Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a vital component of photosynthesis, the process through which plants use sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose, which they use for energy. In addition to providing energy for plant growth, the photosynthesis process also releases oxygen into the environment. In the context of indoor cannabis cultivation, CO2 enrichment or injection is a technique used to increase the quantity of CO2 in the grow area, aiming to enhance the rate of photosynthesis and thereby boost plant growth and yield.
The Importance of CO2 in Cannabis Cultivation
Photosynthesis, as mentioned, is the lifeblood of all green plants, including cannabis. In this process, plants take in CO2 from their environment and, through a complex series of reactions driven by sunlight, produce glucose as an energy source. This is vital to the survival and growth of the plant. Typically, the concentration of CO2 in normal atmospheric conditions is about 400 parts per million (ppm), but cannabis, like other plants, can benefit from higher concentrations.
Cannabis can utilize CO2 levels up to 1,500 ppm in its environment, which is nearly four times the concentration found in Earth’s atmosphere. When properly implemented, CO2 enrichment can result in faster growth, larger yields, and more robust plants. This is why many cannabis growers, especially those operating indoors, are interested in CO2 injection.
The Science Behind CO2 Injection
The principle behind CO2 injection is quite straightforward. Plants, including cannabis, grow by using sunlight (or artificial light in indoor growing conditions) to combine CO2 and water into sugars, which provide energy for growth. By increasing the concentration of CO2 in the environment, the plants can process more sugars and thus grow at a faster rate.
However, it’s important to remember that CO2 is only one of the many factors that affect plant growth. Light, water, temperature, and nutrients are all essential, and none of these factors can be neglected in favor of another.
Implementing CO2 Injection in Cannabis Cultivation
Implementing CO2 injection in an indoor cannabis cultivation system requires careful planning and execution. There are several ways to increase CO2 levels in a grow room, such as burning propane or natural gas, decomposing organic matter, or using a CO2 generator.
When designing a CO2 injection system, the following considerations are crucial:
- Concentration: CO2 levels should ideally be maintained between 1,000 and 1,500 ppm for the most beneficial results. This is best monitored with a CO2 meter.
- Ventilation: An enclosed space is required to maintain high CO2 levels, but sufficient ventilation is necessary to prevent overheating and to supply fresh air.
- Distribution: CO2 is heavier than air, so injection points should be placed above the plants, ensuring CO2 filters down over them.
- Timing: Plants only use CO2 during the light phase of their cycle when photosynthesis can occur. Thus, CO2 should be injected during the light hours and reduced during the dark phase.
- Temperature: Higher temperatures (up to 30-32°C or 86-90°F) can enhance the effect of CO2 enrichment. However, temperatures should not exceed this range as it can lead to plant stress and damage.
Risks and Considerations
While the benefits of CO2 injection can be significant, it’s not without risks and considerations. CO2 enrichment requires a substantial investment in equipment, including CO2 generators or tanks, monitoring systems, and enhanced climate control capabilities. Additionally, the complexity of maintaining an ideal growing environment increases, as growers must also manage higher temperatures and balance other factors like light intensity and nutrient levels.
From a safety perspective, CO2 is non-toxic, but it can displace oxygen in an enclosed space, which can be harmful to humans and pets. CO2 levels above 5,000 ppm can be unhealthy for humans, and levels above 15,000 ppm can be lethal. Therefore, careful monitoring and safety precautions, including proper ventilation, are essential when implementing a CO2 injection system in a cannabis grow room.
Lastly, while CO2 injection can enhance cannabis growth and yield, the technique is most effective when other growth conditions are already optimal. It’s important for growers to ensure they’re already providing sufficient light, nutrients, and water, and maintaining proper temperature and humidity levels, before considering CO2 injection.
CO2 injection can significantly enhance cannabis growth and yield, making it an enticing technique for indoor cannabis cultivators. However, it’s a method that requires careful implementation and a balancing of various other growth factors. For growers considering CO2 enrichment, a thorough understanding of the cultivation process, robust monitoring systems, and diligent safety measures are crucial for achieving the desired benefits.


A global team of experts has hypothesized that the abrupt global warming event that occurred 56 million years ago may have been caused by changes in the Earth’s orbit that led to hotter circumstances. This occurrence, known as the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM), is comparable to current climate change. The experts used astrochronology, a technique for dating sedimentary layers based on orbital patterns that occur over long periods of time, known as Milankovitch cycles, to examine core samples from a well-preserved record of the PETM close to the Maryland shore.
They discovered that the eccentricity-a measure of the curvature of Earth’s orbit-and the precession-a measure of its rotation-favored hotter circumstances during the start of the PETM and that both orbital configurations may have had a role in setting off the event. According to Lee Kump, professor of geosciences at Penn State University, an orbital trigger may have led to the carbon release that caused several degrees of global warming during the PETM. The scientific team estimated that the event released around 10,000 gigatons of carbon into the atmosphere as the greenhouse gases carbon dioxide or methane over the course of 6,000 years, which is almost an order of magnitude slower than the current pace of carbon emissions.
The researchers utilized data from a time series examination of the magnetic susceptibility and calcium content in the cores, which are indicators of changes in orbital cycles and may be used to infer the pace of the PETM. Because of gravitational interactions with the sun and other planets in the solar system, Earth’s orbit fluctuates in predictable, calculable ways. These orbital variations impact the climate, and ultimately the amount of sediment transported into the ocean.


