Areas most sensitive to acid rain contain hard, crystalline bedrock and very thin surface soils.
When no alkaline-buffering particles are in the soil, runoff from rainfall directly affects surface waters, such as mountain streams.
Agricultural emissions of nitrogen compounds are due to windblown fertilizers.
Nitrogen pollution of waters has historically been blamed on surface runoff from fertilizer, animal waste, sewage, and industrial waste.
Although these are still significant causes, scientists have come to believe that airborne nitrates account for one-fourth of all nitrogen, the second most prevalent cause after fertilizers. Geological Survey (USGS), ammonium levels in precipitation increased throughout the 1990s across most of the country. Several factors contribute to the impact of acid rain on an area.
Scientists also blame ammonia emissions, which come largely from agricultural activities such as manure handling and fertilizing, for contributing to acid rain. Transport systems—primarily the movement of air—distribute acid emissions in definite patterns around the planet.Values higher than seven are considered more alkaline or basic (the p H of baking soda is eight); values lower than seven are considered acidic (the p H of lemon juice is two). This means that every p H change of one is a ten-fold change in acid content.Therefore, a decrease from p H seven to p H six is a ten-fold increase in acidity; a drop from p H seven to p H five is a 100-fold increase in acidity; and a drop from p H seven to p H four is a 1,000-fold increase.The effects of acid rain can be greatly reduced by the presence of basic (also called alkali) substances.Sodium, potassium, and calcium are examples of basic chemicals.The movement of air masses transports emitted pollutants many miles, during which the pollutants are transformed into sulfuric and nitric acid by mixing with clouds of water.In the United States a typical transport pattern occurs from the Ohio River Valley to the northeastern United States and southeastern Canada, as prevailing winds tend to move from west to east and from south to north.When a basic and an acid chemical come into contact, they react chemically and neutralize each other.On the other hand, in more humid climates where there is less dust, such as along the eastern seaboard, precipitation is more acidic.Dry deposition is caused by very tiny particles (or particulates) in combustion emissions.They may stay dry as they fall or pollute cloud water and precipitation.


Tuesday, March 30 | 09:45 – 10:30
Plenary 1 – Space Optics in CNES
Wednesday, March 31 | 09:00 – 09:45
Plenary 2 – Space Optics in NOAA’s Earth and Solar Observing Systems
Elsayed R. TALAAT – National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA) mission is to understand and predict changes in climate, weather, oceans and coasts, to share that knowledge and information with others, and to conserve and manage coastal and marine ecosystems and resources as the Nation’s authoritative environmental intelligence agency.
NOAA’s National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service (NESDIS) supports NOAA’s mission of Science, Service and Stewardship through our satellite missions, data centers, data and information products and services as well as use-inspired science. It is an end- to-end responsibility that underpins NOAA’s value to the Nation. The United States depends on NOAA to provide satellite data and imagery for meteorological and space weather forecasts and emergency services to support continuity of government. NESDIS’ responsibility is to collect and provide the critical satellite Earth and space observations and other essential environmental information needed for disaster preparedness, all hazards response and recovery and the protection of the Nation’s critical infrastructure and natural resources. The 24/7 global coverage provided by NESDIS generates an uninterrupted stream of information and products.
This talk overviews the fleet of environmental satellites that provide critical observations of the Earth and space. It also discusses strategies for NOAA’s future space-based observation architecture and the remote sensing capabilities being considered for low Earth, geostationary, and extended orbits.
Wednesday, March 31 | 09:00 – 09:45
Plenary 3 – IASI-NG: when improving our understanding of the Earth atmosphere requires to multiply innovations in an operational meteorological programme
Adrien DESCHAMPS – Program Manager for Atmosphere and Meteorology, CNES
Successor of IASI (Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer), IASI-NG is currently being developed under the authority of CNES in collaboration with EUMETSAT. More than a single payload, IASI-NG is a complex system that combines an innovative interferometer developed by Airbus Defense and Space and a complex ground segment that includes specific algorithms for the “Level 1” data processing (spectral and radiometric calibration, removal of the instrument function, spike correction…). It will be a major component of the European Polar System – Second Generation that will count six satellites including Metop-SG A. This satellite will embark the first IASI-NG instrument and is expected to be launched end of 2023.
This talk will start by reminding the huge contribution of IASI data in Numerical Weather Prediction services but also for climate studies and atmospheric composition. Then, we will show how the ambitious scientific goals for IASI-NG led to dramatically change the instrumental concept compared to the first generation and to use innovative technologies for different subsystems. Finally, we will give an overview of the on-ground processing and describe the algorithms that have been specifically designed to calibrate the raw spectra and to remove the effects of the instrument before transmission to the end-users.
As a conclusion, the other missions (in orbit or under development) that constitute the atmospheric programme at CNES will be briefly presented and some perspectives for the future of the atmospheric missions (compact instrument for dedicated molecules, use of constellation of nanosatellites, increase of the spatial resolution towards spectral imagery) will be discussed.
Friday, April 2 | 10:30 – 11:30
Plenary 4 – LISA Conference
Antoine PETITEAU – APC


Hurricane Patricia – the strongest hurricane in Mexico’s Pacific coast
Hurricane Patricia is the strongest hurricane ever recorded in the Western Hemisphere. The maximum sustained winds reached an unprecedented 200 mph (320 kph). The eye of Hurricane Patricia made landfall near Cuixmala in Jalisco state of southwest Mexico.
Hurricane Patricia broke the record for lowest pressure in any hurricane on record. With a minimum central pressure of 880 millibars (25.99 inches of mercury)
Patricia broke the record of 882 millibars set by Wilma in the Atlantic Basin almost exactly 10 years earlier.


Here, in the land of plenty we can have some truly spectacular summer storms. When the temperatures heat up we have not only thunder boomers but we live with the potential for tornadoes touching down.
Last Saturday, my area was host to a wind, hail, rain, thunder storm for the record books. I took these pictures as the storm moved into the area. It didn't actually hit until about 5 hours after these pictures were taken. Years ago, the nearby large city was hit with a massive tornado. It's legacy, is people in the region get very nervous when big storm systems hit now. We have a very good storm warning system that takes effect very quickly when systems move into the capital and surrounding area, keeping people informed.
Living in a region where tornadoes are reality means I've been exposed to a few of them. I remember as a child watching a tornado move across the fields before my grandmother ushered us into the root cellar. Afterwards we drove out to inspect the damage. Minor really, only a few granaries moved to new locations. I've learned that unless the sky turns bizarre colors and is heavy feeling to not stress too much. Once we have confirmation of a tornado touching down, if it's near where I live, then and only then will I move into the basement washroom with my blankets, dogs and battery radio. My house has been in the "path" a number of times. Mostly when this happens I worry about the animals outside and cross my fingers.
Earlier, prior to taking these pictures I did see a small funnel cloud but it disappeared fairly quickly and I kept working the dogs. This storm did produce winds in excess of 130km/hour and hail ranging from pea to golf ball size. My house didn't get the fierce part of the storm and had no damage aside from trees down and stuff blown around. I thought the clouds looked beautiful. Hard to imagine how something so pretty can be so destructive.


Northern Lights In Madison Wisconsin
Aurora Borealis | Northern Lights | Madison, Wisconsin
The evening of Thursday March 23rd my phone was getting notifications of solar storm aka - Northern lights. We don't typically see the lights around this area at all. City lights drown out the night sky, plus the Northern lights typically don't reach this far south. This evening things were different. Very different. Just a few days earlier on March 20th the sun released a vey large Coronal Mass Ejection (CME) aimed directly at Earth. These solar storms travel a very high rate of speed. This flare traveled in excess of 600km/s. So what does this all mean you may ask. The National Oceanic and Atmosphere Administration issued Geomagnetic Storm Watch for March 23rd -25th. Storms are rated on "G-Scale" Geomagnetic Storms G-1 thru G-5. They are also based on a "Planetary K index" or known as the "KP" this ranges from KP-0 thru KP-9. So basically Wisconsin experienced a G-4 / KP-8 Geomagnetic storm and these lights were seen as far south as New Mexico.
March 23, 2023 CME Arrives | Rare Northern Lights Show In The Midwest
Earth took a direct hit from this storm that caused the night sky to erupt in blazing colors racing across the sky. Images started to appear on social media and messages from all over the state. Some viewers saw the lights completely overhead raining down as they danced across the sky. In my travels as a photographer I have only been blessed a few times to see the northern lights directly overhead and this was in Alaska during a photography workshop that I run. So to see this type of activity right here at home was simply amazing and very rare! I shared this experience with my family down at the Memorial Union. This is a very popular University Of Wisconsin area in the summer time for students. The Bucky Badger mascot of Wisconsin was the location I wanted to try and capture with northern lights. This was the image I captured called "Cosmo Bucky"
Colors of the Northern Lights
Why did we see different colors in the sky some people have asked. Well here's why, the light show we see from the ground is caused by electrically charged particles from space entering the Earth’s upper atmosphere at a very high speed. The Earth’s atmosphere is made up of different atoms like oxygen and nitrogen. These atoms cause the colors we can see in the "Northern Lights". Depending on where these atoms become excited at different levels in the atmosphere they will produce different colors that we see. Some common colors seen are green, red, purple, violet, yellow and blue. These colors are produced and are excited at different altitudes.
Up to 60 miles: Blue with Nitrogen
Above 60 miles Purple or violet with Nitrogen
Up to 150 miles: Green will be visible with oxygen
Above 150 miles: Red with oxygen
University Of Wisconsin Mascot Bucky Badger
Northern Lights Across The Last Frontier of Alaska
In all my travels searching out the Northern Lights I have found Alaska to be the most incredible area to watch Mother Nature's light show. Check out some of my favorites here! If you would like to join me on an incredible trip to see the Northern Lights check out the workshops on my site with Light Chasing Photo Tours.
Northern Lights | Alaska Northern Lights Photography Workshop | Limited Edition Art Prints
Check out Joe Garza Photography's Alaska collection to see images from the Alaska frontier, The Artic Circle, and along the Dalton Highway. Looking to gather your own stunning images? Check out the Light Chasing Photo Tours page to join our Alaska Northern Lights photography workshop or another well-loved location and bring home stunning images of your own from Alaska, Maui, Kauai, Glacier National park or other incredible workshop locations.


