Yoana Hristova, the Deputy Mayor of Sofia Municipality in charge of environment, took part in a round table dedicated to the modern techniques of air quality measurement in urban environment, organized by the HackAir project in Frankfurt.
Within the framework of the event, options for combined usage of both official air quality reporting data and other alternative data sources, including urban and other sensor networks, were discussed.
In her statement, Hristova presented the official sources of real-time air data used by Sofia Municipality and generated by the Executive Environment Agency (EEA), as well as the system for forecasting of elevated levels of fine dust particles, developed by the National Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology (NIMH) upon the assignment of the municipal administration.
The Deputy Mayor has emphasised on the upcoming project of Sofia Municipality for building a local network of air quality measurement sensors integrated into an open platform for real-time data visualization that will be developed within the “Balkans-Mediterranean" Programme 2014-2020.
She paid particular attention to the increasing importance of active collaboration between the available sources of air data - including the official data, the pilot project of Sofia Municipality and civic initiatives.
Different civic initiatives for air quality monitoring with sensors took part in the event as well as representatives of the European Commission, the European Environment Agency and the Joint Research Center of the European Commission (JRC)


An introduction to weather satellites (WXSat)
There are basically two types of weather satellites commonly referred to as geo-stationary and polar orbiting satellites respectively. Geo-stationary satellites (Meteosat and GOES) are located in a fixed orbit around the earth and are always located in the same position in the sky. Polar orbiting satellites (NOAA and Meteor), on the other hand, orbit the earth crossing the poles and can only be received while positioned above the horizon in the receiving station's horizon to horizon coverage area.
The position of these satellites may be calculated from the Kepler elements published in amateur radio media or on the Internet. The NOAA orbits, for example, consist of near polar orbits; with a deviation from an exact polar orbit chosen such that the orbital plane precesses 360 degrees per year resulting in satellite passes over the receiving area at close to the same time every day. This type of orbit is also known as a sun-synchronous orbit.
Track weather satellites in real-time at n2yo.com.
Check the current status of NOAA weather satellites.
Weather satellites primarily transmit two types of picture formats, i.e. a digital format consisting of high-resolution data (called: HRPT) and an analogue format of low-resolution data (called: automatic picture transmission (APT)). Receiving and decoding these low-resolution signal formats does not require expensive/elaborate equipment and software and for this reason forms the basis of information provided throughout this web site.
Radio Frequency (RF)


July 20, 2017 – Langdon Drop In – Air Quality Watch (Smoke)
11:44 am – The air quality index is sitting at a 3 and we are ready to have Drop In!
9:23 am – We are watching the air quality index closely for Langdon Drop In. It is currently at a 4 (4-6 is moderate risk). As long as it stays within the moderate range we will still have Drop In but only do quiet or sitting activities such as crafts, art, and board/card games. If the index reaches 7 (7 – 10 is high risk) we will be cancelling Drop In. We will post an update before noon once we have a better idea what the afternoon looks like.


Greenhouse fuel inventories have turn out to be a vital software in combatting local weather change, offering a complete snapshot of emissions inside particular areas or international locations. These inventories measure the quantity of greenhouse gases, resembling carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide, which are being launched into the environment. By monitoring these emissions, policymakers, companies, and people can establish areas for enchancment and implement methods to cut back their carbon footprint.
The idea of greenhouse fuel inventories gained traction within the late twentieth century as world consciousness of local weather change grew. The primary worldwide settlement to handle greenhouse fuel emissions was the United Nations Framework Conference on Local weather Change (UNFCCC) in 1992. This led to the event of the Kyoto Protocol in 1997, which set binding greenhouse fuel emission discount targets for developed international locations. Since then, international locations world wide have been required to repeatedly report their greenhouse fuel emissions to the UNFCCC.
In keeping with the most recent information from the World Sources Institute, China is the world’s largest emitter of greenhouse gases, adopted by the USA, India, the European Union, and Russia. These international locations account for a good portion of worldwide emissions, highlighting the necessity for complete greenhouse fuel inventories to trace progress in direction of emission discount targets. Moreover, the agricultural sector is a serious contributor to methane emissions, whereas the power sector is the first supply of carbon dioxide emissions.
Cultural and Social Influence:
The cultural and social affect of greenhouse fuel inventories is important, as they supply tangible proof of the affect of human actions on the setting. By elevating consciousness of the sources of greenhouse fuel emissions, inventories can spur people and communities to take motion to cut back their carbon footprint. This will embody adopting renewable power sources, selling power effectivity, and implementing sustainable agricultural practices.
The financial implications of greenhouse fuel inventories are wide-ranging. Companies that monitor their emissions can establish cost-saving alternatives by power effectivity measures and emissions reductions. Moreover, governments can use inventories to tell coverage choices and allocate assets in direction of local weather mitigation and adaptation efforts. By investing in clear power applied sciences and lowering emissions, international locations can create new job alternatives and drive financial progress.
Advances in expertise have performed a key function in bettering the accuracy and effectivity of greenhouse fuel inventories. Distant sensing applied sciences, resembling satellites and drones, can now be used to observe emissions from sources resembling deforestation and industrial services. Moreover, digital instruments and software program platforms allow organizations to gather, analyze, and report emissions information in real-time, facilitating extra well timed and knowledgeable decision-making.
As the worldwide neighborhood continues to grapple with the challenges of local weather change, greenhouse fuel inventories will play an more and more essential function in shaping environmental insurance policies and driving sustainable improvement. With the Paris Settlement setting formidable targets for greenhouse fuel discount, international locations might want to strengthen their monitoring and reporting mechanisms to trace progress in direction of these objectives. Collaboration and knowledge sharing between international locations might be essential to making sure correct and clear inventories that replicate the true affect of human actions on the local weather.
When in comparison with different international locations, some nations have made vital progress in lowering their greenhouse fuel emissions by complete inventories and focused mitigation methods. For instance, Sweden has applied formidable insurance policies to transition to a low-carbon economic system, leading to a major discount in emissions over the previous decade. Equally, Bhutan has applied a nationwide carbon-neutral technique, specializing in forest conservation and renewable power to offset its emissions.
In conclusion, greenhouse fuel inventories are a vital software in combatting local weather change, offering invaluable insights into the sources and affect of emissions on the setting. By monitoring and reporting emissions information, international locations, companies, and people could make knowledgeable choices to cut back their carbon footprint and contribute to a extra sustainable future. Keep up to date by subscribing to MORSHEDI.
“the above image is ornamental”


Although we have now have blue skies after a night of snow fall, the Met Office still has Mid Ulster under a yellow warning for snow and ice.
With a few mm of snow on many rural roads, some may have suffered transport disruption this morning, but the roads in Cookstown appear to be clear.
But with freezing temperatures, the ground snow has turned to ice on footpaths and ungritted roads.
Until midnight tonight the chief forecaster is saying: "Showers of snow, sleet and hail will continue, particularly through the first part of Friday. Two to four cm of snow may affect some low lying areas while high ground may see locally five to 10 cm.
"Ice is also likely to affect untreated surfaces. A combination of snow and ice may lead to the risk of disruption with difficult driving conditions and expect longer journey times."


ORCAA Notices, News Articles, and Tips
ORCAA - (Redesigned site) The Olympic Region Clean Air Agency (ORCAA) is a local government agency charged with regulatory and enforcement authority for air quality issues in Clallam, Grays Harbor, Jefferson, Mason, Pacific, and Thurston counties. ORCAA is one of seven such regional air pollution control agencies in Washington state.
The Fire and Smoke Map displays information on ground level air quality monitors recording fine particulates (PM2.5)
from smoke and other sources, as well as information on fires, smoke plume locations, and special statements about smoke issued by various sources.
Air Quality Index (AQI) - Washington State Department of Ecology Interactive AQI Map
The AirQualityWA app, available on both the Apple App Store and the Google Play Store, provides real-time data about air quality conditions throughout the state.
Be Smoke Ready - Wildfire smoke and your health
Be Smoke Ready - Finding Information on Smoke When You Need It


|论文题目||Irrigation reduces the negative effect of global warming on winter wheat yield and greenhouse gas intensity|
|作 者||Li, JZ (李佳珍); Dong, WX (董文旭); Oenema, O (Oenema, Oene); Chen, T (陈拓); Hu, CS (胡春胜); Yuan, HJ; Zhao, LY (赵力莹);|
|刊物名称||SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT|
|卷、期、页码||646; ; 290-299|
Global warming may exacerbate drought, decrease crop yield and affect greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in semi-arid regions. However, the interactive effects of increases in temperature and water availability on winter wheat yield and GHG emissions in semi-arid climates are not well-understood. Here, we report on a two-year field experiment that examined the effects of a mean soil temperature increase of similar to 2 degrees C (at 5 cm depth) with and without additional irrigation on wheat yield and GHG emissions. Infrared heaters were placed above the crop canopy at a height of 1.8 m to simulate warming. Fluxes of CH4, CO2 and N2O were measured using closed static chamber technique once per week during the wheat growing seasons. Warming decreased wheat yield by 28% in the relatively dry year of 2015, while supplemental irrigation nullified the warming effect completely. Warming did not alter the wheat yield significantly in the relatively wet year of 2016, but supplemental irrigation with no warming decreased the wheat yield by 25%. Warming increased CO2 emissions by 28% and CH4 uptake by 24% and tended to decrease N2O emissions. Supplemental irrigation increased N2O emissions but had little effect on CO2 emissions and CH4 uptake. Evidently, warming and supplemental irrigation had interactive effects on wheat yield, GHG emissions and GHG emissions intensity. Precision irrigation appears to be a means of simultaneously increasing wheat yield and reducing GHG emissions under warming conditions in semi-arid areas. (c) 2018 Published by Elsevier B.V.