Heat waves are increasing across Canada — and hotter nights are also dangerous
When it comes to climate change, there is one fairly well-understood extreme that will affect humans in the decades to come: heat.
Scientists know that climate change will see events like hurricanes, droughts, floods and heat waves increase in frequency or intensity. But when it comes to heat waves in particular, it’s already being seen across the world with deadly consequences. According to a recent study published in the journal The Lancet, more than five million people die annually from temperature-related conditions, with 91 per cent of these deaths related to heat.
While many of these deaths occur in tropical countries, heat waves are beginning to affect more northerly climes.
During the heat wave that suffocated British Columbia at the end of June into the first week of July, more than 800 people (as of this writing) died in the province. For comparison, in the same period last year, there were 232 deaths, according to B.C. Coroners Service’s chief medical officer, Dr. Jatinder Baidwan. The coroner’s office is continuing to investigate all of the deaths in order to nail down exactly how many were heat-related.
While we know that daytime temperatures are rising, in some regions — specifically in parts of Ontario and Quebec — nighttime temperatures are warming faster.
Those warmer nights mean our bodies don’t have any time to cool off. For people with health issues like heart disease or asthma, for example, this can be extremely problematic and potentially deadly.
“Our bodies were not designed to put up with environmental heats that exceed the high 30s,” Baidwan said. “If you think about it, what happens to an air conditioning unit? When you stress it, it builds up with lots of ice on the outside and then it stops working. And in some ways that’s a great analogy for what happens to our bodies. With extreme heat, we just find it really hard to do the usual homeostatic sort of mechanisms and protocols that happen in our body.”
How can we better prepare our homes and buildings for rising temperatures?
The heat wave that affected the Pacific Northwest was highly unusual — a one in 1,000-year occurrence, according to a recent analysis by the group World Weather Attribution, a collection of scientists who analyze severe weather events. However, parts of eastern Canada, including Ontario and Quebec, are seeing more frequent heat waves and tropical nights, defined as nighttime temperatures 20 C or higher.
For example, according to the Climate Atlas of Canada, the number of tropical nights in Toronto averaged roughly 6.9 annually from 1976 to 2005. With climate change, under a scenario where carbon emissions decline substantially, that is expected to climb to 17.6 annually from 2021 to 2050.
If current rates of carbon emissions continue, the average number of tropical nights in Toronto is expected to hit 20.6 annually from 2021 to 2050. From 2051 to 2080, under the two different scenarios for emissions, the average number would rise to 26.4 and 42.8 respectively.
In 2018, a heat wave blanketed Montreal from June 29 to July 5; temperatures averaged roughly 34 C during the day. Nighttime temperatures didn’t fall below 20 C. In all, 66 people died.
“We’re seeing an increase in hot extremes in Canada that’s larger than the global mean warming,” said Nathan Gillet, a research scientist with Environment and Climate Change Canada. “The average warming in Canada is about twice the global mean warming. And the heat extremes are also increasing at a similar rate. And it’s not just the hottest, maximum temperatures, but the minimum temperatures, the nighttime minimums that are also increasing.”
Widespread effects on nature
Average temperatures in Canada have already warmed by 1.7 C and the country is warming at more than twice the rate of the planet.
Increasing heat waves with higher-than-average temperatures during days and nights are also taking a toll on animals and delicate ecosystems, as well as crops.
A study published in the journal Global Change Biology last October found that nighttime temperatures are rising across most of the world. In those areas that saw more nighttime temperature warming than daytime, there was more cloud cover, higher precipitation and more humidity. This can affect nocturnal animals, but also animals that are active during the day who use the cooler nighttime temperatures to recover from heat stress.
“[The changes] increase the boundaries at which nocturnal species can operate. So you may get shifts in ranges, which then messes up ecosystems from changing competition and changing predation/prey relationships, and things like that,” said Daniel Cox, lead author of the study and a research associate in the U.K. at the University of Exeter’s Environment and Sustainability Institute.
A new set of metrics
With the changing climate, governments are finding they need a new set of metrics for severe heat events.
In 2013, Australia added new colours to their heat maps, as temperatures soared beyond anything they’d experienced in the past.
More recently, on Tuesday, the U.K. Met Office issued its first Amber Extreme Heat Warning as temperatures were forecast to rise to the 30s in parts of the country. Daytime temperatures in the 30s may not seem high compared to some parts of Canada but it’s all about what people are accustomed to.


THE WEATHER IS CHANGING
Climate change is an important environmental issue that has been attributed to human activities, including the release of carbon dioxide and greenhouse gases, as well as natural processes.
Climate change is partially responsible for the rising frequency and severity of extreme weather events such as floods, storms and droughts since warmer temperatures tend to produce more violent weather patterns.
As a result of climate change, extreme weather events involving hail, wind and precipitation that used to happen every 40 years in Canada are now happening every 6 years in some regions. (IBC)
Catastrophes are defined as natural disasters that cause at least $25 million USD in insurance claims. Over the past 10 years, there has been an average of 785 natural catastrophes worldwide. In the first half of 2013, there have already been over 450 natural catastrophes.(© 2013 Geo Risks Research, NatCatSERVICE – as at July 2013)
HOW WEATHER AFFECTS INSURANCE
Weather patterns are forcing the insurance industry to evolve products, policies and what you pay to address new risks. You should talk with your broker about the risks in your area associated with changes in weather to make sure the people and things you care about are protected.Did you enjoy this post? Please share:


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WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS OF FIELDTURF?
In climate terms, South Africa is already living on the edge. Much of the landscape is arid or semi-arid and the whole country is subject to droughts and floods. Even small variations in rainfall or temperature would exacerbate this already stressed environment.
Climate is set to change for the worse because of rising global emissions of greenhouse gases. Indeed, there are already ominous signs of change – dry seasons are becoming longer and wet seasons are starting later. Rainfall is reported to be becoming even more variable, with rain coming in more concentrated, violent bursts. With this in mind, and with many South Africans concerned about the future water reserves of the country, it makes sense to use a product in your garden that does not use our precious natural resource – water.


Jiangxi [China], June 19 (ANI): East China’s Jiangxi Province upgraded its level-IV flood-control emergency response to level-III on Sunday, according to the provincial flood-control headquarters.
A total of 1,044 monitoring stations in the province saw heavy rain from 10 a.m. on Saturday to 10 a.m. on Sunday. The heavy rain, which started on Friday night, has affected 28,000 people in the province.
According to the meteorological department, rainfall will continue until Tuesday, and heavy rain will occur in some parts of northern and central Jiangxi, posing risks of floods, mountain torrents, urban and rural waterlogging and geological disasters.
The province had lifted its level IV flood-control emergency response on June 7, as the heavy rainfall process had basically ended. Authorities have called for close monitoring of weather changes and efficient flood control and drought relief efforts.
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The extreme weather has caused direct economic losses of 2.65 billion yuan (about 400 million US dollars) after destroying farmland and houses. A total of around 83,000 people were evacuated during the period.
According to local authorities, the torrential rains and rain-induced floods since May 28 have wreaked havoc in 80 counties of the province, reported Xinhua.
Last year, the torrential rains in Zhengzhou, the capital of China’s central province of Henan saw many deaths and China stepped up its emergency rescue and disaster relief efforts in the central province, as per the media outlet.
Ministry of Emergency Management (MEM) had deployed a team of firefighters with expertise in water rescue to the flood-hit regions together with remote water supply trucks and rubber boats.
China has a four-tier colour-coded weather warning system, with red representing the most severe warning, followed by orange, yellow and blue. (ANI)


written by Betty Nguyen
I did not know what the Northern Lights were until I visited Iceland in 2009 and saw them for the first time. Although I enjoyed seeing the beautiful display of purple and green dancing lights, I still had no idea what caused them and where to see them besides Iceland. Here is a general guide on Northern Lights and where to see them.
WHAT ARE NORTHERN LIGHTS?
The bright dancing lights of the aurora are actually collisions between electrically charged particles from the sun that enter the earth's atmosphere. The lights are seen above the magnetic poles of the northern and southern hemispheres. They are known as 'Aurora borealis' in the north and 'Aurora australis' in the south.
Auroral displays appear in many colors although pale green and pink are the most common. Shades of red, yellow, green, blue, and violet have been reported.
WHAT CAUSES THE NORTHERN LIGHTS?
The Northern Lights are actually the result of collisions between gaseous particles in the Earth's atmosphere with charged particles released from the sun's atmosphere. Variations in color are due to the type of gas particles that are colliding. The most common auroral color, a pale yellowish-green, is produced by oxygen molecules located about 60 miles above the earth. Rare, all-red auroras are produced by high-altitude oxygen, at heights of up to 200 miles. Nitrogen produces blue or purplish-red aurora.
WHERE ARE THE BEST PLACES TO WATCH THE NORTHERN LIGHTS?
Northern Lights can be seen in the northern or southern hemisphere. Because the phenomena occurs near the magnetic poles, auroral displays can also be seen over the southern tip of Greenland and Iceland, the northern coast of Norway and over the coastal waters north of Siberia. Southern auroras are not often seen as they are concentrated in a ring around Antarctica and the southern Indian Ocean.
The best places to watch them are areas that are not subject to 'light pollution'. Areas in the north, in smaller communities, tend to be best spots.
WHEN AND WHERE TO WATCH FOR THESE AURORAL DISPLAYS?
Winter in the north is generally a good season to view lights. I generally see them in September both in Iceland and Greenland. I've also seen them in Norway in December (Lofoten Islands). But you can also see them in other places like Canada, New Zealand, Alaska, and Wisconsin! The long periods of darkness and the frequency of clear nights provide many good opportunities to watch them. Usually the best time of night (on clear nights) to watch the Northern Lights is around local midnight.
NORTHERN LIGHTS TOURS
This article is sourced by the Northern Lights Centre in Canada.


