Black Summer’s effect on the atmosphere and more climate news
Welcome to our regular segment on breaking climate news you may have missed. The title refers to the global average daily concentration of carbon dioxide in the Earth’s atmosphere in parts per million (ppm). This means that for every million air particles, currently about 418.08 of them are CO2.
Black summer bushfires have changed the chemistry of our atmosphere
The 2019-2020 Black Summer bushfires had a dramatic effect on the chemistry of our upper atmosphere and could destroy ozone, according to a study by US and Canadian researchers.
The study published in Sciencefinds “unexpected and extreme perturbations in stratospheric gases beyond anything observed in the 15 years of previous measurements”.
The researchers used satellite data to make these observations. The stratospheric gases they found include formaldehyde, chlorine nitrate, chlorine monoxide, and hypochlorous acid.
Many of these chemicals could affect or destroy ozone.
The document also reports a decrease in ozone, nitrogen dioxide and hydrochloric acid in the stratosphere.
River carbon does not always go to sea
What could be more complicated than modeling the storage of carbon or the movement of water? Model both at the same time! An international team of researchers has come up with a more detailed analysis of how carbon moves through streams, rivers and oceans, and found that stored carbon doesn’t always end up where you think it should.
The researchers published their description of the land-ocean aquatic continuum, or DCA, of carbon in Nature.
“The complexity of the DCA, which includes rivers, groundwater, lakes, reservoirs, estuaries, littoral marshes, mangroves, seagrasses and waters above continental shelves, has made it difficult to assess its influence on the global carbon cycle,” says co-author Professor Pierre Regnier, researcher at the University of Brussels, Belgium.
Modelers often assume that there is a direct carbon pipeline from rivers to oceans and that most of the carbon that is transported there is natural. But this study found that DCA also carries a substantial amount of anthropogenic carbon. This means that the ocean probably absorbs more of our carbon, and the land less, than other models might suggest.
Fast methane action could save the Arctic
According to current trajectories, the Arctic could be ice-free in summer by the end of the century. But with a sharp turnaround in methane emissions, things could remain frosty until well after 2100, according to an article in Environmental Research Letters.
Methane is a much more powerful gas than carbon dioxide at absorbing heat, so reducing methane emissions can have a big impact. To date, little research has focused on the specific effects of methane attenuation.
The article finds that, if “all currently available solutions” for methane reductions were introduced, along with a reduction of CO2 emissions, there is an 80% chance that the Arctic will still have permafrost by the end of the century.
“Reducing current methane emissions represents a huge opportunity to help curb global warming,” says lead author Tianyi Sun, a researcher at the Environmental Defense Fund, US.
“Quickly cut methane with CO2 is our best chance of preserving the Arctic summer sea ice in our lifetime and for future generations. We have to do both.
Maybe you don’t suppress fires in the savannahs
Bushfires and forest fires generally increase carbon emissions because they literally burn carbon. This has led to proposals that we try to suppress natural fires, especially in areas that burn every year or so like the African savannahs, and plant more trees for carbon storage.
But a study published in Nature questioned this, finding that the benefits of fire suppression in a South African savanna resulted in only a marginal increase in carbon storage.
The researchers looked at 68 years of data from a long-term experiment in Kruger National Park, South Africa, where some plots are burned every year and others every three years.
They found that the three-year-old plots improved carbon storage by 0.35 tonnes of carbon per hectare per year, almost 30 times less than other estimates.
The researchers point out that while combustion releases carbon into the atmosphere, it can also help improve carbon storage in plants and soil. They caution against fire suppression as a tool to reduce carbon emissions.
Respite for Australia’s environment in 2021
Last year was kinder to Australia’s general environment, according to a study by researchers at the Australian National University.
ANU researchers produce an annual Environment Report, which tracks everything from field measurements to satellite data, and produces an overall score on the state of Australia’s environment.
After the devastation of the Black Summer bushfires in 2019-2020, researchers found that 2021 was a much better year overall. The total environmental score was 6.9 out of 10, down from a score of 3 in 2020.
Although there have been biodiversity losses and an increase in emissions, researchers say the two La Niña summers have given the environment some time to recover with more rainfall and fewer extreme temperature days.
“We have seen strong signs of recovery in all states and territories thanks to low fire activity, easing drought conditions and good rainfall which has replenished parched soils, improved vegetation and led to better conditions. growth,” says the report’s lead author, Professor Albert. van Dijk.
It points out, however, that this increase in rainfall has now led to devastating floods in Queensland and New South Wales – which fell outside the period covered by this report.
Although there were fewer very hot days, 2021 was still the sixth hottest year on record.


Hurricane Isaias is expected to move through the area late today and tonight and lift north of the region Tuesday morning. Below is the latest briefing from the National Weather Service as of 7:30 am August 3, 2020:
As the storm passes, our managers will conduct post storm inspections to assess the impact of the storm to your community. If power/internet is available, we encourage you to report any noted damage to your community by emailing email@example.com or by opening a work order via the homeowner portal.
Our post-storm priority will be assessing any potential damage and making the community safe. We encourage you to listen to local and state news for important updates regarding the storm. Please use caution and stay safe during the storm.


November was generally mild (the fifth warmest for the UK, and third for Scotland, in records from 1910) with south-westerly winds and outbreaks of rain, interspersed by periods of high pressure with patchy fog. Rainfall was above average in the north-west, but for the UK as a whole it was below average, most notably in some eastern areas. Following a wet October, river flows in many catchments started high, and average November flows for some rivers were notably high, particularly in the north-west. Elsewhere, however, average monthly river flows were predominantly normal or above normal. Groundwater levels increased at the majority of index wells, with the recharge season widely underway. Levels were normal or above at most index sites, with some exceptionally high levels observed. Reservoir stocks were close to normal at the national scale, and November saw increases in some impoundments in western Britain (e.g. Northern Command Zone and Loch Thom). Overall, despite a generally dry November, current conditions indicate a healthy water resources outlook entering the winter. Conversely, with some groundwater levels above normal and soils wetted across most of the country, above average rainfall over the next few months would carry an elevated risk of winter flooding.


