Climate change may be a global problem, but air pollution is a local one. Whenever we burn things for heat or energy, the greenhouse gases they produce warm the atmosphere on a planetary scale. But the fine particles that are a more immediate risk to human health settle in the neighborhood—and wreak havoc.
Communities that are home to large-scale fossil fuel combustion have long been paying a steep price in physical health. For decades, it has seemed inevitable that someone would have to pay that toll. After all, energy has to come from somewhere. But with New York now committed to major climate goals, and struggling to figure out how to stop burning things for energy, the prospect of real climate action at a large scale is making another world feel possible. How much life and health are we losing to dirty air? And can we get it back?
A team of New York State analysts recently did a study, as part of the state Climate Action Council’s planning to meet climate goals, to estimate how much human health would improve in New York if the state economy decarbonizes over the next few decades. The bottom line, they found: Decarbonization will yield at least $160 billion worth of better health in New York, once all of the hospitalizations and missed work days and premature deaths are totted up, and most of that benefit comes from better air quality. It’s a cold figure to measure human lives with, but it’s a big one. Carl Mas, lead analyst on the study, put it this way at an October meeting: “Every community in New York is going to substantially benefit in terms of air quality from this work.”
No Safe Levels
In 1994, the year Harvard’s landmark Six Cities study came out, air quality scientists caused a major political ruckus—and have steered the course of both health research and federal environmental regulation ever since. The study tracked air quality and life expectancy across six US cities for more than a decade, and found such a tight linear relationship between local air pollution levels and premature death that it shocked even the scientists conducting the research. “The effects of air pollution were about two years’ reduction in life expectancy,” Harvard environmental scientist Douglas Dockery told the campus magazine in 2012. “It was much, much higher than we had expected.” Since then, the federal Environmental Protection Agency has tightened standards for air pollution several times, and might do so again.
The biggest cause of premature death from air pollution, the scientists found, was fine particulate matter: tiny specks of pollution, no bigger than 2.5 micrometers across, that float invisibly in the air and are easily inhaled deep into the lungs. “You can fit like 20 of these particles in the diameter of a grain of beach sand,” says Mike He, a postdoctoral fellow in environmental health at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. “Because they’re so small, they bypass the body’s normal defense mechanism and go directly into your bloodstream.”
Since 1994, study after study has borne out the conclusions Six Cities reached: Even at low levels, fine particulate matter and other air pollutants carry a cost in human life, and in increased local rates of diseases like asthma, COPD, heart disease, and other cardiovascular ailments. “There really isn’t a threshold for air pollution impacts on health,” says He. “Even at very low levels of air pollution, there’s still an impact.”
In some ways, the problem of air pollution and human health is a lot like climate change itself: There is no safe level of emissions. Every new source of pollution makes the problem worse. But the same dynamic that makes the problem feel overwhelmingly hard to solve is also a powerful argument for action: Every single emission source we manage to clean up will yield a real-world benefit.
He’s own research is finding that recent efforts to curb fossil fuel pollution are already paying off. A New York City law banning the use of heating oil #6—a dirtier fuel than the alternatives, #4 and #2—went into full effect in 2016. In a peer-reviewed study published in the journal Environmental Health Perspectives on December 8, He and his fellow researchers compared air quality in New York City census tracts between 2011 and 2016, and found that even after controlling for traffic and other factors influencing air quality, the ban on #6 significantly reduced fine particles, nitrogen dioxide, and sulfur dioxide.
The upshot is that New York City residents will be healthier and live longer lives because of the ban on heating oil #6. The biggest gains are happening in both the wealthiest and the poorest neighborhoods, He says, because that’s where the oldest buildings are—and the most antiquated heating systems. It’s a small piece of a bigger picture: The air we breathe in the US has been getting cleaner for decades because of the 1970 Clean Air Act and other environmental regulations, and we are living longer as a result. A 2009 study headed by researchers involved in Six Cities found that between 1980 and 2000, improvements in air quality added 1.6 years to the average US lifespan. It’s a start.
Getting a Clearer Picture
Burning fossil fuel harms air quality not just in the city but upstate, too—and so does burning wood, which creates far more particulate pollution than oil and gas to produce the same amount of heat. But keeping track of air pollution is tougher in rural New York than it is in the city. He’s research on heating oil policy relied heavily on data collected by the New York City Community Air Survey, an ongoing program that tracks air quality through about 100 monitors mounted on utility poles throughout the metropolis. Upstate, the lack of widespread air quality monitoring gives researchers a hazier view of local air pollution.
In some places, climate and community advocates are taking citizen science into their own hands. Bill Kish, a Millerton software engineer, helps keep track of four air quality monitoring stations in the Dutchess County town of Dover, where homeowners have volunteered to host backyard gadgets that keep a watchful eye on a nearby power plant. “They’re very simple monitors,” Kish says. “They have a small microprocessor in them, and they have a sensor which is able to detect these fine particles by bouncing a laser beam off them. They’re more or less surrounding the plant.” First brought online in spring 2020, the facility—the 1,100-megawatt Cricket Valley Energy Center—is one of the state’s newest (and largest) fossil fuel power plants. It produces enough electricity from turbines run by burning fracked gas to power a million homes.
With New York’s climate law now guiding decisions at the Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC) and other state agencies, a project like Cricket Valley would have an uphill battle getting state approval today. The DEC recently denied permits to developers seeking to rebuild and expand the Danskammer and Astoria gas-fueled power plants, citing the state’s 2019 climate law as a reason for the decision, and has proposed new agency guidance that will likely make it tougher for existing fossil-fuel projects to get ordinary permit renewals as well. But like other communities that are home to large fossil fuel power projects, Dover is stuck with the plant—and its local health impacts—until New York State builds enough renewable energy to start bringing its existing power plants offline.
Cricket Valley has been in the works for more than a decade. Many locals didn’t know it was coming until the chimneys began rising alongside nearby Route 22. “There’s 300-foot smokestacks. Until those went up, people didn’t really necessarily know what was happening,” says Jess Mullen, a member of the New Paltz Climate Action Coalition. The group initially fought to get Cricket Valley shut down. As the clock ticked toward the plant coming online, they formed a partnership with the Environmental Health Project, a nonprofit in southwestern Pennsylvania that tracks the health impacts of hydraulic fracturing and shale gas development, to monitor Cricket Valley’s impact on local air quality and health.
The four air quality monitors in Dover are part of that partnership, but they also feed data into larger citizen science networks. Each station has a sensor from PurpleAir that measures fine particulate pollution in real time, and uploads live data to PurpleAir’s worldwide map. PurpleAir sells the devices for about $250, and anyone can install one in their backyard to collect and share air quality data.
Of course, Dover has many sources of air pollution besides Cricket Valley. Vehicle traffic, local home heating systems, and other major air pollution sources all make the same kinds of pollutants that are caused by burning natural gas at the plant—and may in fact be contributing more to local air quality problems than the plant is. But by placing monitors in a ring around the facility, and observing how sharp pollution spikes correlated with operations at Cricket Valley, the project was able to pick up clear impacts from the plant on local air quality. “In the homes and the areas surrounding the plant, depending on which way the wind blows and what the atmospheric conditions are and how much gas the plant is burning at any given moment, there are very high spikes of both PM 2.5 [fine particulate matter] and volatile organic compounds,” Kish says.
Fossil fuel combustion isn’t the only thing the monitors in Dover are picking up. Last summer, when wildfire smoke from forest fires raging on the West Coast (another manifestation of climate change) were dimming skies across the Northeast, the data showed massive spikes in pollution. “The monitors went nuts when that happened,” Kish says. “It was really scary, actually.”
In recent years, notes He, scientists have made strides in studying air quality in rural areas by combining monitor data—like the data collected in Dover—with satellite imagery and advanced modeling tools. “We can incorporate populations we weren’t able to incorporate before,” He says.
Urgent Work in a Changing World
If New York State succeeds in phasing out most combustion-based heat and power over the next few decades, a goal now enshrined in the state’s 2019 climate law, air quality across the state will likely improve significantly, especially near large pollution sources like power plants. Improvements to human health and lifespan are bound to follow—and in a world transformed by the pandemic, better air quality is a more urgent goal than ever. Studies are already showing that in areas with poor air quality, COVID-19 infection is more likely to be fatal.
For scientists working at the intersection of human health and politics, it’s vital to figure out what impact environmental policies will have on the real world. But it can be tough to tease out the effects of new laws from other ways in which the world is constantly changing. It’s worthy work, if you ask He. “Recently, I’ve been realizing the importance of including the policy aspect, because I want my research to do something for people in the world,” He says. “If it doesn’t impact any sort of policy, that isn’t putting the research to its full potential.”
This article will be published in the January 2022 issue of Chronogram.


A chance of flurries after 3am. Cloudy, with a steady temperature around 25. North northwest wind 10 to 15 mph, with gusts as high as 25 mph.
A chance of flurries before 9am. Cloudy through mid morning, then gradual clearing, with a temperature falling to around 15 by 5pm. Wind chill values between zero and 10. Blustery, with a north wind 15 to 20 mph, with gusts as high as 30 mph.
Increasing clouds, with a low around 9. Wind chill values between -3 and 7. Light and variable wind becoming south southwest 5 to 10 mph after midnight.