Author: J. R. Garratt, Division Atmospheric Research CSIRO, Australia and lucid account of the science of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL). There is an . The atmospheric boundary layer / J. R. Garratt. Author. Garratt, J. R.. Edition. 1st paperback ed. (with corrections). Published. Cambridge: Cambridge U. P. An overview is given of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) over both continental and ocean J.R. Garratt / Earth-Science Reviews 37 ()
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Table of contents 1. Theory of Space Plasma Microinstabilities S. Scaling laws for mean and turbulent quantites; 4. A comprehensive and lucid account of the physics and dynamics of the lowest one to two kilometers of the Earth’s atmosphere in direct contact with the Earth’s surface, known as the atmospheric boundary layer ABL. Read, highlight, and take notes, across web, tablet, and phone.
Chapter 7 then extends the discussion to the cloudy ABL. Introduction to Space Physics Margaret G. The atmospheric boundary layer biundary and climate modelling. Check out the top books of the year on our page Best Books of Public Private login e.
Cambridge Atmospheric and Space Science Series: The Atmospheric Boundary Layer
The atmospheric boundary layer. Nieuwstadt, Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society ” Finally, chapters 8 and 9 bring much of the book’s material together in a discussion of appropriate ABL and surface parameterization schemes in general circulation models of the atmosphere that are being used for climate simulation. The thermally stratified atmospheric boundary garrat.
Policy makers should ensure that potential emission sources stacks are above 50 m to ensure pollutants are dispersed aloft in the area. To include a comma in your th, surround the tag with double quotes.
The cloud topped boundary layer; 8. In order to set up a list of libraries that you have access to, you must first login or sign up.
Scaling laws for mean and turbulent quantities. Physical Description xviii, p. The thermally stratified ABL; 7. Open to the public. Garratt summarizes the book’s material by discussing appropriate ABL and surface parameterization schemes in general circulation models of the atmosphere that are being used for climate stimulation.
View online Borrow Buy Freely available Show 0 more links Book ratings by Goodreads. The atmospheric boundary layer; 2. Tags What are tags? Review quote ‘An excellent review of the current state of affairs on boundary-layer meteorology research.
Cambridge Atmospheric and Space Science Series: Turbulence generated through atmospherif and free ascents prevailed at the surface layer and upper layer respectively. This indicates robust turbulent conditions. Basic equations for mean and fluctuating quantities.
The atmospheric boundary layer / J. R. Garratt. – Version details – Trove
Antarctic Meteorology and Climatology J. The Atmospheric Boundary Layer J. We were unable to find this edition in any bookshop we are able to search.
The Best Books of Set up My libraries How do I set up “My libraries”? Selected pages Title Page.
Malinowski, Pageoph show more. The months of February and September at and hours respectively are the periods of maximum about m and minimum below 15 m heights were free convection destabilises forced convection in the study area.
Found at these bookshops Searching – please wait Subjects Planetary boundary layer.


The week from 22 to 28 August will be abnormally hot and without precipitation. Scientific Director of the Hydrometeorological Center of Russia Roman Vilfand.
What will the weather be like in Moscow from 22 August?
On Monday, August 22, the thermometer will reach 28-30 degrees, and on August 23 and 24 it will rise to 31-33 degrees. Precipitation and cloudiness can wait — clear all week. According to Vilfand, cooling can be expected by Saturday, August 27. However, the thermometer readings will still remain summer-like high — 25-28 degrees.
How long is it hot in Moscow?
According to the press service of the Moscow municipal economy complex, the air temperature will exceed the climatic norm until the end of next week.
Why will the heat come to the capital again?
Vilfand explains climate fluctuations by the movement of a warm air front from Turkey, Asia Minor and the Middle East. It is because of this that in Russia the next week the temperature will be 7-8 degrees above the norm, which is a big anomaly for our region.
It will change What about the smog situation in Moscow in the near future?
Michael Leus, the leading specialist of the Phobos Center, does not give an optimistic forecast for the next few days. As he told Izvestia, an anticyclone loomed over Moscow, due to which airflows from Ryazan region pass lower to the ground and could not can dissipate.
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Carbon Footprinting – the Lowdown
[/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=”3.0.85″]A carbon footprint provides the measure of the direct and indirect impacts of an activity on anthropogenic global warming. This is determined by calculating the greenhouse gas emissions of these activities, usually stated as a ‘CO2e’, or carbon dioxide equivalent. This means that all the key greenhouse gases (such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide) can be expressed as a common unit, allowing, for instance for the ease of inter and intra industry comparison and understanding.
Emissions are usually defined under three categories, or ‘Scopes’ – Scope 1, 2 and 3.
- Scope 1 emissions are all direct – they are emitted from the organisation themselves, and by any sources that they own or control, for instance from combustion by equipment they own.
- Scope 2 emissions are indirect emissions from electricity purchased and used by the organisation
- Scope 3 emissions incorporate all other indirect emissions that result from activities performed by the organisation, from sources that they do not own or control. This incorporates any emissions from, for example, business travel, or goods or services purchased by the company. Scope 3 usually covers the largest share of the carbon footprint of most organisations.
The Scopes therefore help to systematically define different emission areas for a corporation, and are also a useful tool that is widely utilised in reporting.
They have been issued by the World Resources Institute (WRI) and World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) as per the Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Protocol, which is a global initiative to allow for standardised emissions calculating and reporting for corporations and businesses. This framework provides a set of annually updated emissions factors, which can be used as a tool to calculate specific emissions under each of the three scopes, to generate a corporation’s overall greenhouse gas emissions. This is published by the Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy and can be found here.
This information can subsequently be used in business strategy to tackle specific areas in order to reduce emissions where possible, from specific sources or areas, and be more efficient. Targets can be set in order to define this.
Green Element use the GHG Protocol emission factors to calculate our clients’ carbon footprints. By evaluating energy use activities across a business, we can capture the necessary data and calculate direct and indirect emissions, identifying key high-emission areas and providing assistance and solutions to tackle these.
If you’d like to learn more about our Carbon Footprint service please click here
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A dust storm similar to special effects on the big screen bellowed across the western desert of Iraq on April 26. The storm was spawned near the border of Syria and Jordan. Forward Operating Base Korean Village experienced tornadoes around 2 p.m. The storm moved in a northeasterly direction until it reached Al Asad, around 6:45.
The sandstorm approaching at around 60 mph (95 km/h) engulfed people, buildings and equipment.


With hurricane Florence bearing down with expected to be devastating force,
it might be a good time to reflect on the history of Atlantic Hurricanes on the
United States. As an easy if not full proof source for hurricane data I drew on
public data collated through Wikipedia's list of costliest Atlantic hurricanes
as linked articles. On the page it lists 45 hurricanes going back to Hurricane
Betsy in 1965, with 30 of them since 2000 totaling 803 billion dollars in
estimated damages and 6,591 US fatalities. While this is quite a large number
of fatalities, the death toll of Atlantic Hurricanes outside of the US is significantly larger with
nearly 30,000 deaths estimated.
Within the US, the track record for deaths from hurricanes tend to be quite
low with all hurricanes recorded having a fatality rate of less than two
hundred with the exception of Maria (2017 - Trump administration) and Katrina
(2005 - GW Bush administration).
|Figure 1: US Fatalities by Year.|
I have also scaled the y-axis by log10 to make it easier to
examine less deadly storms.
|Figure 2: US Fatalities by Year Log10 scaled.|
Maria and Katrina being the most deadly of storms does not
indicate that they are necessarily the most damaging of storms.
|Figure 3: Damages in the Billions by Year.|
Harvey and Katrina are reported to have done 125 billions dollars each
followed by Maria doing damage of 91.2 billion, Sandy at 68.7, and Irma at
So why is it that Harvey (2017 - Trump), a storm that did as much damage as
Katrina resulted in only 106 deaths while Maria a storm that did 25% less
damage resulted in a US citizen total death toll comparable to the sum of all
44 other Hurricanes on record (2982 vs. 3609)?
|Figure 4: Total deaths by Year.|
We might attempt to predict which storms might be the most deadly using the storm measurements highest wind speed recorded and lowest pressure recorded.
|Figure 5: Wind speed by US_Fatalities|
|Figure 6: Lowest air pressure recorded in terms of mbar (whatever that is). |
As we can see that Maria and Katrina are both on the higher end of the
wind speed distribution and the lower end of the air pressure distribution, we
can assert that a more powerful storm is a necessary component for the kind of
death tolls associated with these storms.
What factors must be present for a severe storm which otherwise would be
associated with a death toll of less than 200 people to being a tremendous
human tragedy, such as in the case of Katrina or even more so Maria are yet
unknown given the sparsity of data available to the public.
From the data it appears that Atlantic hurricanes have grown more damaging
and more deadly for US citizens.
Hopefully, despite the catastrophic blunders of the handling of Katrina and Maria by the Bush and Trump administrations respectively, future hurricanes such as Florence will be dealt with in a more responsible manner.
Code and data can be found here
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Environment Canada is warning GTA drivers of a possible slippery evening commute on Thursday.
The weather agency has issued a Winter Weather Travel Advisory the Greater Toronto Area.
Meteorologists say a cold front is expected to track over southern Ontario Thursday afternoon.
As the front passes through, the temperature is expected to drop from a high of 9 degrees, to 2 in the afternoon, and dropping down to minus 10 Thursday night. With the winds, it will feel more like minus 18 overnight.
As the temperature drops, scattered showers will change to flurries.
The agency says that untreated surfaces could become icy into the evening commute.
City of Toronto's transportation department says staff will be patrolling the roads, and crews will be sent out immediately when needed.
Areas north of the GTA are also under a snow squall watch. It includes northern York region, Caledon, Barrie and Collingwood.
Environment Canada says some areas that get multiple squalls could get as much as 15cm of snow Thursday night, into Friday.