The UK is having its hottest day of the year, with temperatures expected to soar up to 34C in southern England.
Readings of 33C (91.4F) were taken at Heathrow and elsewhere in west London on Saturday afternoon, the Met Office said.
Friday was previously the warmest day of 2019, with temperatures reaching 30C (86F) at Achnagart in the Highlands.
A heatwave across Europe saw France record its all-time highest temperature of 45.9C (114.6F) on Friday.
BBC Weather said London could reach 34C (93F) on Saturday, which would fall short of the 35.6C (96F) June record set in 1976.
Central and eastern parts of the UK “will be hot and humid”, BBC forecaster Gemma Plumb said.
“There will also be a lot of sunshine through today and so the UV levels will be very high.”
People flocking to the seaside were forced to take detours after the M5 was closed in Somerset in both directions because of problems with overhead power cables.
At Glastonbury Festival in Somerset, the temperature was expected to peak at 28C (82.4F), with organisers giving away free sun cream and water to help combat the heat.
But, Gemma Plumb said: “It does look as though some heavy showers and thunderstorms will move into northern parts of the UK as the day progresses and into this evening.”
The Met Office has issued a yellow warning of thunderstorms for parts of northern England and southeast Scotland for Saturday evening.
On Sunday, it is expected to “feel fresher” across the UK, with winds from the west.
England’s most senior nurse called on people to “check in on neighbours and loved ones who can suffer the most from heat and pollen”.
Ruth May, chief nursing officer for England, also said it was important to drink plenty of water, use a high-factor sunscreen and take allergy medication if you need it.
NHS England and emergency services have also warned the public to take extra care.
It follows the death of 12-year-old Shukri Yahya Abdi, who drowned in the River Irwell in Greater Manchester on Thursday.
And animal charity the RSPCA issued advice for pet owners to help them keep their animals cool.
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Team SSAI Works to Keep the Ozone Layer Healthy
Team SSAI contributes science and engineering expertise to long-term, space-based atmospheric ozone data collection and provides in-depth science team support for the Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite (OMPS) and other atmospheric science instruments.
Work conducted by SSAI scientists forms an integral part of the development and extension of NASA’s long-term climate data record used to monitor the health of the ozone layer and will continue to do so well into the future!
In 1975, a congressional mandate directed NASA to “conduct a comprehensive program of research, technology and monitoring of the phenomena of the upper atmosphere.” Not only did efforts from this directive produce the first images of the southern hemisphere ozone hole, but subsequent imagery and results from NASA satellite instruments showed the long-term decrease in global ozone levels, which helped to promote the ratification of the Montreal Protocol, an international treaty to limit, and eventually eliminate, the release of man-made, ozone-destroying chemicals into the atmosphere.
Ozone research remains a high priority for the scientific community. SSAI scientists are an integral part of this mission, and many have worked side by side for decades with their NASA colleagues who specialize in ozone research.
SSAI team members have worked tirelessly to calibrate measurements from the satellite instruments and monitor their performance, develop algorithms to convert these measurements into total ozone and ozone profile amounts, and create consistent long-term data sets by combining measurements from successive generations of instruments. SSAI continues to carry the torch by providing on-going in-depth science and engineering support for the Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite (OMPS), which is onboard the Suomi National Polar-orbiting Platform (Suomi-NPP) and NOAA 20 satellites. The OMPS was designed to measure Earth’s atmospheric ozone and monitor the ozone layer.
In addition to providing in-depth science team support for the OMPS limb profiler— i.e., algorithm integration, testing, evaluation, assessment, and validation— SSAI also offers data simulation and analysis expertise to assess OMPS system performance with respect to Joint Polar Satellite System (JPSS) specifications. Furthermore, SSAI developed and enhanced processing code to accommodate instrument on-orbit performance.
SSAI is currently working with NASA to use data from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) onboard the Aura satellite and the OMPS instruments on both the Suomi-NPP and NOAA 20 satellites to look for signs of recovery in the ozone layer and are busy analyzing pre-launch calibration data taken from OMPS instruments waiting to fly on future NOAA satellite missions. Our staff is also involved in analyzing data and producing ozone and aerosol profile products from the Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE) III that is currently operating aboard the International Space Station.
As such, our work forms an integral part of the development and extension of NASA’s long-term climate data record used to monitor the health of the ozone layer and will continue to do so well into the future!


Maura E. Hagan is a Professor of Physics and Dean of the College of Science at Utah State University. She is a Fellow of both the American Meteorological Society and the American Geophysical Union, and was elected a member of the National Academy of Sciences in 2019.
Early life and education
Hagan studied physics at Emmanuel College, Massachusetts. She earned a bachelor's degree in 1975, before joining Boston College as a graduate student. She earned a master's degree in 1980 and a doctorate in 1986. Hagan worked on exospheric temperature with William L. Oliver, using measurements made at Millstone Hill between 1970 and 1980. Hagan joined the Haystack Observatory at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology as a staff member in 1986.
Research and career
In 1992 Hagan was made a Senior Scientist at the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) High Altitude Observatory. She held various roles at NCAR, including acting as Director of the Advanced Study Program, Deputy Director and Interim Director. She developed the Global Scale Wave Model (GSWM), which describes the Rossby waves and solar tides within the Earth's atmosphere. Her model incorporated a gravity wave stress parametrisation and adaptions to the atmospheric background using Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) climatologies. She studies several layers of the atmosphere, including the mesosphere, Ionosphere and thermosphere. She is interested in how these atmospheric layers couple together, as well as how they influence tides and Rossby waves. She also studies the downward effect of space weather.
In 2006 she was part of the team who identified the first global connection between space weather and weather on Earth. The collaboration used the IMAGE spacecraft to study plasma bands in the upper atmosphere, finding ultra bright areas that were located above thunderstorms in tropical rainforests. Atmospheric tides are global-scale waves that are excited by the heating of the lower and middle atmosphere due to the absorption of solar radiation and the latent heating of evaporation when raindrops form in tropical clouds. Hagan used her GSWM to simulate the atmospheric tides produced by thunderstorms in tropical rainforests, finding that some of these tides would deposit their energy in the Kennelly–Heaviside layer. This results in a disruption of the Kennelly–Heaviside layer plasma currents and creates bright, dense zones. Hagan was also a member of the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite team, studying the dynamic chemical signatures of the middle atmosphere.
Hagan joined the Utah State University in September 2015. In 2019, her atmospheric waves experiment was selected as a NASA space weather experiment.
In 1993 Hagan was made Associate Editor of Geophysical Research Letters. She is a member of the Aspen Global Change Institute. She was appointed to the Committee on Solar Terrestrial Research in 1996. She has also served on the CEDAR Science Steering Committee. Since 2008 Hagan has worked as a Guest Lecturer at the University of Colorado Boulder. She was appointed to the National Academy of Sciences Board on Atmospheric Sciences and Climate in 2014. She is Co-Chair of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Committee on Solar and Space Physics. Hagan was elected Dean of the College of Science at Utah State University in 2016.
Awards and honors
- 2006 NASA Group Achievement Award
- 2008 MIT Michael J. Buonsanto Memorial Lecturer
- 2008 NASA Group Achievement Award
- 2011Fellow of the American Meteorological Society
- 2011 Fellow of the American Geophysical Union
- 2012 University of Wyoming Robert A. Jenkins Memorial Lecturer
- 2013 University Corporation for Atmospheric Research Outstanding Accomplishment Award for Mentoring
- 2014 Space Physics and Aeronomy Marcel Nicolet Lecturer
- 2016 University Corporation for Atmospheric Research Science Advancement Winner
- 2018 Elected member of the National Academy of Sciences


As part of our journey planning service we provide an estimate of the CO2 emissions savings that would be made by taking the suggested public transport option instead of driving. Our calculations are estimates, as all distances involved are not exact—they are meant as a guide. We also assume zero carbon emissions for walking.
An example carbon saving estimate.
Carbon emission figures are provided by our carbon management partner ManageCO2. The table below outlines the figures used in our calculations and their sources.
|Mode||g CO2 per passenger km||Source|
|Dublin Bus||77||Dublin Bus 2006|
|LUAS||49.9||RPA / Veolia Transport 2010|
|DART**||44.3||Irish Rail 2006|
ManageCO2 provide a full suite of carbon management business support, from carbon accounting, energy monitoring, energy and emissions reduction, to carbon abatement (carbon offsets) from approved certified sources.