Typhoon Eta, the twenty eighth named tempest of this a year’s bustling tropical storm season, has reinforced and is anticipated to pass on hearty breezes, hefty downpours and unsafe tempest flood to the Florida Keys and South Florida by late Sunday, the National Hurricane Center expressed.
Estimated time of arrival crushed parts of Central America, the spot it started Tuesday as a Class 4 storm, leaving more noteworthy than 50 pointless afterward sooner than debilitating to a tropical despairing. The tempest gave over the Cayman Islands and the northwestern Bahamas on Saturday and made landfall on the south-focal shore of Cuba early Sunday morning.
It was foreseen to pass on typhoon circumstances, along with substantial downpours and destructive flooding, since it moved toward the Florida Keys and South Florida, with regards to a Nationwide Hurricane Heart warning gave on Sunday morning.
The tempest may accomplish typhoon power by the point it hits Florida, the middle said.
A storm watch was in sway for the Florida coast from Deerfield Seaside to Bonita Seaside, and for the Florida Keys, from Ocean Reef to the Dry Tortugas, along with Florida Bay.
A hurricane cautioning was in sway for South Florida, from the Brevard and Volusia County line to Englewood, along with Florida Bay and Lake Okeechobee.
Dennis Feltgen, a meteorologist and representative on the Nationwide Hurricane Heart in Miami, expressed the tempest had extended on the grounds that it hit Central America. Estimated time of arrival’s crisscross way, controlled by extreme and low pressure techniques, was not uncommon for storms that benevolent later inside the season, he expressed.
Forecasters anticipate six to 12 creeps of downpour, with remoted instances of 18 inches achievable, in parts of South and Central Florida. Hurricane drive winds have been foreseen to reach in Florida by Sunday night.
“We had some genuinely hefty downpour on the grounds here in October, so the base is as of now genuinely immersed,” Mr. Feltgen expressed. “We’re needing on the potential for heaps of city flooding round here.”
On Sunday morning, the tempest was 60 miles southwest of Camaguey, Cuba, and 280 miles south-southeast of Miami. It was visiting upper east at around 12 miles for each hour with wind velocities of 60 m.p.h., the warning expressed.
“We consistently state there’s no such factor as just a hurricane,” Mr. Feltgen expressed. “You may get some extreme effects from a hurricane. This can be an enormous, exceptionally extreme precipitation event.”
Estimated time of arrival made landfall in Nicaragua as a Class 4 tropical storm, carrying obliteration to parts of Central America with winds of as much as 140 m.p.h. what’s more, hefty precipitation that arrived at 35 creeps in certain territories.
Flooding and landslides added to at any rate 57 passings in Guatemala, the country’s leader, Alejandro Giammattei, expressed at a data show on Thursday. One landslide covered 25 homes with handfuls caught inside, with regards to The Associated Press.
Two diggers have been murdered in landslides in Nicaragua, The A.P. revealed. In Honduras, a 12-year-elderly person was murdered when she turned caught in a landslide.
The tempest was downsized to a tropical despairing on the grounds that it went over sloping landscape, Mr. Feltgen expressed, anyway by Saturday it had fortified again directly into a hurricane.
With Eta, the abnormally bustling 2020 season attached the record for likely the most tempests with 2005, when Hurricanes Katrina, Rita and Wilma battered the Gulf Coast. That a year, countless tempests developed further enough to be named that meteorologists expected to turn to the Greek letter set subsequent to depleting the agenda of pivoting names kept up by the World Meteorological Organization.


The influence of Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) on the extratropical circulation in the boreal winter (DJF) is statistically investigated using OLR data and JRA-55 reanalysis data during 35 years. We especially focus on response characteristics of atmospheric fields to the amplitude and polarity of MJO in each phase. It is found that the velocity potential field where its composited anomaly for the phase of MJO has statistical significance responds not only linearly to the amplitude but also symmetrically to the polarity. On the other hand, the stream function field has not such linear characteristics to the amplitude and polarity of MJO even though the composite anomaly has statistical significance. We also discuss relationship between the response characteristic of atmospheric anomaly fields to MJO and their formation mechanism based on the vorticity equation.


When we talk about weather, we think of it as something that only takes place on Earth, or at least on the surface of a planet.
But weather that happens out in the vacuum of space is a real phenomenon, albeit different from how we understand weather on Earth, and one of which spacecraft operators should be aware.
Space weather, alongside debris and the possibility of collisions, is one of the risks that satellites face once they’re in orbit. The circumstances and effects of space weather are complex, more so than falling rain or thunderstorms.
What is space weather?
Space weather encapsulates the activity that occurs between the Sun and Earth, typically originating from the former and impacting our technology on (or above) the surface of the latter. The science and study of space weather is known as heliophysics.
Space weather doesn’t just affect Earth; it can influence the solar system beyond. This weather is the result of activity on the surface of the Sun, which can include:
These are areas of temporary cooldown in the Sun’s corona, the plasmatic outermost layer of its atmosphere. Coronal holes cause the Sun’s magnetic field – which is usually ‘closed’ – to extend out into space and allow solar winds to escape in a faster-than-normal stream.
Coronal holes’ effects can last for months, but they are typically quite minor in terms of effects on Earth. However, they can sometimes slip through Earth’s own magnetic field and disrupt certain electrical equipment and communications.
Solar flares are eruptions that occur when charged particles in the Sun’s atmosphere are intensely charged with magnetic energy. This sudden release of stored energy creates huge bursts of radiation that span the electromagnetic spectrum.
Solar flares are split into three categories by scientists:
- C-class flares – relatively small and minor with few effects on Earth.
- M-class flares – medium in size, can cause some blackouts to radio communication particularly to the polar regions.
- X-class flares – the most major type, X-class events can cause global radio blackouts and long-lasting radiation storms.
Solar flares affect the ionosphere, where the very limits of Earth’s atmosphere meet space. The ionosphere plays a role in radio and GPS communications, meaning disruptions caused by space weather can have knock-on effects on everyday life.
Solar wind is a constant stream of protons and electrons that ‘blows’ from the Sun’s corona. Solar wind particles can travel as fast as 500mph through space.
Solar winds colliding with Earth’s magnetosphere are what causes aurora displays, commonly known as the Northern Lights.
The Sun’s solar winds extend out incredibly far throughout the solar system, covering hundreds of millions of miles of space in an area known as the heliosphere, which serves to protect life on Earth from cosmic rays.
What effect does solar weather have on satellites?
Space weather can affect satellite electronics, or it can impact the lifespan of the satellite itself and affect the time the satellite is able to stay in orbit.
Surrounding Earth are two zones known as the Van Allen radiation belts, which trap energetic particles from the solar wind. Most orbiting satellites are partly or wholly within these zones, subjecting them to the risk of damage to sensitive onboard electronics like sensors and solar cells.
Geomagnetic storms, excited by solar eruptions colliding with Earth, can also disrupt radio communications by interfering with signals and their ability to travel between ground stations and satellites.
Charged particles can accumulate on satellites and eventually discharge, overwhelming the resistances built into the satellite and delivering sudden shocks that overwhelm circuitry and components.
Fortunately, there are certain patterns to solar weather can be observed and predicted, and the solar cycle plays a part in this.
How long does a solar cycle last?
A solar cycle lasts approximately 11 years. The end of one cycle and the start of the next is marked by the Sun’s magnetic field flipping over, switching the positions of its north and south poles.
The amount of activity taking place on the Sun’s surface changes with each cycle. Activity like solar flares increases as a solar cycle progresses, though not every cycle ends up being the same during its solar maximum (the middle of the cycle when the Sun has the most sunspots). Some cycles might see turbulent space weather whereas others may not.
What does the near future of solar weather look like?
Solar weather presents an ongoing challenge to satellite operators, particularly those operating small satellites and/or satellites in low Earth orbit.
SpaceX recently suffered the loss of 40 brand-new satellites intended to add onto its growing Starlink network. A geomagnetic storm struck just one day after the satellites’ launch, which increased the size of the Earth’s atmosphere enough to significantly increase the drag acting upon the satellites.
SpaceX is just one example of loss in this regard, as the onset of a recent new solar cycle has been producing similar problems for other operators. Experts say this could be the start of a difficult time for satellites, with some sinking as much as 12 miles per year over the usual 1-2 miles.
Satellites in LEO always face some drag, but the near future of space weather could present a magnification of this problem that is particularly tricky for New Space investors using nanosatellites like CubeSats to achieve their missions.
However, such investors might find some comfort in the idea that one thing they can control for certain is the competence of their satellite’s onboard software.
Reliable flight software, whatever the weather
Bright Ascension answers the need for COTS satellite software that is fast to integrate, easy to use, and affordable. Our Flight Software Development Kit and Mission Control Software solutions are perfect for small satellite missions, reducing time to market and keeping builds within budget.
Book a demonstration or request a free trial by getting in touch today.


There are three main seasons in Cambodia, the cool dry season from November to February, the hot dry season from April to May and the wet season from June to October. Some international residents joke that these three seasons are hot, hotter and hottest. In Siem Reap, cool season temperatures often hover around the high-20s, while in the hot season the mercury can regularly reach 40 degrees.
Peak season coincides with the cool dry season from November to February with Siem Reap at its most busy around International New Year and Chinese New Year in late-January or February. The wet season need not be a bad time to travel, as it rarely rains for more than one hour per day, usually in late-afternoon. The rainy season produces stunning landscapes of emerald green and epic cloud formations, including some spectacular sunrises and sunsets. Discounts on leading hotels are also common, making it a good value time to travel. The cooler, breezy climes of November to January bring Mediterranean temperatures to Siem Reap and this can be a rewarding time to explore.


