Depletion Of Zone Layer Essay Writing
Depletion Zone Essay Writing Of Layer
The post Climate 101 Depletion of Ozone Layer Essay appeared first on EssayPanthers. View Ozone layer depletion Research Papers on Academia.edu for free.. If the CFC generation is reduced, then the depletion of Ozone by CFC action can be reduced (Coldeweyâ€Egbers et al. The first report of depletion in O 3 layer came out in the 1980s by an atmospheric scientist in Antarctica. Certain things like shaving foam, deodorants, paints etc., come in aerosol cans. The Antarctic hole now measures about 9 million square miles, nearly the. Money and time are being spent on ozone repair, but the problem still exists. The Meaning Of Cause And Effect Essay (Ozone Depletion Losing Earth’s Protective Layer, n.d.) This paper attempts at discussing the underlying causes and effects of Ozone depletion and tries to make a comparative study of the various environmental policies taken to combat the problems related to …. Gillian Clarke Catrin Essay Examples. The ozone layer is a region of the stratosphere containing ozone, or O3 gas Essay on Depletion of Ozone Layer! CFC is a kind of chemicals that is realized by some factories. In environmental concerns: how certain clouds ozone layer. Kalecki Essay On The Business Cycle Theory Graph
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The https://www.eyecandyvisuals.com/2020/07/25/example-of-chronological-order-essay ozone layer protects us from the harmful rays of the sun; therefore it is imperative that we preserve it. What life on the ozone gas was conducted at the upper atmosphere surrounded by nature We Free Essay On Ozone Layer Depletion are a team of professionals specializing in academic writing. One problem that is important to all of us is the depletion of the ozone layer. The main cause of this is the release of CFCs, chlorofluorocarbons” (Ozone depletion, n. Mar 12, 2019 · Ozone layer depletion is the destruction of ozone gas of upper atmospheric layer (stratosphere), caused by substances formed from breakdown of ozone-depleting substances (ODS). byjus.com/biology/ozone-layer-depletion/. Sep 16, depletion ozone layer of stock images, buy on top of environmental protection of the ozone layer located at it absorbs most abundant gas The main cause of depletion of ozone layer is CFC or Chlorofluorocarbon. Liked this article is in depletion papers available now on. This, in turn, will lead to the breakdown of ozone. Short essay on Ozone layer depletion.
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Type My Professional Custom Essay On Brexit After the discovery of ill effects of release of CFC in the atmosphere, in 1973 a treaty called Montreal Protocol was signed by many countries all around the world. The weight of scientific evidence strongly points to CFCs as the main source of the reduction in stratospheric ozone over the Antarctica Depletion of The Ozone Layer The depletion of the ozone layer is a major concern today. It has been found that the ozone layer …. After the discovery of ill effects of release of CFC in the atmosphere, in 1973 a treaty called Montreal Protocol was signed by many countries all around the world. Although air is lighter than CFCs, CFCs are carried into the stratosphere through a process that can take a period of 2 to 5 years Ozone depletion, gradual thinning of Earth’s ozone layer caused by the release of chemical compounds containing gaseous chlorine or bromine from industry and other human activities. By 1975, growing evidence of ozone layer depletion triggered a public-relations battle between aerosol can manufacturers and environmentalists that became known as “the Spray-Can War” (Christie 21). Since more pollutants are produced today than ever before (because of the major increase in the population), there is a major concern that we create less pollutants to help 4.3/5 (9) OZONE DEPLETION Essay Example | Topics and Well Written https://studentshare.org/chemistry/1689594-ozone-depletion Causes of ozone depletion “The fact that the ozone layer was being depleted was discovered in the mid-1980s. essaysprofessors.com/samples/environment/ozon…. car exhausts are indeed damaging, and depleting the ozone layer. Solution on Ozone Layer Depletion September 16 was voted the world ozone day in the year 1994 by the United Nations General Assembly. this oxygen atoms are normally located in the earth’s upper atmosphere and also https://trainyourgain.com/what-to-include-in-a-autobiography-essay at the ground level and it is used to absorb the solar radiation strongly at wavelengths around 300nm thus. The canopy of ozone layer is with variable extent less dense near the surface of the Earth compared to the height of 30 km The Depletion of the Ozone Layer People throughout the world are voicing concern with the environment. What can I write as a conclusion for a project on Ozone layer depletion? Know that protects the layer depletion, refusing to heal we expose ourselves college essays bank.
Stratospheric ozone is found in a broad band, extending generally from …. Depletion of stratospheric ozone layer by chlorofluorocarbons is a universal problem. Jul 07, 2020 · Climate 101 Depletion of Ozone Layer Essay. Exposure to these layers cause skin cancer and cataracts. The ozone layer is a region of the stratosphere containing ozone, or O3 gas.The ozone layer is necessary to both plant and animal life on earth (Ozone Depletion Losing Earth’s Protective Layer, n.d.) This paper attempts at discussing the underlying causes and effects of Ozone depletion and tries to make a comparative study of the various environmental policies taken to combat the problems related to …. Since more pollutants are produced today than ever before (because of the major increase in the population), there is a major concern that we create less pollutants to help 4.3/5 (9) Essay on Ozone Depletion - Biology Discussion https://www.biologydiscussion.com/essay/essay-on Essay on Ozone Depletion. Dec 14, 2015 · How ozone layer is depleting (factors contributing its destruction) In 1970 scientist discovered that CFC (Cholorofloro carbon, one of the refrigerating gas used in refrigerator and ACs) and other agents like bromine, nitrous oxide from fertilizers, are attacking ozone layer. It usually acts as a protective shield for the earth and the environment and protects it from the dangerous ultra-violet rays of the sun Replacement compounds for CFCs have also been tested for their Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP). It includes the ban on ozone depleting chemicals most of them being CFCs. Ozone is a gas that is highly reactive, it…. Solution on Ozone Layer Depletion September 16 was voted the world ozone day in the year 1994 by the United Nations General Assembly. Rise in the temperature, various skin diseases, decrease of immunity etc are the probable results Above Legalize It Argumentative Essay Format is a basic outline of the ozone depletion process. Ozone layer is present in the stratosphere.


Los Angeles, CA (Obama.net) – Torrential rains pounded the state of California over the weekend and forecasters are predicting even more rain is on the way. A winter storm dropped 7 inches of rain in the Los Angeles area over the weekend causing flooding, mudslides and numerous road closures Monday. To make matters worse, an additional 3 inches of rain is being forecasted for the area through Wednesday, increasing the chances of more mudslides and flash floods.
All of the rain that fell over the weekend obliterated rainfall records while also causing countless traffic accidents, downed trees and the cancellation of some horse racing events. Forecasters are predicting some local areas may see as much as 20 inches of rain during this first portion of the storm. After a couple day break, the winter weather is expected to return to the Los Angeles area late on Christmas Day bringing even more rain to the area.
The potent weather system hit the state on Friday after a large storm front coming out of the Gulf of Alaska met up with a subtropical, moist air coming off the Pacific Ocean. These two weather systems have created a several day period where record rainfall as fallen in parts of Los Angeles County. As much as 3 to 4 inches have already fallen in downtown L.A., Hollywood and San Fernando Valley. Some of the mountain areas have received as much as 7 inches to date. The rain has been so torrential that it has smashed local records. During the three days of this storm, Pasadena has seen 3.45 inches of rain, which is more than double the previous record of 1.5 inches set back in 1987.
The biggest concern with this type of weather is flash flooding and mudslides. The Santa Maria River briefly overran its banks on Sunday forcing a number of people to evacuate their homes in Guadelupe, which is located in Santa Barbara County. Flash-flood warnings remain in effect for several areas, particularly the mountain areas still scarred by recent wildfires which are ripe for mudslides.
Update: Huge storm in Southern California expected on Monday.


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According to the latest U.S. Drought Monitor, drought conditions exist in nearly 60 percent of the state of Georgia.
North Georgia, including Metro Atlanta, is experiencing D1 Moderate Drought conditions.
In the Northwest Georgia Mountains, Exceptional Drought (D4) have now developed in Dade and Walker counties, areas that have been fighting wildfires that have developed in those areas.
Extreme Drought (D3) conditions continue to spread south and east, now moving into northern Bartow and Cherokee counties as well as Lumpkin County -- just to the west of Dahlonega.
According to the U.S. Drought Monitor, the impacts associated with “Moderate to Severe Drought” conditions include the following:
Metro Atlanta is all dried up this Fall
Meteorological Fall is defined as September 1 through November 30.
On average, Fall is the driest season in Metro Atlanta -- but Fall 2023 is really dry.
The first two months of the season are in the books, and only 3.07 inches of rainfall has fallen since Labor Day weekend.
Only 1.29 inches of rain fell at the official reporting station near the Atlanta Airport in September 2023. I make this distinction, because on September 14, as much as four inches of rain fell in the Vine City/western Downtown Atlanta area, however only 0.09 inches of rain was recorded at the official reporting center at the Airport.
It only rained eight days in September, and that dry trend continued in October. As of this writing, the last time it rained in Metro Atlanta was October 20 -- nearly three weeks ago!
Notably, Lake Lanier levels are approximately 8 feet below “Summer Level” as of Wednesday morning, and Lake Allatoona is registering 10 feet below “Summer Level”.
Burn bans are not in effect, however remain cautious with any bonfires or camp fires this season. Rainfall is in the forecast this weekend, but it will be a drop in a very dry bucket for North Georgia, as only 0.5 inches to 0.75 inches of rain is expected between Friday morning and Sunday evening.
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This document provides guidelines to quantify and identify air concentration (number of particles/cm3) of particles of carbon black and/or amorphous silica by size in air samples collected in a mixed dust industrial manufacturing environment.
The method is defined for air samples collected with an electrical low pressure cascade impactor (ELPCI). on a 25 mm polycarbonate substrate. The method is suitable for sampling in manufacturing environments where there are a variety of particle types contributing to the overall atmosphere. This method is applicable only to environments with chemically and physically distinct particles contributing to aerosols or when confounders can be controlled (e.g. diesel sources). Other sampling methods can also be suitable, though this document is limited to describing methods associated with the electrical low pressure cascade impactor.
Samples collected with the electrical low pressure cascade impactor are analyzed via TEM and EDS to for particle morphology and elemental composition, respectively, to permit identification of particles by type. This information is then used, in conjunction with particle concentration by size range, as determined by the electrical low pressure cascade impactor, to determine concentration of the materials of interest by size.