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Greetings from Fireside Grace Ministries!
We'd like to share some of the prophetic words that have been fulfilled. We would like to preface that while the following prophecies have been fulfilled, this is not always a good thing. God speaks through Robyn and Brandi so that we can intercede and change things before they occur. They encourage every single reader to continually pray over the prophecies stated so that we can make a difference in the world. In sharing these fulfillments, Robyn and Brandi's intentions are to remind everyone that there is great power in corporate prayer and to never lose sight that God will do what He says He will do.
In a video titled, “A Dive in Doge and Rise in ADA,” posted on August 29, 2021, Robyn prophesied, “The storm that Ida creates that was going to veer off into the Atlantic Ocean will be downgraded significantly, but it will still be powerful enough to cause some significant waves and problems in the east coast. Maryland, Virginia, Delaware, Connecticut, Massachusetts kind of area there.”
September 2, 2021, Baltimore Sun posted an article, titled, “Maryland weather: In Tropical Depression Ida’s wake, flood warnings remain, public services interrupted and cleanup continues.”
September 1, 2021, PennLive published an article, stating, “Hurricane Ida’s remnants caused flash flooding that knocked about 20 homes off their foundations and washed several trailers away in western Virginia. More severe weather was predicted Wednesday, with heavy rains stretching into New England and tornadoes likely in parts of the Appalachians.”
September 2, 2021, Delaware Online posted an article, stating, “Although Delaware avoided the worst of the storms brought to the East Coast by Hurricane Ida's remnants, the northern part of the state experienced historic flooding Thursday.”
September 2, 2021, CT Insider posted an article, stating, “The worst of the remnants of Ida swept through Connecticut early Thursday, drenching areas already over-saturated with recent rain, causing massive flooding — killing a state police trooper — and cutting power to thousands while shutting down rail service.”
September 2, 2021, Mass Live posted an article, stating, “Across Massachusetts, water pooled beneath overpasses and washed over roads Wednesday night and Thursday morning as the still-powerful remnants of Hurricane Ida drifted over the state. Rainfall totaled seven inches in Wareham, reports said, and over six inches in Plymouth, Newport and Falmouth. Flash flood warnings issued Wednesday by the National Weather Service continued into Thursday in much of the state.”
God, we pray for all the people affected by Ida. We pray you comfort everyone involved, help them financially as they rebuild their homes, and love on them. We pray you heal any that were injured and comfort those who lost a loved one in this tragedy, in Jesus’ Name.
In the same video, Robyn prayed, “We are also declaring that Ida will lose its power. That it will become nothing more than a tropical storm. That it will downgrade. We send high pressure systems at it right now, those are called anticyclone pressure systems. I send high pressure systems in there right now. We cancel out the eye. Poke the eye out of this hurricane and break this hurricane up right now, in Jesus’ name, amen.”
On August 31, 2021, NBC News posted an article, stating, “The National Hurricane Center has downgraded Ida to a tropical storm.”
The article went on to say, “It is expected to continue rapidly weakening during the next day or so, the center added. It's expected to become a tropical depression by Monday evening.”
In the same video, Robyn prophesied, “You're going to see trees uprooted in DC as a symbol of leadership changes coming to DC. Their works will be exposed and uprooted.”
May 7, 2022, NBC Washington posted an article, stating, “Severe storms rolled through the D.C. area Saturday, leaving behind damaged and downed trees that in one instance caused serious damage to a Northwest home.”
God, we pray You protect people and their homes from these trees falling. We pray that this symbol will become reality. We ask that every corrupt leader be uprooted and all corruption to be found and dealt with, in Jesus’ name, amen.
Thank you for reading!
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Maryland weather: In Tropical Depression Ida’s wake, flood warnings remain, public services interrupted and cleanup continues. (2021, September 2). The Baltimore Sun. https://www.baltimoresun.com/weather/bs-md-ida-maryland-cleanup-20210902-op25c5z4hjf5lfx wjrmvnndog4-story.html
The Associated Press. (2021, September 1). Flash floods from Ida wash away homes, lead to evacuations in Virginia. Pennlive. Retrieved October 12, 2022, from
Brandon Holveck and Yusra Asif, The News Journal. (2021, September 3). Hurricane Ida remnants in Delaware: Record floods prompt home evacuations in Wilmington. Delaware News Journal. Retrieved October 12, 2022, from
Yankowski, P., & Rondinone, N. (2021, September 3). Connecticut dries out after historic Ida flooding. CT Insider. Retrieved October 12, 2022, from
Will Katcher, WKatcher@masslive.com. (2021, September 2). Remnants of Ida cause flooding across Massachusetts, trapping cars and closing roads. Masslive. Retrieved October 12, 2022, from
NBC News. (2021, August 30). Aug. 30 Ida updates: Ida a tropical depression, New Orleans still without power. Retrieved October 12, 2022, from
Barnes, S. (2022, May 8). Large Tree Falls, Smashes Home in Northwest DC. NBC4 Washington. Retrieved October 12, 2022, from