December 30, 2017 9:58:38 PM
ATLANTA -- Forecasters issued winter weather advisories across much of the Deep South ahead of plunging temperatures that are expected to last for the next several days.
The advisories in place Saturday covered eastern Louisiana and most of Mississippi and Alabama.
The National Weather Service warned that freezing rain and a wintry mix of precipitation was possible in all three states through the weekend.
In Georgia, advocates for the homeless feared the unusually long stretch of frigid weather in store for Atlanta could bring death to some homeless people in the city, where temperatures are expected to plunge into the teens Monday and Tuesday night.
Drew Benton said he and other volunteers are prepared to distribute supplies to Atlanta's homeless for the next eight nights if temperatures dip below freezing as expected.
1. Two arrested for capital murder in weekend homicide COLUMBUS & LOWNDES COUNTY
2. CAFB parents jailed for neglect of 7-week-old child COLUMBUS & LOWNDES COUNTY
3. Fit for a king: SHS homecoming king faces challenges with a kind heart, positive attitude STARKVILLE & OKTIBBEHA COUNTY
4. Renee Sanders named interim executive director for United Way COLUMBUS & LOWNDES COUNTY
5. Capital murder suspects denied bond COLUMBUS & LOWNDES COUNTY


A week after tornadoes killed 23 people in Alabama, four twisters touched down in parts.
At least 23 were killed by tornadoes in Lee County, about 60 miles northeast of.
A rash of tornadoes broke out Saturday afternoon and evening across central Illinois, injuring at.
A major storm developing in the central U.S. is bringing ongoing severe weather across the.
Some voters were having to carry umbrellas and wear rain boots to the polls Tuesday.
Florence weakened to a tropical depression Sunday, but that is cold comfort to residents in.
Hurricane Florence, with tropical storm-force winds hundreds of miles wide, began pounding the Carolina coastline.


Carbon emissions rise again
The Government claims to be committed to fighting global warming and cutting greenhouse gas emissions. But the latest figures show a rise in CO2 emissions in 2005 of 0.25%. Not a big rise but this Government is committed to cutting them and lecturing the world on the need to do so. Scientists overwhelmingly agree on the need to drastically cut emissions and to allow them to rise is grossly irresponsible. See http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/4861800.stm.
How can we prevent a huge rise in the world's temperature with catastrophic results while we do so little to prevent it?
There is an increasing amount of news out there, fed to us 24 hours a day. Unfortunately, less and less is 'investigative' journalism looking into the deeper reasons behind why things are happening. At The Coffee House we pick out some of the more controversial news stories for debate. Politics, economics, development and environment are our main focus. Grab a coffee (or tea!) and join us. Just don't be shy!


I know people will say that 38 degrees is not hot, say if you live in Australia. Just like when the British complain about the snow and you have countries like Canada going, what the fuck?
When it rains, you have countries that have monsoon season going, you are calling that a rain storm?
The problem is, here in the UK we don’t do extreme weather, we do drizzly, cloudy and sometimes we see the sun and go oooooohhh.
Our country is not designed for it, we don’t have air conditioners in our houses, we don’t have trucks to deal with snow, we dont have anything in place for floods.
Yet now we seem to be dealing the these extreme (for us) weathers. The reason why we dont is because the government decided that global warming was not going to be a problem. Its starting to become a massive problem, the UK is not able to cope with any further extreme weather, it gets any hotter here or in the winter any colder we are going to shut down. We are going to be a country that only works between March and June, September till October.
P.S Anyone from Canada if I said forced air would you know what I was talking about?


The Perseid Meteor Shower Shot From Space
Posted on August 21, 2011
Astronaut Ron Garan who’s currently aboard the ISS shot these spectacular photos of the Perseid Meteor Shower when they passed by Earth on Aug 12.
“While the 2011 Perseid Meteor Shower did not disappoint onlookers during its peak on Aug. 12, an astronaut from NASA’s International Space Station (ISS) one-upped us Earth dwellers when he posted photos of the shooting stars FROM space.
NASA astronaut Ron Garan shared some amazing photos via his Twitter account taken through an ISS space station window showing a shooting star during the Perseid Meteor Shower moving away, rather than the forthcoming view we see from Earth.
The Perseid Meteor Shower occurs annually and is known as one of the best showers viewed all over the world. Earth travels through a cloud of debris from a nearby comet Swift-Tuttle yearly around Aug. 12. The debris enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of 133,000 mph before burning up in the atmosphere, accounting for what we call shooting stars, according to Space.com.”
NASA astronaut Ron Garan posted a photo via Twitter from the window of the International Space Station (ISS) depicting a shooting star from the 2011 Perseids Meteor Shower.
NASA astronaut Ron Garan posted a photo via Twitter from the window of the International Space Station (ISS) depicting lightning during the Perseids Meteor Shower.
Also adding some other photos he’s shot during his stay at the ISS.


SAAELIP is an online portal for the management of Atmospheric Emission Licences (AEL) as well as the estimation and reporting of atmospheric emission inventories terms of the National Environmental Management: Air Quality Act, 2004 (Act No. 39 of 2004). SAAELIP provides a seamless integration between the management of Atmospheric Emission Licences and the reporting of atmospheric emissions into the National Atmospheric Emission Inventory System (NAEIS).
AEL Authorities - License
AEL Authorities - Emission
Industry & Consultants - License
Industry & Consultants - Emission
General Public - License
General Public - Emission


Yesterday, I wrote about a ski trip in Stehekin Valley’s ample snow. Since I took that trip a few days ago, more snow has fallen. A lot more.
This was the scene I woke to yesterday.
And, snow was slowly enveloping the neighbor’s house.
This is nothing abnormal for the region, and in many way’s it is expected. In winter, the jet stream over Alaska and Canada shifts south over the Pacific Ocean. Air masses traveling across the Pacific at this time of the year are “immodestly moistened,” as Daniel Matthews describes in Cascade-Olympic Natural History, bringing heavy precipitation to Washington, Oregon and California. The Cascade Mountains and Sierra Nevada are effective moisture traps for these storms. When storms encounter the mountains, the air rises and cools causing it to precipitate its moisture. The Stehekin Valley in Lake Chelan National Recreation lies east of the Cascade Crest, so the area experiences drier weather than the wetter Skagit River valley to the west. However, the valley is not far enough east to experience the Cascades’ full rain shadow, hence the ample snowfall recently.
In my estimation, at least three feet (approximately 50-100 cm) of snow has accumulated over the past five days, much of it falling in the last 24 hours. Higher elevations certainly gained more. I was curious to know the exact snow depth near my house, which lies at a modest 1100 feet (335 meters). After the snowfall abated yesterday afternoon I got out the snow shovel prepared to dig in.
I chose to measure the snow out in a small meadow away from the influence of trees, but getting there took some effort. The first few feet of snow was very soft. The base to stand on, if you could call it that, was well under the surface.
After floundering my way into the meadow, I started digging…
…and digging and digging until I reached the soil.
The pit was over 65 inches (166 cm) deep!
Long time residents describe winters with lots of snow and occasional rain too. Rain compacts the snow, increasing its density but decreasing its depth. This winter, I’m told, is a bit of an exception with lots of snow, but without temperatures warm enough for the occasional rain storm.
Winter snowfall is essential to the well being of millions of people across the West, especially farmers who cannot depend on summer rain to sustain crops. Snowmelt in rivers quenches the thirst of residents in Los Angeles, Las Vegas, Phoenix, Salt Lake City, and many, many other places. It’s a reservoir, slowly releasing its water in spring and summer when it is needed most.
Climate models indicate changing weather patterns will come to the West as temperatures rise. The North Cascades region won’t be without snow, but changes will be felt, and in a lot of ways the region is already experiencing them. More rain will fall and less snow will collect on the mountains. At first this may seem insignificant. However, this will change the timing and duration of peak stream flows. Currently, stream discharges peak in the spring and early summer when snowmelt is heaviest. The pattern seems to be shifting toward more frequent peak flows in spring and fall. Rain on snow events can cause heavy flooding, damaging roads and homes. (Stehekin River has experienced three 100 year floods since 1995.) Warmer springs temperatures melt snow faster, affecting sensitive habitats like montane wetlands, places that harbor sensitive species like the Cascades frog. Soils dry faster without snow too, increasing the risk of wildfire.
Snow is often viewed as an annoyance or danger, delaying and restricting travel, but it is a key component of ecosystems where it occurs. Snow on mountains is a water tower, one we can’t afford to lose. (It’s also a lot of fun to play in.)