Greenhouse gases are gases in the Earth’s atmosphere that trap heat. They let sunlight pass through the atmosphere, but stop the heat that the sunlight brings from leaving the atmosphere. While they help to keep the planet livable, scientists are worried that humans are adding too much of these gases to the atmosphere, and the planet is now getting too hot.
These gases get their name from greenhouses, which are buildings full of windows that let in sunlight and prevent it from escaping. The main greenhouse gases are water vapour, carbon dioxide, methane, ozone, nitrous oxide and chlorofluorocarbons.
Where Do They Come From?
Up until about 150 years ago, humans did not produce many of these gases. However, this changed as forests were cleared to make space for cities and farms and electricity and cards became more widely used. Burning fossil fuels has become a big part of creating energy that powers these inventions, but fossil fuels release carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases.
As emissions have increased around the world, the temperature has also increased. If we continue emitting greenhouse gases like we do now, the temperature of the Earth will rise a lot- maybe as much as 5 degrees Celsius by the year 2100! However, if we reduce our emissions, temperatures will still increase, but by less- 2 degrees Celsius by 2100.
Check This Out Next: What is Nuclear Energy?
What is the Greenhouse Effect?
The greenhouse effect is the rise in temperature that the planet experiences because greenhouse gases trap energy from the sun.
Sunlight enters the atmosphere, passing through the greenhouse gases. The Earth’s surface absorbs the sunlight’s energy. Then, the energy is sent back into the atmosphere. Some of it passes back into space, but a lot of it stays trapped in the atmosphere by the blanket of greenhouse gases, causing the planet to heat up.
The greenhouse effect keeps the Earth warm enough for humans to live on, but if it gets stronger, it could make the Earth warmer than usual, which will create a lot of problems for humans, plants and animals! This is why it is so important to reduce our emissions immediately, so that less greenhouse gases get stuck in the atmosphere and warm our planet any more.
A picture showing the greenhouse effect (Source: Wikimedia Commons).


“What is the use of a house if you haven’t got a tolerable planet to put it on?”
― Henry David Thoreau, Familiar Letters
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (“IPCC”) released its Sixth Assessment Report (“the Report”) in August 2021. The detailed assessment on the “physical science of climate change” sheds light on the severity of climate change and comprehensively speaks to the escalating effects of greenhouse gases on Earth that are so much worse than we previously believed. It is, at this juncture, undeniable that the determining factor accelerating climate change is humans. The impact of ‘human-driven’ climate change is patent in recent devastating climate-related disasters and weather extremes across the globe. The pertinent question remains as to whether nations can combat the outcomes of climate change on humanity, or whether such changes are irreversible. The Report is envisaged to carry extra weight in anticipation of the COP26 global climate summit to be held in Glasgow, UK, in November 2021.
The Report is the culmination of several years of research, comments, and drafting by over 200 scientists that was approved by 195 states. It is the debut report of a forthcoming trilogy, with the objective of evaluating climate change, its effects, how it can be slowed down, and what can be done to tackle its deepening and rapid damage. The Report assesses our past, present, and future climate status, its impacts and future risks, the available options to mitigate the effects, as well as adaptation suggestions. It aims to enlighten policymakers as to the scientific findings of climate change and the Sustainable Development Goals and envisions a collective goal of implementing laws and statutes which take cognizance of these scientific findings.
The Paris Agreement, which was signed by several nations worldwide in 2015, was employed to ensure that global surface temperature remains far below 2°C and particularly maintained below 1.5°C. The Report specifies that, alarmingly, in each scenario assessed by scientists, the present century will see the failure of both thresholds if immediate action is not implemented to halt the outcome. Carbon dioxide emissions are to be significantly reduced across the globe for any hopeful change to materialise.
The Report’s findings may be condensed to a few main takeaways. Firstly, the Report confirms that drastic weather changes and events (especially as of late) are directly linked to human behaviour. Humans are altering the climate system. Secondly, the link between greenhouse gases and global temperature is further confirmed. Carbon dioxide emissions are recorded to be at their highest in the last two million years. Climate catastrophe is additionally driven by methane emissions from agriculture and livestock rearing, as well as the burning of fossil fuels. This may be avoided if there are “immediate, deep and sustained emissions reductions”. Thirdly, the Earth is heating up at a distressing rate. Global surface temperature is recorded to be at the greatest it has been in the last 125 000 years. It has been 1.09°C higher between the period 2011 – 2020 than it was in the period 1850 – 1900. The impact of the Earth’s warming is far-reaching, devastating, and infiltrates into all livelihoods, ecosystems, and species on the planet.
As indicated by the Report, “with every additional increment of global warming, changes in extremes continue to become larger”. This essentially denotes that even an increase in global surface temperature by 0.5°C perpetuates the frequency of wildfires, intense rainfalls, droughts, and heatwaves, to name a few. The changes in climate and extreme weather patterns are unparalleled and pose an immediate threat to communities and their social security and wellbeing around the globe. Finally, the Report signifies that sea level rise has tripled since the 1900s – 1970s, with human behaviour being the “very likely” determining factor in the melting of the glaciers and reduction in Arctic sea-ice since the 1900s. In fact, research shows that the Arctic “is heating up at a rate that is more than twice as fast as the global average”.
HUMAN HANDIWORK = CODE RED
The Report is unfaltering with respect to the impact that humans have had on the planet, and more specifically, on the dire state of the global surface temperature today. It states that “it is unequivocal that human influence has warmed the atmosphere, oceans, and land.” Fossil fuels are warming the Earth at an unprecedented pace. Climatologist Xuebin Zhang pointed out that “[t]he evidence is everywhere: if we don’t act, the situation is going to get really bad.” In 2019, carbon dioxide emissions were the highest they have been in the last 2 million years, while methane and nitrous oxide emissions – the other two major gas emissions – were recorded to be their highest in the last 800 000 years.
UN Secretary-General António Guterres stated that it is “a code red for humanity. The alarm bells are deafening, and the evidence is irrefutable.” He further noted that the global surface temperature threshold of 1.5 °C, as internationally agreed upon, was “perilously close. We are at imminent risk of hitting 1.5 °C in the near term. The only way to prevent exceeding this threshold is by urgently stepping up our efforts and pursuing the most ambitious path. We must act decisively now, to keep 1.5 alive.” The Report warns that unless immediate action is taken communally across the globe, the climate shifts will be irreversible. Global surface temperature is expected to crossover the 1.5°C threshold within the next 20 years.
WHAT’S TO COME
Man’s hand, as observed by scientists, in extreme changes in the atmosphere, land, the ocean, and the glaciers is striking. Should any meaningful and alleviating steps not be taken, five future impacts may be noted based on predictions made by scientists after assessment of all possible scenarios. Firstly, the Arctic will essentially be without ice at least once in the month of September before the year 2050. Secondly, even at 1.5°C, extreme weather patterns and natural disasters will become even more frequent and widespread, which will be “unprecedented in the historical record”. Thirdly, sea level events are projected to occur at least annually at more than half of tidal gauge locations by 2100, whereas in the past, extreme sea level events only occurred once in a century. Due to unremitting ocean heating and the ice melting, sea levels are “committed to rise for centuries to millennia”. Sea levels “will remain elevated for thousands of years”.Fourthly, the global surface temperature will exceed the 1.5°C threshold by the year 2040. Finally, wildfires will become more frequent in many regions around the world.
WHAT CAN BE DONE
By 2050, global emissions ought to reach net zero, if we are to honour the commitment made in the 2015 Paris Agreement and maintain the global surface temperature to 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels. According to Valérie Masson-Delmotte, climatologist and one of the scientists who worked on the Report, “the climate we experience in the future depends on our decisions now.”
The quality of our atmosphere must change drastically. Carbon dioxide emissions and other greenhouse gases are to decrease substantially worldwide for the global surface temperature to stabilize over the next 20 to 30 years. According to the UN chief, “inclusive and green economies, prosperity, cleaner air and better health are possible for all, if we respond to this crisis with solidarity and courage.” A daunting thought, however, is that despite mitigating steps being available to avoid a complete climate catastrophe, the benefits of these steps will only be realised in decades to come. While some impacts may fortunately be limited in the grand scheme of climate change, many other devastating outcomes will remain an immediate threat to communities and will escalate over the forthcoming years.
The Report is an essential component in sparking international negotiations and informing states on the status and actions that they are required to execute. The Report is especially relevant in light of the upcoming COP26 climate conference to be held in November 2021. All nations should collectively aim to reach net-zero greenhouse emissions and commit to the decreasing of global heating “with credible, concrete, and enhanced Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs)” stipulating detailed steps to be taken. The situation is critical. It is imminent. We have been warned by preceding generations, and this may be our final warning as the future of life on Earth rests on what we elect to do with the scientific findings embedded in the Report. The bloody snare of climate change will entrap both present and future generations – it is up to us as to how to mitigate the effects.
Originally published and featured on Earth Refuge


The current record for the most snowfall in a single Winter in Milwaukee was set in the 1885-1886 season at 109.8 inches. That's just over 9 feet. Including the 1-2 inches that fell last night, we are now up to 98.9 inches for 2007-2008. That puts us in second place.
At this point, I'm thinking, the heck with it. Let's go for #1! Snow at the Seder? Bring it on!


