction: No link with global warming.
3.3. Changing impacts of El Niņo
A last interesting question is the question whether the effects of El Niņo themselves
could change as well in an event of global warming. In this case a recent publication
in Science (ref 2.) puts some more light on it.
One of the possible explanations: The warming of the Eur-Asian continent provides so much enhancement of the Monsoon, that it offsets possible El Niņo effects. It is known that the snow cover of central Asia (Tibetan plateau) in spring has an influence on the Indian Monsoon, especially its timing.
Concluding: This example shows that indirect effects of El Niņo may change to quite an extend from what was seen in the past in case of a certain degree of global warming.
1. A. Timmermann, J. Ohberhuber, A. Bacher, M. Esch, M. Latif and E. Roeckner
2. K.K. Kumar, B. Rajagopalan, M.A. Cane
3. Sjoukje Yvette Philip
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The climate in Azerbaijan is major influenced by geographical position, landscape and the Caspian Sea. The semidesert and dry, subtropic, temperate and frigid types of climate dominate in the country. It has been determined that Azerbaijan accounts for 9 out of 11 climate zones, existing in the world (by V.V.Keppen). Dry subtropical climate is typical for Kur-Araz lowland and Absheron.
The average annual temperatures equal +15 C on the plains while in high mountain regions they fall even below zero. Temperatures reach +25-27 C in Aran regions and +5C in mountain regions in July. The absolute maximum is +43 C, while the minimum is lower than -30C.
Forecast for August 2017.
The month of August in Baku is characterized by falling daily high temperatures, with daily highs ranging from 32°C to 29°C over the course of the month, exceeding 36°C or dropping below 26°C only one day in ten. Daily low temperatures are around 22°C, falling below 18°C or exceeding 25°C only one day in ten. Throughout August, the most common forms of precipitation are light rain and thunderstorms. The relative humidity typically ranges from 40% (comfortable) to 95% (very humid) over the course of a typical August, rarely dropping below 23% (dry) and reaching as high as 100% (very humid). The air is driest around August 10, at which time the relative humidity drops below 48% (comfortable) three days out of four; it is most humid around August 4, rising above 93% (very humid) three days out of four. Over the course of August typical wind speeds vary from 1 m/s to 7 m/s (light air to moderate breeze), rarely exceeding 11 m/s (strong breeze).
For Gabala August is one the warmest months as well, although the winds and rains could be stronger due to location among mountains.


A. Röttger, S. Röttger, D. Rábago, L. Quindós, K. Woloszczuk, M. Norenberg, I. Radulescu, A. Luca
BEYOND THE STATE OF ART: NEW METROLOGY INFRASTRUCTURE FOR RADON MEASUREMENTS AT THE ENVIRONMENTAL LEVEL
Radon gas is the largest source of public exposure to naturally occurring radioactivity. Radon activity concentration maps, based on atmospheric measurements, as well as radon flux maps can help Member States to comply with the EU Council Directive 2013/59/Euratom and, particularly, with the identification of Radon Priority Areas. Radon can also be used, as a tracer, to improve Atmospheric Transport Models and to indirectly estimate greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes. This is important for supporting successful GHG mitigation strategies. One approach to estimate GHG fluxes on local to regional scale is the socalled Radon Tracer Method (RTM), which is based on the night-time correlation between atmospheric concentrations of radon and GHG measured at a given station together with information on the radon flux data within the station footprint. Thus, atmospheric monitoring networks are interested or are already measuring atmospheric radon activity concentrations using different techniques but a metrological chain to ensure the traceability of all these measurements was missing. Since 2020 a large consortium engaged in the project traceRadon  to develop the missing traceability chains to improve the respective sensor networks http://traceradon-empir.eu/ . This paper presents results in the areas: Novel 226Ra standard sources with continuous controlled 222Rn emanation rate, radon chambers aimed to create a reference radon atmosphere and a reference field for radon flux monitoring. The achieved results are making new calibration services far beyond the state of art possible.


