2022 was a year of essentially two seasons: winter and summer. After day upon day of cold rain in April and May, we had a brief period of springtime before the summer heat arrived. The transition to fall was even more sudden, with a transition from consistent 70-80 degree sun to consistent 55 degree rain happening on October 21.
It was the coldest year since 2013, averaging 0.6 degrees below the recent average, and the temperature dropped below freezing on 77 days – a new record for my weather station going back to 2009. (The lowest was 30 in 2010, although there have been three years with 76.) Hard freezes in mid-April (down to 25.6 on April 15) were bad news for orchards and vineyards, although it did not freeze after April 17 – right around our average last frost date. There were several near-freezes in May – including 34 degrees on May 20 – which combined with incessant rainfall made it impossible to get warm-season crops established on schedule for most farmers.
The late planting gamble paid off, however, as the summer months were warm and dry and summer weather extended well into our typical fall, with rains not arriving in earnest until late October. The first frost didn’t arrive until November 8, oddly after the first snow on November 6, at which point few tender crops were still producing. In keeping with the sudden change of seasons, the first frost was the first of 13 consecutive freezing nights, with the mercury dropping further and further on crisp clear mornings until reaching 18.2ºF on November 19 – the coldest reading of the year.
The coldest temperature of 2021 was 23.5ºF. In 2022 we saw colder temperatures than that on 14 days across four different months – not even including the ice storm before Christmas that bottomed out at 23.8.
The year finished with a succession of extremes. Although the true arctic air stayed to our north, we had nearly a day of rain at 24-30 degrees as a warm Pacific storm overran a stiff northeasterly breeze, depositing around a third of an inch of ice on roads, trees, and roofs. Though the roads were briefly treacherous, it was not enough to damage trees. The warm air finally won the battle on Christmas eve, when it rose from 32 to 53 in a few hours, leading to one of the warmest Christmases on record at 58.5. After 59.1 on Boxing Day, the strongest windstorm in at least the last five years swept through in the wee hours of 27th, causing a fair number of power outages in the area and bringing temperatures back to seasonal levels.
Precipitation for the year totaled 37.65″, just a bit shy of our 40.5″ average. Aside from the incessant rains of April and May, however, much of our usual wet season was not actually wet, with long dry periods interrupted by brief atmospheric rivers. There was no significant rain from Jan. 8 through Feb. 26, from September through Oct. 20, from November 9-26, and for the first three weeks of December. It seems to be a trend in recent years that our rain events are fewer but wetter, a trend that makes for pleasant winter hiking but is not great for infiltration and groundwater recharge.
January started with at atmospheric river and the year’s wettest day (2.04″) on the 3rd, before shifting into an anomalously dry pattern. Clear days near month’s end brought lows around 20 and highs around 50.
February – usually dreary – featured plenty of sunshine, with three days reaching 60+ in the week before Valentine’s Day, starting from frosty mornings. A cold snap from the 23rd-25th brought two mornings below 20 degrees, followed by an overdue return to winter rains on the 27th.
It seems like March is often a cold month, but this year included some warm days with 68 degrees on the 22nd and 26th. This warm early spring would spell trouble for early-opening buds and blossoms.
April averaged colder than March, 4.2 degrees below normal, with more than double the usual precipitation at 6.24″ and rain on 2/3rds of the days. After a single 75-degree day on the 7th, temperatures dropped steadily to a blossom-biting 25.6ºF on the 15th, nipping the primary buds of grapes, figs, and persimmons and reducing pollination of pears and apples. The incessant rains kept pollinators grounded on most days as well. On the other hand, the abundant rainfall finally put an end to our long-running drought and blunted what could otherwise have been a severe fire season.
May continued the cool and wet for the first half of the month, with many days topping out around 60 and a few around 50. Spring finally arrived on the 21st, with a series of beautiful days in the 70s. Rainfall was again nearly twice normal, and farmers on wetter sites could not till their fields until the last week of the month – six weeks later than most years.
The rain would continue in June with measurable precip on 11 of the month’s first 17 days (once again totaling twice normal for the month) and a March-like high of 58 degrees on the 12th. Newly-planted tomatoes and peppers were not happy, and many warm-season crops would run 2-4 weeks behind their usual schedule for the rest of the summer. Summer arrived precisely on the Solstice (21st) with a series of 80 degree days and no more rain. A two-day heat wave brought 97.5ºF on the 26th, bringing faint echoes of the previous year’s unprecedented late-June heat dome.
The first three weeks of July featured beautiful summer days in the 70s and 80s, with lush green vegetation continuing longer and fire season starting later thanks to the abundant June rains. Heat arrived on the 24th, a long series of 90+ degree days topping out at 101.2ºF – the warmest of the year – on the 29th.
August was warm – uncomfortably so at times – with nine days above 90 degrees and a departure of 2.6º above normal making it our largest positive anomaly of the year. That said, most nights dropped into the 50s, allowing homes to cool, and evening sea breezes reliably brought relief after the warmest hours.
September featured no rain whatsoever until the 28th, with a monthly total of 0.28″ registering just 19% of normal. There were plenty of beautiful late-summer days in the 70s and 80s, but smoke finally reached our area as east winds fanned the Cedar Creek Fire into a major conflagration that threatened the town of Oakridge.
October also featured no rain until the 21st, by which point the delayed arrival of the rainy season had tipped us back toward drought status. Seed and bean farmers reveled in the continuing sunshine, bringing in late-planted crops with no trouble. A high of 89 degrees on the 15th had us wondering what month it was exactly, but we were reminded soon enough as rain and November-like temperatures arrived on the 21st.
November managed to reach average rainfall despite a dry and cold spell from the 8th to the 21st. The 6th provided a surprise as cold heavy rain turned to snow, briefly accumulating around an inch before slowly melting. An infusion of dry air on northeast winds allowed temperatures to drop off steeply at night in the following days, avoiding the persistent fog that often accompanies high pressure at this time of year. The many nights in the upper teens and low 20s made for difficult germinating conditions for late-planted cover crops and caused some damage to radicchio heads. The monthly average temperature of 38.8 degrees was 6.5º below normal and also our coldest month of the year – perhaps the first time I have seen that award go to November. It felt much more like winter than fall, although the frosty mornings did warm to 50 degrees in the afternoons.
December failed to provide much precip for the first three weeks, and ended up about 25% shy of average despite the deluge at the end. The 13th-17th brought a return to crisp 20-degree nights and sunny days, before the winter Solstice ushered in a period of dynamic weather that would bring freezing rain at 24 degrees, a sudden warm-up to a near-record 58.5 on Christmas, and then a major windstorm on the 27th. The last few days were seasonally rainy, a trend that continued into the early days of 2023 as the storm track moved south into California.
What will 2023 bring us? We shall see…


