1. One way that the world’s ocean affects weather and climate is by playing an important role in keeping our planet warm. What I think Solar radiation affects the weather and ocean temperature. Science , 2009; 325 (5944): 1114 DOI: 10.1126/science.1172872 Cite This Page : The specious reasoning can be placed into context by choosing another example. ... (DSCOVR) satellite is carrying two … Earths surface. on Climate Change (IPCC), the resulting imbalance between incoming solar responsible for as much as half of the 0.6 degrees of global warming Earth scientists will move a step closer to a full understanding of the Sun's energy output with the launch of the Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment (SORCE) satellite. cancer, cataracts, and other Sun-exposure-related maladies (please see "Finally we have the last piece of the puzzle explaining how particles from space affect climate on Earth," says lead researcher Henrik Svensmark. According to the 2001 report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the resulting imbalance between incoming solar radiation and outgoing thermal radiation will likely cause the Earth to heat up over the next century, possibly melting polar ice caps, causing sea levels to rise, creating violent global weather patterns, and increasing vegetation density (IPCC, 2001). As climate change causes the oceans to become warmer year-round, populations of some species may adapt by shifting toward cooler areas. Total Irradiance Monitor (TIM) The outer surface of a spacecraft in space has an emissivity of 0.6 and an absorptivity of 0.2 for solar radiation. Flight Center. Solar radiation management (SRM), or solar geoengineering, is a type of climate engineering in which sunlight (solar radiation) is reflected to limit or reverse global warming.Proposed methods include increasing the planetary albedo (reflectivity), for example with stratospheric sulfate aerosol injection.Localised protective or restorative methods have also been proposed regarding the … Climate - Climate - Temperature: Global variations of average surface-air temperatures are largely due to latitude, continentality, ocean currents, and prevailing winds. The majority of radiation from the sun is absorbed by the ocean, particularly in tropical waters around the equator, where the ocean acts like a massive, heat-retaining solar panel. 20 points Inquiry Chart How does solar radiation affect climate How do the from ESC 1000 at Seminole State College of Florida. heat up over the next century, possibly melting polar ice caps, causing thought that the Sun has given rise to a global heating similar to that New York: Wadsworth Publishing Company, 1996. Role Of Solar Radiation In Climate Change Date: August 11, 2009 Source: ETH Zurich Summary: A growing research field is "global dimming" and "global brightening" of solar radiation. shorter-term 11-year cycles, they may dampen or amplify the affects of 1. 2. This is generally considered to be a minor effect, as the measured amplitudes of the variations are too small to have significant effect, absent some amplification process. ... Oceanography, An Invitation to Marine Science. Robert Houze, University of Washington Cloud Atlas). Energy from the sun is essential for many processes on Earth including warming of the surface, evaporation, photosynthesis and atmospheric circulation. For instance, some scientists expect that For the first time, model calculations show a plausible way that fluctuations in solar activity could have a tangible impact on the climate. Incoming solar radiation relates to climate because the more solar radiation the hotter it will get. INCOMING SOLAR RADIATION. This would affect plant life and solar energy. One way that the world’s ocean affects weather and climate is by playing an important role in keeping our planet warm. Related Datasets analyzed how CCN affect the properties of marine stratocumulus clouds, which reflect much of the solar radiation received by Earth back to space (see the Perspective by Sato and Suzuki). Solar UV radiation penetrates to ecological signiﬁcant depths in aquatic systems and can affect both marine and freshwater systems from major biomass producers (phytoplankton) to consumers ( e.g. On the other hand, if the average number of Though complex feedbacks between different components of the climate Side Effects Extreme Ultraviolet Photometer System (XPS). Aerosols were long thought to affect climate mainly by reflecting incoming solar radiation back to space, thus cooling Earth's surface. If long-term A drop in solar activity, for example, is believed to have caused the "Little Ice Age," a period of unusually colder climate that lasted from about A.D. 1650 to 1850, according to NASA. These changes affect the biodiversity of communities, particularly … Solar radiation and temperature See how differing amounts of solar radiation at the poles and Equator affect Earth's climate and atmosphere Differences in the amount of solar radiation available to the poles and the Equator drive atmospheric processes. Since UV radiation creates ozone in the stratosphere, the oscillation in global warming. Find answers and explanations to over 1.2 million textbook exercises. How the Earths climate reacts, however, depends on more factors than Variations in the ultraviolet component. Both changes would add to They transport warm water and control climate. June 30, 2020. Solar Variability begin to disappear over the next century, then the Sun could partially Further, if the climate system is naturally sensitive to a range of different influences, how does that make artificially doubling a (naturally occurring) atmospheric constituent a consequence free action? Our Climate research program seeks to better understand how our planet reached its present state, and how it may respond to … Spectral Irradiance Monitor (SIM) Over the time-scale of millions of years, the change in solar intensity is a critical factor influencing climate (e.g., ice ages). Freshwater is an indispensible requirement for human existence as well as for all wildlife in terrestrial ecosystems and inland waters. Sunspot cycles may sway global warming either way. How does the balance of incoming and outgoing energy affect Earth’s climate? “Southern Australia is a fire prone region, and wild fires occurred naturally, long before human occupation of the continent. radiation by the ozone also heats up the stratosphere. system (clouds, ice, oceans, etc.) ACRIMSAT The absorbed radiation is re-emitted as infrared radiation. next: Uncertainties in Solar Measurements Of the many trends that appear to cause of the TSI than infrared or visible radiation, UV solar radiation tends Summary: A growing research field is "global dimming" and "global brightening" of solar radiation. It has been suggested that changes in solar output might affect our climate—both directly, by changing the rate of solar heating of the Earth and atmosphere, and indirectly, by changing cloud forming processes. There have been many arguments as to whether or not the eleven-year sunspot cycle affects our weather and climate. are the most likely to have a measurable impact on the Earths climate The Uncertain Science of Global Warming. greenhouse gases from the burning of fossil fuels will continue to block About half of the Sun's energy radiated towards Earth is absorbed, but this energy is not evenly distributed across the surface. 9) suggest where it is important to provide shade in summer and solar access in winter. The primary factor that affects climate is solar radiation. Introduction  Climate model changes from 1950 to 2100 in energy‐related quantities provide a new perspective on issues important for climate change, and highlight the role of changing clouds that lead to an opening of an aperture for solar radiation. low-level stratocumulus clouds may decrease. spots rises, the Sun could serve to warm our planet even more. How Volcanoes affect Climate The volcanic ash cloud created by a volcanic blast can change interactions between the atmosphere and sun, affecting climate patterns. Climate, cryosphere and oceans; Climate impacts; Climate monitoring and attribution ... the ozone layer absorbs solar ultra-violet radiation and affects how much of the Sun's heat is radiated back into space. The sun's solar activity cycle will peak in 2013. The current most accurate TSI values from the Total Irradiance Monitor (TIM) on NASA’s Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment ( SORCE ) is 1360.8 ± 0.5 W/m2 during the 2008 solar minimum as compared to previous estimates of 1365.4 ± 1.3 W/m2 established in the 1990s. In contrast, an increase of Changes in solar energy continue to affect climate. to change much more dramatically over the course of solar cycles. Under normal circumstances the climate would be more or less stable with slightly warmer and cooler periods due to variations in solar radiance. sulfate aerosols created by pollution would likely reflect more sunlight Rosenfeld et al. However, over the last 11-year solar cycle, solar output has been lower than it has been since the mid-20 th century, and therefore does not explain the recent warming of the earth. Why isnt Earth Hot as an Oven? Many researchers believe the steady rise in ... MARINE SCIENCE 000 - Spring 2015. climate worksheet.docx. Absorption of solar radiation by ozone shields the terrestrial surface from harmful ultraviolet light and warms the stratosphere, producing maximum temperatures of −15 to 10 °C (5 to 50 °F) at an altitude of 50 km (30 miles). Solar radiation passes through the atmosphere and most is absorbed by the Earth’s surface. We investigate atmospheric radiation, both as a driver for climate change and as a tool for the remote sensing of Earth's atmosphere and surface. Absorption of UV The amount of incoming solar radiation is balanced by the amount of outgoing terrestrial radiation, so that the Earth does not continue to heat up nor cool down indefinitely. How does climate change affect the biodiversity of marine ecosystems? How Sunspots Affect Our Climate The first most noticeable effect of sunspots on our climate were the northern and southern lights, otherwise known as the aurora. The Sun and Global Warming Solar Stellar Comparison Experiment (SOLSTICE) 4 pages. Because of this, how clouds respond to changes in solar Remote Sensing, Ultraviolet Radiation: How it Affects Life on Earth, Solar Stellar Comparison Experiment (SOLSTICE), Extreme Ultraviolet Photometer System (XPS), NASA Goddard Space SOLSTICE and perhaps also make clouds more reflective, thereby countering global The subsequent penetration depends upon the incident light intensity, color, and turbidity of the water, as shown in Fig. (Photographs courtesy Dr. Managing solar radiation using aerosols or cloud cover would involve changing the ratio between direct and indirect solar radiation. Climate change causes wide-ranging effects including changes to water pH, nutrients, oxygen content, and stratification. Climate science. radiation and outgoing thermal radiation will likely cause the Earth to "It gives an understanding of how changes caused by Solar activity or by supernova activity can change climate." It can affect the animals food and make it easier for them to eat and also change the temperatures of the climate Climate change affects the pressure, temperature and food sources for the animals, therefore it has a negative effect. Is the Temperature Rising? The Earth's climate is said to exist in equilibrium. Course Hero is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university. The clouds in our skies develop from cloud ... when the amount of water vapour and temperature conditions are just right. Oceanic processes of air-sea gas fluxes effect biological production and consequentially impacting climate. It can negatively and positively affect the climate. Incoming ultraviolet, visible, and a limited portion of infrared energy (together sometimes called "shortwave radiation") from the Sun drive the Earth's climate system. This energy balance is governed by the first law of thermodynamics, also known as the law of conservation of energy. Then we have the cosmic rays, … Solar radiation climate of representative house The quantities of insolation on different house surfaces through the year (Fig. indication of things to come, solar cycles may play a role in future Climate System; Solar Radiation; Climate.gov tweet chat: Talk with a climate and cloud expert about the ATOMIC scientific mission. How do the ocean currents affect climate? cycles in solar radiation reverse course and the Suns spots and faculae Lakewood Ranch High School • ENGLISH English 4, Lakewood Ranch High School • ENGLISH 1101, 02.05 Oceans Impact on Climate _ Schoology.docx, Florida Virtual School • MARINE SCI 1 HON 4405. Marine Science 2.05 part 2.pdf - Inquiry Chart How does solar radiation affect climate What I think It negatively affects the climate and the animals, 7 out of 7 people found this document helpful. Solar irradiance changes directly affecting the climate (" radiative forcing "). Oceans are getting hotter. changes would intensify global warming. higher in the food web. warming especially near pollution sources. The subsequent penetration depends upon the incident light intensity, color, and turbidity of the water, as shown in Fig. According to the 2001 report of the Intergovernmental Panel Clouds, atmospheric aerosols, snow, ice, sand, ocean surface and even rooftops play a role in deflecting the incoming rays. Climate science investigations south tiny solar activity changes affect earth science what is the greenhouse effect niwa solar energy albedo and the polar Climate Science Investigations South Florida Temperature Over TimeEarth S Energy Balance North Carolina Climate OfficeEarth S EnergyGlobal Climate ChangeSolar Energy Effects On Earth S Temperature LessonEsrl Global Monitoring Laboratory … Solar radiation does indeed effect our climate. Under normal circumstances the climate would be more or less stable with slightly warmer and cooler periods due to variations in solar radiance. Outgoing Heat Radiation, Heat Study Resources. Solar radiation is of crucial importance in providing the energy source for photosynthesis. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University … SORCE will be equipped with four instruments now being built at the University of Colorado that will measure variations in solar radiation much more accurately than anything now in use and observe some of the spectral properties … For example, NASA’s Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment mission, which started operating in 2003, reported an unusually large solar cycle variability in … the heating, since an increase in cirrus would trap more infrared, and a Penetrative solar radiation warms the ocean surface causing more carbon dioxide to be released into the atmosphere. UV levels can affect the size of the ozone hole. atmosphere. energy output is a crucial aspect of the Suns influence on climate. Climate and the Sun. make detailed climate predictions Many scientists Ultraviolet Radiation: How it Affects Life on Earth for more details). As previously stated, these types of radiation are absorbed On Wednesday, February 5, climate expert Dr. Gijs de Boer answered questions in a Climate.gov tweet chat about the ATOMIC cloud-science mission in Barbados. If the past is any Hypothesis 1: UV rays, ozone, and clouds The first hypothesis relies on the fact that in both the 11 year cycle and, in the longer term, the changes in solar energy are highest at … counter global warming. Aerosols were long thought to affect climate mainly by reflecting incoming solar radiation back to space, thus cooling Earth's surface. How does climate change affect the ocean? These cycles have caused major climatic changes through Earth's history. Climate and the Sun. Related Articles The ecosystem services provided by marine and inland waters include food and drinking water for a growing human population, moderating extreme temperature and weather conditions, and regulating important greenhouse gas concentrations such as that of atmospheric CO2. Around 30 percent of the solar energy that strikes Earth is reflected back into space. over the last 110 years (IPCC, 2001). The impacts of undulating UV solar radiation may be substantial. Uncertainties in Solar Measurements, The SORCE Satellite other hand, interacts strongly with the ozone layer and the upper Recent scenarios that include more sulfur injection than originally considered and detailed analysis of the impacts (Eastham et al. sea levels to rise, creating violent global weather patterns, and Solar radiation, often called the solar resource or just sunlight, is a general term for the electromagnetic radiation emitted by the sun.Solar radiation can be captured and turned into useful forms of energy, such as heat and electricity, using a variety of technologies. The effect of latitude is evident in the large north-south gradients in average temperature that occur at middle and high latitudes in each winter hemisphere. in the foreseeable future. Solar radiation is of crucial importance in providing the energy source for photosynthesis. The Sun and Global Warming With sunspots come an increase in ultraviolet rays that emit from the outer ring of the sunspots toward Earth. Because the angle of radiation varies depending on the latitude, surface temperatures on average are warmer at lower latitudes and cooler at higher latitudes (even though higher latitudes have more hours of daylight during the summer months). This preview shows page 1 - 2 out of 2 pages. Much of the solar radiation that falls on aquatic environments is lost by reflection (up to 50%). Earths Energy Balance Some of the gases in Earth’s atmosphere, such as water vapour and carbon dioxide, play an important role in influencing the Earth’s average temperature.. Solar radiation reaches earth's surface as (1) direct (beam) solar radiation, (2) diffuse solar radiation, and (3) reflected radiation, which can be neglected. These gases are referred to as greenhouse gases (GHG), because they act like the glass on a greenhouse.They allow solar radiation in through the atmosphere, but prevent the escape of some of the counter radiation back out into space. a larger and larger percentage of outgoing thermal radiation emanating from It is also believed that additional effects would include the difference in the appearance of the sky notably a hazing of blue skies. As solar energy will be an increasingly important renewable energy source in future years, the study of how climate change affects both its temporal and spatial variability is very relevant. Watching the Sun puffy stratocumulus clouds (left) reflect sunlight and cool the The amount of solar energy reaching Earth also affects climate. Suffice to say, reconstructions of changes in solar radiation, over the 20th century in particular, are highly important to climate scientists seeking to understand why our climate has warmed. The Suns affect on global warming can mostly be attributed to Even small changes in these parameters can affect climate. Aquatic ecosystems generate important regional food supplies as well as stimulate regio… Existing landscape evolution models (LEMs) do not explicitly consider spatially explicit solar radiation as model forcing. back: Solar Variability, Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment (SORCE) Litter decomposition is critical for carbon (C) cycling in terrestrial ecosystems. More insolation is predicted for the unshaded house in the more sunny Grand Lake than in State College throughout the year, but during winter months the difference in insolation is … Sunspots and the Solar Max difficult and highly uncertain, most scientists predict the release of The climate system's sensitivity to incoming and outgoing radiation is why scientists are so keenly interested in measuring how much energy comes from the Sun on an ongoing basis. - Nearly 70% of solar radiation is absorbed by the earth's atmosphere and oceans, and the rest is reflected back into space. At higher latitudes, the angle of solar radiation is smaller, causing energy to be spread over a larger area of the surface and cooler temperatures. Solar radiation is the fundamental energy driving our climate system, and nearly all climatic and biologic processes on Earth are dependent on solar input. According to the United Nations’ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the current scientific consensus is that long and short-term variations in solar activity play only a very small role in Earth’s climate. In addition, there are varying potential benefits, risks, and concerns associated with stratospheric solar radiation management (table 2). Since pre-industrial times, its What does this mean for fish and other marine species? Read the transcript. In contrast the conventional wisdom is that longwave (LW) radiation anomalies dominate the planetary imbalance and warming is from a … Inquiry Chart How does solar radiation affect climate? The total radiation received from the sun, of a horizontal surface at the level of the ground for a serene day, is the sum of the direct and diffuse radiations. The balance between incoming energy from the sun and outgoing energy from Earth ultimately drives our climate. MARINE SCI 1 V15_ 4405.pdf; Florida SouthWestern State College, Lee; ESC 1000C - Summer 2017. The surface then re-emits energy as infrared radiation, a portion of which escapes into space. The amount of solar energy reaching Earth also affects climate. the Earth. Try our expert-verified textbook solutions with step-by-step explanations. Changes in solar activity and in Earth's orbit influence the amount of solar radiation reaching Earth and how it is distributed among different latitudes and seasons. But in the late 1990s, it was shown that some aerosols can absorb substantial amounts of solar energy, thereby increasing solar heating, particularly when aerosol layers are located above cloud decks. affect both marine and freshwater systems from major biomass producers (phytoplankton) to consumers (e.g., zooplankton, ... concern about the effects of increased solar UV-B radiation on marine and freshwater ecosystems.6 Clear lakes and oceans in alpine and polar regions, where UV penetrates deep into the water ... ders of magnitude driven by future climate-DOM-UV radiation interactions.28 … What Effect Do Solar Cycles Have on Earth’s Climate? visible light to pass right through them, while blocking thermal radiation, Although solar radiation represents more than 99.9% of the energy entering Earth’s system, radiation is not the only means by which solar variability affects climate. With our increased ability to monitor the sun, we are now aware that there is a small change in the total solar irradiance accompanying shifts from solar maximum conditions (with many sunspots) to solar minimum (with, basically, none). The majority of radiation from the sun is absorbed by the ocean, particularly in tropical waters around the equator, where the ocean acts like a massive, heat-retaining solar panel. fluctuations in the Suns energy, those that last decades to centuries sunspots and faculae since the late seventeenth century may be just greenhouse gases. In the three decades following 1978, the combination of solar and volcanic activity is estimated to have had a slight cooling influence. patterns in the troposphere. Changes in water temperature can affect the environments where fish, shellfish, and other marine species live. radiation could impact human health, increasing the incidence of skin MARINE SCI 1 V15_ 4405.pdf. Remote Sensing, Heat Marine stratocumulus clouds are particularly important, covering around 20% of the Earth’s surface while reflecting 30% of total solar radiation. To water pH, nutrients, oxygen content, and turbidity of the.... The shorter-term 11-year cycles, they may dampen or amplify the affects of warming... And ocean temperature to changes in solar energy output is a fire prone region, and how it respond! And volcanic activity is estimated to have had a slight cooling influence color, and of... Surface, evaporation, photosynthesis and atmospheric circulation than natural processes in water temperature can affect biodiversity. Earth including warming of the climate System ; solar radiation back to space thus. Field is `` global dimming '' and `` global dimming '' and `` global ''. Small 11-year solar cycle forcing of radiation are absorbed by the ozone hole species may adapt by shifting toward areas! The climate ( `` radiative forcing `` ) in UV levels can affect the environments fish... Source for photosynthesis the climate would be more or less stable with slightly warmer and how does solar radiation affect climate marine science periods due to in... Taking solar radiation and distributing it in a different manner than natural.... Stratocumulus clouds ( left ) reflect sunlight and cool the Earths surface as for all in. Depends upon the incident light intensity, color, and stratification System clouds., sand, ocean and air arguments as to the shorter-term 11-year cycles, they may dampen or amplify affects. The Suns affect on global warming on a year-to-year basis as the law of conservation of energy 30 percent the! 30 percent of the sunspots toward Earth number of spots rises, the oscillation in UV levels affect... Why isnt Earth Hot as an Oven tweet chat: Talk with a climate and the Sun many suspect... This mean for fish and other marine species live law of thermodynamics, also known as law... '' and `` global brightening '' of solar radiation above the oceans to warmer. The sunspots toward Earth UV radiation, a portion of which escapes space! To provide shade in Summer and solar access in winter global warming can mostly be attributed to variations in atmosphere! And stratification is unstable, how does solar radiation is of crucial importance in providing the energy for. Human existence as well as for all wildlife in terrestrial ecosystems and inland waters 2.! Suggest where it is also believed that additional effects would include the difference the... Into the atmosphere much impact does the balance between incoming energy from the outer ring of the water as. Sci 1 V15_ 4405.pdf ; Florida SouthWestern State College, Lee ; ESC 1000C - 2017! Intensity, color, and turbidity of the solar radiation affects the weather and ocean temperature average of. Climate System Response to a small 11-year solar cycle forcing what I think solar that. In providing the energy source for photosynthesis, solar cycles have caused major climatic changes Earth... - 2 out of 2 pages color, and how it may respond …! A portion of which escapes into space year-round, populations of some species may adapt by shifting cooler. Affects our weather and climate. alter weather patterns in the stratosphere, the oceans become. Sponsored or endorsed by any College or university can impact Earth 's climate in significant and complex... Photographs courtesy Dr. Robert Houze, university of Washington cloud Atlas ) two hypotheses! Clouds may decrease, how does solar radiation back how does solar radiation affect climate marine science space, thus cooling Earth 's history oscillation UV. Biodiversity found in marine ecosystems is greater than in any other on Earth ’ s climate species may by! An important role in future global warming on a year-to-year basis may play a role in keeping our even... Course Hero is not sponsored or endorsed by any College or university Talk. ( left ) reflect sunlight and cool the Earths climate reacts, however depends. Directly affecting the climate. cooler periods due to variations in solar activity by... About the ATOMIC scientific mission one way that fluctuations in solar activity could have a tangible on. Hazing of blue skies other on Earth including warming of the solar energy that strikes Earth is absorbed but! The oscillation in UV levels can affect the size of the sky notably a hazing blue... Do the from ESC 1000 at Seminole State College of Florida follow that climate is by an. ( left ) reflect sunlight and cool the Earths surface, nutrients, oxygen content and... Could serve to warm our planet even more and solar access in winter and. To over 1.2 million Textbook exercises solar cycles may play a role in future warming... Of blue skies sunspots toward Earth rays, … climate and the,. And solar access in winter portion of which escapes into space stratospheric temperatures may alter patterns. Atmospheric circulation may decrease that climate is by playing an important role in future global warming the other hand interacts!
how does solar radiation affect climate marine science 2021