Who knew it was blue? Not I.
Like the other gas planets, Uranus has bands of clouds that blow around rapidly. But they are extremely faint, visible only with radical image enhancement of the Voyager 2 pictures (right). Recent observations with HST (left) show larger and more pronounced streaks. Further HST observations show even more activity. Uranus is no longer the bland boring planet that Voyager saw! It now seems clear that the differences are due to seasonal effects since the Sun is now at a lower Uranian latitude which may cause more pronounced day/night weather effects. By 2007 the Sun will be directly over Uranus's equator.
Uranus' blue color is the result of absorption of red light by methane in the upper atmosphere. There may be colored bands like Jupiter's but they are hidden from view by the overlaying methane layer.


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Colorado's climate action plan and climate change data collection
Van Winkle, Christina.
Colorado. General Assembly. Legislative Council.
Colorado Legislative Council
In 2019, Colorado enacted House Bill 19-1261, establishing statewide greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reduction goals. Colorado also enacted Senate Bill 19-096, requiring the Air Quality Control Commission (AQCC) within the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment (CDPHE) to promulgate rules to collect and report on GHG data and to implement measures to meet these GHG emissions reduction goals. This issue brief provides an overview of AQCC rule making related to these legislative directives.
by Christina Van Winkle.
Online resource; title from PDF caption; (viewed November 2020)
Greenhouse gas mitigation--Law and legislation
Law and legislation
1 online resource (4 pages)
Issue brief (Colorado. General Assembly. Legislative Council)


Severe Weather Expert, Dr. Greg Forbes developed the TOR:CON index to estimate the risk of a tornado on a given day or night near your area.
The TOR:CON index ranges from 0 to 10. Multiply the value by 10 to get your percentage chance of a tornado within 50 miles of a location. For example, a TOR:CON index of 6 means there's a 60% chance of a tornado within 50 miles of any location in the indicated area.
Note: By definition, a severe thunderstorm contains one or more of the following: hail at least 1 inch in diameter, wind gusts 58 mph or higher, or a tornado.


NCHurricane Radar Page
Latest CONUS Radar Mosaic - Click to Expand
Click the radar icons to select the main radar page for your NWS office. Hovering over the icon will show the location of the radar site.
NCHurricane.com is for informative purposes only. Do not use the information on this site to make decisions regarding your life and⁄or personal property. Rely only on information from your local NWS
office, the NHC
, and your local AMS certified meteorologists to make such decisions in a severe weather event.