The effects of severe weather are felt every year by many Americans. To obtain critical weather information, NOAA’s National Weather Service (NWS), part of the U.S. Department of Commerce, established Skywarn® with partner organizations. Skywarn® is a volunteer program with nearly 290,000 trained severe weather spotters. These volunteers help keep their local communities safe by providing timely and accurate reports of severe weather to the National Weather Service.
The Skywarn® spotter takes a position in their community and reports wind gusts, hail size, rainfall rates, and cloud formations that could signal a developing tornado. Although Skywarn® spotters can provide essential information for all types of weather hazards, the main responsibility of a Skywarn® spotter is to identify and describe severe local storms.
Skywarn® spotters are not by definition “Storm Chasers.” While their functions and methods are similar, the spotter stays close to home and usually has ties to a local agency. Storm chasers often cover hundreds of miles a day. The term Storm Chaser covers a wide variety of people. Some are meteorologists doing specific research or are gathering basic information (like video) for training and comparison to radar data. Others chase storms to provide live information for the media, and others simply do it for the thrill.
Storm Spotting and Storm Chasing is dangerous and should not be done without proper training, experience, and equipment.
How to Get Involved
You must attend the mandatory training held each year and have a way of communicating storm reports to the NWS. In Garland, our storm spotting is handled by volunteer members of our Radio Amateur Civil Emergency Services (RACES) organization. Below you will find information about attending the Garland Skywarn Training School and becoming a member of Garland RACES.
The annual Dallas County Skywarn® Training is conducted annually in Garland, typically in late February, and covers:
- Basic severe weather safety
- Basics of thunderstorm development
- Fundamentals of storm structure
- How to report information
- Identifying potential severe weather features
- Information to report
Skywarn is free of charge and typically runs about 6 hours broken into two 3-hour blocks. The program is broken into multiple lessons that have something to offer citizens at every level - from beginner to advanced. Be sure to check back around the first of the year for more information about the upcoming storm spotter training.


According to the information obtained from the Meteorology Regional Directorate, it was learned that Alanya will be under the scorching heat until the end of the week. The temperature felt in Alanya today was 42 degrees.
In the last statement made by Meteorology 4th Regional Manager Mehmet Latif Gültekin, it was stated that there is a temperature above the seasonal norms throughout the country. Due to the heat wave felt so much in the Mediterranean region, experts said that citizens with chronic diseases should not go out at noon. Emphasizing that rain is not expected according to the one-week weather forecast, the officials stated that the heat wave will be felt to a great extent by the end of the week. The temperature felt in Alanya today was around 42 degrees.
BEWARE OF FOREST FIRES
The officials also warned the citizens due to the high temperature, emphasizing that the air temperature will rise up to 40-42 degrees, especially on weekdays, emphasizing the possible risk of forest fire. In the last statement made by the authorities, it was stated that high temperature, low humidity and north wind pose a forest fire risk.


Warm summers during the Younger Dryas cold reversal
Summary, in English
The Younger Dryas (YD) cold reversal interrupts the warming climate of the deglaciation with global climatic impacts. The sudden cooling is typically linked to an abrupt slowdown of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) in response to meltwater discharges from ice sheets. However, inconsistencies regarding the YD-response of European summer temperatures have cast doubt whether the concept provides a sufficient explanation. Here we present results from a high-resolution global climate simulation together with a new July temperature compilation based on plant indicator species and show that European summers remain warm during the YD. Our climate simulation provides robust physical evidence that atmospheric blocking of cold westerly winds over Fennoscandia is a key mechanism counteracting the cooling impact of an AMOC-slowdown during summer. Despite the persistence of short warm summers, the YD is dominated by a shift to a continental climate with extreme winter to spring cooling and short growing seasons.
- MERGE: ModElling the Regional and Global Earth System
Artikel i tidskrift
Nature Publishing Group
- Climate Research
- ISSN: 2041-1723


Business Energy Broker
The term ‘net zero’ is starting to crop up in the news on an almost daily basis – most often as a target for cutting the carbon emissions that cause climate change. But what does net zero actually mean and, more importantly, is it possible?
Can you become a Net Zero Business?
Do you want support to achieve Net Zero?
With the scale of extreme weather we’ve seen over the past few years – from Australian bush fires to flooding in the UK – few people now deny that we are facing a climate emergency. The scientific evidence is clear: emissions of greenhouse gases, resulting from human activity, are causing our climate to change.
Carbon dioxide is emitted when fossil fuels are burned to meet our demand for energy. Although it isn’t the only greenhouse gas, carbon dioxide is the most significant. As such, the term ‘carbon emissions’ is often used to talk about all greenhouse gas emissions.
To address the problem, in June 2019, the UK became the first major economy to pass legislation that commits the country to net zero emissions by 2050. In other words, the target is to reduce net greenhouse gas emissions by 100%, relative to 1990 levels, by the middle of this century.
The term net zero means achieving a balance between the carbon emitted into the atmosphere, and the carbon removed from it. This balance – or net zero – will happen when the amount of carbon we add to the atmosphere is no more than the amount removed.
To reach net zero, emissions from homes, transport, agriculture and industry will need to be cut. In other words, these sectors will have to reduce the amount of carbon they put into the atmosphere. But in some areas, like aviation, it will be too complex or expensive to cut emissions altogether.
These ‘residual’ emissions will need to be removed from the atmosphere: either by changing how we use our land so it can absorb more carbon dioxide, or by being extracted directly through technologies known as carbon capture, usage and storage.
There are a few reasons why the target date set by the UK Government is 2050. But it’s important to remember that if we are to reach this target by the middle of this century, considerable changes will need to take place well before that date, and ideally before 2030.
If other countries follow the UK’s lead and reach net zero emissions by 2050, the Committee on Climate Change advised there would be a 50% chance of avoiding a ‘catastrophic’ 1.5°C temperature rise by the year 2100.
The year 2050 was also seen as the first realistic date for net zero emissions to be achieved, balancing the urgent need to take action with the inevitable impact on the economy.
There are different official carbon targets for different parts of the UK. Scotland, for example, has committed to net zero emissions by 2045, while Wales has aligned with the UK target of 2050 but with ambitions to get there sooner.
And the Committee on Climate Change has advised Northern Ireland to cut carbon emissions by at least 82% by 2050, after noting that the country’s agricultural emissions would likely prevent it from reaching net zero in the next 30 years.
Reaching net zero emissions by 2050 is not going to be cheap. In its Sixth Carbon Budget released last year, the Committee on Climate Change estimated that the annual cost of achieving net zero would be 0.6% of gross domestic product (GDP) by the early 2030s, falling to around 0.5% by 2050.
This would mean increasing investment in low carbon technologies from around £10 billion in 2020 to £50 billion by 2050.
What’s clear is that not aiming for net zero is not an option. The costs of disastrous effects of climate change if left unchecked will be much higher than the costs of achieving net zero: many trillions of pounds, according to some estimates.
Ultimately you can’t put a price of the benefits of achieving net zero. And it’s not just about cutting emissions. It’s also about bringing about a better way of life: cleaner air and water, warmer and healthier homes, cleaner transport, greener spaces and better habitats for our wildlife.
We can support you on understanding how your business can help the UK reach its net zero target by making sustainable changes and at the same time dramatically improve your carbon footprint and CSR policy.
If you’d like to talk to one of our experts about how you can improve your organisation’s energy efficiency and/or protect your business from future cost rises, give us a call on 0333 9000 246 or email firstname.lastname@example.org


Oymyakon is a village (selo) in Oymyakonsky Ulus of the Sakha Republic, Russia, located along the Indigirka River, 40km northeast of Tomtor on the Kolyma Highway. Population: 800.
Oymyakon is known as one of the candidates for the Northern Pole of Cold, because on January 26, 1926, a temperature of −71.2 °C (−96.2 °F) was recorded there (however, this fact is arguable because the temperature was not directly measured but obtained by extrapolation). This is the lowest recorded temperature for any permanently inhabited location on Earth. It is also the lowest temperature recorded in the Northern hemisphere, except for an unofficial lowest recorded temperature of −77.5 °C (−107.5 °F) at Mount Logan in the Yukon, Canada. Only Antarctica has recorded official lower temperatures with the lowest being −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F) near the Russian station of Vostok. The actual weather station is in a valley between Oymyakon and Tomtor. The station is at 750m and the surrounding mountains at 1,100 meters, causing cold air to pool in the valley.
Its name in the Sakha language means "non-freezing water"; due to the presence of a natural hot spring nearby. The ground there is permanently frozen.
Oymyakon has also been featured in at least two TV series—firstly in the episode The Winter's Tale of the 1996 PBS weather documentary series Savage Skies (USA version narrated by Al Roker, UK version narrated by actor Ian Holm), secondly in Oxford geographer Nick Middleton's television series and accompanying book on people who live in extreme climates discusses his visit to this village, and describes ways in which inhabitants cope with the extreme cold. Middleton describes how Oymyakon lies between two mountain ranges, trapping cold air in between the entire year. Extreme cold temperatures are frequently recorded during winter months in Oymyakon, with temperatures regularly dropping below −40 °C (−40 °F). In 2008, temperatures were observed well below this temperature, with −60.2 °C (−76.4 °F) recorded on both the 19th of January and 22nd of December.
The reportage of Sky news
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The METEOR 1700S uses cutting-edge klystron technology to optimise the forecasting of extreme precipitation and severe thunderstorms at long ranges. Its technological superiority is based on a highly sophisticated klystron transmitter, which delivers excellent data quality.
The METEOR 1700S combines maximum clutter suppression capability with the inherent penetration power of S-Band transmission.
It is typically employed in severe weather regions, where extremely heavy rainfalls pose a challenge to precise measurement and long range surveillance. Its outstanding performance and reliability have made the METEOR 1700S one of the most popular weather radar systems in this field of specialisation.


|What is NOAA Weather Radio?
NOAA Weather Radio (NWR) is a nationwide network of radio stations broadcasting continuous weather information direct from a nearby National Weather Service office. NWR broadcasts National Weather Service warnings, watches, forecasts and other hazard information 24 hours a day.
NWR is an "all hazards" radio network, making it the single source for the most comprehensive weather and emergency information available to the public. NWR also broadcasts warning and post-event information for all types of hazards - both natural and environmental.