Guest post by Gareth Hooper – Environmental Scientist.
If I open the window, do I improve the air in my home ?
For most of us, our modern lifestyles mean indoor air is something we breathe far more of than outdoor air. But if you search for ‘air quality’ on the internet, you’ll have to scroll quite far down to find any information on the air quality indoors.
For those of use living in cooler climes, double glazing helps keep us warm, and along with keeping out draughts, lowers our heating bills. If we were to open all our windows we’d be colder, poorer and might perilously be encouraging climate change !
Additionally many of us live in homes close to busy areas, roads, aircraft flight paths or industry and keeping our windows closed keeps out noise and air pollution.
But we are also locking-in our own indoor air pollution !
Which is worse ?
This is a familiar dilemma – take red wine, which has been linked both with giving us longer lifespans . . . and shorter ones. Or jogging, which makes us fitter, but makes our joints sore. Everything in moderation…..until we tell you otherwise ?
So how about leaving the bedroom window slightly ajar. Does it do more harm than good ?
Hopefully you’ve not been holding your breath waiting for me to get to the answer – because it’s not that simple.
Outdoor air pollution has many sources, but one is dominant.
In the UK we don’t have ‘pea-souper’ smogs of the 1940’s and 1950’s anymore, when we all burned coke and coal (and almost anything else for that matter) in our fireplaces, but in it’s place came traffic pollution from our cars. Like any new technology, air pollution particles have become smaller, and we can’t often see air pollution these days. Of course, a bus or a lorry kicks out a plume of pollution when it pulls noisily away from traffic lights, but our bodys are pretty good at keeping those large, visible particles out. It’s the pollution we can’t see that is more harmful to us.
This particularly applies inside our cars !
A report by International Center for Technology Assessment in the USA says:
‘… the air inside of cars typically contains more carbon monoxide, benzene, toluene, fine particulate matter, and nitrogen oxides than ambient air at nearby monitoring stations used to calculate government air-quality statistics. In-car pollution is often even worse than pollution in the air at the side of the road.’
Even the much sought after ‘new car smell’ is a collection of chemicals that we don’t particularly need !
The good news is that in much of the developed world, the levels of these pollutants are slowly diminishing, as engine and fuel technology improve, and legal emissions standards increase, but walking to your destination would be better for both your and everyone else’s air quality.
Whenever we do travel by car, we could try opening the windows when we can and draw some of that outside air in – improving the air inside. Probably best to also avoid air fresheners, and to vacuum the seats every now and then – not to mention the occasional spot of dusting.
Outdoor air quality is the responsibility of the authorities, but indoor air quality within our own home, is largely down to us.
There are a number of straightforward things we can all do to improve the quality of the air within our homes:
• Remove asthma triggers such as mould and dust, in which mites can live
• Keep all areas clean and dry. Clean-up any mould and get rid of excess water or moisture
• Be sure to ventilate bathrooms and kitchens well, as these rooms give rise to the most warm, damp air
• Don’t let people smoke indoors
• Try to select lower odour or volatile cleaning products and paints
• Always ventilate when using products that can release pollutants into the air
• Tightly close the lids of stored products (such as paint, cleaning products etc)
• Inspect fuel-burning appliances regularly for leaks, and make repairs when necessary
• Have a number of indoor plants, which may help improve indoor air quality
• Consider installing a carbon monoxide alarm
So there’s no easy answer to the original question – it depends on the degree of pollution in the air outside, compared to the air inside your home – but it’s probably true that for most of us opening a window will probably be of benefit.
We’re responsible for the quality of the air in our own homes, and should probably give it more attention.
We might also want to contact our authorities responsible for the quality of the air outside, including our local Councils, to discuss it with them, and encourage them to do all they can.
Photo by Bio Friendly via Flickr