What exactly is standing behind that lately very famous statement?
As you can see on the illustration above, global warming (in modern culture meaning) is raise of temperature under the earth’s atmosphere, the main cause of it is the emission of gasses such as:
- Water vapor. The most abundant greenhouse gas, but importantly, it acts as a feedback to the climate. Water vapor increases as the Earth’s atmosphere warms, but so does the possibility of clouds and precipitation, making these some of the most important feedback mechanisms to the greenhouse effect.
- Carbon dioxide (CO2). A minor but very important component of the atmosphere, carbon dioxide is released through natural processes such as respiration and volcano eruptions and through human activities such as deforestation, land use changes, and burning fossil fuels. Humans have increased atmospheric CO2 concentration by a third since the Industrial Revolution began. This is the most important long-lived “forcing” of climate change.
- Methane. A hydrocarbon gas produced both through natural sources and human activities, including the decomposition of wastes in landfills, agriculture, and especially rice cultivation, as well as ruminant digestion and manure management associated with domestic livestock. On a molecule-for-molecule basis, methane is a far more active greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide, but also one which is much less abundant in the atmosphere.
- Nitrous oxide. A powerful greenhouse gas produced by soil cultivation practices, especially the use of commercial and organic fertilizers, fossil fuel combustion, nitric acid production, and biomass burning.
- Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). Synthetic compounds of entirely of industrial origin used in a number of applications, but now largely regulated in production and release to the atmosphere by international agreement for their ability to contribute to destruction of the ozone layer. They are also greenhouse gases.
Those gasses make’s it harder for the solar radiation to leave our atmosphere, as they stay in they are heating up everything underneath atmosphere barrier. Most of energy exact of 93.4% is going to ocean’s while rest 2,3% stays in atmosphere, 2,1% heats up continents surface, 0,9% is directed to glacier’s and ice cap’s, 0,8% is smelting arctic sea ice, 0.2% smelt’s ice sheet of greenland and finally 0,2 % is directed to antarctic ice sheet.
On courtesy of our beloved wikipedia I’ll show you two graph’s that on first sight seems to say it all on what’s causing global warming.
As I said it seem’s like those two graph’s say it all, well it kinda does it for ecologists which have their main argument in there, Well it kinda does not for people that google the topic, but Ill write about it later in this article.
There are other factor’s that come in to play when we say about raising temperature on earth’s surface.
- Volcanic activity. During major explosive eruptions huge amounts of volcanic gas, aerosol droplets, and ash are injected into the stratosphere. Injected ash falls rapidly from the stratosphere — most of it is removed within several days to weeks — and has little impact on climate change. But volcanic gases like sulfur dioxide can cause global cooling, while volcanic carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, has the potential to promote global warming.
- El Niño and La Niña El Niño means The Little Boy, or Christ Child in Spanish. El Niño was originally recognized by fishermen off the coast of South America in the 1600s, with the appearance of unusually warm water in the Pacific Ocean. The name was chosen based on the time of year (around December) during which these warm waters events tended to occur.The term El Niño refers to the large-scale ocean-atmosphere climate interaction linked to a periodic warming in sea surface temperatures across the central and east-central Equatorial Pacific.Typical El Niño effects are likely to develop over North America during the upcoming winter season. Those include warmer-than-average temperatures over western and central Canada, and over the western and northern United States. Wetter-than-average conditions are likely over portions of the U.S. Gulf Coast and Florida, while drier-than-average conditions can be expected in the Ohio Valley and the Pacific Northwest.
La Niña means The Little Girl in Spanish. La Niña is also sometimes called El Viejo, anti-El Niño, or simply “a cold event.“
La Niña episodes represent periods of below-average sea surface temperatures across the east-central Equatorial Pacific. Global climate La Niña impacts tend to be opposite those of El Niño impacts. In the tropics, ocean temperature variations in La Niña also tend to be opposite those of El Niño.
During a La Niña year,
- Ozone hole is an annual thinning of the ozone layer over Antarctica, caused by stratospheric chlorine, Other more moderate thinnings have also been called “ozone holes”, such as that over the North Pole during certain weather conditions.
The discovery of the annual depletion of ozone above the Antarctic was first announced in a paper by Joe Farman, Brian Gardiner and Jonathan Shanklin which appeared in Nature in May 1985
The most pronounced decrease in ozone has been in the lower stratosphere. However, the ozone hole is most usually measured not in terms of ozone concentrations at these levels (which are typically of a few parts per million) but by reduction in the totalcolumn ozone, above a point on the earth’s surface, which is normally expressed in Dobson units. Marked decreases in column ozone in the Antarctic spring and early summer compared to the early 1970s and before have been observed using instruments such as the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS).
In 2012, it has been reported that the ozone hole had decreased to the smallest size since 2002
There is unknown to the most fact that NASA space shuttle’s and other missile launches over the barrier of atmosphere are causing additional hole’s in it due to physically puncturing it’s layer.
Up to this point I was speaking like your usual ecologist that you listen to in media, but let’s face other side of the medal.
I did just highlight with blue color the age of World War II and what happened afterwards. Let’s think, war mean’s a lot of effort in industry work’s to provide for the army so you can win a conflict. Work’s both side’s so we have half of modern day countries increasing their effort in production which mean’s a lot of CO2 being delivered to earth’s atmosphere.
Why then there is decrease in global temperature? If we think the way of casual ecologist’s there should be raise of temperature due to a lot of dioxide being present underneath the ozone layer. It should give us a lot to think about all those people in media and politics arguing about global warming.
I will provide couple fact’s not every one is familiar with:
- Solar cycle is the periodic change in the Sun’s activity (including changes in the levels of solar radiation and ejection of solar material) and appearance (visible in changes in the number of sunspots, flares, and other visible manifestations). Solar cycles have an average duration of about 11 years. They have been observed (by changes in the sun’s appearance and by changes seen on Earth, such as auroras) for hundreds of years.
Solar variation causes changes in space weather, weather, and climate on Earth. It causes a periodic change in the amount of irradiation from the Sun that is experienced on Earth.
Here I provide you with graph showing solar cycle’s through out last 300 year’s ( Imagine there has been a lot of cycle’s since begging of earth, and they varied a lot if we take as fact the age of our galaxy. ). Our documentary is less than 300 years old on that topic and speaking word’s like
” In next 50 years 50% of specie’s will extinct…”
-Years of Living Dangerously
is very controversial to people that are actually interested in the topic ( it sounds very convincing when you tell it to person that normal day is contributed to work and raising children while worrying about economy of modern day life. )
Just to show you an example, I marked the time of World War II and what came afterward’s. Let’s reason, when you’re at war you focus on winning the war. Winning the war mean’s having bigger military argument, bigger military argument mean’s you can provide the army as large as you need to win the war.
Providing for army is basicly putting a lot of effort into industry to raise your military level and everything that goes around proper working of and force to be reckon with in modern world. Communication, providing supplies for men. and so on…
It all comes down to increasing the industrial production, yes you guessed it! Raise of industrial production is increase of CO2 emission due to the fact that in mid 19’s coal was almost 100% power supply for factories.
Look at the marker that’s colored in blue, the temperature drops! ( Hope this bring’s you new light on CO2 emission topic.)
- Milankovitch’s theory describes the collective effects of changes in the Earth’s movements upon its climate, named after Serbian geophysicist and astronomer Milutin Milanković, who worked on it during his internment as a First World War prisoner of war (POW). Milanković mathematically theorized that variations in eccentricity, axial tilt, and precession of the Earth’s orbit determined climatic patterns on Earth through orbital forcing. The Earth’s axis completes one full cycle of precession approximately every 26,000 years. At the same time the elliptical orbit rotates more slowly. The combined effect of the two precessions leads to a 21,000-year period between the astronomical seasons and the orbit. In addition, the angle between Earth’s rotational axis and the normal to the plane of its orbit (obliquity) oscillates between 22.1 and 24.5 degrees on a 41,000-year cycle. It is currently 23.44 degrees and decreasing.
Malkovitch’s theory state’s that every 50 thousands year’s we are affected by major glacial age, just to show you the effect on next 100 year’s the drop of the temperature will be higher than expected raise of it by global warming, so assuming we keep on the CO2 emission we will still maintain around temperature we live in or infact it will be lower than it actually is.
For those of you that don’t know what precession is :
– love you wikipedia
There are various treaties and protocols that talk about global warming and include plan’s to decrease emission’s etc. My personal opinion is that those type of treaties are respected by countries that are not big on global stage of industrial production, for example Kyoto protocol (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol) North America and Russia not participating in it make’s it pointless if you count their industry production compared to rest of world.
If you’re thinking about global warming clearly now after this text, then its my success that you wont look into TV with zombie logic when they will show another “PRO” ecology show, since in modern world we all know everything comes and goes around money and politics. I will continue on that topic in my later articles.
To sum up, at the end of the day everyone believe’s in what he think is right. My point was to make it clear that when it comes to global warming not everything is so simple as they show it in media
Hope you guys like what I had to say and will continue to read my thought’s.
Stay green, but not too green.


2022 Pest Alert #1 Snow Molds — Hello March, How Did Winter Go?, and Where are the Pesky Snow Molds?
Mild Winter Weather? Weather Summary Report for Chicago Area reporting by, Shehbaz Singh, MS
Winter (2021–22) in Chicago, Illinois was pretty mild versus the usual weather pattern for this area.
December. The highest temperature recorded was about 66°F in the month of December while, the lowest temperature recorded was -7° F in the month of January. Overall, the temperature in December ranged from 13 to 66° F which was higher than the normal temperature range for this month over Chicago area.
January. The temperatures in January were lower than the normal temperature range for this month.
February. The temperatures in February were quite similar to normal trends but in general towards its higher end. Significantly, temperatures during February, 2022 were much higher than last year.
Snowfall 2022 vs 2021. The snow accumulation this winter was about 30 inches. This was quite lower than the accumulation of about 45 inches last year. Most heavy snowfall occurs during January to mid-February.
Where are the Pesky Snow Molds? reporting by Derek Settle, PhD
We got a little. Pink snow mold (Microdochium nivale), also known as Microdochium patch and formerly as Fusarium patch, is the main snow mold that we see in the Chicago area. You see, it thrives under conditions of intermittent snow cover. That sounds like winter 2021–22 doesn’t it? A little further to the north, in say Wisconsin, it’s a whole different story where snow molds are PROBLEMATIC. I like that word. Anyhow, it means golf course superintendents in the U.S. that are closer to Canada have to be on their toes with fungicide programs. Because there are multiple snow molds, preventative programs applied in the fall must be designed with broad-spectrum ability. Otherwise some ugly turfgrass will appear about March. Speed of recovery will vary each year. It can be rapid or slow (depending on weather conditions). In a cool spring, damage via snow molds can be long-lasting. What will spring 2022 be like?
Research. Some of the best snow mold research in the country is conducted just to our north at the University of Wisconsin by Dr. Paul Koch et al. Check it out. https://tdl.wisc.edu/2020-2021-snow-mold-fungicide-research-reports/
Diagnostics. As we come out of the current 2021–22 winter in Chicago we are not seeing a lot of damage by snow molds and that just makes sense. We just didn’t get the long periods of snow cover required for things like gray snow mold/speckled snow mold or Typhula spp. (80+ days is necessary for development).
Fungicide Recommendations. Click on link below. For pink snow mold/Microdochium patch see page 18. For gray snow mold/speckled snow mold see page 20. http://www2.ca.uky.edu/agcomm/pubs/ppa/ppa1/ppa1.PDF


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After the week in late June when the lower mainland suffered some of the worst, hottest summer weather in recent memory, I swore I would never complain about the rain again. There was hardly a drop of rain all summer.
When the monsoon season finally returned (it always does) with the associated never ending days of gloomy grey, the tendency to want to complain about it rose again.
This past weekend was a welcome break, with sun as far as the eye could see both Saturday and Sunday. I did what I could to recharge, as the gloom is going to descend again.


