We will now look at the roles ventilation plays in promoting comfort and maintaining a healthy indoor environment.
By the end of this lesson you will have learned…
- Why ventilate?
- What determines “good” indoor air quality (IAQ)?
- External air quality
- Where do pollutants come from?
- What level of indoor air humidity is desirable?
- How much ventilation do we need?
1. Why ventilate?
There are many answers to the question of “Why ventilate?”. Ventilation serves many purposes, amongst the most important are the following:
- Provide fresh air
- Minimise the accumulation of and removing odours and pollutants
- Maintain healthy levels of relative humidity
- Remove heat in summer
One additional aspect of ventilation, which encompasses all roles above, is that ventilation helps to control indoor air quality. Providing and maintaining air with good air quality not only creates a comfortable environment but also a healthy one.
Air with low levels of pollutants and an acceptable relative humidity (more on these shortly), will be healthier for both occupants and buildings. So how do we design ventilation to ensure a high level of indoor air quality and how is defined?
2. What determines “good” Indoor Air Quality (IAQ)?
A short answer to how IAQ is defined would be to refer one to the EN standards that are applicable to non-domestic buildings (EN 13779) and general buildings, including domestic (EN1521).
Both standards judge IAQ on the basis of CO2 and recommend acceptable indoor concentrations of CO2 – relative to the concentration of CO2 in the outside air. Atlhough carbon dioxide isn’t as serious an internal air pollution issue compared with many other pollutants, it is an important issue affecting levels of alertness in offices and classrooms and has been known to affect comfort levels since early part of the 19th century. So one way to assess if we have sufficient ventilation is to provide good level of IAQ would be to base rates on those that will provide acceptable levels of CO2 in the air.
Although levels of CO2 in indoor air have become one of the main determinants of IAQ, there is one other seemingly harmless “pollutant” that we should control: moisture. Excessively high levels of moisture indoors can lead to an increased aggravation of asthma and favourable conditions for the growth of dust mites and fungi / moulds. Given the risks posed by high levels of moisture, ventilating at a rate sufficient to control moisture seems a sensible idea.
However, for good air quality, ‘source control’ (i.e. reduction of contaminants) is just as important. Ventilation on its own cannot remove 100% of the contamination if it is constantly replenished – it is only diluting it. In other words, ventilation is necessary, but not sufficient. Ventilation on its own cannot ensure safe, dry surfaces: if surfaces are too cold, and/or moisture is continuously entering the building from outside, damp is likely to result.
If damp, mould and other sources of contamination are present, they will contaminate the indoor air to a greater or lesser extent. Contaminated air can develop in pockets (‘microclimates’) within the building, often unseen. To ensure good indoor air quality, the conditions in these areas have to be improved (more on this in Modules 4 & 5) or ventilation will simply be circulating the contamination.
Sometimes the conditions leading to the contamination cannot be completely eliminated, particularly in some of the smaller non-habitable spaces such as crawlspaces under the ground floor. (For example, it is impossible to dry up the groundwater!) In these cases, the contaminated microclimates must be separated from the living spaces. Good ventilation can then assist in keeping the building fabric sound and healthy. The range of issues to do with getting and keeping a sound building fabric are looked at in detail in Modules 4 and 5. Here, however, we focus on the air quality we are aiming to achieve, focusing on occupant-generated air pollution and the role of ventilation in dealing with it.
3. External Air Quality
Outdoor air is a source of many pollutants and historically, external air pollution has received lots of attention and is a topic that arguably more widely known than IAQ. Although it may seem like old news, air pollution is still a very important and topical issue.
Public Health England has shown that around 29,000 people a year in the UK die early deaths because of air pollution. In 2015, the UK government was taken to the Supreme Court as they had been in breach of the EU limit on emissions of harmful nitrogen oxide (NO) particulates for years. In the same year, Volkswagen admitted to falsifying emissions tests on their cars, which means that far more automobile pollution has been released than previously thought. A study released in February 2016 by researchers at King’s College London has also shown that the effects of air pollution may be longer lasting than previously thought:
(Accessed 9 Feb 2016)
Clearly, retrofit designers cannot control the larger air pollution issue. But there are design choices that are important to review during the retrofit design process.
Above, we have highlighted the importance of creating and maintaining a healthy indoor environment.
However, it is also important to avoiding worsening the local external environment for others through excessive fuel use and/or use of particulate emitting fuels such as burning solid or biomass fuels particularly in urban areas.
Furthermore, where outdoor pollution levels are high it is worth considering the installation of a balanced ventilation system (e.g. MVHR) so that the incoming air can be filtered to remove at least some of the outdoor pollutants from the indoor air supply.
4. Where do pollutants come from?
Indoor pollutants are primarily caused by occupants but can also come in with the “fresh” air from outside, unfortunately. The table below shows a range of pollution sources.
source: 3. https://www.nhbcfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/NF18-Indoor-air-quality-in-highly-energy-efficient-homes.pdf (accessed on 07/07/23)
5. What level of indoor air humidity is desirable?
The optimum range for indoor relative humidity is 40 to 60% – as shown in the image below. Drier air can aggravate respiratory problems and can lead to discomfort. Higher humidity can encourage mould growth and dust mites and will lead to discomfort at higher temperatures (‘muggy’ conditions restrict our ability to perspire and cool down). Furniture and flooring may also be damaged by high or low humidity.
In terms of thermal comfort, lower humidity makes it easier to cool down by sweating as evaporation will be more effective. The converse is also true – high humidity makes it more difficult to cool down by sweating as humid air cannot evaporate and hold as much moisture as drier air. This is one reason why hot, humid days typically feel more uncomfortable than hot, dry ones.
4. Dampness in Buildings and Health – Nordic Interdisciplinary Review of the Scientific Evidence on Associations between Exposure to ‘‘Dampness’’ in Buildings and Health Effects (NORDDAMP):
5. WHO Guidelines for Indoor Air Quality: Dampness and Mould http://www.aecb.net/knowledgebase/guidelines-indoor-air-quality-dampness-mould/
A much more detailed examination of the conditions in which moulds and bugs might flourish, and how retrofit can identify and minimise these, is found in Module 5.
6. How much ventilation do we need?
In order to answer this question effectively, we need to consider what type of building requires ventilation. Ventilation system design is based primarily on levels of occupancy and also influenced by the activity of those occupants. Different types of activity will require higher levels of ventilation. Think of how the ventilation requirements differ between a home and a gym, for example. The level of activity and associated production of heat and moisture will be much higher at a gym, so consequently the ventilation rates will be significantly higher to compensate.
Also important is the need to provide a minimum level of background ventilation to maintain air quality, deal with materials off-gassing and dissipate the baseline level of pollutants that are produced. There may also be issues in retrofit relating to the potential for gas leaks, radon and other soil gases that require additional consideration.
In looking at some typical recommended occupancy-related ventilation rates in the chart below, it is clear that by ventilating to control moisture accumulation, we provide more than enough ventilation to deal with the other categories of pollutants.
So one general answer to how much ventilation is required would be: “enough to control moisture build-up”.
Clearly there is also responsibility on the designer’s part to remove and minimise any substantial sources of moisture as part of the retrofit. So although one can see that between 7-8 l/s of ventilation would seem to provide “enough” ventilation, it is worth remembering that the figures below are averages. (The level of pollutants and the need for more or less ventilation always changes). We will take this discussion further in Section 7 – Building Services, where we will explore precisely how these ventilation rates per person translate into the design of ventilation systems.
This lesson has covered:
The reasons why ventilation and air quality are important
Sources of indoor pollutants
The average ventilation rates generally needed to control different pollutants
- Dampness in Buildings and Health – Nordic Interdisciplinary Review of the Scientific Evidence on Associations between Exposure to ‘‘Dampness’’ in Buildings and Health Effects (NORDDAMP):
- WHO Guidelines for Indoor Air Quality: Dampness and Mould http://www.aecb.net/knowledgebase/guidelines-indoor-air-quality-dampness-mould/


August 10, 2018 9:00 pm – 11:00 pm
Kansas Wetlands Education Center
The Persied Meteor Shower occurs every year when the earth passes through the trail of dust and debris left by the Swift-Tuttle comet. Perseids are a popular meteor shower each year, but this year will be better than most, with a peak of 60-70 meteors per hour. The moon will be near new moon, at a crescent, so it will set early. This means clear, dark skies for better meteor watching. The shower gets its name because the meteors appear to radiate from the constellation Perseus.
Families of all ages are encouraged to come out for this FREE, fun-filled event to learn the difference between an asteroid, comet and meteor through a dry ice science experiment, enjoy a night hike on our nature trail, create a space rock fridge magnet, play glow-in-the-dark wiffle ball, and enjoy s’mores while gazing at the night sky.


