The China Meteorological Forcing Dataset (CMFD) is a high spatial-temporal resolution gridded near-surface meteorological dataset that was developed specifically for studies of land surface processes in China. The dataset was made through fusion of remote sensing products, reanalysis dataset and in-situ observation data at weather stations. Its record starts from January 1979 and keeps extending (currently up to December 2018) with a temporal resolution of three hours and a spatial resolution of 0.1°. Seven near-surface meteorological elements are provided in CMFD, including 2-meter air temperature, surface pressure, specific humidity, 10-meter wind speed, downward shortwave radiation, downward longwave radiation and precipitation rate.
This dataset is the spatial distribution map of the marshes in the source area of the Yellow River near the Zaling Lake-Eling Lake, covering an area of about 21,000 square kilometers. The data set is classified by the Landsat 8 image through an expert decision tree and corrected by manual visual interpretation. The spatial resolution of the image is 30m, using the WGS 1984 UTM projected coordinate system, and the data format is grid format. The image is divided into five types of land, the land type 1 is “water body”, the land type 2 is “high-cover vegetation”, the land type 3 is “naked land”, and the land type 4 is “low-cover vegetation”, and the land type 5 is For "marsh", low-coverage vegetation and high-coverage vegetation are distinguished by vegetation coverage. The threshold is 0.1 to 0.4 for low-cover vegetation and 0.4 to 1 for high-cover vegetation.
This dataset includes data recorded by the Heihe integrated observatory network obtained from an observation system of Meteorological elements gradient of Daman Superstation from January 1 to December 31, 2018. The site (100.372° E, 38.856° N) was located on a cropland (maize surface) in the Daman irrigation, which is near Zhangye city, Gansu Province. The elevation is 1556 m. The installation heights and orientations of different sensors and measured quantities were as follows: air temperature and humidity profile (AV-14TH;3, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, and 40 m, towards north), wind speed and direction profile (windsonic; 3, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, and 40 m, towards north), air pressure (CS100; 2 m), rain gauge (TE525M; 2.5 m, 8 m in west of tower), four-component radiometer (PIR&PSP; 12 m, towards south), two infrared temperature sensors (IRTC3; 12 m, towards south, vertically downward), photosynthetically active radiation (LI190SB; 12 m, towards south, vertically upward; another four photosynthetically active radiation, PQS-1; two above the plants (12 m) and two below the plants (0.3 m), towards south, each with one vertically downward and one vertically upward), soil heat flux (HFP01SC; 3 duplicates with G1 below the vegetation; G2 and G3 between plants, -0.06 m), a TCAV averaging soil thermocouple probe (TCAV; -0.02, -0.04 m), soil temperature profile (AV-10T; 0, -0.02, -0.04, -0.1, -0.2, -0.4, -0.8, -1.2, and -1.6 m), soil moisture profile (CS616; -0.02, -0.04, -0.1, -0.2, -0.4, -0.8, -1.2, and -1.6 m). The observations included the following: air temperature and humidity (Ta_3 m, Ta_5 m, Ta_10 m, Ta_15 m, Ta_20 m, Ta_30 m, and Ta_40 m; RH_3 m, RH_5 m, RH_10 m, RH_15 m, RH_20 m, RH_30 m, and RH_40 m) (℃ and %, respectively), wind speed (Ws_3 m, Ws_5 m, Ws_10 m, Ws_15 m, Ws_20 m, Ws_30 m, and Ws_40 m) (m/s), wind direction (WD_3 m, WD_5 m, WD_10 m, WD_15 m, WD_20 m, WD_30m, and WD_40 m) (°), air pressure (press) (hpa), precipitation (rain) (mm), four-component radiation (DR, incoming shortwave radiation; UR, outgoing shortwave radiation; DLR_Cor, incoming longwave radiation; ULR_Cor, outgoing longwave radiation; Rn, net radiation) (W/m^2), infrared temperature (IRT_1 and IRT_2) (℃), photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) (μmol/ (s m-2)), average soil temperature (TCAV, ℃), soil heat flux (Gs_1, below the vegetation; Gs_2, and Gs_3, between plants) (W/m^2), soil temperature (Ts_0 cm, Ts_2 cm, Ts_4 cm, Ts_10 cm, Ts_20 cm, Ts_40 cm, Ts_80 cm, Ts_120 cm, and Ts_160 cm) (℃), soil moisture (Ms_2 cm, Ms_4 cm, Ms_10 cm, Ms_20 cm, Ms_40 cm, Ms_80 cm, Ms_120 cm, and Ms_160 cm) (%, volumetric water content), above the plants photosynthetically active radiation of upward and downward (PAR_U_up and PAR_U_down) (μmol/ (s m-2)), and below the plants photosynthetically active radiation of upward and downward (PAR_D_up and PAR_D_down) (μmol/ (s m-2)). The data processing and quality control steps were as follows: (1) The AWS data were averaged over intervals of 10 min for a total of 144 records per day.The meterological data during September 17 and November 7 and TCAV data after November 7 were wrong because the malfunction of datalogger. The missing data were denoted by -6999. (2) Data in duplicate records were rejected. (3) Unphysical data were rejected. (4) The data marked in red are problematic data. (5) The format of the date and time was unified, and the date and time were collected in the same column, for example, date and time: 2018-6-10 10:30. Moreover, suspicious data were marked in red. For more information, please refer to Liu et al. (2018) (for sites information), Liu et al. (2011) for data processing) in the Citation section.
The dataset of sun photometer observations was obtained in Linze grassland station, the reed plot A, the saline plot B, the barley plot E, the observation stationof the Linze grassland foci experimental areaand Jingdu hotel of Zhangye city. The optical depth in 1020nm, 936nm, 870nm, 670nm and 440nm were all acquired by CE318 from May 30 to Jun. 11, 2008. And from Jun. 15 to Jul.11, the data of 1640nm, 1020nm, 936nm, 870nm, 670nm, 550nm, 440nm, 380nm and 340nm were acquired. Both measurements were carried out at intervals of 1 minute. Optical depth, rayleigh scattering, aerosol optical depth, the horizontal visibility, air temperature and pressure near land surface, the solar azimuth and zenith could all be further retrieved. Readme file was attached for detail.
The dataset of meteorological station observations (2008-2009) was obtained at the Yeniugou cold region hydrological station (E99°33'/N38°28', 3320m), Qilian county, Qinghai province. Observation items were multilayer (2m and 10m) of the air temperature and air humidity, the wind speed and direction, the air pressure, precipitation, the global radiation, the net radiation, the multilayer soil temperature (20cm, 40cm, 60cm, 80cm, 120cm and 160cm), soil moisture (20cm, 40cm, 60cm, 80cm, 120cm and 160cm), and soil heat flux. For more details, please refer to the attached Data Directions.
This data set contains the temperature anomaly series for each quarter and month of the years from January, 1951 to December, 2006 on the Tibetan Plateau. Based on the “China Homogenized Historical Temperature Data Set (1951–2004) Version 1.0” and the daily average temperature data from 2005 to 2006, the monthly average temperature of 123 sites on the Tibetan Plateau and its neighboring areas were gridded using the Climate Anomaly Method (CAM). Further, the average monthly temperature anomaly sequences from 1951 to 2006 were established using the area weighting factor method. To maximize the use of the observation data, the method using the data at a nearby reference station to correct the short series of the climatic standard values of the air temperature data is emphatically discussed. Reference: Yu Ren, Xueqin Zhang, Lili Peng. Construction and Analysis of Mean Air Temperature Anomaly Series for the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau during 1951-2006. Plateau Meteorology, 2010. The “China Homogenized Historical Temperature Data Set (1951–2004) Version 1.0” and the daily average temperature data from 2005 to 2006 meet the relevant national standards. There are five fields in the monthly temperature anomaly data table. Field 1: Year Field 2: Month Field 3: Number of grids Number of grids included in the calculation Field 4: Number of sites Number of sites included in the calculation Field 5: Monthly Temperature Anomaly Unit °C There are five fields in the year and quarter temperature anomaly data table. Field 1: Year Field 2: Quarter Field 3: Number of grids Number of grids included in the calculation Field 4: Number of sites Explanation: Number of sites included in the calculation Field 5: Temperature anomaly °C In the quarter field: 1. If it is null, it is the annual temperature anomaly 2. DJF: Winter (Last December to this February) temperature anomaly °C 3. MAM: Spring (March-May) temperature anomaly °C 4. JJA: Summer (June-August) temperature anomaly °C 5. SON: Fall (September-November) temperature anomaly °C Data accuracy: the monthly average temperature anomaly to the third decimal places, the annual and quarterly average temperature anomaly to the second decimal places.
The data set contains the meteorological element observation data of ebao station in the upper reaches of heihe hydrometeorological observation network on January 1, 2015 and December 31, 2016.The station is located in ebao town, qilian county, qinghai province.The longitude and latitude of the observation point are 100.9151E, 37.9492N, and the altitude is 3294m.The air temperature and relative humidity sensor is set up at 5m, facing due north.The barometer is installed in the anti-skid box on the ground;The tipping bucket rain gauge is installed at 10m;The wind speed and direction sensor is mounted at 10m, facing due north;The four-component radiometer is installed at 6m, facing due south;Two infrared thermometers are installed at 6m, facing south, with the probe facing vertically downward;The soil temperature probe is buried at the surface of 0cm and underground of 4cm, 10cm, 20cm, 40cm, 80cm, 120cm and 160cm, 2m south of the meteorological tower.The soil moisture probe is buried underground at 4cm, 10cm, 20cm, 40cm, 80cm, 120cm and 160cm, 2m south of the meteorological tower.The soil heat flow plates (3 pieces) are successively buried 6cm underground, 2m south of the meteorological tower. Observation projects are: air temperature and humidity (Ta_5m, RH_5m) (unit: c, percentage), pressure (Press) (unit: hundred mpa), precipitation (Rain) (unit: mm), wind speed (WS_10m) (unit: m/s), wind (WD_10m) (unit: degrees), the radiation of four component (DR, UR, DLR_Cor, ULR_Cor, Rn) (unit: watts per square meter), the surface radiation temperature (IRT_1, IRT_2) (unit:C), soil heat flux (Gs_1, Gs_2, Gs_3) (unit: wattage/m2), soil temperature (Ts_0cm, Ts_4cm, Ts_10cm, Ts_20cm, Ts_40cm, Ts_80cm, Ts_120cm, Ts_160cm) (unit: water content by volume, percentage). Processing and quality control of observation data :(1) 144 data per day (every 10min) should be ensured.The four-component radiation and infrared temperature were between October 11, 2015 and November 5, 2015.The instrument of the observation tower was re-adjusted between 11.1 and 11.5, and the data was missing;(2) eliminate the moments with duplicate records;(3) data that obviously exceeds the physical significance or the range of the instrument is deleted;(4) the part marked with red letters in the data is questionable data;(5) the format of date and time is uniform, and the date and time are in the same column.For example, the time is: 2015-9-10 10:30;(6) naming rules: AWS+ site name. For information of hydrometeorological network or site, please refer to Li et al. (2013), and for data processing, please refer to Liu et al. (2011).
The dataset of mobile meteorological station observations was obtained in the foci experiment area from March to April, 2008. To synergize the very high resolution airborne remote sensing and ground-based measurements, 11 mobile observations, including meteorological stations (for meteorological data) and GPS (for observation sites), were carried out in Binggou, A'rou and Biandukou. The items included the wind speed and direction at 3.03m (the truck height 1.84m plus the vane height 1.19m), the air temperature and humidity at 3.04m (the truck height 1.84m plus the vane height 1.2m), the surface temperature (the truck height 1.84m plus 1.06m) and the total radiation (the truck height 1.84m plus 1.39m). The observation sites and time were as follows: Dadongshu mountain pass-A'rou 15-3-2008 Biandukou-Qilian 18-3-2008 A'rou-Biandukou 19-3-2008 Qilian-Minle 20-3-2008 Mingle-Zhangye 21-3-2008 Binggou-Dadongshu mountain pass 22-3-2008 Binggou-Dadongshu mountain pass 24-3-2008 Binggou-Dadongshu mountain pass 29-3-2008 Binggou-Dadongshu mountain pass 30-3-2008 Qilian-A'rou 31-3-2008 A'rou 01-4-2008 The data were named after WATER_Mobile_ AWS_yyyymmdd (yyyymmdd for observation time).
The dataset of ground truth measurement synchronizing with PROBA CHRIS was obtained in the Yingke oasis and Huazhaizi desert steppe foci experimental areas on Jul. 1, 2008. Observation items included: (1) FPAR (Fraction of Photosynthetically Active Radiation) of maize and wheat by SUNSACN and the digital camera in Yingke oasis maize field. FPAR= (canopyPAR－surface transmissionPAR－canopy reflection PAR+surface reflectionPAR) /canopy PAR; APAR=FPAR* canopy PAR. Data were archived in the table format of Word. (2) BRDF of maize by ASD (350～2 500 nm) from Institute of Remote Sensing Applications (CAS) and the self-made multi-angluar observation platform of BNU make in Yingke oasis maize field. The maximum height of the platform was 5m above the ground with the azimuth 0~360° and the zenith angle -60°~60°. An automatic thermometer was attached to the platform for the multiangle radiative temperature. Raw data were binary files direct from ASD (by ViewSpecPro), and pre-processed data on reflectance were in Excel. (3) The radiative temperature of the maize canopy by the automatic thermometer (emissivity: 0.95),at a hight of 50cm from the crown in Yingke oasis maize field. Raw data, blackbody calibrated data and processed data were all archived in Excel format. (4) Atmospheric parameters at the resort by CE318 (produced by CIMEL in France). The total optical depth, aerosol optical depth, Rayleigh scattering coefficient, column water vapor in 936 nm, particle size spectrum and phase function were then retrieved from these observations. The optical depth in 1020nm, 936nm, 870nm, 670nm and 440nm were all acquired by CE318. Those data include the raw data in k7 format and can be opened by ASTPWin. ReadMe.txt is attached for details. Processed data (after retrieval of the raw data) in Excel format are on optical depth, rayleigh scattering, aerosol optical depth, the horizontal visibility, the near surface air temperature, the solar azimuth, zenith, solar distance correlation factors, and air column mass number. (5) The multiangle radiative temperature by the automatic thermometer (emissivity: 1.0) attached on the observation platform, at an interval of 0.05s. The data were archived in .txt files (.dat format). The first seven lines were the header file, including acquisition date, time, and intervals; besides, Time (starting time), TObj (target temperature), Tint (the interior temperature of the probe), TBox (the temperature of the box) and Tact (the actual temperature calculated from the given emissivity) were also listed.