Carbon dating artwork
As you wandered through the halls and peered at the various paintings and artifacts, did you ever question the information provided on the labels or in the guidebook?
Heather Graven from Imperial College London wanted to calculate the effect of this century’s fossil fuel consumption and CO2 emissions on the ratio of radioactive carbon to the stable one.
And according to findings published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences this week, it might become impossible to tell new things from centuries-old things. Carbon-14 is a naturally occurring, radioactive form of carbon, and it decays over thousands of years.
To estimate the age of an object using radiocarbon dating, researchers have to measure how much the ratio of carbon-14 to nonradioactive carbon has changed.
Currently, the concentration of carbon-14 in the atmosphere has been diluted, increasing the radiocarbon age of our atmosphere by 30 years per year.
"We can see from atmospheric observations that radiocarbon levels are steadily decreasing," Graven says in a statement.


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Weather Watcher Live Crack 7.2.265 On the first page, the WMO noted that the networks have supplemented some of the surroundings of some neighboring areas, and they have supplemented their energies in some of the surrounding meteorological areas. Still, In addition, civil aviation has begun to provide valuable information about the upper atmosphere along major flight routes. Also, But a little bit of a little bit of a little bit of a little bit of a little bit of a little bit about a little bit of a little bit of this to impose.
A major breakthrough – meteorological satellites – partially filled these gaps. On October 4, 1957, the USSR launched the first Earth-orbiting satellite SPUTNIK-1, followed later in the same year by SPUTNIK-2 and the EXPLORER-1 satellite launched by the United States of America (USA)) on January 2, 2004 1958. Also, The American Federation, the first satellite dedicated to observing weather, dated April 1, 1960. Still, The most important developments in the history of meteorology. The start of the World Meteorological Organization’s World Weather Watch Program.
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Valderrama, whose job until recently included observing Magdalena’s hippos, saw animals 250 kilometers (155 miles) from Hacienda Napoles. Hunters say they are terrified of the three-ton herbivores. Still, At night, animals roam the countryside, roam the farms, eat crops and sometimes even crush young cows.
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Air indoor quality assessment (iaq)
Indoor air quality describes how inside air can affect a person's health, comfort, and ability to work. It can include but not limited to temperature, humidity, mold, bacteria, poor ventilation, or exposure to other chemicals. Indoor air pollution has received little attention in the past compared with air pollution in the outdoor environment. It has now become a matter of increasing public concern, prompted partly by the emergence of new indoor air pollutants, by the isolation of the indoor environment from the natural outdoor environment in well-sealed office buildings, and by the investigation of so-called Sick Building Syndrome.
Poor indoor air quality can lead to discomfort, ill health, and, in the workplace, absenteeism and lower productivity. Good indoor air quality safeguards the health of the building occupants and contributes to their comfort and well-being.  Well-established, serious health impacts resulting from poor IAQ include Legionnaires’ Disease, lung cancer from radon exposure, and carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning. More widespread health impacts include increase allergy and asthma from exposure to indoor pollutants (particularly those associated with building dampness and mold), colds and others infectious disease that are transmitted through the air, and “sick building syndrome” symptoms due to elevated indoor pollutant levels well as other indoor environmental conditions. These more widespread impacts have the potential to affects large numbers of building occupant and are associated with significant cost due to health-care expenses, sick leave and lost productivity.
In 2010, the Department has introduced the Industry Code of Practice on Indoor Air Quality 2010 to increase the compliance of designated workplaces. Activities regarding the issues of indoor air quality involve the investigation of complaints from workers. The procedure of handling any complaints can be found in the Industry Code of Practice on Indoor Air Quality 2010. Investigation usually involves five main activities, which are the preliminary site visit, measuring the level of contaminant in the area, data analysis, discussions with employers and the report writing.


We may feel sometimes that summers are too hot and winters are too cold, but throughout the year the climate is ideal for us. There are few places on earth which are not fit for the existence of human beings. In Antartica, temprature is above the freezing point and intense heat of Sahara where temprature sometimes goes upto 84 degrees celcius, people even know how to survive there.
Our neighbouring planets Mars and Venus, there is no hope of life but our planet does support life. Mars has thin layer of carbon dioxide, no oxygen and nitrogen, while Venus has thick layer of carbon dioxide.
Carbon dioxide is important for our survival. It traps the heat of the sun thereby keeping our climate pleasantly warm. Volcanic eruptions release lots of carbon dioxide. Some part of it gets dissolved in rain and absorbed by rocks.
Human beings and animals, inhale oxygen and exhale carbon dioxide. These processes together keep the supply of carbon dioxide intact on our earth. So, it becomes wonderful balance.
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Record Rainfall in San Diego!
It looks like this weekend we may get a little more rain! Last week's downpour set a record rainfall in some parts of San Diego! San Diego definitely needed the additional rain due to the drought but we could always use more! We hope everyone stays dry this weekend! Find out more about this strange San Diego reading this article: http://www.weather.com/forecast/regional/news/california-rare-may-rain-sierra-snow-2015


Climate: Cartagena de Indias has a warm semi-arid weather with average temperatures for July 2019 of 26-31°C (79-88°F) and a relative humidity +90%. It is remarkable that although the weather tends to be warm all year round, the presence of a breeze makes the climate pleasant.
Seasons in Colombia: Colombia is located on the northern part of South America. It has no distinct seasons. Weather conditions don’t vary in big scales during whole year and it is more dependent on location and altitude than on time of the year. There are several climatic zones in Colombia and temperature depends on altitude. It reduces by about 6 °C per each 1000 meters of altitude.
Caribbean coasts have hot climate with rain seasons (not normally in July), and Bogota (located on a high plateau in the Northern Andes Mountains) is 2640 meters (8661 feet) above sea level and average temperatures for July 2019 are of 10-18°C (50-64°F).
Time zone: Colombia Time (COT), UTC -5. The IANA time zone identifier for Cartagena is America/Bogota.
Currency: The currency in Colombia is the Colombian Peso (COP). 1 EURO is about 3,600 COP.
Voltage:Colombia has 110-120-volt electricity (as in the USA) and uses same plug as the USA (see picture).


The Superintendent's office has announced that all West Hartford Public Schools will be closed today, Wednesday, Jan. 16.
Town and school offices will be open.
Snow began to fall before dawn, and according to the National Weather Service, snow, sleet, and rain will continue through 3 p.m. Additional daytime snow accumulation of 1 to 3 inches is expected on top of what has already fallen. Highs near 36° are predicted for Wednesday.
A Winter Weather Advisory for the area was issued Tuesday afternoon, and is in effect until 4 p.m. Wednesday.