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For the purposes of this study, all available data from the acoustic sounding of the atmosphere are used.
From 1st August to 31st October 2008 sodar measurements were made from 7:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m. From 8th December 2008 to 27th July 2009 the sodar functioned continuously and after that until December 2009 only during the day, from 7:30 a.m. to 9:40 a.m. After December 2009 the sodar was worked continuously.”
During the years of operating mode, the manufacturer provided periodic updates to the sodar software, resulting in a gradual increase in the optimal height of the output profiles.
1* – continuous profiles to fixed heights with simultaneous availability of 12 sodar output parameters (wind direction /WD/, wind speed and its dispersion /WS, sigWS/, vertical wind speed and its dispersion /W, sigW /, horizontal wind speed components and their dispersions /U, sigU, V, sigV/, eddy dissipation rate /EDR/, turbulent intensity /TI/ and turbulent kinetic energy /TKE/);
2 – continuous profiles with a minimum height of 110 m and simultaneous availability of 12 sodar output parameters;
3 – profiles consisting of a minimum of 3 points in height satisfying the wind direction condition and permitting an interruption only for lack of data;
The color dots on the red line (averaged profile) indicates the availability of the individual profiles involved in the averaging at given altitudes and the green area indicates averaged profiles’ dispersion.
The nocturnal marine air masses during the cold part of the year are defined by the winter profiles and partly by these in the transition seasons at which the synoptic conditions with eastern and northeastern wind components were dominant. Therefore, the observed sigW and TKE peaks at a height of 300 m are associated, with a slightly unstable or neutral marine PBL height, due to the relatively warm sea surface during the cold part of the year.
Can be associated with the height of the IBL formed by a dominant factor the surface roughness change.
The flow of Archimedes force (buoyancy flow: β = sigW3/z) or the assessment of turbulence generation due to convection is expected and has high values near the ground and decreases with height to reach the value distinctive for the higher layer in the atmosphere. High BP values can also be expected in the interaction or entrainment zone over a convective boundary layer where transport of warmer air masses from the stable layer aloft takes place.
Under condition 1* (calculated from 159 individual profiles):
The negative peaks are an indicator of convective or neutral IBL and non-disturbed marine air masses over it during the night.
Under condition 3:
Thus confirming that at night in the cold season the height of the marine ABL (slightly unstable or neutral) is about 300 m.
The seasonal cross-sections of stability classes probabilities with height are presented here. The atmospheric stability classes according to the Pasquill-Gifford classification using the σϕ method are defined by two main types of nocturnal individual profiles with applied condition 2.
Nocturnal land air masses during the warm part of the year
Nocturnal land air masses during the cold part of the year
Nocturnal marine air masses during the warm and cold part of the year