Scientists have found that the earth’s atmosphere is leaking, mainly in polar areas. They used satellite data and ground observations to discover this. A gas called helium 3 is coming out of the earth’s core and is being released continuously.
Many people have questions about the gas’s origin, release, and impact on earth.
Scientists are interested in helium 3 inside the earth. They study how it forms, spreads, and what it does. They also want to know why it is released and how it affects the earth.
The formation and distribution characteristics of helium 3
Helium 3 (He3) is rare on earth. It comes from two sources: helium in the solar nebula and interplanetary collisions during earth’s formation.
Many hydrogen and helium ions entered the solar system through solar wind in the solar nebula. They made planets and moons by adsorption and collision. During this, some helium ions stuck to Earth and slowly gathered on it.
In the past, Earth collided with things that raised its temperature and pressure. Some hydrogen and helium ions were also absorbed and turned into helium 3. The helium 3 is trapped inside Earth but comes out when the plates move or there are volcanic eruptions.
The Earth’s air has helium-3 gas. It comes from hydrogen in the solar wind and nitrogen in the air. Natural gas and oil in the earth also have helium. When plates move or volcanoes erupt, helium goes into the air and becomes helium-3. The air carries it around the world.
Helium 3 is not evenly distributed in the Earth. It’s less on the surface but more inside due to high temperature and pressure in the mantle and core.
Why does helium 3 “leak”?
Helium 3 emerges from the earth and spreads out to space. This happens because of two things: (1) what’s going on in the earth and (2) changes in the air around our planet.
The Earth has crustal plates that move. The movement causes pressure and friction between the plates. This pressure may cause temperature increases and lead to helium 3 release from the mantle or core.
Volcanic eruptions is another way of getting helium 3. This happens when hot temperature and pressure cause rocks to melt. As the rocks melt, helium 3 is released from it.
Helium 3 in the atmosphere escapes into space because of atmospheric flow and diffusion. It spreads around the world with the atmospheric flow and some of it gradually disappears into space due to atmospheric diffusion.
What is the impact of the earth’s “leakage”?
“If we consider the release of helium 3 from inside Earth as one process, it will increase helium 3 in the atmosphere. This will affect the earth in these ways:”
The migration of helium 3 can affect the earth’s crust stability. Helium 3 moves fast and may change the pressure distribution between crustal plates. This can alter earthquake frequency and volcanic activity intensity.
Climate change is the second problem. Helium 3 is released from the earth and can affect the air we breathe. This may change the climate around the world. If there is too much helium-3, it could make the air more see-through, which might cause temperatures to rise globally.
The Biosphere is the third layer of the earth. Helium 3 concentration on Earth may affect it. Helium 3 may not affect organisms directly, but it can upset ecosystems when its level goes up. This change can cause temperature, pressure, and air composition to fluctuate and alter the growth and reproduction of different organisms.
The excessive helium 3 can affect the geomagnetic field. The geomagnetic field is vital for protecting the biosphere from ultraviolet radiation. Helium 3 release may have a significant impact on the biosphere.
However, if we look at the earth in relation to the entire universe, the above effects can be ignored or even have no effect at all.
Helium 3 is formed, stored, and released on Earth in a dynamic way. It moves from the inside to the outside, and from the atmosphere to space. Helium 3 also comes from hydrogen ions in solar wind. Nitrogen enters Earth’s atmosphere through reactions and channels. It also goes into the ocean and soil, creating a balance of helium 3.


The National Weather Service in Brownsville has issued a * Flood Warning for... Southeastern Hidalgo County in Deep South Texas... Northwestern Cameron County in Deep South Texas... Western Willacy County in Deep South Texas... * Until 815 AM CDT Thursday. * At 804 PM CDT, emergency management and the media reported continued high water in many neighborhoods across the eastern third of the Rio Grande Valley in the warned area. Slow improvement is underway in some areas, but others remain inundated with at least 1 to 2 feet of water depth. Flooded roads were most common in the cities of Raymondville, Sebastian, La Feria, and Monte Alto. Portions of State Road 186 remain flooded this evening, and more than a dozen Farm to Market roads are flooded or closed in these areas...and are likely to remain so through the night. * Some locations that will continue to experience flooding include... Harlingen, east Weslaco, Mercedes, Raymondville, La Feria, Elsa, Edcouch, Monte Alto, Santa Rosa, Lyford and La Villa.
Current Conditon: Humid and Mostly Cloudy
Wind Speeds: 2.98mph
Chance of Precipitation: 0%
Temperature: 93/76 Humid and partly cloudy throughout the day. Saturday:
Temperature: 92/75 Humid and partly cloudy throughout the day. Sunday:
Temperature: 91/75 Partly cloudy throughout the day. Monday:
Temperature: 91/76 Mostly cloudy throughout the day. Tuesday:
Temperature: 90/78 Partly cloudy throughout the day.
Ann W. Richards Middle School
7005 Ann Richards Rd. Mission, Texas 78574


Storm brewing east of Visayas may enter PH Saturday
A potential storm east of the Visayas is seen to enter the Philippine area of responsibility (PAR) this weekend, the state weather bureau said Friday.
The low-pressure area was spotted 2,006 kilometers east of the Visayas and is likely to develop into a tropical cyclone, weather forecaster Meno Mendoza of the Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration said.
It is forecast to enter the PAR on Saturday or Sunday. If it forms into a tropical depression, it will be locally named “Paeng.”
Mendoza said the potential cyclone is expected to cross extreme Northern Luzon.
Meanwhile, the intertropical convergence zone continues to affect Southern Luzon, …
Keep on reading: Storm brewing east of Visayas may enter PH Saturday


Happening To The Sun?
all of the expressed concern about global warming brought on by greenhouse gas emissions from cars and industry, little notice
has been given to a group of astrologers and solar physicists who are warning that some significant changes are occurring
on the sun.
are saying these solar changes, which include a reduction in sun spots, irradiance, solar wind and radio emissions, may be
signaling the start of a new ice age, or at least a looming period of colder than usual temperatures around the globe.
physicist Timo Niroma notes that the sun goes through regular cycles of activity about every 12 years. The current “Twenty-Third
Cycle,” however, which began with a lot of solar activity, has now trickled down to long periods of no sun spots, reduced
brightness, and a generally quiet sun. Niroma says there is an appearance that the next cycle will have a very weak beginning,
or may be delayed, thus imitating something solar physicists have dubbed the Maunder minimum.
minimum, or a prolonged sunspot minimum, marks a period from 1645 to 1715 when solar observers noted that sunspots were unusually
rare. Solar astronomer Edward W. Maunder noticed how sunspot latitudes changed with time. He published two papers in which
he and other researchers like Gustav Sporer, John A. Eddy and John Dalton noted that these minimum sunspot periods coincided
with a period of lower-than-average global temperatures on Earth.
one such minimum period, from 1790 to 1830, now dubbed the Dalton Minimum, the Oberlach Station in Germany recorded a two
degree Celsius decline in temperatures over a 20 year period. The year 1816, which fell within this period, was known as “The
Year Without a Summer.” Temperatures throughout the Northern Hemisphere were so low that crops failed and many people
starved and froze to death.
fair, 1816 was a year when a major volcanic eruption of Mount Tambora, on the island of Sumbawa, Indonesia, also was partially
blamed for the dynamic weather event. Volcanic ash was said to have caused a global cooling for months after the eruption.
recently wrote that from his observations “it appears that the sun has slowed its internal dynamo to a similar level
such as was seen during the Dalton minimum.” He noted that this minimum period began with a skipped solar cycle, which
may be happening now.
has it been? NASA reports that during 2008 there were 266 of the year’s 366 days when there were no sunspots observed.
During the early months of 2009, the number of sunspots have dropped even lower.
physicist Dean Pesnell of the Goddard Space Flight Center said he believes “we’re experiencing a very deep solar
space records also show that the sun’s brightness has dropped by 0.02 percent at visible wavelengths and 6 percent at
extreme UV wavelengths since 1996. Scientists say the changes are not enough to reverse the course of global warming, however.
of articles in the Huffington Post on the subject by Bill Chameides examined the possibilities that the solar activities may
signal a future cooling of the planet that will counteract man-made global warming.
who is dean of Duke’s Nicholas School of the Environment and a member of the National Academy of Sciences, noted that
it appears obvious that past solar activities have had an effect on the world’s climate.
In his articles, he also addresses arguments by some that the sun may also be causing global warming. To this, Chameides
notes that “one cannot attribute the lion’s share of global warming in the last 30 years to changes in the sun’s
identifies sunspots as “areas of strong magnetic fields on the surface of the Sun. They are caused by disruptions in
the Sun’s magnetic field.” Beyond this, no one understands the link between the appearance of these spots on the
Sun and the weather patterns on Earth.
that in addition to greenhouse gases and solar events, things like El Nino and La Nina oscillations over the oceans all play
a part in affecting the world’s weather. But the constant heating of the planet and the obvious affect this is having
on changing weather patterns has not stopped in spite of the reduction in solar activity.
notes that ice ages have occurred on Earth in the past and another one is “almost certainly in our planet’s future.”
But he warns against speculation that a solar minimum appearance of sunspots is signaling a cooling trend that will offset
the deadly effects of global warming at this time.
I be willing to bet my children’s and grandchildren’s future on that possibility? No.” he concludes.


TBS News has a short video of an unusual sunset viewed from the cape of Notoro on the northern island of Hokkaido. Atmospheric effects above the surface of the sea caused the setting sun to go from its usual circular shape to a mushroom shape, then a sort of bowl shape, and finally a striking trapezoid. The extreme temperature difference that causes this sort of mirage is rare during the summer; it’s usually a winter oddity.
[Update: Video is no longer on TBS's site, but here it is on YouTube.]
JNN, ANN, and other national news outlets are reporting on an unusual cloud formation recorded off the coast of the northern island of Hokkaido. The unnaturally straight lines of cloud formed over the northern Ohoutsuku sea, about 40km off the coast. The clouds were filmed on the afternoon of June 18th by a Japanese Coast Guard patrol plane, as seen in this video clip. The Coast Guard has said that the bottom of the stripes is about 300 meters above the surface of the ocean, and they are over 100km long. The clouds are of a common type formed by wind that causes ripples similar to the waves in water, but lines this distinctive are rare, and it’s even rarer to see them from above—the pilot of the plane was quoted as saying he’d never seen anything like it in his 35 years in the air.


Lunar Eclipse – Mon Feb 20, 2008
I am officially disappointed in the weather last night for the viewing of the lunar eclipse. It’s been rainy and cloudy the last couple of days, and although the rain didn’t come until after the eclipse, it was quite cloudy. The moon was only visible for seconds at a time during the eclipse. For the hour or two leading up to the eclipse it was in perfect view, naturally. Most of the hour looked like the photo above… full cloud cover.
I got lucky and snapped a quick photo during the rare couple second the moon was visible. This isn’t quite what I was hoping for, but it’s the best I could get under the circumstances.
Let’s hope 2010 has better weather conditions.