Despite the growing impact of emissions on health and environment, there remains an unmet need for emission concentration prediction. The accumulating monitoring station and satellite data available makes the problem well suited for machine learning. This work formulates the spatiotemporal prediction of emission concentration as a machine learning task. To this end, an evaluation framework including baseline models and metrics of per-pixel loss and intersection over union accuracy, as well as a simple ConvLSTM model were developed. The model developed successfully generates one-hour ahead emission concentration forecasts with increasingly lower loss (6.5% and 30.5% less) and higher accuracy (18.4% and 18.6% higher) compared to the input-independent and random baseline models at the end of training. Crucially, compared to conventional solutions, our model developed generalizes to unseen emission sources with no significant decrease in accuracy.


Finally, on this day last year, Hurricane Michael made landfall on the Florida Frifay with peak winds of mph and was the first Cat 5 to make landfall in the U.
Travelers who viewed the glengower also viewed
Overall the weather looks fantastic for Festivals Acadiens et Creoles! For reference, our average highs temperature for early May is 79 degrees. Ahead of the front, expect mostly cloudy skies with the chance of scattered showers, and possibly one or two thunderstorms Ror afternoon. Answer Question Could you explain what time is early morning, late morning, early afternoon, and late afternoon? All rights reserved.
Plenty of lingering clouds are expected Saturday along with breezy and cool conditions.
Been to the glengower? share your experiences!
See the 10 Day Forecast for the latest. Open fires, rustic wooden furniture, lovely sea views and a friendly team create a warm and homely place to relax and enjoy a drink or bite to eat. Kaner brought her to Lake Gleneida in the early afternoon Monday and was holding her in the water when something went wrong. Clearing arrives from the west by mid afternoon but near record lows follow Saturday morning. But with the extended cloud cover Saturday, temperatures will stay in the 60s most of the day, barely climbing into the lower 70s for the afternoon when the sun begins to shine.
Friday early afternoon - the glengower
The thunderstorms that we are seeing are elevated not surface based so storms are not strong or severe but can still be dangerous and deadly. The New York Times - Sports 6 And there is plenty of time left this week to get Dad something to read in the early afternoon Sunday as he waits for the action to heat up at Merion Golf Club.
Related Content. Cloud to ground lightning can be deadly if caught outside and heavy rain can make for poor visibility and ponding on ro for drivers. Thursday August 30th Parts of the Day: Early morning, late morning, etc. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed.
Look for men
The pub is dog friendly too so can be the perfect end to a lovely dog walk on the beach. The pub serves a wholesome menu of freshly cooked pub grub seven days a week including a popular roast on Sundays.
The New York Times 3 It was early afternoon Wednesday when many of the hundreds of thousands of visitors began arriving; by evening they stood cordoned into groups by metal barricades. Restaurant details Description: The Glengower is a hearty traditional pub that sits right on Aberystwyth prom near to earlt foot of Consitution Hill overlooking the stunning Cardigan Bay.
Alabama coronavirus cases
Both Saturday and Sunday look beautiful, but highs temperatures both days will be well over 10 degrees below normal. There is no exact time when each one begins and ends, because they can vary according to your lifestyle Lookint the hours of daylight at each time of year, but this list shows some approximate times that many people would agree with.
Overnight lows this weekend could approach record cold territory, with temperatures likely falling into the upper 30s both Saturday and Sunday mornings. Temperatures Friday will top out in the mid-upper 80s but will begin to drop into the lower 70s early Friday evening, into the low-mid 60s before midnight, and bottoming out Loojing the upper 50s by Saturday morning.
The New York Times 4 It did not provide faternoon more details on that decision except to say that, as of early afternoon Tuesday, "there was no final approval from G.
The bar has a great selection of real ales as well as cask ciders and Lookinv won various awards to reflect its great selection and quality of ales. Some limited sunny intervals should return by mid-late afternoon.
Cool front arrives late friday afternoon/early evening
The New York Times 5 On a cloudless early afternoon Wednesday, as word spread of video of a suspect, the finishing area of the marathon remained eerily quiet and vacant, cordoned off by crime-scene tape and metal barricades and the presence of police officers. Posted at PM, Oct 10, and last updated After one more day of warm and humid conditions Friday, the second and stronger cool front of Acadiana's fall season will be arriving by the late afternoon into the early evening hours.
It should be nice and chilly Saturday night into Sunday morning with lows dropping into the mids. Look for fair to partly cloudy skies Sunday with temperatures warming back into the upper 70s Highs Saturday top out in the low to mid 60s before warming up closer to 70 for Mother's Day Sunday. Michael was the third-most intense Atlantic hurricane to make landfall in the U.
Rain and clouds clear out of North Alabama through mid to late afternoon, giving way to a spectacular, but chilly, Mother's Day weekend.
Alabama Politics This Week Showers and thunderstorms through early afternoon Friday Heavy rain with embedded thunderstorms will continue into the early afternoon Friday. Beyond the weekend into next week the weather pattern is looking quite changeable with a fairly good chance of scattered showers and some Lookihg Monday and Tuesday, and then again toward the end of the week into the following weekend Copyright Scripps Media, Inc.


Google presents his new time experience for Android with the official launch of new weather forecast cards that we already saw a couple of weeks ago through a leak but that from today will begin to reach all users.
Now him google time offers us a lots of new informationsuch as weather and sky conditions, rain probability, weather alerts, detailed 10-day forecast, air quality, UV index, sunrise and sunset, and much more. All with a complete redesign to show now lots of color through its new tiles.
These new weather cards will appear either when we click on the Google Now weather card or when we consult the weather forecast through a written query or voice command through the search engine of the google app.
10 GOOGLE APPS THAT COULD HAVE SUCCESSFUL
In the first tab Today We will see the forecast that will be throughout the day for each hour of the next 24 hours. We will see the current temperature, humidity, the state of the sky, air speed, pressure, UV index, visibility, the temperature at which there will be dew and when sunrise and sunset. For each hour we will see the evolution of the temperature.
For the next day’s forecast we also see the time ranging from 24 hours to 48 hours, with the forecast for each hour, with data on the state of the sky, humidity, air, UV and sunrise and sunset.
Next 10 days
In the forecast for the next 10 days we will see for each day data such as maximum and minimum temperature expected for each day together with information such as sky status, air speed, humidity, UV index, sunrise and sunset, and finally an hourly forecast.
The google time includes a search engine that allows us to write the name of a town to check its weather forecast. Every time we look for a new place, the application will ask us if we want to save the place to more easily check the time. When you click on the search bar, a list will appear with all our saved locations.
Via | Google
In Engadget Android | AccuWeather for Android, the most popular weather application is renewed with Material Design


