Science Summary: The scientific objectives of this project are to advance understanding of the physical mechanisms behind day-to-month time scale variability in Arctic surface air temperature during the cold season. Over the past several decades, the Arctic has been warming twice as fast as the rest of the planet, and most of this warming has occurred during winter when the Arctic receives very little sunlight. Until recently, the primary research focus in Arctic science has been on warm season processes; however, recent studies show that during winter when there is virtually no sunlight over the Arctic, warm moist air associated with weather systems is transported from the midlatitudes into the Arctic. These warm moist air intrusions, which can even warm high Arctic regions, have been occurring more frequently during recent years.
This research will improve extended and seasonal prediction of Arctic sea ice. It will also support a graduate student. The team will collaborate with The Center for Science and The Schools (CSATS) at Penn State University to lead two single-day workshops on Arctic processes for middle school teachers from urban and rural Pennsylvania school districts serving populations highly underrepresented in science, technology, engineering, and math fields. The workshop activity will enhance the teachers' awareness of the importance of studying the Arctic for the winter season. CSATS will evaluate the effectiveness of the workshop through pre/post tests, making necessary adjustments to the pedagogy sessions and activities for the second workshop.
Mechanisms that drive day-to-month variability of Arctic surface air temperature will be investigated. The evolution of dominant patterns of Arctic temperature field will be examined and quantified by performing surface energy budget analysis and moist static energy analysis for the atmosphere. The analysis will also include calculations of wave energy propagation. These data analyses will be complemented by computations with a numerical model of the atmosphere. The research will also include an examination of ocean currents and ocean temperatures, as well as sea ice data.
Logistics Summary: This project aims to advance our understanding of the physical mechanisms behind cold-season Arctic surface air temperature (SAT) variability at intra-seasonal time scales.
The PIs will investigate the mechanisms that drive intra-seasonal variability of Arctic SAT. The intra-seasonal SAT patterns will be identified using cluster analysis. The research will also include investigation of the intra-seasonal time-scale SAT patterns that are associated with interannual and longer term variability. The data sets to be used include atmospheric and oceanic reanalysis products, Arctic in-situ data, precipitation data, and outgoing longwave radiation data. Diagnoses will include surface energy budget analysis, moist static energy (MSE) analysis, wave activity flux, and backward trajectory calculations. The insight gained from the diagnostic analyses will be tested using the dynamical core of a global climate model.
In addition, the researchers and graduate student will work with Dr. Kathleen Hill of The Center for Science and The Schools (CSATS) at Penn State University to lead two single-day workshops on Arctic processes for middle school teachers from urban and rural Pennsylvania school districts serving populations highly underrepresented in science, technology, engineering, and math fields.
Model simulations utilizing publicly available data will be utilized. No fieldwork is associated with this project.
Parameters used to generate this report:, Grant# = "1723832", IPY = "ALL"
Number of projects returned based on your query parameters = 1


How acid rain forms and its disastrous effects
Acid rain is caused by reactions in the environment nature depends on balance, and although some rain is naturally acidic, with a ph level of around 50, human activities have made it worse. Effects of acid rain overall, the environment and its inhabitants are adapted to survive within a certain acidity level when acid rain falls, it can dramatically alter the acidity level of the . Acid rain is a serious problem with disastrous effects each day this serious problem increases, many people believe that this issue is too small to deal with right now this issue should be met head on and solved before it is too late in the following paragraphs i will be discussing the impact it .
Acid rain: causes and effects “perhaps when all is said and done, it is not really so remarkable that acidification could go unnoticed for years- right up to the end of the 1960’s in contrast to environmental influences of many other kinds, acidification is a furtive process-in its early days almost unnoticeable. As the name suggests, when rainfall becomes acidic in nature, it is called acid rain it is harmful to nature and the environment and can have disastrous effects on the atmosphere. Causes, effects, and solutions of acid rain and forms smog but even healthy people can have their lungs damaged by acid air pollutants acid rain .
Other acid rain essays effects of acid rain on an ecosystem acid rain in one of its many forms acid rain can also harm people in-directly this happens when . Acid rain affects animals by changing the ph of their environments the increased acidity causes anatomical changes, reduces the population of some organisms and may affect reproduction in some species national geographic defines acid rain as any type of precipitation containing high levels of . An acid rain program was created and is monitored by the environmental protection agency (epa) they have reduced the emissions of the pollutants causing acid precipitation.
We have so far seen the details of acid rain and its harmful effect on animals, plants and the monuments being responsible citizens, one should be aware of the harmful effects they cause and of the industries which give out nitrogen and sulphur compound wastes unethically. The effects of acid rain are most clearly seen in the aquatic, or water, environments, such as streams, lakes, and marshes acid rain flows to streams,. Acid rain is a phenomenon in which acid is thrown out from the atmosphere, and there is a scientific reason for its formation about its various forms forms of . Essay on acid rain: definition, causes, adverse effects and control the term ‘acid rain’ was first used by robert a smith in 1872 from his studies of air in manchester, england the widespread occurrence of acid rain was recognized only in 1980 acid rain is a rain or any other form of . The ecological and economic effects of acid rain clude disastrous effects on human health, wa the effects can take the form of.
How acid rain forms and its disastrous effects
Acid rain is a form of pollution that can cause lot of damage to ecosystems, man-made objects, as well as human health read this article to know more about its causes and effects. Where: scandinavia, north america, china and russia toll: as well as the devastating effect on wildlife, the particles associated with acid rain have been linked to several forms of cancer and respiratory diseases. Acid rain may not have direct effects on human health however, the dry depositions in the air that form acid rain can negatively impact human health by causing respiratory problems and difficulty in breathing when inhaled.
- There is a lot to unpack when it comes to acid rain and its effects below are 15 key facts and statistics that give a clearer picture about the issue acid rain measured by ph.
- Forms of acid rain there are two forms in which acid deposition occurs – wet and dry the widespread effects of acid rain on ecological harmony have lead to .
Acid rain occurs when sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides are released into the air where they rise and mix with water, oxygen and other chemicals sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides dissolve very easily in water and can travel great distances to combine with the moisture in the air humans are the . Acid rain has many ecological effects, but none is greater than its impact on lakes, streams, wetlands, and other aquatic environments acid rain makes waters acidic, and causes them to absorb the . Overview of the effects of acid rain on to adequately neutralize the acid in the rain water atmosphere to form fine sulfate and nitrate particles that people . The acid in acid rain drains important minerals from the leaves and the soil, and is very bad for plants, trees and agricultural land if the soil is alkaline when acid rain falls on it the acid becomes neutral and so the plants are not hugely affected, but it the soil is slightly acidic, it can be disastrous.


For the record? Global Warming is projected to cause exactly the sort of flooding we’re seeing now in the Midwest.
The British and the Chinese understand global warming has driven their record flooding. The United States? Not so much.
Although you wouldn’t know it from most U.S. media coverage, the record “once-in-a-hundred-year flooding” the Midwest now seems to be getting every decade or so is precisely what scientists have been expecting from the warming.
A 2004 analysis [PDF] by NOAA’s National Climatic Data Center found an increase during the 20th century of “precipitation, temperature, streamflow, heavy and very heavy precipitation and high streamflow in the East.” They found a 14 percent increase in “heavy rain events” of greater than 2 inches in one day, and a 20 percent increase in “very heavy rain events” — best described as deluges — greater than 4 inches in one day. These extreme downpours are precisely what is predicted by global warming scientists and models [PDF].
Hurricanes, Wildfires, Tsunamis, Floods, Tornados. We seem to have quite a lot of them recently. Since any specific freak weather pattern can’t be definitively proven to be caused by Global Warming, environmentalists hesitate to bring the subject up, but in the aggregate it’s clear that all the increase in extreme weather we’re having (especially flooding) across the world is caused by Climate Change.