Turns out that summer barbecue you’ve been looking forward to releases as much greenhouse gases into the atmosphere as a 60-mile car journey.
That’s according to a team of scientists from across the UK exploring the impact of food choices on the environment.
They’re aiming to shine a light on how consumer decision on diet – as well as new technologies – could help reduce global warming.
Led by the University of Manchester, the team brings together academics from food resilience programme N8 Agrifood and innovative technology solutions from the STFC Food Network+.
“Food contributes over 20% of all greenhouse gas emissions. As the barbecue season gets underway, people might like some food for thought about the impact of their choices on the environment,” said Lead scientist, Professor Sarah Bridle.
“Did you know for example that a 100g medium-sized beef burger releases enough greenhouses gases to fill more than 60 balloons? That’s equivalent to driving about 15 miles in a car. By switching to chicken you could reduce that to less than 15 balloons.
“Did you know that a portion of strawberries would release enough greenhouse gases to fill about five balloons, but this would rise to about 10 balloons on adding two tablespoons of cream, or to over 20 balloons if flown in out of season?
“And each bottle of beer causes emissions equivalent to about 10 balloons full of greenhouse gases.
“By making a few small changes to our diets such as swapping beef for chicken or a vegetarian alternative, a fizzy drink to tap water, a cheese sandwich to a peanut butter sandwich, or a fry-up breakfast to porridge we can make a significant impact.”
The group of scientists has calculated that a typical barbecue would release the equivalent of about 225 balloons of carbon dioxide per person, equivalent to each person driving 60 miles; whereas a lower emissions barbecue – where beef burgers were replaced with chicken – would emit approximately 125 balloons of greenhouse gases.
A vegan barbecue reduced the emissions again, causing the release of the equivalent of about 80 balloons of carbon dioxide for the whole meal, which corresponds to driving about 20 miles per person, and is less than half of the typical barbeque emissions.
The scientists’ work is being showcased this week at the Royal Society Summer Science Exhibition in London.
The ‘Take a Bite out of Climate Change’ exhibit aims to raise awareness of the innovative ways that cutting edge science is transforming food production.


3 edition of Weather folk-lore and local weather signs ... found in the catalog.
Weather folk-lore and local weather signs ...
Edward Bennett Garriott
At head of title: W. B., no. 294. U. S. Department of Agriculture. Weather Bureau.
|Statement||by Edward B. Garriott.|
|Series||U. S. Weather Bureau. Bulletin, no. 33|
|LC Classifications||QC851 .U5 no. 33|
|The Physical Object|
|Number of Pages||153|
|LC Control Number||agr10000158|
Open Library is an open, editable library catalog, building towards a web page for every book ever published. Folklore of American weather by Eric Sloane, , Duell, Sloan and Pearce edition, in English - [1st ed.]. Weather proverbs—the delightful, often rhyming, couplets and colorful statements that typically link a natural event with a meteorological condition—originated centuries ago when people watched the skies, oceans, plants, and animals for clues of what to expect weatherwise.
In Britain the most common topic of conversation is the weather, so over the centuries much of the folklore has centred around the subject. Here are some popular sayings which have come about by watching the weather and how plants and animals can sometimes indicate what is to come. Get this from a library! Weather signs. [Ann Merk; Jim Merk] -- This book provides helpful weather signs, including clouds, rainbows, plants, and animals.
In the book Nebraska Folklore, author Louise Pound describes the efforts of early homesteaders to make it rain on their fields – particularly since they knew that the local Native American tribes had rituals that were credited with controlling weather. Weather Watching Folklore – Myths or Science? letting you forecast local weather even better than the professionals. you may need to look for other weather signs before you decide.
progressive window display for the confEctionary trade.
New dwelling units completed 1921-1971 in New York City.
Eleventh report of session 2004-05.
Cowboys and kings
Fluxes to and effects of Oz and SO2 on Picea Sitchensis, P. abies and Fagus sylvatica.
The effects of two types of exercise programs upon the long bone growth of immature rats
Chemotherapy of psychiatric disorders
Twentieth century plays: American
Old North Davis
Being a Christian in the Wesleyan tradition
Physics developed specifically for the IB diploma
Water & Wastewater Instrumentation Symposium
Colloquium on South Asian Studies
Containment and revegetation of mine tailings
Excerpt from Weather Folk-Lore and Local Weather Signs: Prepared Under the Direction of Willis Chief Moore, Chief Weather Bureau It is safe to assume that our first parents acquired weather wisdom by observing weather sequences and noting the foreshadowed effects of certain atmospheric conditions on objects animate and : Edward Bennett Garriott.
Weather Folklore And Local Weather Signs () [Edward Bennett Garriott] on *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers.
This scarce antiquarian book is a facsimile reprint of the original. Due to its age, it may contain imperfections such as marks. The Paperback of the Weather folk-lore and local weather signs by Edward Bennett Garriott at Barnes & Noble. FREE Shipping on $35 or more. Due to COVID, orders may be : Buy WEATHER FOLK - LORE And Local Weather Signs.
Bulletin No. -- W. on FREE SHIPPING on qualified orders. Weather Folk-Lore and Local Weather Signs: [E. (Edward Bennett) Garriott] on *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. Originally published in This volume from the Cornell University Library's print collections was scanned on an APT BookScan and converted to JPG format by Kirtas Technologies.
Genre/Form: Folklore: Additional Physical Format: Online version: Garriott, E.B. (Edward Bennett), Weather folk-lore and local weather signs. Evening red and morning gray, two sure signs of one fine day.
science and folk-lore, with the science as a predominating matter let us know How to tell the weather from: clouds, dew, mist, haze, fog, wind, stars, rainbows, rain, hail, birds,MoreEvening red and morning gray, two sure signs of one fine day. science and folk-lore, with the science as a predominating matter let us know How to tell.
Get this from a library. Weather folk-lore and local weather signs. [E B Garriott; United States. Department of Agriculture.; United States. Weather Bureau.] -- On forecasting weather, with weather summaries for U.S.
and selected cities, based on reports of Weather Bureau observers. texts All Books All Texts latest This Just In Smithsonian Libraries FEDLINK (US) Genealogy Lincoln Collection. National Emergency Weather folk-lore and local weather signs. by Garriott, Edward Bennett, Publication date Topics Weather -- Folklore, Weather forecasting PublisherPages: Weather folk-lore and local weather signs.
Item Preview remove-circle Follow the "All Files: HTTP" link in the "View the book" box to the left to find XML files that contain more metadata about the original images and the derived formats (OCR results, PDF etc.).Pages: A collection of traditional weather folklore sayings and signs that are useful to the seaman, farmer, and gardener, are the following: By Observing Sky Color Whether clear or cloudy, a rosy sky at sunset presages fine weather; a red sky in the morning bad weather, or much wind (perhaps rain); a gray sky in the morning, fine weather; a high dawn.
Cold weather always falls on 12, and St. Pancras Day (May 12) never passes without frost. More Weather Lore: When a cat washes her face over her ear, ’Tis a sign the weather will be fine and clear. Clouds moving in opposite directions mean rain in about 12 hours.
When apple blossoms bloom at night, For 15 days no rain in sight. Get this from a library. Weather folk-lore and local weather signs. [E B Garriott; United States. Weather Bureau.] -- On forecasting weather, with weather summaries for U.S. and selected cities, based on reports of Weather Bureau observers.
1The weather signs in this list from Lexington and Louisville are taken from "Weather Folk-Lore and Local Weather Signs," by Edward B. Gar-riott, U. Department of Agriculture, Weather Bureau, page for Lexington; page for Louisville.
Many of the weather signs given below are based on. Weather Folk-Lore and Local Weather Signs Prepared Under the Direction of Willis Chief Moore, Chief Weather Bureau by Edward Bennett Garriott. If you are interested in weather lore, you might like to know that I have written a book that has a weather lore section.
It sets out the sayings that work and the ones that don’t. It is called, The Walker’s Guide to Outdoor Clues & Signs in the UK and The Lost Art of Reading Nature’s Signs in the US. FOLKLORE OF AMERICAN WEATHER is a beautiful anthology of weather terms, myths and truths by Eric Sloane, a painter of the Hudson River school.
It contains pen and ink illustrations as well as text on almanacs, weather instruments and a "Dictionary of American Weather Folklore" that includes a rating system of "true," "false" or "possible."4/5.
Backyard Weather Folklore Paperback – January 1, by john belski's (Author) See all formats and editions Hide other formats and editionsAuthor: john belski's. Backyard Weather Folklore has over 1, weather sayings.
all are graded A to F for accuracy. There has not been a book written in the U.S. with this many sayings in well over years. Weather folklore has probably been around as long as humans have been able to communicate verbally.
Is there any truth to these, or are they just part of human myths and legends. Here, we will classify some of the weather folklore as truth or myth. “Red sky at night, sailor’s delight; red sky in the morning, sailors take warning.”. More weather winter weather folklore to come.
I have been getting a lot of emails about my folklore book. It is sold out and no new books will be printed this year.I have a book in my library published by the U.S. department of agriculture in entitled "Weather Folklore and Local Weather signs" a fun old book and sayings that I'm sure have been forgotten "If the November goose bone be thick, So will the weather be; If November goose bone be thin, So will the winter weather be.
stuff like that.We are a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for us to earn fees by linking to and affiliated sites. Last 7 Days. Weather, wind, women, and fortune change like the Moon.
-French proverb. If dead branches fall in calm weather, expect rain.


The generation of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is one source of uncertainty in climate decision making. We do not know how emissions will change over time and making predictions is difficult, partly because it is dependent on human behaviour. Technological innovation, economic change, and social patterns all influence emissions and are inherently uncertain, which in turn limits our ability to predict emissions levels.
A GHG emission scenario is an image of a possible pattern of emission generation. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has developed an extensive range of possible emission scenarios based on assumptions that differ along several dimensions including population, technological development, and expectations about economic growth. Each of these scenarios presents an image of possible GHG emissions levels based on its assumptions about what the world is likely to look like over time.
The suite of scenarios developed by the IPCC has been broadly used as the basis for GCM modelling. For example, the Pacific Climate Impacts Consortium (PCIC) Regional Analysis Tool and the Canadian Climate Change Scenarios Network both work from these scenarios. The utility of scenarios in decision making is further explained the Scenarios section.
For additional information, please see the materials under "Greenhouse Gas Emission Scenarios" in the Recommended Links section.