ATM OCN 100 — WEATHER AND CLIMATE
Nature and variability of wind, temperature, cloud and precipitation. Storm systems, fronts, thunderstorms, tornadoes and their prediction. Air composition and pollution. Global winds, seasonal changes, climate and climatic change. Stdts may not receive cr for both Atm Ocn 100 101
ATM OCN 101 — WEATHER AND CLIMATE
Nature and variability of wind, temperature, clouds and precipitation. Discussion session will include map analyses and basic quantitative lab exercises. Storm systems, fronts, thunderstorms, tornadoes and their prediction. Air composition and pollution. Global winds, seasonal changes, climate and climatic change. Stdts may not receive cr for both Atm Ocn 100 101
ATM OCN/ENVIR ST/GEOSCI 102 — CLIMATE AND CLIMATE CHANGE
This course describes the basic climate principles governing the climate system. It describes the climate and climate variability at present, climate evolution in the past, and the projected climate change into the future. The scientific principles underlying the natural and anthropogenic greenhouse effect and climate model forecasts are elucidated.
ATM OCN/GEOSCI 105 — SURVEY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
Nature and behavior of ocean water, interaction of oceans and atmosphere, structure of the ocean floor, life in the oceans, our relationship to the marine environment. Open to Freshmen
ATM OCN/ENVIR ST/GEOG 121 — ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIETY
Changing interactions between humans, other animals and plants, and the atmospheric environment, both in time and space.
ATM OCN/SOIL SCI 132 — EARTH'S WATER: NATURAL SCIENCE AND HUMAN USE
Water is central to the functioning of planet Earth. As humans increase their impact on Earth's systems and cohabitants, our understanding of the multiple roles of water becomes critical to finding sustainable strategies for human and exosystem health. This course explores the science of Earth's hydrosphere, with constant attention to human uses and impacts. Open to Fr
ATM OCN/GEOSCI 140 — NATURAL HAZARDS AND DISASTERS
An exploration of the science behind natural disasters including earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions, landslides, tornadoes, hurricanes, and floods. Why, where, and when do these events occur, and why are some predictable but others are not? The course will also address hazard assessment, forecasting, and mitigation to lessen their impact on society.
ATM OCN/ENVIR ST 171 — GLOBAL CHANGE: ATMOSPHERIC ISSUES AND PROBLEMS
Atmospheric problems of global significance. Greenhouse warming, ozone layer, acid rain, climate change. Study based on elementary principles of atmospheric science. Systems approach applied to changing atmospheric composition. Interactions among geochemical cycles, anthropogenic inputs and other parts of the environment.
ATM OCN 252 — INTRODUCTION TO WEATHER ANALYSIS AND FORECASTING
Elementary issues in dynamics, thermodynamics, local and synoptic-scale circulations examined in the context of daily diagnoses and forecasting of the weather. Includes analysis of surface and upper air observations, satellite and radar data, output from numerical weather prediction models. Open to Fr
ATM OCN 310 — DYNAMICS OF THE ATMOSPHERE AND OCEAN I
Introduction to theory of fluid motions for atmosphere and ocean. Elementary kinematics, fundamental forces, effects of earth's gravity and rotation, concepts and applications of hydrostatic and geostrophic balance.
ATM OCN 311 — DYNAMICS OF THE ATMOSPHERE AND OCEAN II
Intermediate theory of fluid motions for atmosphere and ocean. Emphasis on large scale applications and basic theory for geophysical wave types. Thermal wind shear, frictional flow, vorticity concepts, Rossby waves, Sverdrup ocean flow.
ATM OCN/GEOG 323 — SCIENCE OF CLIMATE CHANGE
This is a calculus-based treatment of climate system physics and the mechanisms of modern-day anthropogenic climate change. By the end of this course, students will understand: a. How solar radiation and rotating fluid dynamics determine the basic climate state; b. Mechanisms of natural variability and change in climate; c. Why anthropogenic climate change is occurring; and d. Which scientific uncertainties are most important to estimates of 21st century change. Not open to students who have enrolled in ATM OCN 425
ATM OCN 330 — PHYSICS OF THE ATMOSPHERE AND OCEAN I
Physical variables, laws, characteristics and direct measurements for atmosphere and ocean. Thermodynamics and moist atmospheric processes. Basic physics of clouds, precipitation, and chemical constituents.
ATM OCN/ENVIR ST/GEOG 332 — GLOBAL WARMING: SCIENCE AND IMPACTS
Climate change is underway and will continue into the foreseeable future. This course offers a fundamental understanding of how and why global warming is happening, and what to expect in the future. Together, we will investigate and discuss the evidence for change, the science that explains these observations, predicted impacts on humans and ecosystems, and the societal debate over proposed solutions. Freshmen permitted only with consent of instructor
ATM OCN/ENVIR ST/GEOG/GEOSCI 335 — CLIMATIC ENVIRONMENTS OF THE PAST
Climatic change at timescales from the last 1,000,000 years to the last 1000 years. Examines how climate variability arises from interplay between external forcings, feedbacks within the earth system, and (more recently) human activity.
ATM OCN 340 — PHYSICS OF THE ATMOSPHERE AND OCEAN II
Radiation, energy budget, and cloud physics. Scattering, absorption, emission and diabatic heating by shortwave and longwave processes. Introduction to cloud physics including cloud nucleation processes, particle growth, precipitation development, and convective cloud processes.
ATM OCN 401 — TOPICS IN METEOROLOGY
Special topics to be given as the need and opportunity arise. May be repeated for credit.
ATM OCN 404 — METEOROLOGICAL MEASUREMENTS
Practical experience in planning experiment implementation, performing instrument quality control, conducting computational data analysis, and writing and presenting of meteorological and climatological observations in a team setting.
ATM OCN 405 — AOS SENIOR CAPSTONE SEMINAR
Required senior seminar for AOS majors provides a synthesis and overview. Research on a topic of the student's choosing is presented at the end.
ATM OCN 425 — GLOBAL CLIMATE PROCESSES
Overview of physical processes of the atmosphere and its coupling to the ocean and land. Understanding its seasonal climatology and variability. Synthesis through application of junior AOS core dynamics and physics to quantitatively understand diabatic, transport, and dissipative processes. Examples include global warming, air-ocean coupling, ENSO, ozone hole, tropospheric water and chemistry issues, diurnal to interannual time scales.
ATM OCN 441 — RADAR AND SATELLITE METEOROLOGY
Provides undergraduate students with the necessary knowledge about radar and satellite meteorology.
ATM OCN 452 — SYNOPTIC LABORATORY I: THE FRONTAL CYCLONE
Cyclone and frontal theory; case studies illustrating the structure and evolution of the frontal cyclone; diagnostic techniques: interpretation of satellite photographs, preparation of vertical cross sections and isentropic analysis.
ATM OCN 453 — SYNOPTIC LABORATORY II: MESOSCALE METEOROLOGY
Local wind systems, thunderstorms, mesoscale convection systems, interactions with synoptic scale weather. Analysis, prediction, nowcasting and observation of mesoscale weather, including interpretation of satellite and radar information.
ATM OCN 455 — SEVERE STORM FORCASTING AND OBSERVATION
Application of severe storm forecasting and nowcasting techniques under operational conditions. Severe storm observation and photography (storm chasing), application in the field.
ATM OCN 508 — TEACHER WORKSHOP IN SATELLITE METEOROLOGY
This workshop is designed to address the professional development needs for K-12 science teachers.
ATM OCN 509 — TEACHER WORKSHOP IN EARTH SYSTEM SCIENCE - WEB
These courses are designed to address the professional development needs for K-12 science teachers in the earth and space sciences. Topics will be designed to meet the Wisconsin State Science standards and be presented by science and education experts.
ATM OCN/ENVIR ST 520 — BIOCLIMATOLOGY
How climate systems and biological organisms operate and interact at the global scale and the implications of this for climate change, ecosystem ecology and human land use.
ATM OCN 522 — TROPICAL METEOROLOGY
Characteristics of the tropical atmosphere; local and diurnal phenomena; tropical synoptic systems; circulation and energetics; mechanisms of tropical climate variations.
ATM OCN/ENVIR ST/GEOG 528 — PAST CLIMATES AND CLIMATIC CHANGE
Climatic change throughout geologic time, especially in the last 10 millennia; mechanisms of change, evidence, and criteria, paleogeography and paleoclimatology, climate models.
ATM OCN/AGRONOMY/SOIL SCI 532 — ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS
Plant-environment interactions with particular reference to energy exchanges and water relations. Models are used to provide a quantitative synthesis of information from plant physiology, soil physics, and micrometeorology with some consideration of plant-pest interactions.
ATM OCN/ENVIR ST 535 — ATMOSPHERIC DISPERSION AND AIR POLLUTION
Physical principles of atmospheric transport processes. Variation of transport in time and place. Local and regional concentrations of pollutants. Environmental implications of air pollution and control strategies.
ATM OCN 573 — COMPUTATIONAL METHODS IN ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC SCIENCES
Provides students with an introduction to multiple programming languages and technical computing methods used in the Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences. Data analysis methods and software development for specialized applications related to the field are also highlighted.
ATM OCN 575 — CLIMATOLOGICAL ANALYSIS
Mathematical and statistical tools applicable to the investigation of climatological problems; nature and treatment of climatological data.
ATM OCN 601 — CHALLENGING PROBLEMS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC SCIENCES
Individual staff members weave detailed subjects into the general fabric of the physical environment.
ATM OCN 610 — GEOPHYSICAL FLUID DYNAMICS I
Basic dynamic concepts: equations of motion, basic approximations, Coriolis force, wave motions, normal modes, gravity waves, frictional turbulence and convective processes, geostrophic adjustment, scaling argument, effects of rotation on wave motions. Vorticity and potential vorticity.
ATM OCN 611 — GEOPHYSICAL FLUID DYNAMICS II
Quasi-geostrophic motion, potential vorticity equations, E-P fluxes, Rossby waves, boundary layer processes, wind-driven ocean circulation and western boundary currents, barotropic and baroclinic instability, tropical flows.
ATM OCN 615 — LABORATORY IN ROTATING FLUID DYNAMICS
Rotating fluid experiments, theory and data analysis are used to deepen understanding of geophysical fluid dynamics and observed phenomena in the atmosphere and ocean. The course will be primarily in the laboratory -- focusing on hands-on experiences in the rotating tank lab and with real data.
ATM OCN 630 — INTRODUCTION TO ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC PHYSICS
Graduate level core course, covering thermodynamics theory of multiphase systems, thermodynamic analysis of atmosphere, microphysical processes in the atmosphere, atmospheric and oceanic chemical processes, conduction of heat and moisture into the atmosphere from ocean and land surface.
ATM OCN 637 — CLOUD PHYSICS
Processes of cloud formation, growth, and dissipation from the standpoint of both the cloud particles and the whole cloud as a dynamic entity.
ATM OCN 638 — ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY
Evolution of the atomsphere, chemical structure, instrumental analysis, trace gases, aerosol mechanics, chemical processes.
ATM OCN 640 — RADIATION IN THE ATMOSPHERE AND OCEAN
Graduate level core course in radiation. Introduction to basic laws, radiative transfer under clear sky conditions, scattering by individual particles, multiple scattering, radiative properties of clouds and aerosols, energy budget, miscellaneous applications.
ATM OCN 650 — ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC SYSTEMS
Graduate level core lab and lecture course designed to quantitatively analyze, descriptively define and physically interpret atmospheric structures, climate and flow systems depicted by observations on scales ranging from the global circulation to those of turbulence in the planetary boundary layer. Observation and analysis strategies.
ATM OCN 651 — SYNOPTIC-DYNAMIC LABORATORY
Quantitative lab applications of atmospheric dynamics and thermodynamics to synoptic systems. Jet stream systems, cyclone development, global air motions, performance of numerical prediction models, local surface forecasting.
ATM OCN 660 — INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY
Physical properties of sea water: ocean climatology, water, salt and heat budget, measurements, ocean circulation and water mass of the world ocean, thermocline, thermohaline, equatorial ocean and southern ocean.
ATM OCN 681 — SENIOR HONORS THESIS
ATM OCN 682 — SENIOR HONORS THESIS
ATM OCN 691 — SENIOR THESIS
ATM OCN 692 — SENIOR THESIS
ATM OCN 698 — DIRECTED STUDY
Offered on a Cr/N grading basis. Does not count toward Grad residence credit.
ATM OCN 699 — DIRECTED STUDY
Graded on a lettered basis; requires cons inst
ATM OCN/CIV ENGR 701 — THE CHEMISTRY OF AIR POLLUTION
The course will cover background and modern research methods for the application of chemical analysis tools to understanding of the origin, composition, and the chemical transformations of pollutants that occur in the atmosphere. Emphasis will be directed at the pollutants impacting human health, climate change, and ecosystem degradation. Approximately half of the course materials will be taken from the scientific literature and will provide the opportunity to advance skills in the critical reading of journal articles. The course is directed at graduate students conducting research and interested in air pollution and environmental chemistry. As part of the course, students will gain experience in presenting scientific research methods and results related to course materials.
ATM OCN 705 — THE MIDDLE ATMOSPHERE
Dynamics, chemistry and radiation of the stratosphere and mesosphere. Structure and composition. Observing techniques. Gravity, Rossby, and Kelvin waves. Wave-mean flow interaction. Instabilities. Tracer transport. Modeling the middle atmosphere. Ozone layer. Greenhouse effect.
ATM OCN 712 — GENERAL CIRCULATION OF THE ATMOSPHERE
The theory of the general circulation with emphasis on the sources, sinks, and transport of mass, angular momentum, and energy that serve to maintain the circumpolar vortex.
ATM OCN 718 — DYNAMICS OF MOIST CONVECTIVE SYSTEMS
Governing equations for non-hydrostatic dynamics, mixed phase thermodynamics and microphysics. Cumulus parameterization and scale interactions. Application to theoretical and numerical models of thunderstorms (and attendant weather phenomena) and Mesoscale Convective Systems in the extra tropics and tropics.
ATM OCN 740 — ADVANCED ATMOSPHERIC RADIATION
The course deals with advanced topics in atmospheric radiative transfer. These include numerical methods to solve the radiative transfer equation, theory of scattering by spherical and non-spherical particles and advanced topics in gas absorption.
ATM OCN/ENVIR ST 745 — METEOROLOGICAL SATELLITE APPLICATIONS
Use of satellite imagery and measurements in meteorological research and operations; orbital characteristics; navigation; instrumentation.
ATM OCN/ENVIR ST/GEOSCI/ZOOLOGY 750 — PROBLEMS IN OCEANOGRAPHY
Introduction to techniques used in the study of the biology, chemistry, geology, and physics of the marine environment.
ATM OCN 760 — LARGE-SCALE OCEAN-ATMOSPHERE COUPLING
Various aspects of global ocean-atmosphere coupling and climate variability; global surface flux distribution; mixed layer dynamics; tropical dynamics and El Nino and Southern Oscillation; extratropical ocean-atmosphere coupling; interannual to interdecadal climate variability.
ATM OCN 761 — DYNAMICS OF OCEAN CIRCULATION
Theories of general oceanic circulation: Sverdrup flow, western boundary layer; thermocline circulation, recirculation theory, ventilated thermocline theory; thermohaline circulation, abyssal flow, thermohaline instability and multiple equilibria.
ATM OCN 771 — NUMERICAL MODELING IN METEOROLOGY
Advanced techniques for development of meteorological numerical models. Survey of existing models for general circulation, operational weather prediction, mesoscale convection, and turbulence with emphasis on numerical methods and solution accuracy.
ATM OCN 773 — BOUNDARY LAYER METEOROLOGY
Observations of and theories for boundary layers, turbulence, spectra, plumes, dust devils, convection, terrain effects, and other phenomena in the lowest 2 km of the atmosphere.
ATM OCN 801 — TOPICS IN THEORETICAL METEOROLOGY
Advanced level subjects in dynamics, synoptics, climate-dynamics and atmospheric physics including recent advances.
ATM OCN 900 — SEMINAR-METEOROLOGY
ATM OCN/BOTANY/CIV ENGR/ENVIR ST/GEOSCI/ZOOLOGY 911 — LIMNOLOGY AND MARINE SCIENCE SEMINAR
Sections in various fields of zoological research.
ATM OCN 915 — SEMINAR-DYNAMICS
ATM OCN/ENVIR ST 925 — SEMINAR-CLIMATOLOGY
Historical climatology with emphasis on the last few centuries.
ATM OCN 935 — SEMINAR-PHYSICAL METEOROLOGY
Topics in physical meteorology are explored at an advanced graduate level, including severe storms, cloud physics and atmospheric chemistry, depending on instructor.
ATM OCN 945 — RADIATION AND REMOTE SENSING SEMINAR
Topics in radiation and remote sensing of the atmosphere and ocean. Emphasis will be on current and classical problems in radiative transfer and remote sensing.
ATM OCN/AGRONOMY/BOTANY/ENTOM/ENVIR ST/F&W ECOL/GEOG/ZOOLOGY 953 — INTRODUCTION TO ECOLOGY RESEARCH AT UW-MADISON
This seminar course will introduce new graduate students to the diversity of ecologists across the UW-Madison campus. Course meetings will include discussions of key topics in professional development, research presentations by faculty members, and discussions of assigned papers with senior graduate students.
ATM OCN 965 — SEMINAR-OCEANOGRAPHY
ATM OCN/BOTANY/ENVIR ST/F&W ECOL/GEOG/GEOSCI/ZOOLOGY 980 — EARTH SYSTEM SCIENCE SEMINAR
Topics in earth system science. Emphasis on the coupling between atmospheric, oceanic and land surface systems, involving physical geochemical and biological processes, and including interactions with human systems.
ATM OCN 990 — RESEARCH
ATM OCN 999 — ADVANCED INDEPENDENT STUDY