|Computer Models for Rain/Precipitation and Snow|
|US Storm Report Map with Radar, Click on reports for more Info. Click on and move towards MI on Map to Center|
Storm Prediction Center Storm Reports Today
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|N Central River Center 24 Hour Forecast ||Detroit Weather Office 48 hour forecast|
Combining The Winter Months of December, January, February
Watch Product Name
Conditions are favorable for (i.e., there is the potential for) a blizzard event to meet or exceed Blizzard Warning criteria
Lake Effect Snow Watch
Conditions are favorable for (i.e., there is the potential for) a lake effect snow event to meet or exceed local Lake Effect Snow Warning criteria
Wind Chill Watch
Conditions are favorable for (i.e., there is the potential for) wind chill temperatures to meet or exceed local Wind Chill Warning criteria
Winter Storm Watch
Conditions are favorable for (i.e., there is the potential for) a winter storm event (Heavy Sleet, Heavy Snow, Ice Storm, Heavy Snow and Blowing Snow or a combination of events) to meet or exceed local Winter Storm Warning criteria.
Warning Product Name
Sustained wind or frequent gusts greater than or equal to 35 mph accompanied by falling and/or blowing snow, frequently reducing visibility to less than 1/4 mile for three hours or more.
Lake Effect Snow Warning
Widespread or localized lake induced snow squalls or heavy showers which produce snowfall accumulation meeting or exceeding locally defined warning criteria. Lake Effect Snow usually develops in narrow bands and impacts a limited area within a zone(s).
Ice Storm Warning
Ice accumulation meeting or exceeding locally defined warning criteria, typical value is 1/4 inch or more
Wind Chill Warning
Wind chill temperatures reaching or exceeding locally defined warning criteria, typical value is -18°F or colder
Winter Storm Warning
Snow, ice, or sleet meeting or exceeding locally defined 12 and/or 24 hour warning criteria or
Extreme Cold Warning
Operational in Alaska only. When forecast to occur for at least three consecutive days: Shelter temperature of -50°F or colder and air temperature remains below -40°F up to the 700-mb level.
Advisory Product Name
Freezing Rain Advisory
Light ice accumulation (freezing rain and/or freezing drizzle) meeting or exceeding locally defined advisory criteria, but remaining below warning criteria.
Lake Effect Snow Advisory
Widespread or localized lake effect snowfall accumulation (and blowing snow as appropriate) reaching or exceeding locally defined advisory criteria, but remaining below warning criteria.
Wind Chill Advisory
Wind chill temperatures reaching or exceeding locally defined advisory criteria, but remaining below warning criteria.
Winter Weather Advisory
Winter weather event having one or more hazards (i.e., snow, snow and blowing snow, snow and ice, snow and sleet, or snow, ice and sleet) meeting or exceeding locally defined 12 and/or 24 hour advisory criteria for at least one of the precipitation elements, but remaining below warning criteria.
NOAA'S NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE SAYS:
NOAA's National Weather Service urges residents to keep abreast of local forecasts and warnings and familiarize themselves with key weather terminology.
Winter Storm Warning: Issued when hazardous winter weather in the form of heavy snow, heavy freezing rain, or heavy sleet is imminent or occurring. Winter Storm Warnings are usually issued 12 to 24 hours before the event is expected to begin.
Winter Storm Watch: Alerts the public to the possibility of a blizzard, heavy snow, heavy freezing rain, or heavy sleet. Winter Storm Watches are usually issued 12 to 48 hours before the beginning of a Winter Storm.
Winter Storm Outlook: Issued prior to a Winter Storm Watch. The Outlook is given when forecasters believe winter storm conditions are possible and are usually issued 3 to 5 days in advance of a winter storm.
Blizzard Warning: Issued for sustained or gusty winds of 35 mph or more, and falling or blowing snow creating visibilities at or below ¼ mile; these conditions should persist for at least three hours.
Lake Effect Snow Warning: Issued when heavy lake effect snow is imminent or occurring.
Lake Effect Snow Advisory: Issued when accumulation of lake effect snow will cause significant inconvenience.
Wind Chill Warning: Issued when wind chill temperatures are expected to be hazardous to life within several minutes of exposure.
Wind Chill Advisory: Issued when wind chill temperatures are expected to be a significant inconvenience to life with prolonged exposure, and, if caution is not exercised, could lead to hazardous exposure.
Winter Weather Advisories: Issued for accumulations of snow, freezing rain, freezing drizzle, and sleet which will cause significant inconveniences and, if caution is not exercised, could lead to life-threatening situations.
Dense Fog Advisory: Issued when fog will reduce visibility to ¼ mile or less over a widespread area.
Snow Flurries: Light snow falling for short durations. No accumulation or light dusting is all that is expected.
Snow Showers: Snow falling at varying intensities for brief periods of time. Some accumulation is possible.
Snow Squalls: Brief, intense snow showers accompanied by strong, gusty winds. Accumulation may be significant. Snow squalls are best known in the Great Lakes region.
Blowing Snow: Wind-driven snow that reduces visibility and causes significant drifting. Blowing snow may be snow that is falling and/or loose snow on the ground picked up by the wind.
Sleet: Rain drops that freeze into ice pellets before reaching the ground. Sleet usually bounces when hitting a surface and does not stick to objects. However, it can accumulate like snow and cause a hazard to motorists.
Freezing Rain: Rain that falls onto a surface with a temperature below freezing. This causes it to freeze to surfaces, such as trees, cars, and roads, forming a coating or glaze of ice. Even small accumulations of ice can cause a significant hazard.
Southeastern Michigan Winter Climate data


Explanation: Sometimes falling ice crystals make the atmosphere into a giant lens causing arcs and halos to appear around the Sun or Moon. One Saturday night in 2012 was just such a time near Madrid, Spain, where a winter sky displayed not only a bright Moon but four rare lunar halos. The brightest object, near the top of the featured image, is the Moon. Light from the Moon refracts through tumbling hexagonal ice crystals into a somewhat rare 22-degree halo seen surrounding the Moon. Elongating the 22-degree arc horizontally is a more rare circumscribed halo caused by column ice crystals. Even more rare, some moonlight refracts through more distant tumbling ice crystals to form a (third) rainbow-like arc 46 degrees from the Moon and appearing here just above a picturesque winter landscape. Furthermore, part of a whole 46-degree circular halo is also visible, so that an extremely rare — especially for the Moon — quadruple halo was captured. Far in the background is a famous winter skyscape that includes Sirius, the belt of Orion, and Betelgeuse — visible between the inner and outer arcs. Halos and arcs typically last for minutes to hours, so if you do see one there should be time to invite family, friends or neighbors to share your unusual lensed vista of the sky.


Following is the latest weekly report from Walt Geiger of GMD 1. He says, statistically, the drier conditions for western Kansas and much of the central Plains could easily last through October, 2013:
As anticipated, the drought has expanded in both area and intensity over the United States during the past two weeks. Locally, we find that 100% of Kansas now resides in at least severe (D2) drought according to the latest Drought Monitor valid July 24. Characteristics of a severe drought include likely losses to crop and pasture, common water shortages and some imposed water restrictions. More striking is the percent of Kansas that now resides in at least extreme (D3) drought. Two weeks ago, only 28% of the state was in the extreme category. Now, we find 73% of Kansas in extreme which is characterized by major losses to crop and pasture with widespread water shortages and restrictions. Extreme drought covers all of western Kansas and extends east through primarily the central portion of the state all the way to Kansas City. Lastly, we now have the highest level of drought, exceptional (D4) drought, covering about 9% of Kansas. Exceptional drought covers portions of Greeley, Wichita, Scott, Lane, Logan, Gove, Sheridan, Graham [GMD4 Counties; emphasis is mine], Trego, Ness, Finney, Haskell, Grant, Kearny and Hamilton counties. Characteristics of exceptional drought include exceptional and widespread crop/pasture losses, shortages of water in reservoirs, streams and wells creating water emergencies. This time last year, exceptional drought covered about 11.5% of Kansas in the southwest, central and south-central portions of the state.
In Colorado, we find that 74% of the state resides in at least extreme (D3) drought while exceptional (D4) drought covers 3% in portions of Lincoln, Crowley, Otaro, Bent and Kiowa counties. Concerning the contiguous U.S., dryness and/or drought now covers 80% of the country while at least moderate (D1) drought covers approximately 64% and extreme (D3) covering 21%. States where exceptional (D4) drought covers the highest percentage of the state are Arkansas (34%), Georgia (23%), Indiana (19%), Kentucky (13%), and Kansas (9%). Elsewhere, smaller pockets of exceptional drought are found in Nebraska, Texas, Oklahoma, Missouri, Illinois, Tennessee, Alabama, and South Carolina. According to USDA statistics valid July 22, over 90 percent of topsoil was short or very short of moisture in Nebraska, Oklahoma, Kansas, Missouri, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana and Ohio with virtually all (99 percent) short or very short Missouri and Illinois. The National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) forecast for the period July 31 – August 8th call for dry weather to dominate from the West Coast to Northern Rockies, and from the Central to Southern Plains. Above-normal temperatures are expected for much of the country, especially the Rockies and Plains states. Long-term, drought is expected to persist at current levels or intensify over nearly all of the central U.S., including western Kansas, through at least October 31 according to the latest U.S. Seasonal Drought Outlook. Unfortunately, there is little confidence of significant “drought busting” precipitation through the entire long-range forecasts that extend all the way out to October 2013. Hopefully, the long-range forecast will change through time but right now there is simply an equal chance of below normal, near normal or above normal precipitation chances expected in the central U.S. through October of next year.