Sun refuses to set on warming theories
By Mark Lawson
Australian Financial Review
June 4, 2008
The existence of global warming continues to be a cause of heated debate, writes Mark
After many years of debate, a surprising consensus has emerged from the fledgling field of climate forecasting - global temperatures are likely to remain stable and may even fall until around 2015 and then kick up.
After that, the climate crystal ball becomes decidedly quirky with climate modellers following the lead of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change saying that temperatures will keep on rising.
But one forecaster and strong advocate of the overriding influence of the sun on climate, professional UK weather forecaster Piers Corbyn, says that after 2015 temperatures will go up but only temporarily, then decline again.
Scientists generally regard Corbyn's approach as unconventional, while those who agree variations in solar activity affect climate to the exclusion of most other factors (including industrial gases), decline to make forecasts.
However, an article in the science journal Nature (letters, May 1) states that global temperatures are expected to remain stable over the next decade. Paper lead author Noel Keenlyside of the Leibniz Institute of Marine Sciences in Kiel, Germany, expanded on that point in a subsequent interview with the UK-based Daily Telegraph newspaper.
He says that he does not expect there will be any warming until 2015, but once past that period global temperatures will pick up.
Keenlyside repeatedly says that his work does not contradict that of the IPCC. Instead he is making short-term climate projections by adding the effect of climate cycles to existing IPCC projections.
The paper in Nature says that over the next decade, the current Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMO is a climate cycle like El Nino) will weaken to its long-term mean. In addition, the "North Atlantic sea surface temperatures and European and North American surface temperatures will cool slightly, whereas tropical Pacific sea surface temperatures will remain almost unchanged.
"Our results suggest that global surface temperatures may not increase over the next decade, as natural climate variations in the North Atlantic and tropical Pacific temporarily offset the projected anthropogenic warming."
The paper in Nature is the second major effort to include climate cycles in IPCC forecasts. A team led by Greg Smith of the UK Meteorological Office reported last year (Science, August 10, 2007) that, after allowing for climate cycles, they expected temperatures to remain subdued this year and then turn up.
Peter Baines, a professorial fellow at the University of Melbourne's Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, who has also done considerable work on climate cycles says that papers by Keenlyside and Smith are broadly similar, although there are differences in detail.
"Together they are encouraging, and the variability in the AMO (with a period of about 60 years) seems to be real," he says.
Although the AMO influence on sea surface temperatures is largest in the northern North Atlantic, its influence may well be global.
"Since we have a viable mechanism (the AMO), we have a process on which to base decadal scale climate forecasts, to this extent at least," Baines says. "I believe that there are other decadal-scale processes out there yet to be identified, and can be included once they are understood and monitored."
Whatever the merits of these, forecast temperatures have been subdued of late. Charts on the site run by the Hadley Centre in the UK, show declines in temperatures in the past two years, plus a very sharp drop in temperature in the first few months of this year due to the La Nina climate cycle.
Forecasts by Corbyn do not have the same scientific credibility as articles in Nature. His career includes being featured on the television documentary The Great Global Warming Swindle, and an on-radio shouting match with an English professor of solar physics, Mike Lockwood.
But Corbyn is also able to point to some success in weather forecasting. He runs a longrange weather forecasting agency in London, Weather Action, and won £20,000 placing bets on England's notoriously changeable weather with betting agency William Hill, before the agency banned him.
Speaking to the AFR from London, Corbyn says that most meteorologists do not like his approach to weather and climate prediction, mostly because he ignores the orthodoxy that industrial emissions are affecting temperatures. His predictions rely on pairs of solar cycles (the sun goes through distinct cycles of high and low activity marked by sun spots, in which each cycle takes 11 years) and its effect on pairs of earth years.
He says he does not concern himself with changes in visible light but in changes in the streams of charged particles (electrons and protons) and in changes in the solar magnetic field.
All of the past major changes in climate can be explained by changes in solar activity, and he does not believe the IPCC can produce a single piece of direct evidence that industrial gases are causing the earth to warm, he says.
General climate trends of previous centuries have been strongly linked to highs and lows in solar activity, but there is considerable argument over whether current comparatively high global temperatures can be linked to solar activity, let alone any accepted way to forecast temperatures. In contrast, the IPCC forecasts future temperatures but does not look back beyond the industrial era.
Baines says that there are about 30 years of good observations of incoming solar radiation, but the variations are not large enough to cause the global warming experienced over this period. "The sun may well have caused changes over the past 1000 years, but I have been to several international meetings over the past few years where people who work on the sun address this question, and I have heard none of them claim that it causes global warming," he says.
One strong advocate of the link between solar activity and climate is Willie Soon, a solar physicist and climate scientist at the Harvard-Smithsonian Centre for Astrophysics in the US.
In an email response to a query about forecasting Soon says, "I think any speculation about the future, especially weather and climate, is always dangerous".
He also says he has tried to understand Corbyn's methods but believes the rules keep on changing.
As for past links between solar activity and climate, Soon says he can point to a connection, and a physical mechanism, for climate changes in the arctic and coastal Greenland surface temperatures. He says this is a key region for detecting specific influences on climate.
Another scientist who has written extensively about previous natural variations in earth climate is Fred Singer, a professor at George Mason University in the US. Singer has co -authored the book Unstoppable Global Warming, which points to a 1500 -year climate cycle. He was also a major organiser of the Nongovernmenta l International Panel on Climate Change - a group of scientists established as a counterweight to the IPCC. The NIPCC has produced a report highly critical of the conclusions of its more famous counterpart, but has not produced any forecasts.
Singer says, "I am often asked to make predictions. I cannot - and neither can climate models - for similar reasons. We don't know what the sun is going to do. We don't understand the details of the internal oscillations. They may at times cancel each other, or they may reinforce each other.
"On the other hand, we can analyse the past and try to deduce causes of climate change. I am reasonably convinced, and NIPCC presents compelling evidence, that the human contribution is minor and that natural causes dominate. This conclusion, that climate change is essentially unstoppable, and that CO2 is not a pollutant, has, of course, important implications for policy."
Singer also notes that although carbon dioxide will have a warming effect, all current models assume a positive feedback that amplifies that warming effect. But many researchers believe a negative feedback, from clouds or from the way water vapour is distributed in the atmosphere, is more likely.
He also points to a host of different long and short-term climate cycles. The short-term fluctuations include those caused by interaction between the atmosphere and ocean, such as the El Nino, the Pacific Decadal Oscillation and several other climate cycles. He says these are essentially unpredictable but are evident in historic records of climate going back millions of years and current IPCC models have not included them.
Then there are cycles caused by changes in solar activity, with typical cycles lengths of 11, 22, 60-80, and up to 1500 years. None of those cycles shoul d be confused with the nearly 20 ice ages of the past 2 million years - or even longer-term climate changes.
The Leibniz-Hamburg researchers are talking about cycles caused by the interaction between the atmosphere and the ocean, while Corbyn is talking about the externally forced cycles. "They don't talk to each other," Singer says.


- It has a clear LCD monitor that allows you to see and understand the input whether it rains or shines.
- It read displays temperature humidity and time simultaneously.
- It promotes low power consumption as it is powered with only a single AAA battery.
- It is easy to install or set up either wall-mounted or placed on the tabletop. The product’s size is 13.2 X 8 X 3 cm.
- It alarms when the temperature readings become too low or too high from normal.
- It measures temperature range -50℃~+70℃, accuracy ±1℃/1.8°F; measures humidity range 10%~99%RH, accuracy ± 5%RH.
- It records the maximum and minimum temperature and humidity memory, either in ℃/℉, depending on your choice.
- It is waterproof and weather resistant, great for both indoor and outdoor use.
- Temperature accuracy: +/- 1 ℃
- Temperature resolution: 0.1 ℃
- Temperature measurement range: -20 ~ 50 ℃