The main sources of air pollutants in Belgrade are heating, road transport and coal-fired power plants.
The World Bank’s analysis of air pollution in Belgrade and the territory including the nearby cities of Smederevo and Pančevo showed the largest sources of pollution are in the urban areas themselves – heating plants, household heating, and road transport, followed by thermal power plants and heating in rural households.
PM2.5 emissions are now 27.4 micrograms, and the WHO recommends that they are kept below 10 micrograms
According to the analysis, presented today at regional conference How to Win the Balkan Air-Pollution Dodgeball, organized by the RES Foundation, average annual concentration of particulate matter PM2.5, one of the most dangerous air pollutants, is above 27 micrograms per cubic meter in the Belgrade region. The World Health Organization recommends the measure to be kept under 10 micrograms to avoid harmful effects on human health.
Two measures could drastically improve air quality
Air quality could drastically be improved within 12 months not only in the Belgrade region, but also in Serbia, if the content of sulfur in heavy fuel oil for heating is reduced and if sulfur dioxide emissions in power plants ran by state-owned power utility Elektroprivreda Srbije are brought under the allowed limits.
According to the author of the analysis, Sarath Guttikunda from the World Bank, it includes data from large industrial facilities, construction waste landfills and quarries for the construction industry as the sources of harmful dust. Data from the Serbian Environmental Protection Agency were also used in the analysis.
The situation in Sarajevo and Skopje is similar to that in Belgrade
The analysis was also conducted for Sarajevo and Skopje, and in all three cities the situation is similar.
Measures that produce results in a year
Guttikunda said the estimate of the effects of the two said measures to reduce sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions was calculated. Their introduction could give results in 2021.
Reduction of sulfur levels in heavy fuel oil
One would be to reduce the content of sulfur in heavy fuel oil used for residential heating from 3% to 1% on January 1. The other scenario is to lower SO2 emissions from thermal power plants Nikola Tesla A and B and Kostolac A and B to the level prescribed by the existing National Emissions Reduction Plan (NERP).
Coal-fired power plants should comply with the limits set in NERP
The first measure would bring a reduction of annual CO2 emissions by 42% in Serbia, and the second by 83%, while the reduction in Belgrade would be 18% and 22% respectively, he added.
How to reduce PM2.5 emissions to the level recommended by WHO
The analysis also reveals measures in five sectors are necessary to reduce the average annual concentration of particulate matter PM2.5 from 27 micrograms per cubic meter to 10 micrograms, in line with the World Health Organization’s recommendation
Preventing open fires in agriculture can also reduce pollution
Emissions would need to be cut by 75% in both road transport and heating and open fires in agriculture should be eliminated. To achieve the goal, the industry would have to lower its volume by 50%, compared to 75% for emissions from outside urban areas, mostly in thermal power plants.
Guttikunda said reducing emissions from traffic, industry and thermal power plants would improve air quality throughout the year and that measures in the heating sector would only bring results during the winter.


What a difference a few weeks can make – warm to very cold (-30’C in some areas) to above 5’C with rain and rising freezing levels. Still seeing low to very low snow levels throughout our watershed, and rising river levels as they adjust to the recent rain and snowmelt. The Provincial snow monitoring report will be released Feb 8th, with an analysis often including more of the manual snow monitoring stations. Keep hoping for snow, and continue to think of ways that you can reduce water use this summer incase we enter again into a low water period.
Monitoring groundwater and river levels as we left the fall in drought conditions, we are seeing a slight rise in the groundwater levels at the three Provincial monitoring stations, which are all recording average levels: Beaverdell, Midway and Grand Forks. In response to the rain and low elevation snow melt, we are also seeing a rise in river levels throughout are region.
Going forward – what’s coming? Forecasting continues to be a mixture of modelling and human interpretation, so realizing that there is always uncertainty -especially with forecasting more than a few days out. Environment Canada is showing much higher than normal temperatures expected this spring. As we have been seeing all season, there is not a clear message whether we will see low, normal or higher precipitation amts compared to average.
We are still in a strong El Nino period (red), which matches to the high temps we are experiencing. A shift to neutral (grey) and La Nina (blue) is expected for the summer and fall. Normally, La Nina coincides with cooler and wetter conditions, however the summer of 2021 also showed a strong La Nina and the Boundary experienced a drought conditions. Check out the IRI site to see past ENSO forecasting and compare it with what actually happened.
As we are well aware, the Boundary region has less snow than usual for this time of year. According to BC Snow Report, the Boundary snowpack is only 58% of what is a normal snow pack. However, the Province determined this using data from only two sites: Grano Creek (automated) and Monashee Pass (manual), as our other two manual snow stations (Carmi and Big White) are often not measured this early in the season. For information on these snow stations go to the Snow Interactive Map – their snow levels are shown below.
When our snowpack melts in the spring, it gives us the water we need for to recharge our groundwater (aquifers) and rivers. This is needed as nature prepares for the normally drier summer conditions. Now is a great time to consider how best you can prepare to save more water this year, perhaps just by using it more wisely. You might consider using rain barrels to support garden watering, plan for deep watering your trees during the spring allowing for reduced watering in the summer, ensuring there are no leaks in your yard or dripping taps in your house.
We have several more months to accumulate snow, so keep up the snow dances and let’s hope this recent cold snap is joined by more of that fluffy white stuff.
Check out the following sites for more information:
The BC Government publishes a monthly Province Wide Snow Report with this first one out in January. Our lower snow pack was anticipated as BC is experiencing a strong El Nino presence, anticipated to be returning to a more neutral state this spring. With a more neutral influence, we expect to see temperatures also returning to more normal conditions.
The 3 month forecast for both Temperature and Precipitation shows that we should continue to expect higher than normal temperatures for the remaining winter months, but no clear information on what to expect for snow levels.
Even with the recent rains, there are still lower than average stream flows throughout the Boundary Region. The report below discusses current conditions, comparing to past years and forecasts for our region. The obvious rise in stream flow following our rain events shows how tied our streams are to local conditions. So here’s hoping for more rain.
Keep WaterSmart and FireSmart. Every effort counts.
With the heat warning issued yesterday for the Boundary Region, we need to prepare ourselves for even lower stream water levels and hotter water temperatures. Most of the stream are showing lower than normal for this time of year; we expect that to worsen over this upcoming week. Those with Provincial water licences will be receiving a letter (if you haven’t already) recommending a decrease in your water use by 50%. For Water System users – check your Water System website or speak to your admin to find out what water restrictions are in place. Look both indoor and outdoor, where can you reduce your water use?
We are all withdrawing water out of the same watershed, so every effort you make to reduce your water use helps. Many small efforts together can result in a large outcome.


The California Highway Patrol handled 150 collisions during the six hours between 10 p.m. Saturday and 4 a.m. today as the first of two storms left behind rain-slickened streets throughout Los Angeles County, authorities said.
That’s compared with 65 collisions during the same timeframe last weekend, CHP officials said.
Saturday’s showers were light and intermittent for most of the afternoon as the first of back-to-back storms moved into the region.
Today’s rainfall is expected to be heavier, bringing as much as an inch of rain in some foothill and mountain areas, and will continue through Monday, the National Weather Service said.
Thunderstorms are possible in some areas, and wintry conditions are expected in the local mountains, according to the NWS forecast.
More rain could arrive later in the week, forecasters said.