Ultimo NSW, AUS/Oakland, CA USA
The Australian Climate Justice Program and US-based Earthjustice have petitioned UNESCO’s World Heritage Committee to take action to protect some of the world’s most unique and treasured places from the global warming impacts of black carbon pollution. Black carbon is a key cause of global warming and of snow and ice melting, particularly in the Arctic and in mountainous areas. Glacier loss and the resulting sea level rise threaten many places included on the World Heritage List, sites recognized as exhibiting outstanding natural and cultural values. Immediate action is necessary to protect many World Heritage sites including Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park on the U.S./Canada border, the Ilulissat Icefjord in Greenland, and Sagarmatha National Park in Nepal, where Mount Everest is located.
Recent scientific studies have found black carbon — a component of soot that comes from the burning of fossil fuels and plant materials — to be a key cause of climate change. Black carbon has a strong warming effect both in the atmosphere, and when it lands on snow, ice caps and glaciers, where it absorbs the sun’s heat, reduces reflectivity and causes widespread and faster melting, causing sea level rise and other climate changes.
Because black carbon remains in the atmosphere for only a few days — unlike other greenhouse gases, which may remain in the atmosphere for over a century — reducing black carbon emissions may be among the most effective near-term strategies for slowing global warming and avoiding some of the most imminent climate change tipping points. Yet the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change does not address the contribution of this important global warming pollutant.
The petition urges the World Heritage Committee to step into the breach to preserve World Heritage sites until the long-term effects of the UNFCCC process can be realized. The petition requests the Committee to place climate-threatened sites on the “List of World Heritage in Danger,” to advance research and mitigation strategies to reduce black carbon, and to encourage the UNFCCC and governments to take action to reduce the threat posed by black carbon.
“With immediate action, the World Heritage Committee can assist States Parties to reduce emissions of this pollutant and slow the rate of glacial melt and resulting sea level rise that threaten World Heritage sites such as the Great Barrier Reef and Kakadu National Park,” said Keely Boom of the Australian Climate Justice Program.
“Because black carbon has an atmospheric lifetime of only days or weeks, reducing emissions could have an immediate effect to slow global warming in the near term,” said Jessica Lawrence of Earthjustice.
Black Carbon: A Powerful Global Warming Pollutant
Black carbon is released into the atmosphere during the inefficient burning of fossil fuels, biofuels, and biomass. It is often transported long distances by air currents. Because the dark-colored particles absorb sunlight, black carbon warms the top of the atmosphere. When deposited on ice and snow, it reduces the albedo, or reflectivity, of these surfaces, and increases the rate of melting. As these surfaces melt, the darker water or land exposed below absorbs more incoming sunlight, causing additional warming. Black carbon is considered to be the second most powerful contributor to global warming after carbon dioxide.
Unlike CO2 and other greenhouse gases that contribute to global warming for decades or centuries once in the atmosphere, black carbon is a short-lived forcer, remaining in the atmosphere for days to weeks. Because of this, reducing black carbon emissions can be an effective rapid response to slow warming in the near term, protecting arctic and montane glaciers as well as snow pack and permafrost, and buying critical time to realize reduction in long-lived greenhouse gases like CO2. Black carbon emissions can be sharply reduced with existing technologies, for example by improving the efficiency of fuel combustion; switching to less polluting fuels in ships, locomotives and aircraft; installing particle traps on diesel vehicles, generators, and smokestacks of power plants and industrial facilities; controlling agricultural residue burning; and providing alternatives such as charcoal briquettes and more efficient stoves to reduce the use of raw coal, wood and dung fuels for cooking and residential heating.
Read the petition (PDF)


Late summer usually means hot, dry weather in Arkansas, but according to National Weather Service meteorologist Dan Cook, predictions for the middle of this month include highs in the 80s and the poential for heavy rain, "which is a little bit unusual." While rainfall is helping the state avoid wildfires, it's a mixed bag for agriculture industry.
Cook says typically, "a lot of these fronts kind of stall and wash out farther to the north, and this particular year, we’re getting more of these down here. And they're kind of being a focal point for rainfall. And right now, we're about 7.5 inches above normal in our rainfall for the year."
Shane Gadberry, a ruminant nutrition professor in the University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture, said the heavy rains in February and August, paired with a very dry June and July, weren't optimal for growing the crops used to feed the state's livestock.
"The hay crop reports I’ve gotten have been anywhere from 50 percent of what's normally expected for production, to as much as two-thirds of a reduction in normal hay production," said Gadberry.
Ranchers are trying to adjust to the unusual rains by planting grasses that respond better to the cooler temperatures expected in the fall, such as rye.
Jarrod Hardke, a rice agronomist with the University of Arkansas, says brief periods of intense rain aren't the most helpful for the state's major row crops either.
"When you get some pretty heavy rainfall that's unexpected, usually rice handles it the best. If you get a lot of flooding on the bottom end of soybean and corn fields, you can cause crop injury. They like water, but they definitely don't like to have too much, and a little goes a long way with those crops, so those are the ones to be more concerned about," Hardke said.
Rain is in the forecast for Arkansas through next week, which experts say may delay the first harvests of the state's rice crops.


Temperature is the measure of how hot or cold the air is. It is commonly measured in Celsius or Fahrenheit. Temperature is very important for studying the weather.
Temperature may be affected by several things, including sunshine, ocean currents, and location.
The amount of sunshine at a certain place can change its temperature. The amount of sunshine a place has can be measured in "sunshine hours". That is worked out by the number of hours of daylight and how many of these are cloud-free.
The hottest temperatures on Earth are found near the equator. This is because the sun shines directly on it for more hours during the year than anywhere else. As you move further away from the equator towards the poles, there is less sunlight during the year and the temperature becomes colder.
Altitude is the height you are above sea level. The higher up you are, the lower the temperature will be. This is because air that is higher up is less dense than it is at lower altitudes and air temperature depends on its density. Usually, for every 1,000 meters higher you go the temperature will drop by 6.5° C.
Sea temperature changes slower than air temperature. If the temperature on land drops then the area next to the sea will be kept warmer for longer than areas inland. Because of this, islands have a less dramatic climate than continents. Different seas have different temperatures, allowing one side of an island to be a different temperature to the other side.


The EU emits almost 4.5 billion tonnes of CO2 equivalent per year. This amount will need to be drastically reduced to transform the EU into a net-zero emitting economy, and one of the solutions involves the capture and storage or utilisation of CO2.
By capturing and storing CO2 underground, its accumulation in the atmosphere is avoided, and so are the resulting effects on climate. This process is known as Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS).
Alternatively, the captured CO2 can also be employed in processes and products. This is known as Carbon Capture and Utilisation (CCU), and it helps to abate fossil fuel CO2 emissions temporarily or permanently, depending on their specific final use. By capturing carbon emissions or taking carbon out of the atmosphere, these two technologies help to achieve our EU common goal of carbon neutrality. If we are serious about reaching this goal we must include both CCU and CCS (CCUS together).
For this reason, CCUS needs to be part of EU long term strategy. The capture of CO2 can essentially take place in two ways, namely (i) straight from flue gas of industries such as steelmaking, which we will refer to as Point Source Capture or (ii) from the atmosphere, a process known as Direct Air Capture (DAC).
Read more in the position paper: eteurope.eu/position-papers/


Selected parameters TYPE Weather station HOUSING Wall mounting POWER SUPPLY 12...40 V DC (12...28 V AC) Others TYPE Weather station HOUSING Wall mounting POWER SUPPLY 12...40 V DC (12...28 V AC) MAIN CHARACTERISTICS Weather station with GPS on board
Smart Dupline® Weather Station Type SHOWEAGPS • Brightness measurement with three separate sensors for east, south and west. Recognition of twi- light/dawn with special filters • Wind measurement: the wind strength measurement takes place electronically and thus noiselessly and reliably, even during hail, snow and sub-zerotempera- tures. Even turbulent air and anabatic winds in the vicinity of the weather station are recorded • Temperature measurement • Heated precipitation sensor (1.2 watts): no false reports as a result of fog or dew. Dries quicklyafter precipitation has stopped • Integrated GPS receiver.Position (degree of longitude and latitude) and position of the sun (azimuth, eleva- tion) Product Description Ordering Key SH O WEA GPS The SHOWEAGPS Weather Station measures tempera- ture, wind speed and bright- ness (eastern, southern and western sun) and recognizes precipitation. Thedirection of the sun (azimuth) as well as its height (elevation) are calcu- lated and indicated, too. Data are usually output after a request made by the Mod- bus master via a 2-wire RS485 connection. smart-house Outdoor Weather station GPS receiver Type Selection Mounting Colour12 to 40 VDC (12 to 28 VAC) On wallWhiteSHOWEAGPS Input Specifications Temperature Heating rain sensorApprox. 1.2 W Measurement range -40 to +80°C Resolution0.1°C Accuracy ±1.5°C at -25 to +80°C Wind Measurement range 0 to 35 m/s Resolution0.1 m/s Accuracy At ambient temperature -20 to +50°C: ±22% of the measurement value when incident flow is from 45 to 315° ±15% of the measurement value when incident flow is from 90 to 270° (Frontal incident flow corre- sponds to 180°) Brightness Measurement range 0 to 99 000 lux Resolution1 lux at 0 to 120 lux 2 lux at 121 to 1 046 lux 63 lux at 1 047 to 52 363 lux 423 lux at 52 364 to 99 000 lux Accuracy ±35% Bus Specifications Data outputRS485 2-wire Protocol Modbus RTU Supply Specifications Operating voltage 12 to 40 V DC (12 to 28 V AC) Current Max. 80 mA, residual ripple 10% Specifications are subject to change without notice (18.12.13) 1
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As warnings on high levels of air pollution are headline news, UNISON head of health and safety Tracey Harding is urging employers not to forget about those people who work outside.
According to experts, local air pollution and dust carried on the wind from the Sahara have combined to damage air quality across increasing areas of the UK and likely to be experienced for the rest of the week.
This pollution poses health risks, especially for the elderly or those with pre-existing respiratory illnesses, who have been advised to avoid strenuous exercise outside.
UNISON believes that this advice applies equally to workers who are older or those who have respiratory illnesses, and is asking employers to take a sensible approach toward any staff who may be asked to undertake strenuous work outside.
This may include finding alternative work indoors or working at a slower pace – a risk assessment should identify appropriate measures.
And as the weather improves, employers should also begin considering their outdoor workers as it gets hotter and the sun stronger, to avoid the risks of heat stroke, sun burn and more serious long-term ill-health problems such as skin cancer.