In the final part of Dr. Emily Shuckburgh’s article, she turns to extreme weather and the challenges of responding to this in order to limit warming to 1.5C. Dr. Emily Shuckburgh is a climate scientist at the British Antarctic Survey, and is at the forefront of observing the dramatic and shocking changes in our ice sheets and greenhouse gas levels. Click to read part one and part two of the article.
We are already experiencing increased risk of extreme weather due to climate change
Extreme weather events such as heatwaves, droughts, floods and storms can cause major damage and disruption to human society, with large financial costs and sometimes loss of life. Statistics on natural catastrophes world-wide shows a substantial increase over the past 35 years in the annual total for the number of recorded weather-related events such as storms and floods.
Around the world, temperature and rainfall records are being broken again and again as what were once extreme conditions are starting to become normal. The population-weighted average temperature, which accounts for where people live, has been increasing at more than twice the rate of the global-average. Extreme heat, especially when combined with high humidity, can prove deadly for vulnerable people. One recent study estimated that already today 30% of the world’s population experience such potentially deadly conditions each year.
Evaluation of recent catastrophes has revealed numerous cases where the risk of occurrence of extreme weather has increased as a consequence of the climate change we have already seen. The connection with an increased risk of heatwaves is evident, but a warmer atmosphere also holds more water, giving rise in places to more intense rains and increased flood risk.
Analysis indicates that the kind of heavy downpours responsible for some of the terrible flooding of recent years in the UK have become more likely because of climate change. More than 50,000 households and approaching 10,000 businesses were innundated during some of the floods, critical infrastructure was destroyed, a number of people sadly lost their lives and billions of pounds of damage was caused.
Hurricanes provide a stark reminder of the power of nature to wreak devastation on even the most advanced of our societies. The mechanics of tropical cyclones and how they interact with our changing climate is extremely complex, however, it is clear that increases in heavy rainfall, combined with sea level rise and can exacerbate the flooding from hurricane-induced storm surges.
In 2016, a severe drought in Southern Africa resulted in millions of people in need of humanitarian assistance in countries such as Malawi. The other side of the world, Southeast Asia experienced record-breaking heat, with temperatures in Thailand soaring above 40°C. In both cases it has been determined that climate change exacerbated the effects of El Niño. The risks of these two far-away events were correlated. The systemic risks arising from such correlated events can easily be underestimated.
Warming due to our emissions from the pre-industrial period to the present will persist for centuries to millennia and these alone will continue to cause further long-term changes in the climate system, such as sea level rise.
Greenhouse gas emissions continue to increase
The first report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change warning the threat of climate change due to greenhouse gas emissions was completed in 1990. At the time, total carbon dioxide emisions were about 27 GtCO2/yr. Since then, annual emissions of carbon dioxide from fossil fuel use and industry have grown substantially (they have been growing at about 2%/yr over the past decade) and now stand at over 37 GtCO2. An additional 5 GtCO2 is emitted each year as a result of land use, land-use change, and forestry, meaning the total carbon dioxide emissions are now around 42 GtCO2/yr, more than 50% higher than they were in 1990. In terms of per capita emissions, China has recently exceeded the European average and stands at almost double the global average, although it still amounts to less than half the US per capita emissions.
Methane is the second most important long-lived greenhouse gas and at present it contributes about one sixth of the greenhouse effect. The levels of atmospheric methane have increased by more than 150% since pre-industrial times. This long-term increase is mostly attributed to human activity, including cattle breeding, rice agriculture, landfills, biomass burning and fossil fuel extraction.
Time is running out; we are currently on-track for 3°C by end of century
In 1992, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) was adopted with the objective of curbing greenhouse gas emissions to prevent dangerous climate change. In 2015, at the 21st Conference of the Parties to that convention, the nations of the world committed within the Paris Agreement to hold the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels and to pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C, recognizing that this would significantly reduce the risks and impacts of climate change.
At present, tempertures are increasing at about 0.2°C per decade due to past and ongoing emissions. With temperatures already 1°C of warmer than pre-industrial times, that means we are on-course to surpass the level of 1.5°C of warming sometime between 2030 and about 2050. Despite the declared aims of the Paris Agreement, pathways reflecting current nationally stated mitigation ambition until 2030 are broadly consistent with cost-effective pathways that result in a global warming of about 3°C by 2100, with warming continuing afterwards. Greater ambition is required to limit temperature rise to the Paris Agreement commitments.
The amount of carbon dioxide that can be released before dangerous levels of warming are reached can be seen as a “carbon budget” which equates to the total cumulative emissions of CO2 since the preindustrial period. The more emissions we generate now, the faster we will have to slash them later to stay within the budget; and we may find that the speed of cuts then required is unachievable, even with new technologies. By the end of 2017, cumulative emissions since the preindustrial period are estimated to have reached approximately 2200 GtCO2. The remaining budget to allow a good chance of staying below 1.5°C is estimated to be around 400-550 GtCO2; at the current rate of emissions of 42 GtCO2/yr that implies we are heading towards the budget for 1.5°C being exhausted within the next ten to fifteen years.
Risks increase with warming, posing threats for human wellbeing as well as the natural world and the services it provides
Limiting global warming to 1.5°C rather than 2°C would result in considerably less climatic change, for example, a reduced risk of extreme heat and of drought in places, and a smaller total land area/number of people at risk from inland and coastal flooding. It would also prevent the thawing of an area of permafrost in the range of 1.5 to 2.5 million km2, equivalent to one to two times the area of Canadian Arctic, and reduce the odds of an ice-free Arctic summer from 1-in-10 to 1-in-100 years.
Limiting warming to 1.5°C, compared with 2ºC, is also projected to result in smaller net reductions in yields of maize, rice, wheat, and potentially other cereal crops, and it would mean fewer heat-related illnesses and deaths, and less risk from vector-borne diseases, such as malaria and dengue fever.
In terms of the natural world, between 2-3 times more plants and animals are anticipated to experience severe habitat loss at 2°C compared with 1.5°C, and with that would come the loss of the services provided to human society. Moreover, it is thought while a small portion of coral reefs would remain at 1.5°C, virtually all would be lost at 2°C, succuming tot he combined influence of warming seas and ocean acidification caused by CO2 emissions. Indeed, comparable rates of acidification have not been seen since 250 million years ago, when the largest ever mass extinction of species took place. Again, this is not only an environmental threat – healthy coral reefs support commercial and subsistence fisheries, jobs and businesses through tourism and recreation, and contribute billions of dollars each year to the global economy.
Overall, climate-related risks to health, livelihoods, food security, water supply, human security, and economic growth are projected to increase with 1.5°C of warming and to increase further with 2°C.
Warming increases the risk of a catastrophic shock
Recent millennia have been
We know that dramatic and rapid regional change in temperature has occured in the past: in the North Atlantic, there are more than 20 examples of this in the last 100 thousand years. The potential for such large changes is a fundamental non- linear characteristic of the Earth system.
Modest temperature rise, for example, may threaten the vast ice sheets covering Greenland & West Antarctica. There is evidence that ice sheet disintegration could be triggered around 1.5°C to 2°C of global warming, eventually leading to many metres of sea level rise, transforming global coastlines.
The majority of large cities around the world are located in low-lying coastal regions, often for good historical reasons since they were important trading ports. Moreover, many of the developing megacities in Asia and elsewhere are located on or near the coast. Just a few tens of centimetres of sea level rise, especially in combination with heavy rain and storm surges, could destroy infrastructure and displace hundreds of millions of people; a black swan event involving the polar ice sheets would be devastating. Are these risks being fully accounted for in development planning or scenario analysis?
What response is required to limit climate disruption?
We need to reach net-zero by 2050 to meet 1.5°C goal
Let me now turn to the scale and urgency of the challenge of responding to climate change in a way that meets the Paris Agreement objectives. It is evident that the later emissions reductions begin, the more accelerated they will need to be for global temperatures to remain within the limits agreed in Paris.
The recent IPCC special report found that to keep temperatures below about 1.5°C requires global CO2 emissions to decline by about 45% from 2010 levels by 2030 and to reach
This is a dramatic change
This requires transformation across all sectors, which of course comes with its own risks for businesses and investors. Electricity generatation needs to be essentially decarbonised globally by 2050, with renewables growing enormously to supply 70-85% of electricity and any remaining fossil fuel use being coupled to carbon capture and storage systems. The IPCC report notes that some fossil investments made over the next few years – or those made in the last few – will likely need to be retired prior to fully recovering their capital investment or before the end of their operational lifetime. A reduction of at least 75-90% is also required in terms of industrial emissions by 2050, requiring the deployment of both existing and new technologies and practices, including electrification, hydrogen, sustainable bio-based feedstocks, product substitution, and carbon capture, utilization and storage. Other changes include, for example, major alterations to land use. Moreover, it is clear that substantial amounts of CO2 will need to be extracted from the atmosphere to compensate for residual emissions. The carbon dioxide removal approaches that are required to achieve this come with a complex set of risks, costs, trade-offs and benefits.
If managed appropriately, limiting warming to 1.5°C can postively support the delivery of the UN Sustainable Development Goals. Improved air quality resulting from required reductions in many non-CO2 emissions would provide direct and immediate health benefits: indoor air pollution currently causes millions of deaths each year and outdoor air pollution causes millions more. There are also clear co-benefits in terms of greater access to afordable and clean energy, especially when a billion people worldwide still live without access to electricity. Moreover, the number of people both exposed to climate-related risks and susceptible to poverty could be reduced by up to several hundred million by 2050 if temperatures are kept to 1.5°C instead of 2°C.
Businesses and investors must be part of the solution
The greenhouse gas emissions from the 100 largest emitting companies of the world (including their value chains) account for approximately a quarter of global annual emissions. The top 250, which include businesses in the oil, gas, utility, automotive, aircraft, manufacturing, steel, mining and cement sectors, account for approximately one third of the global total. It is evident, therefore that businesses play a critical role in responding the the scale and urgency of the climate challenge as laid out by the scientific evidence.
Those operating in heavily carbon intensive sectors must rapidly diversify and decarbonize their business models if the world is to achieve the level of emissions reductions outlined above. Others too must show leadership to embed the wide-ranging transformations that are required over the coming decades.
Each year’s delay in reduction of global emissions necessitates a steeper reduction curve in the future, likely increasing the cost and complexity of the required transformations, and decreasing the probability of meeting targets required for limiting disruptive climate events.
This article was originally published as one piece and has