Reduce air pollution essay
Reflection as i wrote this essay, i learnt about methods to locate, extract and arrange the information in a more effective way critical thinking skills involved as i need to brainstorm on ways to reduce pollution and explain their reasons. Air pollution is an issue of concern to the world pollution in our environment will undoubtedly affect our quality of life and it can also cause various health problems and other negative effects as a result, we want to find way out. Advertisements: essay on air pollution: causes, effects and control of air pollution the world health organization defines air pollution as “the presence of materials in the air in such concentration which are harmful to man and his environment”. Pollution is a global concern because of the harm it does the entire environment, human health, marine life, atmosphere, and agriculture air pollution is the mixture any harmful gases and particles dispersed into the air, but can also be found inside homes ozone is a major gas that pollutes the .
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Reduce air pollution essay
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Get the latest 7 Day weather for Summit, MS, US including weather news, video, warnings and interactive maps from the weather experts. Weather Underground provides local & long-range weather forecasts, weatherreports, maps & tropical weather conditions for the Summit area. TODAY - Partly cloudy early in the morning then clearing. Weather for the next 12 days in Summit, Mississippi state, USA Weather in Summit for today, Monday, 11 Jan 2021 Sunrise: 07:02 Sunset: 17:15 Moonrise: 05:38 Moonset: 15:47 UV Index: 1 for Summit, Mississippi Plan you week with the help of our 10-day weather forecasts and weekend weather predictions for Summit, Mississippi Visibility one quarter mile or less at times early in the morning. Weather conditions with updates on temperature, humidity, wind speed, snow, pressure, etc. Summit Weather Forecasts. 8:27 AM CST Thu Jan 14 2021. Summit, MS Warnings, Watches and Advisories. Southwest winds 5 to 15 mph. Winter Weather Advisory. Summit, MS Weather Forecast. Highs in the mid 60s. Live Traffic, Construction and Accident Report Patchy fog early in the morning. Summit 5 day forecast with weather outlook providing day and night summary including precipitation, high and low temperatures presented in Fahrenheit and Celsius, sky conditions, rain chance, sunrise, sunset, wind … SUMMIT, MISSISSIPPI (MS) 39666 local weather forecast and current conditions, radar, satellite loops, severe weather warnings, long range forecast. Winter Weather Advisory issued January 11 at 10:15AM CST until January 11 at 6:00PM CST by NWS Summit MS 5 Day Weather Forecast from LocalConditions.com. Mississippi. Summit, MS - Weather forecast from Theweather.com. Summit, MS - Get the very latest weather forecast, including hour-by-hour views, the 10-day outlook, temperature, humidity, precipitation for your area. Home / Local Weather & Traffic / Mississippi / Summit / Severe Weather Warnings. Weather for Summit, Mississippi current weather conditions Current weather conditions for Summit, Mississippi mostly cloudy: 82 °F [28 °C] Feels Like 86 °F / 30 °C Wind: 0 mph : Dew Point: 73 °F / 23 °C: Humidity: 74%: Pressure: 30.01 inches: Visibility: 10 miles: Updated at 09/09/2020 03:55 pm CST Summit Local Conditions, Weather Reports updated live.
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The Clean Air Act amendment of 1970 was the principal tool that led to the reduction of air pollution in the United States. This legislation extended the mandate of the Federal Government. This achievement has been made possible by requiring comprehensive state and federal regulations regarding industrial pollution. It also authorized the expansion of the federal enforcement authority. In this.
Air pollution can affect our health in many ways with both short-term and long-term effects. Different groups of individuals are affected by air pollution in different ways. Some individuals are much more sensitive to pollutants than are others. Young children and elderly people often suffer more from the effects of air pollution. People with health problems such as asthma, heart and lung.
The former happens when pollution occurs directly in the air, for example through smoke and car exhaust fumes while the later forms in the air when chemical reactions change the primary pollutants. An example of secondary pollution is the formation of tropospheric ozone. Since the atmosphere is a complex, dynamic and fragile system, there is a growing concern about the global effects of air.
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Effects of Air pollution: There are different kinds of negative and harmful effects of air pollution. The effects of air pollution are described below. 1. Global warming: Air pollution causes global warming in a great scale. With increased temperatures world wide, increase in sea levels and melting of ice from colder regions and icebergs.
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If you are looking for descriptive essay examples here is a great one below. Read and enjoy! Descriptive Essay Example. Moving North Became the Dream Come True. As a child, I always enjoyed spending time up north at our cabin. It was a place where you could go and get away from the busy life in the city and enjoy doing things that you might not be able to do back home. While we didn’t get.
For example Air Pollution,Water Pollution and Solid Waste.Here are some information about each of these examples. Air pollution has been around us since. Save Paper; 2 Page; 333 Words; Effects of Pollution on the Nigerian Ecosystem. Nigeria is not alone in the types of pollution that it is plagued with, particularly when it comes to developing nations. What is troubling is the manner in.