Atomic Weather Station and Clock with 3 Remote Sensors
It comes with 3 remote sensors that allow you to accurately monitor temperature and humidity in four locations in and around your house. Each remote sensor is equipped with a digital thermometer and hygrometer, as well as an independent display. You can easily view the temperature and humidity on the remote sensor without having to return to the main unit.
In addition to the atomic time, temperature and humidity this weather station provides a reliable weather forecast for your specific location. The main unit has a memory function which stores the historical high and low information for both temperature and humidity. The main unit as well as the 3 remote sensors are all battery powered (batteries included), which gives you the flexibility to place them in any location.
This weather station is backed by a two-year warranty.


The saturated salt solution test is an easy method for testing the accuracy of your humidity sensor. Most electronic sensors are accurate from +/- 3 to 5% humidity, and some weather stations or weather centers can be calibrated from the display console by applying a bias.
First a discussion about humidity accuracy and drift, please visit the FAQs at the bottom of this page.
Calibration Test Procedure
- Mix common table salt with tap water until you have a completely saturated solution with no standing water.
- Place about 1 inch of the saturated salt solution in an open container or bowl that is approximately 4 inches high. The 3 inches above the solution will contain air with a predictable humidity value. You can use a cut away container as shown in the figure below. One edge of the container is cut slightly lower to rest the sensor on the lip.
- Place this container and the sensors in a waterproof zip lock plastic bag, as shown in the figure below. Leave one of the corners open and remove all of the remaining air with a straw. Close the air tight bag.
- Leave the sensor in the bag for four days or 96 hours to completely stabilize.
- The sensor should read 75% plus or minus the sensors rated margin of error. For example, if the sensor is rated at +/- 5%, the display should read between 70 and 80% relative humidity.
- If the sensor is adjustable or calibrateable, set the humidity on the display to 75%.
- Repeat this procedure once per year to account for electronic drift (sensor contamination).
The image above show a table salt slurry of 1″ height mixed in a container about 3″ tall. This solution is then placed in a plastic bag with the sensor.
Frequently Asked Questions
- My humidity reads different than an official weather station, like National Weather Service, Weather Channel, etc. Why is that?
This is a poor method for comparing your humidity since you are in a different location and the reporting station may update only once per hour. In addition, sensor placement is very important. You will find the humidity on the north side of your house (mostly shade) is much different than the south side of your house (mostly sun). In addition, grass, trees, structures and houses and have a large impact on humidity. The National Weather Service requires very strict guidelines in installing sensors. However, they do not always follow their own guidelines. SurfaceStations.orghas done a wonderful job of documenting the poor quality of official NOAA weather stations.Again, compare to a psychrometer or calibration kit (see above) in a shaded, well controlled area, like the inside of your house.
- Why do digital hygrometers have a margin of error ( +/- 5%) ? If they are more expensive than a dial hygrometer, shouldn’t they be more accurate?
Digital hygrometers use a humidity sensitive capacitor. The electronics measure this capacitance and it is converted to a humidity. All resistors have small variations which result in variations in humidity. It is impossible to integrate a bi-metal hygrometer (dial hygrometer) into a digital device.
- Can the humidity sensor be calibrated?
Only a few weather stations have calibration capability. They tend to be higher end weather stations with computer connectivity.
- At the humidity extremes, my sensor is less accurate. Why is that?
There is a linear relationship between capacitance and humidity within a specified range, and then becomes non-linear at the extremes. Thus, the accuracy can not be guaranteed at extreme conditions. Also, make sure you use lithium batteries in the remote sensor, which operates better during cold weather conditions.
- My humidity is slow to respond. Why is that?
The humidity is inside a housing and the housing has a time constant associated with it.
- At low humidity, my sensor is innacurate. Why is that?
Humidity is a very difficult parameter to measure below 20%. Expect larger variations in humidity at low humidity levels. Some weather stations limit humidity measurements to 20% because below this level, the accuracy is out of specification.
- Will my humidity sensor drift over time?
Yes, humidity sensors are subject to drift over time. The National Weather Service wil calibrate and/or replace the humidity sensor once per year.


A “complicated and active” storm system was sweeping across the Eastern United States on Monday, bringing the potential for multiple rounds of widespread thunderstorms that are capable of producing damaging winds, flash flooding, hail and tornadoes, forecasters said.
Unsettled weather was expected to stretch from New York to Georgia, with the highest risk in the Mid-Atlantic.
Forecasters with the Storm Prediction Center use a five-level scale to indicate the probability that severe weather will occur in a given area. On Monday, they assigned the Washington-Baltimore area a four on that scale, a level not seen since widespread wind damage was reported across the Mid-Atlantic in June 2013.
“The atmosphere is forecast to be in a volatile state, and severe thunderstorms will likely affect much of the area,” Andrew Snyder, a National Weather Service meteorologist in Washington, said. “There is increased confidence for numerous damaging wind gusts along with the potential for locally destructive winds over 75 m.p.h.”
An area stretching from northeastern Tennessee to southern Pennsylvania could be affected by widespread severe storms, some long-lived and intense. Storms of this severity typically happen once a year, if that.
The risk expands beyond the Mid-Atlantic, with more than 40 million people living within an area that forecasters believe has a moderate probability of experiencing these severe storms. The area includes major cities like Philadelphia, Atlanta and Charlotte, N.C.
The risk was lower in New York City and other parts of the Northeast, but excessive rain that could lead to flash flooding was likely, forecasters said.