Last week it felt like winter had returned and this week felt like it was already summer, so you know it’s spring in the Dakotas. The temperatures this week ranged…
It almost felt like winter had returned this week. It froze every night and Tuesday morning we woke up to a skiff of snow. The snow was a whole lot…
Don’t you just love mud and wet grass? After the wonderful moisture we got this week, we’ve had a lot of both. The week started out with freezing temperatures…
The weather was warm all week with temperatures in the 60s. Not all the snow drifts are gone yet, but they have really decreased in size.
It rained! We got a little sprinkle on Monday, the first day of spring, and Thursday evening there was just over a half inch of moisture in the rain gauge.
Every time spring arrives, this little ditty runs through my mind: “Spring is sprung, the grass is riz, I wonder where the flowers is?”
The January/February thaw was sure nice while it lasted.
If I didn’t know better, I’d swear spring had arrived.
The weather this week has been really interesting.
The weather turned cold again with some more snow and several days this week the roads were terrible.
The weather got a little better this week. We actually had some temperatures above zero and also had a couple days with no wind! Do you suppose ‘global warming’ has…
This week started out with another snowstorm on Monday, with high winds, blowing snow and rapidly dropping temperatures.
The weather is cooling off, and except for fog and a little freezing drizzle Wednesday night, it was really nice most of the week.
This was another week of beautiful fall weather. It’s usually really cold by this time and it’s hard to believe that this is already the second week in November!
We’ve been having some beautiful summer weather, even though it is officially fall. No frost yet, and we’re getting a nice rain as I’m writing this on Monday.
The weather is cooling down and we got a .19 hundredths of rain this week.
We didn’t get a drop of rain this week so I had to water what’s left of my garden.
Hot enough for you? Several people asked me that while we were roasting in 100 degree heat at the Boss Cowman in Lemmon Saturday.
Since July 4th is on Monday and we’re having family here for the holiday weekend, I’m writing this early.
“Hot enough for you?” We heard that question a lot this week when the temperature reached 100 degrees a couple times.
A large crowd gathered at the Lions Civic Center in Buffalo Monday for the Memorial Day program. Rep. Sam Marty was the featured speaker.
The weather has been nice all week, but we could use some rain because it’s getting pretty dry. Farmers around here have most of their early crops planted and are…


It is hard to believe that it is the 8th anniversary of the devastating natural disaster, Hurricane Katrina. She began on August 23, 2005 as the 12th tropical depression of the season forming over the Bahamas and in ten days she became
- the costliest natural disaster in the history of the United States. (estimated $81 billion)
- one of the five deadliest in United States History.
- the sixth strongest overall of recorded Atlantic hurricanes.
- deadliest U.S. hurricane since the 1928 Okeechobee hurricane.
HURRICANE KATRINA’S TEN DAY TIMELINE
In this part 1 of 2, I will cover the beginning on August 23, 2005 up through August 28, 2005
Tuesday, August 23, 2005
5 p.m.: The National Hurricane Center in Miami, Florida, issues its first advisory about the tropical system that will become Hurricane Katrina. The advisory notes that the season’s 12th tropical depression has formed over the Bahamas. The weather system is about 350 miles (560 kilometers) east of Miami.
Wednesday, August 24, 2005
11 a.m.: The storm has strengthened, become more organized, and been given a name. It is now tropical storm Katrina, the 11th named storm of 2005, about 230 miles (370 kilometers) east of Miami. Its strongest winds are blowing at about 40 miles an hour (65 kilometers an hour).
Thursday, August 25, 2005
5 p.m.: Katrina has continued to strengthen and is now a hurricane. Its strongest winds are about 75 miles an hour (120 kilometers an hour), making it a Category One hurricane. The storm is about 15 miles (25 kilometers) east of Fort Lauderdale, Florida, and about to make landfall.
7 p.m.: The eye of Hurricane Katrina comes ashore between North Miami Beach and Hallandale Beach on Florida’s southeastern coast. The storm’s top winds are 80 miles an hour (130 kilometers an hour). Falling trees kill two people.
Friday, August 26, 2005
1 a.m.: Katrina weakens and is reclassified as a tropical storm. Its center is about 45 miles (70 kilometers) northwest of Key Largo, Florida. Its strongest winds are about 70 miles an hour (115 kilometers an hour).
3 a.m.: The storm’s center has emerged from the Florida peninsula and starts strengthening almost immediately as it touches the warm waters of the Gulf of Mexico.
5 a.m.: Katrina reintensifies into a hurricane. Its strongest winds are about 75 miles an hour (120 kilometers an hour), and its eye is about 70 miles (115 kilometers) northwest of Key Largo. Keys residents are surprised by Katrina’s strength as it passes offshore.
“We went to bed last night expecting some possible rain and woke up this morning to learn that Katrina was 75 miles [120 kilometers] north of Marathon [Florida],” says Dan Gallagher, resident of Grassy Key. “A lot of the live-aboards [people living on houseboats] in Boot Key Harbor were surprised to find their boats in new spots.”
11:30 a.m.: The National Hurricane Center reports that the hurricane is “rapidly strengthening” as it crosses the Gulf of Mexico’s very warm waters. In only a few hours, the storm’s strongest winds have increased to about a hundred miles an hour (160 kilometers an hour).
During the day: Governors Kathleen Blanco of Louisiana and Haley Barbour of Mississippi declare states of emergency in their respective states.
1 p.m.: The National Hurricane Center predicts that Katrina will become a major hurricane by the time it reaches the central Gulf of Mexico. The eye of the storm is now about 460 miles (740 kilometers) southeast of the mouth of the Mississippi River in Louisiana.
Saturday, August 27, 2005
5 a.m.: Katrina’s strongest winds have reached 115 miles an hour (185 kilometers an hour), making it a Category Three hurricane.
During the day: Hurricane-hunter aircraft fly into Hurricane Katrina to measure wind speed, barometric pressure, ocean surface temperature, and other data.
“It was certainly very strong and also was very large,” Chris Landsea said later. Landsea, a meteorologist with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, was aboard a flight into Hurricane Katrina. “When we were flying into it Saturday, its circulation covered the entire Gulf of Mexico.”
Sunday, August 28, 2005
2 a.m.: Hurricane Katrina’s winds have increased to 145 miles an hour (235 kilometers an hour), making it a Category Four storm. The eye of the storm is about 310 miles (500 kilometers) south of the mouth of the Mississippi River.
9:30 a.m.: New Orleans Mayor Ray Nagin issues a mandatory evacuation order. Tens of thousands of New Orleans residents begin streaming out of the city.
“We’re facing the storm most of us have feared,” Nagin said. “This is going to be an unprecedented event.”
11 a.m.: Hurricane Katrina has mushroomed into one of the most powerful hurricanes ever to form in the Atlantic. The storm’s strongest winds are blowing at about 175 miles an hour (280 kilometers an hour), making it a Category Five storm. The center of the storm is about 225 miles (360 kilometers) from the mouth of the Mississippi River.
5 p.m.: The National Hurricane Center describes Katrina as a “potentially catastrophic” hurricane.
“Some levees in the greater New Orleans area could be overtopped,” the center warns. “Significant storm surge flooding will occur elsewhere along the central and northeastern Gulf of Mexico coast.”
9:15 p.m.: A. J. Holloway, mayor of Biloxi, Mississippi, says his city is “getting some rain, a little wind, and some lightning and thunder” from Hurricane Katrina.
Holloway survived Hurricane Camille in August 1969, and he’s worried that this hurricane will be as bad or worse than that catastrophic storm. He’s also worried that many new residents of Biloxi have no idea what they may soon be facing.
“There’s a lot of new people who moved into Biloxi with the advent of casino gambling who have never experienced a real hurricane, and they may be taking it lightly,” Holloway tells National Geographic News. “And even some of the people who were here during Camille are not worried. But just because your house stood up during Camille don’t mean it’ll stand up to this hurricane.”
Late Sunday night: Thousands of New Orleans residents who are unable to leave town or have chosen not to leave seek shelter in the Louisiana Superdome.
In the next part of this two part post, I will start with August 29, 2005 when Katrina makes landfall in Louisiana.


Air pollution in urban areas is quickly racing to the forefront of the environmental discussion, with several major cities facing a serious deterioration of breathable air supply. New Delhi, Beijing, Los Angeles, Moscow and Karachi represent a handful of cities facing the world's worst urban pollution, each with recorded amounts of particulate matter exceeding acceptable levels. In 2014, the World Health Organization issued a report estimating that 7 million people suffered premature deaths in 2012 due to air pollution exposure.
Enter Aeriform Ecologies: An Atmospheric Archive for Industrial Effluvium. Conceived as a thesis project by Jennifer Ng, University of Michigan with thesis advisor Kathy Velikov, Aeriform Ecologies delves into the possibilities for byproducts of petroleum production by proposing a network of solutions for the 'spatial runoffs' created by fossil fuel extraction. Based on a futuristic approach that includes a network of unmanned atmospheric gas harvesting dirigibles, the project blurs the lines between science, technology, and architecture.
Explore the effervescent world of Aeriform Ecologies after the break