On a global scale, you might have noticed that a major push for sustainability consists in tackling climate change through reducing greenhouse gas emissions, with the main indicator being CO2 emissions. Are you clear on the key scientifically proven facts about climate change? Can you comfortably talk with friends and colleagues about the actions required to mitigate climate change? Remind yourself of the facts in this course mail.
This article will give you a clear overview of climate change, its causes and scientifically measured evidence and effects. Then flow through the history of international commitments to action, the main strategies to revert the global warming trend, ending with how we influence climate change in the built environment.
“Support” is a larger-than-life sculpture created by Italian artist Lorenzo Quinn for the Venice Biennale 2017 which evokes a powerful message on the effects of Climate Change.
What is the cause of climate change?
Climate regulates all aspects of life in our Earth’s eco-system, and climate change is a pressing global challenge that affects every aspect of human society and ecological systems.
Following investigations by the science community worldwide, it is established that historically recent human activity has been having significant impact on long established climate patterns on planet Earth.
The International Energy Agency (IEA) describes Climate change as “the change in climate (i.e. regional temperature, precipitation, extreme weather, etc.) caused by increase in the greenhouse effect. The greenhouse effect is the process wherein greenhouse gases (CO2 or carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor etc.) in the atmosphere absorb and re-emit heat being radiated from the Earth, trapping warmth.”
There are natural occurrences to the release of CO2, such as volcanic eruptions, but these alone are not as significant as quantities due to human activity.
The human activities contributing to the greenhouse effect could be grouped into the following:
Fossil fuel combustion
Emissions from industrial production
Deforestation (as it inhibits the natural re-absorption of CO2)
While the beginnings of climate change coincide with the industrial revolution, and a massive increase in the use of combustion based machinery, aspects of population growth and other global transformation continue to increasingly impact our environment.
What is the evidence that climate change is happening?
A really clear picture of the issue can be seen by NASA data and images. The graph below, taken from the NASA website, shows the current trend of rising level of CO2in the last 12 years. From the same website, you can visualise very eye-opening time lapses videos and graphs. The image below shows the extent of glacier retreat in the north polar region in just over 30 years.
NASA is an established point of reference in the physical monitoring of the status of climate change and has also published a large portfolio of figures, photos, animations and information relating to various climate measures.
What is the global community doing?
It is important to notice that current global efforts are still looking at slowing this rise as much as possible, and are still quite far from inverting the trend.
Key historical events
Since the 1970s-1980s more and more scientific evidence started to show the effects of human processes on the global climate. As a consequence, governments around the globe have been gathering to discuss what would become one of the biggest challenges of our time, climate change.
The Kyoto Protocol
The first formal document produced was The Kyoto Protocol. This is an international agreement linked to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, which – for the first time - committed its parties by setting internationally binding emission reduction targets. The Kyoto Protocol was issued in Kyoto, Japan, on 11 December 1997 and entered into force on 16 February 2005.
The Paris Agreement
More recently, the Paris Agreement released in 2016, aims “to strengthen the global response to the threat of climate change by keeping a global temperature rise this century well below 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels”. Currently 167 of 197 countries have ratified the agreement.
What is the difference between climate change mitigation and adaptation?
Through your sustainability learning journey, you will often stumble across two important terms relating to climate change: mitigation and adaptation. We will now explain in simple terms what each of these terms mean.
Mitigation involves effective strategies to reduce climate change effects, either by reducing emissions from the sources of greenhouse gases (burning of fossil fuels, industry related emissions) and/or by enhancing the natural “stores” of these gases, such as the forests and soil). Therefore, the goal of mitigation is to avoid significant human interference with the Earth’s climate.
Adaptation involves reducing our vulnerability to the harmful effects of climate change, by predicting and adjusting to expected future climate occurrences. Examples of adaptation strategies are the construction of flood defences, using scarce water resources more effectively, and designing buildings to cope with extreme rainfalls, floods and other extreme weather events.
Although climate change is a global issue, it is felt on a local scale, therefore local authorities are on the frontline of adaptation policies and strategies, with very specific challenges for their own micro-areas.
How do we influence climate change in the built environment?
According to the International Energy Agency, the built environment represents the “largest energy-consuming sector, accounting for over one-third of final energy consumption globally and an equally important source of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions”.
It becomes evident that built environment solutions play a critical role in the way we will be able to change course towards a more sustainable future.
As the creation and operation of the built environment is significantly contributing to greenhouse gas emissions and global warming, built environment professionals have a collective responsibility to understand and implement opportunities to limit further damage and mitigate the effects of climate change where possible.
How can we contribute to address the climate change challenge as actors in the built environment industry? In very simple terms, reducing the emissions involved in manufacturing of products, embodied carbon, construction processes, buildings operation, and infrastructure and transport design.
What is the business value of reducing emissions?
Businesses are increasingly taking bold and decisive actions to help mitigate climate change, whether this is through setting science based targets, measureing and reducing their emissions, or implementing energy reduction projects. A few leading organisations are aspiring to change their business models entirely so as to become net energy or carbon positive and work on decoupling carbon emissions from financial growth. Lower energy consumption (and therefore CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion) and renewable energy solutions can lead to lower operational cost and better building performance for business, good for customers and end users. New technology is rapidly coming to market, to support energy reduction, it is becoming the norm now rather than the exception. Will your business be on the front or back foot in this transforming market?


Buffalo: Emergency workers have filled thousands of sandbags as the area around Buffalo, New York, braced for potential flooding as warming temperatures began to melt up to 2 metres of snow. More than 775 members of the New York National Guard were in Erie County and Buffalo to help with flood prevention after days of work to clear roads and dig homes and cars out of the record snow from a storm that killed 13 people.
The Age, Sun, Nov 23 2014 @ 10:49 PM
New York Gov. Andrew Cuomo says evacuation plans are being prepared and the Red Cross is setting up shelters as rising temperatures melt 7 feet of snow in the Buffalo area, causing a risk of flooding. Cuomo says the only driving bans remaining in the area are in nearby Lackawanna and South Buffalo as snow removal crews continue to dig out streets.
13WHAM, Sun, Nov 23 2014 @ 04:23 PM
A ferocious storm dumped massive piles of snow on parts of upstate New York, trapping residents in their homes and stranding motorists on roadways, as temperatures in all 50 states fell to freezing or below. Even hardened Buffalo residents were caught off-guard Tuesday as more than 5 feet fell in parts of the city by early Wednesday.
Newsday, Wed, Nov 19 2014 @ 08:57 AM
A snowfall that brought huge drifts and closed roads in the Buffalo area finally ended Friday, yet residents still couldn't breathe easy, as the looming threat of rain and higher temperatures through the weekend and beyond raised the possibility of floods and more roofs collapsing under the heavy loads. More than 30 major roof collapses, most involving farm and flat-roof buildings, were reported overnight, officials said Friday, after snow Thursday brought the Buffalo area's three-day total to an epic 7 feet or more.
News Times, Fri, Nov 21 2014 @ 09:22 AM
Western New York residents have been told to prepare for the worst and to stockpile food and torches ahead of expected flooding as snow begins to melt. After a week of epic snowfall dumped 2 metres of snow on western New York, temperatures were climbing and state officials told residents on Saturday to prepare for flooding.
The Age, Sat, Nov 22 2014 @ 09:44 PM
As if a few feet of snow last week wasn't enough for the local area, concerns over where all that now-melting snow will go have flooded the minds of various officials. The National Weather Service in Buffalo has continued a flood warning until late this afternoon for Northern Chautauqua County, Northwestern Cattaraugus County and most of Erie County.
Observer, Mon, Nov 24 2014 @ 02:44 AM
New York Air National Guard Airmen conduct snow clearance and debris removal missions in the towns of Townline and Hamburg in New York state. Photo / AP Weather forecasters and emergency officials have warned that melting snow would lead to heavy flooding in parts of the US northeast, with hundreds of thousands of people told to brace for fast-rising waters.
The New Zealand Herald, Sun, Nov 23 2014 @ 01:08 PM
Sue Radka helps shovel out a friends driveway on Wednesday, Nov. 19, 2014, in Lancaster, N.Y. Lake-effect snow pummeled areas around Buffalo for a second straight day, leaving residents stuck in their homes as officials tried to clear massive snow mounds with another storm looming. Mark Settlemyer, left, gets help clearing snow from the roof of his mother's house from Ken Wesley on Wednesday, Nov. 19, 2014, in Lancaster, N.Y. Lake-effect snow pummeled areas around Buffalo for a second straight day, leaving residents stuck in their homes as officials tried to clear massive snow mounds with another storm looming.
MySanAntonio.com, Thu, Nov 20 2014 @ 01:57 AM


Question: The meteorological observatories say that the weather during the coming twenty four hours is expected to be sunny, cloudy, or accompanied by thunder storms. It might rain here or there, and there will be southern or northern winds, and so on.
Answer: Predicting weather conditions or forecasting winds, storms, clouds, or rainfall in some places is based upon knowledge of the universal laws of Allaah… read more here.
Question: We have read what was published by Al-Madeenah Newspaper, Issue No. 5402 in 4/1402 A.H. that there will be a full lunar eclipse next Saturday. It will start from 8:30 PM and the partial eclipse ends on Sunday at 12:38 PM. The moon comes out from the penumbra of the earth at 1:37 AM. The phenomenon happened exactly as the Newspaper mentioned.
Answer: The times of lunar and solar eclipses are known through calculation of the planet movements by which we can know whether it is full or partial… read more here.