Sunspot AR2158 unleashed an X1.6 class solar flare today. The pic above was created from four separate photogenic frames at different times from the video below and look at the area around sunspot AR2158. Earth is used as a scale. The pic looks at the sun in the 304, 171, 131, and 335 Angstrom wavelengths of light.
— Observing Space (@ObservingSpace) September 10, 2014
Here’s a video of a coronal mass ejection (CME) that the sun unleashed right after the X class solar flare.
— Observing Space (@ObservingSpace) September 11, 2014
Here’s a composite image of the sun just before the X class solar flare reached its maximum intensity level.
Photo credits: NASA/SDO


New WHO guidelines on air quality
Article by Democracy Partner Nordfab Ducting / Nederman
Since the WHO’s most recent global update in 2005, there has been a notable increase in the evidence showing how air pollution impacts people’s health. Data shows that nearly all of the global population (99%) is breathing air that exceeds the WHO Air Quality Guidelines, with low-income countries being worst affected. For this reason, and after a systematic review of the collective evidence, the WHO halved its guideline limits on air pollution in its latest report on air quality, which was presented in the autumn of 2021. Today, the WHO regards air pollution as one of the largest environmental threats to people’s health, alongside climate change. At the same time, these two aspects are connected. The improvement of air quality mitigates climate change, and recued emissions of greenhouse gases lead to better air quality.
The clean air company
It is becoming increasingly apparent to people that clean air is not something that we can take for granted. Some of the most hazardous air pollution on people’s health are those that are not visible or noticeable, particles so small that they can easily enter the bloodstream and lungs, with the risk of serious consequences for the people affected.
Nederman is striving for a sustainable future in several ways. At the end of 2021, the Nederman Sustainability Fund was launched, which will contribute to even more sustainability-focused investments in the group. At Nederman we all participate in the effort to shape the future for clean air. What we offer, sustainable solutions for clean and safe air in industrial environments, is becoming increasingly important for growing numbers of customers and industries across the globe.
The fight for clean air
As a leading environmental technology company in industrial air filtration, Nederman develops products, solutions and a range of services that protect people, planet and production from the harmful effects of industrial processes. We are always looking for talented employees who are driven to find new and sustainable solutions. Do you want to be part of our journey to shape the future for clean air? Contact us at www.nedermangroup.com for more information.


Our 2nd race from Hawks Nest sees a chance of rain. A decision will be made Friday morning as to whether we will race or not. Watch this space! *********** I have been advised that the Crawley and Furze Sale on the Central Coast has been postponed till the 4th July for those interested. ********** RACE POSTPONED TO NEXT WEEK
Thursday 17th June 2021 9:24PM
It has been decided to postpone this weekends race due to the forecast weather conditions. There might have been a chance to miss some rain with an early liberation, but it's best if we save our champions for another day. Hopefully we can have this race next week.
FORECAST - HAWKS NEST - Saturday - 43km/h W winds at 9am, and a 90% chance of 10 to 20mm of rain.******* MID NORTH COAST - Saturday Partly cloudy. Medium chance of showers in the S, most likely in the afternoon and evening. Near zero chance of rain elsewhere. Snow possible above 1500 metres. Winds W 20 to 30 km/h turning SW 25 to 35 km/h during the day.


Author : Prof. Dr. Abdul Haleem A.AL-Muhyi, Assis.
Basra studies journal,
Volume 20, Issue 1994, Pages 1-24
The strength of the interaction between the elements of weather and climate, and sea water surfaces or shallow water surfaces constitutes naval and air phenomena constitute. The water of Shatt al-Arab, like the water in the seas and oceans affected qualitatively and quantitatively by the elements of weather and climate. Wind plays a large role in the rise of water surface , generation of waves, increase the amount of evaporation, generation of sea currents, change the concentration of salt in sea water in addition to other effects of weather elements on water. Therefore, in our work we studied some phenomena , including the amount of water evaporation, speed of the current, wave heights , wave energy and the concentration of salts. Results show that the elements of weather and climate have a clear impact on the water of Shatt al-Arab


207,50€ excl. taxes 249,00€ incl. taxes
The air quality kit includes all the elements to carry out numerous measurements concerning air quality. Read more
The air quality kit includes all the elements to carry out numerous measurements concerning air quality. These measurements can be compared to those of your Approved Air Quality Monitoring Association!
You will be able to measure the temperature and the humidity of the air but also the volatile organic compounds and the content of CO, CH4 and NO2. You will also be able to quantify fine suspended particles of sizes PM 10, 2.5 and 1.
The resources of this kit are produced in partnership with the Sorbonne University and the AirLiquide Foundation


TINKER AIR FORCE BASE, Okla. -- To say it struck like a bolt from the blue would mean you saw it coming; no one did. No sirens in the area heralded its wake. Its appearance was so abrupt, base meteorologists said there was no time for on-base warnings to go out.
At approximately 8:30 a.m. on Oct. 9, an F-1 tornado touched down near the intersection of S.E. 29th and Air Depot in Midwest City. Personnel here would recognize the proximity of that intersection to the main gate of their installation. Fortunately, there were no reports of injuries following the tornado. But what about next time? And how would things be different if a tornado were to strike on a drill weekend?
While an F-1 tornado is classified by the National Weather Service as producing wind speeds in the range of 86 to 110 miles per hour, the property damage inflicted within the base perimeter included cars, vans and heavy dumpsters being overturned and tree branches brought down. A pedestrian walking outside might not have been as fortunate, nor a base employee sitting in front of a window as debris is cast about in the wake of the whirlwind.
“The Oct. 9 weather system caught everyone by surprise,” said Col. Laurie A. Dickson, 513th Air Control Group commander. “The Oct. 9 tornado, while brief, was a reminder for all of us to remain alert for weather conditions that could impact our lives as well as our mission, and seek shelter accordingly.”
Capt. John P. Martin, 72nd Air Base Wing Weather Flight commander here at Tinker, described the Oct. 9 tornadoes were the products of what meteorologists call a Quasi-Linear Convective System. More often called a “squall line,” QLCs usually manifest in Spring when the atmosphere is at its most dynamic. When the squall line bows out, or bulges, straight-line wind damage can occur. But the sharper the curve of the bow, the more likely a transient tornado will manifest – the same type of tornado the Tinker community saw Oct. 9.
“The Oct. 9 tornado was only on the ground for two minutes and traveled 200 yards. Transient tornadoes are weaker and shorter-lived on average than tornadoes created by supercell thunderstorms, but can manifest year-round,” said Martin. “Cold weather fronts – as opposed to summer temperatures or hurricane after-effects – can also cause these transient tornadoes can literally drop out of the sky with little warning. And that means the threat exists year-round.”
Key to any tornado response is a means of getting the message out to all personnel affected to immediately seek shelter. The 72nd Weather Flight forecasts weather conditions for all assets at Tinker AFB. They use a system called the Joint Environmental Toolkit, or JET, for weather forecast generation, meteorological watch and observation management. With this system, up to 3,000 users can simultaneously view necessary weather data – from Joint Operations Centers, to individual maintainers on the flight line, to physical fitness test managers at a base fitness center.
Like other base organizations, leadership of the 513th ACG and the 507th Air Refueling Wing both are notified by phone and e-mail of dangerous weather conditions when they develop. Martin said that traditional Air Force reservists can register their cell phones with the Tinker At Hoc system – the purple globe at the bottom of their work computer screens – to receive weather notifications. This alert capability can be invaluable for maintainers who work on the flightline and would otherwise be unaware of deteriorating weather conditions, Martin added.
“For our reserve AWACS maintainers at Tinker, we have multiple designated tornado shelters throughout the 552nd Air Control Wing’s Maintenance Group complex,” said Lt. Col. Mark A. Vardaro, 513th Aircraft Maintenance Squadron commander. “In light of the cold weather tornado earlier this week and our concerns for the safety of our Airmen, we’ll be reminding them of dangerous weather procedures during the October drill weekend.”
Vardaro said, on a normal day, part of the morning maintenance meetings includes a briefing on the weather forecast and how to handle safety-related items. When weather threatens, Team AWACS leadership will also disseminate weather updates on e-mails, phones (voice and text), radio communications and person-to-person notifications. All 513th ACG maintainers will be encouraged to register their cell phones with At Hoc so that they can receive notifications, even when on the flightline, in the event of future sudden weather changes.
For the reserve Airmen assigned to the 513th ACG’s new headquarters and operations facility, Bldg. 461, their designated tornado shelter area is the auditorium on the ground floor of their building. The American Red Cross also offers a free tornado app that Airmen and their families can to stay alert in their own off-base neighborhoods.
“Whether here on base or at home with your families, I encourage everyone to practice sheltering procedures and remain alert,” said Dickson. “All of you are appreciated members of the Air Force Reserve’s AWACS community and we want each of you and your families to be safe when severe weather strikes.”


Celebrate the World Ozone Day, 16th September 2017 with the National Environment Agency.
The International Day for the Preservation of the Ozone Layer!
This special day held on 16th September marks the day back in 1987 when the Montreal Protocol was signed.
World Ozone Day has been celebrated since 1994 and was established by the United Nations General Assembly. The day is mainly intended to spread awareness on the depletion of the Ozone Layer and search for solutions to preserve it.


Billowing black clouds left residents of a town in Peru alarmed that the end of the world was nigh.
Locals videoed the dark black sky and spoke of their fears that Judgment Day was upon them.
The weather phenomenon was spotted in the town of Chiclayo in Peru where locals got out their smartphones to record the gigantic black cloud.
One, named Manuel Cornejo, said: "Strange things are more to be seen in the sky, as the Bible shows. The day is coming" while another, named Rosemary begged: "Please Lord have mercy on us."
The footage was posted online and has since gone viral, showing a light grey cloud which then gets darker and darker as the cameraman pans around the sky.
A thick black cloud then comes into view and takes over the entire screen.
Many parts of Peru have been affected by heavy floods due to rainfall and strong winds.
After the clouds were filmed, the area reportedly had 11 hours of rain.
Meteorologists say the phenomenon is very common, the cloud formations are named cumulonimbus and come from high altitudes.