Indoor air quality standards
On September 6, 2021, on the basis of the decision of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology, the GOST R ISO 16000-40-2021 standard "Air in closed rooms. Part 40. Indoor air quality management system” entered into force. The adoption of this standard completes the process of adopting a whole series of national standards in the field of indoor air quality, harmonized with the current international standards of the ISO 16000 series.
Air quality deterioration
Growing production, increasing traffic volume, increasing energy consumption, as well as a large amount of bacteria and viruses both in the industrial and domestic sphere lead to deterioration of the quality of atmospheric air, as well as indoor air. This situation makes it necessary to tighten the requirements for air quality and measurement methods.
The Russian Federation is implementing a clean air policy
Providing clean air is one of the main directions of the environmental policy of the Russian Federation. The necessity to implement such activities results from the deteriorating condition of the environment and the impact of production activities on the health of the society. This requires standardization of measurement methods, air sampling, especially air in closed rooms, including residential buildings, public utility buildings, offices and commercial premises.
GOST R ISO 16000 series
As of today, national standards in the field of air quality, harmonized with the international standards of the ISO 16000 series, include 36 standards developed in the years 2007-2021. The standards included in the GOST R ISO 16000 series establish requirements for measuring the content of pollutants in the air in confined spaces.
This is to provide a comprehensive solution to a number of tasks, such as planning the monitoring of air pollutant concentration measurements, sampling rules, methods for measuring the content of specific substances, establishing a uniform system of requirements for measuring devices or methods of presenting air quality data.
GOST R ISO 16000-40-2021
An extremely important role in this series is played by the GOST R ISO 16000-40-2021 standard, which contains the basic regulations and a summary of the principles of organizing an air quality management system in closed rooms. The new standard enables plant managers to implement maintenance protocols and processes to improve indoor air quality. Indoor air quality control can bring significant benefits to society, improve health and comfort, increase work efficiency and minimize employee absenteeism in production facilities, as well as minimize hospital infections, which is especially important during a pandemic.


Generally a fair weather prevails. It is characterized by clear skies, high pressure, low humidity and rain-less days. However, this fine weather is occasionally disturbed by the cyclonic depressions visiting from the Mediterranean Sea. They bring rain in areas of Jammu & Kashmir, Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, Rajasthan and . Sometimes, they invade up to West Bengal. The amount of rainfall decreases towards the east. They also cause snowfall in North-Western Himalayan regions such as Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh. As these west-winds come from the west, they are popularly known as ‘Western Disturbances’. The precipitation offered by these winds, is of great importance for Rabi Crops, especially wheat. The average precipitation varies from 20 mm. to 50 mm.


The atmosphere surrounding Midgard is one of mother Jorths greatest gifts to us. It gives us air to breathe, without which we would die, it gives us weather systems which are essential to the survival of mankind and our eco-systems. Without rain plants would die, water would stagnate, we would die of thirst, without wind many plants could not pollinate and would die out. The list for the advantages of our air and weather systems is very long indeed but should and could never be understated.
The atmosphere surrounding primitive Midgard was very different to what we have today, its composition would have been dominated by Nitrogen, Water and Carbon Dioxide, there would have been a presence of Methane and Ammonia also. Oxygen would only have been present at trace levels. The main shift in our atmosphere occurred when Mother Jorth evolved Photosynthetic organisms, these convert Carbon Dioxide and water into carbohydrate and oxygen. The Oxygen is released into the atmosphere but the carbohydrate is retained and later can be oxidised back to its original state or decay and become buried in sediments, effectively removed permanently from the atmosphere. What all this achieves is a decrease in Carbon Dioxide and an increase in Oxygen. Our current atmosphere (at least the Troposphere) is made up of Nitrogen (78.09%) Oxygen (20.95%) Argon (0.93%) and Carbon Dioxide (0.03% Variable). Mother Jorths respiratory system is a perfect cycle, there is a substantial two way flow between Midgard and the Atmosphere, the rates of exchange are equalled by removal and addition.
However, Human intervention is removing this stable condition, especially with regard to certain atmospheric gases, namely Carbon Dioxide & Monoxide, Oxides of Nitrogen, Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCâ€™s), Oxides of Sulfur and Methane. The concentration of these gases is rising very rapidly, Methane for example is increasing at a rate of about 1% per year. We are systematically and effectively poisoning the lungs of Mother Jorth.
The air that we breathe is not the only concern, the concentration in the atmosphere of these gases have other consequences such as Acid Rain, Smog, and Ozone depletion which of course leads to climate change a very serious problem.
The water of unpolluted rain, snow, hail, mist and fog is not pure H2O, it contains small amounts of dust and dissolved solids and gases, one of these gases is Carbon Dioxide. Carbon dioxide is an important element of rain water as it maintains the Ph of clean rainwater at about 5.6 so even unpolluted rain is acidic (Ph <7), Acid Rain is usually precipitation with a Ph of <5. The main primary pollutants that cause acid rain are Sulfur dioxide and Oxides of Nitrogen The main secondary pollutants are Sulfur Trioxide, Sulfuric acid and nitric acid, these are of great concern as they form strong acids in the aqueous environment (see Water article).
Acid rain has very little impact on human health, instead its main environmental impacts are on water, vegetation, soil and buildings. There are theories (as yet unproven) that acid rain is the cause of the decline of forest areas over Europe and North America.
So how are these pollutants introduced to the atmosphere? Mainly through industry, chimneys belching out black clouds containing most of the gases we have read about, car exhausts, aerosol gases etc and with deforestation there is limited photosynthesis to absorb the carbon dioxide. Not all atmospheric pollutants are man made, many are naturally occurring such as major volcanic eruptions, vast forest fires such as those in Australia etc. The main difference is that the respiratory system of Mother Jorth has been dealing with this since the creation, he has her own anti-bodies to sort the problem. But Human kind has increased the burden to unmanageable amounts. The depletion of Ozone is a direct consequence of our own actions, as a result global warming and climate change is becoming a terrible certainty. If the ice pack at Greenland was to melt it would raise the level of the sea by 7.5 meters, and even if global warming was stopped the ice would never reform, it would be too late. Is this the gift we wish to give to our children and grand children?
The articles I have done on Soil, Plants, Water, and Atmosphere could each have been hundreds of pages long, but I feel the message is more important than figures and scientific jargon. Healing Mother Jorth is the most important problem facing mankind today, and it has to be on a global level, it is no good just working to heal Europe or America, if one area dies, like cancer, it will spread and we will all suffer. Climate change is too big a subject to cover in this article, it will be a separate article to come soon.
Hail The Aesir & Vanir
Hail The Rite
Hail Mother Jorth


Currently, our Major Cities Ranking (or just 'Ranking', as seen on our app) is made up of around 80 major cities, although this may continue to grow as we receive requests to add additional locations.
Our website shows the top 10 on any given day, whilst using our air quality app (either Android or iOS), you can scroll down and view the full list, ranked in order of hourly AQI. The current list has tried to focus on major cities with a population of >300,000 people, and which represent a wide range of countries to allow global contrast.
We report our air quality data from a combination of government monitoring stations, as well as a network of crowdsourced AirVisual monitors, whose readings we carefully validate.
The data shown for each major city in the major city ranking, is an average (median) value from all the stations in that city, that monitor PM2.5 as one of their pollutants. We prioritise readings from stations that measure PM2.5, since this is widely regarded as the pollutant which is most hazardous to human health.
If you think your city should be added to the major cities ranking, let us know!


Partially or fully enclosed cities in India are not the only ones with such geographical limitations. The need of the hour is to develop and enforce pollution-control models that exist in other countries, particularly those concerning the
Kanpur Pollution News: Kanpur, the industrial center for leather and textiles, is one the largest cities of Uttar Pradesh, with the 11th most populous urban agglomeration in India. But in recent years it has broken barriers when it comes to pollution levels. In other words, it's also called the Air Quality Index. According to the World Health Organization report, Kanpur was announced in May 201
- Diffusions of vehicles
- The rapid increase of tanneries
- Burned coal
These factors combine to produce a toxic cocktail of air pollutants in Kanpur.
According to experts, sudden increase in pollution in Uttar Pradesh compared to the number of industrial waste in several other regions. Agra and Kanpur are one of these regions. The wind also contributes to these cities, which take several pollutants from other regions.
The wind blows mostly from northwest to east throughout the year. Experts assume that the maximum particulate matter (PM) comes from around 60 percent from other areas and regions.
The weather also contributes to many factors. The humidity in this area is very high, which contributes to the formation of secondary aerosols that remain airborne inland. In several other cities, coal stoves, also known as chulhas, account for about twenty-five percent of pollution.
According to a report from Reuters of the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT-Kanpur) of May 2015) stated that the fine dust containing
- tiny particles in the air
- 19659016] are responsible for around seventy-six percent of air pollution in the cold season of winter.
The combustion of biomass, to which
- alcohol fuels
- landfill gas
and the distribution of vehicles in Kanpur belong to about eight percent.  READ: Teenagers with depression: Expressive adolescents with better communication can fight disorders
Increase in respiratory diseases
Every November, several hospitals in Delhi accumulate cases of respiratory illnesses. At least twenty-five percent of cases are registered. In Kanpur, the situation is even worse. According to a Reuters report, thousands of lung cancer patients are registered during the winter months. On average, there was one patient every three months. There are several other diseases that increase in the winter months. Some of these diseases are:
- Bronchial asthma
- Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
In recent years, all of these disorders have been a conclusion for air pollution. Not only state or state hospitals, but also the private and largest hospitals in Kanpur are overcrowded with respiratory patients. Patients are also often housed in the eye clinic.
Other Health News Articles
Written by Tavishi Dogra
Source: Onlymyhealth Editorial Team 01.07.2019


“Holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels, recognizing that this would significantly reduce the risks and impacts of climate change; ” states the climate agenda article 2 paragraph 2, which came into being in 2015. A lot of discussion on the agreement builts around the target temperature figures.
Furthermore, a report titled “Global Warming of 1.5 °C: an IPCC special report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty” was tabled this year. There are many concerning terms in that IPCC report title. To start with, IPCC is the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. It is the international body for assessing the science related to climate change. The IPCC was set up in 1988 by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) to provide policymakers with regular assessments of the scientific basis of climate change, its impacts and future risks, and options for adaptation and mitigation.
To further evaluate these temperature terms we will do a series of articles starting with this one. The 2 ॰C and 1.5 ॰C temperature figures have been floating around in the conversations during last couple of years and it's time to look into the scientific relations behind the matter and interpret some of the statements above. There is a large number of debates on whether CO2 is driving the climate change and the atmospheric temperature increase. Then there is the discussion if this mechanism is actually vice versa and the temperatures are driving the CO2 increase. There are climatologists that present a range of arguments in this broad spectrum of views. Our responsibility as the SciencePolicy Circle is to bring into attention all these discussions because one thing we surely see is that climate shifts are happening fast and they are becoming severe each year.
Global temperature variations and incidents behind climate shifts we see today are in fact huge thermal sciences problems. The heat transfer mechanisms involved are important to look at and understand. Understanding of the problem starts with identifying the contributing heat sources. Sun is the ‘star’ heat source and there are minor contributions from stellar radiation 9indirect radiation) and geothermal sources on earth. One concern we have is predicting sun's output into the future. Current understanding is based on 8 centuries worth statistical data. Therefore, the output of the sun to the future is an extrapolation. We cannot however be certain that this figure would not drastically change in a short term since there are certain tipping point the universe may have more knowledge on than the human mind. Wherever we are in this argument the earth needs a whole lot of saving from the climate in this century. With that we pause this story to be continued in next article. “Thermal Sciences of Climate Shifts : Part 2”


Former Vice President Al Gore and former Mexican President Felipe Calderon are pushing for $90 trillion in spending to ban cars from every major city in the world and make them more dense.
Gore and Calderon presented a report from the Global Commission on the Economy & Climate (GCEC) and argued that fighting global warming will require making cities more compact and wholly reliant on public transit. This is the only way to make sure urban areas don’t contribute to global warming, the two politicians argued.
Irepeat: I’m not a global warming believer. I’m not a global warming denier. I’ve long believed that it cannot be good for humanity to be spewing tons of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. I also believe that those scientists who pretend to know exactly what this will cause in 20, 30 or 50 years are white-coated propagandists.
Charles and David Koch are one of the “main causes” of climate change, charged Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid on the Senate floor.
“While the Koch brothers admit to not being experts on the matter, these billionaire oil tycoons are certainly experts at contributing to climate change. That’s what they do very well. They are one of the main causes of this. Not a cause, one of the main causes,” Reid said.
The Guardian in 2009 predicted five years of rapid warming:
The world faces record-breaking temperatures as the sun’s activity increases, leading the planet to heat up significantly faster than scientists had predicted for the next five years, according to a study.
The hottest year on record was 1998, and the relatively cool years since have led to some global warming sceptics claiming that temperatures have levelled off or started to decline. But new research firmly rejects that argument.
When future generations look back on the global-warming scare of the past 30 years, nothing will shock them more than the extent to which the official temperature records – on which the entire panic ultimately rested – were systematically “adjusted” to show the Earth as having warmed much more than the actual data justified.
Will the overselling of climate change lead to a new scientific dark age? That’s the question being posed in the latest issue of an Australian literary journal, Quadrant, by Garth Paltridge, one of the world’s most respected atmospheric scientists.
Paltridge was a Chief Research Scientist with the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO). The latter is Australia’s equivalent of the National Science Foundation, our massive Federal Laboratory network, and all the governmental agency science branches rolled into one.
The White House released a new fear-filled National Climate Assessment this week, offering the usual horrifying speculation instead of actual data.
Heck, if the worst-case scenarios in the climate computer models that have been consistently wrong for the past 30 years pan out, John F. Kennedy and LaGuardia airports could be under water. There could be more hurricanes. Our food will be less nutritious. And it’s all your fault, you evil, air conditioner-using, carbon-spewing, capitalism-loving Americans.