Seattle, WA -- (SBWIRE) -- 11/21/2019 -- Air pollution analyzer is a novel device that is used to analyze solid or gas pollutants present in the air. Air pollution is one of the major concerns around the world where frequent monitoring of air quality has become a critical need. Air pollutants can be either housed in temporary or permanent structures that can lower the quality of air. The global air pollution analyzer market is expected to witness significant growth during the forecast period, owing to rising air pollution worldwide. The global air pollution analyzer market primarily focuses on six regions namely North America, Latin America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Middle East, and Africa.
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Market Dynamics- Drivers
Rising air pollution around the world is expected to boost the demand for air pollution analyzers, which in turn, is expected to drive the global air pollution analyzer market over the forecast period (2019-2025). According to the World Health Organization, around 4.2 million deaths are caused due to exposure to ambient (outdoor) air pollution every year. According to the same source, 9 out of 10 people breathe air containing high levels of pollutants. Moreover, growing awareness among people about air pollution and proactive initiatives by the government to curb air pollution is expected to propel the global air pollution analyzer market over the forecast period. For instance, in January 2019, the Government of India's Ministry of Environment, Forests, and Climate Change launched National Clean Air Program (NCAP), with aim strengthen public awareness about hazardous effects of polluted air. Thus, these factors are expected to drive the market growth in the near future.
Market Dynamics- Restraints
Premium pricing of advanced air pollution analyzers, which is not affordable to common people is expected to restrain growth of the global air pollution analyzer market over the forecast period.
Among regions, Asia Pacific is expected to witness significant growth in the global air pollution analyzer market during the forecast period. This is owing to growing air pollution in emerging economies such as India and China. Furthermore, North America is expected to witness lucrative growth over the forecast period, owing to significant purchasing power and presence of key players in the region.
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Key players in the market are involved in various growth strategies such as product launches, in order to gain competitive edge in the global market. For sentence, in August 2017, Thermo Fisher Scientific, a U.S.-based biotechnology company, introduced the iQ Series Gas Analyzer, which is an innovative, easy-to-use air quality monitoring solution.
Key players operating in the global air pollution analyzer market are Thermo Fisher Scientific, Siemens AG, Sick AG, Fuji Electric Co., Ltd., California Analytical Instruments, and Chinatech Talroad.


Mother Nature has lost control of the thermostat
February 10, 2009 | A week ago, when I came back from the Super Bowl weekend in Michigan, it was 80°F when I stepped off the plane. That was then. This is now.
Winter is back, with a vengeance. Over the weekend it got cold, the clouds descended, and the rains came. It was positively miserable yesterday: low dark clouds and rain all day long. At one point a tiny bit of blue sky emerged over the eastern side of the valley to reveal a lovely blanket of snow atop the mountain range.
Overnight the skies cleared and the thermometer sank to the high 30s just after sunrise, and while I was walking the grounds early this morning there was a coating of ice on the grass in some areas. I expected to see a thick coat of snow on the mountain.
Wrong! There is snow cover about half-way down the mountain, but it looks pretty sparse. The rain must have been just warm enough to melt a lot of it. But it's still pretty. Up there.
Last updated on Apr 13, 2018


Do you ever wonder how much rainfall you received from a recent thunderstorm? How about snowfall during a winter storm? If so, an important volunteer weather observing program needs your help! The Community Collaborative Rain, Hail, and Snow network, or CoCoRaHS, is looking for new volunteers across Oklahoma. The grassroots effort is part of a growing national network of observers with the goal of providing a high density precipitation network that will supplement existing observations such as those collected by the Oklahoma Mesonet.
Scientists in Colorado created CoCoRaHS in 1998 in response to a devastating flash flood that occurred in Ft. Collins, Colorado. In July of 1997, a thunderstorm produced about a foot of rain in only a few hours, while other portions of the city received only modest rainfall. The resulting flooding caught some by surprise, so CoCoRaHS was developed to better observe these localized extreme precipitation events. As more volunteers participated across the country, rain, snow, and hail maps were produced for every storm. These maps showed fascinating local patterns that were of great interest to scientists, decision makers, and the public.
In Oklahoma, we are no stranger to severe weather. In the past few years alone, the state has experienced record flooding, damaging hail, drought, and ice storms. More volunteer observers are needed to accurately map these extreme events as well as the day-to-day precipitation patterns across the state. In addition to reporting precipitation, observers now have the option to report drought impacts and these important observations are included into the National Integrated Drought Information System.