Meteor showers are some of the most impressive celestial events that can be seen with the naked eye, and the Perseid meteor shower is one of the best known and most reliable. If watching a meteor shower is on your bucket list, you’ll be hard-pressed to find a better show than on August 13, the Perseid 2016 peak.
The shower gains its name from the constellation Perseus in the northeast sky, which is where the meteors appear to emanate. But the actual origin of the meteors is Comet Swift-Tuttle. This comet was first officially discovered in 1862 when it passed by Earth, though there is evidence that some ancient civilizations witnessed it centuries before.
Swift-Tuttle completes an orbit through the solar system every 133 years or so, last passing us by in 1992 before heading back to the outer regions of our solar system. Astronomers predict this periodic comet will next cruise past our planet in 2126.
As the 16-mile-wide comet travels through space and close to the sun, parts of it break off and chunks of ice begin to melt, leaving debris in its wake that make up the comet’s tail. When Earth’s orbit passes through the tail, the dirt, rock and ice left behind enter our atmosphere and burn up, showering the night with momentary bright yet benign streaks across the sky year after year.
Although Swift-Tuttle doesn’t repeat its path every year, its return orbit every 133 years adds to the Perseid Cloud of debris with each pass. The cloud remains suspended in space until the annual Earth collision between mid-July and mid-August. Because Earth’s orbit is consistent and nothing causes the tail to move in the vacuum of space, the meteor shower is predictable and reliable.
The number of meteors depends on the concentration of debris in the area of the tail through which the Earth passes. Even in years when Perseid has fewer meteors than normal, it still delivers one of the best shows of the year, showering at least one meteor per minute and sometimes as many as 100 per hour.
The 2016 shower will be particularly impressive, with some sources predicting outbursts of up to 200 meteors in a single hour. The peak of the shower will be between August 11 and August 13, and you can best see it during the early morning hours up to predawn light. You don’t need any special equipment. Just look up.


Climate measurement network
Climate is an important driver of the dynamics of our ecosystems. It is an expression of long-term weather patterns over at least 30 years and is highly variable in space and time in the high mountains. The research infrastructure of the National Park enables the analysis of climate and its effects over long periods of time. For this purpose, the national park operates a dense network of measuring stations, which makes it the reference area for climate research in the high mountains.
Automatic climate station at Hinterberghorn
The measuring network of fully automatic stations was established in 2005 in close cooperation with the Bavarian Avalanche Warning Service and the German Weather Service. It emerged from a network of mechanical measuring stations that had been operated since the founding of the national park.
The current station network has a high spatial and temporal resolution: It currently comprises 15 sites at altitudes ranging from 800 to 2,700 m above sea level. The measurement interval is 10 minutes. The measured values land in the database of the national park via mobile radio almost in real time. The high timeliness of the data is particularly interesting for the forecasts of the Bavarian warning services for avalanches and floods.
Maintenance of the automatic climate station at the Watzmannhaus
Not every station measures every parameter. Air temperature and humidity are always included, usually also wind strength and wind direction. Global radiation and back radiation provide information about the energy flow. Precipitation is only measured where the input is as unaffected as possible by the environment. The snow depth is recorded with an ultrasonic sensor. At two locations, snow scales additionally determine the weight of the snow cover. The Kühroint station has the largest variety of measuring sensors. It is operated jointly with the Bavarian Avalanche Warning Service.
Installation of a snow scale at the automatic climate station in the rutting mountain depth
The stations are maintained on 1-2 days per year, at stations in extreme locations by helicopter. Measurement failures are consciously accepted there, should they occur outside the maintenance possibilities. Regardless of occasional gaps, the data density increases with each additional measurement year, even in these remote areas.
The fully automated climate measurement network is spatially complemented by the partially automated stations of the German Weather Service. The historical data from the former mechanical climate stations of both measuring networks still contain great research potential. Since both the Bavarian Avalanche Warning Service and the German Meteorological Service operate sites outside the national park, it is also possible to embed them in the supraregional climate events.
In the network of forest climate stations operated by the Bavarian State Institute for Forests and Forestry, the National Park has been represented by a high mountain site for over 25 years. In addition to the weather, parameters on forest growth and soil are also collected here.
Leitung AG Datenmanagement, Geodateninfrastruktur (GDI-NPB), fachübergreifende Integration von Anwendungen-Daten-Schnittstellen, Klimamessnetz


Weather Forecast Lima Peru
Climate for Lima
|Average Weather in Lima for November|
|Partly Cloudy||2 Days|
|Avg High temperature||26 °C / 78.8 °F|
|Avg Coldest temperature||17 °C / 62.6 °F|
|Avg Wind speed||19 km/h|
November is the month of summer in the city of Lima. During the days of this month, climate becomes quite hot and humid. The humidity level reaches around 82 to 85 percent. Whereas, average temperature becomes around 25 degree centigrade! As the place is situated at the tropical region, despite of the high temperature, weather stays quite mild and easy to be with. Cozy summer of October and November is really a great time to visit the place and explore different parts of this place.
This is the time when flowers begin to blossom, and different migrating birds come to the place from different parts of the globe. Overall, the month of November makes the place a special region to be in and spend a few days of complete leisure. This is one of the best times for visiting Lima. Thus, a lot of tourists come to this city during the month of November.


Generally around this time, the Northeast experiences the melting phase after a long winter. This year, while we aren't experiencing the standard NY thaw, other regions that had plenty of snow this winter are. Because of the fluctuation in temperature this year, with unseasonably warm and unseasonably cold days throughout the winter, in many places- this has stopped the snow from completely melting for longer than average.
Some exerts have declared this year's snow mold as being the worst they have ever seen. IN Colorado, where snow melts away as quickly as it falls- the snow has covered the ground most of the winter. What was uncovered- was large amounts of fungi from moisture being sequestered all winter without ventilation.
Mold is a natural part of the environment. It is always ubiquitous to our outdoor environments especially. In the case of snow mold, while this isn't a mold species that has the same deadly effects as black mold, it is still recommended to clean up areas in your yard in which it is observed.


Costa Rica has two main seasons: the dry season (December – April) and the green season, aka rainy season (May – November).
In general terms, on the Osa Peninsula, you can usually expect dry weather from December through April, with a few scattered showers per month. March and April are normally the driest months of the year. The beginning of the rainy season is from May to July when it will usually rain a few times a week, often in the afternoon, but you’ll enjoy sunny days outside of the “rainy hours”. Late August through early November bring the heaviest rains, usually with sunny mornings, cloudy afternoons, and rain in the evenings. The temperature stays in the upper 70s and 80s Fahrenheit (25-35 degrees Celsius), with the hottest time being March and April.
If you believe the travel guides, the green or rainy season is something to be avoided. We do not agree with this, at all. We live here and we actually believe that the months from May to November are very pleasant, as the temperatures are a bit cooler and a smattering of rain showers will not prevent you from enjoying the wonders of El Remanso and the Osa Peninsula. Additionally, wildlife is active for longer periods of time during the rainy season, so amazing sightings are possible. It’s also whale & turtle season, and that’s a treat in itself!


foobot - Smart Home Indoor Air Quantity Monitor
Borica.bg - Payment by debit card. price:455.05лв.
foobot is an indoor air quality monitor. It can detects the invisible, odorless pollutants in your environment and make them visible by your LED display. At a glance on the color and width of the glow it shows you the content and state of the air in your home or office. You can monitor the air pollutants that affect your health. The foobot smartphone app introduces you to the reasons and consequences of your activities and how they affect the quality of the air in each of your home or office observation sites. It gives you real-time readings and graphs of each pollutant over a period of time, starting from day one. It will now be easier to identify sources and patterns of pollution. foobot is the first intelligent air quality monitor to give consumers a clear and visual idea of how good air quality is in their home and the knowledge how to take small steps to improve air quality and the health of the whole family. Open your windows at the right time! Compare your indoor air observed by foobot with geologcal outdoor air - correct, by the mobile app. Find pollution sources and remove them. when a pollution spike occurs, foobot alerts you , about the type of pollutant and how much pollution there are inside. You do not need to have a PhD to understand your air. foobot collects data received from its four sensors. After that it calculate an overall rating that reflects your home / office air quality index on a scale of 0 to 100. foobot works with SMART thermostats and connects to the ventilation system. Then the foobot can take over the ventilation system and control the airflow refreshing based on real-time pollution measurements. Monitor the effect of your air purifier and what purifies the air that you breathe! Product specifications FOOBOT Industrial Design ABS Glossy and rubber finish H: 172mm; D:71mm; W:475g Air quality sensing Fine Particles Sensing technology: light scattering, lw latency detection Factory Calibration, on the fly signal processing Sensibility particulate size 0.3 µm to 2.5 µm (PM 2.5) Range 0 to 1 300 µg/m³ ; Precision ±4µg or ±20% Total VOC MOS sensor tech. automotive industry grade High reliability and stability; Precision ±10% Low latency detection Formaldehyde, Iso-Butane, Toluene, Methane, Ammonia, Benzene, etc. Temperature Usage range; Accuracy 15 to 45°C; ±1°C Humidity Usage range; Accuracy 30 to 85% (non condensing) ; RH ±5% Connectivity Wi-Fi 802.11 B/G/N; Security: Open/WEP/WPA/WPA2 Personal F2.4 GHz WiFi router Store data every 5min to cloud On demand instant measurements iOS 8 minimum & Android 4.3 Colored LED light output Not supported: 5 GHz WiFi router Networks requiring secondary authentication Login portals Managed login networks Networks protected by firewalls Power Not detachable USB cable (2 meters) AC-DC 5V 0.5A USB power adaptor


The AQI is an index for reporting daily air quality. It tells you how clean or unhealthy your air is, and what associated health effects might be a concern. The AQI focuses on health effects you may experience within a few hours or days after breathing unhealthy air. The following chart provides information regarding the AQI determinations:
||What This Means
||Air quality is considered satisfactory, and air pollution poses little or no risk.
||Air quality is acceptable; however, for some pollutants there may be a moderate health concern for a very small number of people who are unusually sensitive to air pollution.
|Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups
||Members of sensitive groups may experience health effects. The general public is not likely to be affected.
||Everyone may begin to experience health effects; members of sensitive groups may experience more serious health effects.
||Health warnings of emergency conditions. The entire population is more likely to be affected.
||Health alert: everyone may experience more serious health effects.