Climate chanschool wristbandsge task shifts to ministryBuying Custom Silicone Wristbands Online Skilled Assistance And Fun My daughter with the of those girls who seems to accomplish endless piles of accessories. To keep her hair clips, rings, and rubber bracelets organized, she turned old glass jars into snazzy trinket containers. These also make terrific containers for homemade Christmas gifts for example bath salts and soaps. Businesses jumped on the tragedy 10 years ago. Some offered proceeds going to benefit this student or that family which in fact had been tormented by the Columbine tragedy. Others offered T-Shirts and cool wristbands. All in effort to allow the community and allow others to plug to the sadness. Certain discourage wish of promoting.
The transfer of responsibility for tackling climate change to the country"s top environmental watchdog will help promote and improve the critical process, said an official.
Li Gao, director-general of climate change, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, made the remark during a news conference on Wednesday in Beijing after his department was transferred to the ministry from the National Development and Reform Commission.
After years of effort, China has achieved remarkable results in tackling climate change. The carbon intensity, or the ratio of greenhouse gas emissions produced to gross domestic product, fell 46 percent last year from 2005 levels. This shows that China is attaining its goal of reducing the intensity by 40 to 45 percent by 2020, two years ahead of schedule, Li said.
"This lays a good foundation for the country to achieve the goal it set for 2030," Li said.
The shift of duties of tackling climate change to the ministry helps better coordinate and collectively promote the country"s efforts to control greenhouse gases and other pollutants, he said.
The key task in tackling climate change is to control carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuels. Coal, a major source of energy in China, is a significant contributor to air pollution, he said.
The country has limited the expansion of industries with high energy consumption and pollution, promoted use of clean energy, and accelerated the adjustment of energy generation in its action plans for air pollution control in the past few years. These measures are also helping contribute to greenhouse emissions control, he said.
"Air pollution control measures in recent years have helped reduce the greenhouse gas emissions equivalent of 175 million metric tons of carbon dioxide. The actions to improve air quality have played a significant role in helping us realize the goal of tackling climate change," he said.
Meanwhile, controls over greenhouse gas emissions have also contributed to reduced air pollution. The reduction of one ton of carbon dioxide also means a decrease of 3.2 kilograms of sulfur dioxide and 2.8 kg of nitric oxide, he added.
The shift to the ministry provides better coordination in tackling climate change and controlling air pollution, he said.
"We will collaboratively promote the work ... in our monitoring and setting of targets, as well as in policy drafting," Li added.


Humidity / humidity is defined as the proportion of water vapor in the air. Conceptually, several terms have to be distinguished from each other:
Absolute humidity: indicates how many grams of water per cubic meter (m³) of air are contained (water vapor density).
Maximum humidity: indicates how many grams of water per cubic meter (m³), taking into account the maximum temperature, can be recorded. The maximum humidity always corresponds to 100% of the relative humidity.
Relative humidity: indicates the saturation ratio of the air, taking into account the temperature, in percent (%). A humidity of 100% means that the air is maximally saturated. The relative humidity results from the division of absolute humidity and the maximum air humidity.
The humidity in the formation of the weather plays a not insignificant role. With a hygrometer (ancient Greek hygros = "damp" and metron = "scale") meteorologists measure the humidity. Condensation processes (see: state of matter) are related to the formation of clouds, dew or fog.
Humidity and temperature
How much water vapor the air can absorb depends on the air temperature. Warm air can absorb more water than cold air. The diagram on the right shows this clearly. On the abscissa (X-axis) is the temperature, on the ordinate (Y-axis), the water content is entered in g / m³. With increasing temperature, air can absorb more water vapor. And this relationship does not grow linearly, but exponentially. If the air is supersaturated, ie more water molecules are present than could be absorbed, the excess water condenses and settles. As a result, the relative humidity remains at a maximum of 100%.
One cubic meter of air can absorb a maximum of x grams of water at the following ambient temperatures:
0 ° C about 5g of water
10 ° C approx. 9g water
20 ° C approx. 17g water
30 ° C approx. 30g water
40 ° C approx. 50g water
50 ° C approx. 80g water
60 ° C approx. 120g water
80 ° C approx. 300g water
100 ° C approx. 580g water


File Name: Hurricane Florence, the storm's first strike
Duration: 4 Minutes 35 Seconds
Published: Fri 14 Sep 2018 at 1:23am
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The storm-force winds are starting to lash North Carolina and officials are imploring residents to evacuate before the dangerous storm surges and flooding take over.
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The following AFP letter to the editor on the RGGI Cap & Trade scheme appeared in the Star-Ledger.
The Star-Ledger owes its readers an honest debate on “climate change” and the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative cap-and-trade scheme, not glaring omissions and innuendo. (“N.J. in climate cross hairs,” editorial, May 12).
Here’s an inconvenient truth: CO2 levels have risen 10 percent over the last 17 years, yet global temperatures are unchanged. Reducing emissions is RGGI’s goal, yet nearly two decades worth of data call the entire premise into question.


Sometimes, I see the most glorious and beautiful parts of nature from my front porch or while walking around our Ranchette.
Tonight that happened.
The thunderheads and anvil clouds to the east were breathtaking, but also foreboding.
The weather service issued severe thunderstorm warnings for much of the eastern part of our state.
Hard to believe that in all that billowy softness of gentle pastel pinks and blues, churns a cauldron of lightning, hail, strong winds and torrential rains.
But, from my vantage point, the view was peaceful and magnificent.
Here’s what I captured.
Hope you enjoy our Kansas skies.


Signed into law in 1963 by President Lyndon B. Johnson, the Clean Air Act is perhaps the most comprehensive air quality laws throughout the world. It was one of the first of such laws passed in the United States and has been the bedrock of many environmental laws since.
It’s not the very first, however. The first law that pertained to air pollution was the Air Pollution Control Act of 1955. Contrary to the name, it wasn’t about controlling air pollution. Instead, it devoted federal funds to the study of air pollution and its effects.
That said, it was the first legislation about actually controlling air pollution. This law remains in effect today, though it’s been amended multiple times to adjust the changing needs of environmental protection. The last time it was modified was in 1990.
The 1990 amendment, formulated in large part by William K. Reilly who was the EPA president at the time, did a number of things. At the time, it was discovered that the ozone layer was beginning to fall apart. Since that layer protects the Earth from UV rays (among other things), it was important to study ways to repair the problem. It also targeted acid rain, vehicle emissions, toxic air pollution, and set several federal standards for other types of gasoline emissions.
It also covered noise pollution, as it had been discovered that the problem could compound other environmental issues negatively. And perhaps most important, it allowed for civil suits. That is, it allowed citizens to sue companies in order to enforce federal statuettes. This gave citizens the opportunity to receive justice should a nearby business dump toxic waste or other harmful chemicals.
The Clean Air Act has not been updated since 1990, and many scientists are showing concern about the state of planet Earth at this point. Climate change is becoming a growing problem, and the act is due for another amendment. However, while there have been multiple amendments introduced, none of them have made it past committee let alone actually been voted on.


This Climate Change Remedy Is Proven. What Are We Waiting For? November 16, 2019November 16, 2019 Peggy Farabaugh Trees are Carbon Capture Technology at it’s best. Trees remove carbon dioxide CO2 from the atmosphere. CO2 is the greenhouse gas that’s causing climate change and global warming. Protecting existing forests (and re-planting forests we have already destroyed) is our best chance to remedy climate change. Let’s start planting trees. Photo of the Vermont’s Green Mountain National Forest by artist #1778011 at Pixabay. Read More Already following our Blog? For more info sign up for our e-newsletter Sign up now This blog is written by your friends at Vermont Woods Studios. Check out our Vermont made furniture and home decor online and visit our showroom and art gallery at Stonehurst, the newly restored 1800s farmhouse nestled in the foothills of the Green Mountains.