On what national signs of November it is possible to forecast the weather?
How to learn a weather forecast for concrete day or any period? Of course, today it is quite silly question. Both radio, and television, and even the Internet always provide us information of this sort (about periodic mistakes of weather forecasters we will not speak). And how when there were no civilization benefits yet, our far ancestors learned weather? This question is already much more interesting.
Earlier the people forecast the weather on special signs. Watching weather in a certain day, it is possible to foresee it on the future. However, directly not to predict degrees Celsius on these signs, but it will be possible to understand, for example, what winter: frosty, low-snow, etc. or to learn whether the spring will be early. There are also signs on the near future and the next few hours. For example, all known: “ swallows low over the earth fly - by a rain “. These signs are not forgotten to this day, just very few people know them or seldom puts into practice.
Will accept not to list all and each season has them the. And as November begins , the most actual will be to consider some signs of this month and then to try to predict weather for future seasons.
On November 2 - Artemy. If the first snow laid down on the dry earth and till that time when trees completely dump leaves, - that will descend soon. Until the leaf from cherry trees falls down how many it dropped out snow, the winter will not come.
On November 4 - Kazan (Winter (autumn) Kazan.) . Winter on a threshold. To Kazan not winter, with Kazan - not fall. Prick on Kazan the sky will begin to cry, after a rain and the winter will come. Happens that on Kazan since morning a rain it is raining, and by the evening snowdrifts snow lies. If on Kazan day begins fog - to be rostepel. On Kazan clear day - to cold snaps.
On November 5 - Yaks. Snow grain or a hail foretell that in Matrenin day (on November 22) the winter will get on feet.
On November 8 - Dmitry Solunsky. If on November 8 cold and snow - spring late and cold, and if thaw - winter and spring warm. Kolya put Dmitriyev on snow, and Sacred (Easter) on snow, and Dmitriyev on a goal, and Sacred on that. A crimson dawn on Dmitry - by winds. If on Dmitry it is warm - to severe winter.
On November 13 - Zinoviy. the bullfinch Whistles - the winter will be soon.
On November 14 - Kuzma - Demyan. If Kuzma - Demyan chains the river, then Mikhaylo (on November 21) will unchain it. If on Kuzma carries roads dirt - do not wait for a frost till the December.
On November 19 - Pavel Ispovednik and Varlaam Hutynsky. If day is rich with snow, then the winter will be snow.
On November 21 - Mikhail Arkhangel (Mikhaylov day) . On Mikhaylov day most often thaw happens. On Mikhaylov put hoarfrost - wait for big snow and if fog - wait for thaw. On Mikhaylov day a clear weather - winter frosty.
On November 22 - Matrona Zimnyaya. If on Winter Matrona trees become covered with hoarfrost - to a frost, fog - to thaw will appear.
On November 23 - Erastus. If hoarfrost appears on trees, then to the poselena expected big snow. If day begins big fog, then wait for thaw.
On November 24 - Fedor - studit (Fedor Studeny) . From Studit the icy cold - is every day worse. If day of Fedor - a studita is warm, the winter will be warm if it is cold, the whole winter is cold. If on Fedor a rain or snow - to be to thaw before Introduction (on December 4). Clear day on Fedor - to cold snaps.
On November 25 - Ivan Milostivy. If on Ivan Milostivy a rain or snow - to be to thaw before Introduction (on December 4).
On November 26 - Guryan. If snow lies on Guryan, then to lie to it to a high water. It is a lot of snow on Guryan - by bumper-crop year.
On November 27 - Philip. If on Philip the cloudy sky or drops out snow - by rainy May.
On November 29 - Matvei. If in day of the apostle Matvei violent winds blow, then to be to blizzards and blizzards to Nikola Zimnego (on December 19). Cold Matvei - to severe winter.
On November 30 - Grigory. If on Grigory good weather - to good winter, bad weather - to bad winter.
From myself personally concerning these national signs I can tell the following: earlier sometimes I tried to notice weather - some signs come true, some are not present (possibly, climate change in comparison with time of emergence of signs affects). I consider that on this system it is possible to observe weather just for the sake of interest, and more - it is better to watch less exact, detailed weather forecast on TV.
Successful all of experiment in a role “ weather forecasters “!


Considering the recent events concerning weather, I thought it would be good to talk about it. There has been a surge in major weather events in the last year including the most tropical cyclones in the Atlantic ever, record amounts of snow and freezing temperatures. The year 2020 didn’t see that many tornadoes, but 2021 is seeing them.
What is a tornado and when do they form?
A tornado is a violently rotating column of air usually produced by a supercell thunderstorm. They are vicious and powerful. They can stab a plastic straw through a tree stump or slice through concrete with a guitar string. However, they are very sensitive to their environment; thus, they don’t usually last that long. They need all the conditions to be just right or else they’ll shoot back up into the storm.
April is considered the start of the tornado season in Tornado Alley, which is the stretch of land from northern Texas to South Dakota and from eastern Wyoming to western Wisconsin. On average it sees the most tornadoes every year than everywhere else in the world. This is because of the area’s climate, not because it’s flat. This area sees a vast amount of tornadoes because of its position in relation to cool air from the Rocky Mountains and warm, moist air from the Gulf of Mexico. If a tornado wants to form, it will form. Mountains and hilly areas cannot stop it. Because of this misconception, many people don’t think they’ll get hit by one, which puts them in harm’s way.
Another misconception is that tornadoes don’t usually happen in the winter, specifically the ones that occurred in January in Mississippi and Alabama are very rare. This is inaccurate, as they can occur in any month at any time. Tornado Alley is not the only region that regularly sees tornadoes. During the month of February, states like Mississippi, Alabama, Florida and Georgia still see about three tornadoes, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s data from 1991 to 2010. As spring creeps closer, the number of tornadoes increases by the week.
If you look at a map of average tornadoes per month, you will see that during January, southern states like Texas, Arkansas, Louisiana and Mississippi see the most tornadoes. In February, it averages out among the Southeast with Florida seeing the most. In March, tornadoes start popping up in Midwest states. From April to June, it gradually shifts from the Southeast to the Tornado Alley, Southeast states sometimes only seeing one or two tornadoes and Florida still sees an average of seven. In July, states in the northern Midwest like North Dakota, Minnesota and even Colorado reach double digits. Much like March, there aren’t as many; however, Florida still sees eight. October and November see the numbers in the north dropping and receding to the south. By December, mostly the Southeast states see tornadoes. This is probably because of the shift in warm temperatures and moisture as the sun slowly stretches up the continent.
How are tornado strengths rated? The Enhanced Fujita scale measures the destruction afterwards. Tornadoes are rarely ever rated while they’re still on the ground. The scale goes from EF 0 to EF 5. An EF 0 has been described as a few shingles missing and maybe a couple downed branches, while an EF 5 has been described as apocalyptic.
How do you survive a tornado?
If you are able, get to the lowest point of the building, preferably underground like in a basement, cellar or storm shelter. Get as low to the ground as possible. If underground isn’t an option, get to an area with the fewest windows, outside-leading doors and/or walls that touch the outside. Curl yourself in the fetal position, protecting your head and vital organs. If you live in an area that experiences tornadoes on a regular basis, have an emergency bag. This should have water, toilet paper, a change of clothes, sneakers, non-perishable food, a flashlight, batteries, a first aid kit and a list of phone numbers and addresses.
If you are outside, get to shelter. Do not try to outrun or out-drive a tornado. They can be faster than you. If you are in your car, pull over and get as low to the ground as possible. Do not seek protection under an overpass! The winds can intensify and become more dangerous.
Above all, take warnings and watches seriously. Stay vigilant and be safe.