Participating in CoCoRaHS is fun and easy and thousands of volunteers—young and old—are documenting the size, intensity, and duration of storms across the country. The process only takes a few minutes and the data are immediately accessible online to everyone including the National Weather Service, water managers, agricultural groups, and the public. For more information about CoCoRaHS or if you are interested in participating, please visit www.cocorahs.org.


With a hotter than normal summer expected this year, mitigation measures are important to manage heatwaves.
On this April 16, around 13 persons in Navi Mumbai lost their lives from a heatstroke. As an immediate measure, Maharashtra Government has banned all open-air public meetings and rallies between 12 noon and 5 PM.
Looking beyond several debates that the above incident has generated, the writing on the wall indicates that a hotter than normal summer is expected in 2023. On an average 5-6 heatwaves occur over north India every year. Notably, a recent study has found that the annual average extreme weather events in the Indian subcontinent has been rising during the last few decades. In particular, the mortality rate for heatwaves has increased by 62.2 percent in the past 20 years.
Let’s for a moment have a look at the official weather outlook. On 28 February this year, the India Meteorological Department (IMD) issued a Press Release on the seasonal outlook for hot weather season (March to May) 2023 and Monthly Outlook for March 2023 for the rainfall and temperature.
The main takeaways are: (i) during the upcoming hot weather season (March to May (MAM)), above normal maximum temperatures are likely over most parts of northeast India, east and central India and some parts of northwest India; (ii) normal to below normal maximum temperatures are most likely over remaining parts of the country;(iii) during the season (MAM), above normal minimum temperatures are very likely over most parts of the country except south peninsular India where normal to below normal minimum temperatures are likely;(iv) enhanced probability of occurrence of Heatwave during March to May season is likely over many regions of Central and adjoining Northwest India. A low probability for occurrence of heatwave over Central India is likely during March 2023.
What is a heat wave? Simply put, it is a period of abnormally high temperatures, more than the normal maximum temperature that occurs during the hot weather season. An important factor attributed to heat waves, according to various studies, is that climate change caused by the burning of fossil fuels.
This global phenomenon is said to be making extreme and unprecedented heat events. While Climate Scientists at the University of California at Los Angeles maintain that heat waves are probably the most underestimated type of potential disaster because they routinely kill a lot of people, there are other researchers who seem to suggest with climate change the world is seeing shifting wind patterns and weather systems in ways that makes heat waves more intense, persistent and widespread.
The Arctic region, reportedly warming three to four times faster than the globe as a whole, has been witnessing swings in the North Atlantic jet stream, which in turn leads to extreme weather events like heat waves and floods. With a strong change in ocean temperatures, warmer oceans have been causing heat domes which trap heat over large geographical areas. The extreme heat is also raising the risk of wildfires.
So, how to be prepared?
The IMD uses colour codes in weather warnings to highlight the severity of the weather phenomena expected and at the same time forewarn the relevant authorities on the impact of the weather expected. Green alert means no action is needed. Yellow alert means “watch and stay updated” where moderate temperature will prevail and heat is tolerable for general public but moderate health concern for vulnerable people like infants, elderly, people with chronic diseases.
IMD’s advisory is that one has to avoid heat exposure, wear lightweight, light coloured, loose, cotton clothes and keep the head covered by using a cloth, hat or umbrella. Orange alert means “Be prepared”. Orange alert areas will witness high temperature, increased likelihood of heat illness symptoms in people who are either exposed to sun for a prolonged period or doing heavy work. High health concern for vulnerable people like infants, elderly, people with chronic diseases.
There is a need to keep oneself hydrated. Apart from drinking sufficient water -- even if one is not thirsty -- homemade drinks like lassi, rice water, lemon water, buttermilk, etc. have been recommended. Red alerts mean “Take action” – these are warnings for heavy rainfall and its related impacts.
The IMD usually issues (alerts) heat wave warning for 5 days in advance. Following IMDs recent heatwave alerts, all educational institutions in West Bengal have been ordered to remain closed for the next week. In Delhi, schools have been directed not to conduct afternoon assemblies due to high temperature. In Patna, all schools have been ordered to close by 10:45 AM. Schools in Tripura have been shut for a week due to the prevailing heatwave conditions. With the mercury crossing 37°C, schools in Meghalaya’s West Garo Hills district have been directed to be closed for three days.