Bozeman's climate reflects its mountain valley location. Summers are pleasant, characterized by warm days, cool nights, and an abundance of sunshine. Hot weather and humid conditions are infrequent. Bozeman is located in one of the few regions in the country where the average summer climate is comfortable due to the moderate combined heat and humidity. Most summers have seven or fewer days with temperatures exceeding 90 degrees. The average high temperatures for summer are in the 70s and 80s and the average lows are in the mid 40s and low 50s.
Early in the Autumn season, high daily temperatures average 70 degrees. Indian summer can linger until the middle of October. During the months of October and November the temperatures generally reach highs in the 40s and 50s and lows in the 20s or 30s.
Winters in Bozeman are characterized by fluctuating temperatures. Mild winter weather is not unusual and a week or more of consistently cold weather is rare. For the winter sports enthusiast, the relatively low humidity and light winds provide an ideal climate for outdoor winter activities. Downhill ski season usually extends from mid December to the beginning of April.
The average monthly high and low temperatures for December, January and February are 35 and 16, 31 and 11, and 37 and 17 respectively.
Spring tends to come late in the Gallatin Valley, with high average temperatures in April, May and June of 53, 63 and 72 respectively. One third of the annual precipitation of 18.61 inches falls during May and June.
The average annual mean snowfall in Bozeman is 73.1 inches and the average length of the growing season is 107 days. The first killing frost usually occurs about September 12th, but dedicated gardners can often extend the growing season several weeks by covering susceptible crops overnight.


Monitor Thunderstorms Yourself! Nexrad 101
Tired of those rebellious thunderstorms that happen in between TV weather broadcasts? Want more information about your exact location that TV weather cannot cover? Do you want an idea whether you are going to get rain and how much? Do you want a way to see if weather warnings will hit or miss your location? Learning how to use Wunderground’s Nexrad can help you do it. Wunderground was the first online weather service, and has a reputation for being the most accurate. It was bought by the Weather Company (Weather Channel) in July 2012.
Nexrad works best on a PC’s and laptops. If you have a smartphone, consider downloading the appropriate Weather Underground App for your type of phone.
What do I use?
Use this Nexrad link here or in the Tulare SD Top Info section on our main page! Next Generation Radar (Nexrad) uses high-resolution S-band Doppler. Always monitor National Weather Service (NWS) watch and warning statements at the same time you are using Nexrad. Watches, warnings, and statements will be posted as they are in effect on the main Wunderground page for Tulare SD. Remember to refresh the main webpage periodically!
How do I use Nexrad?
Once you go to the Nexrad page, click the Animate button to see the direction of storms.
Change the Base Reflectivity bar above the radar pic to either One Hour Rainfall or Storm Total. The One Hour option lets you see what people are getting right before it gets to you! The Storm Total option gives you an estimate of total rainfall after it is done. Storm Total will be available up to 12 hours later.
If a storm or rain clouds are nearing this area, draw a small box around Tulare to zoom to where you see small rectangles in the clouds/cells. These rectangles are about the size of a section of land. Drawing: Hold the mouse button down while drawing the small box around Tulare, then let go. If you want to zoom back out, change the zoom option on the top-right of the radar pic back to 100%.
Change the Storm Tracks to show All. The Storm Tracks option is just under the radar pic. You will notice when there are storm cells, the radar may show a tiny black square, yellow triangle, yellow square, or purple triangle next to the 2 character Doppler cell name. You may want to change the Frame Delay to Medium, so you can read cell ID names better. A yellow square on the cell represents possible hail. A yellow triangle represents a possible mesocyclone which means a rotating thunderstorm as it moves forward, and a purple triangle means the possibility of a tornado vortex signature (unless the cloud top is low elevation). Most tornado cells and bad hail have echo tops over 30,000 feet.
Look at the bottom of the Nexrad page for a specific cell ID name (2 characters) where it will show more info for the cell, such as echo top elevation and hail information. Both dBZ and VIL can tell heavy rainfall. The dBZ scale goes up to 75. Light rain usually begins at 20 dBZ, and higher numbers in the 60’s will be heavy rainfall and/or hail. VIL is used to estimate the size of the hail. VIL’s above 35 can be larger hail.
Change the Base Reflectivity bar above the radar pic to One Hour Rainfall. Make sure you are animating the radar. It should say “Stop” instead of “Animate”. Make sure to draw a very small box around your location. You should be able to see the rainfall level that is heading toward you. However, some cells may slightly intensify, dissipate, or change directions right before getting to you. Zoom out to see rain further out, then draw another box to zoom back in.
Always monitor National Weather Service (NWS) watch and warning statements at the same time you are using Nexrad. Watches and warnings will be posted as they are in effect on the main Wunderground webpage for Tulare SD or from several other sources such as the phone app. Remember a “watch” means possible and a “warning” means spotted nearby. A phone app is important if the power goes out.
Tornadoes are not an exact science yet, but often happen on the southeast corner of a cell in this region, especially with systems from the west. However, they can also be on the backside and other parts of the cell. More intense tornadoes (wedges) can happen on the backside of the cell.
Most tornadoes and funnel clouds need heavy rain in part of the cell or from a nearby cell. The heavy rain in another part of the cell or at the rear of the cell causes a downdraft of moist air that is called a rear flank downdraft (RFD). When this is combined with a nearby updraft of warm air from below (nearby where rain hasn’t cooled the air), this can cause a mesocyclone to be pulled downward to form a wall cloud. The downdraft and updraft cause the mesocyclone/wall cloud to rotate. A rotating wall cloud may produce a funnel cloud anywhere from 5-30 minutes after the rotating wall cloud is formed.
Nexrad can help offer information when it is dark or heavy rain. Many times, Nexrad will first show a mesocyclone (yellow diamond), which means the cell is rotating. Nexrad will show a purple triangle when it detects a tornado vortex signature, which is usually a strong mesocyclone, but can represent a funnel cloud or tornado. We have seen several purple triangles in this area that never become a funnel cloud or tornado, but should be watched carefully, plus NWS warnings should be monitored.
Low clouds without much moisture will also show up as mesocyclones and even tornado vortex signatures, but are normally harmless. It is important to monitor the cell’s echo top elevation, and dBZ and VIL (for moisture). A mesocyclone or tornado vortex signature should be watched if the cell has a very high echo top elevation, high dBZ and high VIL (heavy rain).
There are several other tools to use for monitoring tornadoes:
Tulare SD on the Map:
You will notice Tulare is placed on the radar map (and most other maps) being two miles from highway 281. We believe you should monitor the the area between the symbol for Tulare and the highway for actual Tulare radar information, not directly on the symbol.


What Is Indoor Air Quality?
Indoor air quality refers to the air quality in a home or building and how it impacts a household or building occupants’ health. This can include the temperature, humidity, ventilation amount, and mold or chemicals exposure. If a property has poor indoor air quality, it can negatively impact those inside the house or office. It can increase allergy and asthma symptoms, leading to respiratory illnesses.
During National Wellness Month – a month dedicated to people taking care of themselves – property owners need to improve indoor air quality and schedule indoor air quality services.
Health Effects of Poor Indoor Air Quality
If a house or building has poor indoor air quality, health symptoms might be some of the first signs property owners notice indicating they need repairs.
If exposed to poor indoor quality, family members or building occupants can suffer from respiratory issues. It can cause a stuffy nose, sore throat, coughing, and wheezing. Those with allergies or asthma might experience heightened symptoms. Other issues people might experience are headaches, burning of the eyes, and even skin rashes.
Air Filter Replacement and Maintenance
One way to improve a home or office’s indoor air quality is to schedule regular HVAC maintenance and often change the air conditioner system’s air filters.
HVAC technicians recommend changing an AC unit’s air filters at least every three months. Dust, dander, and other debris can build up on filters. When this happens, the filters cannot successfully remove particles from the air. This can cause more debris to circulate in the air.
AC experts also suggest scheduling annual HVAC maintenance services to allow technicians to inspect the system. This will let them look for leaks that can cause refrigerant to leak out of the system or cause mold and mildew to form in the system. These can worsen the air quality in a home.
Air Cleaners and Filtration Systems
To improve a property’s indoor air quality, technicians may recommend installing an air cleaner or filtration system – such as an air purifier or a UV air sanitizer.
An air purifier removes particulate matter from the air through filtration. HEPA filters are commonly used, as well as ionic purifiers, to remove dust, allergens, and other particles from the air. Air sanitizers, on the other hand, use ultraviolet light to destroy pathogens and bacteria in the air.
While both work to improve indoor air quality, air purifiers tend to be used to reduce dust and pollen, and UV sanitizers are used to kill bacteria, mold, and viruses.
About The Bosworth Company
Since 1949, The Bosworth Company has provided reliable, quality plumbing services to the Midland area. They offer 100% satisfaction guaranteed and same-day services. Call them today for HVAC services in Midland, TX.