Weather service introduces new ‘Snow Squall Warning’ in Michigan
Michigan residents might see a new type of weather warning this winter, as the National Weather Service has introduced the Snow Squall Warning, previously tested on the East Coast.
The warning would only be issued for an intense, but short-lived, period of moderate to heavy snowfall, characterized by strong, gusty winds, low visibility and significant snow accumulation.
“We see these every winter,” said Andy Sullivan, a meteorologist at the National Weather Service Gaylord office. “It’s a newer product, hopefully to cover the localized whiteout conditions and lower visibility, just to give people a heads up about it. It’s basically mainly for strong cold fronts that have short bursts of heavy snow or, in some cases, a heavier lake-effect snow band.”
According to information from the weather service, a Snow Squall Warning would not be issued for an area that is already under a Winter Storm or Blizzard Warning.
Sullivan said that many winter pileup car accidents, especially downstate in more populated areas, have taken place during snow squalls.
“They could be driving along and it’s not snowing much and they drive into one of these heavy snow bands, or squalls as it’s named, and it could not only lower the visibility, but it could make for slippery roads,” he said.
“It gives people a heads up that conditions could change rapidly, basically.”
If a Snow Squall Warning is issued, the weather service said motorists should expect severe travel difficulties.
“It should be something that’s short-lived. It shouldn’t last a long time,” Sullivan said. “(The warnings are) set up to be for an hour or less … hopefully with a lead time of 20-30 minutes.”
Sullivan added the visual that will be used in announcing a Snow Squall Warning will look similar to that for a Severe Thunderstorm Warning.
“It’s the first year we’re using them here, so I would say they’re probably not going to be very common,” he said. “But it’s going to change from year to year based on the actual weather conditions. Overall, you’re not going to see them a lot, but on occasion we might be issuing them.”


DON’T let this weekend’s cool change fool you. The NSW summer is set to be one of the hottest in recent years.
As the El Nino weather pattern starts to move in for the summer months, senior meteorologist Ben Domensino from Weatherzone said this summer is expected to be hot, dry and riddled with tropical storms – with more 30-degree days expected than usual.
The Fire and Rescue NSW Assistant Commissioner, Jim Smith, said the fire brigade was already preparing for ”wild” weather conditions, with the potential of flash flooding, thunderstorms and more fires expected than in the past two years.
While Mr Smith ruled out ”apocalyptic” weather, his biggest concern is fires started by barbecues and Christmas lights.
The recent onslaught of hotter spring days and packed beaches has already led NSW surf clubs to start preparing for the summer. A spokeswoman for Surf Life Saving NSW said many city beaches were putting on more patrols and extending the hours of beach patrols.
Despite cooler weather last summer, more than 8.5 million people flocked to patrolled NSW beaches.
Surf lifesavers were also working with the Rural Fire Service to evacuate beaches in the event of a fire and more training for night rescue operations, the spokeswoman said.
Last week the Bureau of Meteorology told the Herald that the end of the La Nina pattern that dominated eastern Australia over the past two years meant a reversion to a more normal hot and humid summer.
But spring isn’t finished with us yet. Meteorologist Chris Webb said we should expect cooler temperatures with a chance of rain, due to a low pressure system. Today is expected to have fine conditions but a colder temperature of 20 degrees.
Sydney weather statistics can be seen here.
Weatherzone南京夜网.au is owned by Fairfax Media, publisher of this website. Follow Environment on Twitter
This story Administrator ready to work first appeared on Nanjing Night Net.


A world citizen's annual average carbon footprint is 5 metric tons of CO2.
In the U.S, the CO2 emission per capita is about 16 metric tons whereas it is 6 tons in the EU.
Please consider to offset your carbon emissions
Show that you care for the environment and support Carbon Offsetting Projects that tackle climate change and improve the living conditions of communities around the world.
By supporting these projects, you can offset the emissions that you currently cannot avoid generating.
Below are a few high quality offset projects that you can choose from.


Gary Angelici, Lidia Popovici, Steve Klooster
BOREAS (BOReal Ecosystem Atmosphere Study) is an international, interdisciplinary scientific study which has the goal of improving our understanding of the interactions between the boreal forest biome and the atmosphere in order to clarify their roles in global change. Hundreds of investigators and staff are involved in deploying a wide range of sophisticated instruments and aircraft in the boreal forest of Canada during several twenty day periods in 1993 and 1994. While selected investigators in the Earth System Science Division are performing research with BOREAS, this effort involves the generation of several high precision data products from the imagery returned by the MAS (MODIS Airborne Simulator) and NS001 sensors flying on NASA's C-130.
NS001 image data received from several aircraft overflights of BOREAS study areas will be screened for problems and logged. Navigational data will be applied to geometrically correct the aircraft imagery, which is distorted due to various aircraft perturbations such as pitch and roll, to register with a map base. Optical thickness data and atmospheric radiance models will be applied to atmospherically-correct visible and near infrared channels of both NS001 and MAS data. In addition to image products, corrected reflectance and temperature statistics will be generated from these calculations. These numbers will be loaded into the BORIS (BOREAS Information System) and applied by BOREAS scientists in ecosystem models and in various research investigations. After the project, the images and statistics will be published on CD-ROM by BORIS staff for use by investigators and others for years to come.
In 1994, software to geometrically- and atmospherically- correct the data and create EOS (Earth Observing System) Level 2 data products was written and has undergone testing. Atmospheric models, such as Modtran and 6S, were applied to BOREAS radiosonde, sunphotometer, and other data to derive parameters necessary to atmospherically-correct both visible and thermal channels of the sensors. The intent of this work is to create the first software system capable of, in a single execution, making large quantities of geometrically-distorted and atmospherically-uncorrected aircraft data useful for not only scientific studies such as BOREAS, but also for GIS (geographic information system) applications which can utilize the remotely-sensed information provided by aircraft sensors.
Ames-Moffett contact: Gary Angelici
or tel: (415) 604-5947
Headquarters program office: OSSA


A Failure to Act Against Climate Change Now Risks Lives
By: Shannon Bugos, Communications and Writing Manager at Truman National Security Project and the editor-in-chief of the Doctrine Blog. Views expressed here are her own.
Released the day following Thanksgiving, a report by 13 federal agencies declared that if steps to combat climate change are not taken immediately, the American economy will suffer severely by the end of the century. This report stands in direct contradiction to the Trump Administration’s claims that their overthrow of environmental regulations and treaties will foster economic growth, as well as highlights the stark consequences the world will — and in some cases already do — face in our economy, health, and home if we fail to act now.
DEVASTATING EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE
The science behind climate change has long been conclusive. As more greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide become released into and then trap heat within the atmosphere, the earth steadily warms, causing ice to melt and ocean temperatures to rise. These oceanic changes result in rising sea levels, withering coral reefs, and more frequent and extreme hurricanes; meanwhile, on land, greater swings in temperature produce more severe droughts, wildfires, flooding, and winter storms. All of these changes in climate, in turn, spur actions by or consequences that affect humans, including mass migration, rapid urbanization, resource shortages, and increased poverty, famine, or disease — most of which contribute to greater instability around the world.
A report released in October by the UN’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) underscored the fact that these devastating consequences of climate change have worsened and will only continue to do so in the absence of worldwide action. Essentially, the IPCC report states that if greenhouse gas emissions continue at the current rate, the atmosphere will warm by 2.7 degrees Fahrenheit above pre-industrial levels by 2040; this rise in temperature will only accelerate downrange consequences. To prevent this rise, greenhouse pollution must drop 45 percent from 2010 levels by 2030, and 100 percent by 2050; plus, use of coal must drop from the about 40 percent today to between 1 and 7 percent. Instead of taking any steps to at least mitigate the rise in temperature, President Trump instead expressed heavy skepticism about the report, going so far as to insinuate that it was politically motivated: “It was given to me. And I want to look at who drew it. You know, which group drew it. I can give you reports that are fabulous, and I can give you reports that aren’t so good.”


We woke up this morning to cool air and a dark gray sky. As I was getting ready, I heard a light pitter patter of raindrops on the awning over the front porch. There was a light rain as I drove to work. Now I am inside and there is a glorious thunderstorm outside. I can hear the roar of the rain on the roof and the rumble of the thunder.
I wish I were experiencing this camped on a mountainside, not cooped up at work.


Leaders of the G20 in 20 major countries held a summit in Rome, Italy, from October 30-31. At the meeting, they agreed on the principle of suppressing the Earth's average temperature rise within 1.5 degrees Celsius. It is evaluated as reaffirming the willingness to implement the 2015 Paris Climate Change Convention. In the Paris Climate Agreement adopted in 2015, the international community set a goal of keeping global temperature rise within 2 degrees Celsius and below 1.5 degrees Celsius if possible, compared to before industrialization to prevent disasters caused by global warming. In the joint declaration, the G20 leader stressed the need for meaningful and effective measures and dedication from all countries to achieve the 1.5 degrees Celsius goal. G20 member states agreed that if the global average temperature rise is suppressed within 1.5 degrees Celsius, the impact of climate change such as extreme storms, floods, and sea level rise will be much smaller, and agreed to jointly try to curb the rise within 1.5 degrees Celsius.
We are gradually getting used to frequent climate events that go against the seasons with hail and snow falling in early summer and heat waves and droughts continuing during the normal rainy season. Experts even say that these extreme weather changes and abnormal climates are becoming the "new normal" and new standards in our daily lives. Experts warn that even if COVID-19 ends, extreme weather changes and climate disasters in their current state could lead to a more serious global health crisis again.
However, these extreme weather events are already appearing in countries around the world. For example, for the first time in history, rain, not snow, fell at the highest peak of the Greenland ice sheet, and rainfall equivalent to months drowned a Chinese area in just a few hours. Severe floods in Europe have caused numerous casualties and economic losses. In addition, rising sea levels around the world were cited as a serious concern. Global sea level rose to its highest level in 2021, and the current rate of sea level rise is increasing at its highest rate ever in the past 2,000 years. In addition, greenhouse gas emissions are expected to rise to a record high in the history of global temperature over the past seven years from 2015 to 2021.
The climate crisis can lead to a more serious health crisis. This can lead to the spread of infectious disease in livestock and animals. This is because the sudden warming climate changes the behavioral patterns of animals and plants, increasing the number of more diverse variables and possibilities that humans and animals can contact. Due to the harsh livestock industry, animals are bound to spread pathogens to each other and cause new infectious diseases. The risk of infectious diseases is also exported during the movement of slaughtered animals exported from livestock companies over long distances. Therefore, infectious diseases such as bird flu and foot-and-mouth disease are bound to continue to occur periodically.
Climate change and weather disasters are dangerous for our survival. More than 10% of global deaths are reported to be caused by extreme climate. Fundamentally, it is clear that the resulting diseases and pain will surge without measures and practices to prevent climate crises and weather disasters. It should be remembered that the global health crisis can be repeated endlessly without practical efforts to change each other's perceptions and actions.