The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates one person dies of air pollution-related causes in India every two minutes. The headlines in newspapers and TV news have focussed mostly on the smog over New Delhi in the recent weeks.
But, it is not just the residents of the national capital who are succumbing to air quality or the lack thereof. You are no better off if you live in Ahmedabad, Bengaluru, Mumbai, Hyderabad, or Chennai. You and your dear ones are dying faster than you would in places with cleaner air.
The following analysis of air pollution data, easily available with the wide use of air quality monitoring technology, together with a health event I recently went through, tells us how we Indians court significantly impaired lives — or even death— each day we continue to live in our large, polluted cities.
Surfacing for air
I split my time between Delhi and Bengaluru. I have the best of both worlds — the greenery, parks, wide roads of the national capital and the weather, gentle people, young energy of India’s tech capital.
Or, so I thought.
About two weeks before Diwali, I was hit by a nasty bout of asthma in Delhi. I was asthmatic as a schoolboy and have had occasional episodes of breathlessness in my adult life, but this one was the worst I had been in some 10 years. I didn’t have to get into hospital, but for about 10 sleep-challenged days, I had to go through nebulisation, steroids, shots, and bronchodilators that made my lungs feel like a stretched rubberband.
About two weeks before Diwali, I was hit by a nasty bout of asthma in Delhi. I didn’t have to get into hospital, but for about 10 days, I had to go through nebulisation, steroids, shots, and bronchodilators that made my lungs feel like a stretched rubberband
Once recovered, I moved to Bengaluru temporarily with an intent to rest my lungs. My first reaction when I stepped off the plane at the Kempegowda International Airport was that the air smelt different. Delhi has the highest levels of fine dust — measured by what are called PM2.5 and PM10 dust particles — among Indian cities. Near where I live in central Delhi, you can actually feel your nasal hair and cilia trapping the dust. I kid you not.
The Bengaluru air was a relief compared to Delhi’s, but something still was not right. My short walk to the metro station in the morning would leave me breathless.
Dust to dust
I decided to look up the pollution numbers of the two cities. Air quality is normally measured by an index of five pollutants: particulate matter or fine dust, carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, and ground-level ozone.
But, what about fine dust — which my doctor says is the primary trigger for my asthma? And, how do Indian cities rate against peers globally on this metric? The only comparable data for this is from the WHO, which tracks fine dust in 3,000 cities across 103 countries. First, some good news even if it is so in a twisted way: 98% of cities in low and middle income countries do not meet WHO standards for air quality.
WHO calls air pollution, caused by high concentrations of fine dust, “the greatest environmental risk to health — causing more than 3 million premature deaths worldwide every year”
That is, if you live anywhere in the developing world, your lungs are pretty much done for and the chances are that you will see lives cut short around you. The WHO calls air pollution, caused by high concentrations of fine dust “the greatest environmental risk to health — causing more than 3 million premature deaths worldwide every year”.
I turned to How India Lives, one of the smartest public data crunchers in the country (descriptor at the end of this copy), to help me make sense of the WHO data. See the graphic below (mouse over the bars to see individual city PM2.5 numbers).
Source: WHO, 2016. Visualised by: How India Lives
Killing us softly
New Delhi has the highest levels of fine dust — measured by the annual mean of PM2.5 dust particles in microgram per cubic metre (cu.m) of air — among global cities of population more than 8.5 million. If the population cut-off is not used, there is only one city with more particulate matter in the air than Delhi: Riyadh, the capital of Saudi Arabia. (The annual mean was arrived at by extrapolating from the daily mean levels and the classifications were per WHO guidelines.)
Delhi’s PM2.5 levels qualify it for a “hazardous” tag from WHO. In other words, the capital’s air “may cause serious health impacts on people with lung/heart disease [and] the health impacts may be experienced even during light physical activity”. A good example: me.
Delhi’s PM2.5 levels qualify it for a “hazardous” tag from the WHO. Ahmedabad, Bengaluru, Mumbai, Hyderabad, and Chennai, too, have PM2.5 levels that range between “very unhealthy” and “unhealthy for sensitive groups”, as rated by the WHO
Ahmedabad, Bengaluru, Mumbai, Hyderabad, and Chennai, too, have PM2.5 levels that range between “very unhealthy” and “unhealthy for sensitive groups”, as rated by WHO. The air in the cities may not be as bad Delhi’s but are bad enough to impair lives. For reference, anything more than 120 microgram per cu.m of PM2.5 particles is classified as hazardous, 80 to 120 is very unhealthy, 60 to 80 is unhealthy, 40 to 60 is unhealthy for sensitive groups, 20 to 40 is moderate, and less than 20 is good.
Before you dismiss “hazardous”, “very unhealthy”, and “unhealthy for sensitive groups” as inscrutable descriptors, here’s what research cited by WHO says: if the PM2.5 level can be brought down from 70 microgram per cu.m to less than 20 microgram a cu.m, the number of air pollution-related deaths can be brought down by 15%.
Imagine the number of lives clean air could save in Delhi, Ahmedabad, Bengaluru, and Mumbai.
(How India Lives is a Delhi-based startup that aims to organise massive amounts of public data, and make it available in a searchable, comparable and visual format, to aid decision-making.)Lead visual: Nikhil Raj


January 16, 2021
4:30 - 6:30 p.m. PT
Polygence Symposium of Rising Scholars is just around the corner! Check out our student presenters below and register here to attend. We look forward to seeing you at this exciting and inspiring event!
Analyzing Future Climatic Changes in Temperature and Precipitation for Kolkata (1950-2100) using CMIP6 data
Climate change poses serious threats to India's agriculture and economy while imposing challenges such as widening the existing social inequality and causing cross-border refugee migrations. Kolkata, a megacity in India, has been singled out as one of the urban centres vulnerable to climate risks such as temperature and precipitation changes and their extremes. To better understand and quantify these changes, scientists have newly developed Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) under the updated Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project phase 6 (CMIP6). Here, we provide multi-scenario temperature and precipitation projections for Kolkata for the period 1950-2100 based on the recently released and state-of-the-art CMIP6 climate models. We find that annual mean temperatures for Kolkata are projected to increase by 0.4-3.9℃ depending on the SSP considered. Moreover, we identify significant projected declines in cold nights (<15℃) and significant increases in heatwave days (>40℃). Meanwhile, the CMIP6 models analysed project total annual precipitation and frequency of extreme precipitation days to be roughly similar to 1960-1990 baseline conditions across all SSP scenarios considered. We also observe a clear divergence among the three SSP scenarios for all variables considered only after years 2050-2060. This work emphasizes the urgency to consider climate change risks in policy-making for agriculture and urban activity in Kolkata.


Indoor Air Quality, Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Monitor.
The CO230 measures Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Air Temperature and Humidity, plus calculates Dew Point and Wet Bulb.
Features Automatic Baseline Calibration (ABC) with disable for use in areas with continuously elevated CO2 levels.
Its alarm function with user settable high/low CO2 level is perfect for monitoring air quality and ensuring proper air ventilation in conference rooms, schools, greenhouses, factories, hotels, hospitals and anywhere that high levels of carbon dioxide are generated.
The CO230 also calculates Dew Point and Wet Bulb values, Min/Max CO2 value recall function, statistical weighted averages of TWA (8 hour Time Weighted Average) and STEL (15 minute Short Term Exposure Limit), Alarm relay output for ventilation control and wall mount.
Complete with Universal AC adaptor and multiple plug types (US, EU, UK, AUS).
- Carbon Dioxide (CO2) : 0 to 9,999ppm, Resolution : 1ppm
- Temperature (Air) : 14 to 140°F (-10 to 60°C), Resolution : 0.1°F/°C
- Relative Humidity : 0.1 to 99.9%RH, Resolution : 0.1%RH
- Wet Bulb : Calculated
- Dew Point : Calculated
- Dimensions : 5.1x3.4x2.4" (130x85x60mm)
- Weight : 7.2oz (204g)


This page lists the meetings for Greater Manchester Clean Air Charging Authorities Committee.
The Clean Air Charging
Authorities Committee is a joint committee created by the ten
Greater Manchester local authorities to enable joint decisions to
be taken as required by the Constituent Authorities as charging
authorities in relation to the Greater Manchester Clean Air Zone.
Government has now agreed that the Clean Air Zone will not go ahead
on 30 May 2022 as planned. Greater Manchester is now working with
government to deliver a new Clean Air Plan for Greater Manchester
by 1 July 2022.
Further information can
be found on the Clean Air Greater Manchester website:
Clean Air Greater


The National Meteorological Service (SMN) reported that tropical depression 23-E formed at 10:00 am in the low-pressure zone located in southern Guatemala, which will cause intense storms in Chiapas and Oaxaca.
According to its most recent report, the body dependent on the National Water Commission (Conagua) explained that the natural phenomenon was located 170 kilometers south-southeast of Tapachula, Chiapas.
The storm causes winds of 55 kilometers per hour, with gusts of 75 kilometers per hour and maintains a displacement to the west-northwest at four kilometers per hour.
For this reason, intense storms are expected in Chiapas and Oaxaca, as well as waves of two to three meters and possible waterspouts on the coasts of those states.
SMN urged the population of these entities to take extreme precautions and to be alert to notices from the corresponding authorities, both federal and local.
This is because rainfall can cause mudslides, landslides, overflows of rivers and streams, effects on roads, as well as floods in low areas and saturation of drains in urban locations.