Separate names with a comma.
Discussion in 'The Rumble Strip' started by dbartucci, Jun 7, 2005.
Enjoy the Easter weekend my fellow Brits.
Yes Happy Easter all!
Finally getting a break from the stormy boom booms this week in Tennessee.
I'm not sure how warm it is exactly but it is more than 25°C in the sun.
Summer is still in full blast this April.
It seems that we are in for another warm summer-like April day.
April is almost finished but it's still hot here.
The weather changed. Almost 10°C colder, very cloudy.
Rain starting soon. Supposed to go all day and turn to snow later. Now they are calling for 3-6".
Earlier this week I ran the snowblower out of gas and put it away.
Rain, sun, rain, sun. At the moment it is a sunny moment. 15' ago, it was a very rainy moment.
It's turning May already but the temp's still the same.
We need more rain. The groundwater level is way too low.
A little bit of rain has cooled the environment. Still, it remains hot here.
Sunny but not too warm considering it is May.
Encountered a bit of overcast weather earlier with some mild rains but only lasted for an hour long, making the temp lower than the usual heat from this summer season.
Sunny but too cold for this time of year.
Very sunny and around 20°C. I love this kind of weather.
Still hot with a sunny weather here although it should end soon as June approaches.
Been raining all night and supposed to rain all day today accompanied by 20-30mph wind gusts with a high of 46°F
24°C and overcast with very wet dark clouds.
No rain so far though.
Well that was wrong wasn't it,
However rain all day and a high of 46F is today.
I want my warm sun back.
I just finished working in my yard when it started to rain. I only lasted for about 15 - 20 min. Nature needs more rain.
It's been cold and raining all weekend. There's even talk of snow in the northern part of the state.
Seems the Midwestern U.S. is hogging it all.
I wish that people elsewhere could have some of ours right now. The rain today made my trip to the local drag strip shorter than I wanted it to be.
Today marks the 6th year anniversary of the Moore, OK EF5 tornado.
Today a High risk including long live deadly tornadoes which does include the OKC/Moore area.
First High risk in 2 years (Last was May 17th 2017)
Be safe out there
Not a fan of the wind but I can live with these temperatures. Very weird spring here so far, by this time last year we were already past the 100*F mark and had been for some time. Right now we seem to be hovering in the 70-80*F range. No complaints.
Cloudy weather today although there's also some drizzle but the hotness is still there.
Overcast but no rain so far. Groundwater levels are way too low.
Windy with a rain threat this afternoon.
Well looks like the "tornado" outbreak didn't happen as much.
Storm reports as of 5 am (20 reported tornadoes) on a "High" risk day.
Yet back on the 17th on an "Enhanced" day had 51 reported tornadoes.
At lease it wasn't as bad as it could of been.
Sunny with around 20°C today.
Tomorrow is gonna be about the same temperature, but more overcast.
No cloud to be seen. I think it is going to be around 20°C today.


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Global warming is having a devastating effect on sub-Saharan farming. As temperatures rise, the amount of arable land available for farming is decreasing, and the amount of water available for irrigation is also decreasing. This is leading to decreased crop yields, and in some cases, complete crop failure. In addition, the increased temperatures are causing more frequent and intense droughts, which further reduce crop yields. The increased temperatures are also causing more frequent and intense storms, which can damage crops and cause flooding. This can lead to soil erosion, which can further reduce crop yields. Furthermore, the increased temperatures are causing more frequent and intense heat waves, which can cause heat stress in livestock, leading to decreased milk production and decreased meat production. All of these factors are leading to decreased food security in sub-Saharan countries, and are having a devastating effect on the livelihoods of farmers in the region.
Climate change is having a significant impact on the agricultural sector in Sub-Saharan Africa. As temperatures rise, rainfall patterns are changing, leading to more frequent and intense droughts and floods. This is having a direct impact on crop yields, with some areas experiencing significant decreases in production. In addition, rising temperatures are leading to an increase in pests and diseases, which can further reduce yields. As a result, farmers are struggling to keep up with the changing climate and are facing increasing levels of poverty and food insecurity. To address this issue, governments and organizations are working to develop strategies to help farmers adapt to the changing climate. These strategies include improving access to irrigation, introducing drought-resistant crops, and providing training and support to farmers. By taking these steps, it is hoped that the agricultural sector in Sub-Saharan Africa can be better prepared to cope with the effects of climate change.


The Royal Meteorological Institute (RMI) is a reference in Belgium. Everyone knows the RMI for its weather forecasts but we do much more than that. The RMI is THE national center for data and knowledge on weather and climate. The RMI totally focuses on his tasks of public duty. These tasks consist of providing general weather forecasts, to broadcast warnings for dangerous weather conditions, to keep an eye on our climate, to gather, validate and archive meteorological and geophysical data, to manage the necessary infrastructure due its activities, to develop numerical models and scientific research.
The RMI runs 24 hours a day and combines infrastructure, technique, science and public duty. The products and services of the RMI follow higher quality standards.
The RMI favours skills without discrimination.
- Vacancy : WMO job opportunities (M/W)
- Vacancy : ECMWF job's opportunities (M/W)
- Vacancy : SCIENTIFIC ASSISTANT DATA ASSIMILATION IN NUMERICAL WEATHER PREDICTION MODELS for the RMI (M/W/X)
- Vacancy : Offre d'emploi : Convention premier emploi - personnel d'entretien pour le CPG de DOURBES (IRM) (H/F/X)
- Vacancy : SCK•CEN Academy job offer in collaboration with the RMI (M/F/X)
- Position at the Scientific Service: Meteorological and Climatological Research of the Royal Meteorological Institute (RMI) of Belgium


LOPEVI level 3
LOPEVI VOLCANO ALERT BULLETIN No1 issued by the Vanuatu Geohazards Observatory (VGO) within the Vanuatu Meteorology and Geohazards Department (VMGD) on 13th January 2017 at 13h56PM:
Based on observation done by the Vanuatu Meteorology and Geohazards Department shows that the Lopevi volcanic activity has changed and its Alert Level is increased to Level 3. This means that the Lopevi volcanic activity is in minor eruption stage. At this Alert Level, the volcanic activity could increase or decrease at any time. The area of risk is around the Lopevi Island. Volcanic gas and ashes can also affect surrounding islands that are exposed to trade winds.
Advice to all communities, villages, visitors and travel agencies to seriously consider this information.
The Vanuatu Meteorology and Geohazards Department will continue to closely monitor this volcano activity. More information will be provided accordingly when necessary.


Mongolia is a landlocked, elevated, northern country - Geographic factors that influence it's climate.
Lakes and rivers freeze during winter, and summer can get hot, especially in the Gobi desert region.
Climate charts of the capital city Ulaanbaatar (Central Mongolia)
The temperatures drop below freezing during winter,
and rise to comfortable temperatures during summer.
The number of days with precipitation is less than 15 during the rainy summer season,
meaning that even during the rainy season you will get several dry days.
Winter is dry except for the occasional snow days.
Mongolia is nicknamed the country of blue sky,
the sun shines bright all year round.
Mongolia Weather Now - Map with updated information from many local weather stations
More climate charts
East Mongolia - Choibalsan (Steps)
West Mongolia - Khovd (Mountains)
South Mongolia - Dalanzadgad (Gobi desert)
North Mongolia - Khatgal (Lake)