Ursa Major Airglow
Isle of Lewis – Scotland
One night, last September, I was able to observe the airglow for the first time! Greenish waves that slowly covered the entire sky, caused by a number of processes (like the recombination of atoms which were photoionized by the Sun, or the chemiluminescence caused by the reactions between oxygen and nitrogen) in the atmosphere of the Earth, at about 100 km of height.
An evening dominated by bouts of clear skies between one rain and the other, with fast-moving clouds all around. A wonderful Ursa Major was visible toward the horizon, together with many constellations of the northern night sky. Unforgettable memories in the Outer Hebrides!
© Giuseppe Petricca – All Rights Reserved


So apparently, according to our Meteorological Department (MetMalaysia), from May 2019 to September 2019, Malaysian should get ready for another heatwave brought on by the southwest monsoon which will end in September this year. Although thunderstorms will likely happen in the evening, MetMalaysia’s Director-General advised Malaysians to prepare themselves for dry and hot weather. Yikes!
The winds during the southwest monsoon period would lead to a drier climate and less rain cloud formation, its director-general Datuk Alui Bahari said. As such, heatwaves and dry spells are forecast to take place in many parts of the country.Source: The Star
A few states are expected to receive less than average rainfall; below 150mm throughout the monsoon season. States that are affected are Johor, Melaka, Terengganu, and the coastal areas of Kelantan together with few areas in Sabah such as Sandakan, Kudat, and Keningau.
In the report by MetMalaysia, there will be a 65% chance of the El Niño phenomenon taking place this coming August. However, it would not impact the country’s weather drastically compared to the period during the year 1996 and 2016.
El Niño is a weather phenomenon in which sea temperatures in the equatorial Pacific Ocean rise, bringing dry weather and high temperatures to Malaysia. In 2016, Malaysia was hit with dry and hot weather due to El Niño. It had been reported in some places in Malaysia that there had not been any rainfall for almost a month and it had affected the farmers and the production in the palm oil industry.
The highlands which is synonymous for cool temperature has not seen rain for almost a month now and the effects of the El Nino has started to show. Farmer Kwang Woon Ting, 48, said the change in the weather has affected the vegetable farms and the fruit orchards in the Blue Valley.Source: NST
Stay hydrated and cool during this heatwave season. Take in lots of water, have a small towel at hand. A wet towel on the head or neck is wonderful for cooling of in this hot season.
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So I got the news that New York City is already under snow and as I look outside my window I can see that New England hasn't felt the beginning of the storm yet. The last snow storm had activities, schools, and permit parking privileges canceled. Well folks, there is a foot of snow expected later this evening and I'm expected some trouble on the roadways as people commute home from work.
The snow should be reaching Boston in a few hours and when that happens it's going to be a beautiful snow day in winter.
I recommend everyone get their shovels and ice melting salt ready to go. I already have the shovel waiting on my porch and will be bringing the melting salt outside once the shoveling is done. Though I am not fond of snow filled roadways. I am filled with a sense of pride when I shovel the snow covered sidewalks. It's like a service to my community because I see how many people use it throughout the day and my little contribution has made their commute that much easier. I hope you join me in making sure the roads and sidewalks are safe so that no one gets injured while outside...
Here is a recent update on weather conditions across the East coast of the USA...
"Kentucky had half a foot of snow by Wednesday morning as the snow moved across the central part of the state and headed east.
New Jersey and the Philadelphia area could get 4 to 8 inches, and high winds are expected before the storm moves out early Thursday. The city of Philadelphia declared a snow emergency effective at 7 p.m. EST.
The stormy weather was causing some airport delays and cancellations Wednesday. In Philadelphia, about 40 departing flights were canceled and some arriving flights are being delayed, some for up to nearly three hours. There were also delays at Newark Liberty International Airport and one hour delays on arrivals at LaGuardia Airport.
The National Weather Service said significant snowfall was forecast for the New York metropolitan area. Accumulations of up to 10 inches were forecast for the city, Rockland and Westchester counties and Long Island.
New York City declared a weather emergency Wednesday. City officials said any car found blocking roadways or impeding the ability to plow streets could be towed at the owner’s expense. In December’s blizzard, no snow emergency was called, and abandoned cars delayed the progress of plows. Hundreds of buses and ambulances ended up stuck on unplowed streets, and city leaders took heavy criticism for their slow work."
Let me know how you will be spending this snow filled day... has it already hit you? and what have you done to prepare?
I for one love snow, so I'd like to know how you feel about it..?
Leave me a comment below..


Every year during the onset of winter Delhi’s air quality begins to fall. This is important to understand that pollution is in many forms now, water pollution, air pollution, noise pollution, resource pollution and so on. The great increase in the population, people’s needs and above all the high human greed – become the main reasons for the state of pollution emergency. Resulting in polluting air, polluting Oceans, polluting water sources and an increase in soil pollution. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), India has the world’s highest death rate from chronic respiratory diseases and asthma. Air pollution also impacts the environment through reduced visibility, acid rain, and formation of ozone at the tropospheric level.
Several Reasons for Deteriorating Air Quality:-
Firecrackers: Despite the ban on cracker sales in 2019, firecrackers were a common sight in Diwali. It is the major reason for smog in Delhi after Diwali.
Open waste burning: Delhi also has landfill sites for the dumping of waste, burning of waste in these sites also contributes to air pollution.
Stubble Burning: National capital shares its border with the states of Haryana and Uttar Pradesh. Here one of the main reasons for increasing air pollution during the month of October-November is crop burning by the farmers in these states. Farmers burn rice stubbles in Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh. And later, the wind carries all the pollutants and dust particles, which have got locked in the air.
Vehicular Emission: The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) and the National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI) have declared vehicular emission as a significant contributor to Delhi’s increasing air pollution. Because Delhi has more than 9 million registered vehicles.
Weather: During the winter season, dust particles and pollutants in the air become unable to move. Due to stagnant winds, these pollutants get locked in the air, resulting in smog.
Several steps were taken by the government to tackle pollution, to control this dying situation and students teachers and families of JBM Global School, Noida by adopting Eco- Friendly lifestyle help to reduce these harmful effects of pollution from your surroundings, whereas odd and even scheme is also helping in reducing the usage of private vehicles at an extend and by keeping a track to human activities which lead to creating pollution to be monitored and controlled. These are such things which help us to contribute to reducing this killing pollution to make our earth green again.


Earths climate past and future department of earth . Students are introduced to the unanswered question about the future of earths climate they explore data showing temperature changes over the past 120 years and data illustrating climate trends over different time scales. Written from a multidisciplinary perspective by one of the fields preeminent researcher instructors earths climate past and future became a classroom favorite by providing an expert summary of climate change past present and future. Earths past climate reveals future global warming emissions of carbon dioxide are changing the climate and natural factors like clouds may not help. Earths climate has changed dramatically over its history moving between completely ice free intervals to periods of global glaciation this course will examine how and why these changes occurred by
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New mit study finds vehicle emissions are the biggest contributor to these premature deaths air pollution causes 200,000 early deaths each year in the us. Vehicle pollution accounts for a significant portion of global greenhouse gas emissions, including nearly one third of emissions in the united states when designed effectively, policies to. Vehicle exhaust, dust, what fouls the air the most studies disagree as delhi experiments with the ‘odd-even’ formula, indian express summarises the findings of a range of source. Controlling air pollution from motor vehicles information on the vw settlement and how to comment on the development of the beneficiary mitigation plan and zero emission vehicle investment. Vehicle pollution introduction urban areas - both developed and developing countries, this predominately mobile or vehicular pollution that contributes to air quality problems.
Despite their green cred, tesla cars create pollution and carbon emissions in ways that are easily overlooked by consumers and investors. Vehicular pollution essay 1000 words movie, doing homework with depression, a thesis statement must be written as a complete sentence. Exhaust gas or flue gas is emitted as a result vehicle exhaust contains catalytic converters in cars intend to break down the pollution of exhaust gases. Vehicular pollution problems in india there are three broad sources of air pollution from human activities: stationary or point, mobile, and indoor. Automobiles and pollution in india uncontrolled vehicular traffic seems to be the primary reason reasons for air pollution from automobiles in india. Advertisements: various measures have been taken to control air pollution from vehicles are described as under: 1 vehicular emission norms: the vehicular emission norms in india are.
6vehicular pollution article - download as pdf file (pdf), text file (txt) or read online. Vehicle air pollution control statement florida law prohibits the operation, sale, lease, or transfer of title of any automobile or light -duty truck. Technology, pollution prevention, terrorism, thermal pollution, times beach, missouri, tobacco smoke, todd, john innovative ecological designer (1939–), toxic release inventory, toxic.
Transportation is the largest single source of air pollution in the united states fortunately, clean vehicle and fuel technologies can significantly reduce air pollution from cars and. Vehicular pollution control in india technical & non-technical measure policy dr b sengupta member secretary central pollution control board ministry of environment & forests.
How to reduce air pollution from cars and trucks from walking to work to carpooling, there are lots of ways you can reduce your impact discover your commuting style. Vehicle pollution (also transport pollution, motor pollution) is the introduction of harmful material into the environment by motor vehicles these materials, known as pollutants, have.
Best answer: the effects of vehicular pollution are felt at many levels this type of pollution does not just affect one are of the environment, but several. Vehicular pollution - get latest news on vehicular pollution read breaking news on vehicular pollution updated and published at zee news. Vehicle engineering vehicular pollution, their effect on human heatlh and mitigation measures shivaji bhandarkar sr lecturer. Chapter 1 introduction11 general: air pollution has been aggravated by developments that typically occur as countries become industrializ.
Researchers said that vehicles are adding a huge burden of air pollution to cities. There are three broad sources of air pollution from human activities: stationary or point, mobile, and indoor in urban areas it is predominately mobile or vehicular pollution that. The supreme court on monday described the issue of vehicular pollution as “very serious” and a “critical problem” and observed that it would have an impact not only on this generation but. The effect of vehicular emissions on human health air pollution was viewed as a tailpipe emissions are what most people think of when they think of vehicle.