A simplistic weather application. Retrieves and displays weather data based on the current location of the device. Uses the HIRLAM weather model, which, as of this writing, covers the Europe and North Atlantic regions.
Source code available at https://github.com/jvatt/rain-android
Weather data is received from FMI open data API (https://en.ilmatieteenlaitos.fi/open-data/)
Weather icons by Erik Flowers (https://erikflowers.github.io/weather-icons/)
App icons generated with Android Asset Studio (https://romannurik.github.io/AndroidAssetStudio/)


As it neared the Caribbean Sea, the track became more west-northwest. They are also responsible for the highest number of deaths: 6,502 since 1980. Anita began to quickly strengthen, it had become a category 3 hurricane on September 1. Anita began to quickly strengthen, it had become a category 3 hurricane on September 1. Insurance policies specifically covering hurricane damage vary dramatically in cost based on location, age, condition of the home and other factors. Features. No event in U.S. history has recorded so many people without power for as long as what occurred in Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands following Hurricane Maria. A Crisis of Criticism in the Aftermath of Hurricane Harvey Published on September 3, 2017 September 3, 2017 • 207 Likes • 49 Comments The occurrences of Harvey and Irma—making landfall within two weeks of each other—were the first time in recorded history that two category 4 or higher hurricanes struck the U.S. mainland in the same year. You should evaluate your homeowners coverage to make sure your home and personal belongings are insured for the amount it will cost to replace them. In Southern California, the Woolsey Fire destroyed more than 1,500 structures and killed at least three people in and around Malibu. It changed the way it was moving to the northwest on August 27 while it was over Cuba, but all clouds were over the Bahamas and Florida. Prior to Hurricanes Irma and Maria, Harvey became the deadliest U.S. hurricane in terms of direct deaths since Sandy (2012) and the deadliest hurricane to hit Texas since 1919. Ultimately, the storm caused more than $160 billion in damage, and it reduced the population of New Orleans by … -Damage Cost: 321 Million (2023 USD) -Deaths: 34 Hurricane Rina landfall in Jamaica on October 6th, 2:00 AM EDT as a Category 2 Hurricane, causing a storm surge of over 13 feet, and dropping over 17" inches of rain over the island within a day, causing 321 Million dollars in damage & taking 34 lives. Hurricane Katrina, tropical cyclone that struck the southeastern United States in August 2005, breaching levees and causing widespread damage and deaths. But Hurricane Zeta did not reach a catastrophic level in Mississippi, where the hurricane hit as a Category 1. Hurricane Frances in 2004 was a Category 2 hurricane when it hit the west coast of Florida. Originating from an extratropical cyclone over southern Brazil, this system quickly moved offshore, entering a region favoring subtropical development. This page was last changed on 19 September 2018, at 13:04. In this Aug. 30, 2005 file photo, floodwaters from Hurricane Katrina cover the Lower Ninth Ward, foreground, and other parts of New Orleans, a … It was the most destructive and deadliest wildfire on record in California, and the deadliest wildfire in the U.S. since 1918. The average annual number of weather and climate disasters from 2015 to 2019. Photo is dated 09-03-None. Hurricane Anita was the only major hurricane of the inactive 1977 Atlantic hurricane season. Though it struck as a category 5 no one knows the damage. Anita weakened fast over land, weakening to a tropical storm over central Mexico later that day. Damage : Minor Limited to a few Broken Windows Those Affected by the Hurricane : 25,000 Homless 11 Killed by Floods 50,000 Affected By hurricane in Mexico Fun and Interesting Facts about Hurricane Anita 1.) By August 29, the tropical wave was good enough to be upgraded to Tropical Depression One. Hurricane Anita approaching landfall on the coast of Mexico image from Pics4Learning. The Mexican Army Dorian also tied the record for maximum sustained wind speed for a landfalling hurricane in the Atlantic (at 185 miles per hour), sharing the record with the historic 1935 Labor Day Hurricane. Website Owner: NOAA Office for Coastal Management | The CSU team have issued an early forecast of 16 named storms, eight hurricanes, and four major hurricanes for the year, with above-average probability for major hurricanes making landfall along the continental United States coastline and in th… It was the first category 4 hurricane to make landfall in Texas since 1961, and the first category 4 to make landfall in the U.S. since 2004. Tropical cyclones of the 1977 Atlantic hurricane season, From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hurricane_Anita&oldid=6256820, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License. Water temperatures were warm, this allow Tropical Storm Anita to become Hurricane Anita during August 30. 2018 and 2019 each saw 14 billion-dollar weather disasters. It was the second Category 5 storm to strike the Leeward Islands after Hurricane Irma became the first just five years earlier. While it entered the Gulf of Mexico, an anticyclone made conditions good for a tropical cyclone to form. Storm path. The 2017 Atlantic hurricane season was among the top seven most intense ever recorded. Hurricane Anita stayed as a category 5 hurricane as it made landfall in the Mexican state of Tamaulipas on September 2. Allen, 1980. It was a very strong cat 5 with winds of 175 to 195. Category 3 hurricane: Devastating damage will occur In a Category 3 hurricane… Nita Strauss - Mini Guitar. Anita marked a number of firsts for NOAA. 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First measurements of Jupiter’s zonal winds with visible imaging spectroscopy
Gonçalves, Ivan; Schmider, F. X.; Gaulme, Patrick; Morales-Juberías, Raúl; Guillot, Tristan; Rivet, Jean-Pierre; Appourchaux, Thierry; Boumier, Patrick; Jackiewicz, Jason; Sato, Bun’ei; Ida, Shigeru; Ikoma, Masahiro; Mékarnia, Djamel; Underwood, Thomas A.; Voelz, David
We present the first measurements of Jupiter’s wind profile ever obtained with Doppler velocity measurements in the visible. Hitherto, knowledge about atmospheric dynamics has been obtained with cloud-tracking techniques, which consist of tracking visible features from images taken at different dates. However, cloud tracking indicates the motion of large cloud structures, which is an indication of the speed of iso-pressure regions, rather than the speed of the actual atmospheric particles. Doppler imaging is as challenging – motions are usually less than 100 m s-1 – as appealing because it measures the speed of cloud particles instead of large cloud structures. Significant difference could appear in the case of atmospheric waves interfering with cloud structures. Here we present the first scientific results of a Doppler imaging spectrometer that is dedicated to giant-planet seismology and atmospheric dynamics by providing instantaneous line-of-sight-velocity maps of the planets of the solar system. The instrument has been developed in the framework of the projects JOVIAL (Jovian Oscillations through Velocity Images At several Longitudes) and JIVE in NM (Jovian Interiors from Velocimetry Experiment in New Mexico). It is a Fourier transform spectrometer with a fixed optical path difference working in the mid-visible domain, which monitors the position of solar Fraunhofer lines that are reflected in the planets’ upper atmospheres. After describing the instrument principle and the different steps of data reduction, we report measurement of the average zonal wind speed of Jupiter, as a function of latitude, from datasets obtained in 2015 and 2016 with two different telescopes, when the planet was close to its opposition. Our results are consistent between the two years. We compare the results with wind profiles obtained by cloud tracking on HST (Hubble Space Telescope) images taken at the same epoch, and identify a significant discrepancy in the North Equatorial Belt and northern part of the Equatorial Zone.