Heatwaves impact human health and animals adversely. As temperatures rise, the body may not be able to shed excess heat well enough to remain healthy. Although all age groups may not suffer equally, the cause for concern is that the stress induced due to the heat waves increases respiration and mortality, reduces fertility, modifies animal behaviour, and suppresses the immune and endocrine system, thereby increasing animal susceptibility to some diseases. It can cause heat cramps -- swelling and fainting generally accompanied by fever below 39°C. Heat exhaustion can cause fatigue, weakness, dizziness, headache, nausea, vomiting, muscle cramps and sweating. Heat stoke can cause body temperatures to rise above 40°C leading to seizures or coma.
Researchers use wet bulb reading, a measurement which combines air temperature and relative humidity and gauges heat stress on the human body. A wet bulb reading of 35 °C is said to be the threshold beyond which humans cannot survive.
A World Bank report published last November has warned that India could become one of the first countries in the world where this threshold would be reached.
As per a WHO advisory, when the temperature rises above 35 °C, in order to prevent heat-related illness, it would be necessary to follow simple steps like restricting going outside during the hottest time of the day and also avoiding strenuous physical activity. During heat waves, it is required to keep the body cool by wearing light, loose-fitting clothes of natural materials, besides drinking fluids like water or fruit juices to keep the body hydrated and avoiding alcohol, too much caffeine, sugar including foods that are high in protein.
The living place ought to be kept cool by opening all the windows at night/early morning when the outside temperature is lower. Apart from switching off all artificial lighting and unwanted electrical devices, during the day, the windows facing the sun ought to be kept closed. Hanging wet towels can help cool down the room air. Doors and windows of airconditioned rooms need to be kept closed. Special care should be taken for infants or adults over the age of 60 or who have chronic health conditions.
In terms of mitigating measures, in handling heatwaves, we have the success story of Ahmedabad which experienced a devastating heatwave in May 2010 when temperatures surpassed 48°C. It left around 800 people dead. Reportedly bats and birds dropped dead from the trees. Local authorities assisted by experts developed the country's first heat action plan. Laudably enough, since its launch in 2013 an estimated 1,190 deaths have been avoided each year. Through the National Disaster Management Authority, specific heat action plans have since been implemented across 23 states and more than 100 cities and districts. A low cost but effective component of the heat plan is the "cool roof" initiative which uses coatings/materials that reflect sunlight and absorb less heat.
Even as heat wave is one of the severe weather phenomena, during summers there are reports of electrical fires which can be directly linked to the rise in temperature. Electric appliances like fans, coolers, air-conditioners, etc., when used continuously can lead to overheating, resulting in short circuits and sparking, thereby causing fires. Vehicle fires also go up during extreme heat. Small preventive measures like regular servicing of cars and electrical devices coupled with fire audits and adhering to various advisories issued by the authorities merit consideration.


美国中部和东北沿岸波士顿、 费城都处於高温紧急状态下， 就连西北部的西雅图气温也破九十度。
科学家们指出 ，热浪袭击和气温高升之主要原因是因北极气候暖化， 喷射气流迁移热穹现象是主要原因 ，如果情势无法改变 ，全球热浪情形将会成為常态。
Heatwaves Are Impacting The World
Europe is simmering in its third heatwave of the summer as devastating wildfires threaten millions of people in Portugal and Spain with more than 2,000 heat-related deaths. In London, the airport suspended flights after its runway melted.
Former U.S. Vice-President Al Gore said that now is the time to act on climate change as the U.S. experiences record heat and wildfires rage across Europe. Gore said in a TV interview that, “More people will be killed and the survival of our civilization is at stake.”
Gore said global warming pollution is trapping the heat equivalent of 600,000 Hiroshima-class atomic bombs. That is why the heat records are being broken all the time now.
Heat alerts are posted all over the Pacific Northwest including Oregon and Washington states where temperatures will reach 110 degrees.
The hot temperatures in July have caused at least 19 deaths in the U.S. Dangerous heatwaves will continue for millions of Americans in the upcoming months.