By Asad Ali.
An air pollutant is any substance in the air that can cause harm to humans or the environment. Smog hanging over cities is the most familiar and obvious form of air pollution. Smog a combination of smoke and fog occurs when air pollution, emissions and fumes combine with fog and sunlight, forming a thick layer of smoke-like film in the atmosphere. But there are different kinds of pollution—some visible, some invisible—that contribute to global warming. Generally, any substance that people introduce into the atmosphere that has damaging effects on living things and the environment is considered air pollution.
Air quality is measured by the concentration of PM2.5, or particulate matter of a size deemed especially harmful; such pollutants contribute to a variety of health conditions. Anything under 50 is considered good. The health implications and the ratio of PM can be seen from the table below.
According to the recent World Health Organization data, there are some good reasons to be worried about the air quality in Lahore, with a yearly average of 68 µg/m3 of PM2.5, which corresponds to a 155 – Unhealthy Air Quality Index. Obviously, 155 – Unhealthy is just a yearly average, and the air pollution can reach much higher 300+ hazardous levels- just like the recent smog events in early November 2016 and in October 2017.
Sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxide and carbon monoxide, the three main gases that contribute to dangerous levels of air pollution. Except for these dangerous gases the following are the main causes of air pollution in Pakistan.
With the current rate of industrialization and increased manufacturing activities, high levels of smoke, sulfur dioxide, and particulate matter are emitted into the air. In a typical industrial plant, for instance, it is easy to notice the long chimneys or smokestacks erected into the air, emitting large amounts of fumes and smoke from it. No environmental body exists to check the carbon emission from the industrial units.
Deforestation affects the atmosphere in several ways. Forests act as sinks for carbon dioxide through a process called carbon sequestration. Trees store carbon dioxide in their plant tissue as they take in this gas to undergo food-making. In effect, this action removes carbon dioxide from the air. When forests are burned and destroyed, this storage area for carbon dioxide is removed, increasing the concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide. According to the United Nation, the average forest area of a country should be 10% of its total land but Pakistan has only 3%. Timber mafia is actively chopping the trees from the northern areas which have further worsened the situation.
Vehicle emissions are another source of fossil fuel emissions and air pollution. Private transportation accounts for about 10 percent of the amount of carbon dioxide your lifestyle and activities contribute to the atmosphere. There are 2.5 million automobiles in Lahore and 3.7 million in Karachi daily move on the roads. We are using poor quality fuel without vehicle quality check system that generates air hazard.
Air pollution has entangled our big cities in its vicious claws primarily due to the ill-planned construction of mass transit projects like Lahore Orange Line Metro Train. Mostly development projects have been built without considering the environmental risks.
A study claims that brick kilns adjacent areas to Lahore district are contributing around 10 percent of the total air pollution in the area. The fuels used in the brick kilns—agri-wastes, powder coals and used tyres—can also be linked to 15 percent of the total premature deaths due to air pollution in the area.
The effects of environmental pollution on humans are mainly physical, but can also turn into neuro-affections in the long term. The best-known troubles to us are the respiratory disease in the form of allergies, asthma, irritation of the eyes and nasal passages, or other forms of respiratory infections. Notably, these well-spread affections can be observed when air pollution is high in cities, when the weather gets hot, for instance. On top of that, environmental pollution has been proven to be a major factor in the development of cancer. This can happen for example when we eat reminiscences of pollutants used in the production of processed foods, or pesticides from the crops. Other, rarer, diseases include hepatitis, typhoid affections, diarrhea and hormonal disruptions.
In a report released last year by WHO “Pakistan was the 4th most polluted country in the world. According to the Breath Life campaign, there are nearly 59,241 deaths every year due to air pollution, out of which 13,683 are children.” Moreover, air pollution has a damaging effect on the country’s economy. More than 5.88 percent of the country’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP), or $47.8 billion, are spent as the economic cost of air pollution in Pakistan. Urgent action on air pollution makes economic sense.
Reducing deaths from air pollution is one of the aims of the sustainable development goals. One of the targets for goal three, good health and wellbeing, is “substantially reduce the number of deaths and illnesses from hazardous chemicals and air, water and soil” by 2030.
Article 9 and 14 of the constitution of Pakistan has provided the right to life and dignity of citizens. The life and dignity not only limited to sustain them but to enjoy all aspect of the life. According to the interpretation of the mentioned articles, it is the fundamental right of every citizen to enjoy the unpolluted atmosphere and breathe clean air. Under clause (d) of the article 38, it is the primary duty of government to provide basic necessities of life to the people. After the 18th constitutional amendment health is a provincial subject. Despite the hoot of dangerous environmental pollution in recent years, our provincial governments are still struggling to frame a definite environmental policy.
A real solution would require much more serious measures: improving fuel quality, phasing out fuel-guzzling cars, introducing solar and other renewable sources of energy, opt the new methods of bricks making, recycle and re-use things, planting trees on a large scale and improving public transportation to reduce the number of cars on the roads.
Poor air quality needs more attention – especially in Lahore. We need more study, more monitoring, more discussion and more public awareness. Our health continues to be at risk otherwise. Clean air is the first and foremost necessity of our existence. To control the air pollution everyone should have to play his part. Governments and the society have a responsibility. The government is to formulate environment conservation policies while the society at large is to conserve the environment by using eco-friendly renewable energy in their appliances. This is the only way forward to get a sustainable living.
Asad Ameer Chaudhary; Lahore based lawyer and has keen interest in International law and Politics. He can be reached at; email@example.com


Monday, February 26, 2018
Washington, DC—Wind and solar power could generate most but not all electricity in the United States, according to an analysis of 36 years of weather data by Carnegie’s Ken Caldeira, and three Carnegie-affiliated energy experts: Matthew Shaner, Steven Davis (of University of California Irvine), and Nathan Lewis (of Caltech). Their work is published by Energy & Environmental Science.
Right now, about 38 percent of carbon dioxide emissions come from electricity production, which must be reduced to combat climate change.
The team found that as the amount of electricity produced by solar and wind increases, avoiding major blackouts becomes increasingly challenging. Policymakers and planners need to consider that wind and solar resources will have natural variability, the team said.
“Our team took a simplified approach aimed at understanding fundamental geophysical constraints on wind and solar power,” explained lead author Shaner. “We looked at solar and wind power availability on an hourly basis across the U.S. and determined how much of current electricity demand could be met by varying amounts of solar panels, wind turbines, and energy storage, in addition to changes in the electricity grid.” [click for full article]


Technology has evolved to a point where extremely localized weather forecasts are available.
Years ago, weather forecasts covered wide swatches of land, meaning they weren’t always the most reliable. As technology advanced, so has the tools available to create weather forecasts, leading to increased precision and detail in predictions. This can assist in growing a crop by making problems of the past no longer an issue such as when to apply products such as fungicides to your crops.
“As we work toward improving our weather accuracy, those sorts of problems are going to be minimized. At the same time, we need combine forecasts with the label requirements for pesticides. For example, we need to consider the predicted winds, relative humidity, rain and temperatures when we create our daily or weekly work plans,” David Clay, distinguished professor of soil science at South Dakota State University, said during the Nov. 29 episode of Seed Speaks.
Weather forecasts haven’t been perfected just yet, but you can still use them along with historical information to make agronomic decisions on your farm. Chris Manchur, agronomy specialist for eastern Manitoba with the Canola Council of Canada, pointed out during the episode that you should consider variables such as soil temperature, moisture and humidity along with weather forecast information when making application choices.
“There’s a lot of different factors that actually play into this role into making a fungicide decision that extends past what that precipitation amount was at a particular time. I really encourage everyone to actually take a look at the progress of the weather patterns that’s happening even in a two- or three-week period,” Manchur added.
The actual weather forecast should also be considered when making agronomic decisions. Both the short term forecast and recent weather events should be taken into account.
“Look at the short term — within the day of the decision of whatever application or treatment is going to be made, but also what has happened in the past month, to the week, two to three weeks past and what it’s going to look like in 10 days,” Wade Kent, senior principal digital agronomist for Nutrien, explained during Seed Speaks.
You should also always identify what you want to accomplish also when making agronomic decisions in order to pinpoint how weather may impact that goal. Clay explained that applying fertilizers is different than herbicide weed control. Herbicides are most effective when applied somewhere between the temperatures of 65 F and 85 F. However, fertilizers should be applied when it’s cooler outside.
“If we’re trying to be efficient and minimize our impact on the environment, the climate information is really, really important. And that’s probably going to be one of the first steps when I start thinking about how we do different sorts of activities that are going to optimize productivity and minimize the impact on the environment,” Clay said.
There are still a ways to go on weather forecasting. Technology is advancing to a point where we may be able to receive accurate forecasts as far as 21 days out, an improvement of a week on the current 14 days long range forecast.
Weather forecasts are “not always right, but they’re becoming more right. And with the advancements in AI and machine learning, you’re going to see weather become more accurate. Resolution is getting greater the technology is improving in that aspect as well,” Kent said.


- Surface pressure is a fundamental meteorological variable for which observations are required for initializing forecasts and for use in reanalysis systems. It is an indicator of circulation patterns. Differences between surface pressures at pairs of stations provide traditional indices of the North Atlantic and Southern Oscillations. Other indices are based on zonal means or principal-component analyses of gridded fields. Surface pressure also provides information on the intensity of weather systems, including tropical cyclones. It has an impact on sea level.
- Surfce pressure
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Created 5/3/17, last modified 6/14/17


St Lucia Weather – Best and Worst Months to Go
St. Lucia weather attracts vacationers to this lush and beautiful Caribbean island most of the year, but there are months when it is wise to avoid visiting there.
The island is popular with cruise visitors in particular because of its parks, volcano, rain forest hikes and of course the beaches.
Like other Caribbean destinations, it has a high rate of vacation visitors from December through May, a mix of visits during the summer and a steep drop-off in September and October during the Caribbean hurricane season.
The hurricane season officially runs from June 1 through November 30, but it peaks in September and October when the region typically sees the highest number of storms, hurricanes and the accompanying heavy rains.
St. Lucia weather in February to May is part of a distinct dry season while June to December is part of a rainy season.
The average high temperature is 86 degrees Fahrenheit and the average low temperature is 76 degrees year-round, according to the St. Lucia Meteorological Service.
The average monthly highs and lows vary by only two degrees, making the temperatures consistent throughout the year. The peak temperature on any one day rarely exceeds 93 degrees or falls below 72 degrees.
The island is located in the northeast Trade Wind belt. Cooling winds coming from the east average 16 miles an hour. The windiest months last from January to July.
Visitors during cool months should consider staying at resorts or hotels away from the eastern side of the island to have a more comfortable stay.
The island’s lush green growth is due to moderately heavy rainfall, which averages 4.6 inches a month. (The arid Aruba averages only 1.3 inches a month.)
St. Lucia’s rainfall ranges from a low of 2.0 inches in February to a high of 7.8 inches in the main hurricane and tropical storm months of September and October.
St. Lucia has more rain days than the average Caribbean destination at 17 days per month. They range from a low of 12 days in April to a high of 20 or more days in July through November.
Rainfall is heaviest in the mountainous exterior and lightest along the coast.
Best Times to Go
Vacationers who want to choose the best time to visit St. Lucia would increase their chances of experiencing good weather by going in December through May.
The best times to avoid St. Lucia are the late summer and early fall months because of a much higher chance of rain, tropical storms and a small possibility of a nearby hurricane.