This NSF Science and Technology Center (STC) will focus on the representation of cloud processes in climate models. The STC’s name is the “Center for Multi-Scale Modeling of Atmospheric Processes” (MMAP), and the lead institution is Colorado State University (CSU). The goal of MMAP is to break the “deadlock” that has stalled the progress of climate research for several decades. Climate models are physically based and include representations of the atmosphere, the ocean, the land-surface, and the cryosphere. They run on the most powerful computers available. They are now providing predictions of future climate change due to anthropogenic changes in the composition of the Earth’s atmosphere. These predictions are being used as input to policy decisions that have enormous economic implications for the U.S. and the world. It has been true for decades now that our inability to simulate the interactions of clouds with large-scale atmospheric circulations is one of the most important limitations on the reliability of climate-change simulations. Poor simulations of cloud systems also reduce the skill of weather forecasts, especially for precipitation. MMAP will address this problem through a revolutionary new approach called the “multi-scale modeling framework” (MMF), in which fine-grid Cloud-System Resolving Models (CSRMs) are embedded within the much larger grid cells of an atmospheric general circulation model (GCM). In an MMF, the CSRM takes the place of the single-column “conventional parameterizations” that are used in current GCMs. Whereas conventional parameterizations are based on statistical theories involving uncertain closure assumptions and little or no information about the spatial structure of the cloud field, MMFs resolve cloud processes explicitly down to a scale of a few kilometers, and so represent some aspects of the spatial structure explicitly. The CSU STEM Center served as the evaluators for the Education & Diversity components of this project.
PI Institution: Colorado State University
Source of Funding: NSF
Funding Program: STC
Award Amount: $37,505,835
Start Date: 07/01/2006
End Date: 06/30/2017
Link for more information: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0425247&HistoricalAwards=false


|作品名稱（其他語言）||Simulation of office ventilation and air quality|
|著者||林金賢; 張正興; 盧博堅|
|出版者||臺北縣淡水鎮 : 中國土木水利工程學會|
|會議名稱||九十六年電子計算機於土木水利工程應用研討會=2007 Conference on Computer Application in civil & Hydraulic Engineering|
室內空氣品質主要以實際量測與數值模擬分析為主。本研究以計算流體力學軟體1 1，進行會議室室內空氣品質的分析與污染物濃度分佈，以方便未來會議室進行整修時，提供可行並有效的解決方案。;The quality of the air in office buildings can impact the health of those working inside of building. Indoor air pollution can be a real concern because people can spend as much as 90% of their tinle indoors and have an immediate or long-term reaction to poor indoor air quality. Most people are aware that outdoor air pollution can significantly affect people's health, but pervious studies have shown that levels of air pollutants indoors may be anywhere from 2 to 5 times greater than outdoors, and in some cases more than 100 times greater. Indoor ventilation and air quality refers to the quality of the air and environment inside buildings, based on pollutant concentrations and conditions that can affect the health, comfort and performance of occupants -- including temperature, relative humidity, light, sound and other factors. Creating a better ventilation and indoor air quality can help building owners, managers, occupants, architects and builders to minimize or eliminate the negative health effects. In this study, indoor air quality of the office of Wind Engineering Research Center (WERC) at Tamkang University is simulated by computational fluid dynamic, the software of AirPak2.1.12. The results show the concentration distribution of the ozone in offices. The CFD simulations were determined to reduce ozone concentrations more effectively.
|關鍵字||室內空氣品質;indoor air quality;computational fluid dynamics;AirPak|
|出處||九十六年電子計算機於土木水利工程應用研討會論文集=Proceedings of 2007 Conference on Computer Application in civil & Hydraulic Engineering，頁421-426|


According to an estimate around 40000 thunderstorms occur daily all over the world.
For a thunderstorm to occur we need to have moisture, disturbance in atmosphere and a lift generated by pressure difference.
There are three different types of thunderstorms i.e. Ordinary Cell, MultiCell & SuperCell Thunderstorm. The names here are self-explanatory as what each of thunderstorm points to.
And Ultimately, thunderstorms result in hail, bad forced winds,Tornadoes, Heavy Rains.


A. In the hills the atmospheric pressure is lower than in the plains and therefore water boils at a temperature lower than the 100oC causing an increase in cooking time. … Due to low atmospheric pressure on the hills, the water boils at a temperature higher than 100oCand therefore water takes longer to boil.
Why cooking food takes longer time on mountains?
On mountains, the atmospheric pressure is less. Therefore, the boiling point of water is less than the normal boiling point of water in mountains. Thus cooking in open vessels take long time in mountains.
Why cooking is difficult in high altitude?
How is the air different at high altitudes? Above 2,500 feet, the atmosphere becomes much drier. The air has less oxygen and atmospheric pressure, so cooking takes longer.
Why cooking is difficult in hilly areas?
The key factor is declining air pressure at higher altitudes. Falling air pressure lowers the boiling point of water by just under 1 degree Fahrenheit for each 500 feet of increased elevation. … Any food prepared with moist-heat methods, like boiling or simmering, will take longer to become fully cooked.
Why is it difficult to cook dal at mountain or hill stations?
Answer Expert Verified
On mountains and hilly regions, the air is less dense and the atmospheric pressure is also less. As the altitude is higher, the air column weight is reduced. So the pressure is reduced as compared to the sea level or below the mountains. Water has a lower boiling point at a lower temperature.
Why cooking is easier in pressure cooker but difficult on hills?
Hence at higher altitudes, the atmospheric pressure will be low. Therefore the boiling point of water will be lower than 100 C (boiling point is the temperature at which the pressure of a liquid becomes equal to that of the surroundings). As a result, at higher altitude, food would be undercooked.
Why is it difficult to cook food on high mountain regions when compared to plane areas at ground level write the reasons?
As the atmospheric pressure decreases with altitude, it will be lower at the top of mountain as compared to the ground level. Because of this the water will start boiling at lower temperature at the top of mountain as compared to ground level.
Why cooking is so fast in pressure cooker?
As the pot is heated, the temperature inside increases until the water starts to boil. … At that pressure, water boils at 121°C (250°F). That means food can cook at a much higher temperature than it ever could at atmospheric pressure—and since cooking reactions speed up at higher temperatures, your food cooks faster.
Does food cook faster at higher altitudes?
At high altitudes: Air pressure is lower, so foods take longer to cook. Temperatures and/or cook times may need to be increased. Water boils at a lower temperature, so foods prepared with water (such as pastas and soups) may take longer to cook.
Why are pressure cookers used in hilly areas?
At mountain or hilly area, pressure is very very less. So, a pressure cooker is useful to make food quickly there. … In hilly areas the pressure decreases therefore, the water starts boiling below 100 degree C.
Do you find it difficult to cook at the top of mountains substantiate your answer?
At higher altitudes, say like mountains, cooking food is difficult. Higher altitudes means lower atmospheric pressure and thus lower boiling point.
Why does water boil at a lower temperature on hills than in Plains?
At higher altitudes, air pressure is lower. … When atmospheric pressure is lower, such as at a higher altitude, it takes less energy to bring water to the boiling point. Less energy means less heat, which means water will boil at a lower temperature at a higher altitude.


This period in Vadsø, as in much of the Arctic region, nights begin getting longer and longer. It’s not yet the Polar Night, which means that everyday, beautiful sunsets and sunrises mark the beginning and the end of the dark, cold Arctic nights. But what makes sunsets so beautiful? Why does the sky and the Sun turn red?
In order to answer this, we need to review the same concepts we took into account when answering the question “why is the sky blue?“.
Light is an electromagnetic wave, just like radio waves, microwaves, and even the radiation resulted from radioactivity! The only difference between all these different electromagnetic waves is their wavelength.
Even the light that we actually perceive with our own eyes is made up of multiple wavelengths. And to each and all of these wavelengths of light corresponds a different colour! So, the light that comes to us from the Sun and which we see, is made up of multiple colours! Of all colours, to be exact!
Just like an ocean’s waves, light travels the same way: in waves! Blue light travels in shorter waves (with a shorter wavelength) and red light travels in longer waves (longer wavelengths).
When the sunlight, with all its colours, reaches Earth, it meets the planet’s atmosphere! Thus, it starts interacting with various particles in the air, such as tiny ice crystals, dust, water droplets and even gas molecules that make up the air itself! And once the light waves interact with these particles, it gets scattered!
For a wave to interact with a particle, the two must be of the same order of size. Smaller particles scatter short wavelength light (blue) stronger. Small air molecules, which make up the entire atmosphere, scatter the blue component of sunlight the most, and in all directions, because of its short wavelength! And this is why, during a sunny day, everywhere you look, the sky is blue!
At sunrise and sunsets however, the Sun, relative to us, finds itself at low positions in the sky. From these low positions in the sky, sunlight needs to travel longer distances, through thicker amounts of the atmosphere in order to reach our eyes.
Because of this, the light gets scattered more strongly by the atmosphere. Blue light, which gets scattered easiest, is in fact scattered so much, that it is mostly removed before it actually reaches our eyes. Which in turn means that there is more red light (which gets scattered the least) left for our eyes to see.