UN latest climate report warning again that decisive action is needed now
At the COP26 UN climate summit in Glasgow, Scotland, delegates gathered to
negotiate to fight against climate change. AP-AlbertoPezzali
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) released its latest report on April 4th after two
weeks of difficult negotiations. This is 48 hours later than the original deadline. While reiterating the
urgency of curbing climate change, the report says the most catastrophic consequences can still be
avoided if governments take immediate and decisive action.
The report released by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change on Thursday is the third part of
its latest report on climate change which focuses on possible responses to the urgency of climate change.
The first part of the report, released last August, predicted that warming would reach 1.5° C above pre-
industrial levels as early as 2030 and it is the desired goal of the 2015 Paris climate agreement by the
end of the century.
The second part of the UN climate report, released in February, paints a picture of the serious and
imminent consequences of continued warming for people and the state of affairs on which they
A third report published on Thursday aims to suggest possible solutions. In particular, the report said it
would be impossible to meet the Paris climate agreement's goal of 1.5C warming by the end of the
century without significant reductions in greenhouse gas emissionsby 2030. Even if to meet the second-
best goal 2.5 degrees by the end of the century, greenhouse gas emissions will have to peak by 2025,
namely three years from now. Butgiven current emissions trends, that target also seems out of reach.
But if nothing is done, warming will reach 3.2℃ by the end of the century, with every 0.1℃ rise bringing
a new climate catastrophe.
The report argues that fossil fuels must be replaced as quickly as possible by renewable and low-carbon
sources of energy, while simultaneously reducing energy demand, which means we must adjust our living
The report says the energy transition will definitely require significant investment, but the human cost of
inaction will be much higher.
Although cities now account for 70% of global carbon emissions, the report argues that centralised, car-
free, and green cities are still the ideal model for tackling climate change, compared with the loose
residential structures of the countryside.


Atmospheric chemistry analysis alone is not going to resolve the challenges of global climate change or the impacts of air pollution on human and ecosystem well being, but these challenges will not be solved with out the knowledge that comes from this analysis,” said Barbara J. Finlayson-Pitts, professor of chemistry at College of California, Irvine, and co-chair of the committee. The Way forward for Atmospheric Chemistry Analysis: Remembering Yesterday, Understanding At this time, Anticipating Tomorrow summarizes the rationale and want for supporting a comprehensive U.S. analysis program in atmospheric chemistry; comments on the broad trends in laboratory, discipline, satellite tv for pc, and modeling studies of atmospheric chemistry; determines the priority areas of analysis for advancing the fundamental science of atmospheric chemistry; and identifies the best precedence wants for improvements in the analysis infrastructure to deal with these precedence analysis matters.
Utilizing input from the scientific neighborhood, the report identifies precedence areas that advance the dual role of atmospheric chemistry: first to advance basic understanding of the Earth system; and second to advance research wanted to deal with the societal challenges of local weather change, human health, and ecosystem well being.
The 20thATMChem program chairs and the session organizers will overview the abstracts , and may request the student to supply references for his/her work, reminiscent of suggestion letter or/and college transcripts, earlier than making a range for the travel awards.
Laboratory research of atmospheric chemistry characterize the character of atmospherically relevant processes all the way down to the molecular level, providing elementary information used to evaluate how human activities drive environmental phenomena comparable to local weather change, urban air air pollution, ecosystem well being, indoor air high quality, and stratospheric ozone depletion.
A majority of these observations are performed in observatories, akin to that on Mauna Loa , and on cellular platforms corresponding to plane (as an example, the UK’s Facility for Airborne Atmospheric Measurements), ships, and balloons Observations of atmospheric composition are more and more made by satellites with important devices, reminiscent of GOME and MOPITT, giving a global picture of air pollution and chemistry.


Air pollution control is at the forefront of today’s societal concerns. Due to this, air emissions control systems are a regular part of our daily lives. Although these devices are constantly functioning to protect our health, most people don’t know much about them. Learn what these systems consist of and how they help keep the air clean.
Where Pollution Comes From
In the modern world, there are numerous sources of air pollution. Some of this pollution is generated through natural means. Occurrences, like volcanic eruptions, spew endless amounts of pollution into the air. The same goes for man made sources. Machinery used for manufacturing and transportation are the usual culprits. Unfortunately, neither of these sources is likely to go away.
Scientists generally break up air pollution sources in to emission types. Smaller sources of pollution are referred to as area sources. This term is applied to sources that are responsible for less than ten tons of a particular pollutant. Major sources are those that generate more than ten tons of material. These sources can come from either stationary or movable sources.
Government agencies assign pollutants to different categories for regulatory purposes. Air toxins are mainly composed of metals and organics that are volatile in nature. Criteria air pollutants are those that primarily exist in the atmosphere. Greenhouse gases (such as ozone) are responsible for increasing the degeneration of the earth’s atmosphere. Each of these pollutants play a dangerous role in affecting human health.
Pollution Control Systems
When it comes to air emissions control, there are many different tools available. Scrubbers remove gases and particulate matter from industrial sites. Air filters collect pollutants that pass through them to remove them from the ambient air. One special category of air filters, HEPA filters, use fiberglass mats to block certain pollutants. HEPA filters are some of the most commonly used solutions.
Getting Pollution Under Control
As you can see, there are various ways to deal with air pollution. If you use these devices correctly, you can minimize the harmful effects of harmful emissions.
To learn more, contact Air Clear at www.airclear.net.
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From a NASA press release:
SCIENTISTS’ SHOWDOWN WITH SOIL MOISTURE AT THE O.K. CORRAL
Tombstone, Ariz., is a dusty place known for Wyatt Earp’s famous 1881 “Shootout at the O.K. Corral.” This year, from August 2 to 27, it will be known as the place where scientists from NASA, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), and other institutions gather and study soil moisture to improve weather forecasts and the ability to interpret satellite data.


This has been a big year for the hurricane season, with our second category 4 hurricane hitting the US today. Hurricane season is supposed to end with September, but the NOAA predicts hurricanes and tropical storms well into November. So what’s with all the storms this year? Hurricanes are brought on by warmer than normal water temperatures and low wind shear. The big debate lies in why the waters are warmer than normal. Some scientists say it’s just normal weather cycles, but others believe the warmer waters are due to global warming. Simulation studies have shown that increased levels of atmospheric CO2 may not increase the number of hurricanes, but does increase the intensity of the hurricane.
I’m one of those people who straddle the fence on this debate. The earth does go through different weather cycles (the Ice Age is a good example), but we also can’t deny the influence of man on weather conditions. For instance we know that it’s always going to be hotter in cities then country areas. Pavement and smog all contribute in trapping heat. It doesn’t take a rocket scientist put two and two together.