Our planet has been facing a higher frequency of extreme weather patterns and events. Natural disasters such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, hurricanes, tsunamis, and flooding have resulted in great loss of human life as well as the destruction of homes and other property, infrastructure, and livelihoods. Many people live in natural disaster-prone areas such as Indonesia, which has experienced devastating floods, earthquakes, and tsunamis in the last year alone. The recent Cyclone Idai has also resulted in unforeseen losses in Southern Africa. Understanding cyclone formation is at the center of providing early warnings that enable much-needed disaster preparedness.
The Formation of Cyclones, Hurricanes, and Tsunamis
Although they go by different names, cyclones, hurricanes, and tsunamis are effectively the same creature. The difference is the region where these occur. When this weather phenomenon occurs in the Atlantic and Northeast Pacific, it is referred to as a hurricane. In the Northwest Pacific, it is a typhoon, and in the South Pacific and the Indian Ocean, it is a cyclone.
The generic term used for all three occurrences is a tropical cyclone. A tropical cyclone begins when clouds and thunderstorms in an organized, rotating system form over tropical or subtropical waters. The circulation must be closed and low-level. Rotation is counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere.
When the maximum sustained winds are at most 38 miles per hour (mph) or 33 knots, the phenomenon is classed as a tropical depression. In the range of 39 to 73 mph, the term tropical storm is used. The classification as a hurricane, cyclone, or typhoon happens when there are maximum sustained winds of at least 74 mph. When the maximum sustained winds reach at least 111 mph, then it becomes a major hurricane. These are classified on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale as either Category 3, 4 or 5.
A Look at Cyclone Idai
Cyclone Idai occurred between March 4th and 21st 2019. Behind the 1892 Mauritius cyclone, it is the second-deadliest tropical cyclone to be recorded in the South-West Indian Ocean. Looking at the entire Southern Hemisphere, it ranks third-deadliest.
Monitoring of the cyclone began on March 1st, 2019 when the French national meteorological service office in Reunion began tracking prolonged circulation. As the system continued to gain in strength, it moved across Africa’s east coast. It hit land in Mozambique as Tropical Depression 11, redirected, and re-emerged a few days later as a Category 1 hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson scale. Cyclone Idai moved on to impact, not just Mozambique and Madagascar but also land-locked Malawi and Zimbabwe. At its peak, it reached wind speeds of 125 mph, the equivalent of a Category 3 hurricane.
As Cyclone Idai moved inland, it brought with it heavy rains, flash floods, mudslides in the mountainous areas, widespread flooding, and extreme winds. In terms of impact, there have been at least 1,000 fatalities, over 2,000 missing, and over 2,000 injured. Millions have also been affected and displaced, and the monetary damage is estimated to be over US$1 billion.
Early Warnings and Disaster Preparedness
Weather stations globally play an important role in tracking the early signs of potential extreme weather and natural disasters. They give governments and communities the early warnings they need to prepare for impending disasters. Depending on the nature of the disaster, people may need to be evacuated, taken to higher or safer ground, and equipped with food and water supplies should they be later cut off. In lower-income areas, there are still challenges and inefficiencies in how this is done. Finally, in the aftermath of a natural disaster, there comes the combined effort of providing relief in different forms and assessing the impact.


Air pollution is a growing concern, particularly in major cities around the world. New Delhi, the capital of India, is no exception. The city has been grappling with severe air pollution for years, and the situation has now cast a shadow over the highly anticipated cricket World Cup. In this article, we will explore the impact of air pollution on the tournament and discuss the measures being taken to address this pressing issue.
The Severity of Air Pollution in New Delhi
New Delhi is notorious for its poor air quality, especially during the winter months. On Thursday, the Air Quality Index (AQI) in the Anand Vihar area of the city reached a staggering 415, indicating “severe” levels of pollution. Such high pollution levels can have detrimental effects on both healthy individuals and those with existing health conditions. To put this in perspective, an AQI between 0-50 is considered healthy.
Health Implications and Concerns
The deteriorating air quality in New Delhi has serious health implications, particularly for respiratory health. The spike in pollution levels during the winter months often leads to a surge in respiratory illnesses, prompting schools and factories to close. This poses a significant risk to the well-being of the general population, including the players and spectators participating in the cricket World Cup.
The Impact on the Cricket World Cup
The air pollution crisis in New Delhi has raised concerns about the well-being of the cricket players and the thousands of fans attending the matches. With AQI levels exceeding 400, New Delhi, along with Lahore in Pakistan, tops the list of the world’s most polluted cities, according to the Swiss group IQAir. Mumbai, another Indian city, also features among the 15 most polluted cities globally.
Measures Taken to Combat Pollution
Recognizing the severity of the situation, the New Delhi government has implemented several measures to combat pollution. The entry of diesel buses has been banned, and construction activities will be halted if the pollution persists. Additionally, the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) has announced a ban on firework displays during the remaining matches of the cricket World Cup as a measure to reduce pollution levels.
Concerns Raised by Players
Cricket players have expressed concerns about the toxic air in New Delhi. England’s Joe Root has complained of breathing difficulties during a game, highlighting the impact of pollution on athletic performance. India’s Rohit Sharma has also voiced his concerns, urging for changes to be made for the sake of “future generations.” These concerns underscore the gravity of the situation and the need for immediate action.
The Economic Impact
The air pollution crisis in New Delhi has not only affected public health but also has economic implications. The cricket World Cup, a highly anticipated event, has been overshadowed by the pollution concerns. This has the potential to impact tourism, as fans may be hesitant to attend matches in a city with such severe air pollution. The overall economic impact of the pollution crisis is yet to be fully determined.
International Recognition of the Issue
The severity of the air pollution crisis in New Delhi has gained international recognition. With AQI levels above 400, the city has gained notoriety as one of the most polluted cities in the world. The heightened media coverage of the issue during the cricket World Cup has further brought attention to the urgent need for measures to combat air pollution in the city.
The air pollution crisis in New Delhi has raised serious concerns about public health and its impact on the cricket World Cup. The severe pollution levels have prompted the government and cricket authorities to take action to mitigate the situation. However, the long-term solution lies in sustained efforts to address the root causes of air pollution and implement effective measures to improve air quality. By prioritizing public health and environmental conservation, India can ensure a healthier future for its citizens and continue to host international events without compromising the well-being of participants and spectators.


World weather watch: global observing system, satellite sub-systeminformation on meteorological satellite programmes, operated by members and organizations
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Secretariat of the World Meteorological Organization , Geneva
Astronautics in meteorology, Meteorological satellites, Meteorology -- Observa
|Statement||World Meteorological Organization.|
|Series||WMO -- no. 411|
|LC Classifications||QC879.5 W6|
|The Physical Object|
|Pagination||50 p. :|
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Get this from a library. World Weather Watch global observing system, satellite sub-system: information on meteorological and other environmental satellites. [World Meteorological Organization.;]. Get this from a library. World weather watch: global observing system, satellite sub-system: information on the application of meteorological satellite data in routine operations and research: abstracts, annual summaries and bibliographies.
[World Meteorological Organization.]. World Weather Watch global observing system ; satellite sub-system: Information on meteorological satellite programmes operated by members and organizations. The WMO Global Telecommunication System (GTS) is the communications and data management component that allows the World Weather Watch (WWW) to operate through the collection and distribution of information critical to its processes.
World Weather Watch: Global observing system - satellite sub-system. Information on meteorological satellite programmes operated by members satellite sub-system book organizations.
However, Global Observing System is arguably unique in being the foundation on which the others stand: it provides the essential observations subsequently disseminated through the Global Telecommunication System and assimilated and processed into forecasting products through the Global Data-processing and Forecasting System.
The Global Observing System is an extremely. The World Weather Watch (WWW) Programme facilitates the development, operation and enhancement of worldwide systems for observing and exchanging meteorological and related observations, and for the generation and dissemination of analyses and forecast products, as well.
These advances in computer and space technology at the end of the s and the beginning of the s stimulated the creation of the WMO World Weather Watch, and ultimately the WMO Global Satellite Observing System. The Global Satellite Observing System has had unparalleled success in bringing together the countries of the world to scientifically collaborate and transform how.
The Global Observing Systems Within the last decade, the Global Observing System of the World Weather Watch has been complemented by the Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS) and the Global Terrestrial Observing System (GTOS).
Observations are key to our understanding of how the Earth system – the atmosphere, oceans, freshwater bodies, land and the biosphere – shapes our weather, climate and hydrology.
Currently, well over 10 manned and automatic surface weather stations, 1 upper-air stations, 7 ships, moored and 1 drifting buoys. Organización Meteorológica Mundial. at sea, in the air and in outer space in support of the World Satellite sub-system book Watch Global Climate Observing System Coordinating the activities of Members related to the space-based observing system component of the WMO Integrated Global Observing System to ensure sustained and interoperable satellite.
Global Observing System of the WMO World Weather Watch, established inprovided essential global coordination of the conventional meteorological observing networks operated by individual countries. It served as the main source of climate observations worldwide.
Details World weather watch: global observing system, satellite sub-system EPUB
Observations of. Weather is a global system, and forecasters needed to know the weather of the entire world to make accurate forecasts. What they really needed were pictures from space.
Ina 35 mm camera strapped to the nose of a V-2 rocket provided just that, the first picture of the Earth framed against the blackness of space. The future Global Observing System will play a central role within the WMO Integrated Global Observing System (WIGOS). This evolved integrated observing system will be a comprehensive “system of systems” interfaced with WMO co-sponsored and other non-WMO observing systems, making major contributions to the Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS).
Check the live satellite view. On EOS you can analyze current spectral indices and determine an ongoing environment status.
Top-quality resolution imagery of the real time satellite provides the mapping accuracy of the required area.
Description World weather watch: global observing system, satellite sub-system FB2
Live satellite relevant data displays the biodiversity that can affect agricultural productivity. Measuring Precipitation from Space presents state-of-the-art rainfall estimation algorithms, validation strategies, precipitation modelling, and assimilation in numerical weather prediction models.
Clouds and precipitation observations and modelling are addressed for the improvement of the rainfall. World Weather Watch programme. Furthermore, ship observations contribute greatly to the computer generated models, from which marine forecast products are derived, and the maritime safety information which is called for by the Global Maritime Distress and Safety System (GMDSS).
Without timely, high-quality ship observations the accuracy ofFile Size: KB. The Global Climate Observing System (GCOS) is a system that comprises the climate-relevant components of many contributing observing systems and networks.
The mission of the GCOS programme is to help ensure that these contributing systems, taken as a whole, provide the comprehensive information on Abbreviation: GCOS.
Download World weather watch: global observing system, satellite sub-system FB2
GEO Highlights Insight for a Changing World. The Group on Earth Observations (GEO) is a truly unique partnership of national governments and international organizations aimed at ensuring that the information about our planet necessary to address global challenges is available to all.
system is a sub-system of the WIGOS and the Global. Observing System, which are defined and maintained under. the WMO World Weather Watch Programme. Using Aviation-Generated Weather Data. To Improve Weather and Climate Analyses. The AMDAR system. The WMO AMDAR observing system (a sub-system of the WMO Integrated Global Observing System and the Global Observing System, which is defined and maintained under the WMO World Weather Watch Programme) uses the aircraft’s existing sensors, avionics and telecommunications system to gather, process and disseminate data that is used directly to.
- Describe the related parts that make up a satellite system. - Describe the global positioning system. - Describe the X’s potential uses. Important Terms apogee - the highest point of an orbit COMSAT - communications satellite GNSS - Global Navigation Satellite Systems, the File Size: 2MB.
Initial Version of the Guide to the WMO Integrated Global Observing System; Adopt Draft Resolution (2)/3 — Revised Manual on the Global Observing System (WMO-No. ) and Guide to the Global Observing System (WMO-No. ); Adopt Draft Resolution (2)/4 — Satellite Skills and Knowledge for Operational Meteorologists; Adopt Draft.
history, the WMO established the World Weather Watch part of which is the Global Observing System (GOS). Operational satellites form the space-based component of the GOS.
The thrust of the current generation of meteorological satellites is aimed primarily at defining and understanding the kinematics and dynamics of the atmospheric circulation.
A weather satellite is a type of satellite that is primarily used to monitor the weather and climate of the Earth. These meteorological satellites, however, see more than clouds and cloud systems.
City lights, fires, effects of pollution, auroras, sand and dust storms, snow cover, ice mapping. for making measurements in the upper air layers are attached to weather balloons and released from the KNMI location at De Bilt.
The observing stations and the instrumentation used meet the requirements set by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), the coordinating body (refs. 3, 4, 5).
The Measurement Systems Management department of the File Size: 1MB. This organization is supported by Member States. At present the VOS fleet consists of about ships on a worldwide scale and w stations on land is one of the major meteorological observations suppliers of the surface-based subsystem of the Global Observing System (GOS) of Author: Jitze P.
van der Meulen. Satellite Communication Satellite communication is the branch of telecommunication which establishes and communication using satellites across the can divide the whole satellite.
The Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) is a worldwide system established by the World Meteorological Organization – a United Nations agency – to monitor trends in the Earth's arose out of concerns for the state of the atmosphere in the s. The European Space Agency developed the Meteorological Satellite (Meteosat) as its contribution to the Global Atmospheric Research Program's World Weather Watch observing network.
The primary instrument aboard the spin-scan stabilized spacecraft is a five channel visible infrared imaging radiometer. When used in conjunction with satellites from the NOAA GOES program and the.
Learn about different types of weather and how to keep track of your weather observations! Like SciShow? Want to help support us, and also get .The weather satellite is a type of satellite that is primarily used to monitor the weather and climate of the Earth.
Satellites can be polar orbiting, covering the entire Earth asynchronously, or geostationary, hovering over the same spot on the equator.Established inThe Global Sea Level Observing System (GLOSS) is an Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission program whose purpose is to measure sea level globally for long-term climate change studies.
The program's purpose has changed since the Indian Ocean earthquake and the program now collects real time measurements of sea level. The project is currently upgrading .
Organic Reaction Mechanisms, 1988
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This is part of a larger post from my global warming blog (link at left if you want to go see it).
Storm Chaser is a series of beautifully presented professional photographs of storms, and might be worth buying just for the photos. But it’s real strength is in the straightforward narrative about global warming and climate change. Storm Chaser is organized by season, and each season includes a discussion of storm chasing and of the beauty and mystery of that season. This discussion – and the accompanying photos – show how climate change is now a central thread for people fascinated by powerful weather. It is the elephant in the sky that can’t be ignored.