During the forecast period (the next 96hours), Heavy rainfall is expected over parts of Sokoto, Kebbi and Niger State (See places in Red colour).
While Moderate to Heavy rainfall is expected over Katsina, Kano, Jigawa, Yobe, Kaduna, Bauchi, the FCT, Plateau, Gombe, Nasarawa, Borno,
Adamawa, Taraba, Cross River, Ebonyi, Imo, Abia, Enugu, Rivers and Akwa Ibom State (See places in Orange colour).
However, Low to moderate rainfall is expected over places in Yellow colour. While light or no rains are expected over the rest of the country (See places in Green colours).
On the second and third days (7th and 8th September 2022), there are high chances of flash flooding of roads, farmlands, and low-lying settlements
and river channels especially over parts of northern and central cities due to the expected moderate to heavy rainfall. Furthermore,
strong winds and thunderstrikes are also expected to accompany the rains, especially over parts of Kano, Kaduna, Niger, Kebbi and Kwara State during the forecast
Hence, the public is advised to avoid low-lying terrains, refrain from standing under trees and unsecured
structures during the rain and avoid contact with metallic objects during thunderstorms to avoid electric
shock. Most importantly, the public is also to be prepared for this event to avoid damage from weather-related hazards and watch out for updates


NOAA's National Weather Service is building a Weather-Ready Nation by providing better information for better decisions to save lives and livelihoods Weather conditions from NOAA's National Weather Service. 11 pm. ☂ Online precipitation map and other weather maps. A storm tracking across the southern U.S. Sunday will continue heavy snow over a portion of the southern Plains with heavy rain and thunderstorms further East on Monday. Sie befindet sich zwischen den Inselgruppen Rat Islands im Westen und Fox Islands im Osten. Heavy Rain for the Southeast Monday; Major Winter Storm Likely in the East by Wednesday The data sources in SWDI will not provide complete severe weather coverage of a geographic region nor period, due to a number of factors (e.g., reports for a location or time period not provided to NOAA). A major winter storm is expected to significantly impact much of the Mid-Atlantic and Northeast on Wednesday into Thursday. NOAA/ National Weather Service NOAA Center for Weather and Climate Prediction Climate Prediction Center 5830 University Research Court College Park, Maryland 20740 Page Author: Climate Prediction Center Internet Team Disclaimer NOAA Weather Radar is a weather forecast app that lets you check all the available info in real time: current temps, the day's highs and lows, likelihood of rain, humidity, weather changes, wind speed, visibility information, and more. Weather forecast accurate to a district level. Monitoring Multiple Storms This Weekend Into Next Week. The weather right now in Adak Island, AK is Cloudy. Historical or past weather forecast page provides historical weather forecast from 1 st July, 2008 till now in 3 hourly interval. Please try another search. ERDDAP's version of the OPeNDAP .html web page for this dataset. Please select the information that is incorrect. Be prepared with the most accurate 10-day forecast for Adak, AK with highs, lows, chance of precipitation from The Weather Channel and Weather.com Small Craft Advisory Coastal Waters Forecast National Weather Service Anchorage Alaska Issued by National Weather Service Fairbanks AK 201 PM AKDT Wed Sep 30 2020 Coastal Waters Forecast for Southwest Alaska+Bristol Bay+The Alaska Peninsula Waters and the Aleutian Islands up to 100 nm out. Please consult the schedule of 30 & 90-day outlooksfor exact release dates. Up to 90 days of daily highs, lows, and precipitation chances. Real-time animated weather radar images on a highly interactive map enhanced with severe weather warnings provide accurate weather forecasts that will prevent bad weather from taking you by surprise. NOAA National Weather Service National Weather Service. The wind is … Critical Fire Weather Conditions For Parts of the West & Plains; Strong Cold Front Over Central U.S. National Data Buoy Center - Recent observations from buoy 46035 (57.016N 177.703W) - CENTRAL BERING SEA - 310 NM North of Adak, AK. National Centers for Environmental Information, NOAA. Zone Area Forecast for Adak to Kiska
Freezing rain and ice are also likely in western North Carolina and southwest Virginia. The weekly status report and the weekly maintenance report 9 °c. Weather Sky Cond. NDBC - Station 46035 Recent Data weather.gov 1 am. ... St" or zip code. Adak, Alaska Tsunami Forecast Grids for MOST Model. Current conditions, warnings and historical records Tropical Weather Discussion 1005 UTC Wed Dec 9 2020: There are no tropical cyclones in the Eastern North Pacific at this time. The Eastern North Pacific hurricane season runs from May 15th through November 30th. However, GlobalAir.com cannot guarantee the data received from these government sources is accurate or complete. Tropical Weather Outlook Issuance will resume on May 15th or as necessary. D a t e Time (hst) Wind (mph) Vis. 2 am. Over the course of the year, the temperature typically varies from 29°F to 56°F and is rarely below 20°F or above 61°F. Based on weather reports collected during 1985–2015. Sorry, the location you searched for was not found. At Adak Airport, the summers are short, cold, and windy; the winters are long, very cold, and extremely windy; and it is overcast year round. Nor'easter for the Northeast; Fire Weather Conditions Continue for Southern California Pacific side, W wind 45 kt diminishing to 20 kt in the afternoon. You are about to report this weather station for bad data. Data Subset Form HTML. The highest monthly average temperature in Adakfor August is 51 degrees The lowest monthly average temperature in Adak for January is 33 degrees The most monthly precipitation in Adak occurs in February with 7.6 inches The air quality index in Adak is 38% better than the national average Please refer to the NDBC data inventory A storm tracking across the southern U.S. Sunday will continue heavy snow over a portion of the southern Plains with heavy rain and thunderstorms further East on Monday. Sea temp depth: 0.6 m below water line Know what's coming with AccuWeather's extended daily forecasts for Adak, AK. (mi.) Please select the information that is incorrect. An active weather weekend likely for the Lower 48 with three systems or areas of concern. The wind chill is 28.


Thursday, August 21, 2014
Yellowstone Weather - An Added Blog Link
I have added a link in the right sidebar (near the top) showing the ten day forecast for Yellowstone. Unlike the high temperatures that Anne & Ben reported about their bike tour, Yellowstone is expected to be COLD and WET for the next 10 days. It would be my best guess that we need to plan on cold temperatures in the 50's during our ride and in the 30's at night, but continue to watch the forecast by clicking on this weather link.


2017 Weather and Observations
Weather has been a hot topic of conversation so far in 2017. Looking at the drought maps to the left it's almost been a complete 180 turn with the West getting hammered by rains and many areas east of the Rockies entering early stages of drought.
Observations in Central Illinois have been no different. Lack of rain and snowfall paired with warmer than normal conditions have been good for early field work, fertilization and raising soil temperatures, but we could be lacking adequate moisture once it's time to plant. We'll be watching long-term forecasts very closely knowing that the window to plant could open in the next couple of weeks.
With that in mind, we've been busy with Spring tillage and fertilizer applications.


Human Impact: Atmospheric CO2 levels exceeded 415 parts per million
It’s clear that industrial activities have increased the CO2 concentration in the atmosphere, from a pre-industrial level of 280 ppm to the present value of over 415 ppm. This is the highest it has ever been in the existence of the human race. No legitimate (uncorrupted) scientist can look at this data and not accept the facts that the current condition is indeed man made and that we are heading toward environmental catastrophe.
Greenhouse Effect (According to the Encyclopedia Britannica)
The atmosphere allows most of the visible light from the Sun to pass through and reach Earth’s surface. As Earth’s surface is heated by sunlight, it radiates part of this energy back toward space as infrared radiation. This radiation, unlike visible light, tends to be absorbed by the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, raising its temperature. The heated atmosphere in turn radiates infrared radiation back toward Earth’s surface.
Although the greenhouse effect is a naturally occurring phenomenon, it is possible that the effect could be intensified by the emission of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere as the result of human activity. From the beginning of the Industrial Revolution through the end of the 20th century, the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere increased by roughly 30 percent and the amount of methane more than doubled.
Data after 1958 are from the Scripps CO2 program
Citation: C. D. Keeling, S. C. Piper, R. B. Bacastow, M. Wahlen, T. P. Whorf, M. Heimann, and H. A. Meijer, Exchanges of atmospheric CO2 and 13CO2 with the terrestrial biosphere and oceans from 1978 to 2000. I. Global aspects, SIO Reference Series, No. 01-06, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, San Diego, 88 pages, 2001. http://escholarship.org/uc/item/09v319r9
Data before 1958 going back 2000 years
Citation: MacFarling Meure, C., D. Etheridge, C. Trudinger, P. Steele, R. Langenfelds, T. van Ommen, A. Smith, and J. Elkins. 2006. The Law Dome CO2, CH4 and N2O Ice Core Records Extended to 2000 years BP. Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 33, No. 14, L14810 10.1029/2006GL026152.
Data before 1958 going back 800,000 years
Citation: Lüthi, D., M. Le Floch, B. Bereiter, T. Blunier, J.-M. Barnola, U. Siegenthaler, D. Raynaud, J. Jouzel, H. Fischer, K. Kawamura, and T.F. Stocker. 2008. High-resolution carbon dioxide concentration record 650,000-800,000 years before present. Nature, Vol. 453, pp. 379-382, 15 May 2008.
The Encyclopaedia Britannica, Greenhouse effect, Adam Augustyn, Feb 13, 2019