Safety is the number one priority during hurricane season. Here are some resources to help you stay informed and safe during hurricane season.
The National Hurricane Center provides up to date information on hurricane activity on the Caribbean region. Check them out at: https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/, https://twitter.com/NHC_Atlantic, @NHC_Atlantic.
USAID’s Center for Disaster Information (CID) has an excellent hurricane season landing page, which has resources to share on hurricane donations: https://www.cidi.org/atlantic-hurricane-season/#.W5gF4LBKhhE


Oh, hell yes! Highs in the 60s and 70s expected through the weekend
The chilly start to spring will come to an end this week.
Daytime highs in the Rochester area are expected to climb into the 60s on Wednesday and the low 70s on Thursday (article updated Tuesday evening). The warm weather is expected to stick around through the weekend.
From there, let's hope the spring weather continues. The average high for mid-April is 57 degrees; the average high for April 30 is 64 degrees.
(Cover photo: File / CC)


The devastating Category five hurricane is making her way to Northern Cuba as Floridians are urged to evacuate immediately.
CBS News reports more 5 million people are told to evacuate in order to escape Irma’s path. Forecasters predict the hurricane will arrive to the Florida Keys on Sunday. The hurricane’s winds are very wide that it can reach coast to coast.National Hurricane Center meteorologist Dennis Feltgen warns not to underestimate this storm:
“This is a storm that will kill you if you don’t get out of the way,everybody’s going to feel this one.”
Take a look at Hurricane Irma’s destruction below:
Photo: 1 of 7
Hurricane Irma has destroyed the island of Barbuda, where 1,600 people inhabited but are now left homeless. 20 deaths have been reported since the hurricane’s arrival in the Caribbean. Many islanders have prepared to evacuate in the wake of Hurricane Jose.
There are reports of gas shortage and gridlock as thousands prepare for the dangerous storm. Interstate 95 was packed with bumper to bumper traffic. Emergency responders will evacuate the Florida Keys on Saturday morning. Florida public schools are also closed in order to provide shelter for evacuees.


As climate science continues to mature, scenarios also improve. Recently, efforts have been made to fold current and expected future conditions into climate models, making them more useful as forecasting tools, extending their original purpose to answer hypothetical questions such as, over hundreds of years, the likely impact of elevated atmospheric GHGs such as CO2 and methane.
These latest efforts seek to determine likely decadal changes, to assist with short term planning.
When the forecasts indicate potential cooling based on these conditions which are completely independent of GHG levels, the concern is that such a forecast will fool the uneducated into believing that AGW is either over or over-stated.
Of course, the forecasts indicate no such thing. They simply indicate that short term variability can and does mask long term change. We have seen this many times before. Refer to any graph of long term temperature variation and you will find multiple occurrences of short term cooling, lasting 5 years or longer. The short term trend is always absorbed into thelonger term trend, which is a warming trend.
Here we are again: forecasters believe that N.A. and Europe may see periods of cooling over the next decade as PDO sorts itself out. This says nothing about the overall trend of the planet, which may still warm overall during this period. It is also only a forecast, and it remains to be seen how well the PDO "competes" with AGW.
What is clear is this: the concerns are well founded. Denialism has already lept at the perceived opportunity to dent public awareness of the reality that short term variability tells us nothing about long term trends, and that natural processes do continue to unfold, even in a warming world.
We still had winter, for example. Some people don't understand how we can have AGW and also have winter. They experience variable weather and begin to question what they've been led to believe.
Of course, part of the problem is that some people have taken the information presented and drawn the conclusion that AGW should reveal itself in an easily identifiable and predictable way. AGW doesn't care what we want. AGW unfolds according to its own reality, which is that there will be tremendous disruption of the world climate system, and while the overall temperature of the planet must rise due to the radiative imbalance, nature will find ways to deal with this warming, some of which may lead to periods of cooling in certain regions.
The relentless increase in GHGs must eventually prevail, even over such occurrences as el nino and PDO. Those who cling to the belief that periods of cooling somehow contradict AGW, are hiding from scientific probability.


Atmospheric Science: Thermal Inversion at the Barringer Meteorite Crater
Atmospheric thermal inversion occurs when cold air is trapped beneath warmer air. Barringer Meteorite Crater, with its simple bowl-shaped topography, is an ideal experiment site for investigating this phenomenon.
If you live in a western city that is surrounded by mountains (for example, Phoenix, Salt Lake City, and Boise), the effects of atmospheric thermal inversion may be familiar. Within those basins, cold air is often trapped beneath warmer air. This turns off atmospheric convection near the ground. The air grows still and pollutants begin to build up beneath the ceiling of warm air, causing murky conditions that vex visibility and cause respiratory problems.
Although the basic physics of the phenomenon are known, the details that may affect (or mitigate) the severity of thermal inversions are still being investigated. Atmospheric scientists use a variety of tools: in situ measurements in cities with thermal inversions, small scale experimental models of air flow in basins, and theoretical calculations of air movements. Unfortunately, the different scales of past work are often difficult to link together, so scientists began looking for an experimental site of intermediate size.
Barringer Meteorite Crater, with its simple bowl-shaped topography, became the favored experiment site. A large integrative team from several universities, in coordination with the National Science Foundation and the National Center for Atmospheric Research, deployed a large number of sensors in and around the crater. The leaders of the team were David Whiteman, Andreas Muschinski, Sharon Zhong, and David Fritts. The team measured the effects of solar radiation as the sun heated different portions of the crater walls between dawn and dusk, and consequences of the overnight loss of solar radiation. The flow of air around the crater, over its rim, and down its slopes was monitored to determine if the flow was steady, unstable, or episodically disrupted.
This meteorological field campaign showed that thermal inversions occur in Barringer Meteorite Crater, creating a stable boundary layer about 30 meters deep in the crater interior. The inversion often begins in the late afternoon, remains overnight, and is then destroyed two to three hours after sunrise. Surprisingly, the basal layer of air is covered with an isothermal layer of air that separated the cold air on the crater floor from the overlying warmer air of the atmospheric inversion. The team is investigating the origin of this atmospheric structure and its implications for thermal inversions elsewhere.
Although the impetus for this study was terrestrial, we have used these results to explore conditions on Mars where rovers have detected thermal inversions within impact craters. Based on the measurements made at Barringer Meteorite Crater, the daily temperature variations should be greater on the crater floors of Mars, than on their rims. The average temperature on a crater floor on Mars will also be less than that on the rim. We can also infer that temperature inversions on Mars may be greater now than in the geologic past, when lakes may have mitigated the magnitude of any thermal inversions. Interestingly, the types of down-slope air flow detected at Barringer Meteorite Crater can enhanced the ablation of volatile material, like water, on Mars, and, thus, may be an important factor in the potential habitability of impact craters on Mars.


The subject is about Global warming.And now we have to find ways to adapt to extreme weather, rising sea levels, and melting polar ice caps. However, we can mitigate greenhouse gas emissions – or make them less harmful. The average temperature of the earth's surface over the past century is 0.85 ° C.
So the world is going to have to adapt to global warming since we can't turn back the clock on climate change. And rich countries have the resources to do this, whilst poorer countries don't.
Rich countries have pledged – or promised – to deliver a hundred billion dollars a year to help poorer countries adapt to climate change.
Climate change is a much bigger problem than the banking crisis.


The recent high-pressure system that's been keeping the rain away has brought with it both the romance of a long, hot summer and the heartbreak of drought. But that kind of weather also brings clear blue skies, one of my favourite things to photograph.
As Jackson recently discovered in Nelson, there's something about a clear, cloudless sky. It's like a perfect plain background to photograph something against. But when there aren't any clouds, the sunlight is stronger, harsher and less forgiving. But a blue sky is just that much more uplifting than a hazy grey day.
And as standard as a blue sky seems, there are differences in blue around the country. Wellington in particular has a really strong, dark blue, surely a result of the windy climate keeping atmospheric pollutants (and light diffusers) away. Other cities have a cooler, lighter blue.
So over the years I've taken advantage of cloudless days and got out in there, both in the sweltering summer sun and the refreshingly cool clear winter weather. Here are some of the blue moments I've captured.
And this is also a chance to dig out your blue sky photos and share them here, or go out on a mission and capture some blue sky (that is, when the weather is suitable). And it doesn't even matter if a little bit of cloud has snuck into the shot!


We live in a world where people love to have their cake and eat it, too. We want a clean house without having to clean. We want to be, but we don’t want to do. We want to stop global warming and climate change, but we don’t want to change our daily habits. We want to avoid things like climate-change induced natural disasters, but we aren’t willing to put in the work to prevent it.
There is hope, yes, but time is running short. We’re at the point where convincing people to live greener and be nicer to the environment has to come with a dire warning of impending doom. It sounds a bit melodramatic, yes, but it’s true.
And now scientists have one more thing you can add to your dire warning speech: the fact that the occurrence of “super” El Niños is likely to double as our planet continues to warm. El Niño refers to an unusually warm water pattern that stretches across the eastern equatorial Pacific every 3-7 years. And every once in a while, we see a bigger one, such as the super El Niño of 1997-1998 and one in 1982-1983. With these super El Niños often comes a slough of other weather-related debauchery like heavy rains, landslides, wildfires, and more. In 1997-98, there were an estimated 23,000 deaths worldwide and $35-$40 billion in damage attributed to El Niño.
Whereas now the likelihood of a super El Niño is one every twenty years or so, as the planet warms that number will change to one every ten years. El Niños will still occur on about the same schedule, but more of them will be abnormally strong.
The study that predicted these changes was conducted by Wenjun Cai and a team of researchers at the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation in Australia. The findings were published in Nature Climate Change.