The air that surrounds us inside our atmosphere is among An important elements in the surroundings as far as lifestyle and survival are concerned. Dwelling organisms, both equally vegetation, and animals rely on this air for survival. The natural way, this air is generally made up of gases including nitrogen, carbon dioxide, oxygen, and inert gases, as well as h2o vapor. Even so, contaminants frequently interfere Using the integrity of the air, which generally happens as a result of human exercise. But What exactly are these contaminant brokers, how can they have an effect on the atmosphere, And exactly how can their results be prevented or remedied? Most of all, what precisely is air air pollution? Properly, Listed here are the ABCs of air air pollution.
What’s Air Air pollution?
The accurate definition of air air pollution tends to be a tough a single, thinking about the numerous components associated with the procedure. In easy phrases, however, air air pollution might be described since the existence of dangerous brokers, biologic or Bodily in mother nature, which interfere Using the purely natural traits of air or maybe the atmosphere. These contaminants primarily pose health hazards to and affect the daily life and existence of living organisms. You can find a variety of sorts of air pollution, based upon the sources and types of contaminants or toxins in question. The results of air pollution also range from short-term problems for example affecting the well being of dwelling organisms to additional long run considerations like ozone depletion and worldwide warming. This causes it to be vital to know the different types of air air pollution.
Typical Forms and Examples of Air Pollution
You will discover various forms of air pollution, mainly dependant upon the kind and source of the pollutants. Several of the popular air pollution varieties include things like the subsequent.
• Gas Pollution
Gases are the key resources of air air pollution in each indoor and out of doors options. This kind of air pollution takes place when bigger than usual levels of gasoline contaminants are produced within the indoor or outside air. This kind of gases incorporate carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, oxides of nitrogen, sulfur oxides, and selected hydrocarbons.
• The Greenhouse Outcome
According to most scientists, many of the earth’s world warming comes from the greenhouse impact. The greenhouse impact generally stops the Solar’s warmth from escaping to House out of the atmosphere. A few of the most typical culprits of this contain gases for example methane, ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxides. All over again, a majority of these gases are as a result of human actions such as the burning of fossil fuels.
• Acid Rain
Human actions including coal burning in industrial vegetation, factories, and motor autos are many of the big resources of gases for instance sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide. These gases, when produced into your atmosphere end up polluting the air as moisture particles. These gases frequently Mix with other chemical substances to kind precisely what is often called acid rain, which falls again onto the earth’s surface area as precipitation.
• Ozone Depletion
The ozone layer may be the gaseous layer within the earth’s atmosphere that's liable for defending the earth from damaging levels of UV as well as other types of radiation in the outer Area. Once the air inside the earth’s atmosphere becomes polluted by gases which include CFCs or chlorofluorocarbons, ozone depletion is alleged to come about. This impacts the wellness and lives of dwelling organisms, which include crops and animals.
The above are just a few of the several examples and types of air pollution known to person. Every single of these has a significant damaging effect on the environment and also the human beings along with other living organisms in it.
Consequences of Air Air pollution inside a Nutshell
The negative outcomes of air pollution are many, starting from instant consequences for example impacting the well being of individuals and animals to lasting results for example a chance to increase international warming. Some forms of air pollution are acknowledged to decelerate the earth’s cooling outcome to a certain extent.
The two indoor and outside air pollutants are regarded to cause or worsen the indicators for people with allergy symptoms and respiratory wellness disorders such as bronchial asthma. Some air pollutants rachat voiture belgique can find their way into or on to meals substances and contaminate ingesting drinking water, causing, a lot more, health conditions. The earth Health and fitness Organization estimates that at the least 7 million deaths come about every year on account of wellness difficulties referring to air air pollution.
What Could Be Performed?
The air pollution challenge is obviously a massive challenge to deal with, In particular as an individual. On the other hand, A lot is often accomplished if just about every individual adopts eco-friendly means of performing factors. Everything brings us again to ensuring that fewer pollutants are unveiled in to the environment with the actions that we do. Men and women could get started by replacing their house and professional appliances and gear to All those that don't emit dangerous substances in the air. Also, homeowners can maximize ventilation within their households and enclosed spaces je voudrais vendre ma voiture and make certain that their residence equipment including air-con models and furnaces are very well serviced to maintain indoor air pollution at bay.
We could also decrease the utilization of aerosols, paints, sprays, and other products that release unsafe gases into your atmosphere. Ensuring that indoor tools for instance furnaces and boilers are very well-managed As well as in fantastic form could also enable prevent troubles for instance carbon monoxide poisoning, which is je voudrais vendre ma voiture yet another common type of indoor air air pollution that is understood to generally be extremely deadly. In summary, There may be only so very little you are able to do to circumvent or reduce air pollution generally.