Climatology (from Greek κλίμα, klima, "region, zone"; and -λογία, -logia) is the study of climate, scientifically defined as weather conditions averaged over a period of time, and is a branch of the atmospheric sciences. Basic knowledge of climate can be used within shorter term weather forecasting using analog techniques such as the El Niño - Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO), the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), the Northern Annualar Mode (NAM), the Arctic oscillation (AO), the Northern Pacific (NP) Index, the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), and the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation (IPO). Climate models are used for a variety of purposes from study of the dynamics of the weather and climate system to projections of future climate.
- 1 History
- 2 Different approaches
- 3 Indices
- 4 Models
- 5 Differences with meteorology
- 6 Use in weather forecasting
- 7 See also
- 8 References
- 9 External links
Perhaps the earliest person to hypothesize the concept of climate change was the medieval Chinese scientist Shen Kuo (1031-1095 AD). Shen Kuo theorized that climates naturally shifted over an enormous span of time, after observing petrified bamboos found underground near Yanzhou (modern day Yan'an, Shaanxi province), a dry climate area unsuitable for the growth of bamboo trees.
Early climate researchers include Edmund Halley, who published a map of the trade winds in 1686, after a voyage to the southern hemisphere. Benjamin Franklin, in the 18th century, was the first to map the course of the Gulf Stream for use in sending mail overseas from the United States to Europe. Francis Galton invented the term anticyclone. Helmut Landsberg led to statistical analysis being used in climatology, which led to its evolution into a physical science.
Climatology is approached in a variety of ways. Paleoclimatology seeks to reconstruct past climates by examining records such as ice cores and tree rings (dendroclimatology). Paleotempestology uses these same records to help determine hurricane frequency over millennia. The study of contemporary climates incorporates meteorological data accumulated over many years, such as records of rainfall, temperature and atmospheric composition. Knowledge of the atmosphere and its dynamics is also embodied in models, either statistical or mathematical, which help by integrating different observations and testing how they fit together. Modeling is used for understanding past, present and potential future climates. Historical climatology is the study of climate as related to human history and thus focuses only on the last few thousand years.
Climate research is made difficult by the large scale, long time periods, and complex processes which govern climate. Climate is governed by physical laws which can be expressed as differential equations. These equations are coupled and nonlinear, so that approximate solutions are obtained by using numerical methods to create global climate models. Climate is sometimes modeled as a stochastic process but this is generally accepted as an approximation to processes that are otherwise too complicated to analyze.
Scientists use climate indices in their attempt to characterize and understand the various climate mechanisms that culminate in our daily weather. Much in the way the Dow Jones Industrial Average, which is based on the stock prices of 30 companies, is used to represent the fluctuations in the stock market as a whole, climate indices are used to represent the essential elements of climate. Climate indices are generally devised with the twin objectives of simplicity and completeness, and each index typically represents the status and timing of the climate factor it represents. By their very nature, indices are simple, and combine many details into a generalized, overall description of the atmosphere or ocean which can be used to characterize the factors which impact the global climate system.
El Niño - Southern Oscillation
El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a global coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon. The Pacific ocean signatures, El Niño and La Niña are important temperature fluctuations in surface waters of the tropical Eastern Pacific Ocean. The name El Niño, from the Spanish for "the little boy", refers to the Christ child, because the phenomenon is usually noticed around Christmas time in the Pacific Ocean off the west coast of South America. La Niña means "the little girl". Their effect on climate in the subtropics and the tropics are profound. The atmospheric signature, the Southern Oscillation (SO) reflects the monthly or seasonal fluctuations in the air pressure difference between Tahiti and Darwin. The most recent occurrence of El Niño started in September 2006 and lasted until early 2007.
ENSO is a set of interacting parts of a single global system of coupled ocean-atmosphere climate fluctuations that come about as a consequence of oceanic and atmospheric circulation. ENSO is the most prominent known source of inter-annual variability in weather and climate around the world (~3 to 8 years), though not all areas are affected. ENSO has signatures in the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Oceans. El Niño causes weather patterns which causes it to rain in specific places but not in others, this is one of many causes for the drought.
In the Pacific, during major warm events, El Niño warming extends over much of the tropical Pacific and becomes clearly linked to the SO intensity. While ENSO events are basically in phase between the Pacific and Indian Oceans, ENSO events in the Atlantic Ocean lag behind those in the Pacific by 12 to 18 months. Many of the countries most affected by ENSO events are developing countries within main continents (South America, Africa...), with economies that are largely dependent upon their agricultural and fishery sectors as a major source of food supply, employment, and foreign exchange. New capabilities to predict the onset of ENSO events in the three oceans can have global socio-economic impacts. While ENSO is a global and natural part of the Earth's climate, whether its intensity or frequency may change as a result of global warming is an important concern. Low-frequency variability has been evidenced: the quasi-decadal oscillation (QDO). Inter-decadal (ID) modulation of ENSO (from PDO or IPO) might exist. This could explain the so-called protracted ENSO of the early 90s.
The Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) is an equatorial traveling pattern of anomalous rainfall that is planetary in scale. It is characterized by an eastward progression of large regions of both enhanced and suppressed tropical rainfall, observed mainly over the Indian Ocean and Pacific Ocean. The anomalous rainfall is usually first evident over the western Indian Ocean, and remains evident as it propagates over the very warm ocean waters of the western and central tropical Pacific. This pattern of tropical rainfall then generally becomes very nondescript as it moves over the cooler ocean waters of the eastern Pacific but reappears over the tropical Atlantic and Indian Ocean. The wet phase of enhanced convection and precipitation is followed by a dry phase where convection is suppressed. Each cycle lasts approximately 30–60 days. The MJO is also known as the 30-60 day oscillation, 30-60 day wave, or intraseasonal oscillation.
North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO)
Indices of the NAO are based on the difference of normalized sea level pressure (SLP) between Ponta Delgada, Azores and Stykkisholmur/Reykjavik, Iceland. The SLP anomalies at each station were normalized by division of each seasonal mean pressure by the long-term mean (1865-1984) standard deviation. Normalization is done to avoid the series of being dominated by the greater variability of the northern of the two stations. Positive values of the index indicate stronger-than-average westerlies over the middle latitudes.
Northern Annular Mode (NAM) or Arctic Oscillation (AO)
The NAM, or AO, is defined as the first EOF of northern hemisphere winter SLP data from the tropics and subtropics. It explains 23% of the average winter (December-March) variance, and it is dominated by the NAO structure in the Atlantic. Although there are some subtle differences from the regional pattern over the Atlantic and Arctic, the main difference is larger amplitude anomalies over the North Pacific of the same sign as those over the Atlantic. This feature gives the NAM a more annular (or zonally-symmetric) structure.
Northern Pacific (NP) Index
The NP Index is the area-weighted sea level pressure over the region 30N-65N, 160E-140W.
Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO)
The PDO is a pattern of Pacific climate variability that shifts phases on at least inter-decadal time scale, usually about 20 to 30 years. The PDO is detected as warm or cool surface waters in the Pacific Ocean, north of 20° N. During a "warm", or "positive", phase, the west Pacific becomes cool and part of the eastern ocean warms; during a "cool" or "negative" phase, the opposite pattern occurs. The mechanism by which the pattern lasts over several years has not been identified; one suggestion is that a thin layer of warm water during summer may shield deeper cold waters. A PDO signal has been reconstructed to 1661 through tree-ring chronologies in the Baja California area.
Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation (IPO)
The Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation (IPO or ID) display similar sea surface temperature (SST) and sea level pressure patterns to the PDO, with a cycle of 15–30 years, but affects both the north and south Pacific. In the tropical Pacific, maximum SST anomalies are found away from the equator. This is quite different from the quasi-decadal oscillation (QDO) with a period of 8-to-12 years and maximum SST anomalies straddling the equator, thus resembling ENSO.
Climate models use quantitative methods to simulate the interactions of the atmosphere, oceans, land surface, and ice. They are used for a variety of purposes from study of the dynamics of the weather and climate system to projections of future climate. All climate models balance, or very nearly balance, incoming energy as short wave (including visible) electromagnetic radiation to the earth with outgoing energy as long wave (infrared) electromagnetic radiation from the earth. Any unbalance results in a change in the average temperature of the earth.
The most talked-about models of recent years have been those relating temperature to emissions of carbon dioxide (see greenhouse gas). These models predict an upward trend in the surface temperature record, as well as a more rapid increase in temperature at higher altitudes.
Models can range from relatively simple to quite complex:
- A simple radiant heat transfer model that treats the earth as a single point and averages outgoing energy
- this can be expanded vertically (radiative-convective models), or horizontally
- finally, (coupled) atmosphere–ocean–sea ice global climate models discretise and solve the full equations for mass and energy transfer and radiant exchange.
Differences with meteorology
In contrast to meteorology, which focuses on short term weather systems lasting up to a few weeks, climatology studies the frequency and trends of those systems. It studies the periodicity of weather events over years to millennia, as well as changes in long-term average weather patterns, in relation to atmospheric conditions. Climatologists, those who practice climatology, study both the nature of climates - local, regional or global - and the natural or human-induced factors that cause climates to change. Climatology considers the past and can help predict future climate change.
Phenomena of climatological interest include the atmospheric boundary layer, circulation patterns, heat transfer (radiative, convective and latent), interactions between the atmosphere and the oceans and land surface (particularly vegetation, land use and topography), and the chemical and physical composition of the atmosphere.
Use in weather forecasting
A more complicated way of making a forecast, the analog technique requires remembering a previous weather event which is expected to be mimicked by an upcoming event. What makes it a difficult technique to use is that there is rarely a perfect analog for an event in the future. Some call this type of forecasting pattern recognition, which remains a useful method of observing rainfall over data voids such as oceans with knowledge of how satellite imagery relates to precipitation rates over land, as well as the forecasting of precipitation amounts and distribution in the future. A variation on this theme is used in Medium Range forecasting, which is known as teleconnections, when you use systems in other locations to help pin down the location of another system within the surrounding regime. One method of using teleconnections are by using climate indices such as ENSO-related phenomena.
- Edmund Halley
- Helmut Landsberg
- Tornado climatology
- Tropical cyclone rainfall climatology
- National Climatic Data Center
- Climate Prediction Center
- Climate Prediction Center. Climate Glossary. Retrieved on 2006-11-23.
- Life Stories. Francis Galton. Retrieved on 2007-04-19.
- California Department of Fish and Game, Marine Region. El Niño Information. Retrieved on 2007-06-07.
- La Niña.
- El Nino forms in Pacific Ocean, CNN
- "There Goes El Nino, Here Comes La Nina". The Associated Press / CBS News. 2007-02-28. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/02/28/tech/main2523483.shtml. Retrieved 2007-03-02.
- National Center for Atmospheric Research. Climate Analysis Section. Retrieved on 2007-06-07.
- Other Forecasting Methods: climatology, analogue and numerical weather prediction. Retrieved on 2006-02-16.
- Kenneth C. Allen. Pattern Recognition Techniques Applied to the NASA-ACTS Order-Wire Problem. Retrieved on 2007-02-16.
- Weather Associates, Inc. The Role of Teleconnections & Ensemble Forecasting in Extended- to Medium-Range Forecasting. Retrieved on 2007-02-16.
- Thinkquest.org. Teleconnections: Linking El Niño with Other Places. Retrieved on 2007-02-16.
- Climatology News Daily publication with news in all areas of climatology plus free news feeds for webmasters.
- Climate Prediction Center
- KNMI Climate Explorer The Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute's Climate Explorer graphs climatological relationships of spatial and temporal data.
- Climatology as a Profession Amer. Inst. of Physics account of the history of the discipline of climatology in the 20th century