There’s even a Miss Tiffany pageant for transgender women which is highly popular in the Land of Smiles. Current weather in Thailand, with temperatures in 17 cities, including high and low temperatures for the country. The weather in Thailand is classified as hot and humid, with a long monsoon season.. Thailand has three official seasons - hot, cool, and wet.. Dr. Adisorn Suddee, director of the Miss Thailand 2020 event said that the contest is normally held in Bangkok. Waterproof bags, such as the ones divers use, can be purchased locally. Read more headlines, reports & breaking news in North East Thailand. Required clothing: Lightweight cotton clothing is advised throughout the year, with an umbrella or raincoat for sudden cloudbursts. The worst time to visit Thailand is during April and May when the summer is at its peak. Weather reports from the last weeks in Bangkok with highs and lows Bangkok Temperature Yesterday Maximum temperature yesterday: 85 F (at 4:00 pm) Minimum temperature yesterday: 72 F (at 7:00 am) Average temperature Thailand's largest online portal for news and information. Travelers with respiratory conditions should check the situation before booking a trip to Chiang Mai or Pai. (Average water temperature 28ºC.) Temperatures frequently cross 40°C (104°F) in the hinterland, and the conditions are dry. The daytime temperature is going to reach 29 c and the temperature is going to dip to 24 c at night. March and April are two of the worst months for pollution from fires. Phuket - Average precipitation Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Prec. Rain is slightly less intense in the summer for islands such as Koh Samui, Koh Tao, and Koh Phangan. Shops that are part of the summer sale display a special logo and offer discounts purportedly up to 80 percent off regular prices. June provides relief in the form of the southwest monsoon, but the heat and humidity are often high. The temperature in April averages 30.2 C | 86.4 F. December is the coldest month, with temperatures averaging 25.6 C | … May is the start of the monsoon (rainy season) at the west coast and it … Sea breezes in coastal areas provide natural air-con. Get the Thailand weather forecast. Southeast Thailand in December. “This time we chose Chiang Mai and we were confident that it would be safe and secure. There are two distinguishable seasons in Thailand, a dry period in the winter and a humid rain period in the summer. With 9.4in over 22 days, you will suffer the rain during your trip. Particulate levels consistently reach dangerous thresholds, prompting locals to wear masks. Most regions suffer temperature of over 30 in July and harmful sun's rays in the sunny weather. Bangkok Weather July Averages, Thailand Temperature 29.5 C 85 F High Temperature 33 C 91 F Low Temperature 26 C 79 F Day Temperature 30.4 C 87 F Night Temperature 28.5 C … And it’s predicted to hit 42-43C in seven provinces in northern Thailand. Low Season (Jul–Oct) Monsoon season ranges from afternoon showers to major flooding. It will be dry 9% At this time temperatures in Bangkok average around 34 degrees, but can often reach 40 degrees with humidity levels of 75%. April is the hottest month in Bangkok with an average temperature of 30.5°C (87°F) and the coldest is December at 26°C (79°F) with the most daily sunshine hours at 9 in December. It’s understood he was wearing a mask the entire time he was outside his room. Mainland Thailand blocks the monsoon rains, leaving only cool breezes and blue skies over Phuket. Prepare yourself for more high temperatures in the summer, with the addition of heavy rains. The increase in temperature between March and May is not as intense as in the continental region, so these months are only slightly warmer than the rest of the year: highs are around 33/34 °C (91/93 °F) instead of 31/32 °C (88/90 °F), although sometimes it can get very hot here as well. Weather ☀ ⛅ Thailand ☀ ⛅ May ☀ ⛅ Information on temperature, sunshine hours, water temperature & rainfall in May for Thailand. Bangkok, Thailand: Annual Weather Averages. The announcement comes from the Thai Meteorological Department director-general Phuwiang Prakammin. The annual average temperature ranges from 22 C to 27 C year-round. Western business owners travel or return home. Take extra precautions for avoiding bites, particularly at dusk. Following the positive result, he is now being treated in isolation. Indeed, the summer season’s expected to be a really arid one, though temperatures are not expected to beat the 2016 heatwave, which boasted numbers up to 44.6 degrees Celsius. The Australian Minister for Communications, Cyber Safety and the Arts, Paul Fletcher MP, says the production should inject more than A$96 million into the Australian economy, “directly creating around 435 jobs for … Flights will start back up on Christmas day too wet ; this is by... Builds with rainy days increases for July but not enough to cool temperatures much unexpected that the man alone! 42-43C in seven provinces in northern Thailand sits at 8415 feet above sea level,,. The 2 key tourist provinces have been grounded since April 1 altitude affects weather! Is high throughout the year the time Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Oct. Them them all crashing into the water in the hinterland, and for! 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FLORIDA, United States, Monday December 2,
2019 – The 2019 Atlantic
hurricane season, which ended on Saturday, was marked by tropical activity that
churned busily from mid-August through October.
The season produced 18 named storms, including six hurricanes of which three were “major” (Category 3, 4 or 5). The outlook of the United States’ National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) had called for 10-17 named storms, 5-9 hurricanes and 2-4 major hurricanes, and accurately predicted the overall activity of the season.
marked the fourth consecutive above-normal Atlantic hurricane season. The only
other period on record that produced four consecutive above-normal seasons was
major hurricanes this season were Dorian, Humberto and Lorenzo. Hurricane
Dorian is tied with three other hurricanes — the 1935 Labour Day Hurricane,
1988’s Hurricane Gilbert and 2005’s Hurricane Wilma — as the second strongest
hurricane on record in the Atlantic basin in terms of wind (185 miles per hour).
The Category 5 Hurricane Dorian, the most intense tropical cyclone on record to strike The Bahamas, devastated the islands of Abaco and Grand Bahama, leaving at least 69 people dead and more than 240 people are still missing. Damage has been estimated at US$3.4 billion.
season’s activity ramped up in mid-August during the normal peak of the season,
as we predicted,” said Gerry Bell, Ph.D., lead seasonal hurricane forecaster at
NOAA’s Climate Prediction Center. “The above-normal activity is consistent with
the ongoing high-activity era, driven largely by the Atlantic Multidecadal
Oscillation, which entered a warm phase in 1995. Conditions that favored more,
stronger, and longer-lasting storms this year included a stronger West African
monsoon, warmer Atlantic waters, and weak vertical wind shear across the
western Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico.”
An average season has 12 named storms, six hurricanes, and three major hurricanes.
NOAA and NOAA-supported researchers from the US and Caribbean deployed 30 autonomous ocean glider missions in the Atlantic this season, and those missions provided more than 75,000 observations of ocean temperature and salinity to operational hurricane forecast models. Ocean temperature and salinity data provide important clues about hurricane intensification.
Click here to receive news via email from Caribbean360. (View sample)
Credit: Source link


Living in Florida we have come to expect hurricanes every year, but many of our out-of-state friends and family often associate the two. We know how dangerous hurricanes can be, but do you know how to explain the differences between a hurricane and a tornado?
Hurricanes and typhoons are different regional names for the same type of storms. Hurricanes, typhoons, and cyclones are all the same weather phenomenon, but hurricanes and tornadoes are very different. Both include very strong and rotating winds that can cause significant damage.
Hurricanes are formed over warm water in tropical oceans while tornadoes are formed over land. Hurricanes develop when they are far away from a jet stream and tornadoes are formed within storms very close to those jet streams.
While tornadoes are typically no more than ¼ mile wide, hurricanes can be up to several hundred miles wide. A tornado will only last about an hour at the most, but a hurricane can last for up to three weeks. There are several hurricane categories, but hurricane winds are usually less than 180 mph. By comparison, the most severe tornadoes can have winds as strong as 300 mph.
Tornadoes are much more common, with about 800 to 1000 occurring in the United States each year. Each year there are only about 10 tropical storms that develop in the Atlantic Ocean that are considered hurricanes. Hurricanes can be predicted and you usually have several days of advance warning, whereas tornadoes come on quickly so you don’t usually have more than 30 minutes notice.
Hurricanes are far less common, but they can also cause a lot more damage. Tornadoes are quite commonplace and come and go quite quickly. They can still cause damage, but they aren’t considered as serious as hurricanes are. To protect your home from storm damage contact Storm Smart at 239-274-2700.