This weekend will act as an introduction to the upcoming solar eclipse, as hundreds of meteors light up the night sky during the annual Perseid Meteor Shower.
For weeks astrological enthusiasts and novices alike have been anticipating the annual Perseid meteor shower that lights up the night sky every August.
The Perseids are expected to arrive today, Saturday and Sunday, though some astronomers warn that the bright moon could dominate the sky on these nights, obscuring the light of the fainter meteors.
That's not to say the event will be a total let down. Stargazers will still be able to catch a glimpse of the show, they may just have to work a bit harder for it.
John Shepherd, chief science officer at the Link Observatory in Martinsville, advises astrological fans to get out of dodge and head for the country.
"Get as far away from city lights as you can get," Shepherd said. "Get a lawn chair, a chaise or blanket and lay on the grcund so you can get a good view."
For those who won't be able to seek out any especially secluded locations, the best course is to find a "moon shadow," a shadow cast by the glow of the moon, and enjoy the show. All viewers will want to make sure they can see as much of the sky as possible.
The shower will peak between Saturday night and Sunday morning. The best viewing hours for the meteors, and most other meteor showers, will be right before dawn, when the sky is at its darkest, though they will be visible all through the night.
Last year, in 2016, stargazers got a real treat as the sky was lit up by more than 200 meteors per hour during its peak.
Typically, viewers can see around 60-100 meteors an hour during peak time, though this year astronomers are expecting a rate of about 40-50 visible meteors per hour.
Meteors showers are made up of leftover remnants of ice and rock, that "boil off" a comet as it comes close to the sun. When that rubble comes into contact with our atmosphere it burns up and produces what we know as meteor showers.
The Perseids are remnants of the 17-mile-wide comet 109P, also known as Swift-Tuttle. Every summer the Earth enters the debris trail left by Swift-Tuttle and the debris hurtle through our atmosphere, burning up and creating a celestial light show.
The Swift Tuttle takes about 130 years to orbit the sun. It made its most recent pass by earth in 1992, though the remnants from that pass won't make their way into earth's atmosphere for another hundred years.
This year, Jupiter's gravity has tugged together streams from Swift-Tuttle passes in 1862, 1479 and 1079, meaning some of the meteors that will be burning up have been floating in space for more than 1,000 years.
Most meteors range in size from a grain of sand, to the size of a baseball. Sometimes you can even hear a sizzle and hiss as the ancient ice and rock burn up, hurtling toward earth at a whopping speed of over 130,000 miles per hour.
"Most people enjoy the ambience of the Perseids," Shepherd said. "The sights and sounds as the ice turns to steam and the rock burns up - you can hear it if it's very quiet."


Santa Maria Sun / Outside
San Luis Obispo
Overcast and 59 F at San Luis Obispo, San Luis Obispo County-Mc Chesney Field, CA
Winds are Southeast at 4.6 MPH (4 KT). The pressure is 1013.9 mb and the humidity is 56%. The wind chill is 59. Last Updated on Feb 19 2017, 12:56 pm PST.
Overcast and 56 F at Santa Maria, Santa Maria Public Airport, CA
Winds are Calm. The pressure is 1015.2 mb and the humidity is 60%. Last Updated on Feb 19 2017, 12:51 pm PST.
Overcast and 53 F at Paso Robles, Paso Robles Municipal Airport, CA
Winds are South at 3.5 MPH (3 KT). The humidity is 69%. Last Updated on Feb 19 2017, 12:53 pm PST.


Daily weather forecasts are widely available but provide a limited amount of information for growers and gardeners. Weather stations are often a fair distance from your location and in rural areas, are not reflective of micro climates.
I am working in collaboration with Scott to build a Particle Electron powered weather station. It will collect accurate data from our allotment which will be shared online with fellow plot owners. We will use this data to create a ‘smart’ weather station that can detect the soil moisture content (the need to water) and calculate the likelihood of blight and frost (the need to take action).
The interface features an at a glance weather summary which displays the current temperature, maximum and minimum temperatures, current weather, actions and the date and time of the last update.
We then display a range of detailed data including soil moisture content, humidity and sunset time. Data is colour coded to aid recognition over time.
The interface will be responsive so it can be accessed easily on the move or at the plot; we’ll know straight away whether it is warm enough to sow our seeds!


I'm recent graduate from UNC-Charlotte, obtaining my Master's Degree in Atmospheric Science with particular focus on El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) behavior in the instrumental record (1800s - Present Day), and I have a Bachelor of Science degree in Meteorology from NC State University. The motivation for this project and my recent Master's Thesis stems from my insatiable desire to build and expand historical data. Making climate records as long and reliable as possible, while also understanding that the observed record (especially during the period which phenomena are "adequately" observed) only represents a very small fraction of the mid-late holocene and is only one of infinitely many potential solutions and/or realizations for a given climate state. Therefore, expanding the available record, as I'm doing here, brings us another step closer to understanding the "true" range of legitimate weather variability in our current ever-changing climate, how it interacts with the background climate and also how both may change in the future. I have heavily pursued this project the last few years in hopes that it will make a noticeable impact on the state of North Carolina, helping spur new major efforts and breakthroughs in real-time operational winter storm forecasting and emergency response, reanalyses efforts, and research. Additionally, I recognize that pursuing a project like this, whose intentions and data are relatively easy for everyone to digest and understand, also reaches as large of an audience as possible. I could not have done any of this without at all the support from my family, friends, professors, and acquaintances.


Five ways to reduce urban heat stress
Last month saw the UK sizzle with some of the the hottest days recorded in 40 years and as heatwaves swept the country, cities were hit the hardest.
Urban landscapes of asphalt, brick, metal and dark rooftops soak up an enormous amount of energy from sunlight and reflect even more light. This energy absorption leads to an urban heat island (UHI) where cities experience higher-than-normal heat temperatures, as compared to surrounding areas.
In this article, we take a look at changes that could be made to our built environment to contribute to a drop in temperatures over the summer months.
What is an urban heat island?
According to the Met Office, an urban heat island (UHI) is “a man-made area that’s significantly warmer than the surrounding countryside, especially at night.”
In fact, the temperature of a city whose population is over 1 million can be 1-3°C more than outside the urban environs. In the evening, the difference can be as high as 12°C.
Elevated temperatures from UHIs can adversely affect a community’s environment and quality of life by increasing energy consumption and air conditioning costs, elevating greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution, posing dangers to the aquatic systems, causing potential heat-related discomfort and danger to human and animal health, and posing secondary impacts on weather and climate.
There are several ways in which the effects of UHIs can be reduced – let’s take a look at some of them.
Light-coloured roofs reflect 50% more light
City rooftops are typically black because the traditionally-used asphalt and tar are waterproof, tough, ductile and easy to apply to complex rooftop shapes and designs.
However, black and dull colors absorb lots of solar heat, which results in warmer surfaces. To mitigate the problem of urban heat island, more people are having bright, white roofs installed.
The use of light-colored concrete and white roofs is far more effective in reflecting up to 50% more light and lowering the temperature. Additionally, light-colored concrete and white roofs reduce the overall air conditioning demands (and costs).
Green roofs for sustainability
Green roofs are a great, sustainable option for reducing the temperature in the city.
Green roofing is the practice of planting vegetation on a roof to act as perfect insulators, cooling the surrounding environment and reducing demands for air-conditioning. Plus there’s the added bonus that air quality will improve since plants absorb carbon dioxide and produce fresh air.
Plant trees to reflect solar radiation
The practice of tree planting within and around cities is an excellent way of reflecting solar radiation, while also decreasing the urban heat island effect.
Trees provide shade, absorb carbon dioxide, release oxygen and fresh air and provide a cooling effect. Deciduous trees are ideal for urban areas because they cool the area in summer and don’t block any warmth during the wintertime.
Awareness and implementation of heat reduction policies and regulations
The EU directives regarding environmental policies, such as low carbon fuel standards and the uses of renewable energy, can significantly regulate and mitigate the problems of urban heat island effect.
With fewer emissions, the level of green house gases in the atmosphere can be reduced. This, in turn, decreases the effects of climate change and global warming. Education and community outreach can also help to ensure that communities are made aware of the economic and social benefits of sustainable practices such as planting trees, eco-roofing/paving.
Use harvested rainwater for cooling
What many don’t know it that the system can also be used for water attenuation. When rainwater is harvested you can re-use that water in many ways during dry spells:
- Irrigation of lawns and green areas
- Flush toilets with retained water instead of using town water that might become sparse
- Cool pavement by sprinkling water on it
- Use it on roof surfaces to cool buildings
- Firefighters can use the water if needed
A city that’s exemplary in climate resilient building is Wolfsburg in Germany. Find out how they’ve applied our Q-Bic Plus systems here.