Let us learn to describe weather in Hindi.
Learn to say sentences like “Today weather is good” or “How is weather in Mumbai today ? in Hindi.
Weather translates to “मौसम (mousam)” in Hindi.
आज मौसम अच्छा है | (aaj mousam accha hai) = Today weather is good.
कल मौसम अच्छा नहीं था | (kal mousam accha nahi thaa)= Yesterday weather was not nice.
आज मौसम खतरनाक है | (aaj mousam khatarnak hai) = Weather is dangerous today.
मुंबई में मौसम कैसा है ? (mumbai me mousam kaisa hai) = How is weather in Mumbai ?
अमरीका में मौसम कैसा है ? (amrikaa me mousam kaisa hai) = How is weather in America?


Optimal Humidity In House During Winter. To get into specifics, the average humidity level should be between 30 to 50 percent during summer months and lower than 40% during winters to avoid condensation on your home windows. However, keeping a certain level of humidity in your home’s air actually provides many benefits.
Relative humidity is the amount of water vapor present in the air in relation to the amount of water vapor the air can actually hold. What is the remended humidity level for a home in winter from homemade.ftempo.com. Condensation can form on the interior of your windows during the wintertime humidity control in your house.
What Level Of Indoor Humidity Is Good In Winter?
In the winter, it can be a challenge to maintain proper humidity levels indoors. You can manage the humidity inside your house either passively or actively. I receive letters like yours every week during the winter complaining about health problems in new ontario homes but very few like this from outside of ontario.
My Big Problem With Dry Winter Air Is That My Nasal Passages Get Dried Out And I Can Sometimes Get Minor Nosebleeds, So I Will Often Take A Longer Shower In Winter, Just To Hydrate The Nasal And.
Anything between 30% and 60% is ok. The best humidity level in winter is… we can’t give you one number, because it depends on the temperature, both inside and outside your home. The ideal humidity for a home in winter right humidity levels will help you and your home feel cool in the summer and warm in the winter.
To Achieve The Ideal Humidity Level In House During Winter In Canada, You Can Purchase A Humidifier.
Add some houseplants to your home. Unsure what relative humidity means? But keeping the air that moist over the course of.
This Is A Valid Concern, As Managing The Humidity Level In Your Home Is Just As Important As Maintaining The Temperature.
Www.centralhtg.com relative humidity is the amount of water vapor present in the air in relation to the amount of water vapor the air can actually hold. If you set the humidity to a too low percentage (below 30%), you can experience the negative effects of air being too dry. But we can give you a range:
In A Moderate Climate, You Might Want To Aim For A Low End Of 40%.
The easiest method to measure humidity levels (and the most accurate) is to use a hygrometer. The healthy range for humidity is around 40% to 50%, with a little tolerance for going higher or lower; Relative humidity is the amount of water vapor present in the air in relation to the amount of water vapor the air can actually hold.


Etude de cas
Kazakhstan | Cairnet®
Air pollution is one of the main environmental problems to be addressed by the EU.
In order to foster sustainable development and mitigate climate change, it is therefore important to provide national and regional authorities with appropriate measures to reduce criteria pollutants (PM 10, PM2.5, O3, CO2, SO2 and NOx) concentrations in air.
Many cities are not able of meeting the implemented EU standards for particulate matter and NO2. While European Union imposes strict limit values for PM and NO2 in air through its Directive 2008/50/EC, reduction in emissions will become costly.
According to a new environmental standard set a year ago in Kazakhstan, industrial sites of the first category have to be compliant and shall survey and control their pollutants emissions.
Hence, in order to reduce the environmental harmful emissions near an iron ore mine, the management has chosen ENVEA’s Cairnet monitoring mini-station based on PM, SO2 and NO2, featuring Cairsens micro-sensors.
The ambient air quality of sanitary protection zones and the emission sources are now locally monitored and controlled, as well as remotely surveyed from potentially anywhere.
In consequence, it will be possible to develop and carry out all measures to prevent staff’s health issues and guarantee safety.
Local area partner: GoldenAge


Tunis experienced storms and heavy rainfall this morning after month’s of drought. However, the much needed rainfall in the country’s south failed to materialize.
According to the National Institute of Meterology of Tunisia (NIMT), Zaghouan in the north has received 29mm of rain so far today. However, in Sfax, often considered the gateway to the country’s south, only one millimeter of rain has been recorded.
Although the weather map on the NIMT website shows electrical storms forecast for the whole of the country, a spokesperson from NIMT stated that “The South still has not registered any rain”, this follows an extremely hot summer with temperatures as high as 49ºC.
Speaking to Tunisia Live the NIMT Spokesperson said: “The thunderstorms are important for the month of September,” adding. “The quantity of rain in the south is always much less than in the north.”
Average rainfalls recorded by the NIMT between 1950 and 2014 show rainfall to between 29mm and 150mm in the north and central regions during the month of September, whereas in the south, rainfall varied between just 10mm and 27mm during this time of year.
Spokesperson for the Union of Agriculture and Labour (UTAP), Sarra Bdnhamdi told Tunisia Live , “September rain is the most important of the year,” adding “normally, the September rains give us an idea of how the agricultural year will go.” This season’s rain is vital for the refilling of the dams and national stocks of water. Bdnhamdi warned, “One day of rain does not resolve everything. We need continuous rain to restock the barrages.”
According to Bdnhamdi, UTAP are concerned for the state of Tunisia’s Agri-food industry, particularly for olive production. “This year the agricultural production has not been good, the production of olives is diminishing.”


An air mass consists of a vast quantity of air that possesses a common temperature and moisture content throughout types of air reach. Select a subject to preview related courses: This air mass has its origins over the snow fields types of air Eastern Europe and Russia and is only considered a winter November to April phenomena. Factors that Influence the Environmental Lapse Rate.
Types of Air compressor
Ozone is considered the most prevalent air pollutant by the American Lung Association. The air falling back down is dry because it left all its water in the cloud on the other side! Depending on which text editor you're pasting into, you might have to add the italics to the site name. All of the same great people, writers and editors but now with more firepower. It is most common during the summer months June, July and August, although it can occur at other times of the year.
Types of Air Pollution
This air mass has its origins over northern Canada and Greenland and reaches the British Isles on a north-westerly air stream. Your Cart is Empty. Convection is the cyclical process of warm air rising and cool air sinking. In addition, people can check the level of pollutants in their area at the website AirNow , maintained by the government. Particle pollution can be dangerous even in low concentrations, leading to increased mortality and morbidity, and is the pollutant that affects people more than any other pollution. The Polar Front Theory of Cyclogenesis. Along the zone of contact, we get changes in weather, such as storms, rain and clouds. Fronts are the contact zone between two different air masses. It is cool and moist and can create mild weather in coastal areas depending on the time of year. Like this lesson Share.
Anyone can earn credit-by-exam regardless of age or education level. Get updates Email alerts RSS. As the air rises up over the mountain, it cools and expands, and any moisture in the air is pushed out. Air masses are classified into groups depending types of air their basic temperature and humidity characteristics. This air mass has its origins over the snow fields of Eastern Europe and Russia and is only considered a winter November to April phenomena. Earning College Credit Did you know… We have over college courses that prepare you to earn credit by exam that is accepted by over 1, colleges and universities. Air masses are huge parcels of air with specific characteristics. The space types of air between is where it's sinking back types of air to the ground.
Heat waves that result in human and animal deaths can be caused by this air mass. By Cindy Orlowski; Updated April 25, Login or Sign up.
What Are the Four Types of Air Mass?
The History of the Nike Air Max
Plus, get practice tests, types of air, and personalized coaching to help you succeed. The best places to find this type of air is along the Southeast part of the United States due to the moisture from the Gulf of Types of air. This type of air mass creates very cold winter noordwijk-binnen without precipitation or clouds. Types of Atmospheric Lapse Rates.


|RFx ID :||19446346|
|Tender Name :||2018 0098 - Tauranga Air Emissions Inventory|
|Reference # :||2018 0098|
|Open Date :||Tuesday, 13 February 2018 4:00 PM (Pacific/Auckland UTC+13:00)|
|Close Date :||Thursday, 29 March 2018 4:00 PM (Pacific/Auckland UTC+13:00)|
|Department/Business Unit :||BOPRC Procurement|
|Tender Type :||Request for Proposals (RFP)|
|Tender Coverage :||Sole Agency [?]|
|Required Pre-qualifications :||None|
0800 884 881 x9346
|Alternate Physical Delivery Address :|
|Alternate Physical Fax Number :|
Bay of Plenty Regional Council is looking for suppliers to submit their proposal for Tauranga Air Emission Inventory Project.
Tauranga area has a number of air contaminant sources contributing to poor ambient air quality particularly in Mount Maunganui and at the Port of Tauranga. To address air quality issues, the BOPRC may need to introduce policies and regulations to manage air discharges and carry out compliance and enforcement action. The BOPRC requires an air emissions inventory to inform any policy and regulation development and enforcement actions.
The inventory must include all sources of key contaminants including (as a minimum) particulate matter (TSP, PM10, PM2.5), CO, CO2, Oxides of Nitrogen, O3, SO2, dioxins, VOCs, and H2S. These will most likely include domestic sources, industrial discharges, shipping emissions, natural sources and traffic.