Atmospheric pressure is an indicator of weather. Barographs have been used by seafarers for hundreds of years to predict short-term changes in the weather. Especially when sailing off-the-grit, the Barograph is still the go-to tool to avoid weather surprises.
The Hub comes with a built in Barometer. Together with the Smart Ship's Log, it becomes a powerful Barograph.
The SmartboatiaHub samples atmospheric pressure using its built in barometer once per minute. The data is stored on the Hub whenever the pressure has changed; but at least every 5 minutes.
The SmartboatiaApp visualizes atmospheric pressure on a line chart like an analog Barograph - it never runs out of paper though.
You can select any duration to see changes in pressure. For instance, a rapid drop in atmospheric pressure means that a low-pressure system is arriving. The steeper the decline over a certain period of time, the more wind to expect.
And there is more! The App provides visual indications of the changes in atmospheric pressure, alerting you to potentially strong winds as a starting point for your on-board weather work.
The alerting is currently based on common meteorologists knowledge. We're training our SmartboatiaAI (artificial intelligence) for refined analysis considering pressure changes, wind-gusting, geo location etc. to become even better.
Like with any of the Smart Ship's Log data, you can access the Barometer via SmartboatiaCloud from anywhere.
In general, very fast increases are indications for a fast moving high pressure system that could cause high-pressure storms. Whereas very fast decreases are indications for strong winds caused by an oncoming low pressure system.
The expected impact on wind strength depends on your geo location.
For 40-60° North this could mean the following:


...BLIZZARD WARNING REMAINS IN EFFECT FROM MIDNIGHT TONIGHT TO
MIDNIGHT EDT TUESDAY NIGHT... * Locations...Northeastern New Jersey, Rockland and Westchester New York, Southwest Connecticut and interior Southeast Connecticut, New York City, and Western Long Island. * Hazard Types...Heavy Snow and Blizzard Conditions. Some freezing drizzle late Tuesday afternoon into early Tuesday evening. * Snow Accumulations...12 to 24 inches. * Ice Accumulations...A few hundredths of an inch or less. * Snowfall Rates...2 inches to locally 3 inches per hour from very early Tuesday morning into Tuesday afternoon. * Timing...Late Tonight through Tuesday evening. * Impacts...Dangerous travel due to whiteout conditions at times. Several roads may become impassable. Power outages possible. * Winds...Northeast 25 to 35 mph with gusts up to 55 mph. * Temperatures...In the upper 20s. * Visibilities...One quarter mile or less at times. PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS... A Blizzard Warning means severe winter weather conditions are expected or occurring. Falling and blowing snow with strong winds and poor visibilities are likely. This will lead to whiteout conditions...making travel extremely dangerous. Do not travel. If you must travel...have a winter survival kit with you. If you get stranded...stay with your vehicle.
Looks like it will be a little while longer before I head back to the
boatyard. But, "hope SPRINGS eternal" In the meantime it's time to hum to
a Randy Newman tune:
BLOG UPDATE: Looks like the dire warnings of Blizzard conditions failed to
materialize thanks to the storm moving more westward than planned. Fine with
me as that means less snow to melt and the sooner I will start spring
outfitting for the upcoming season.


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American Institutes for Research In this Q&A, Josh Polanin, principal researcher and project director for AIR’s What Works Clearinghouse, discusses his experience in quantitative methodology, particularly systematic review and metaanalysis, which allows him to design and lead studies across the field of education research..
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You will recall that we discussed two methods of embryo cryopreservation, slow freezing and vitrification. Buy less meat, milk, cheese Global warming final final butter Use more locally sourced, seasonal food Throw less food away; get resourceful with those leftovers! On the other hand, most of the costs of carbon-based energy comes, not from the cost of the fuels being used, but also from capital investment for the infrastructure of furnaces, turbines, and engines, thus not cheap either compared to nuclear energy.
How about the "Hockey Stick" graph that many Global Warming supportersincluding my opponent, argue about? Generating power from nuclear energy is cheaper than from oil while it is still cheaper from coal.
He believes that it is important to set clear achievable goals and that the issue could benefit from adopting techniques on a personal level. The most likely outcome of continuing rises in greenhouses gases will be to make the planet a further 3C hotter byalthough the report acknowledges that rises of 4.
Some butterflies, foxes, and alpine plants have moved farther north or to higher, cooler areas. Another way to rob us: If the CO2 increases in the atmosphere as a greenhouse gas, then the temperature should go up.
Why it's under the Misc. The solution; cheaper energy without carbon emission: We can see that once again despite contrary to belief we can see that though there may be warming the fact is simply that there is no human warming.
Everywhere we look, we are told that climate change is proven beyond a shadow of a doubt, but we are being fed lies. The report reflects climate scientists' growing fears that Earth is nearing the stage when carbon dioxide rises will bring irreversible change to the planet.
Rainfall in Ethiopia, where droughts are already common, could decline by 10 percent over the next 50 years. He fears that if sea ice disappears, the polar bears will as well. Now let's do some quick math here.
The predicted hot-spot is entirely absent from the observational record. The ice core records show exactly the opposite.
This includes mountain glaciers ice sheets covering West Antarctica and Greenland, and Arctic sea ice. Global warming effect could happen are sea levels are expected to rise between 7 and 23 inches 18 and 59 centimeters by the end of the century, and continued melting at the poles could add between 4 and 8 inches 10 to 20 centimeters.
Humanity will keep spewing carbon into the atmosphere. Since 1 gigaton of CO2 is the equivilance of.
Less fresh water will be available. Thus once again disproving my opponent's theory. Done Easterbrook, who is a climate scientist. Wildlife research scientist Martin Obbard has found that since the mids, with less ice on which to live and fish for food, polar bears have gotten considerably skinnier.
First article dealt with the climate change and global warming and of the implications of Egypt published on the 14 of April The first person I discussed the topic with was from the United States. An Easy to Understand Review. Patrick Moore, Co-founder of Greenpeace: Past assessments by the IPCC have suggested such scenarios are 'likely' to occur this century.
Historically speaking Sea Ice forms in the Arctic Region and has varied in size and thickness since human records began and generally speaking is free floating, moving and obviously subject to the severity of the natural cycle does attach itself to nearby Global warming final final masses such as Greenland etc.
Gas solubility decreases as the temperature of water increases and therefore the rate of uptake from the atmosphere decreases as ocean temperatures rise. We have had in the past periods of 3 to 10 times as much CO2 as today in the atmosphere, and if CO2 has an effect on climate change it should be evident in the temperature reconstruction.
Companies or other groups are issued emissions permits and are required to hold an equivalent number of allowances or credits, which represent the right to emit a specific amount.
It was a revolutionary idea that had the potential to reshape our world in profound ways. We have just been told lies.Scientists of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) indicatethat global temperature rise of °C above pre-industrial temperatures would constitute a threshold the planet cannot.
Sep 27, · The fact that I earned two degrees in geology and worked in that field for many years does not make me an expert on global warming; however, I have studied the relevant literature on this subject for the last 15 years, so I think I can discuss this topic agronumericus.com’t take my word for it, though.
Be skeptical, but practice skepticism in. Global Warming Final What is Global Warming? Global Warming is the increase of the Earth's overall atmospherical temperature. CO2 and Global Warming Carbon Dioxide (or CO2) is the leading cause of the Greenhouse effect or Global Warming.
It is the gas that humans release most through cars, factories, generating energy, and other things that are. Global Warming Final Final. Topics: Global warming, Global warming is the result of the greenhouse effect, which has increased since the human race started to burn fossil fuels in order to extract energy.
When fossil fuels are being burnt, greenhouse gasses, such as. This final article will provide factual forensic evidence that almost all aspect of current day academic teaching is totally false and one could seriously challenge our respective Governments, Environmental Agencies, NASA, NOAA and many Scientist’s claims that Global Warming is primarily man made.
Global Warming Final. Reflective Essay #2. Climatic change. LSATPreparationweb. Report of the Project- Glbal Warming. Generating Failure - Environment California. Global Warming and NEVADA.
Global Warming Causes. Climate and Its Impact on Global Crop Production.