NWS OFFICE and RADAR WSR-88D OHX
K4OHX is the Amateur Radio Station used by the hams at the National Weather Service (NWS) in Nashville. This is the call sign that will be used by amateur operators at the NWS during severe weather events. The W1ARN repeater (443.725 MHz) has been established for the purpose of gathering and disseminating weather information. The NWS in Nashville, effective immediately, will monitor only 443.725 MHz for all weather traffic from the spotter groups across Middle Tennessee. The Cookeville Repeater Association is pleased to assist Mr. Derrel Martin, MIC NWS, and Mike Davis, W1ARN, in this effort.
If you would like to listen in to this traffic you can program your radio with 444.600+ which is the MTEARS link in Putnam County.


Winter Weather Preparedness Week: Winter hazards
Winter Weather Preparedness Week is Nov. 17 – 23, 2019
Winter storms can be dangerous. Are you weather ready?
You can minimize the impact of severe winter weather by being prepared. Get the latest weather condition and forecast for your entire route before traveling, even if it is a short trip. The best way to get the latest winter weather information directly from the National Weather Service is by listening to NOAA weather radio or by visiting the National Weather Service – Chicago office website. You can also follow them on Facebook by searching National Weather Service Chicago and on Twitter with @NWSChicago.
Winter weather terms
The National Weather Service issues outlooks, watches, warnings, and advisories for hazardous winter weather.
- Winter Storm Warning, Blizzard Warning and Ice Storm Warning: Expected within the next 12 to 36 hours or is occurring. Winter Storm Warning indicates that snow, sleet, or ice is expected. Confidence is high that a winter storm will produce heavy snow, sleet, or freezing rain and cause significant impacts. Do not travel.
- Winter Storm Watch: Expected within the next 48 hours. Snow, sleet or ice is possible. Confidence is medium that a winter storm could produce heavy snow, sleet, or freezing rain and cause significant impacts.
- Winter Weather Advisory: Expected within the next 12 to 36 hours or is occurring. Wintry weather is expected. Light amounts of wintery precipitation or patchy blowing snow will cause slick conditions and could effect travel if precautions are not taken.
Blizzards are the most dangerous winter storms. Blowing and drifting snow can reduce visibility to less than one quarter mile causing you to become disoriented and make travel impossible.
Heavy accumulations of ice can bring down trees and topple utility poles and communication towers. Even small accumulations of ice can be extremely dangerous to motorists and pedestrians.
Long cold spells can cause rivers to freeze. A rise in water level or a thaw breaks the ice into large chunks which become jammed at man-made and natural obstructions. Ice jams can act as a dam, resulting in flooding.


This winter may seem exceptionally cold not only because of last winter’s warmness, but because it is actually colder than average.
According to the Weather Network, historically at this time of year the GTA has been sitting at a high of 2 C. However, over the next 14 days, temperatures will only peak above 2 C once, and will go as low as -8 C.
Last year, we were more or less spoiled by unseasonably warm weather. Today’s high was -4 C, last year at this time the high was 1 C. As well, Torontonians had little snow to deal with, unlike the current year.
Since temperatures are expected to remain below 0 C, the snow that has already fallen will likely not be melting any time soon.


Talk by Aditya Nagarajan
The talk will take place at 1634, LGRT, 19 Nov. 2015, 17:30. All are welcome to join.
Our speaker this week is Aditya Nagarajan, a MSc student in Industrial Engineering at UMass Amherst.
Title: A Machine Learning approach to Precipitation Nowcasting using GPS derived Integrated Precipitable Water Vapor
Weather surveillance radars are an excellent source of information for making real-time assessments and short-term predictions of rainfall - where it is occurring, its intensity, how much has accumulated so far, where it is moving, and so on. However they are limited in that, under normal operation, they can only sense active rainfall; they cannot sense the buildup and advection of the atmospheric water vapor commonly termed as precipitable water which are the driving force behind severe storms. We thus explore this complimentary nature in the atmosphere that the build up of precipitable water which can potentially lead to precipitation. We look at a novel way to predict short term (0-2 hours) precipitation commonly termed as nowcasting, by supplementing weather radar based reflectivity products with GPS derived Integrated Precipitable Water (IPW) vapor products from a network of GPS stations. We propose to develop a software system that computes point measurements of IPW from raw GPS signals and meteorological data from publicly available databases, to build spatial IPW fields and study its spatial and temporal properties with regard to evolving weather radar reflectivity fields. We explore the spatiotemporal relationship between IPW and reflectivity fields by analyzing severe storm events in the Dallas Fort-Worth region during the year of 2014. We then propose an approach involving state of the art machine learning and image processing techniques to develop a tool that takes sequences of gridded atmospheric IPW and radar reflectivity fields to predict the future gridded rainfall field. We develop a Machine learning algorithm which takes spatiotemporal evolutions of IPW and reflectivity to predict rainfall fields one hour into the future.comments powered by Disqus