A dirty thunderstorm (also, Volcanic lightning) is a weather phenomenon that occurs when lightning is produced in a volcanic plume. A study in the journal Science indicated that electrical charges are generated when rock fragments, ash, and ice particles in a volcanic plume collide and produce static charges, just as ice particles collide in regular thunderstorms.
Lightning struck the Willis Tower (formerly the Sears Tower) in downtown Chicago during a thunderstorm last night. I’m a little concerned about how the photographer got this shot flying during an electrical storm. We’ve all seen the end of Almost Famous, right?
photo via Gawker


Three new regulations have been announced by the US Environmental Protection Agency early this year to help achieve the policy goals of the Clean Air Act. The regulations target harmful air pollutants and greenhouse gas emissions.
This spring, the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has announced three regulations that affect the US power sector. All three would fulfill directives in the Clean Air Act. Of the three, EPA first released the so-called “Good Neighbor Plan,” which aims to address emissions of nitrogen oxide that the wind blows across state lines. The second proposal includes a review of and amendments to an existing EPA rule, the Mercury and Air Toxics Standards. The third proposal (yet to receive a moniker) would limit the amount of greenhouse gases that power plants are allowed to emit.
In a recent event, Resources for the Future (RFF) hosted a trio of experts to examine the contents, context, and implications of these proposed regulations—along with the next steps in the regulatory development process.
Good Neighbor Plan Aims to Reduce Traveling Emissions
The Clean Air Act requires EPA to set air-quality standards for pollutants that are detrimental to public health and the environment. One of the regulated pollutants, ground-level ozone, forms when nitrogen oxide combines with other pollutants. Power plants and certain industrial processes can emit nitrogen oxide, which is part of the reason that EPA has targeted those emitters with the Good Neighbor Rule.
Some states effectively limit their own emissions of nitrogen dioxide and fulfill EPA’s air-quality standards within their own boundaries. However, if wind carries nitrogen dioxide over state lines, then these traveling emissions can push other well-behaving states over the established air-quality limits.
“That failure is not supposed to happen,” said Chris Hoagland during the RFF Live event. Hoagland is the director of air and radiation at the Maryland Department of the Environment. “The Good Neighbor Plan is a measure to address the problem of traveling emissions and require all states to reduce the pollution that they are causing downwind.”
The Good Neighbor Plan is the only one of these three rules that EPA has finalized. The rule took effect in May this year.
Revised Mercury Rule Pinpoints Lingering Sources of Pollution
While EPA regulates a range of pollutants through the Mercury and Air Toxics Standards, mercury has been the agency’s focus due to the severe negative impacts of the chemical on human health. Overall, the federal regulation of mercury pollution has been a success: between 2008 and 2020, mercury emissions from US power plants have decreased by 90 percent. But disparities in mercury levels among communities remain, particularly in regions of North Dakota and Texas, where a large amount of lignite coal (known as “brown coal”) is mined and burned and serves as a stubborn source of mercury pollution.
“EPA has had weaker standards for lignite coal in earlier iterations of the Mercury and Air Toxics Standards,” said Elsie Sunderland, a professor at Harvard University, during the event. “The proposal would strengthen those rules.”
The benefits of mercury regulation may be higher than EPA has estimated, noted Sunderland. More comprehensive estimates of these benefits could help this proposal withstand legal challenges. EPA will accept public comments on the proposal until June 23, 2023.
Greenhouse Gas Regulation Balances Legal Challenges and Technological Feasibility
The Clean Air Act requires EPA to regulate greenhouse gas emissions, but the agency’s previous attempts to regulate emissions from power plants have encountered legal challenges. The new proposal would replace a rule that a US circuit court annulled in 2021. “EPA also had to consider the 2022 Supreme Court decision in West Virginia v. EPA,” said Carrie Jenks during the event. Jenks is executive director of the Environmental and Energy Law Program at Harvard Law School. “The ruling constrained how EPA could regulate greenhouse gas emissions.”
Rather than setting emissions standards that focus on the outcomes of a transition to a greater reliance on sources of renewable energy, EPA’s proposal has focused on strategies for reducing emissions that are achievable, cost-effective, and tailored to existing power plants according to the type of fuel that the plants use, how frequently the plants generate electricity, and the expected retirement dates of the facilities.
The proposed rule would require coal-fired power plants that are going to operate beyond 2040 to capture 90 percent of their carbon dioxide emissions by 2030. Large natural gas plants that are going to operate at full capacity beyond 2040 can fulfill the emissions standards in either of two ways: capture 90 percent of carbon dioxide emissions by 2035, or blend natural gas with hydrogen in increasing proportions. “These natural gas-fired plants probably need to decide by 2031 which path they’re going to take,” said Jenks.
EPA’s approach with the new proposal—focusing on actions that individual power plants can take—is more consistent with how the agency has interpreted the Clean Air Act in the past. “I think that gives people comfort that EPA is staying within their lane,” said Jenks. EPA is accepting public comment on the proposal until August 8, 2023.
Contextualizing the Proposed Rules
The proposed amendments to the Mercury and Air Toxics Standards align with the Biden administration’s focus on fusing environmental justice and climate policy, said Sunderland. “When we think about mercury, we want to think about the people who are most vulnerable to local pollution from utilities,” she said.
The Inflation Reduction Act, a law that uses tax credits and other subsidies to promote a major shift in how the United States produces and consumes electricity, also provides context for the Good Neighbor Plan and the proposed rule for greenhouse gas emissions from power plants. “The government is coming at the problem of climate change from different directions—through direct incentives and tax policies, and also through regulation,” said Hoagland. “Climate change is an enormous problem. It makes sense that the government is deploying all available tools to address it.”
The timing of the rule announcements may simplify the deployment of these tools. “It’s helpful for state regulators and power plant operators to know the different programs across different [pollutants] that they have to plan for,” said Hoagland. “EPA deliberately has been trying to do these things together, so that everybody can plan them all at once.”