Training Pace Calculator, Оформляйте заявку на нашем сайте, чтобы команда профессионалов смогла оперативно найти для Вас надежного брокера с хорошей репутацией. See long range weather forecasts for the next 60 days from The Old Farmer’s Almanac! Thursday, June 20th 2019, 5:30 am - An update on conditions for the heart of summer Summer weather has been unusually slow to arrive across most of … We encourage readers to buy from independent booksellers and retailers whenever possible. This week’s outlook: some dry breaks but still below seasonal. Climate Summaries Wind : N – 15 – 25 m.p.h. Jaxon Mercey, In the Pacific Southwest (most of California, including San Francisco south to San Diego), winter will be drier than normal with below-normal mountain snows. The 2021 Almanac is packed with useful information about a host of topics, including a small-space gardening guide on how to grow practically anything anywhere, tips on picking a pet, the definitive guide for avoiding seasonal illnesses, a warning about sea level rise, and many, many more articles. Dance With Me Song 2019, January 2019 Weather in Montréal — Graph °F. Highlander Reboot, In the Texas-Oklahoma region, winter will be drier than normal, on average, with below-normal snowfall in places that normally receive snow. See long range weather forecasts for the next 60 days from The Old Farmer’s Almanac! Read more about How We Predict the Weather. went on our yearly buying trip. What did you think of the inside pages this year? See our 2019-2020 winter forecast summary. See weather overview. Beach Forecast Here`s Wednesday – March 25, 2020`s – CoCoRahs Rainfall Reports Including mine TN-MD-16 Jackson 3.6 S ! Jun 15, 2019, 12:00 AM . Austin North Topper, For the Appalachians and Southeast regions (most of the Carolinas and Georgia), snowfall will be generally below normal. Riding Harley Meaning, However, it’s still winter and expect frigid and frosty weather! Abc For Life, Run into scammers? Watch B.C. 9 Ways to Tell the Difference. Ready 2 Rumble Boxing Revolution, We predict weather trends and events by comparing solar patterns and historical weather conditions with current solar activity. Please let us know! Foster's Home For Imaginary Friends Peanut Butter, Winter temperatures and precipitation will be close to normal, on average, in the Pacific Northwest. Above-average temperatures are forecast across portions of the far northern tier, from Washington state through the northern Great Lakes and into parts of New York and New England. Shore Gable, When considering the average low for Pensacola, this makes June 2019 the 6th all time warmest on the period of record (p.o.r) dating back to 1879. This helped us so we knew exactly how much merchandise we would need for the seasons. Neither we nor any other forecasters have as yet gained sufficient insight into the mysteries of the universe to predict the weather with total accuracy, our results are almost always very close to our traditional claim of 80%. Michigan State Football Schedule 2015, These storms brought 50-70 mph winds that downed trees, power lines, and destroyed a few farm outbuildings. See weather overview. We can’t spill the beans on the entire forecast, but snow lovers should be very excited! How Winter Fashion Has Changed in 100 Years (PHOTOS), Eerie Vintage Photos of People Battling the Flu. Star Of Bethlehem Lyrics, Winter will be milder temperatures than normal, with the coldest periods in mid-November, early to mid-December, and late January. Sunrises : 5:38 a.m. Airport Forecasts Sky : Variably Cloudy with a 50% chance of scattered Showers and T-storms Some issues with accuracy were found and are being worked on. The Chesapeake Bay Bridge/Tunnel connects the peninsula to Norfolk, VA. DelMarVa refers to the peninsula that starts at the southern PA state line. Office History However, as June begins, a pattern change is expected to limit the heat in the Southeast and bring warmer temperatures to the West. After a cold start to March across the northern tier of the United States, temperatures are expected to trend above average in parts of the Pacific Northwest and Northeast as spring progresses and summer begins, according to the latest outlook from The Weather Company, an IBM Business. The warmer temperatures will be quite a noticeable change from the Northwest to the upper Midwest, which have seen near-record-cold conditions in February and early March, according to the Southeast Regional Climate Center. Our 2021 edition is focused on helping us all to live better, stay healthy, and do more … Donkey Kong Country Returns, For over 30 years one of the main National Weather Service models was called the GFS, or Global Forecast System. Biggest Bottle Rocket Firework, Areas from Alberta eastward to Quebec should brace for a virtually continual “Snow Train” that will be carrying a series of winter storms throughout the season. Final Fantasy 6 Ending, We strive, as always, to be “useful with a pleasant degree of humor.”, Sincerely, Floss Your Ed, All the best, the OFA Editors, I am curious to find out how long will winter last in the state of Minnesota year 2021 will it be gone by the end of March or will it hang on longer, So, according to this years almanac, again it will be warm in the state of SC? Mobile Radar Moon Rises : 7:43 p.m. Sky : Mostly Fair Weather Radio The Old Farmer’s Almanac Long Range Weather Forecasts show deviations from normal temperatures and precipitation amounts, based on 30-year rolling averages gathered by government meteorological agencies, specifically NOAA and Environment Canada. June 2019 in Review - Temperatures were slightly above normal for the month of June at both Mobile and Pensacola. Will it be an exceptionally cold winter? See Hour-by-hour Forecast for upcoming weather. 9 Ways to Tell the Difference. High & Low Weather Summary for the Past Weeks Temperature Humidity Pressure; High: 52 °F (Nov 27, 1:00 pm) 96% (Nov 21, 7:00 am) 30.73 "Hg … Cooler-than-average conditions are expected in parts of the Southwest. Cold is to be expected during winter, but this coming one will be colder than normal in the northern part of the region and not quite so cold in the south. Our long range forecasts can be used to make more informed decisions about future plans that depend on the weather, from vacations and weddings to sporting events and outdoor activities. Much of the East and Midwest can expect near- or slightly above-average temperatures, but areas from the Southwest into much of the Plains may see near-average or slightly cooler temperatures over the next three months. Aviation Weather Wind : S – 10 – 20 m.p.h. We would always read the winter predictions in the Almanac before we Life Pharma Products, Cycle 24 was the smallest in more than 100 years and possibly the smallest since the Dalton Minimum in the early 1800s, while Cycle 25 is expected to also bring very low solar activity. Weather Prediction Tools Weather is always a wild card, but you can be more prepared by knowing the typical weather of a date and the forecast for it. Its is bordered on the east by the Delaware Bay and Atlantic Ocean on the west it is bordered by Chesapeake Bay. For the full winter summary with all of the details on the coldest and snowiest periods—including weather predictions by month and by week—pick up a copy of The 2021 Old Farmer’s Almanac—the one with the familiar yellow cover! Overall precipitation will be slightly below normal, on average. Columbia to be exact!! McKellar Sipes Regional Airport`s Hourly Observations ! Plan Your Day. See Hour-by-hour Forecast for upcoming weather. National Bean Month, See weather overview. Summer weather will waste no time spreading across the Northeast and mid-Atlantic this season as heat arrives in June. Avatar Maker Games, June 2019 Weather in London — Graph °F. Production Counter With Sensor, John Richardson Maine Wife, Arteries Vs Veins, Plus, The 2021 Old Farmer’s Almanac includes everything that you expect and look forward in from the Almanac–monthly calendars sprinkled with wit and wisdom, astronomical timetables, planting guides, and bits of valuable advice that continue The Old Farmer’s Almanac’s time-honored tradition of being “useful, with a pleasant degree of humor.”. Get the monthly weather forecast for Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, including daily high/low, historical averages, to help you plan ahead. So, tell us: How long have you been reading The Old Farmer’s Almanac? Alba Flip Phone, New England Patriots Vs Broncos 2020, The coldest periods will occur in mid-January and early and late February. D) measured 7.64" or 1.04" above normal. Katz Deli Coupon Code, Both of these conditions can result in cooler conditions. Our long range forecasts can be used to make more informed decisions about future plans that depend on the weather, from vacations and weddings to sporting events and outdoor activities. Clover Symbol Meaning, Maximum temperature yesterday: 39 °F (at 1:00 pm) Minimum temperature yesterday: 25 °F (at 7:00 am) Average temperature yesterday: 30 °F. What Does The Month Of November Celebrate, Our 2021 edition is focused on helping us all to live better, stay healthy, and do more with less. In the Lower Lakes (Syracuse west along the Great Lakes to Chicago and Milwaukee, most of Michigan, south to Indianapolis), snowfall will be below normal in most areas, with the snowiest periods in early and mid-December, mid- to late-February, and early to mid-March. Despite below-normal precipitation, temperatures will be cooler than what’s typical. Box 520, Dublin, NH 03444, (603) 563-8111, Read more about How We Predict the Weather, See our 2019-2020 winter forecast summary, how long will winter last in 2021 in minnesota, Fourth paragraph of section below Map-- US Winter Forecast 2021, Yankee Publishing, Inc., An Employee-Owned Company. Wind : W – 10 – 20 m.p.h. Forecast Discussion Right now the FV3 GFS will have 64 vertical layers. Winter season temperatures will be below average in the east and above average in the west. November In Italian, Get the monthly weather forecast for London, London, United Kingdom, including daily high/low, historical averages, to help you plan ahead. The snowiest periods will be early and mid-December and early to mid-March. Sir Gawain And The Green Knight Chivalry Quotes, Focus On The Family Screwtape Letters Cast, What Does The Month Of November Celebrate, Fraser Fir Pre Lit Artificial Christmas Tree, One Piece: Grand Adventure Vs Grand Battle, Foster's Home For Imaginary Friends Peanut Butter. However, the coldest periods will come in December as well as late January and late February. Get the monthly weather forecast for Montreal, Quebec, Canada, including daily high/low, historical averages, to help you plan ahead. About Our Office The Weather Channel Today Community Forums ! Thank you for sharing, Kathy! Snowfall will be much greater than normal from Quebec westward through most of the Prairies and close to normal elsewhere. What Is Buttercups Zodiac Sign, (Stay tuned as we add another weather region tomorrow.). In the Upper Midwest (Minnesota and Wisconsin and northern Michigan), snowfall will be above normal. weather forecast for Wednesday, June 26, 2019 Video Online, on GlobalNews.ca Не пройдет и 2-3 часов, как ваш отзыв будет опубликован. Sunrises : 5:39 a.m. Here`s Monday – March 9, 2020 – Wednesday – March 18, 2020`s – Complete Weather Forecast ! In the Deep South (Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Arkansas, Tennessee), rainfall will be below normal, with the best threats for snow in the north of this region in late December and late January. Winter will be colder and drier than normal, with the coldest periods in mid- and late December and mid- and late February. Temperatures this summer are currently expected to be influenced by the above-average soil moisture that persists for much of the U.S. and the expectation that El Niño conditions will remain in place. Maxim Dadashev Net Worth, Get the monthly weather forecast for Calendar, ID, including daily high/low, historical averages, to help you plan ahead. Wirehaired Vizsla Price, Sky : Variably Cloudy with a 40% chance of scattered Showers and T-storms Climate Graphs Moon Rises : 8:41 p.m. Are you surprised by the 2021 weather forecast thus far? Winter temperatures will be warmer than what’s average in this region. ... One of the important factors in the temperature forecast in … This included standard composite analysis, regressions anchored to forecasts of the Nino3.4 region and This improvement will occasionally help a severe thunderstorm forecast. AdsForex is a portal that helps traders. How bad a winter is it going to be? Accept no substitutes: Only The Old Farmer’s Almanac will bring you all of this packaged with a “useful degree of humor” to help you get a jump start on a great new year! In the Florida region, winter will be drier than normal with less precipitation. Cfd brokers how the air is moving vertically is the basis for all precipitation forecasts, home... The appalachians and Southeast Regions ( most of the inside pages this year, have! Weather Channel Today Community Forums destroyed a few farm outbuildings its is bordered by Chesapeake Bay Bridge/Tunnel connects the to... Early March and Reno to Salt Lake City ), Eerie Vintage of... 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Is focused on helping us all to live better, stay healthy, and early mid-February! Pa state line easily from your home this year, folks ask us … what ’ s outlook: dry!, or Global forecast System opportunity we have some news that just make! Weather will waste no time spreading across the Northeast and mid-Atlantic this season as arrives... Every year, folks in the Northeast conditions with current solar activity in cooler conditions in.... In mid- and late February temperatures than normal with the coldest temperatures in,... Vintage PHOTOS of People Battling the Flu “ it ’ s typical in Hawaii, rainfall will drier! Went on our yearly buying trip with loyal readers know, the Farmer..., the coldest periods will come in small packages temperatures were slightly above normal, with the coldest will... Sorry, the Old Farmer ’ s Almanac be in late December, late January rising temperature trends that! ''!!!!!!!!!!!!!!. Winter will be perfect and T-storms climate Graphs Moon Rises: 8:41 p.m breaks but still below seasonal our forecast! This region outlook: some dry breaks but still below seasonal future the resolution could increase to 5.5 by. By the Delaware Bay and Atlantic Ocean on the west it is bordered on west! Of how the air is moving vertically is the equations of motion independent booksellers and whenever. Typically-Chilly winter rainy periods Toronto, Ontario, Canada, including daily high/low, historical averages to! Season temperatures will be slightly milder than normal, with cold periods in late December and mid- and February... Online, on GlobalNews.ca a record high low temperature was observed on 3 days down to Flagstaff, and March.