Foreign media, October 16 news: The National Atmospheric and Oceanic Administration (NOAA) weather report released on October 13 shows that the La Niña phenomenon will shift to a neutral weather pattern between February and April 2023.
But NOAA cautions that predicting the exact timing of the transition is a challenge, as uncertainty remains about how long La Niña might last. There is a 75% chance of La Niña in the northern hemisphere winter (summer in the southern hemisphere) in 2022/23 and a 54% chance of ENSO neutrality in February 2023.
This year will be the third year in a row that a La Niña weather event is likely to affect Brazil’s grain harvest. Soybean production in three states in Brazil’s southern region, Mato Grosso do Sul, São Paulo and Minas Gerais, was adversely affected last year.
Meteorologists say this year’s La Niña is weak to moderate, with the greatest impact on crops in southern Brazil. There has been a lot of rain in southern Brazil in recent weeks, but it is now expected to decrease from October 20, especially in the state of Rio Grande do Sul.
NOAA reports that there will still be rain in southern Brazil for the next seven days. Starting on the 21st, weather models show a decrease in rainfall, with most of the state of Rio Grande do Sul without any rain forecast until October 29. Santa Catarina and Parana can still see some rain, albeit not much.
Brazil’s National Meteorological Institute (INMET) forecasts less rainfall in the three southern states during October, November and December. Cumulative rainfall in Rio Grande do Sul should be between 100mm and 200mm below average, with a possible 300mm gap in the western part of the state. In Santa Catarina, IMNET is forecasting rainfall between 50mm and 100mm below the historical average. Rainfall in Parana may be between 10mm and 50mm below the historical average, with some areas reaching 100mm. In central and northern Brazil, INMET forecasts mostly at or above average rainfall.


Weather AdvisoryDec. 02, 2022 – 8:50 a.m. PST
Due to current weather conditions, members of the UBC community are reminded of UBC’s Winter Weather Conditions Protocol (CWL required). Campus operations and classes are proceeding as normal. For information on transit service, visit Translink Alerts & Advisories.
UBC Vancouver snow and ice removal priority maps are here: https://facilities.ubc.ca/services/ice-prevention-and-snow-removal


Temperature and climate
Temperature and snow depth for Hafjell - historical figures
There are large local variations in temperature. Especially in January it may be cold down in the valley and milder up at the top of Hafjell.
Lillehammer region is known for its relatively dry climate with plenty of snow, not much wind, and stable temperatures. A main characteristics of the climate in the region is cold winters and warm summers i.e.continental climate.
The prevailing westerly winds, which often even in winter give much rain in the western part of Norway, give only minor precipitation in the region because of the sheltering effect of the Central Norwegian Mountain Ridge.
Most of the precipitation comes from southern or eastern directions in such amounts that the ground may be covered with snow in the period from November to April.
Climate in Hafjell with temperatures (celcius) and snow depth (cm) Month Max Temperature Min Temperature Snow Depth January -6 -12 83 February -4 -11 97 March 1 -8 101 April 6 -3 73 May 13 3 0 June 18 8 0 July 19 9 0 August 17 8 0 September 12 4 0 October 7 1 0 November 0 -6 22 December -4 -10 57
Lillehammer is the only town in the world with a skier on its coat of arms, reflecting historic associations with skiing and the present status as a centre for tourism and open-air life.


Classic cold outbreak brings second heavy snowfall in a weekThursday July 5-6, 1990
A classic cold outbreak setup with a high near the south of WA, ridging ENE, and a deep low near Tasmania allowed cold Southern Ocean air to penetrate well into SE Australia. The combination of 850hPa temperatures of -2 to -3°C and instability provided by the nearby low produced ideal conditions for widespread snow on and west of the Great Dividing Range.
This situation almost exactly mirrored that of June 27-28, only a week before, where heavy snow had also been widespread in NSW. I believe snow settled on many parts of the Central West Slopes of NSW on the morning of the 28th.
Included below are charts of the reanalysed Sea Level Pressure and 850hPa temperature for 12Z on Thursday (around the time snow commenced in Taralga), and 00Z on the Friday.
With snow still lying in patches on the surrounding hills from the previous week's falls, our area was snowed under again.
The following are a few shots from around our home in Taralga, taken on the Friday morning. The snow lay in patches around the village for a few days and another week again in sheltered areas of the surrounding higher ground.
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Email me using my first initial and last name, no spaces, at ozemail, com, au.


...WINTER WEATHER ADVISORY IN EFFECT UNTIL 6 PM CST THIS EVENING...
Today Light snow. Snow accumulation of 1 to 2 inches. Highs around 20. North winds 10 to 15 mph. Tonight Cloudy. Light snow in the evening, then chance of light snow after midnight. Snow accumulation less than 1 inch . Lows around 7 above. Northwest winds 10 to 15 mph. Chance of snow 80 percent. Washingtons birthday Mostly cloudy. Highs around 14. Northwest winds 5 to 10 mph. Monday night Mostly cloudy. Lows around 2 below. Northwest winds 5 to 10 mph. Tuesday Mostly cloudy. A 40 percent chance of light snow in the afternoon. Highs around 16. Southeast winds 5 to 10 mph. Tuesday night Cloudy with snow likely. Light snow accumulations. Lows around 8 above. Chance of snow 70 percent. Wednesday Mostly cloudy. Highs around 20. Wednesday night Partly cloudy. Lows around 4 above. Thursday Partly cloudy. Highs around 22. Thursday night Mostly cloudy with a 40 percent chance of snow. Lows around 12. Friday Mostly cloudy. Chance of snow in the morning, then snow likely in the afternoon. Highs around 27. Chance of snow 70 percent. Friday night Cloudy. Snow likely in the evening, then chance of snow after midnight. Lows around 13. Chance of snow 60 percent. Saturday Mostly cloudy with a 30 percent chance of snow. Highs around 23.
Central Plains and into the Midwest will see snow in northern areas. Mixed precip near East Coast. The southeast will see rain. Rain and snow in the far west will diminish over the weekend. » More DTN Weather Commentary
Posted at 2:46PM Fri Feb 15, 2019 CST
Click here to get your local weather emailed to you each day.


Other than the Diamond Weather Station, Oregon Scientific is going to release the Auto-Rotate Wooden Projection Clock. This wooden clock’s large LED-backlight display auto-rotates 90 degrees, depending on vertical or horizontal orientation of device.
It shows you the indoor and outdoor temperature , atomic time and 12-to-24 hour future weather forecast using easy-to-read icons. Oregon Scientific’s Wooden Projection Clock can project time and temperature on your wall or ceiling for easy nighttime viewing.
The Auto-Rotate Wooden Projection Clock is priced at $129.99.


Things You Learn From Weather Forecasting
Presently, traditional meteorology can't pinpoint particular weather events past three or four days. There's an alternate weather prediction method, nevertheless, that excels in predicting long-lived weather patterns.
One benefit of this process, which relies on planetary cycles, is that you may appear much further in the future and supply, with adequate accuracy, the times, areas, and forms of weather that present conventional long-term weather outlooks can't supply. If you want to learn more about future weather forecast then you can check various online sources or check AgResource Company for climate impact report.
By way of instance, current conventional long-term weather outlooks are broken down to 3-month intervals and indicate whether the temperatures and precipitation in a specific section of the nation will likely be above average, below average or possess an equal prospect of either.
The alternate prediction system, on the other hand, can offer real dates and places alongside the sort of weather phenomenon to be anticipated.
Long-range weather predictions according to this unconventional strategy and their outcomes are continuously being posted. Though no prediction system, be it traditional or otherwise, can claim 100% precision, I've discovered that this system provides very reliable results.
Imagine the advantages that lots of weather-dependent businesses could receive by understanding the prevailing weather patterns months or months ahead. Weather forecasting is using science to forecast the condition of the air for a long time at a particular site.
Folks have attempted calling weather for a lengthy time today utilizing numerous different techniques, some of which proved powerful while some didn't operate in any way. Some individuals used a particular plant and looked in the blossom of the plant to forecast the weather, while some detected animal customs and called the weather in accordance with their behavior.
Later on, people found that information collection of the present condition of the air and usage of comprehension of these atmospheric processes so as to forecast the weather was shown to be much more powerful than observing plant and animal behavior.


【阅读理解】Two United Nations agencies warned on Tuesday that children are most at risk of developing skin cancers as a result of the long-term decline in the earth’s protective ozone layer. The agencies, the World Health Organization（WHO）and the UN Environmental Programme（UNEP）, issued the warning as they launched a global programme aimed at alerting schools to the dangers of exposure to the sun.
Why does the risk of developing skin cancers in children become greater and greater
A、Because they pay little attention to their skin health.
B、Because they are short of physical training.
C、Because the earth’s protective ozone layer declines year after year.
D、Because the earth is getting warmer and warmer.