Carbon balance at wetlands applying Sentinel-1/2/3
Modeling of carbon balance at wetlands applying the newest ESA satellite missions Sentinel-1/2/3
The Project is funded by the National Science Centre, Poland (NCN) via OPUS 12 grant no 2016/23/B/ST10/03155.
Research project objective and methodology
The project objective is elaboration of the methodology for carbon balance modelling based on satellite Sentinel-1/2/3 data and insitu measurements of CO2 by chamber method, Leaf Area Index (LAI) by LI-COR 2200, soil moisture by TDR method (TRIME-FM), PAR (AccuPAR), biomass wet and dry (in the laboratory) surface temperature (IR radiometer, EXOTECH), soil temperature, for Biebrza wetlands under changing moisture, biomass and meteorological conditions.
The newest satellites Sentinel-1/2/3 will be applied for developing the models of soil moisture (Sentinel-1), LAI and biomass (Sentinel-2), and latent heat (LE) from energy budget applying surface temperature calculated from Sentinel-3 data. The soil-vegetation parameters will be obtained from satellite data using statistically derived models between in-situ and satellite data. Derived soil-vegetation parameters applying satellite data will be the input to carbon balance modelling. The carbon balance will be presented as temporal and spatial variation over the Biebrza wetlands. The assessed carbon fluxes and calculated latent heat and sensible heat (H) fluxes using surface temperature derived from Sentinel-3 will be validated applying measurements from the Eddy Covariance station which will be located as IGiK station in Biebrza Middle Basin.
Research project impact
The results will show how the moisture and biomass changes and meteorological conditions influence the carbon balance. It will give the indications for proper renaturalization of the wetland areas. The project is expected to have an important impact on scientific research into the link between remote sensing, plant physiology, agriculture and hydrology. The results will give strong input to the climate models and will give the answer how the biophysical parameters obtained from the newest satellite data has impact on carbon balance. The project will introduce the COPERNICUS climate service on national scale and in the future will integrate the scientific groups playing the role in climate change observations.


‘Super typhoon’ alters course“Super typhoon” Reming (international codename Durian) appeared to have slightly changed its path as it continued to traverse Camarines Sur province in the Bicol region Thursday, weather bureau PAGASA reported. As of 4 p.m., the PAGASA Web site said that Reming was spotted 40 kilometers southeast of Pili, Camarines Sur area with maximum sustained winds of 190 kph near the center and gustiness of up to 225 kph. It was moving west at 15 kph.PAGASA forecast the typhoon to be in the vicinity of Marinduque by early Friday morning and 120 km south southwest of Metro Manila in the afternoon.
By Saturday afternoon, it is forecast to be 440 km west southwest of Metro Manila and 740 km west southwest of the capital region a day later.
A forecast earlier placed the typhoon in the vicinity of Metro Manila by Friday morning.
I guess this means that the camp is really aborted. And I’m kinda glad I didn’t go home for the long weekend because public storm signal number 3 remains raised over Batangas.
I just wish we had classes today.


This week a large could front is inching across the eastern states with the promise of strong winds and rain along the coast. So, skippers who are trying to head south on the winter migration to warmer areas are all scratching their heads and watching the forecasts closely. Those on a fixed schedule may have to day hop their ways southward until they can get a window for an offshore run while those who can wait for a weather window to head offshore are doing just that.
Weather windows are those days between high winds that most of us like to use to make progress offshore. In temperate latitudes from the autumnal equinox right through the vernal equinox in the spring, you can expect some sort of weather disturbance every four days or so that last 24 to 36 hours. These are punctuated by days of clearing winds that most often blow from the northwest and north and then settle into the west and southwest.
Choosing your time to head offshore in the fall involves watching approaching lows and fronts, timing their arrival and then being ready to go as soon as the wind swings around from the south and southeast to the north and west. You often then will have two to four clear days before you may need to duck in somewhere for cover.
Sometimes you have to choose an alternate route to find the wind you want particularly if you are already at sea when a low approaches. If you are heading south in the fall, you may have to sail around the back side of a low, which will be moving east, to catch the favorable northerly winds on the systems back side. Sometimes you have to simply stop for a few hours to let a moving system play through.
Weather windows appear regularly between weather disturbances. To sail in tame and favorable winds, it makes sense to keep an eye on weather forecasts and to have patience. Here are two websites that offer good marine weather info: www.weather.gov/om/marine/home.htm and www.passageweather.com


Distribution of Articles published per year
(2015 - 2018)
(2015 - 2018)
Total number of journals
Article 0 Reads 1 Citation Technical note: Space–time analysis of rainfall extremes in Italy: clues from a reconciled dataset Published: 07 May 2018
Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, doi: 10.5194/hess-22-2705-2018
Like other Mediterranean areas, Italy is prone to the development of events with significant rainfall intensity, lasting for several hours. The main triggering mechanisms of these events are quite well known, but the aim of developing rainstorm hazard maps compatible with their actual probability of occurrence is still far from being reached. A systematic frequency analysis of these occasional highly intense events would require a complete countrywide dataset of sub-daily rainfall records, but this kind of information was still lacking for the Italian territory. In this work several sources of data are gathered, for assembling the first comprehensive and updated dataset of extreme rainfall of short duration in Italy. The resulting dataset, referred to as the Italian Rainfall Extreme Dataset (I-RED), includes the annual maximum rainfalls recorded in 1 to 24 consecutive hours from more than 4500 stations across the country, spanning the period between 1916 and 2014. A detailed description of the spatial and temporal coverage of the I-RED is presented, together with an exploratory statistical analysis aimed at providing preliminary information on the climatology of extreme rainfall at the national scale. Due to some legal restrictions, the database can be provided only under certain conditions. Taking into account the potentialities emerging from the analysis, a description of the ongoing and planned future work activities on the database is provided.
Article 0 Reads 5 Citations A global assessment of the timing of extreme rainfall from TRMM and GPM for improving hydrologic design Published: 25 April 2016
Environmental Research Letters, doi: 10.1088/1748-9326/11/5/054003
The tropical rainfall measuring mission (TRMM) has revolutionized the measurement of precipitation worldwide. However, TRMM significantly underestimates rainfall in deep convection systems, being therefore of little help for the analysis of extreme precipitation depths. This work evaluates the ability of both TRMM and the recently launched global precipitation measurement (GPM) mission to help in the identification of the timing of severe rainfall events. We compare the date of occurrence of the most severe daily rainfall recorded each year by a global rain gauge network with the ones estimated by TRMM. The match rate between the two is found to approach 50%, indicating significant consistency between the two data sources. This figure rises to 60% for GPM, indicating the potential for this new mission to improve the accuracy associated with TRMM. Further efforts are needed in improving the GPM conversion algorithms in order to reduce the bias affecting the estimation of intense depths. The results however show that the timing estimated from GPM can provide a solid basis for an extensive characterization of the spatio-temporal distribution of extreme rainfall in poorly gauged regions of the world.
Article 1 Read 4 Citations Radar Estimation of Intense Rainfall Rates through Adaptive Calibration of the Z-R Relation Published: 22 October 2015
Atmosphere, doi: 10.3390/atmos6101559
Rainfall intensity estimation from weather radar is still significantly uncertain, due to local anomalies, radar beam attenuation, inappropriate calibration of the radar reflectivity factor (Z) to rainfall rate (R) relationship, and sampling errors. The aim of this work is to revise the use of the power-law equation commonly adopted to relate radar reflectivity and rainfall rate to increase the estimation quality in the presence of intense rainfall rates. We introduce a quasi real-time procedure for an adaptive in space and time estimation of the Z-R relation. The procedure is applied in a comprehensive case study, which includes 16 severe rainfall events in the north-west of Italy. The study demonstrates that the technique outperforms the classical estimation methods for most of the analysed events. The determination coefficient improves by up to 30% and the bias values for stratiform events decreases by up to 80% of the values obtained with the classical, non-adaptive, Z-R relations. The proposed procedure therefore shows significant potential for operational uses.