No hay guardias ni advertencias costeras vigentes.
At 1100 AM AST (1500 UTC), the center of Tropical Storm Bill was located near latitude 40.5 North, longitude 62.0 West. Bill is moving very quickly to the northeast near 38 mph (61 km/h) and a continued fast northeastward motion is expected through Wednesday.
Maximum sustained winds are near 60 mph (95 km/h) with higher gusts. Little change in strength is expected today, but Bill is forecast to become a posttropical low by this evening and dissipate on Wednesday. Tropicalstormforce winds extend outward up to 90 miles (150 km) from the center. The estimated minimum central pressure is 998 mb (29.47 inches).
Bill remains a fairly well organized tropical storm. Microwave satellite data indicate that the cyclone still has a fairly tight core and curved bands on the north and west sides of the circulation. However, drier air is wrapping into the southeast portion of the storm, and convection has been decreasing in intensity over the past couple of hours. A very recent ASCAT-A pass showed maximum winds of 45-50 kt southeast of the center. Therefore, the initial intensity is nudged up to 50 kt.
The tropical storm is racing northeastward, and the latest initial motion is estimated to be 055/33 kt. Bill is embedded in the mid-latitude jet stream and a continued fast northeastward motion is expected during the next day or two. This motion should take the storm over much cooler waters on the north side of the Gulf Stream Current in about 12 hours. These cold waters, drier air, and mid-latitude dynamics should cause Bill to transition to an extratropical cyclone later today. All of the models agree that the extratropical cyclone should dissipate in 24 to 36 hours over or near Atlantic Canada.
Bill will likely remain at about the same intensity until it dissipates by late Wednesday. It should be noted that given the fast forward speed, most of the strong winds will be on the southeast side of the system.
No hay guardias ni advertencias costeras vigentes.
At 500 AM AST (0900 UTC), the center of Tropical Storm Bill was located near latitude 38.5 North, longitude 67.2 West. Bill is moving rapidly toward the northeast near 31 mph (50 km/h), and this general motion is expected to continue through Wednesday.
Maximum sustained winds have increased to near 50 mph (85 km/h) with higher gusts. Little change in strength is expected today, followed by gradual weakening tonight and Wednesday morning when Bill will be moving over colder water. The system is forecast to become a post-tropical low by tonight and dissipate on Wednesday.
Los vientos con fuerza de tormenta tropical se extienden hacia afuera hasta 90 millas (150 km) desde el centro.
La presión central mínima estimada es 999 mb (29.50 pulgadas).
Bill has developed an impressive convective shear pattern to be so far north in latitude. AMSU-A temperature data around 0117 UTC indicated that Bill has a marginal mid-level warm core, suggesting that the cyclone might be a hybrid low pressure system. A late-arriving ASCAT scatterometer pass indicated surface winds up to 42 kt in the southeastern about 40 nmi from the center, plus an expansion of the 34-kt wind field in that quadrant as well. Convection has continued to increase since the time of that earlier ASCAT data as indicated by a 0600Z Dvorak satellite data-T estimate of 3.0/45 kt from TAFB. Therefore, the initial intensity has been increased to 45 kt.
Bill's motion is more rapidly toward the northeast now, or 055/27 kt. The latest track forecast is nearly identical to the previous advisory. Bill is embedded within southwesterly flow ahead of an approaching deep-layer trough and associated cold front, and this steering pattern is expected to persist until Bill dissipates as an extratropical low near eastern Newfoundland in 36 h or less. The new NHC track forecast lies down the middle of the very tightly packed guidance model suite.
Despite strong southwesterly deep-layer vertical wind shear in excess of 30 kt, Bill has managed to maintain deep convection while passing over marginal sea-surface temperatures (SST) of 26.5 deg C. However, the cyclone will be moving over SSTs near 20 deg C by 12 h and over sharply colder waters thereafter while the wind shear concurrently increases. As a result, Bill is expected to transition to an extratropical low pressure system and possible gale area at or shortly after the 12-h period, followed by dissipation by 36 h when the cyclone will be near eastern Newfoundland. The new intensity forecast is similar to the previous advisory, and closely follows a blend of the IVCN and HCCA consensus models.
Emitido: 800 a. M. EDT martes 15 de junio de 2021
The National Hurricane Center is issuing advisories on Tropical Storm Bill, located a few hundred miles east-southeast of Nantucket, Massachusetts.
1. Disorganized showers and thunderstorms continue over the Bay of Campeche and southern Mexico in association with a broad low pressure area. This system is expected to move little during the next day or two, and any development should be slow to occur during that time period. However, the disturbance should begin to move northward by Thursday, and a tropical depression is likely to form late in the week when the low moves across the central or northwestern Gulf of Mexico. Regardless of development, heavy rainfall will continue over portions of Central America and southern Mexico during the next several days. Heavy rains could also begin to impact portions of the northern Gulf Coast on Friday. Please consult products from your local meteorological service for more information.
Probabilidad de formación en 48 horas ... baja ... 20 por ciento.
Probabilidad de formación en 5 días ... alta ... 70 por ciento.
2. Showers and thunderstorms have decreased and become less organized during the past several hours in association with a tropical wave located a few hundred miles south of the Cabo Verde Islands. Development, if any, should be slow to occur during the next couple of days while the wave moves westward. Thereafter, a combination of dry air aloft and strong upper-level winds should limit the chances of formation when the wave reaches the central tropical Atlantic.
Probabilidad de formación en 48 horas ... baja ... 10 por ciento.
Probabilidad de formación en 5 días ... baja ... 10 por ciento.
Los avisos públicos sobre el proyecto de ley sobre tormentas tropicales se publican bajo el título WTNT32 KNHC de la OMM y el encabezado MIATCPAT2 de AWIPS.
Los socios de la Red de Emergencias de Radio Pública de Florida incluyen: División de Manejo de Emergencias de Florida, WDNA (Miami), WFIT (Melbourne), WMFE (Orlando), WFSU (Tallahassee), WGCU (Fort Myers), WJCT (Jacksonville), WKGC (Panamá City), WLRN (Miami), WMNF (Tampa-Sarasota), WQCS (Fort Pierce), WUFT (Gainesville-Ocala), WUSF (Tampa), WUWF (Pensacola) y Florida Public Media.
1885 camino del estadio
PO Box 1744
Gainesville, FL 32611


The Defense Department and other uniformed services provide hurricane protection for the homeland by monitoring, tracking and forecasting hurricanes. If and when a hurricane impacts a region, uniformed services personnel participate in search and rescue activities and, later, with recovery and hurricane mitigation efforts.
Hurricane response is an all-hands-on-deck effort.
Hurricane specialists at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, which is one of the uniformed services, study satellite imagery and computer models to make hurricanes, tropical storms and tropical depressions forecast advisories that go to emergency managers, the news media and the public.
Key data come from NOAA satellites that orbit the Earth, continuously observing storms from start to finish. Polar-orbiting satellites fly over the storm about twice a day at a lower altitude, carrying microwave instruments that reveal storm structure.
The Space Force, in partnership with NASA, tracks these satellites. Also, U.S. Space Command and the Space Force protect these satellites from potential adversaries.
If there's a chance a cyclone will threaten land, NOAA's National Hurricane Center sends Air Force Reserve and NOAA hurricane hunter aircraft to fly through a storm to take detailed observations. NHC hurricane specialists also analyze a variety of computer models to help forecast a tropical cyclone. Each storm is different, and no one model is right every time, so the specialists’ experience with different models is crucial to making the best forecast.
When a tropical cyclone threatens the U.S. coast, NHC confers with meteorologists at NOAA's National Weather Service forecast offices closest to the path of the storm to coordinate any necessary watches and warnings.
The uniformed services support the Federal Emergency Management Agency, along with state and local responders when a hurricane strikes. These Defense Department efforts are coordinated by U.S. Northern Command. In the Western Pacific, including Hawaii, Guam and other U.S. territories, U.S. Indo-Pacific Command coordinates DOD efforts.
Some examples of this support:
Uniformed services personnel also assist other nations when deadly and destructive hurricanes, typhoons and cyclones strike overseas.
In turn, allies and partners have assisted Americans at home and abroad.