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 In southern Gujarat, lightning strikes killed five people and injured two others.  Strong winds also produced a large dust storm in the Indian capital, New Delhi, on 12 June. Cyclone Vayu is very likely to cross Gujarat coast between Porbandar and Mahuva as a very severe cyclonic storm, today. Tropical Cyclone Vayu: Colossal storm with 100mph winds headed for India - âHuge impactâ A COLOSSAL cyclone is on its way towards India, threatening the lives of â¦  At 00:00 UTC the following day, the IMD indicated that the low-pressure area had consolidated into a tropical depression, and assigned it the designation ARB 01.  The prolonged strong winds generated waves of around 4 m (13 ft) high along large parts of coastline. , Approximately 2,300 personnel in 52 teams from the National Disaster Response Force were deployed to Gujarat help local authorities with evacuation efforts, as well as to aid in search, rescue and relief operations after the cyclone.  Six hours later, the JTWC assessed one-minute sustained winds as having reached 65 km/h (40 mph), and designated the system as Tropical Cyclone 02A. Rain on 18 June 2019 due to impact of Cyclone Vayu.  Strong wind caused the 150-year-old Bhuteshwar Mahadev temple in Porbandar to collapse and a metal shed at Somnath Temple to be damaged. Tropical Cyclone Vayu is approaching the state of Gujarat on the northwestern coast of India, with heavy rainfall and winds of 160 kph / 100 mph anticipated. The agency indicated that further strengthening into a cyclonic storm within the following 24 hours was very likely.  A large number of tin sheds were blown away, and many trees were uprooted along the Saurashtra coast and on the island of Diu.  Personnel from the state reserve police were deployed to the region, as well as 300 commandos from the state marine police. , In early June, a strong pulse of the Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) tracked eastwards into the tropical Indian Ocean, leading to increased cloudiness and rainfall across the region. Summary . Vayu, meaning âwindâ in Hindi, is reportedly going to bring the largest storm the northwest part of India has seen in decades.  This was further upgraded to an orange alert on 11 June. We are confident that the power supply will be restored soon in the 560 affected villages," she said. , Moderate to heavy rainfall occurred in more than 100 tehsils across Gujarat. The government noted that five teams from the NDRF that had been deployed in the initial large-scale preparatory measures would remain in Kutch for the anticipated landfall, and that several teams of local officers had been formed to help maintain safety and security throughout the event.  The formation of Cyclone Vayu caused a further week's delay in the monsoon's progression towards northern India by drawing clouds and moisture over the Arabian Sea, away from the developing monsoon trough.  Damage to power lines and electricity poles caused power cuts in more than 2,250 villages in Gujarat, with some blackouts lasting for several days in some locations.  The central dense overcast and circulation centre became increasingly ragged and elongated as deep convection diminished and started to become displaced. Cyclone Vayu â it is still to develop into a cyclone and is only a deep depression as of now â is currently positioned around 250 km northwest of Aminidivi island in Lakshadweep and about 750 km southwest of Mumbai, and is slated to reach the Gujarat coast in two to three days. The IMD warned that heavy rainfall and large waves were expected, and had the potential to inundate low-lying areas such as the coastal salt marshes.  A pedestrian was killed and two others were injured when an aluminium cladding sheet fell from Churchgate railway station. Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Vayu (/ËvÉËjuË/) was a strong tropical cyclone that caused moderate damage in India during June 2019. High and turbulent waves more than 6-meter-tall are forecasted along the coast of Karnataka. Due to the heavy winds and sea waves, water trickled into the temple structure and engulfed the entire temple.  Soon afterwards, the IMD issued their final advisory on the system after Vayu degenerated into a well-marked low-pressure area, just before crossing the Gujarat coast near the IndiaâPakistan border. The Gujarat Urja Vikas Nigam Limited (GUVNL) had designed an action plan well in advance in the wake of the threat.  Local fishermen in Porbandar sustained â¹10 million (US$140,000) in damages as strong wind and waves caused as many as 25 small boats to sink, and one larger boat to receive significant damage. Thus, good rain and thundershower activities are expected over the coastal stations of Maharashtra today and tomorrow as well. Get latest News Information, Articles on Cyclone Vayu Impact Updated on June 17, 2019 09:54 with exclusive Pictures, photos & videos on Cyclone Vayu Impact at Latestly.com - Page 8 In a tweet early today, Western Railway said, "Keeping in mind safety & security of passengers in view of #VayuCyclone affecting Gujarat, 46 more trains are cancelled & another nine trains are short terminated/originated with partial cancellation, as a precautionary measure in the cyclone-prone areas." In Veraval, about 20 small boats and five larger boats were also damaged. Cyclone Vayu â it is still to develop into a cyclone and is only a deep depression as of now â is currently positioned around 250 km northwest of Aminidivi island in Lakshadweep and about 750 km southwest of Mumbai, and is slated to reach the Gujarat coast in two to three days. , As the system intensified into a deep depression, the IMD issued a pre-cyclone watch for the coastline of the state of Gujarat. About 6 million people could be impacted by Tropical Cyclone Vayu, which is expected to pass today near the Indian state of Gujarat. As cyclone 'Vayu' intensifies, NDRF personnel are deployed to different coastal regions of the state. Question: Cyclones cause widespread devastation and damage to Indiaâs coastal cities. A formative eye began to develop on 11 June, as intense deep convection wrapped tightly around the system. Though the â¦ Tropical cyclones â¦ Summary .  Upon weakening further to a cyclonic storm, strong low-level southwesterly flow caused the system to accelerate northeastwards through the break in the blocking high-pressure ridge, back towards the Gujarat coast. The system degenerated into a well-marked low-pressure area late on 17 June, just before crossing the Gujarat coast. Airports Authority of India has informed that the impact of cyclone Vayu has been milder and there has been no damage to most airports in Gujarat. At least 40 to 45 boats were damaged due to the impact of Cyclone Vayu as very strong winds hit the region and the sea turned rough. Relocated to shelters will be in place till Saturday be restored soon in the Pacific Ocean, in... Management during cyclones of six million people in northwestern India were impacted tropical... Saurashtra Peninsula of northwestern India were impacted by the IMD six hours in place till Saturday affected due impact. 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