Reflective Roofs and Urban Heat Islands
Learning Objectives - After this course, you should be able to:
- Understand the basic science behind the urban heat effect.
- Summarize the risks and consequences of the urban heat island effect on cities and their residents.
- Explain the strategies currently available to mitigate the effects of urban heat islands.
- Evaluate the key criteria for designing and selecting a reflective roofing system to optimize its contribution in mitigating the urban heat island effect.
This article provides an overview of the urban heat island effect that impacts almost all major cities across the globe. The article suggests that urban heat islands pose a significant problem, negatively affecting the world economy, environment, public safety and human health.
Based on a review of the available strategies to mitigate the negative consequences of the heat island effect, the article also suggests that reflective roofs offer the most feasible and cost-effective way to immediately start improving conditions in urban heat islands. Finally, the article suggests that cool reflective roofs, when designed and installed correctly, may provide many years of useful service while reducing heat island impacts at the same time.
What is an Urban Heat Island?
As urban areas across the globe have grown in size and density, significant changes have taken place in their landscape. Buildings, roads, parking lots, and other infrastructure replaced open land and vegetation. Surfaces that once were permeable and moist become impermeable and dry. These changes cause urban regions to become warmer than their rural surroundings, forming an “island” of higher temperatures in the landscape. It is important to note that the heat island effect occurs both on the surface and in the atmosphere. By noon on a hot summer day, the sun can heat urban surfaces such as roofs and pavements to temperatures 50 to 90 degrees Fahrenheit hotter than the air. In turn, these surfaces radiate additional heat into the atmosphere, causing a similar but not as extreme increase in air temperature. This atmospheric heating becomes more pronounced after sunset as urban surfaces continue to radiate heat into the surrounding air. According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the annual mean air temperature of a typical city with one million residents may be 2 to 5 degrees warmer than its surroundings. And on a summer night, this increase in temperature may be as much as 22 degrees Fahrenheit.2
Source: U.S. EPA 3
Figure 1. Typical Urban Heat Island Profile
A cross-section of a typical urban heat island is illustrated in Figure 1.3 The illustration shows how urban temperatures typically are lower at the urbanrural border than in dense downtown areas. The illustration also shows how parks, open land, and bodies of water can create cooler areas within a city.
Figure 1 also helps illustrate the critical relationship between surface and air temperatures. Once heated, the hard surfaces of asphalt and concrete typical in urban areas tend to maintain an increased temperature for almost the entire day. And the heat retained and emitted by these hard surfaces during the evening causes the air temperature at night to become almost identical to the temperature of the heated urban surfaces.
However, one critical factor not illustrated in Figure 1 is the ultimate source of urban heating. With the exception of heat from geothermal sources as well as man-made and natural combustion, over 99 percent of the heat in our atmosphere is a result of solar radiation.4 As a result, almost all temperature effects associated with urban heat islands can be traced to increased absorption of solar radiation by urban surfaces. And as we will discuss later in this article, reducing solar heat absorption is the most critical factor in addressing the problems of urban heat islands.
Why are Heat Islands a Problem?
Elevated temperatures in urban heat islands, especially during the summer, may have numerous negative consequences for the environment and quality of life in urban areas. These adverse consequences may include:
- Increased peak energy consumption and costs. Higher urban temperatures in summer increase demand for air conditioning and related electricity consumption. Studies conducted by researchers at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory estimate that the heat island effect is responsible for 5 to 10 percent of peak electricity demand.2 In addition, the actual cost for this electricity to the individual building owner may be much higher when peak demand charges are included in the monthly electric bill.5
- Increased risk for brownouts and blackouts. Increased peak air conditioning demand in urban heat islands poses additional risks beyond higher electric bills. Even without the additional heat load associated with heat islands, peak electrical demand in the summer may run dangerously close to the maximum capacity the electric grid can provide. And when the grid fails to meet peak demand, the results may be devastating. As an example, heat island-driven peak demand is closely related to a number of well-known power failures in the United States, including the state of California in 2000 to 2001 and the city of Chicago in 1995. In all of these cases, peak demand for electricity during prolonged heat waves exceeded the capacity of the electric grid, causing frequent brownouts as well as occasional complete failure of the grid.
- Increased air pollution. Increased peak energy demand generally results in greater emissions of pollutants from power plants. And much of this increased pollution may impinge directly on the air in an urban area since the power plants providing peak power frequently are located close to the cities that generate the peak demand. In addition to raising power plant emissions, higher air temperatures also promote the formation of smog, or low-level ozone.
- Compromised human health and comfort. Every degree of increased temperature in an urban heat island makes it more and more difficult for a city’s population to remain comfortable, productive, and even safe in the event of natural emergencies, especially events that may shut down the electric grid. Warmer days and nights, along with higher air pollution levels, can contribute to general discomfort, respiratory difficulties, heat cramps, exhaustion, non-fatal heat stroke, and heat-related mortality.
- Impaired water quality. Hot pavement and rooftop surfaces transfer their excess heat to rainwater, which then drains into storm sewers. This heated rainwater then raises water temperatures as it is released into streams, rivers, ponds, and lakes, causing temperature changes that may be stressful to aquatic organisms. Elevated water temperatures also reduce the oxygen capacity of water and its ability to decompose sewage and other pollutants.
Photo courtesy of Duro-Last


Sunrise in Pen Y Fan, the highest peak in South Wales
Parts of Scotland dropped to a teeth-chattering minus 10 degrees Celcius last night, while treacherous conditions caused chaos on the nation’s roads.The Met Office has issued a yellow warning for drivers to “be aware”, while hillwalkers were warned of a “considerable” threat of avalanches in Scotland.
A “winter wonderland” in Croydon this morning
Forecasters say that last night’s blizzard was merely a prelude for an even bigger snowstorm, with a second cold front set to batter the country over the coming days.
Snow on Skiddaw in the Lake District
The freezing conditions are a result of Hurricane Alex in the Atlantic, which is pushing mild air into Britain against a cold front coming from the east.Royal Troon Twitter
A blanket of snow covers the 18th green at the Royal Troon golf course in South Ayrshire, Scotland
London is expected to be hit by heavy snow on Monday, with the rest of the country also set to fall victim to the snowy onslaught.
Kirk Andrew Cleaver / FameFlynet.uk.com
Feeling chilly, Jorgie? Celebs braved the cold at footballer Kieran Richardson’s birthday last night
Gritters are out in force although experts warn salt will be useless in areas hit by the coldest are, with motoring groups saying grit stops working efficiently at -5C before becoming ‘virtually ineffective’ at -9C.Forrás: http://www.express.co.uk


An overview of the abnormally dry weather called drought
Topeka, kan — kansas gov jeff colyer has declared a drought emergency, warning or watch across the entire state colyer signed an executive order tuesday following several weeks of abnormally dry conditions in all 105 counties. A hydrologist with the national weather service in by jeff hansel hawaii tribune-herald | thursday, november 9 the drought monitor moved much of the hamakua coast into abnormally dry from moderate drought and even called the area along the coastline of the hamakua coast. The hot, dry weather in june in all, 71% of the country was classified as abnormally dry or worse as of june are you affected by the drought share with us on cnn ireport powered by livefyre home us crime + justice. Drought conditions persist in vail valley and across most of the western slope scott miller the latest map released by the us drought monitor shows virtually all of eagle county in what's called a moderate drought while the northwest corner of the state is abnormally dry. Is california heading back into a drought share this: click to share on facebook dry weather has fueled historic fires across southern california and the us drought monitor reclassified 44 percent of california as abnormally dry on thursday — up from 22 percent three months ago. Abnormally dry: drought - moderate: drought - severe: drought - extreme: including current radar and drought conditions lcra's hydromet is a system of more than 275 automated river and weather gauges throughout the lower colorado river basin in texas.
Drought fueled wind damage from storm that walloped maine virtually all of new england is either experiencing a moderate drought or abnormally dry conditions [storm that wrecked boats along maine coast called 'worse than sandy. National drought summary for april 10, 2018 in contrast, another week of disappointing dry and warm weather in the southwest led to additional deterioration d0 abnormally dry—used for areas showing dryness but not yet in drought. Monthly overview other monthly more dry weather dry conditions were common across the northern half of the midwest this week wet weather across the midwest during february and early march has decreased abnormally dry and drought conditions to less than 15 percent of the. California is now out of the most extreme drought conditions, but san luis obispo county remains abnormally dry or in a moderate drought, according to a map released thursday, february 23, 2017, by the us drought monitor.
In the weekly us drought monitor valid january 30 and released on thursday here's a precipitation update to our abnormally dry september to january time frame the comments made below do not necessarily represent the views of weather underground the weather company, an ibm business. Summary moderate precipitation fell in was reported that cotton and corn growers in the rio grande valley may begin to irrigate earlier than normal due to the abnormally dry soybeans, tree and vine, weather tagged drought, drought monitor, us drought monitor, weather share 1 tweet 1.
Stretching south along the coast of british columbia - remains classified as 'abnormally dry' to 'moderate drought the united states drought monitor summary reports the southeastern alaska it is possible to trace the unusual weather patters we saw over the continental u. Drought status and climate outlook for figure 1 - us drought monitor for the state of florida (climate prediction center, 2013) synopsis: december, during dry and warm weather dominated florida thus, abnormally dry conditions expanded in south and north florida to reflect. December 2013 drought and impact summary: the us drought monitor showed the southeast as drought-free and only 818 percent of the region was abnormally dry midwest: drought improved overall in the region from 1849 to 17 5 dry weather prompts cal fire to increase staff, by.
An overview of the abnormally dry weather called drought
The abnormally dry and drought conditions have left some crops with stunted growth and moisture stress doom and gloom with the dry weather, he said farmers are often called the ultimate risk takers for a number of reasons, she said.
Fire weather fire weather outlook florida department of agriculture and consumer services and much of the same region is abnormally dry drought development is still very likely summary and fire potential outlook. 1st quarter weather summary shows how dry the panhandle the university of florida ifas extension offers a database of fact sheets available for free download on the internet called much of the region experienced abnormally dry and moderate drought conditions through the first three. The category of drought is defined as follows: abnormally dry (d0): going into drought precipitation forecasts are available from weather prediction center (wpc) day 1 local significant event summary climate plots observations mesonet buoy observations area rivers. The drought has become worse in parts of the southeast the last few months and the dry conditions have begun to spread into other areas of the south. Weather - precipitation weather - precipitation the fall/winter 2017 issue includes an overview of the outlook for the 2017-2018 winter the areas of cochise county and hidalgo county near portal and rodeo show intensities of either moderate drought or abnormally dry conditions. Climate summary for florida - july 2016 the citrus-producing area started the month drought-free with abnormally dry conditions creeping in towards the end of the month fruit and vegetable growers have increased irrigation because of hot and dry weather.
Climate change indicators: drought abnormally dry: going into drought: meteorologists generally define drought as a prolonged period of dry weather caused by a lack of precipitation that results in a serious water shortage for some activity. It was drought conditions that allowed the so-called 'king fire' of california to spread so quickly in 2014one of the common understanding that droughts are a space of abnormally dry weather isn't very useful as what's 'abnormal march 2017 monthly hydrological summary for. California and national drought summary for january 9 the associated precipitation did not allow for improvements to the drought status abnormally dry conditions were actually expanded over more of northern california and national drought summary for february 13, 2018,10 day weather. And while la niña patterns in the past have at times led to drought years, this winter's developing pattern does not and everybody is ready for when the weather does happen to turn sour to where we can be called out and hit the this fall has so far featured abnormally dry weather. Dry december in california stirs all-too-recent the widely watched us drought monitor classified 44 percent of the state as abnormally dry, and climate experts warn that rain and snow are this cache should satisfy water demands even if the weather remains dry, at least. Nt weather & warnings warning summary forecasts darwin forecast nt there has been some expansion of deficiencies in south australia due to the dry start to the year across what is drought drought is a prolonged, abnormally dry period when the amount of available water is. Overview it is not often that severe, extreme or exceptional drought conditions are limited to only 16% of the continental us, but that is exactly what is currently taking place.