Data supplied by Met Éireann
Today and Tomorrow's forecast
Monday 22 September
Mostly dry with sunny spells this evening but cloud is increasing from the west and northwest with some rain or drizzle later. Southwesterly winds will be light to moderate.
Tonight rain and drizzle in the west and northwest will slowly move across the country, but rainfall amounts will be small and the southeast may stay dry. Lowest temperatures of 8 to 11 degrees. Southwesterly winds fall light.
Tuesday 23 September
It will be a cloudy start tomorrow with patchy drizzle or light rain over parts of Munster and Leinster which will clear eastwards with brighter, drier weather following from the west. However, towards evening a band of persistent rain will affect the west and northwest. Top temperatures will be 15 to 17 degrees in light to moderate west to southwest winds.
The rest of the week will be very mild and mostly dry.
Apart from a little drizzle or light rain in the north and west of the country, Tuesday night will be dry and mild.
Wednesday will be a mostly cloudy but dry day apart from an isolated shower near west and north coasts. Any sunny breaks will be short and limited to the midlands, south and east. Southwest winds will be light.
Little change for Thursday; staying mostly dry but cloudy. Very mild again with temperatures in the mid to high teens and light southwest winds.
While a little light rain is possible in the north and west during Friday, the weather will remain mostly dry and settled going into next weekend with light winds and well above normal temperatures.
Report issued:22/09/2014 18:02


Session 2: Observations and forecasting
|Convener:||Henning Rust (FU Berlin, Germany), Don Nelson (University of Georgia, USA), Tobias Geiger (Deutscher Wetterdienst, Germany)|
Within the framework of WMO’s "Early Warnings for All" initiative, this session aims to contribute to a deeper understanding of the role of robust forecast and monitoring systems for hazard monitoring and early warnings. In the forecasting area, many countries lack the capacity to incorporate an impact-based approach to forecasting and still have challenges in accessing, analyzing and translating prediction model outputs into actionable warning messages. The underlying reasons are multiple, e.g., including data issues, modeling and communication challenges or co-production and knowledge gaps.
This session aims to assemble experienced practitioners, researchers and decision makers in this field to report on novel developments, best-practices but also relevant obstacles from their perspective. While for many actors the relevant focus lies on the weather forecasting scale, the outcome for and the experiences from the climate forecasting community on sub-seasonal to seasonal scales become ever more relevant on this matter, e.g., in the realm of anticipatory action.
We encourage an integrative, interdisciplinary and internationally-comprehensive exchange with contributions from social science, humanities, and interdisciplinary research related to the following topics:
- Gap analyzes on early warning needs (national, regional)
- Co-production and transdisciplinary approaches to develop impact-based forecasts
- Latest research and developments on statistical and physical weather impact models and the underlying data challenges
- The use of impact forecasts to aid the decision-making process for issuing warnings
- Seamless (impact) forecast activities and challenges from the weather to the (sub-)seasonal forecast scale
- Decision-making under uncertainties - including topics related to forecasting and modelling uncertainties, appropriate strategic responses, and emergent patterns of social vulnerability to hazards
- Integrating citizen science and crowdsourcing observations in weather and impact forecasts
- Interdisciplinary approaches integrating satellite observations, global data processing, forecasting, and analysis systems
- Enhancing equity through the development and implementation of forecast and early warning systems
- Good practices and guidelines for enhanced data access and data interoperability


CO enters the bloodstream and reduces oxygen delivery to the body's organs and tissues. The health threat from CO poisoning is most serious for those who suffer from cardiovascular disease. Healthy individuals are also affected, but only at higher levels of exposure to CO poisoning. Symptoms related to CO poisoning include visual impairment, reduced work capacity, reduced manual dexterity, poor learning ability, and difficulty in performing complex tasks.
Nature and Sources of the Pollutant
Trends in Carbon Monoxide Levels
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
Nature and Sources of the Pollutant:
Carbon monoxide is a colorless, odorless, poisonous gas formed when
carbon in fuels is not burned completely. It is a byproduct of highway
vehicle exhaust, which contributes about 60 percent of all CO emissions
nationwide. In cities, automobile exhaust can cause as much as 95
percent of all CO emissions. These emissions can result in high
concentrations of CO, particularly in local areas with heavy traffic
congestion. Other sources of CO emissions include industrial processes
and fuel combustion in sources such as boilers and incinerators. Despite
an overall downward trend in concentrations and emissions of CO, some
metropolitan areas still experience high levels of CO.
Carbon monoxide enters the bloodstream and reduces oxygen delivery to
the body's organs and tissues. The health threat from exposure to CO is
most serious for those who suffer from cardiovascular disease. Healthy
individuals are also affected, but only at higher levels of exposure.
Exposure to elevated CO levels is associated with visual impairment,
reduced work capacity, reduced manual dexterity, poor learning ability,
and difficulty in performing complex tasks. EPA's health-based national
air quality standard for CO is 9 parts per million (ppm) measured as an
annual second-maximum 8-hour average concentration.
Trends in Carbon Monoxide Levels:
Long-term improvements continued between 1986 and 1995. National average
CO concentrations decreased 37 percent while CO emissions decreased 16
percent. Long-term air quality improvement in CO occurred despite a 31
percent increase in vehicle miles traveled in the U.S. during the past
10 years. Between 1994 and 1995, national average CO concentrations
decreased 10 percent, while total CO emissions decreased 7 percent.
Transportation sources (includes highway and off-highway vehicles) now
account for 81 percent of national total CO emissions.
Environmental Protection Agency
The information provided on
this page is based upon the EPA current scientific and
technical understanding of the issues presented. Following the advice given
will not necessarily provide complete protection in all situations or
against all health hazards that may be caused by indoor air pollution and
other indoor environmental contaminants.
The EPA have not reviewed or
approved all the information and documents on indoor air quality that may be
provided by other groups or organizations.
|TOP OF PAGE
Copyright 2007 AboutCarbonMonoxide.com


Icy roads in Michigan lead to several accidents
Tuesday’s overnight rain led to icy road conditions on Wednesday in the state of Michigan.
Numerous accidents have been reported throughout the state that police are responding to. In certain areas of Michigan, the temperature, reaching below 0, made it impossible for the ice to melt.
Weather conditions are expected to improve over the weekend, with temperatures spanning from 40-50 degrees. The Thanksgiving weekend will bring with it an increased amount of motor vehicles on the road. Caution is stressed when traveling for the holiday so as to avoid car accidents.


From the Denver Post: Meteorologists are investigating a tornado reported Saturday on Mount Evans that could be the second highest ever recorded in the country.
"It's not unheard of," said Bob Glancy, a meteorologist with the National Weather Service. "But, we do get far more tornadoes on the plains so this is unusual. What makes it so interesting is that it's so high. Our preliminary looks tell us it's the second highest recorded."
Meteorologists said they believe the tornado touched down at about 11,900 feet above sea level, just before 3 p.m. Saturday.
The highest reported tornado, Glancy said, appears to be a 2004 tornado that touched down on California's Sequoia National Park over Rockwell Pass at more than 12,000 feet.
In 1987 another documented mountain tornado in Wyoming crossed the Continental Divide and has been estimated to have been near 10,000 feet.


Including the cities of Escanaba, Gladstone, Manistique, and Seney
WINTER WEATHER ADVISORY IN EFFECT FROM 5 AM FRIDAY TO 3 AM EST SATURDAY…
* WHAT…Snow expected. Total snow accumulations of 4 to 7 inches expected. Expect lake enhanced snow to develop off of Lake Michigan Friday with the heaviest snow from the Garden Peninsula to Manistique and Germfask.
* WHERE…Delta, Southern Schoolcraft and Northern Schoolcraft Counties.
* WHEN…From 5 AM Friday to 3 AM EST Saturday.
* ADDITIONAL DETAILS…Travel could be very difficult. The hazardous conditions could impact the morning or evening commute.


Today in our little area of the Midwest temperatures are supposed to be WAY above normal (normal for February is a high of 35 degrees and a low of 12). It is supposed to be in the high 50s and 60s today through next Thursday. So, today is not a day to write. Today is a day to go play.
If you are anywhere where it is nice today go outside and enjoy the sunshine! We get so very little of it in our area during the winter. Soak it in and ENJOY!


The National Weather Service in Amarillo has issued a * Flood Advisory for... Southwestern Hartley County in the Panhandle of Texas... * Until 830 PM CDT. * At 534 PM CDT, Doppler radar indicated heavy rain due to thunderstorms. This will cause minor flooding in the advisory area. One to two inches of rain have already fallen. * Flooding will remain over mainly rural areas of southwestern Hartley County.
Current Condition: Mostly Cloudy
Wind Speeds: 5.74mph
Chance of Precipitation: 0%
Temperature: 89/62 Possible light rain in the evening and overnight. Friday:
Temperature: 89/63 Light rain until morning, starting again in the evening. Saturday:
Temperature: 88/68 Possible light rain in the morning. Sunday:
Temperature: 100/69 Clear throughout the day. Monday:


The most obvious difference between tornadoes and hurricanes is that they have drastically different scales they form under different circumstances and have different impacts on the environment tornadoes are small-scale circulations, the largest observed horizontal dimensions in the most severe cases being on the order of 1 to 15 miles. Hurricane sandy vs katrina infographic examines destruction from both storms below to see how they compare by the numbers number of people displaced or who will potentially be displaced. Hurricanes can be completely devistating for even the most prepared of people if the winds are high enough, there's no way to survive a hurricane if you are caught out in it in a blizzard, you dig a snow cave, and your completely protected. The federal response to two hurricanes shows that government can help in times of crisis the contrast between sandy and katrina demonstrates that leaders who hold government in contempt. I've included 3 different sample essays, hurricane&tornado compare and contrast sample1, hurricane& tornado compare and contrast sample 2, hurricanes & tornado compare and contrast sample 3 hurricane vs tornado essay rubricpdf.
Hurricanes and blizzards recycling and landfill metro vs no frills a compare and contrast article can also be used to point out the differences between two. Hurricane, blizzard, typhoons, cyclones, etc such terms can confuse anyone comparison between hurricane and blizzard: i am writing a compare and contrast. Tsunami vs hurricane tsunami and hurricane are nature's furies they both lash disasters in the world well, tsunami and hurricane are different in their respective ways. Major differences between hurricanes and tornadoes are their formation method, location, appearance, wind speed and method of inflicting damage major similarities are that they form during storm conditions and are very powerful and destructive, watches and warnings are issued through weather.
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Tropical Storm Ophelia Weather Decisions In MD: Renn Fest, Bay Bridge Paddle, Oktoberfest
This story was last updated Friday at 4:16 p.m. Check with any event organizer before heading out this weekend. Patch reporter Mark Hand wrote the weather forecast portion of this story.
ANNE ARUNDEL COUNTY, MD - Tropical Storm Ophelia could bring strong winds, heavy rain and flooding to Anne Arundel County this weekend. Many events made weather decisions before the storm.
Here are the latest updates on some of the happenings scheduled in Anne Arundel County. Click the links to see the specifics for each event.
- Renaissance Festival (Crownsville): Closed Saturday, open Sunday
- Bay Bridge Paddle (Annapolis): Postponed until next year
- Oktoberfest (West Annapolis): Still happening Sunday rain or shine
- Kunta Kinte Festival (Annapolis City Dock): Canceled this Saturday
- Dinner Under The Stars (Annapolis): Motown concert postponed to Sept. 30
- Wildberry Farm + Market (Crownsville): Canceled this Saturday
- The Great Naptown Scavenger Hunt (Annapolis): Now starts Sunday and lasts a full week
- Capital SUP Floating Concert (Annapolis): Canceled this Saturday
- Navy Men's Soccer (Annapolis): Match moved to Sunday
- Doggy Pool Dive-In (Annapolis): Canceled this Saturday
- Greenstreet Gardens Fall Fest (Lothian): Saturday Fall Fest canceled, Sunday Fall Fest remains to be determined, Hometown Heroes Weekend moved to next weekend
- Flea Market (Glen Burnie): Canceled this Saturday
The storm is expected to arrive late Friday night, stay throughout Saturday and have lingering effects Sunday.
Wind gusts of 50 mph are possible in the Annapolis area, where the National Weather Service warned of possible street flooding in the business district near the harbor. And in Ocean City, 55 mph winds are expected late Friday through Saturday, with up to 6 inches of rain, causing flooding in the downtown area.
A wind advisory will be in effect from 8 a.m. to 8 p.m. Saturday for portions of central, northeast and southern Maryland, the District of Columbia and central and northern Virginia. Northeast winds of 20 to 30 mph with gusts up to 45 mph are expected in the DC-Baltimore region. Gusts up to 50 mph are likely along the immediate shore of the Chesapeake Bay and tidal Potomac.
The wind advisory includes: Baltimore, Anne Arundel, Harford, Cecil, Prince George's, Charles, Montgomery and Howard counties, plus the cities of Elkton, Bowie, Suitland-Silver Hill, College Park, Greenbelt, Laurel, Waldorf, Germantown, Damascus, Bethesda, Rockville, Gaithersburg, Silver Spring, Columbia and Ellicott City.
The National Hurricane Center has expanded a tropical storm warning to six Maryland counties, along with the Chesapeake Bay, which means tropical storm force winds of greater than 39 mph will begin in North Carolina on Friday and then spread northward into Maryland and Virginia on Saturday.
The tropical storm warning was issued for Worcester, Somerset, Wicomico, Dorchester, Calvert and St. Mary's counties from Friday morning until further notice.
To see the full Tropical Storm Ophelia Forecast, click here.
- MD Residents Can Prepare For 'Nasty' Tropical Storm Ophelia
- City of Annapolis Makes Preparations for Impacts of Tropical Storm Ophelia, Set to Move into the Area Early Saturday
More News from Glen Burnie
- Layoffs Rise In MD, Seasonal Hiring Falls: Report Layoffs are on the rise in Maryland. Seasonal hiring is at its slowest pace in a decade as companies scale back their workforce.
- Gingerbread Festival Fundraising For Sick Child In Glen Burnie A gingerbread festival at Marley Station Mall will fundraise for a child who’s had 17 surgeries.


Mount Baker holds Snowfall Record
N.O.A.A. Makes It Official
Wednesday, August 25, 1999
It's official—Mt. Baker, Washington, has
set a new record for the most snowfall ever measured
in the United States in a single season, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association (NOAA) reported
photo: David Zamechek
The Mt. Baker Ski Area in northwestern Washington
reported 1,140 inches of snowfall for the 1998-99 snowfall season. The figure was
scrutinized by the National Climate Extremes Committee, which is responsible for evaluating
potential national record-setting extreme events. The committee, composed of experts from
NOAA, the American Association of State Climatologists, and a regional expert from the
Western Regional Climate Center, made a unanimous recommendation to the director of
NOAA's National Climatic Data Center to accept the figure.
"In accepting the validity of the 1,140 inches of snowfall at Mt. Baker, the National Climatic
Data Center recognizes that a new record has been set," said Tom Karl, director of the
center. "The previous U.S. seasonal snowfall record was 1,122 inches, set during the
1971-1972 snowfall season at Mt. Rainer/Paradise, a station located at 5,500 feet on the
slopes of Mt. Rainer, about 150 miles south of Mt. Baker."
Snowfall can be extremely difficult to measure accurately because it settles, melts, and
during times of wind, drifts from place to place. The committee reports that the
measurements met snowfall observation standards and practices prescribed by the National
Weather Service, and were thus considered to be an accurate depiction of snowfall
amounts that fell.
"The measurement frequency was once a day; a flat surface was used to measure daily
snowfall amounts; and a snow stake for snow depth measurement was also in place," said
Raymond Downs, an observations standards expert on the committee. "Both snowfall and
snow depth were measured in acceptable locations. The bottom line is the observations
were taken in a manner that meets official observation standards."
Robert Leffler, team leader for the evaluation, said, "Committee members voted to recognize
the amount as a new U.S. record because of several factors. These include acceptable
snowfall measurement methods, detailed record-keeping, and other corroborative evidence
such as independent snow data from other sources, eyewitness accounts, and unusual
damage to trees and structures resulting from the crushing weight of the deep snow pack
The Mt. Baker Ski Area is located at an elevation of 4,200 feet, nine miles northeast of the
summit of the Mt. Baker volcano. The snowfall season is for the period from July 1, 1998,
through June 30, 1999. The committee was concerned only with national records for the
United States. However, this total also stands as a world record for a verifiable amount.
The heavy snowfalls normally experienced in the Cascade Mountains of Washington State
are the result of several factors. Winter is naturally the wettest season as the
west-to-east planetary circulations expands southward and strengthens in speed, with
storms striking the Pacific Northwest every few days. Air laden with moisture after its
journey across the Pacific is forced to ascent the Cascade Range, dropping abundant
precipitation. Freezing levels average about 4,000 feet over the winter months, so that near
this altitude snowfall amounts increase very rapidly with just small increases in elevation.
This season, a moderately strong La Niña pattern is credited with accentuating this stormy
pattern, with a much higher frequency of wet and cold weather systems affecting especially
the area from the Cascade Range westward. Freezing levels remained abnormally
consistently low throughout the winter.
Mount Baker Sets World Snowfall Record
Powder Still Falling at Washington Ski Area
Thursday, May 13, 1999
Mount Baker Ski area in Washington today reported it has unofficially broken the world's record for season snowfall. Two inches of new snow fell yesterday, May 12, bringing the total since July 1 to 1,124 inches, or 96.6 feet. The average snowfall at Baker is 615 inches, or 51.2 feet.
This the third record Mount Baker has broken this year.
The previous record of 1,122.5 inches of snowfall in a season was set at Mount Rainier's Paradise in the 1971-1972 season, which records snowfall at 5,420 feet. These nearly 97 feet of snow have fallen at Mount Baker since Nov.1, and were recorded at an elevation of 4300 feet. July 1 to June 30 is considered the official snowfall season.
Mount Baker has also surpassed Rainier in snowfall recorded in a winter season, Nov. 1 until April 30. This winter season, Baker recorded 1,096 inches, or 91.3 feet to Rainier's 1,038 inches, or 86.5 feet. And for February, Mount Baker bested its own record for most snowfall in a month with 304 inches. Its previous record was set in December 1996 with 294 inches.
||48.786 N |
||121.82 W |
Bad news for the powderhounds, the Mount Baker ski area is closed for the season.
This newest record will remain "unofficial" until evaluated by the National Climate Extremes Committee and an application review by the Guinness Book of World Records.
Mt. Baker Ski
Area is located approximately 60 miles east of the Pacific Ocean coast in the Northern Cascades of Washington State.
[Visit Mount Baker] [News Index] [Mountain Zone Home]