Could there be a turning point for Indonesia’s CO2 emissions?
Sugiawan, Yogi, and Shunsuke Managi. 2016. “The Environmental Kuznets Curve in Indonesia: Exploring the Potential of Renewable Energy.” Energy Policy 98. Elsevier: 187–98. DOI: 10.1016/j.enpol.2016.08.029
A recent study showed empirical evidence of a turning point of Indonesia CO2 emissions. According to the findings, CO2 emissions will start to decline as income per capita reaches around $8,000, with profound implication Indonesian energy policy.


The ABC hotspot regions are those where annual mean anthropogenic aerosol optical depth (AOD) exceeds over 0.3 and where carbon particles make up at least 10% of the clouds. The Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) is a quantitative measure of the extinction of solar radiation by aerosol scattering and absorption between the point of observation and the top of the atmosphere. It is a measure of the integrated columnar aerosol load and the single most important parameter for evaluating direct radiative forcing. AOD can be determined from the ground through measurements of the spectral transmission of solar radiation through the atmosphere using rather simple and relatively inexpensive instruments pointed directly at the sun called sun-photometers or filter radiometers. Routine ground based AOD observations are of utmost importance for the calibration and validation of AOD retrievals from satellites. In addition they are necessary to correct for aerosol effects in the retrieval of other satellite products.
ABC hotspots region in the world
(Source: United Nations Environment Program)
The major Regional hotspots:
- Indo Gangetic Plain in South Asia (Northwest to northeast region extending from eastern Pakistan, across India to Bangladesh and Myanmar)
- East Asia (Eastern China, Thailand, Vietnam & Cambodia)
- Indonesian Region
- Southern Africa extending southwards from sub-Saharan Africa into Angola, Zambia and Zimbabwe
- The Amazon basin in South America
The Asian continent is the world’s largest living habitat with about 60% of the world’s population. Especially south Asia has been undergoing high transformations in the urban and industry sectors because of the growing population and globalization. The United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) has done a comprehensive study of the South Asian haze and its impact on climate. It is largely based on the studies of the INDOEX (Indian Ocean Experiment) science team of over 200 scientists from Europe, India and USA. It provides a summary of the large brownish haze layer and its impact on the radiative heating of the atmosphere and the surface for South Asia and the adjacent Indian Ocean during the INDOEX campaign. It also discusses preliminaryfindingswith respect to the impact of this haze on regional temperatures, precipitation, agriculture and health.
The INDOEX campaign began in 1995 with ship observations and culminated in a major field campaign launched from the Maldives during January to April of 1999, with ships, aircraft, satellites and surface observations. An aerosol-chemistry-climate observatory was established on an island in the Maldives. The discovery during INDOEX of the so-called South Asian haze is clear evidence of the magnitude of the aerosol pollution problem. Three dimensional aerosol-assimilation models reveal this haze to extend over South, Southeast and East Asia. At present, biomass burning and fossil fuel burning are the major sources of air pollution. Due to lack of observations of emissions at the source regions in South Asia, it was infeasible to determine with confidence the relative contribution of biomass and fossil fuel burning to the observed haze. But tentative conclusion is that biomass burning plays a major role in gaseous pollution (such as carbon monoxide), while fossil fuel combustion and biomass burning contribute to particulate (aerosol) pollution. The affected region is the most densely populated in the world characterized by a monsoon climate, high levels of pollution, and increasing problems of water stress, agricultural productivity and health.
The synoptic view of the Asian during INDOEX, top left, from the SEAWiFS satellite. The three photographs on the right taken from the C-130 research aircraft show images of (a) the dense haze in the Arabian Sea, (b) the trade cumuli (a type of cloud) embedded in the haze and (c) the pristine southern Indian Ocean. (Courtesy of N. Kuring, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center)
- A recent UNEP report identified Mumbai, Delhi, and Kolkata as being among 13 ABC hotspots in the Asian region.
- From the year 2001 to 2005 Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) over Panaji went from 0.39 to 0.41 and over Bhopal from 0.40 to 0.42
- A paper published by S Ramchandran, of the Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad in the geophysical research journal points to an increasing number of aerosols hanging over Indian cities, with Kolkata having the highest count in 2005 with a 0.59 AOD count. Delhi was next with 0.57, followed by Chennai (0.47), Mumbai (0.41) and Bangalore (0.32).
- The highest black carbon emissions in four Indian metros Chennai, Kolkata, Mumbai and Delhi came from diesel combustion in the transport sector.
- A study conducted by Chandra Venkataraman, professor from the department of chemical engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Mumbai observes that coal combustion in thermal power plants and fossil fuels used in the transportation and industrial sectors were found to contribute most of the aerosol pollutant emissions over India.
- The highest aerosol emissions of sulphur dioxide from fossil fuels were observed in the states of Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Utter Pradesh, Gujarat and West Bengal due to thermal power plants and large number of point sources (refineries, petrochemicals cement and fertilizers) in these states.
- Delhi often complains of fog or fog like conditions. This is because, the Pollutants remain suspended in the air due to the absence of any sink like ocean.
- Mumbai had AOD of 0.44 in 2003, but fell again to 0.41 in 2005. In coastal cities like Mumbai breezes blow pollutants towards the ocean, where they settle on water, never to rise again. This results in the lower level of AOD in the atmosphere.
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune has been measuring AOD on a daily basis since 20 years and recently concluded that aerosol levels over Pune have increased by 14% as compared to past two decades.


THE LOW PRESSURE AREA EAST OF SOUTHERN LUZON HAS DEVELOPED INTO A TROPICAL DEPRESSION.
Location of Center (4:00 PM today)
The center of Tropical Depression was estimated based on all available data at2,125 km East of Central Luzon (OUTSIDE PAR)(16.1°N,141.4°E)
Maximum Sustained Winds
45 km/hnear the center
Up to55 km/h
North Northwestat15 km/h
Forecast Positions and Intensities
Tomorrow afternoon 28 October 2020
1,875 km East of Central Luzon (Baler, Aurora) (OUTSIDE PAR) (16.5°N, 139.1°E) Tropical Depression
Thursday afternoon 29 October 2020
1,440 km East of Central Luzon (16.4°N, 135.0°E) Tropical Depression
Friday afternoon 30 October 2020
1,030 km East of Southern Luzon (15.4°N, 131.2°E) Tropical Storm
Saturday afternoon 31 October 2020
315 km East of Virac, Catanduanes (14.0°N, 127.1°E) Severe Tropical Storm
Sunday afternoon 01 November 2020
135 km West of Legazpi City, Albay (13.3°N, 122.5°E) Severe Tropical Storm
Track and intensity outlook:
The Tropical Depression will move northwestward or west-northwestward today through Thursday, then southwestward by Friday towards Bicol Region-Eastern Visayas area. On the forecast track, it may enter the Philippine Area of Responsibility (PAR) tomorrow evening or Thursday.
The Low Pressure Area outside the PAR developed into a Tropical Depression at 8:00 AM today. It is forecast to intensify into tropical storm category in the next 72 hours.
Hazards affecting land and coastal waters:
This disturbance is not affecting the weather over any portion of the country at this time.
Once inside the PAR, the Tropical Depression will be given local name “ROLLY”.
The public and the disaster risk reduction and management council concerned are advised to monitor for the next update on this weather disturbance to be incorporated in the Public Weather Forecast at 4 AM tomorrow and in the next advisory at 11 AM Tomorrow


Is condensation endothermic or exothermic? You walk outside on a cold winter day and notice that your breath is visible in the air.
You might also see water droplets forming on the windows or other surfaces. What you are seeing is condensation is exothermic.
In this blog post, we will discuss condensation and why it is exothermic, and we will also provide a few examples to help you understand them better!
Condensation is exothermic because it releases energy in the form of heat.
Explain It To A Child
When water vapor changes into a liquid, it gives off heat. This heat is called “exothermic.”
This happens when water vapor condenses into liquid water. The heat energy is released as the water vapor molecules collide and stick together to form liquid water molecules.
Is condensation endothermic or exothermic?
When water vapor condenses, it releases energy in the form of heat. This heat is what makes condensation exothermic.
Exothermic means that it gives off heat as it happens. The temperature of the air around the droplets of water will decrease as condensation takes place.
This is why you often see water droplets on cold surfaces like windows in the winter. The air inside your home is warm, so the water vapor in the air condenses on the cold window glass.
When you see dew on the grass in the morning, this is also due to condensation. The ground cools off at night, so the water vapor in the air turns into liquid on the ground.
By understanding how and why condensation takes place, you can take steps to prevent it from occurring in places where it would be undesirable, such as on your windows.
What is condensation and why is it exothermic
Condensation is the process of water vapor turning into liquid water. When warm air meets cold surfaces, the vapor in the air starts to condense on those surfaces.
This happens because the warmer air can hold more water vapor than the colder air. As the vapor condenses, it releases heat, which is why condensation is exothermic.
The amount of heat released depends on how much water vapor is present and how big of a temperature difference there is between the air and the surface.
If there’s a lot of water vapor and a large temperature difference, then a lot of heat will be released. When you see steam coming off of a hot shower or boiling pot of water, that’s condensation!
And when you see droplets forming on the outside of a glass of cold water, that’s also condensation. In both cases, heat is released as the water vapor turns into liquid water.
How does the energy released in exothermic condensation
When water vapor condenses and turns into liquid water, it releases energy in the form of heat. This process is called exothermic condensation, and it plays an important role in the water cycle.
When warm air rises and cools, water vapor in the air condenses and falls to the ground as precipitation. The release of heat during this process helps to warm the atmosphere, which drives the convection currents that circulate the Earth’s weather systems.
In addition, exothermic condensation is responsible for the formation of clouds. As water vapor condenses around particles of dust, it creates tiny droplets of water. These droplets eventually coalesce into larger drops, and when enough drops come together, they form a cloud.
Thus, exothermic condensation is a key process in both the water cycle and the Earth’s climate.
How is the condensation of steam to water exothermic
When steam condenses to water, it releases latent heat. This is because water vapor contains more energy than liquid water. The condensation process happens when the molecules of water vapor slow down and come together.
This release of energy is called an exothermic reaction. The latent heat of vaporization is the amount of heat that must be added to a substance in order to change its state from a liquid to a gas.
For water, the latent heat of vaporization is about 2,260 kJ/kg. This means that when 1 kg of water vapor condenses to liquid water, it releases 2,260 kJ of energy. The latent heat of condensation is the amount of heat released when a substance changes from a gas to a liquid.
For water, the latent heat of condensation is about 2,260 kJ/kg. This means that when 1 kg of the steam condenses to liquid water, it releases 2,260 kJ of energy.
Examples of condensation
Water vapor is always present in the air, even if you can’t see it. When warm air meets cold surfaces, or when cold air meets warm surfaces, the water vapor in the air condenses.
This process is how dew forms on plants in the morning, and how fog forms over a lake. sweat on your skin is another example of condensation. When your body temperature rises, the sweat on your skin evaporates.
As the air around you cools, the water vapor in the air condenses and you start to feel sweaty. Condensation is also responsible for the water droplets that form on the outside of a cold glass of water on a hot day.
The water vapor in the air condenses on the colder surface of the glass. These are just a few examples of condensation. Next time you notice water droplets forming, think about how this fascinating process is at work.
So now you know: condensation is the process of water vapor turning into liquid water, and it’s exothermic because it releases heat as it happens.
Jacks of Science sources the most authoritative, trustworthy, and highly recognized institutions for our article research. Learn more about our Editorial Teams process and diligence in verifying the accuracy of every article we publish.