Bachelor of Science in Meteorology and Climate Science
Meteorology and climate science helps us to understand and predict changes in the Earth’s atmosphere. This is of paramount importance in developing countries like Malawi whose socio-economic development is largely dependent on its agro-based economy. Over 85% of the total population in Malawi is dependent upon rain fed agricultural production, which is highly vulnerable to frequent weather and climatic shocks such as floods and drought. Other important sectors of society that are also highly sensitive to weather and climate include tourism, disaster management, trade, aviation and health. Climate Change and variability is an additional pressure on the country’s socio-economic development, with Malawi being the most prone countries in the sub Saharan Africa. Projected climate change scenarios in Malawi indicate an increase in temperature and erratic rainfall events, coupled by a decrease in total annual rainfall and water availability. These will in turn impact heavily on the agricultural sector thereby increasing poverty levels.
It is evident that the sustenance of Malawi’s economy base needs specialized human capacity in meteorology, climate and related atmospheric sciences with a considerable understanding of the behaviour of the Earth’s atmospheric conditions, and the subsequent responses to both human and natural inputs. This human capacity will also be key to the provision of accurate weather and climate information which is essential for planning and managing socio-economic production, particularly under changing climate. Presently, there is no institution in Malawi offering such a specialised undergraduate degree programme.
This programme has therefore been designed to address Malawi’s specific capacity needs in meteorology, climate and related atmospheric sciences. The programme has been designed by integrating the basics with advanced and applied aspects of meteorology and climate science such as monitoring and analysis of the climatic system and processes, forecasting at various temporal and spatial scales, climate modelling, climate change science and future scenarios analysis, weather information communication and dissemination and early warning systems, and disaster management.
Graduates can work for media houses, consultancy, education, agriculture, military, and national meteorological services as meterologists. As climate science experts they can work in the emerging areas related to climate change. Of course, climate change mitigation is growing in areas including energy efficiency, renewable energy, carbon monitoring, agriculture and transportation systems. Climate Science is designed to give graduates the broad understanding of many of these areas, coupled with the quantitative ability to solve problems.
-Chemistry-Algebra and Trigonometry
-Language and Communication
-Introduction to Space and Earth Sciences I
-Introduction to Computer Applications I
-Language and Communication II
-Introduction to Space and Earth Sciences II
-Introduction to Meteorology
-Weather and Climate Fundamentals
-Atmospheric Physics I
-Fluid Mechanics I
-Atmospheric Physics II
-Probability and Statistics
-GIS and Remote Sensing
-Dynamics of Weather Systems
-Practical Weather Observation and Climate Forecasting
-Atmosphere and Ocean Dynamics and Climate Processes
-Dynamics of Weather Systems II
-Satellite and Radar Meteorology I
-Tropical Meteorology II
-Satellite and Radar Meteorology II
-Disaster Risk Management I
-Research Project 1
-Atmospheric Pollution and Regulations
-Climate Information Communication and Dissemination
-Boundary Layer Meteorology
-Climate Change Science and Policy
-Advanced Climate Modelling
-Research Project II
-Disaster Risk Management II
Malawian undergraduate students on generic intake pay K450,000 per academic year for tuition. However, the students also need K80,000 per annum for accommodation and an estimated K500,000 per annum for upkeep.
Economic fee paying students pay K2,200,000 tuition fees per annum and K160,000 per annum for their accommodation.
Foreign students from the SADC region pay US$3,000 tuition fees per annum while those from countries outside the SADC pay US$3,500 per academic year.
Postgraduate students pay tuition fees of US$5,000 or Malawi Kwacha equivalent per academic year. Other costs include K40,000 per semester residence (depends on availability) fee; living expenses of approximately K250,000 per semester payable on prorate basis; research fee of US$500 or in Malawi Kwacha equivalent; dissertation/thesis binding fee of K25,000 and yet to be advised medical insurance fee.
The admission of applicants will be at the discretion of the Malawi University of Science and Technology. However, applicants will have to conform to the following criteria:
(a) Normal Entry
• MSCE with a minimum of six credits including Maths, Biology, Geography and Physical Science and at least a pass in English,
• Advanced Level (A Level) certificate with 3 A level passes in Maths and Physics and Chemistry. A Pass in English at O level is a must. The student with A level will be admitted into second year.
• Diploma in a related field and three years job experience will be admitted in first year.
(b) Mature Entry
Diploma in Meteorology with three years of experience will be admitted in second year.


Weather monitoring and weather prediction in some climates is a national pastime. Some people are quite good at reading the signs of impending poor weather, some not so good! Animals tend to be better but they can't talk! We prefer to rely on objective data measurement for our weather data.
Why Measure Weather Conditions?
Weather plays an important part in the operation of infrastructure systems:
- Cold temperatures may lead to snow/ ice build-up on roads/ motorways causing dangerous driving conditions
- High temperatures may lead to degradation of road surface or rail buckling in the case of railways
- Heavy precipitation or rain can lead to unsafe driving conditions and also instability of roadside and trackside embankments causing landslips/ landslides
- High winds can cause hazards for pedestrians as well as high-sided road and rail traffic
The weather station records:
- Ambient Temperature (±5°C)
- Wind Speed & Direction (Speed: 0-40m/s ±5%; Direction: 0-359° ±3°)
- Humidity (0-100% ±5%)
- Air Pressure (300-1100hPa ±1hPa)
- Precipitation (0-100mm/hr ±10%)
The Weather Station has a heater included which brings the overall power consumption to 1.7w which, in comparison to the Wireless Temperature, Water Level and Terrain Stability monitoring, is a much larger power requirement. This power requirement is still fulfilled by solar panel but, depending on the location of the installation, the solar panel size may be up to 150w (approx 1600mm X 800mm)
There are no specific maintenance requirements for the Weather Station other than a periodic inspection to ensure that there is no dirt/ debris built up on the instrument. There are no moving parts in the instrument. The battery in the Base Station will last around two years depending on the temperature.


“I wonder what the weather looks like there.”
Those cold, snowy mornings in the middle of winter will no longer be a mystery to commuting staff and students and others at Eastern Michigan University.
A campus weather station, located on the roof of the Mark Jefferson Science Complex, now offers a grand view of campus conditions, along with a variety of other data that can track our area’s ever-changing weather picture.
Want to know what conditions are like on campus when you're having trouble getting out of your driveway in Canton? Deciding what shoes to wear, or whether to drive or take a bus? Check the weather station.
The station has observations of precipitation, relative humidity, temperature, wind speed, wind direction, a lightning detection array, and an HD camera that provides streaming time-lapse views of the walkway and surrounding buildings from the Mark Jefferson Science Complex to the Student Center.
The station is part of the Weather Bug network of more than 8,000 weather stations around the country, and can be seen at its specific Weather Bug link or by a downloadable app for Android and IOS systems.
The weather station, which became operational last year, has been installed to support research and laboratory courses taught in the Earth Science, Earth Science Education, and the Environmental Science and Society Interdisciplinary (ENVI) programs, said Tom Kovacs, a professor of meteorology at Eastern and director of the ENVI program.
“The departments of athletics, biology, chemistry, physics and astronomy, and mathematics have also expressed interest in weather data to support instruction, research, and safety,” Kovacs said.
Before now, Eastern had only a precipitation gauge at its National Weather Service cooperative weather station outside of Strong Hall. To get a sense of the new weather station’s capabilities and its instruments, see the drone video of the station and surrounding areas.
There is also a display case with the station’s weather data in the basement (rock level) of The Mark Jefferson Building and in the Oceanography, Climatology, and Weather Lab in 217 Mark Jefferson.
About Eastern Michigan University
Founded in 1849, Eastern is the second oldest university in Michigan. It currently serves more than 20,000 students pursuing undergraduate, graduate, specialist, doctoral and certificate degrees in the arts, sciences and professions. In all, more than 300 majors, minors and concentrations are delivered through the University's Colleges of Arts and Sciences; Business; Education; Health and Human Services; Technology, and its graduate school. EMU is regularly recognized by national publications for its excellence, diversity, and commitment to applied education. For more information about Eastern Michigan University, visit the University's website.


Heidi went to the zoo yesterday with some friends. When she got back she had de-layered to trousers, and a long sleeve cotton top.
Hope and I enjoyed our snack on the deck, wrapped in a blanket for snuggles but I had short sleeves and was not cold in anyway!
The snow on the front lawn is almost gone. +11 will do that to you.
Chinooks are fun (warm winds).
So I checked the weather this morning, being the good Brit that I am.
It said this:
City of Calgary
4:31 AM MST Friday 28 January 2011
Snowfall warning for
City of Calgary issued
Heavy snow today and into Saturday.
A cold front moving through Southern Alberta this morning is bringing the return of colder temperatures and wintery conditions to the region. This Arctic air in conjunction with Pacific moisture streaming across the mountains will result in heavy snow for parts of Southern Alberta today and into Saturday. Snowfall amounts of 15 to 25 centimetres are expected by Saturday night. Light snow is likely to persist through the rest of the weekend.
Best get the snow gear ready :)


Analysis on the prediction method of solar photovoltaic power generation
The trend of solar energy changes are mainly affected by local geographical conditions and meteorological conditions. The influence of geographical conditions has obvious regularity. According to the local longitude and latitude, the running track of the sun can be calculated, and a general trend of the change of solar energy is calculated according to the parameters of the photovoltaic cell array itself. But this trend does not reflect the general situation of solar energy change within a few hours or even within a few hours.
Meteorological conditions is the most direct impact on the solar radiation. To achieve solar energy trend prediction within a few hours, we must find out the calculation method of solar trend based on meteorological conditions. In recent years, with the rapid development of solar energy industry, the demand for solar photovoltaic power generation is increasing. The research on solar photovoltaic power generation in developed countries is early and fast. At present, the research of solar photovoltaic prediction technology in our country is still at the initial stage, and we need further research and experiment.