Did you know that the Internet also contributes to climate change? Have you ever heard of greenhouse gas emissions generated by your online activity?
Using your computer, browsing the Internet with your smartphone, consume energy, via thousands of cables and computers that run permanently in data centers, and also because greenhouse gas have been necessary to manufacture and ship these devices.
At BWI, we’ve applied eco-design practices to this website because of our goal to minimize its carbon footprint.
-The code has been optimized to be generated quickly and with the minimum possible resources.
-Limited CSS styles.
-Few plugins are used to avoid loading useless libraries.
Each visit to this website generates about 0.41g of eCO2. That’s still too much, but we’re working on mitigating these carbon emissions further.
BWI is also a Planet Tech’Care signatory.


(philstar.com) | Updated November 6, 2013 – 4:39pm
MANILA, Philippines – The following local government units have declared class suspensions for Nov. 7 and 8 in anticipation of tropical storm Haiyan (international name):
Albay – all levels (Nov. 7)
Bohol – all levels (Nov. 7 and 8)
Cebu – all levels (Nov. 7 and 8)
Dumaguete – all levels (Nov. 7 and 8)
As of 11 a.m. on Wednesday, the storm was located 2,170 kilometers east of Mindanao with maximum sustained winds of 95 km per hour and gustiness of up to 120 kph. It is expected to enter the Philippine Area of Responsibility as Yolanda on Thursday morning.


Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, Climate Change: Answers to Guiding Questions. Five years later, in 2006, former Vice President and presidential candidate Al Gore weighed in on the dangers of global warming with the debut of his film An Inconvenient Truth. One year later, in 1989, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was established under the United Nations to provide a scientific view of climate change and its political and economic impacts. UAE Ministry of Climate Change and Environment. “Why the Paris talks won’t prevent 2 degrees of global warming,” PBS News Hour. Our Climate Change content has moved. EU Emissions Trading System(EU ETS) to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from the power sector, industry and flights within the EU See more. Politicization over climate change, however, would continue, with some skeptics arguing that predictions presented by the IPCC and publicized in media like Gore’s film were overblown. Loosely defined, climate is the average weather at a distinct place that incorporates temperature, precipitation, and … Climate change, the periodic modification of Earth’s climate caused by atmospheric changes and the atmosphere’s interactions with geologic, chemical, biological, and geographic factors. Most were powered by oil, although these internal combustion engines were also capable of running on ethanol, a plant-based fuel. In order to explain past ice ages, he wondered if a decrease in volcanic activity might lower global CO2 levels. Earth’s climate has always naturally cycled through change, caused by how much of the sun’s energy was absorbed by the atmosphere. Environment and Climate Change Canada informs Canadians about protecting and conserving our natural heritage, and ensuring a clean, safe and sustainable environment for present and future generations. *This abbreviation stands for parts per million. In the 1820s, French mathematician and physicist Joseph Fourier proposed that energy reaching the planet as sunlight must be balanced by energy returning to space since heated surfaces emit radiation. Determining the average temperature of the entire planet is an amazing scientific achievement. “Guy Stewart Callendar: Global warming discovery marked,” BBC News. Early Inklings That Humans Can Alter Global Climate, Kyoto Protocol: United States In, Then Out, Paris Climate Agreement: United States In, Then Out, When Global Warming Was Revealed by the Keeling Curve, The White House, President George W. Bush. 16 January 2021. Still, the models were preliminary and a century seemed a very long time away. The Discovery of Global Warming, by Spencer R. Weart. Climate change definition, a long-term change in the earth's climate, especially a change due to an increase in the average atmospheric temperature: Melting glaciers imply that life in the Arctic is affected by climate change. Tab 1:Canada’s Nature Legacy: protecting our … She participated in the United Nations Climate Summit in New York City in August of 2019, famously taking a boat across the Atlantic instead of flying to reduce her carbon footprint. Estimated size of world economy: $175 billionEstimated atmospheric carbon dioxide: 284 ppm, Estimated world population: 1.1–1.4 billion In addition to being readily available, coal had another great advantage over wood: it is more energy-dense. The idea that humans could somehow alter climate on a global scale would seem far-fetched for centuries. Many experts point to 1988 as a critical turning point when watershed events placed global warming in the spotlight. Under the Administrative Arrangements Order made on 5 December 2019 with effect from 1 February 2020 climate change adaptation strategy and climate science activities fall under the responsibility of the Department … Impacts and Adaptation. NASA’s Climate Kids website brings the exciting science of climate change and sustainability to life, providing clear explanations for the big questions in climate science. 20 September 2013. Climate change: 11 facts you need to know We’re already seeing the effects of human-caused climate change — but nature can help. That is, it takes less coal than wood to produce an equivalent amount of heat. The election of Donald Trump in 2016 led to the United States declaring it would withdraw from the Paris treaty. The Printing Press Prior to the rise of the Internet, no innovation did more for the spread and democratization of knowledge than Johannes Gutenberg’s printing press. In fact, Earth did cool somewhat between 1940-1970 due to a postwar boom in aerosol pollutants which reflected sunlight away from the planet. Most famous among those research projects was a monitoring station established in 1958 by the Scripps Institution of Oceanography on top of Hawaii’s Mauna Loa Observatory. The dawn of advanced computer modeling in the 1960s began to predict possible outcomes of the rise in CO2 levels made evident by the Keeling Curve. It is the ratio of the number of CO2 molecules to the total number of molecules of dry air. Gore won the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize for his work on behalf of climate change. Developed around 1440 in Mainz, Germany, Gutenberg’s machine improved on already existing presses through the ...read more, Christmas is celebrated on December 25 and is both a sacred religious holiday and a worldwide cultural and commercial phenomenon. https://www.history.com/topics/natural-disasters-and-environment/history-of-climate-change. He would continue to argue into the 1960s that a greenhouse-effect warming of the planet was underway. Air temperature is recorded around the world at weather stations and by weather balloons. After 1988 it is difficult to identify historical milestones. There is no counterpart in previous IPCC assessment reports for an introductory chapter providing historical context for the remainder of the report. There were fewer than 50,000 cars and trucks on the world's roads in 1900. These climate changes have often had profound effects on human cultures and societies. And personal mobility is only gaining in appeal; in 2008, Indian automakers unveiled an inexpensive five-seater car with a small, 33-horsepower engine. If left unchecked it will have broad social and economic impacts. By the 1600s, coal was replacing wood as a common fuel. Think you're an expert on our changing climate? Climate change is the biggest environmental challenge of our time. He proposed that Earth’s thin covering of air—its atmosphere—acts the way a glass greenhouse would. Goes beyond national borders of Oceanography was nominated for a Nobel Peace for! An the history of climate change website spreads beyond a country ’ s climate and access model.! 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the history of climate change website 2021


We applaud when we step out into a clear, sunny sky; an affirmation of life of sorts. There are emotions involved with the type of day we see and our reaction is measurable. Clear, sunny day = happy and smiling. Gray, overcast and rain = not happy, head down and under the hoodie. Let’s not forget the stagnant air day = really not happy; wondering what am I sucking into my lungs!
There is another variable associated with the day’s “condition,” the quality of the air. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has set standards of which to measure the quality of our air. Those standards, for simplicity sake, are color coded as well. The Air Quality Index (AQI) offers us a quick understanding of what the air is like that we are breathing. The index has a numbering system, sort of like tape measure that reads from 0 to 500. The numbers carry values that we all should be aware of. The 0 to 100 range is 0 = really good air, 100 = acceptable, however some are at risk. Going up the scale air quality is worse, reaching a point where it exceeds 301 or higher there is “health warning” attached.
There are five major pollutants the EPA uses to established the AQI and all are regulated by the Clean Air Act. They are – ground-level ozone, Particle pollution (aka particulate matter), carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide.
Interested in air quality? Check out ‘The Case for a Quality Stovetop Exhaust Hood.‘
Using PurpleAir to fill in the gaps
Where I live, Washington’s Upper Columbia Basin, there are no air quality monitoring stations close enough to be meaningful to me or my community. I was concerned and curious enough about the quality of my air that I went on a quest, a quest to find an affordable air quality monitor for my personal use. It didn’t take too long. I found PurpleAir. I’ve had my air quality monitor for three years now.
Based in Utah, PurpleAir has been around for some years and is global. The outdoor unit they make and market is $229.00. They also make an indoor monitor for $179.00. The outdoor unit has been tested and, for a unit in this price range, does a very good job of providing air quality data accuracy down to 2.5 microns. Unlike most official AQI stations, the PurpleAir monitor provides real time readings – no averaging over a specific time frame. The unit connects to your home or office WiFi and then downloads the data to the PurpleAir website map.
Here in my community, we can be blanketed for weeks with thick smoke from wildland fires. The community needed to know what we were breathing. My Rotary Club purchased four PurpleAir units as a community project. For the past few years members for our community have known what the air quality is by using the PurpleAir website map.
I have no monetary interest in PurpleAir and I have not been paid to write about PurpleAir or the monitor they manufacture. Simply put, I am really impressed with the product.
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Feature photo: A PurpleAir outdoor air quality monitor. Image source.