Greenpeace co-founder Patrick Moore says global warming (climate change) is horseshit.
Patrick Moore is a real environmentalist. He supports nuclear power because it's clean, not wind turbines that don't generate any power, still require oil, and kill millions of endangered birds, are loud, and ugly. He left Greenpeace in 1986 because they don't care about the environment, they just want to create global communism.
If all the evidence proving global warming to be a lie were put in one place the Shannon entropy would be so great it would collapse in on itself and form a black hole that would destroy the Earth. Global warming is the single biggest lie ever told in the entire history of the universe.
Here's what he has to say about CO2:
Over the past 150 million years, carbon dioxide had been drawn down
steadily (by plants) from about 3,000 parts per million to about 280
parts per million before the Industrial Revolution. If this trend
continued, the carbon dioxide level would have become too low to support
life on Earth. Human fossil fuel use and clearing land for crops have
boosted carbon dioxide from its lowest level in the history of the Earth
back to 400 parts per million today.
At 400 parts per million, all our food crops, forests, and natural
ecosystems are still on a starvation diet for carbon dioxide. The
optimum level of carbon dioxide for plant growth, given enough water and
nutrients, is about 1,500 parts per million, nearly four times higher
than today. Greenhouse growers inject carbon-dioxide to increase yields.
Farms and forests will produce more if carbon-dioxide keeps rising.
We have no proof increased carbon dioxide is responsible for the
earth’s slight warming over the past 300 years. There has been no
significant warming for 18 years while we have emitted 25 per cent of
all the carbon dioxide ever emitted. Carbon dioxide is vital for life on
Earth and plants would like more of it. Which should we emphasize to


Welcome to the ESPERE Association
The ESPERE Association has been founded in order to maintain websites developed in the European Union funded project ESPERE-ENC and related projects.
The purpose was to develop an online encyclopaedia on the climate system for the public based on scientific knowledge.
The ESPERE Encyclopaedia is currently hosted at the Jagiellonian University in Krakow. Major parts have not been updated since 2004. Basics on the atmosphere and the climate system are still valid. But climate change and atmospheric composition change have been advancing in the recent 20 years.


It’s been looking beautiful out there! If you are a fellow snow lover you will enjoy the following article – but if not, get ready to stay inside haha! According to a new special weather statement from Environment Canada, Metro Vancouver can expect a fresh dump of snow.
The special weather statement is in effect for:
- Metro Vancouver – central including the City of Vancouver Burnaby and New Westminster
- Metro Vancouver – North Shore including West Vancouver and North Vancouver
- Metro Vancouver – northeast including Coquitlam and Maple Ridge
- Metro Vancouver – southeast including Surrey and Langley
- Metro Vancouver – southwest including Richmond and Delta
- Fraser Valley – central including Chilliwack
- Fraser Valley – west including Abbotsford
The agency expects heavy snow to fall across Metro Vancouver starting Wednesday evening bringing 5 to 10 cm of snow – possibly more on the North Shore. The snow will fall from Wednesday night through Thursday morning. Environment Canada remarks that with the storm system moving across the BC south coast Wednesday night, the “ample cold air in place” will create widespread snow. In addition to the new special weather statement, the arctic outflow warning is still in effect for the region bringing wind chill values near or below minus 20 to parts of the south coast.
Although temperatures are expected to increase on Wednesday and the cold wind chill will moderate, it’ll still be cold enough to snow.
The forecast calls for a clear night on Tuesday, December 28. Then, on Wednesday, the clouds will increase during the day, resulting in snow overnight and during the day on Thursday before clearing up, so keep your winter boots and mitts handy because you’ll need them this week. When snow falls quickly, the road conditions can change quickly and visibility can be affected (DailyHive).
Please remember If you’re travelling on the roads in BC, you can visit DriveBC to get updates on the highways. Stay safe!


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Mount Shasta Avalanche Advisory
- Published on December 10, 2017 @ 6:52 amThis Avalanche Advisory expires in 2 hours, 58 minutes
This advisory is valid for 24 hours
Issued by Andrew Kiefer - Mt Shasta Avalanche Center
Avalanche Problem 1: Normal Caution
Likelihood ?CertainVery LikelyLikelyPossible
Size ?HistoricVery LargeLarge
Natural and human triggered avalanches are unlikely and normal caution is advised. LOW danger does not mean the backcountry is free of hazard. Watch for isolated wind slabs on steep slopes in high elevation leeward terrain. The chances of hitting a season ending shallowly buried object are far more likely than triggering an avalanche. Also, very smooth and icy snow surfaces exist above treeline on Mount Shasta, and a slide for life could easily occur on the upper mountain in these conditions.
High pressure has now been over the advisory area for a full week. We have been experiencing mild temperatures, little wind, and plenty of sunshine in the mountains. These factors have contributed to consolidating and strengthening an already stable snowpack (where coverage exists) and making it feel quite a bit more like springtime than early December.
For the near future, the overall weather pattern and snowpack conditions look to stay the same. Even though LOW avalanche danger exists, be sure to take the appropriate precautions in the backcountry and always carry avalanche rescue gear. If you are venturing into high alpine terrain, be prepared for firm and icy conditions. The potential for falling rock and ice also exists, especially high in Avalanche Gulch, and a helmet, crampons, and an ice axe are critical tools to bring and to know how to use.
Warm and dry conditions have been the story recently. Strong temperature inversions continue with overnight lows remaining above freezing at the 8,000ft level. A variety of snow surface conditions can be found in areas 6500-7000ft and higher where a useable snowpack exists within our advisory area:
*Firm, icy and bombproof old snow
*Corn snow on southerly slopes unaffected by wind
*Cold and dry snow on shady slopes near and below treeline
*Wind slab "scabs", small with random distribution
*Low snow coverage with many shallowly buried obstacles
During an outing in the Ash Creek Butte area yesterday, it was possible to ride snowmobiles on roads beginning as low as 5500ft. Snow coverage near and below treeline on the east side ranges from 1-2ft with a significant change in snow height around the 6000ft level. Snow surfaces were surprisingly supportable, and in many shaded areas they have remained cold and dry.
Weather and Current Conditions
Persistence has been a good forecast for the past few days with high pressure in control and very little day-to-day change. This will remain the case well into next week as the upper level ridge remains firmly in place over the western U.S. Freezing levels will rise to almost 12,000ft on Mount Shasta today with continuing easterly flow and light winds. High temperatures for the day will be near 50 degrees at the 6,000ft level. Strong temperature inversions will continue with nighttime lows significantly colder in the valleys than at higher elevations in the mountains.
THIS SEASON PRECIPITATION for MT SHASTA CITY: Since October 1st (the wet season), we have received 5.72 inches of water, normal is 9.45 inches, putting us at 61% of normal. For the month of December, we have received .18 inches of water, normal is 2.09 inches, which is 9% of normal. And finally for the year of 2017, we received 44.71 inches of water, normal is 37.45 inches, putting us at 120% of normal.
Always check the weather before you attempt to climb Mt Shasta. Further, monitor the weather as you climb. Becoming caught on the mountain in any type of weather can compromise life and limb. Be prepared.
24 Hour Weather Station Data Fetched @
|Weather Station||Temp (°F)||Wind (mph)||Snow (in)||Comments|
|Cur||Min||Max||Avg||Cur||Min||Max||Avg||Max Gust||Dir||Depth||New||Water Equivalent||Settlement|
|Mt. Shasta City (3540')||27||26||52||35||3||1||5||3||NNE|
|Sand Flat (6750')||32||32||52||37||14||0||0|
|Ski Bowl (7600')||47||43||50||46||18||0||0|
|Grey Butte (8000')||48||45||53||48||24||1||24||11||30||E|
|Castle Lake (5870')||44||42||50||45||0||0||0|
|Mount Eddy (6509')||37||37||52||41||3||0||4||3||6||WSW||11||0|
|Ash Creek Bowl (7250')||Station Down|
|Ash Creek Ridge (7895')||Station Down|
Two Day Mountain Weather Forecast
|For 7000 ft. to 9000 ft.|
|Temperatures||53 deg. F.||38 deg. F.||52 deg. F.|
|Expected snowfall||0 in.||0 in.||0 in.|
|For 9000 ft. to 11000 ft.|
|Weather||Sunny||Clear and Breezy||Sunny and Breezy|
|Temperatures||40 deg. F.||36 deg. F.||36 deg. F.|
|Wind speed||5-10 mph, gusting 25 mph||22-28 mph, gusting to 41 mph||24-26 mph, gusting 40 mph|
|Expected snowfall||0 in.||0 in.||0 in.|