First published June 2017; updated June 2021
What is solar ultraviolet radiation?
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is one of the three major components of sunlight, which include visible light and infrared (heat). It is divided into three categories, classified according to wavelength: UVA, UVB and UVC. The ozone layer blocks all UVC and most (90% or more) of UVB, while UVA passes through the atmosphere relatively unchanged. Therefore, the two types of UV radiation that we need to be concerned about, are UVA and UVB.
Why is UV radiation important?
UV radiation in sunlight has both positive and negative health effects. Although UVB plays a role in vitamin D production, UV radiation can also damage skin cells, with overexposure causing both visible (sunburn) and invisible damage, resulting in premature ageing, eye damage (e.g. cataracts) and increasing skin cancer risk. Furthermore, vitamin D produced in the skin is ‘biologically regulated’ – long periods of sun exposure can actually break it down, therefore reducing benefit.
UVA & UVB
Longer wavelength UVA rays penetrate more deeply through the layers of the skin than UVB. UVA is mostly involved in skin ageing while UVB is mainly responsible for sunburn. However, both types of UV are linked to the development of skin cancer.
A worrying trend
Skin cancer is the most common cancer in Ireland, with rates projected to more than double by 2045. Yet in most cases, it is preventable and early detection leads to better outcomes. The vast majority of these cancers are caused by overexposure to UV radiation, mainly from sunlight, although UV radiation from artificial sources (e.g. sunbeds) can also cause skin cancer.
Most people living in Ireland have fair skin which burns easily and tans poorly, so are particularly vulnerable to sun damage and skin cancer.
What influences UV level?
UV rays are present all year round but levels vary, depending on things like: your location, time of year, time of day, and weather conditions. The higher the sun is in the sky, the greater the intensity of UV rays. So remember time of year, time of day and time unprotected outside, all matter to your skin!
- Latitude: The closer to the equator, the greater the UV radiation levels.
- Time of day: Solar UV levels change throughout the day, rising during the morning and reaching their peak when the sun is at its highest point in the sky above the horizon (solar noon), before declining during the afternoon and evening.
- Time of year (Season): During winter, the sun is lower in the sky than during the summer months. The length of the day is also shorter, and so UV is less intense.
- Altitude: UV levels increase by 4% for every 300-metre rise in altitude.
- Reflection: UV is reflected from many surfaces, for example sea surf (white foam) can reflect about 25-30% of UV, while a concrete footpath can reflect up to 12% of UV.
- Cloud cover: While UV levels are highest when skies are cloudless, over 90% of UV can pass through light cloud.
- Ozone: the ozone layer provides a defence against UV penetration. Ozone levels can vary over the year; lower ozone values lead to higher UV levels, while higher values lead to lower UV levels.
Protect yourself from overexposure
UV radiation cannot be seen or felt (infrared radiation causes heat, not UV) so you need to defend yourself against overexposure.
The Global Solar UV index is a scale that was developed by the World Health Organisation which measures the UV radiation level at the surface of the Earth, and gives an indication of the potential for skin damage.
It is calculated in a way that indicates the risk of developing sunburn, which is mainly caused by UVB.The UV index ranges from zero upwards – the higher the UV index, the greater the risk.
In Ireland, make sun protection part of your daily routine particularly from April – September, when the intensity of sunburn producing UV is greatest, even when it is cloudy! Stay safe by limiting time in the midday sun when UV is strongest, typically between the hours of 11:00am-3:00pm.
Remember the 5 ‘Ss’ of sun safety
Remember: Do not deliberately suntan. Avoid sunbathing/sun burning. Never ever use a sunbed!
If you are concerned about a change or growth on your skin, you should always see your doctor.
Next article: Confused about the UV Index?
For more information on how to Protect & Inspect™ against Melanoma Skin Cancer visit our information and resources page.


Air Pollution and Asthma in Children
We estimated annual air pollution exposures for all our participants from birth to day of recruitment. We have data on five traffic-related air pollutants: nitrogen dioxide, ozone, coarse particulate matter (PM10), fine particulate matter (PM2.5), and sulfur dioxide. These data are part of our environmental research projects.
These maps describe the average annual nitrogen dioxide (NO2) exposure in 1996 (the median birth year) in our five study regions. Circles represent participant residences. Open circles with random noise prevent determination of the participant’s address. Solid stars represent monitoring sites. Blue triangles represent recruitment centers. Labels for major cities provide a reference for nearby urban centers.


Once upon a time, the world acted quickly when faced with challenges to the environment.
In the early 1980s, scientists from the Japan Meteorological Agency and the British Antarctic Survey discovered “unusually low total ozone” over the Antarctic during late winter/early spring (September, October, and November).
Ozone is a naturally occurring oxygen compound high in the upper Earth atmosphere.
In May 1985, Nature published a paper by three scientists from the British Antarctic Survey that announced the “unexpected discovery of a hole in the atmospheric ozone layer over the Antarctic.”
The culprit: chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), nontoxic, nonflammable chemicals composed of carbon, chlorine and fluorine.
At the time, these three chemicals were widely used as refrigerants. In addition, CFCs were involved in the manufacture of aerosol sprays and were used as solvents. Their negative impact is to “erode the ozone as the sun emerges over the Antarctic after the polar winter.”
Two years after that Nature paper, 27 countries signed an international treaty, the Montreal Protocol, which committed these countries to reduce their use of CFCs (production levels, 1986 base year) by 50% before the year 1998.
On 3 March 1989, representatives from the 12 European Community countries went further. They agreed to ban all production of CFCs by the year 2000.
The following year, the world came together again to refine the Montreal Protocol (the London Amendment). The result: a ban on the use of CFCs in 10 years (by 2000) for industrialized countries and in 20 years (by 2010) for developing countries.
The Montreal Protocol “regulates the production and consumption of nearly 100 man-made chemicals referred to as ozone depleting substances (ODS).” Additional amendments followed in 1992, 1997, 1999 and 2016.
Not only did we act quickly and decisively, scientists say that our actions worked. According to the US EPA, “emissions of ODS are falling and the ozone layer is expected to be fully healed near the middle of the 21st century.” However, that “near the middle” is now expected to be no sooner than 2070.
In the meantime, climate change accelerated.
In the September-November 2021 season, at its peak the hole was “roughly the size of North America.” It reached that maximum size on 07 October 2021; this the 13th largest since 1979.
“This is a large ozone hole because of the colder than average 2021 stratospheric conditions, and without a Montreal Protocol, it would have been much larger,” according to Paul Newman, chief scientist for Earth sciences at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center.


Build A Weather App With Ajax Using Open Weather Map API
API stands for Application Programming Interface. API is basically a way for programmers to communicate with certain applications. The use of APIs in building applications is becoming increasingly popular.
In this course, we will build a complete weather app using the open weather map API. Open weather map API is simple, clear and free to use. Open weather map API provides current weather data, weather forecast data as well as historical weather data.
With our application, we will make API calls by city name to the open weather map API using Ajax to get response in JSON format.
The weather app will be used to:
- Get current weather information like temperature, pressure, humidity, wind speed, wind direction etc.
- Get weather forecast information of any city by city name and number of days.
- Make API calls with Ajax.
- Open weather map API description.
- Get current weather information.
- Get weather forecast information.
- Use jquery plugin to animate text.
Add Index Page
Description of structure of application.
Create project and add index page
Add bootstrap navbar to index page
Add css styles to bootstrap navbar
Add and style the weather app logo
Add background image to the index page
Add css styles to text on background image
Add the html page to display current weather data
Add css styles to jumbotron on current html page
Brief description of API
Introduction and description of open weather map API
Jquery Ajax request for current weather data
Display results for current weather data
Add respective units to weather data
Add bootstrap alert class to error message
Add page footer to current html page
Add css styles to the result div for current weather data
Reduce margin top from footer
Add and display weather icons for current weather data
Add weather forecast html page
Description of open weather map for weather forecast
Add weather forecast results table head
Jquery Ajax request for weather forecast
Add forecast results to table data
Display weather forecast icons in result table
Display city name and country code on results page
Add css styles to results table
Increase height of div with class container in the forecast html page
Index Page Styling and Text Animation
Add more text to index page
Add css styles to index page
Add footer to index page
Use jquery typed.js plugin to animate text


SNOW could fall in the Bathurst CBD for the first time in four years with a wet, wild and white weekend forecast for the city.
The Bureau of Meteorology has forecast snow as low as 600 metres on Saturday and Sunday as arctic conditions sweep the state.
High areas to the south of Bathurst have already seen flurries today with heavier falls expected overnight and tomorrow morning.
Bathurst has not had significant snow in the centre of town and surrounding suburbs since an overnight dump on July 17, 2015 - described by long-time residents as the city's heaviest snow in at least 40 years.
But the city's elevation of 650 metres means snowmen are a real chance over the weekend, even if a repeat of the 2015 whiteout is unlikely.
Bathurst can expect maximum temperatures of just seven degrees Celsius both Saturday and Sunday, with up to 10 millimetres of rain each day.
It will be even colder in Oberon where maximums are not expected to pass three degrees Celsius and heavy snowfall is likely to be accompanied by rain and possible thunderstorms.
Motorists are urged to take care on the roads right across the weekend and to drive to the conditions.
Live traffic updates from the Roads and Maritime Service are available here.
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