Ant, my son, writes to me from time to time from his hometown in Philadelphia, USA and the following is part of his recent letter.
I value his views, particularly as a Senior Scientist and pleased of his reasoning on this issue having held simular views for many years, mind you I haven’t done the research he has.
I’ve spent some time reading up on what is going on with global warming after the release of emails and documents from the CRU at the University of East Anglia. Previously I was inclined to give the experts, a la Al Gore, the benefit of the doubt and accept the global warming conclusion without doing much research of my own.
Regardless of global warming (or cooling) I still think it is prudent, and just plain common sense, to look after our environment and minimize our impact. So energy efficiency, reducing pollution, reducing the burning of fossil fuels, preservation of forests and natural habitats, are all aims I support and think governments and companies should be doing more to support.
What I’ve found from digging into global warming is that it isn’t true.
For one thing temperature data has been cherry picked, massaged, and politically interpreted by some people to support their global warming hypothesis.
When I look at broader data sets and raw data, without fudging selected data and omitting other data, you find there is no warming trend, and most likely there has been a cooling trend over the past 5-10 years. Another thing too is that our life on earth depends upon a greenhouse effect of about +33°C, without which the global average temperature would be -18°C instead of the +16°C it currently is.
Historically CO2 levels are lower now than they have been for millions of years, and the temperature is also less than it has been for most of the past 600 million years (apart from a few brief cold spots). Over the past 600 million years the global average temperature has fluctuated between 10 and 25°C.
The average temperature over the past 600 million years has been around +18°C, and the average CO2 concentration has been about 8x what it currently is. Temperature has fallen steadily from around +22°C to its present value over the past 50 million years, and CO2 has fallen steadily from 8x to its current level over the past 150 million years. There is a case for expecting the CO2 and temperature to be higher and closer to the norm.
The second problem I’ve found is that the hypothesis that increased CO2 causes increased temperature is also almost certainly not true, and is definitely not true in the simplistic way that it is presented in the media. When CO2 and temperature data are compared it is clear that CO2 increases have historically occurred with a lag of at least 5-10 years following temperature increases.
In a simple system (like a closed box) you can calculate that an increase in CO2 will result in an increase in absorbed radiation and consequently an increase in temperature; and I agree with these calculations. But the problem is that in a real world case the calculations are too complex and can’t be solved (at least not with current knowledge and not without many assumptions and fudge factors and simplifications). Since historical data show that CO2 increases happen after temperature increases, you can’t conclude that increasing CO2 will cause an increase in temperature. There’s more conflicting data, such as tree ring data, tree growth, and temperature being found to correlate with cosmic rays; solar output variability correlating with temperature; the effects of volcanic activity correlating with CO2 and temperature; and recent reports that anthropogenic CO2 is rapidly removed from the atmosphere.
I think what’s happened has been collusion between environmentalists and speculators, and politicians have jumped on the bandwagon to further their own ambitions for power and money.
There’s trillions to be made trading carbon credits, and there are now new financial instruments (like the infamous credit default swaps) for speculators to gamble with. For a scientist, the goal is to dispassionately record and analyze data. In global warming the stakes are high (doing good or making tons of money, or both), and the problem is so complex that no one really knows how to make a valid model.
I think many of the scientists involved have allowed their ambition (for career, doing good, or profit) to cloud their judgment, much like Shakespeare’s Macbeth. Sadly, I think it makes all scientists and science look bad and undermines motivation to reduce emissions, including CO2, reduce waste, and take better care of the environment.
Comments by Ant Van Dyk Ph.D
- http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~leeman/GeoColumn.gif Climate change Graph


All counts below are in cubic meter air.
The Houston Health Department laboratory uses an instrument called the Burkard Spore Trap to measure air samples in order to provide a daily report and recorded message for the pollen and mold spore count within the area. The Burkard Spore Trap collects pollen and mold spores 10 liters/ min, 24 hours a day. It is located on the roof of the laboratory.
The following ranges are based on the data reported by all counting stations for weeds, grasses, trees and mold according to the National Allergy Bureau.
Weed pollen is measured per cubic meter of air.
- 1-9 pollen per cubic meter of air or less = Low
- 10 to 49 = Medium
- 50 to 499 = Heavy
- Greater than 500 = Extremely Heavy
Grass pollen is measured per cubic meter of air.
- 1-4 pollen per cubic meter of air or less = Low
- 5 to 19 = Medium
- 20 to 199 = Heavy
- Greater than 200 = Extremely Heavy
Tree pollen is measured during the tree pollen season of mid-January through mid-April. Cedar Elm tree pollen is measured in September and October. All tree pollen types are reported by HDHHS laboratory.
- 1 to 14 pollen per cubic meter of air = Low
- 15 to 89 = Medium
- 90 to 1499 = Heavy
- Greater than 1500 = Extremely Heavy
Mold spores are measured per cubic meter of air.
- 1 to 6499 = Low
- 6500 to 12999 = Medium
- 13000 to 49999 = Heavy
- Over 50000 = Extremely Heavy
The HHD laboratory reports all major types of mold spore irritants.
- Dematiaceous conidia


Below is a collection of links to support your learning in and out of class.
- Study Jams: Earth’s Atmosphere
- Earth’s atmosphere layers explained with cartoon video.
- Earth’s atmosphere layers research site from National Center for Science Education
- Watch a weather balloon launch here
- Foldable support: What is in each layer of the atmosphere?
WATER CYCLE AND CLOUDS
- Study Jams: Water Cycle
- Window to the Universe home page for all things atmosphere and weather
- How is energy transferred within to Earth and within the atmosphere? This diagram answers this question.
- How are clouds formed? Amazing video with CGI enhancements.
- Study Jams: Clouds and Precipitation
- What are the different types of clouds? Question answered in a video.
- Cloud Notes Resource
- Clouds memory game
AIR MASSES, FRONTS, WEATHER
- Study Jams: Air Pressure and Wind
- Study Jams: Air Masses and Fronts
- Study Jams: Weather Instruments
- Study Jams: Climate and Weather
- Weather symbols for maps here
- Study Jams: Severe Storms
- Make your own tornado tube here
- Think forecasting hurricanes is easy? Check out this interactive site to determine the factors that affect the track of a hurricane.
- Hurricane Irma making landfall in British Virgin Islands as reported by CNN. Not responsible for advertisements CNN places on its website.
- Why does air pressure change with altitude? This website gives some very detailed explanations for this question.
- How does temperature work?
- How does pressure create wind?
- Thunderstorm basics. Includes links for all major storms.
- Station Model. Type in the weather conditions to see how to draw the symbol on a weather map or record info for a station.
LOCAL AND GLOBAL WIND
- Local wind speed and direction affected by topography
- Bill Nye clip on wind
- Coriolis Effect explained using dry ice and other demos in this video
- Coriolis Effect explained by NOVA
- Study Jam on Wind and Air Pressure
- Want to dig deeper into global winds? This youtube video does just that. (Not responsible for youtube commercials.)
- What is Air Pollution and why is it important??
- How do wild fires affect air quality?
- NOVA Monitoring Air Quality


I wanted to add a weather station to my home automation system for a number of reasons...
- watering lawn (temperature, season, moisture, dew point)
- weather (temperature, chance of rain)
- historical (collect data over years)
In 2006, I bought the weather station WS2300 and integrated it in a number of ways.
- I have a sizable MySQL database, so using the mysql2300 module, I stick weather data into the database every 10 minutes
- I wanted also contribute to the NOAA Citizens Weather project.
I have (as of writing this) 150,417 rows of weather data, six years every ten minutes. I can data mine weather patterns.
Here is a more recent version of the Ambient Weather WS-5300 Wireless Home Weather Station