Rain activity will reduce over the Western Himalayas and South Peninsular India. Here are some science papers you can download if you want to learn more about the Indian Monsoon and how it has interacted with the Himalayas and the Tibetan Plateau through time. Guys forgot the winners group photo, tired and late pkaying in bit wet weather, most of golfers left, will post all the winners, congrats to all winners and thanjs to all participants, see you all in 2014 till than have nice holidays rest of the year. As weather permits throughout February and into March, prune a few plants a day as time permits, preventing it from becoming an arduous chore! The climate is rather more than very fresh in this location the month of september. Gears and clothing during the trek depend on place and time but for high altitudes like ABC, it is recommended to have both light and warm clothing. Trekking at this time of year is generally difficult and uncomfortable as the weather is hot and it rains almost every day. Though the condition of the surrounding becomes hazy and humid, the whole land rejuvenates in full vigor. Within 12-14 days, you will have the experience of confronting an amazing vista of gigantic Annapurna (8,091m), Dhaulagiri (8,167m), Manaslu (8,163m), Machhapuchhre (6,693m), etc. North Indian plains start heating up around March and its temperature is … This was the second time I’d been to the Himalayas Putting Course and I’ll definitely be back again! The Northern-most region of India, i.e. No Thanks, Not interested in seeing Himalayan Highlights. Some authorities suggest shearing the plants right after blooming, but for many, the flowers still look attractive in the late summer into fall and shearing would remove that interest. Weather In the summer in the Himalayas it can get as hot as 15 degrees So there for you should pack Autumn/Spring clothing along with some jumpers. Usually, it is raining at night and leave the sky nice & clean during the morning and partly cloudy during the day. So what is the real story on Himalayan weather with the impact of global warming and climate change? This is better than the previous month since in august it receives an average of 3.1in of precipitation over 16 days. Thanks. The forest belt of the Himalayan region consists of Oak, Rhododendron, Birch, Pine, Deodar, and Fir. Temperatures are suitable for travelling between April and November, for some areas the best time to go is August and September, when much of the rest of Asia is drenched by monsoon rains. So what is the real story on Himalayan weather with the impact of global warming and climate change? We will answer your questions in 24 hours and help you design a trip with a comfortable itinerary to best meet your needs. From Autumn to Spring you should always be prepared for the possibility of snowfall. Get the Nepal weather forecast. Before knowing the weather condition of the Himalayan region we should understand its geography. A light breathable rain jacket, raincoat, or umbrella is advisable. If you have not been to the Himalayas before you might make the mistake of thinking the climate is fairly uniform across the entire mountain range but nothing could be further from the truth. Always expect passes and base camps to have more extreme conditions. Annapurna Base Camp Weather September – Vegetation July and August (prior to September) are the monsoon season of Nepal. The main monsoon months of June, July and August bring dangers like landslides, cloud bursts, flooding and storms. The monsoon itself affects a large portion of southeast Asia, and in the Himalaya, persists from mid June to the end of September. For this reason, the western Himalayas in contrast to the eastern Himalayas are much drier and the monsoon starts later in the year. I personally always visit the Himalayas during the Christamas week, and maybe able to share some of my experiences once I … the weather in Ladakh in september is wet (with 2.2in of rainfall over 12 days). ... May to June and September to October ... – famous for its Himalayan Golden Mahseer Fish – before taking you to the Darwa Pass. The monsoon. Shimla, December 14 Widespread heavy snowfall overnight blocked roads and disrupted power supply in many places throwing normal life out of gear in the higher and mid-hill areas of the state. Evolution of Asian monsoons and phased uplift of the Himalaya Tibetan plateau since Late Miocene times – This is an interesting paper looking at how the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau has influenced the strength of the Indian Monsoon. The trials were carried out by the test pilots from HAL, IAF and the Army from August 24 to September 2, 2019. Dharmshala, Manali, Shimla can receive a lot of rainfall. Autumn (mid-September to end-November) This is the most popular time to trek. To start with, surprisingly an Indian ridge trek. From the craggy heights of the Himalayas in the north to the sultry beaches of Kerala and Tamil Nadu in the south, India is a very big place. The Monsoon also begins here by the end of May which is earlier then further west in the Himalayas. You can enjoy many popular treks in September. This makes for a perfect trekking season. weather in the mountains in July. A High-Resolution Millennial Record of the South Asian Monsoon from Himalayan Ice Cores – This is a short paper looking at changes in monsoon intensity during the last 300 years as recorded by Himalayan Ice Cores. Ladakh : Ladakh is almost always dry as the Himalayas block monsoon progression and create a rain shadow. Be prepared with the most accurate 10-day forecast for Los Angeles, CA with highs, lows, chance of precipitation from The Weather Channel and Weather.com The Everest and Annapurna regions are of such a high altitude that winter snows are generally light and trekking is possible from December to February (See – Weather of Everest). The monsoons are almost over and all you see around is lush green landscapes releasing misty fragrances. Thus, it is an obvious best time and most popular trekking season for Annapurna Base Camp too. The Old Farmer's Almanac's extended forecasts can be used to make more informed decisions about future plans that depend on the weather, from vacations and weddings to gardening, hiking, and other outdoor activities. In Nepal, there are different climates according to altitude: the sub-tropical climate with a rainy season in the southern flat strip, the temperate climate in the low mountains, and finally, the cold mountain climate in the peaks of the Himalayas. The cold months are December/January and the best trekking is between these two seasons .during March to May and October to November, when the climate is … The best period for trekking in Bhutan is probably from early October to the middle of November. Always keep in mind that the weather can be unpredictable as the Himalayas create their own weather, regardless of the season. Trekking is not only wandering alone in an uncharted wilderness but is also discovering the undiscovered & exploring the unexplored within you and your surroundings. Summer season in North India is from April to June followed by monsoon July to September. a part of the Himalayas – Leh, Ladakh, Lahaul and Spiti make for an excellent choice to travel to in the month of July. One October I remember visiting Kathmandu airport every morning for the flight to Lukla and returning to our hotel at lunchtime. Due to the high altitude, temperatures in Tibet are usually quite chilly. The trails can be busier as well. The weather is generally warm with an average daily temperature of 15 degrees Celsius and night temperatures above freezing. In the winter in the Himalayas it gets very, very cold therefor you should pack jumpers and pants and lost of warm stuff. July and August (prior to September) are the monsoon season of Nepal. Heat has resurfaced in plains and mountains are sunny. See More: Treks in Tibet. The peaks of the Himalayas are a dramatic expression of the massive tectonic forces that drove the crustal plates of India and Asia into each other about 40 to 50 million years ago. Mount Everest Weather (Days 0-3): Mostly dry. The good news is that as a result, when it's tipping it down with rain or snowing hard in one area, there's often bright sunshine and cool breezes in another. While during the winter intense cooling of the plateau results in an outflow of cold dense air which effectively shuts off any monsoon type action. During this season, the weather is clear and the days are pretty warm but the nights are cold. On the off chance that you have not been to the himalaya tour packages previously you may tragically http://walktohimalayas.com/ Thus, September is the start of the official peak trekking season in Nepal. Generally the morning is cloudy and cloud wisps form on random ridges and peaks. Likewise, there are variations depending on the points of the trek. Hence, the weather and climate precisely depend on topographical extremities and altitude of the area. A good quality down jacket with more baffling and more down-fill. The abundant snowfalls give rise to the beautiful pine forests, rivers and lakes in the region. The monsoon arrives from the east, and slowly works its way across the Himalaya in the month of June. Arunachal Pradesh: This far eastern portion of the Himalayas receives heavy rainfall from May to September and is best visited in either April or October. Generally, the best time to visit North Indiaplan is winter and the Himalayas in summer when the weather there is pleasant. Very useful information for a trekker like me. Historically, more precipitation is recorded in the eastern Himalaya, with less and less as the monsoons works its way west. Most of the southwesterly winds give up their rain in India before passing north over the Himalayas. And September falls under the autumn season. Around September, Nepal is almost done with monsoon with days hot and mornings & nights much cooler. Himalayas on Foot PVT. Highlighting significantly specific pieces, I would never skip the following pieces: It would be excellent if you plan your trek from mid-September onward. Recent Trends in the Onset and Withdrawal of Summer Monsoon over Nepal, A High-Resolution Millennial Record of the South Asian Monsoon from Himalayan Ice Cores, Evolution of Asian monsoons and phased uplift of the Himalaya Tibetan plateau since Late Miocene times, Rising Himalayas: Advent and Intensification of the Monsoon, Monitoring the Monsoon in the Himalayas: Observations in Central Nepal, June 2001. Mount Everest Weather (Days 0-3): Mostly dry. The best time to visit is from June to September. The days are warm and the sky is mostly clear. The temperatures here are moderate with low precipitation. The best winter treks in the Himalayas include Auli Gorson, Brahmatal, Kuari Pass, etc. Average dates of Monsoon Onset Across India, A generalized cross section of the Himalayas showing Monsoon Action. Autumn starts from early September to early December and brings in clear weather with sunny days and warm nights. When to Visit the Himalayas North Indian plains start heating up around March and its temperature is around 35 degree C … The staff member was very pleasant and the COVID hygiene rules made us feel very comfortable. The trials were carried out by the test pilots from HAL, IAF and the Army from August 24 to September 2, 2019. Weather temperatures and conditions change as you go up in altitude or descend. The good news is that as a result, when it's tipping it down with rain or snowing hard in one area, there's often bright sunshine and cool breezes in another. Some of these get a bit complex but are good reading if you want to have more than just a general overview. In September, it is possible to avoid the winter cold as well as the muds due to summer rains. Light rain activities may begin at isolated places over North Konkan and Goa, Gujarat as well as South and South-eastern Rajasthan. Climate action took center stage in the Bay Area this September, as tens of thousands of people joined the inspiring Rise for Climate March in San Francisco, to coincide with California Governor Jerry Brown’s Global Climate Action Summit and thousands of affiliate events. Let’s jump first to how the weather impacts where you can visit in the Himalayas and when is the best time to visit. Monitoring the Monsoon in the Himalayas: Observations in Central Nepal, June 2001 – This paper looks at just one monsoon season in Nepal in more detail. weather in the mountains in September September is considered to be the post-monsoon month for the Himalayas, especially in the foothills around Rishikesh, Shimla, Dharamshala or other hill stations. The temperatures here are moderate with low precipitation. See More: Treks in Ladakh. Weather The Himalayas have a significant effect on the weather of the Indian Subcontinent. Chances of trekking routes blockade by landslides if the condition gets adverse. You can experience the clean, fresh, and vitalized area because of Annapurna Base Camp Weather September. The Indian monsoon is the main driver of climate and the impact of the monsoon or lack of it is of key importance for predicting the weather. Being a rain shadow area, the Annapurna region receives far less rain than in others. Trekking at this time of year is generally difficult and uncomfortable as the weather is hot and it rains almost every day. Contact us at https://himalayasonfoot.com/contact-us/. The best winter treks in the Himalayas include Auli Gorson, Brahmatal, Kuari Pass, etc. Uttaranchal: The state of Uttarakhand lies just to the east of Himachal Pradesh and has similar climatic patterns except that monsoon might progress a week or so earlier. If the wind strength, cloudiness, and rate of snowfall are preferable; September is also good for mount expeditions and climbing. Thamel Bhagwati Marg 133, Kathmandu, Nepal, Call us, we are open 24/7 (WhatsApp, Viber,line ,wechat, Imo), Annapurna Base Camp Weather September – Vegetation, Annapurna Base Camp Difficulty in September, Annapurna Base Camp Weather September – Conclusion, 2008-2018 © All rights reserved. Do you have any question about trip to Nepal? September is definitely one of the best times to experience the true essence of the Himalayas. The north side of the Himalayas which include; the Mustang and Dolpo regions, lie in somewhat of a rain shadow and monsoon moisture is more limited. With on and off trails & terrain, it gives you an adventurous experience. In Nepal, there are different climates according to altitude: the sub-tropical climate with a rainy season in the southern flat strip, the temperate climate in the low mountains, and finally, the cold mountain climate in the peaks of the Himalayas. Annapurna Sanctuary weather forecast index – For multiple elevations to choose your position. The trials were carried out by the test pilots from HAL, IAF and the Army from August 24 to September 2, 2019. April and early May can be a secondary choice but occasional showers are common. In Nepal, monsoon is major source of rainfall in summer and approximately 80% of the total annual total rainfall occurs from June to September and whereas western wind is responsible for winter precipitation and limited precipitation occurs from November to February. The best time to visit is generally from March to May and from late September until November. So hopefully you can be set for some breathtaking views of the Himalayas. Recent Trends in the Onset and Withdrawal of Summer Monsoon over Nepal – A scientific look at the timing of the onset and withdrawal of the Monsoon in Nepal. The summer monsoon begins in June with continuous rainfall for days and ends in September. The alpine side of the India Himalayas i.e. That makes it a perfect winter trek for camping as well as trekking. It lies at the edge of the influence of the Indian Monsoon which brings moisture and clouds from June to September. He has a doctorate in Geology from Ohio State where he studied climate change records from glaciers in the tropics. In this article, we are going to discuss Annapurna Base Camp Weather September. The Weather Channel and weather.com provide a national and local weather forecast for cities, as well as weather radar, report and hurricane coverage Our guides and porters are widely experienced and have a 100% success record. Get our free monthly newsletter highlighting the best treks in the Himalayas. September is definitely one of the best times to experience the true essence of the Himalayas. Nepal climate varies according to its season. From June to early September, is the monsoon season. When the sun is no longer heating the surface during the winter this mechanism reverses and a generally dry subsiding air mass dominates. If you want to trek in Nepal in July and August these are the best regions. In the winter in the Himalayas it gets very, very cold therefor you should pack jumpers and pants and lost of warm stuff. It can skip some rain showers. Trekking in Nepal in September will welcome you with perfect weather, clear sky, and spectacular views of mountains. The north side of the Himalayas is in shadow which means the mountains somewhat block the rain. The scenic charm and chilly weather make it among the best places for trekking in Uttarakhand in January. The monsoon first reaches the Himalayas in far eastern India, Bhutan and Nepal in early June and remains over these regions for the longest time. For many aspiring ABC trekkers, Annapurna Base Camp Weather September is something they really want to be familiar with. And the monsoon season in this region lasts for mid June till the end of September. Chopta Tungnath weather- When it comes to the best winter trekking in India, the Chopta Tungnath is covered in layers of snow and one can also get an outstanding view of the mountains. Winds increasing (moderate winds from the W on Thu night, gales from the WNW by Fri night). Weather In the summer in the Himalayas it can get as hot as 15 degrees So there for you should pack Autumn/Spring clothing along with some jumpers. Posted on September 29, 2009 by rockaclimba. The monsoon. Like the weather in Nepal, the weather in Annapurna Region gets fickle at times. 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In a newly published study, Professor C Mary Schooling considers the role of air pollution as an endocrine disruptor.
Many pollutants are endocrine disruptors that may reduce fertility. Whether air pollution also acts as an endocrine disruptor has rarely been considered. To fill this gap Professor Schooling and colleagues used an innovative statistical technique in a unique birth cohort to assess jointly the associations of exposure to several major air pollutants from conception to 8 years with pubertal development. Greater exposure to particulate matter <10µm in diameter (PM10) before birth was associated with later puberty in girls, while greater exposure to sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide was consistently associated with later puberty in boys. Different associations of air pollutants with pubertal timing in girls and boys strongly suggests that air pollution can act as a pervasive endocrine disruptor. The next step is to find out whether air pollution is relevant to the long-term trend of declining fertility and sperm counts.
In summary, Professor Schooling says, “This study offers convincing proof-of-concept for air pollution acting as an endocrine disruptor, long-term relevance to fertility is currently under active investigation by the team.”
Huang J, Leung GM, Schooling CM, The association of air pollution with pubertal development: evidence from Hong Kong’s “Children of 1997” birth cohort, American Journal of Epidemiology April 21st 2017