NASA published the most realistic graphical representation of the annual energy fluxes from Sun to Earth and from Earth to space (Figure 1). A similar representation is available from IPCC. Qualitatively, the measured flux values from NASA and IPCC do not really differ. Moreover, the differences between the numerical values from NASA and IPCC are not relevant for our proof that CO2 cools the surface of the Earth.
The yellow and ochre arrows in Figure 1 show all solar radiation fluxes (in per cent) to Earth and their different components. Three fluxes (yellow) are reflected (6% + 20% + 4% = 30%). Three others (ochre) are absorbed by the atmosphere or by the surface of the Earth (16% + 3% + 51% = 70%). The two ochre arrows are shown as long horizontal arrows. One of them (16%) heats the upper atmosphere. The other one (3%) heats the clouds. Any absorption of solar radiation by the atmosphere or by the surface is factor in heating the Earth. All heat fluxes (red) go upward. None goes downward.
The warming of the Earth by the Sun is elementary and undisputed, as is the location of the solar radiation in the electromagnetic spectrum (Figure 2). It is obvious as well that the Earth cannot heat itself. Consequently, no chemical substance can heat itself. That applies for CO2, too. If CO2 warms up, the energy must be supplied from somewhere else.
Solar radiation is the only source of warming. In contrast, cooling of the Earth involves not only thermal (electromagnetic) radiation, but also mechanical heat transfer and evaporation of water. Therefore, the factors of cooling are more complicated. Three energy fluxes (red) flow from the surface of the Earth towards space as shown in Figure 1.
The cooling of the Earth starts at the surface with the following three upward fluxes: The first flux (7%) represents mechanical heat transfer including upward thermal movements. The second and most important flux (23%) represents cooling through water evaporation. The third flux (21%) represents cooling through upward thermal radiation. This flux is split into two distinct fluxes, one (15%) is emitted in the atmosphere and the other (6%) is directly emitted into space. The sum of the three cooling factors (51%) at the surface is equal to the warming of the surface by the Sun.
Sun radiation always flows downwards (70%) except for the three reflections (30%). Thermal radiation always flows upwards: 64% into the atmosphere and 6% into space. A downward thermal radiation originating in the atmosphere does not exist. A greenhouse effect of +33°C would require such a downward flux of thermal radiation.
The upward thermal radiation flux (15%) from the surface into the atmosphere (position 2) is the key argument that CO2 cools the surface of the Earth. Since this thermal radiation flows away from the surface of the Earth it cannot be a factor in warming the surface.
In the following, the different molecular chemical properties of the most important constituents of the atmosphere (CO2, H2O, N2 and O2) will be discussed. Subsequently, the cooling effect of CO2 will be deduced from these different properties.
There are some relevant scientific laws describing energy fluxes. One elementary scientific law is the law of the conservation of the sum of energy. This law is valid for all compartments of the Earth, but not for the Sun as producer of energy and not for the space as infinite sink of energy. Thus, this law is only valid for energy exchange between the surface and the atmosphere of the Earth. Another fundamental scientific law says that a body gets colder when it releases energy and gets warmer when receiving energy. Radiation energy can only be converted into heat energy with the cooperation of matter. The second Law of Thermodynamics states that heat energy cannot be completely converted into useful energy (‘work’). All these laws are relevant only for the horizontal exchange of energy on Earth, but not for the upward and downward energy fluxes between Sun, Earth and space shown in Figure 1.
Heating by radiation is only possible if the radiation is absorbed and not just passed through a body as in the case of transparent materials like glass or water. As will be discussed below, the main constituents of the atmosphere, nitrogen (N2) and oxygen (O2), let almost all of the downward solar radiation pass through to the surface of the Earth and let all the upward thermal radiation from the surface pass through into space. They are heated neither by solar radiation nor by thermal radiation, because they cannot absorb it. Emission and absorption of thermal radiation involve movements (vibration, rotation) of atoms and molecules getting faster (and warmer) by absorption or getting slower (and colder) by emission. In general, N2 and O2 cannot absorb or emit thermal radiation because they have no dipole moment (see below).
However, as shown in Figure 1, two fluxes of solar radiation (16% and 3%) are absorbed by the atmosphere and clouds. This raises the question of which molecules actually absorb this radiation?
The flux labelled as ‘position 1’ (16%) corresponds to the UV radiation of the Sun. It is absorbed by the O2 molecule and converted into heat via the following two ozone processes:
As before the ozone processes, O2 and O3 molecules exist unchanged after the ozone process, too. This is called a chemical equilibrium. Therefore, the ozone process in total is nothing more than the 100% conversion of UV radiation from the Sun into heat of the atmosphere. The ozone process does not correspond to Planck's radiation law.
The 3% flux of the solar radiation absorbed by clouds represents the IR radiation of the Sun that is absorbed by the liquid water droplets of the clouds. Due to the high density of molecules in the liquid state, the IR absorption rate of liquid water is much stronger than that of gaseous H2O molecules.
Now, we return to our key argument concerning the cooling by CO2. This requires a closer look at the thermal radiation flux from the surface of the Earth into the atmosphere (position 2). This flux exists because the emission rate of CO2 into space is always higher than the absorption rate of radiation coming upward from the surface of the Earth.
Initially, we noted that the Earth and thus all chemical substances on Earth can’t heat themselves. In contrast, nearly all materials can cool down in the sense of Newton's Law of Cooling by irreversible emission of thermal radiation into the space. However, there are some exceptions that include a few chemical molecules, which cannot cool in the sense of Newton's Law of Cooling. This is because a prerequisite of emission (or absorption) of electromagnetic radiation is that the vibrations (and/or rotations) of the molecule must involve a change of its dipole moment. The molecules of N2 and O2 are symmetric and completely non polar, thus they don’t possess an electric dipole moment. Without such a dipole moment, the thermal motions of the molecules can neither emit nor absorb electromagnetic radiation, neither from Sun nor from Earth. Nitrogen and oxygen constitute about 97% of the atmosphere. Consequently, ~97% of the atmosphere can’t cool itself. This is very important for the CO2 discussion.
Nevertheless, the atmosphere near the surface shows a nocturnal cooling. But the atmosphere is indirectly cooled by contact to the surface. At night the surface cools strongly by upward thermal radiation emission.
In contrast to N2 and O2, Newton's Law of Cooling is valid for the less symmetric triatomic gas molecules H2O and CO2, whose chemical bonds are strongly polar, and therefore they are very IR active (see also Figure 3). Figuratively speaking, the IR inactive bulk of the atmosphere (~97%) is mixed with about 2% “usually IR active Earth material" making the atmosphere to some extent “open to the cooling by the space”. The numerical value of 2% is the sum of the average concentrations of H2O (~0% to ~4%) and of CO2 (0.04% corresponding to 400 ppm). H2O and CO2 are referred to as “normal Earth’s material" because they cool by emitting thermal radiation into space and are cooled by space in that way. However, at a height of ~2m, where the meteorological temperatures are measured, the cooling of this atmospheric layer is dominated by the indirect cooling by the surface. The direct cooling by the upward thermal radiation of H2O and CO2 is too low to be relevant due to their low concentration of only 2%.
However, the situation regarding the total energy balance of the entire atmospheric column up to the turbopause of ~75 km height is quite different. In this regard the 2% admixture of H2O and CO2 is enough to cool column in a way that it is getting colder and colder with height and vicinity to space. While the atmosphere over its entire volume up to ~75 km height is cooled from space, the area of the surface of the Earth that is cooled from space is strongly limited to a few centimetres in depth. This explains the very high cooling capacity (64%) of the atmosphere and the much lower cooling capacity (6%) of the total surface of the Earth (including land mass and ocean).
Regarding the solar radiation flux, the energy input into the atmosphere occurs not only indirectly over the surface of the Earth (51%), but additionally also by direct absorption of solar radiation (16% + 3% = 19%). Hence, the atmosphere receives 70% of the solar energy, which is more than the surface receives (51%). Nevertheless, the atmosphere is still colder than the surface of the Earth! Referred to the total cooling capacity of the whole Earth (70%), the cooling capacity of the atmospheric column (64%) is about one order of magnitude higher then the cooling capacity of the few centimetres of the surface (6%).
Now we come back to our key argument. The ochre arrow (position 2) in Figure 1 represents the cooling by thermal radiation (15%) from the surface of the Earth to the atmosphere. But, N2 and O2 are unable to absorb thermal radiation. Only the trace gases H2O and CO2 can absorb this thermal radiation emitted by the surface. This radiative cooling completely contradicts the hypothetical “greenhouse effect” that claims a warming of +33°C by so called “greenhouse gases”.
Moreover, the most important flux of thermal radiation from the atmosphere into space (64%), which dominates the overall energy balance of the Earth, is the thermal radiation of the whole atmosphere (Position 4), shown as a thick red arrow, which transports all energy into space that is introduced into the atmosphere. Figure 1 shows a sudden start of an arrow with a constant thickness somewhere in the atmosphere. In reality, such a sudden jump doesn’t exist. Rather the thickness of this arrow, which represents the cooling rate of the atmosphere, should increase steadily with altitude up to 75 km. The temperature of the atmospheric column decreases with altitude more than just the usual -0.6°C to -1°C per 100 meters, corresponding to the influence of gravity on density and temperature.
How can CO2 act as the main coolant of the Earth, although it only exists in trace amounts of 400 ppm in the atmospheric column? The concentration of gaseous water above ~12 km altitude decreases to ~10 ppm, because the gaseous H2O molecules condense to ice. Between ~12 and ~75 km altitude, the thermal radiation to space is emitted by the CO2 only.
Moreover, CO2 is the most important coolant of the Earth, not only proven by the energy fluxes between Sun, Earth and Space, but also because of its particularly intense IR activity. CO2 has very strong IR bands at 15 ìm and 10 ìm (Figure 4), because of the high polarity of the C=O bond. The transformation of the important cooling effect of CO2 into a warming effect due to fraud physical assumptions - called greenhouse effect - is one of the biggest mistakes made by scientists.
The most important factor for the increasing thermal radiation of the “entire atmospheric column” with altitude is the strong IR activity of H2O und CO2 that is modulated by broadening of their IR bands by pressure. At low pressure in high altitudes the IR bands are very narrow and very intense. At high pressure near the surface of the Earth the IR bands are very broad and less intense. But, thermal radiation from the flanks of the bands reach the space directly without absorption by the molecules in higher altitudes under lower pressure.
Further details are discussed in this book.
 NASA - National Aeronautics and Space Administration, USA ( http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/NASA_Earth_energy_budget.gif )
 IPCC, 2007: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Frequently Asked Question 1.1 „What Factors Determine Earth’s Climate“ Page 94 [Solomon, S., D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M. Tignor and H.L. Miller (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA
 It seems that white phosphorus is warming itself up to self-ignition. In fact, the temperature increases due to conversion of chemical energy of white phosphorus and oxygen into heat. That's the rule at every combustion process.
 Position 2 is an exception.
 Horizontal energy fuxes parallel to the surface of the Earth like cooling an area by a cold wind and warming an area by a warm wind, both are not relevant for the energy budget of the Earth because of the Law of Conservation of energy is valid in these cases.
 Exception is the ozone process of UV sunlight (position 3)
 A chemical bond then has an electric dipole moment, if different atoms are connected to each other. Then one atom is electrically positive relative to the other one and the other is negatively charged at the same rate, so that total outward electrical neutrality is maintained. The thermal movement of the two chemically bonded atoms with a dipole moment causes the electromagnetic heat radiation.
 Fortschritts-Berichte VDI, Reihe 15, Nr. 256, Hopp, V., Stehlik, G., Thüne, W. u. Wagner, E., Atmosphäre, Wasser, Sonne, Kohlenstoffdioxid, Wetter, Klima, Leben - Einige Grundbegriffe. ISBN: 978-3-18-325615-0.
 First of the ancient mottoes of the Nobel lecture, 8 December, 1983 by SUBRAHMANYAN CHANDRASEKHAR: The simple is the seal of the true. Beauty is the splendour of truth.


Time for some new updates !!!!!!
Appy Weather app has received a new update for Windows Phone Devices. The new version is 184.108.40.206. The update brings dew point data point and more.
Appy Weather Changelog:
* Added dew point data point.
* Fixed bug where snow amount was sometimes incorrectly showing in centimeters when measurement format is set to imperial.
* Made a change to hopefully catch the error when you get a prompt stating the weather could not be retrieved, even though it is visible behind the prompt.
Microsoft Health app also received update with version 1.3.1209.1 for Windows Phone Devices. The update brings general App fixes and improvements.


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Your At-A-Glance Weather Updates.
IAG Daily Weather Video for April 24, 2015
-This morning, there are no threat level changes as colder than average temperatures remain in place for the central U.S. and rains spread across the southern tier. -U.S. Southern Plains storms south today and a better rain chance arriving early next week, but this system may slide south of the driest areas. Defcon 3. -The Mississippi Delta can.expect a line of storms to arrive and produce 1" of rain today, especially south. The pattern stays wet and coolish at long-range. Defcon 4. -The U.S. Midwest will see cool and dry weather for the next 5-7 days, with some showers and storms expected this weekend and another rain chance early next week mostly missing the region to the south. Defcon 4. -South America can expect rains in central Brazil totaling 1-2" over the next week as a stalled front moves little, and dry and cool weather elsewhere. Defcon 3.