Carbon Capture: The False Prophet of Climate Salvation
August 31, 2022
Wild Lands Advocate article by: Phillip Meintzer, AWA Conservation Specialist
Click here for a pdf version of the article.
According to the United Nations’ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), we have less than eight – EIGHT! – years remaining to cut global emissions in half by 2030. IPCC experts have warned humanity that emissions reductions are paramount if we are to avoid more than 1.5° of global warming, and the worst impacts of the climate crisis that would follow. As we inch ever closer to this looming deadline, there is an increasing urgency to innovate and implement technologies to help remove emissions from our atmosphere, to decarbonize human activities, and to protect the planet we call home.


2 edition of long-term variations of east Asia jet stream in the wintertime found in the catalog.
long-term variations of east Asia jet stream in the wintertime
Written in English
|Statement||by Huei-I Huang.|
|The Physical Object|
|Pagination||60 leaves, bound :|
|Number of Pages||60|
The East Asian winter monsoon (EAWM), however, is significantly intensified in northern East Asia, which is characterized by a significant surface cooling in northern East Asia and an acceleration of the jet stream around 40°N. Such an intensification is attributed to anthropogenic black carbon (BC)-induced Tibetan Plateau (TP) : Y. Jiang. Uncovering the role of the East Asian jet stream and heterogeneities in atmospheric rivers affecting the western United States. The EASJ is a narrow and strong westerly belt over subtropical East Asia, Variations of the East Asian jet stream and Asian–Pacific–American winter climate by: 8.
Recent advances in the study of the characteristics, processes, and causes of spatio-temporal variabilities of the East Asian monsoon (EAM) system are reviewed in this paper. The understanding of the EAM system has improved in many aspects: the basic characteristics of horizontal and vertical structures, the annual cycle of the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) system and the East Asian winter. The jet stream over East Asia–P aciﬁc is also asso- Variations of wintertime EASJ and EAPJ. in conne ction with large-scale cir culat-ions. An EOF analysis is applied to the winter normal-.
The jet streams can be further classified according to the features of the profiles. For East Asia (70°–° E), jet streams can be classified into winter subtropical jet streams (15°–° N), summer subtropical jet streams (°–60° N), and summer polar front jet streams (60°–° N).Author: Haishan Li, Ke Fan, Zhiqing Xu, Hua Li. Change in Relationship between the East Asian Winter Monsoon and the East Asian Jet Stream during the –99 Regime Shift Se-Yong Song, Sang-Wook Yeh and Jae-Heung Park 1 Sep | Journal of Climate, Vol. 32, No.
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The long-term variations of east Asia jet stream in the wintertime Public Deposited. mb wind data from the First GARP Global Experiment are analyzed in the East Asia winter monsoon region. It is found that there exist slowly eastward-moving disturbances with a wind-speed maximum embedded in the jet stream (jet streak).
Author: Huei-I Huang. The long-term variations of east Asia jet stream in the wintertime. Abstract. Graduation date: Using rotated principal component analysis, mb wind data from\ud the First GARP Global Experiment are analyzed in the East Asia winter\ud monsoon region.
It is found that there exist slowly eastward-moving\ud disturbances with a wind. The upper-tropospheric westerly jet stream over subtropical East Asia and westem Pacific, often referred to as East Asian Jet (EAJ), is an important atmospheric circulation system in the Asian-Pacific--American (APA) region during winter.
It is characterized by variabilities on a wide range of time scales and exerts a strong impact on theFile Size: KB. of the Asian–Paciﬁc–American climate with the East Asian jet stream (EAJS).
With an emphasis on boreal winter seasons and on interannual timescales, they analyze the variations of the EAJS.
In East Asia, the climate variability in boreal winter is dominated by the East Asian winter monsoon (EAWM) system. The EAWM is one of the most energetic monsoon circulation systems affecting temperature and precipitation variations over East Asia in winter by: In fact, the simultaneous out‐of‐phase variation between the East Asian polar front jet and the East Asian plateau jet, and the 5 day lag variation between the ocean jet and the other two jets over the East Asian continent during the snowstorm period are also manifested in some other by: Abstract Interdecadal variations of the East Asian winter monsoon (EAWM) and their association with the quasi-stationary planetary wave activity are analyzed by using the yr European Centre for.
In this study, the influences of the East Asian jet stream (EAJS) and El Nifio/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on the interannual variability of the East Asian winter climate are examined with a focus on the relative climate impacts of the two phenomena.
Although the variations of the. Seasonal variations of the synoptic-scale transient eddy activity (STEA) and the jet streams over East Asia are examined through analysis of the yr European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Re-Analysis (ERA) by: This study investigates the linkage between East Asian winter monsoon (EAWM) variability and upper-level jets, with particular focus on the East Asian polar front jet (PJ) and its concurrent variation with the subtropical jet located to the south of the Tibetan Plateau (TSJ).
In winter, the EAWJ center is situated over the western Pacific Ocean and the intensity is reduced gradually from east to west over the East Asian region. In summer, the EAWJ center is located over the north of the Tibetan Plateau and the jet intensity is reduced evidently compared with that in by: The monthly mean geostrophic wind fields for January during – period are calculated by using data of hPa monthly mean height.
The relation between Asia Jetstream in winter and the important seasonal precipitation in East China is analysed. The analysis shows that the south branch of Jetstream is stronger (weaker) in winter, the rainfall will be more (less) than normal in the.
This study investigates the concurrent variations in the location and intensity of the East Asian subtropical jet (EASJ) and polar front jet (EAPJ) with a focus on the relationship between the variations and the atmospheric circulation in the mid-latitude region.
The possible mechanisms for the concurrent variations of the EASJ and EAPJ are explored. The wintertime upper-level zonal wind Cited by: 3.
Instead of conventional East Asian winter monsoon indices (EAWMIs), we simply use two large-scale teleconnection patterns to represent long-term variations in the EAWM.
First, the Urals blocking pattern index (UBI) is closely related to cold air advection from the high latitudes towards western Siberia, such that it shows an implicit linkage with the Siberian high intensity and the surface air. phases. The variation of upper level trough and jet stream over east Asia and the Siberian High in association of AO are suggested to explain the change of cold surge occurrences.
Citation: Jeong, J.-H., and C.-H. Ho (), Changes in occurrence of cold surges over east Asia in association with Arctic Oscillation, Geophys.
Res. Lett., 32, L,Cited by: East Asia is under the strong influence of the summer monsoon. The intense monsoon precipitation that occurs in early summer is known as “mei-yu” in China, “baiu” in Japan, and “changma” in the Koreas (Tao and Chen ).The mei-yu precipitation usually accounts for more than 20% of the annual precipitation and sometimes exceeds 50% in the Yangtze-Huai River basin (YHRB; 28°– Which of the countries in East Asia has the greatest amount of natural resources.
China. Tokyo hosted the Summer Olympics. False. Two of best-known rivers are the Yellow and Yangtze. China's. North Korea is bordered by what three bodies of water. Yellow Sea Sea of Japan. The term “western Paciﬁc jet stream” (WPJ) was used to denote the jet stream over the midlatitude Paciﬁc Ocean (Cressman, ).
Be-cause the dominant direction of the jet stream over East Asia–Paciﬁc is zonally westerly, the literature also generally refers to it as East Asian westerly jet stream (Yang et al., ; Mao et al., ).
On average, approximately two cold surges per month occur over East Asia in winter (Chen et al. They often cause heavy freezing precipitation and snowfall over East Asia (Chen ;Park et.
East Asia experienced a record-breaking cold event during the /16 boreal winter, with pronounced impacts on livelihood in the by: 9.
of the East Asia local Hadley circulation and the tropical convection. Nevertheless, using power spectrum analysis, Murakami ) found that the variance of the wintertime wind field is dominated by the long-term ( day) variations; short-term day) disturbances have much less power spectral density.Although the variations of the East Asian winter monsoon and the temperature and precipitation of China, Japan, and Korea are emphasized, the associated changes in the broad-scale atmospheric circulation patterns over Asia and the Pacific and in the extratropical North Pacific sea surface temperature (SST) are also investigated.Relationship between concurrent variation of the East Asian jet streams and precipitation in winter over southern China.
Journal of the Meteorological Sciences (in Chinese). 20– Rasmusson E M and Wallace J M. ().Cited by: 1.