The life expectancy of a child born today could be reduced by an average of 20 months due to health damage caused by air pollution, researchers say.
The report, analyzing the Global Burden of Disease 2016 data, stated, "When considered separately, exposure to ambient PM2.5 is responsible for just over 1 year, household air pollution is responsible for nearly 9 months, and ozone for less than 1 month of life span lost".
Long-term exposure to indoor and outdoor pollution contributed to almost 5 million deaths globally in 2017, with fatalities resulting from stroke, heart attack, diabetes, lung cancer and chronic lung disease, the analysis found.
Pakistan, Indonesia, Bangladesh, Nigeria, the United States, Russia, Brazil and the Philippines were the others in the list of 10 countries with the highest mortality rates attributed to air pollution.
Toxic air will shorten children's lives by nearly two years and will have the greatest impact in South Asia, according to a special report on global exposure to air pollution and its disease burden, published by the US-based Health Effects Institute. According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), 75 percent of the global population, or 5.5 billion people, live in areas wherePM2.5 pollution exceeds safe levels.
China and India come up very often in the report and are together responsible for over half the global deaths. "The analysis found that China and India together were responsible for over half of the total global attributable deaths, with each country facing over 1.2 million deaths from all air pollution in 2017", the report said. In India, over 1.2 million people lost their lives due to air pollution in 2017, according to a global report on air pollution released on Wednesday.
FDA Investigating Reports Of Seizures After Vaping Among Younger Users
It's too early at this time to say whether e-liquid nicotine devices can be named as the cause of these seizures . Convulsions and seizures are known to be a potential side effect of nicotine poisoning , according to the FDA.
Frank Kelly, a professor of environmental health at King's College in London, said that until recently little data had been available on air pollution challenges in sub-Saharan Africa.
Levels of small particulate air pollution across China were down 12 percent in 2016 compared to 2013 levels.
The study "Global State Air 2019" reported that the life on average of a South Asian child growing up in current high levels of air pollution will be shortened by two years and six months.
Robert O'Keefe, vice-president, Health Effects Institute, acknowledged that India had initiated steps such as the Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (an LPG programme), accelerated Bharat Stage VI clean vehicle standards, and the new National Clean Air Programme, but observed that these need to be fully implemented. In the developing world, reliance on solid fuels, such as biomass for cooking and heating, is the main source of indoor pollution.
The problem is particularly pronounced in countries such as India, Pakistan and Bangladesh, which in the past year have seen cities blanketed in thick clouds of toxic air for days at a time.


"for their efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change, and to lay the foundations for the measures that are needed to counteract such change" - nobleprize.org
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
Albert Arnold (Al) Gore Jr.
....a great day for the cause of protecting the planet's life from man made climate change a.k.a global warming. I really hope that Gore continues this great mission of his to enlighten the world about the dangers of global warming and protecting the planet before it is too late.


Deforestation could dry out the amazon, but a warmer climate might do the same the length of the dry season here is expected to increase due to climate change, and in fact, that already seems to. Deforestation, the permanent destruction of forests in order to make the land available for other uses, is considered to be a contributing factor to global climate change. Deforestation and climate change deforestation and climate change are very closely linked, mainly because one leads to another deforestation, also known as the practice of cutting down forests, is one of the leading factors to the problem of man-made climate change. Deforestation affects climate change on a large scale, as discussed in the sections above however, climate change is not the only negative consequence of deforestation there are many other ways in which deforestation has negative impacts to the environment. Deforestation is the second leading cause of global warming and produces about 24% of global greenhouse gas emissions scientist say that deforestation in tropical rainforests adds more carbon dioxide to the atmosphere than the sum total of all the cars and trucks on the world's roads.
Climate change (unfccc) in 1992, to establish binding targets for emissions reductions in the kyoto protocol in 1997, and ultimately to ratify the protocol, ensuring that it will come into force in 2008. Limiting deforestation is therefore important for farming as well as tackling climate change, lawrence argues: agriculture and forestry need to be considered together maintaining large tracts of tropical forest is essential for maintaining a climate that sustains tropical agriculture. Deforestation and climate change congressional research service 1 lobal climate change is a widespread and growing concern that has led to extensive.
Deforestation can influence global warming as forests contain and sequester large amounts of co2 when the forest is cleared large amounts of co2 can be released into the atmosphere which traps. Deforestation is one of the main contributors to climate changeit comes in many forms, natural fires, agricultural clear cutting, livestock ranching, and untenable logging for timber, degradation due to climate change, and etc forests cover 31% of the land area on our planet and annually, 187 million acres of forest is lost.
Stories in brazil climate change working across brazil to decrease deforestation and carbon emissions one of the world's biggest contributors to greenhouse gases, brazil wants to lead the way to a cleaner future. C-learn is a simplified version of a climate simulator its primary purpose is to help users understand the long-term climate effects (co2 concentrations, global temperature, sea level rise) of various customized actions to reduce fossil fuel co2 emissions, reduce deforestation, and grow more trees. The role of forests in combating climate change risks being overlooked by the world's governments, according to a group of scientists that has warned halting deforestation is just as urgent. For anyone who is confused about how deforestation can cause a net cooling effect locally: envs 3370 science communication. Deforestation is an important factor in global climate change it is a known fact that deforestation is a big problem in the world today, with hundreds and of vulnerable forest being cut down both for tinder.
Deforestation and climate change burning forests to clear land for agriculture releases huge amounts of greenhouse gases as our understanding of the role forests play in stabilising global climate increases, it is becoming clear that their destruction is only exacerbating climate change. Deforestation and climate change - kindle edition by pervaze a sheikh, ross w gorte download it once and read it on your kindle device, pc, phones or tablets use features like bookmarks, note taking and highlighting while reading deforestation and climate change. Deforestation and climate change statements on the contribution of deforestation to climate change vary, but are commonly reported to be close to 19 % of global emissions - higher than the emissions released by the entire global transport sector.
Tropical deforestation wildfires and slash and burn agriculture release carbon dioxide that would otherwise be stored in the forest biomass into the atmosphere forest regrowth and crops recapture some carbon, but overall, deforestation is a source of atmospheric carbon dioxide and therefore a contributor to global warming. Deforestation also drives climate change forest soils are moist, but without protection from sun-blocking tree cover, they quickly dry out trees also help perpetuate the water cycle by returning. Deforestation and its extreme effect on global warming from logging, agricultural production and other economic activities, deforestation adds more atmospheric co2 than the sum total of cars and. Amazon deforestation and climate change how is the world's appetite for beef affecting the amazon rain forest and the world's climate the amazon rainforest faces destruction as society expands and progresses.
Tropical deforestation accounts for about 10 percent of the world's global warming pollution protecting forests helps to fight global warming, protect biodiversity, and promote sustainable development. New research confirms that avoiding deforestation can play a key role in reducing future greenhouse gas concentrations scientists report in the journal science that tropical deforestation.
Cloud forests are not immune to very down-to-earth problems of climate change and deforestation a 10-year study of bird populations in cusuco national park, honduras, shows that the peak of bird. Deforestation is an important factor in global climate change climate change is because of a build up of carbon dioxide in out atmosphere and if we carry on cutting down the main tool we have to diminish this co2 build up, we can expect the climate of our planet to change dramatically over the next decades. A coupled numerical model of the global atmosphere and biosphere has been used to assess the effects of amazon deforestation on the regional and global climate when the tropical forests in the model were replaced by degraded grass (pasture), there was a significant increase in surface temperature. Here is a detailed discussion of how deforestation affects climate change, animals and humans according to national geographic , deforestation is clearing earth's forests on a massive scale, often resulting in damage to the quality of the land.


Deterioration of air quality, which is an alteration of atmospheric chemistry by pollutants from natural and anthropogenic sources is of major global environmental concerns today. The sources of deterioration of air quality in Mizoram is mainly due to shifting cultivation or slash and burn agriculture or jhum burning, one of the main form of agriculture and livelihood of the villagers. Large amounts of air pollutants are emitted during prescribed forest fires (jhum burning). Unlike wildfires, prescribed fires are intentionally ignited in order to maintain ecosystem health and minimize adverse impacts of long-term fire suppression while protecting property. However, jhum burning has resulted in many forms of pollution, directly and indirectly hampering the natural environment .The need to understand the effect of jhum burning and the consequences not only on soil, but on air and human health is important.


A 20 percent chance of showers and thunderstorms after 2pm. Mostly sunny, with a high near 87. Southwest wind around 5 mph becoming calm.
A chance of showers and thunderstorms before midnight, then a slight chance of showers and thunderstorms after 1am. Mostly cloudy, with a low around 66. Calm wind. Chance of precipitation is 30%. New rainfall amounts of less than a tenth of an inch, except higher amounts possible in thunderstorms.
Mostly sunny, with a high near 89. Calm wind becoming south 5 to 8 mph in the afternoon.


My Weather Station
MyWeatherStation is an activity for the user to track the weather in their area as a way to learn about the components of weather. Eventually, sensors will be implemented to track the temperature and humidity in the area on a more accurate level.
This activity is currently in an early Alpha phase. It is under development for the RIT Fall Semester 2013.
Pre-Release 1.0 (Hearty Laugh)
The major goals for this product in the current phase of development are as such.
- Have an interface for the user to select from a gallery of images depicting weather conditions, in order to plot the one that best suits their environment.
- Have that information couple with a temperature and humidity sensor, to create an accurate weather profile.
- Have that Weather profile publish to the Journal, as well as to a calendar interface that the user can use to go back through the weather from earlier days.
Within these goals are a number of individual tasks, that will be solved over the course of development for the project.
To Do List
- Get buttons to work so that the images can be clicked and will track weather
- Make calendar screen
- Publishing to journal
- Sensor functionality (Getting the sensors, and then making them work)
- Building a menu selection screen
- Having stable development and deployment environment
- There is an activity that runs on the XO, it doesn't do much, but it is there
If you would like to contribute to this activity, please go to the github project page.