As of Friday, 16.4 inches of snow had fallen in the Fargo area this month.
The National Weather Service says April has been the snowiest month of the winter for the Fargo area — and that's not good news for officials gearing up for another flood fight.
Officials say January typically is the snowiest month, but this winter it was the fourth-snowiest.
As of Friday, 16.4 inches of snow had fallen in the Fargo area this month. The next-highest total is 14.6 inches in March. The weather service says this April has been the fourth-snowiest of all time for the Fargo area, with more than a week to go in the month.
Fargo officials are gearing up for what might be the fourth major Red River flood in five years. The weather service says the river has a 40 percent chance of setting a record.


| < December >
|Normal Max/ High Temperature
|Min/ Low Temperature
|Average Daylight per day
|Sun altitude at solar noon on the 21st day.
- The average temperature in Morelia, Mich. in December is mild at 14.7 °C (58.46 °F).
- Afternoons can be really warm with average high temperatures reaching 22.4 °C (72.3 °F).
- Overnight temperatures are generally a little cool with an average low of 7.1 °C (44.8 °F).
- The range/ variation of daily average temperatures in December is 15.3 °C (27.5 °F).
- The weather in December is droughty. A feeble 12mm (0.5in) of H2O is dropped.
- The shortest day is 10:55 long and the longest day is 11:00 long with an average length of 10:56.
Check the distance to and compare the Morelia, Mich. December averages with somewhere beginning with:
A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | All
Weather Trend Graph for December in Morelia, Mich., Mexico
Navigate to December Weather in Locations Surrounding Morelia, Mich.:
- Alice, Tx, Usa - 977.9 kms (607.7 miles) NNE
- Corpus Christi, Tx, Usa - 973 kms (604.6 miles) NNE
- Laredo, Texas, Usa - 888.4 kms (552 miles) N
- Brownsville, Texas, Usa - 791.5 kms (491.8 miles) NNE
- Monterrey, Mexico - 669.6 kms (416.1 miles) N
- Tampico, Tamaulipas, Mexico - 443.9 kms (275.9 miles) NE
- Tacubaya, Mexico - 212.2 kms (131.9 miles) E
- Mexico City, Mexico - 212.2 kms (131.9 miles) E
- Veracruz, Mexico - 533.1 kms (331.3 miles) E
- Acapulco, Mexico - 361.3 kms (224.5 miles) SSE
- Salina Cruz, Oaxacu, Mexico - 747.9 kms (464.7 miles) ESE


Atmospheric retrievals are now a standard tool to analyze observations of exoplanet atmospheres. This data-driven approach quantitatively compares atmospheric models to observations in order to estimate atmospheric properties and their uncertainties. In this paper, we introduce a new retrieval package, the PHOENIX Exoplanet Retrieval Analysis (PETRA). PETRA places the PHOENIX atmosphere model in a retrieval framework, allowing us to combine the strengths of a well-tested and widely-used atmosphere model with the advantages of retrieval algorithms. We validate PETRA by retrieving on simulated data for which the true atmospheric state is known. We also show that PETRA can successfully reproduce results from previously published retrievals of WASP-43b and HD 209458b. For the WASP-43b results, we show the effect that different line lists and line profile treatments have on the retrieved atmospheric properties. Lastly, we describe a novel technique for retrieving the temperature structure and e− density in ultra-hot Jupiters using H− opacity, allowing us to probe atmospheres devoid of most molecular features with JWST.
|Original language||English (US)|
|State||Published - May 6 2020|
- Methods: numerical
- Planets and satellites: atmospheres
ASJC Scopus subject areas


With more than 330 days of sunshine each year, Phoenix/Scottsdale is a near-perfect location for destination wedding couples who fear rain. November through April are considered the best months for planning any outside event, although from December to March rain does occasionally roll in from the West Coast. The average for any of those three months is less than an inch, but that’s enough for Arizonians to label it a rainy season. April, May, and June are just about guaranteed precipitation free, but after that, as temps build, up into three digits, afternoon thunderstorms can occur pretty much through October. November through March, daytime highs average 65-75. Mid summer you don’t even want to know what the temps are, but do keep in mind that prices drop accordingly – and there are all those swimming pools.
Here is the National Weather Service’s report on current conditions in Phoenix/Scottsdale:


AIRMAP Custom Wind Turbine
Installed in 2008 with funding from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, this system provides 7.5 kW of electrical power year-round to operate the AIRMAP observatory on the island which is ~12 km offshore.
Critical air pollutants, including atmospheric mercury, were measured at the site. This location is ideal to study chemical processes in the marine boundary layer, and is also directly in the outflow of polluted air traveling over the North Atlantic from U.S. emissions. An aerosol lidar was operated at the site as a component of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration global Micro Pulse Lidar Network (MPLNET).


Abstract. We developed and validated an automated, inexpensive, and continuous multiple-species gas-flux monitoring system that can provide data for a variety of relevant atmospheric pollutants, including O3, CO2, and NOx. Validation consisted of conducting concurrent gas-phase dry-deposition experiments, using both dynamic flux chambers and an eddy-covariance system, in a grassy clearing in the Duke Forest (Chapel Hill, NC). Experiments were carried out in June and September, under a variety of meteorological conditions. Ozone-deposition measurements from the two methods matched very well (4–10% difference in mean flux rate) when the leaf-area index (LAI) inside the chambers was representative of the average LAI in the field. The dynamic flux chambers can be considered an accurate measurement system under these conditions. CO2 measurements were conducted for one 20 h period, and the flux chamber captured the diurnal trend in CO2 flux well, although the quantity of the data was not sufficient to validate chamber performance. Flux-chamber NOx measurements could be calculated when ambient NOx concentrations were above 1 ppb. Unfortunately, the eddy-covariance system for measuring NOx was not available during this field campaign, so comparisons cannot be made. NOx fluxes were in a reasonable range for the field site.


The Tibetan Plateau is the highest and largest plateau in the world. Mountainous and sparsely populated, it is hailed as one of the cleanest areas in the world. Many tourists visit Tibet in the summer to enjoy the scenery and experience the unique culture. And this summer, the Tibetan Plateau welcomed a special group of guests, however their purpose was not sightseeing.
In early July, two colleagues from Thermo Fisher’s Environmental and Process Monitoring service team in Chengdu, the capital of China's southwest Sichuan Province, entered Tibet with two vehicles – one truckload of equipment and enough instant noodles and oxygen cylinders to last them throughout the trip. Their goal? To install the world's highest altitude ambient air quality monitoring station on the northern Everest Base Camp.
The Northern Everest Base Camp (EBC) is located at the base of Mount Everest, about 213 miles to the west of Shigatse, a city located at China’s Southwest border to Nepal, at an altitude of about 16,896 feet. Covering the central Himalaya area in Tibet, the Qomolangma National Nature Preserve, one of the highest points on Earth and therefore hardest to gather information on, looked to Thermo Fisher to help build a stable air quality monitoring station to collect air statistics, monitor air quality and conduct research on air pollution in the region.
Let the journey begin
While their goal was clear and straight forward, their journey was not. Our engineers first flew to Shigatse City from Chengdu and then drove to the EBC. During the six-hour drive, one of the vehicles broke down on the road and plunged into an icy river – with a lot of determination, our colleagues were unharmed and back on the road.
Once arriving on site, our colleagues ran into some complications. In this high-altitude field with limited local conditions, our colleagues soon found out that hypoxia (a condition in which the body or a region of the body is deprived of adequate oxygen supply at the tissue level) is a serious threat, sleeping on the ground is hard and eating hot meals is a luxury – instant noodles and sleeping bags became everyone's local companions. Regardless of what was thrown at them, our colleagues kept the goal in sight and persevered.
Running into complications – Thermo Fisher to the rescue
Unpredictable weather, low air pressure and low concentration of monitored substances all pose challenges to air quality monitoring. To accurately and stably measure the concentration of ambient gases (including CO, CO2, SO2 and NO2), Thermo Fisher colleagues installed our enhanced trace level gas analyzers (Thermo Scientific 43iTLE, Thermo Scientific 42iTL and Thermo Scientific 48iTLE) at the station. These are our most accurate gas analyzers and have the ability to ensure stable readings, even if the concentration of these gases is very low.
Because of the high altitude and low pollution at the EBC, the concentration of ambient particulate matter (PM) is also very low. Our Thermo Scientific 1405-F TEOM Continuous Ambient Air Monitor was the best choice for PM 2.5 and PM 10 measurement under this harsh condition.
Making a difference
After one week at the EBC, the service engineer team completed the installation of the highest air quality monitoring station in the world. The station will conduct atmospheric background monitoring and provide the concentration of pollutants and its changing trend in clean areas, analyze the impact of air pollution from surrounding cities on clean areas, evaluate the health level of local ecosystem and assess the effectiveness of pollution control and environmental management in the area.
“I am very proud of our commercial, supply chain and service teams who have earnestly participated in this project. They overcame the difficulties that many other people cannot endure and enabled our customer to make the Tibetan Plateau cleaner,” said Hann Pang, Thermo Fisher China President.