Much public attention currently focuses on pollution of the ambient air with particulate matter, which is constantly monitored by the environmental authorities. However, hardly anyone is aware of the fact that particulate matter concentration in indoor air is often considerably higher.
The reason for this is accumulation of dust entering from the outside and dust emitted by indoor sources. The movement of persons in the room constantly resuspends the particles.
Depending, e.g., on the furnishings and technical equipment of the room, the number of persons present, and the frequency of cleaning, the fine dust load can be many times higher than the value in the outside air. This applies to harmless particles as well as to potentially harmful ones from emission sources in the immediate vicinity of the building, or from other rooms in the same building. Since the vast majority of the population spend most of their time in closed rooms which are not equipped with air purifiers, indoor air quality is an issue that will become increasingly important in the future.
A precise and flexible measuring technique for indoor air monitoring is already available with the fine dust aerosol spectrometer Fidas® Frog, made by Palas®. This portable device, technically derived from the very successful Fidas® 200 type approved ambient air monitor, is increasingly used for measurements inside buildings. Its unusually wide measuring range, regarding the size of the detected particles as well as their concentration in the air, makes the Fidas® Frog suitable for monitoring emission-free rooms in, e.g., offices and living areas, as well as for work areas containing dust sources.
To learn more about the Fidas® Frog or other fine dust measurement products made by Palas®, visit www.palas.de.


RadioSatMet (Short-term forecast of Radiocommunication geostationary Satellite links coupling Meteorological space-time model, radiative transfer and ground-terminal feedback) proposal, in response to: ESA ITT AO9763 - ARTES AT 3B.037 (Short-Term Forecast of the signal propagation conditions, based on Numerical Weather Prediction Models and Ground Terminal Feedback), has completed the negotiation phase and the kickoff meeting is planned for the mid of June 2021.
The proposed activity will develop a geostationary microwave channel performance methodology system for a geostationary satellite communication system, named RadioSatMet, based on a high-spatial-resolution numerical weather prediction model and an atmospheric physically-oriented electromagnetic propagation model, capable to operate in an open loop as well as in a closed loop, gathering feedbacks provided by ground terminals of a SatCom system. The RadioMetSat prototype system will generate short-term statistical forecasts of the microwave propagation conditions in each point of the SatCom coverage. The RadioMetSat system throughput and availability gains achieved by the model will be validated and demonstrated in an end-to-end system simulator.
Partners: ESA, Sapienza Università di Roma, Politecnico di Milano, CNR-IMAA and HIMET s.r.l.
IEIIT is responsible of WP2 (Definition of the requirements for the design of the platform for the test of the satellite system) and of WP5 (Implementation of the platform and evaluation of the system performance).
Funding: European Space Agency (ESA)
Timeline: June 2021 – June 2023