Content - Annual Reports
AU - Kander, Astrid. AU - Jiborn, Magnus National greenhouse-gas accounting should reflect This is essential if accounting is to serve as accurate guidance for climate policy. and it also punishes some types of trade that could Division of Russian Studies, Central and Eastern European Studies, Yiddish, and European Studies. Central and Eastern European Studies. European Studies National greenhouse-gas accounting should reflect how countries’ policies and behaviours affect global emissions. Actions that contribute to reduced global emissions should be credited, and actions that increase them should be penalized.
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Actions that contribute to reduced global emissions should be credited, and actions that increase them should be penal-ized. This is essential if accounting is to serve as accurate The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), via the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), assigns responsibility to countries only for the greenhouse gas emissions that occur within their borders. 1 Jurisdictions that export fossil fuels thus can prosper while evading responsibility for the downstream emissions that inevitably will result. NCEE is conducting research to assess the economic impacts of ocean acidification so they can be included in estimates damages from greenhouse gas emissions. In addition, NCEE participates in cross-office and interagency efforts to guide research in this area and inform the national policy discussion. Related References.
Consumption-based emissions for municipal planning
The NGA Factors should not be used to meet reporting requirements under the National Greenhouse and Energy Reporting (NGER) Act 2007. This webinar will provide a framework for bridging the monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV) gap between national inventories and project-level mitigation activities to track progress toward Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) targets. Effective MRV of emissions and emissions reductions is critical to help countries understand greenhouse gas sources and trends, design mitigation Greenhouse gas emissions can be addressed at the points of both production and consumption of goods and services.
National greenhouse-gas accounting for effective climate policy on
On Reliable Greenhouse Gas Accounting, Effective Enforcement potentially effective mechanism for international cooperation on climate from trade.”  Greenhouse Gas 2018-12-01 · As international trade plays an increasingly important role in the global food supply, dietary emissions accounting should take it more into account. This is important, particularly in planning and guiding consumer policies, for mitigating climate change and addressing the underlying global links of deforestation drivers. Greenhouse gas emissions accounting. Greenhouse gas emissions accounting is measuring the amount of greenhouse gases (GHG) emitted during a given period of time by a polity, usually a country but sometimes a region or city. Such measures are used to conduct climate science and climate policy.
av T BUCHHOLZ · 2013 · Citerat av 54 — Keywords: carbon accounting, deep soil mineral carbon, Forest carbon pool assessments, standing and mitigating climate change (IPCC, 2007). to potential greenhouse gas mitigation gains (e.g. Cowie forest C accounting, another requirement for successful Periodic national and international forest C inventories. Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure environmental statutes and regulations, including international for further discussion of greenhouse gas regulation and climate change and oil and natural gas it produces with good prospects for future organic
The Group's business model is closely linked to the reduce greenhouse gas emissions and strengthen its of various national and international companies, such as Borregaard's principles for good corporate governance form the Integrate climate change measures into national policies, strategies
av É Mata · 2020 · Citerat av 3 — A review offlexibility of residential electricity demand as climate solution global energy use, and most greenhouse gas(GHG) emissions 2030 (including the commercial sector), a simulation were typically not available in national and international input–output models of carbon accounting, allowing. policy to practice.
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| DOI: 10.1038/NCLIMATE2555 National greenhouse-gas accounting for effective climate policy on international trade. Forskningsoutput: Tidskriftsbidrag › Artikel i vetenskaplig tidskrift.
AU - Kander, Astrid.
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Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure environmental statutes and regulations, including international for further discussion of greenhouse gas regulation and climate change and oil and natural gas it produces with good prospects for future organic The Group's business model is closely linked to the reduce greenhouse gas emissions and strengthen its of various national and international companies, such as Borregaard's principles for good corporate governance form the Integrate climate change measures into national policies, strategies av É Mata · 2020 · Citerat av 3 — A review offlexibility of residential electricity demand as climate solution global energy use, and most greenhouse gas(GHG) emissions 2030 (including the commercial sector), a simulation were typically not available in national and international input–output models of carbon accounting, allowing. policy to practice. 2018 in review.
Outcomes of a Swedish Kilometre Tax. An Analysis of
Countries transfer of energy-efficient and low-carbon technologies to developing countries as tial effects of national environmental policies aimed at global environment component of any effective global warming strategy for as long as there is insufficient and implementation of novel approaches to climate change control.
a way to effectively engage all nations in the quest for global dec Greenhouse gas inventories are emission inventories of greenhouse gas emissions that are Greenhouse gas inventories typically use Global warming potential (GWP) on Climate Change (UNFCCC); National governments that are Parties to Emissions trading is a market-based approach to controlling pollution by providing economic For greenhouse gases, which cause climate change, permit units are often The most cost-effective strategy depends on the polluter's m Because of the global commons nature of climate change, international with the major options for carbon pricing: carbon taxes, cap-and-trade, emission reduction credits, services; or (3) price the greenhouse gas externality, so th Climate Change, and Johannes Ackva, Kateryna Stelmakh and Marissa worldwide (not including the Chinese National ETS) is estimated to be more than effective market-based mechanism, and the potential for ETS to support to make Greenhouse gas accounting for inventory, emissions trading and life cycle National GHG inventories for the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, We emphasise that cost-effective yet credible GHG estimation method 16 Nov 2016 Internationally, allocation of responsibility for reducing greenhouse gas national GHG inventories.10 This situation arose due to uncertainties for the climate change regime to cover emissions embodied in trade and TRADE AGREEMENTS AND CLIMATE CHANGE: FROM NAFTA TO KAFTA world's largest emitters of greenhouse gases (GHGs). pollution and emissions ( shipping alone accounts for 2–3% of global GHGs).22 Most unproductive national renewab The second finding is that emissions of these six greenhouse gases from new into approaches aimed at curbing the United States' contribution to global warming. policy instruments such as emissions trading, estimation of green Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and climate change . related to Climate Change: Trade negotiations” and Part IV on “National Policies transport accounts for the bulk of international The Montreal Protocol has been extremely ef bring together international expertise on economics, finance, geography, the environmental effectiveness, so not only economic efficiency (including the special case Keywords: climate policy; carbon pricing; carbon tax; emissions protecting greenhouse gas-intensive, trade-exposed industries from “unfair” competition— global climate, the policy debate on a U.S. climate change strategy has emphasizes the above point that the most effective solution to the l 3 Dec 2019 and governance of national oil companies might describe the current state of play on climate change. For deep greenhouse gas emission reductions, a long -term perspective on costs is average business cycles, 12 I 24 May 2011 Despite the emergence of regional climate policies, growth in global CO2 Change (IPCC) accounting rules, mitigation only applies to “greenhouse gas GDP, and international trade in constant prices (United Nations Na 30 Jun 2020 Plans to tax CO2 emissions that are attributed to imports would hike costs for EU a bold set of initiatives to fight climate change and protect the environment. the proposed measures aim to slash the greenhouse gas 16 Jun 2020 Keywords: accounting methods, cities, climate change, Given the urgency for GHG reductions, the global recognition of cities Owing to their smaller spatial scale, the IPCC national source-based accounting is not re 5 Nov 2019 Mention of a commercial company or product in this document does not imply endorsement by Fu Sha (National Centre for Climate Change Strategy, China), . Ranping Song rapid and cost-effective emission reductions have Under international climate agreements, Australia has two targets to reduce our we need to know where our emissions are coming from and have effective policies to as carbon dioxide and methane) through National Greenhouse Gas Acc 24 Jul 2013 We show that the combined international trade in carbon (as fossil are exported to be combusted and add to territorial emissions accounts in other countries.


The forecast for Buffalo calls for more than two feet of snow and falling point totals on Sunday.
Books are moving their morning lines to reflect changes in the weather that could bring a massive amount of snow before, during and after the Week 11 NFL game between the Buffalo Bills and Cleveland Browns.
Models vary in projections for lake effect snow for western New York, tombala siteleri with Buffalo projected to get between 23 and 32 inches and gusty winds into game time on Sunday (1 p.m.
ET scheduled kickoff).
The Bills are favored by 8 points on the consensus line.
BetMGM lowered the total from 47 total points to 43 on Tuesday, noting the winter storm warning from the National Weather Service.
The teams haven’t met since 2019, a 19-16 win for the Browns in Cleveland.
The Bills average 27.8 points per game this season and have topped 27 in all four home games.
Cleveland opened as 8.5-point underdogs and the consensus total was 44.5, which was bet higher Sunday and Monday.
–Field Level Media


COP26 was the most significant climate conference since 2015, a unique opportunity to finalise the Paris Agreement to drive tangible action on the climate emergency. National leaders were urged to take the necessary steps to reduce emissions, mobilise funding, and boost adaptation and resilience across multiple, beautifully constructed sites in Glasgow city centre on the banks of the River Clyde.
The result was an important step in the fight against climate change; a new pact that talks about the world’s use of fossil fuels for the first time. Yet there is still much to do to build a positive human future and now is the time to turn all these high level “conversations” into actions.
Implementing change with the necessary pace and scale will require unprecedented commitment, innovation, collaboration and partnerships across governments, industry, financiers and innovators. To avoid the worst impacts of climate change, global carbon emissions need to fall by 45% by 2030. But the recent IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change) report shows emissions are set to rise by 16% during this period.
Methane has a global warming potential of more than 80 times that of carbon dioxide over a 20-year period, making it a powerful heat trapper. But it only stays in the atmosphere for 12 years, far less than carbon dioxide. In practice, this means reducing methane emissions can have a faster impact on reducing global warming and buy us some valuable time. Over 60 countries have joined the Global Methane Pledge to cut methane emissions by 30% by 2030.
Current commitments put the world on track for a global temperature rise of 2.7°C by the end of the century. To stand a chance of limiting global warming to even 1.5°C, the next eight years will be crucial. Greenhouse gases need to be halved and drastic changes need to occur through international policies.
Any temperature increase approaching 2.7°C would be a disaster for humanity and many of the planet’s species. According to the IPCC, even an increase of 2°C would have a major impact on food, security and human health. Insects, vital for pollination of crops and plants, are likely to lose half their habitat at 1.5°C. This becomes twice as likely at 2°C. The frequency and intensity of droughts, storms and extreme weather events will rise with every increment in temperature, as we are already seeing with a global temperature increase over pre-industrial levels of around 1.2°C.
We must all work together to accelerate and scale the climate response through financing and technological innovation. But how can we achieve this?
It is all well and good highlighting the issues and it is a huge step forward by just making the environment part of our vernacular. But it is action that counts, and unless we all make changes to our lives then we will still be having the same conversations in decades to come when it will all be too little, too late.
The world leaders at COP26 are capable of large scale change, which in turn can see almost immediate results. But it is us mere mortals that need to change our daily habits to make a real difference. And unless we make them habits, then how do we ever expect this situation to improve?
Let’s see how many of the conversations had this November will have been actioned by COP27 in Sharm El Sheikh next year.
Click on the photos below to see more pictures from COP26…