Air Purifying House Plants
If you want to improve the air quality in your home, one option is to invest in some air purifying house plants. These plants can help to remove harmful toxins from the air, making it safer and healthier for you to breathe. Some of the best air purifying plants include the spider plant, the snake plant, and the Peace Lily. These plants are relatively easy to care for, and they can make a big difference in the quality of the air in your home.
Which indoor plant purifies the air the most?
There are a few different indoor plants that are known for their air-purifying abilities, but the one that is most effective is the Areca Palm. This tropical plant is not only good at absorbing carbon dioxide and releasing oxygen, but it also filters out a variety of toxins and chemicals from the air. So if you’re looking for an indoor plant that can help purify your air, the Areca Palm is a great option.
What plant improves air quality?
One plant that improves air quality is the rubber plant. The rubber plant is a popular indoor plant that can help to purify the air. The plant is known to remove toxins from the air, including formaldehyde and carbon monoxide. The rubber plant is also known to improve air quality by reducing levels of dust and pollen in the air.
How many plants does it take to purify the air in a room?
A study by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) found that one potted plant per 100 square feet of office space can improve air quality. The research was conducted in an effort to find ways to improve air quality in space stations.
While the research was conducted in a controlled environment, it is safe to say that plants can have a positive impact on air quality in homes and offices. There are a number of factors that contribute to poor air quality, but plants can help to remove some of the harmful particles in the air.
So, if you’re looking to improve the air quality in your home or office, consider adding some plants. A few potted plants can make a big difference.
Which plant gives oxygen 24 hours?
The plant that gives oxygen 24 hours is the aloe vera plant. Aloe vera is a succulent plant that is native to North Africa. The leaves of the aloe vera plant are thick and fleshy with a gel-like substance in the center. This gel-like substance is what gives aloe vera its healing properties. When the leaves of the aloe vera plant are cut, they release a clear, gel-like substance that can be applied to the skin.
Do house plants actually improve air quality?
Plants are nature’s way of cleaning the air. They take in carbon dioxide and release oxygen. They also absorb many other harmful gases like formaldehyde, benzene, and xylene. These gases are found in cleaning products, paint, and cigarette smoke. Plants help to reduce stress and anxiety and can even boost your mood and productivity.
What plant removes 78% of airborne mold?
The plant that removes 78% of airborne mold is the Aloe vera plant. Aloe vera is a succulent plant that is native to the Arabian Peninsula. Aloe vera has been used for centuries as a medicinal plant. The gel from the Aloe vera plant is used to treat burns, wounds, and skin conditions. Aloe vera is also used as a natural laxative.
Is it OK to sleep with plants in your bedroom?
Yes, it is OK to sleep with plants in your bedroom. There are many benefits to sleeping with plants in your bedroom, including improved air quality, increased humidity, and a sense of calm and relaxation. Plants can also help to reduce stress and anxiety, and promote better sleep.
What plant removes the most CO2?
The most common type of plant that is used to remove carbon dioxide from the air is a phytoplankton. These tiny plants are found in oceans and freshwater lakes and ponds. Phytoplankton use sunlight to convert carbon dioxide into oxygen gas, which is then released into the atmosphere.
Are plants better than air purifiers?
- Plants are natural and air purifiers are not.
- Plants improve air quality by producing oxygen and absorbing carbon dioxide, while air purifiers only filter pollutants from the air.
- Plants help to humidify the air, while air purifiers can actually make the air drier.
- Plants add beauty and a sense of calm to a space, while air purifiers are often an eyesore.
What plant removes the most toxins?
The plant that removes the most toxins from the air is the peace lily. This plant is known for its ability to filter out a variety of toxins, including formaldehyde, benzene, and trichloroethylene. The peace lily is also effective at removing carbon monoxide from the air.
Does a snake plant clean the air?
Yes, a snake plant does clean the air. The plant is effective at removing a number of toxins from the air, including formaldehyde, benzene, and toluene. Additionally, the plant helps to improve indoor air quality by increasing oxygen levels and humidifying the air.
There are a variety of air purifying house plants that can help to improve the quality of the air in your home. These plants can help to remove harmful toxins and pollutants from the air, and they can also help to improve the overall air quality in your home. If you are looking for a way to improve the air quality in your home, consider adding one or more of these air purifying house plants to your home.


Android weather app not updating
If it’s going to rain, the app tells you when and for how long.It also gives you a more general forecast for the next 24 hours, as well as a seven day forecast and up-to-date radar imagery.This info helps you forecast your local conditions beyond the next hour or two. You can’t cache weather data because weather data is constantly changing. The best apps are updated constantly with new radar images and forecasts, so if you don’t have a solid connection, they’re not going to do you any good. How it works: Most weather apps worth your data plan use NEXRAD’s radar data, (a network of next-generation radar stations operated by the National Weather Service), and WU follows that model too.But the app also uses a network of personal weather stations that are 200,000 strong worldwide.The forecasting proved to be as accurate, if not more accurate, than Dark Sky.But there’s no magic here—any meteorologist will tell you that forecasting immediate weather is relatively straight forward.A couple will give you a “future-cast” that predicts the track of the storm over the next 30 minutes to an hour. More apps are allowing users to input the weather around them to help dial in the immediate forecast in your area. Most weather apps focus on hyper local forecasting—what’s happening where you are right now.
There’s an extended forecast, but it’s pretty basic.Beyond the hour Future-Cast, you can add a layer to the map that will give you arrows showing the track of the storm.Our take: If you don’t want to rely on the forecasts of others, and you know how to interpret radar, Radar Cast is a handy tool.Get this app if you want to know if it’s going to rain in the next hour.They’ll tell you what minute it’s going to rain and how hard.


Winter to be Cool and Wet
NOAA predicts that Montana can expect a cool, wet winter that could lead to heavy runoff next spring.
The forecast was made by the Corps’ Missouri River Water Management Division. Despite cold, snowy weather in October, precipitation was well below normal in much of the upper basin. The 2020 calendar year runoff forecast is 30.2 million acre-feet, 117% of average. This winter is setting up for a La Nina pattern, which typically means colder weather across Montana, Wyoming and the Dakotas. Looking through January, the outlook is also for above normal precipitation in those states. February through April forecast is trending toward below-normal temperatures and above-average precipitation.


Cap and trade scheme on emissions 'best for aviation industry'
The aviation industry should impose a cap and trade scheme to meet its climate obligations.
This is the view of the Confederation of British Industry (CBI), following a recent report.
By imposing a global system, the aviation industry would control future levels of carbon dioxide emissions in a "cost-effective" manner while preventing "damaging leakages to other countries," the report concluded.
John Cridland, deputy director-general at the CBI, commented: "The best way for the world's aviation industry to meet its climate obligations is through a global cap and trade scheme.
"Such a scheme would include all airlines, removing scope for leakage of emissions from one country to another, and would run with, not against, the grain of this international industry."
Last week, the secretary of state for energy and climate change, Chris Huhne, backed plans to reduce the EU's carbon dioxide emissions by 30 per cent by 2020 instead of by 20 per cent, as is currently agreed.
Posted by Mark Stephens


1. To introduce the fundamentals of air pollution
2. To discuss major pollutants, their sources and their effects (environmental, economic and health)
3. To introduce the methods of estimating air pollution emissions
4. To introduce the theory of dispersion of air pollution in the atmosphere
5. To discuss the major approaches for air pollution modelling
6. To demonstrate the features and the use of most widely used commercial and freely available air quality models
7. To introduce the issues of indoor air pollution and personal exposure to air pollution
8. To gain an appreciation of the health impacts of air pollution.
A A basic understanding of the fundamentals of air pollution including knowledge on atmospheric circulation, transport, dispersion and transfer of air pollutants
B An understanding of how climate change and meteorology influence air pollution
C Knowledge of major air pollutants, their sources and their effects (environmental, economic and health) and how emissions are estimated from road traffic and industrial sources
D An insight into air pollution in China
E Experience of using air quality monitoring equipment
F Experience of analysing and presenting outputs of air quality data/models to a range of audiences
Lecture sessions, supported by field work, class notes and laboratory sessions.