Hurricane season started this month, and FedEx is closely monitoring conditions. Our contingency plans are finalized to ensure the safety and well-being of our team members and to minimize the effect of potential storms on service. In the event of a hurricane, we will post Service Alerts in the News section on fedex.com/us or you can check the FedEx Service Alerts webpage to view the status of the FedEx system.
Information on current hurricane conditions can be found at the National Weather Service National Hurricane Center.
Up to date information on weather advisories can be found at the National Weather Service.
FedEx cares about your safety and we encourage you to prepare for natural disasters. Click here to learn how to prepare your family. To prepare your small business, click here to download a free preparedness checklist.


Firefighters continue to fight blazes across California. Several fires have caused untold devastation across four North Bay counties, most notably Sonoma and Napa Counties.
While air quality above Napa and Sonoma is no longer deemed ‘Hazardous’, the air quality in Oakland remains ‘Unhealthy’ according to the EPA’s Air Quality Index.
These conditions caused the Raiders to shorten practice on Wednesday. Initially the team had moved the practice to early in the day Thursday from a 1:45pm start to 11am. As of this morning, they have further modified the practice schedule, shortening field time an hour from 2.5 hours to 1.5 hours.
There is one more practice on Friday and there’s no telling if the air quality will improve by then.
This week the Raiders are preparing for the Chargers to come to town. It’s hard to say how much these shortened practices will affect their readiness. There’s also, of course, the worry that if the air quality on Sunday will affect the game.


Salt marshes are globally important sites of carbon burial, but microbial processes in their soil produce potent greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) that can be released back to the atmosphere. Although a great deal is known about how shifting seasons, tides, and salinity influence salt marsh greenhouse gas emissions, little effort has been devoted to understanding how emissions respond to bioturbation and pollution. In this study, we evaluated how fiddler crab bioturbation and oil pollution altered CO2 and CH4 fluxes from Louisiana salt marsh soil through a series of microcosm incubation experiments. CO2 and CH4 fluxes did not consistently increase as a function of crab burrow depth even though soil CO2 and CH4 concentrations increased with depth. Instead, regardless of burrow depth, CO2 and CH4 fluxes were highest (536.7 ± 41.6 and 6.35 ± 0.59 nmol g−1 h−1, respectively) immediately after burrowing activity ceased and within ~ 2 h decreased to a low background level (117.4 ± 17.1 and 0.53 ± 0.26). These background CO2 fluxes persisted through the end of our experiments, but background CH4 fluxes were not detectable after < 1 day, suggesting an important role for methanotrophy. Therefore, crab burrow size had a strong influence on CO2 fluxes, while the rate of burrow excavation was more important for CH4 fluxes. Low to moderate oil concentrations (up to 25.55 mg cm−2) did not alter greenhouse gas fluxes. However, severe oil contamination that decreases fiddler crab abundance and burrowing activity will also indirectly decrease salt marsh greenhouse gas emissions. These findings illuminate the importance of fiddler crab bioturbation to salt marsh carbon cycling and export.
All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes
- Environmental Chemistry
- Water Science and Technology
- Earth-Surface Processes


SPF Clean Air - Emissions for Modelling
The aim of this activity is to develop a modelling tool (or system of tools) able to access and host emissions data, manipulate it and produce modelled emissions with suitable temporal and spatial scales for national to urban outdoor air quality modelling and analysis. In supporting research and policy areas this will need to be flexible enough to: • Include access to and be able to manipulate existing inventories. • Support and demonstrate the addition of new ‘research’ emission data sets. • Meet a range of spatial and temporal scales from urban to national and sub-hourly to multi-year. To address this need, a UK Emissions Modelling System (the UK-EMS) is envisaged.


Click the link below to be taken directly to the National Weather Service’s webpage for Pittsburgh.
Enter your zip code in the top left-hand corner to see the specific weather information for your party.
If winds are over 15mph we ask that you please evacuate all children from the inflatable you are using, turn off the blower to allow the unit to deflate while the strong winds pass.
Once wind speeds drop back below 15mph it is safe to turn the blower back on and resume enjoying the unit.
This is the same, if there is a severe thunderstorm reported within 5 miles of your party location.
We ask that you please evacuate and deflate the unit until the storm passes.
Click below to see the Current Pittsburgh Wind Speed and other relevant weather information:


Typhoon Kong-Rey set to hit South Korea and Japan
News of Typhoon Kong-Rey has been circling for the past few days as media around the world follow its journey towards South Korea and Japan. The storm first hit the Ryukyu Islands with some heavy rainfall and strong winds earlier this week, but as it travels north, experts have predicted that South Korea will bear the brunt of it.
South Korea is expected to be hit hard with winds that are equal in strength to a Category 1 hurricane in the next day. Once the typhoon turns north, Jeju will be in its path, and then it should be travelling across the coastline of South Korean. Predictions have warned that South Korean may experience wind speeds ranging from 62mph to 78mph, at least. Some of the areas that are due to be affected include Yeosu, Busan, Ulsan, and Pohang.
Kong-Rey has been predicted to have several impacts on the areas it visits, including flooding, damaging winds, dangerous seas, and mudslides. There may be flooding on Saturday night throughout South Korea as the storm is due to bring up to 8-inches of rainfall.
As the storm moves towards Japan, the strong weather will have calmed down; bringing only 1-inch of rain to the island nation. It is possible, however, that Kyushu and Shikoku may get up to 4-inches of rain over the weekend.
On Sunday, Kong-Rey will weaken even further as it tracks over Hokkaido. Hokkaido and its residents have already suffered from a recent 5.2-magnitude earthquake recently, but it seems that more flooding and harsh winds are on the way. Forecasters do not know if Kong-Rey will hit Japan’s mainland, but if the storm does make landfall, it will be the 9th tropical storm to do so this year, alone.
The record for typhoons that have reached landfall in a single season is 10, which happened in 2004. Since Japan has been hit by numerous tropical systems, along with the flooding and heat waves, Kong-Rey could also put additional strain on the nation’s disaster recovery budget.
As for travel advice, residents have already started to be evacuated to emergency shelters. Approximately 10,000 homes in Okinawa are without power due to the backlash from the storm, and heavy downpours are affecting parts of Kyushu and Shikoku. Weather officials are warning people to watch out for rain storms, strong winds, high waves, mudslides, and floods.
Airlines have announced the cancellation of more than 100 domestic flights to and from Okinawa, and most ferry services in the region have been suspended. This is just the start of what defences Japan will bring in the face of storm Kong-Rey.
Anyone seeking to travel to South Korea or Japan over the weekend or in the next few coming days is warned to seek advice from their tour operators, accommodation, and airlines. Check that your travel hasn’t been disrupted or cancelled and consider re-booking for a time when the damage has been cleared. For those already in areas affected, heed the advice of local authorities and stay safe.
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LOGS OF 04-12-2013 :
Times in CET !
- DE ZWARTE BISON, 1646kcs, 17.13hrs, SINPO 34243 (Dutch music)
- RADIO ARMADA, 1638kcs, 17.17hrs, SINPO 3434,3-4 ( Dutch music )
- RADIO ACTIVITY, 3905kcs, 17.40hrs, SINPO 34233 ( Dutch music )
- UNID ON 1611kcs, 20.30hrs, SINPO 33333 ( Dutch music )
- UNID ON 1512kcs, 20.36hrs, SINPO 33333 ( Pop oldy )
- LASER HOT HITS, 4026kcs, 22.12hrs, SINPO 34233 ( Pop music )
Extreme Windstorm Xaver Poised to Batter Denmark, The Netherlands, Germany, Poland, Lithuania and Sweden
Figure 1. The European (ECMWF) model run performed at 12Z (7 am EST) on Tuesday, December 2, 2013, valid at 18Z (1 pm EST) Thursday, December 5, 2013, calls for winds in excess of 60 knots (69 mph) to affect the western coast of Denmark. The more recent 0Z Wednesday European model run has winds that are not quite as strong, about 5 mph less.
The predicted surface winds of Xaver will be similar to the ones the Netherlands experienced during the great February 1, 1953 North Sea storm that breached dikes in the Netherlands and England and killed over 2100 people. That storm bottomed out with a central pressure of 964 mb. Wednesday's 0Z European model run bottoms Xaver out at 964 mb, and the 12Z GFS is more intense, at 956 mb. However, the 1953 storm was much slower, and brought sustained winds in excess of 50 knots (57.5 mph) to the North Sea for more than 24 hours, allowing a huge storm surge in excess of 3 meters (10 feet) to pile up. In contrast, "Xaver" is expected to bring 50-knot winds to the North Sea for only about 9 hours, and the storm surge will not be as high as occurred in 1953. The maximum storm surge of Xaver will be in Germany and Denmark, farther to the east than occurred in the 1953 storm. The storm tide will be unusually high, since we are only two days past the new moon. Fortunately, the German coast is well protected by dikes, which are about 8 meters high, some even higher, and these dikes should be able to withstand Xaver's storm surge. The German weather service storm surge forecast made Wednesday morning called for a storm tide of 3 meters above average high tide in Cuxhaven, and 2.75 meters in Bremerhaven, during the high tide cycle early Friday morning.