ockets of the UK are anticipated to wake to a white Christmas, with a smattering of snow due.
Forecasters have actually released a winter caution for the joyful duration, with temperature levels anticipated to drop.
Snow is forecasted to fall in Snowdonia, North Wales and the Pennines on Christmas Day as a band of rain can be found in southern west relocations northwards and fulfills cooler air.
On Boxing Day in specific, the Met Office stated snow and ice would most likely interrupt some roadway networks and take a trip paths.
It stated some short-term loss of power was likewise possible.
Motorists driving to see friends and family in South Wales and south-west England have actually been cautioned to make sure on the roadways as heavy rainstorms might strike both areas.
Temperatures are anticipated to plunge as low as minus 2C in parts of the north and east of England in between Christmas Day and December 28, triggering a winter caution from the Met Office.
But the weather condition throughout the majority of the UK will be somewhat warmer than average for this time of year, forecaster Simon Partridge stated.
Southern England is anticipated to see moderate temperature levels of in between 7C-9C, with spells of rain and cloud.
Mr Partridge stated: “On the high ground, we’re rather most likely to see a white Christmas, on Christmas Day and Boxing Day.
” It’s rather minimal snow, however we’ll most likely see some snow on both days.”
Mr Partridge stated cooler, brighter spells were anticipated for Scotland.
However, low cloud and fog will roll in throughout the Midlands and up towards the Scottish border, likewise taking in Northern Ireland.


Veerabhadran Ramanathan, a distinguished professor of climate and atmospheric sciences at Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UC San Diego, whose landmark research showed that cutting emissions of black carbon and other short-lived climate pollutants can significantly lessen the impacts of regional and global climate change, improve the health of millions of rural poor, and avoid crop losses, will receive a 2013 Champions of the Earth award, the United Nations’ highest environmental accolade, according to a UC San Diego press release.
The Champions of the Earth prize is awarded annually to leaders from government, civil society, and the private sector, whose actions have had a significant and positive impact on the environment. Organized by the United Nations Environment Programme, Ramanathan was nominated in the Science and Innovation category.
“I am very honored to accept this prestigious award, which recognizes the critical role of science and research in addressing the major environmental challenges of our time,” said Ramanathan. “Policymakers across the world are realizing that through cost-effective actions such as reducing methane emissions from natural gas and oil production, and capturing emissions from waste dumps, or phasing out products using hydroflurocarbons, or HFCs, major reductions in short-lived climate pollutants can be achieved, with significant add-on benefits for health and food security. As the science shows, fast action on black carbon, methane and HFCs – coupled with major cuts in carbon emissions – can make a critical contribution to achieving low carbon, resource-efficient, and inclusive development for all,” the Indian American professor added.
“We are proud that Prof. Ramanathan is being acknowledged for his science and for his humanitarian efforts, ensuring that research is translated into public policy,” said UC San Diego Chancellor Pradeep K. Khosla.
Ramanathan, who also serves as UNESCO professor of climate and policy at The Energy and Resources Institute University in New Delhi, India, co-led an international research team that in 1997 first discovered the climate impact in Asia of widespread air pollution, known as the atmospheric brown cloud.
Further studies by Ramanathan and fellow researchers highlighted the effects of growing levels of soot and other forms of black carbon, sulfates, ozone, and other pollutants emitted by cities, industry, and agriculture – termed the ‘brown cloud’ – which warm the atmosphere by absorbing sunlight, and are contributing in particular to the accelerated melting of Himalayan glaciers.
Brown clouds can also disturb tropical rainfall and regional circulation patterns such as the South Asian monsoon and reduce agriculture yields, potentially affecting over a billion people on the subcontinent.
Ramanathan’s research underlines the idea that cutting emissions of black carbon, methane, hydrofluorocarbons, and other substances collectively known as short-lived climate pollutants, with lifetimes of a decade or less, along with mitigation of CO2 emissions, can reduce the rate of warming by as much as half in the coming decades.
Ramanathan has also translated his research into action, by establishing a project, known as Project Surya, in India to phase out inefficient cookstoves in collaboration with The Energy Resources Institute and Nexleaf Analytics.
Inefficient cookstoves – used by some 500 million families in developing countries – are responsible for an estimated 25 percent of all black carbon emissions. Some 3.1 million premature deaths – especially among women and girls – are also caused by inhalation of indoor smoke from cookstoves.


A growing number of studies have shown that exposure to air pollutants such as particulate matter and gases can cause cardiovascular, neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases. The severity of the changes depends on several factors such as exposure time, age and gender. Inflammation has been considered as one of the main factors associated with the generation of these diseases. Here we present some cellular mechanisms activated by air pollution that may represent risk factors for epilepsy and drug resistance associated to epilepsy.Le texte complet de cet article est disponible en PDF.
Keywords : Air pollution, Particulate matter, Epilepsy, Hippocampus, Neurodegenerative disease


|[ click on images to enlarge ]|
Arctic sea ice looks set to reach an all-time record low in September 2020. A Blue Ocean Event (BOE) is one of the many tipping points threatening to get crossed in the Arctic. A BOE occurs when sea ice extent gets below 1 million square km, which is important regarding the amount of sunlight absorbed/reflected in the Arctic (albedo feedback).
As illustrated by the image on the right, sea ice is getting very thin, which threatens the latent heat tipping point to be crossed, meaning there is no buffer of sea ice left underneath the surface of the sea ice to absorb ocean heat.
Furthermore, the temperature rise in the Arctic is accelerating and the Arctic Ocean is getting very hot, threatening that the methane hydrates tipping point will get crossed.
Meanwhile, fires and smoke are visible at a distance of as little as 1970 km or 1224 miles from the North Pole.
Alarming acceleration of heating continues
The Copernicus image below shows twelve-month averages of global-mean surface air temperature anomalies relative to 1981-2010.
The shape of current anomalies is very similar to the peak reached around 2016. This is alarming because the peak around 2016 was reached under El Niño conditions, whereas the current temperatures are reached under conditions that are leaning toward La Niña, as illustrated by the image below.
One may wonder how much stronger the temperatures rise will be once El Niño conditions do arrive.
Furthermore, one may wonder how much current temperatures are elevated by a decrease in emissions due to COVID-19 restrictions, which in turn makes one wonder how much higher the temperature will be when the sulfate masking effect will disappear as the world phases out coal-fired power plants, bunker oil for shipping, etc.
The situation is dire and calls for immediate, comprehensive and effective action, as described in the Climate Plan.
• Arctic Data archive System
• Polar Portal – sea ice volume
• NASA Worldview
• Surface air temperature for June 2020
• ENSO: Recent Evolution, Current Status and Predictions – NOAA, July 6, 2020
• Arctic Hit By Ten Tipping Points
• Climate Plan