If you’ve watched the weather report over the years, you’ve probably heard about polar vortexes. Thanks to widespread storms and freezing temperatures sweeping the globe, polar vortexes are rapidly gaining attention. These unique storms can drastically affect the weather by pushing freezing polar air into warmer regions. But many people wonder, what exactly is a polar vortex?
A polar vortex is essentially an extremely cold hurricane or cyclone. The official NASA definition is “a whirling and persistent large area of low pressure” that typically forms over the North and South poles. During winter, the northern hemisphere’s polar vortex becomes more chaotic, spreading cold air over the rest of the globe and affecting the weather. People often use “polar vortex” to describe localized weather events, but this isn’t accurate.
In the autumn, polar winds increase in speed and raise a coherent rotating air mass into the stratosphere. This becomes a polar vortex. When the polar vortex is healthy, it keeps the jet stream traveling around the Earth in a circular path. Warm air, known as sudden stratospheric warming (SSW), sometimes enters and weakens the polar vortex. This causes cold air to drop, resulting in the jet stream expanding in a wave-like pattern.
Most weather conditions occur in the troposphere, while polar vortexes sit in the stratosphere. While changes to the vortex influence weather in the troposphere, it is hard to predict what will occur. Sometimes they cause serious storms and frozen temperatures, but there may also be no observable effect. Additionally, polar vortex disruptions do not immediately change the weather. A polar vortex may recover within a couple of weeks, while its effects on the troposphere can last for up to eight weeks.
Polar vortexes can bring more than just harsh winds and cold weather. In 2013-2014, when a polar vortex brought record low temperatures to the United States, the United Kingdom experienced widespread flooding instead. The southern hemisphere polar vortex often brings rain, snow, blizzards, and hail to regions of Australia. Additionally, while a weakening polar vortex spreads, a strong polar vortex shrinks. This means that a particularly strong polar vortex may noticeably increase temperatures in certain locations.
The weather that results from polar vortex changes can be extremely cold. A polar vortex brought a deep freeze to the U.S. in 2019. Some areas in the midwest had a windchill just above -50 F. At these temperatures, frostbite can occur within only 10 minutes. Other storms resulted in frozen sharks washing up on the shores of Cape Cod. Temperatures within the polar vortexes in the stratosphere can drop below -112 F.
Because polar vortexes change with different air temperatures, climate change may affect them in dramatic ways. The Arctic region is warming much faster than the rest of the planet. This means that cold air outbreaks aren’t as cold as they once were, but it also means the polar vortex is weaker. A consistently weak vortex could lead to more frequent SSW events that affect the weather more often. While the exact effects of this are largely unknown, experts predict that snowstorms may become less common but much more severe.
Various events can influence the polar vortexes and their strength. Volcanic eruptions in tropical areas can lead to particularly powerful winter polar vortexes for up to two years. Extratropical cyclones, which drive much of the weather around Earth, can disrupt a polar vortex. This causes it to split into several smaller vortices that may last for up to a month.
The effects of polar vortexes are fairly common in the United States. However, not all cold weather is the result of a vortex. SSW events and other influencing factors are uncommon, and it takes a unique set of conditions for a polar vortex to spread lower than certain areas of Canada. Additionally, a range of other conditions can cause less severe cold weather to travel through the United States.
Meteorologists can somewhat predict how polar vortex changes will affect the weather. They do this by watching where past polar vortexes spread, what temperatures resulted, and what the pressure looked like after they recovered. Experts can also keep an eye out for SSW events. However, even when studying these factors, there is still room for error because there is simply not enough data. As research continues and they gather more data, meteorologists aim for more accurate weather predictions from observing polar vortexes.
Polar vortexes are responsible for a significant amount of ozone depletion. Nitric acid within certain clouds reacts with chlorofluorocarbons to create chlorine. Because these clouds can only form at extremely low temperatures, they are most common in the polar vortexes. Chlorine concentrations steadily build up throughout winter and then cause the most damage in the spring when temperatures increase. The southern hemisphere polar cortex has much worse ozone depletion due to the Arctic having comparatively better air exchange.
This site offers information designed for educational purposes only. The information on this Website is not intended to be comprehensive, nor does it constitute advice or our recommendation in any way. We attempt to ensure that the content is current and accurate but we do not guarantee its currency and accuracy. You should carry out your own research and/or seek your own advice before acting or relying on any of the information on this Website.


Finding Temperature Changes
Solve each problem.
A n s w e r s
1) A city in Alaska had a temperature of 78°F during the day, but at night the temperature
dropped 29°. What temperature was it at night?
2) The temperature inside a store was 69°F. If the temperature outside the store was 20°
warmer, what temperature was it outside?
3) A weather station predicted the temperature on Saturday would be 105°F. If the actual
temperature was 18° colder than their prediction, what temperature was it?
4) Sarah set the thermostat in her house to 87°F, which was 15° warmer than the temperature
outside. What temperature was it outside?
5) When Tommy went to the beach in the morning it was 66°F. When he came back in the
afternoon it was 18° warmer. What temperature was it in the afternoon?
6) In July, the average temperature in Miami, FL was 105°F, while the average temperature in
Orlando, FL was 97°F. How much less was the temperature in Orlando?
7) A scientist had a liquid that was 68°F. If he needed it to be 85°F for an experiment, how
much would he need to heat it up?
8) On Sunday it was 72°F. On Monday it was 14° warmer. What temperature was it on
9) An industrial machine is 212°F when it's being used. After being unused for an hour the
machine cools down to 153°F. How much does the machine cool down?
10) The temperature inside a truck was 89°F. After sitting in the sun for an hour the
temperature rose to 119° F. How much did the truck warm up?
1-10 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0


VW shares drop as emissions fixing scandal spreads
Shares in Volkswagen plunged 10% this morning on the news that the emissions fixing scandal is not limited to the company’s diesel cars.
VW admitted that it has found problems with carbon dioxide emissions technology on around 800,000 petrol-using cars, sparking a nervous reaction in global stock markets.
This is in addition to the 11 million diesel cars the German company is already recalling for irregular nitrogen oxide emissions.
The news comes as Paris announced plans to introduce emergency traffic bans when pollution in the city spikes.
The mayor of Paris, Anne Hidalgo, won the battle to introduce the limits on traffic in the city during times of high air pollution after years of trying.
Pollution has been a major problem in the French capital for years. The city, which will host the UN climate conference later this year, was more polluted than Shanghai earlier this year as a cloud of noxious smog engulfed it.
UN climate chief calls on US to follow China’s lead
China is leading the world when it comes to fighting climate change, according to the UN’s leading climate official Christiana Figueres.
In a swipe at the climate leadership of President Barack Obama and the United States, Figueres said China was leading the world in moving its energy system away from fossil fuels to renewables.
“The United States is actually playing catch-up to China,” Figueres told an audience at a Q&A hosted by a newspaper.
China and the US together account for 40% of the world’s carbon emissions.
President Obama has made battling climate change a major part of the last few years of his presidency, but has found his efforts hampered by Republican politicians in Congress.
Just last week Republicans moved to block the President’s plan to lower carbon emissions from American power plants, a central part of his climate policy.
China burning more coal than previously thought
Figueres may be a big fan of China’s climate policy, but the UN climate chief will likely not welcome the news in today’s New York Times that Chinese government data showing a dramatic decrease in coal burning in the country is misleading.
Newly disclosed data shows the world’s leading emitter of carbon dioxide from coal use has been burning as much 17% more coal than was previously thought.
This means that the country could have produced up to a billion tonnes more carbon than was previously estimated in the last 12 months; the equivalent to all of the fossil fuel emissions from Germany in a year.
Officials are now concerned about the impact the figures will have on the progress of the UN climate talks in Paris this year.
China has promised to halt the growth of its CO2 emissions by 2030, but the new data suggests that process could be harder than previously thought.
In other news
Finance: Markets jump as energy prices rally


Storm Warning: Plan for power outages/loss of heat
There is a Winter Storm Warning in effect through 10 a.m. Friday, with significant accumulations of snow and ice predicted.
These conditions may result in power outages and loss of heat.
If you are without heat and need assistance, please call 911. Randolph County OEM will open warming stations as needed.
Remember, do not heat your home with your oven. Never leave candles unattended. Use caution with generators to ensure exhaust cannot enter your home.
(For information about preventing carbon monoxide poisoning, click here.)
Winter Storm Elliott: Warming Centers and Other Information
Our area is facing severe cold, strong winds, and snow over the next 48 hours. Please review the below information and stay safe. Warming Centers Inside Elkins, if you need a warming center, please report to the Elkins Fire Department at 216 […]Read More


National Weather Service Fort Worth
The current National Weather Service Fort Worth is located at 3401 Northern Cross Blvd, Fort Worth, TX in the northeastern part of Fort Worth, near Meacham International Airport, and is in charge of issuing local forecasts and weather warnings for north central Texas. It is one of 13 National Weather Service offices located in Texas.
national weather service fort worth
Weather service meteorologist Bianca Garcia in Fort Worth said while peak severe weather season typically is in the spring, tornados occasionally develop in October, November, December and even January.
The service forecasts wind chills of -20 to -35 degrees Fahrenheit early Friday affecting parts of New York, Vermont, New Hampshire and Maine, while Saturday morning could bring wind chills of -60 degrees Fahrenheit across northern New England, the weather service said. 041b061a72


Tropical Storm Elsa will hit Australia on the evening of Thursday, April 13, through at least Friday. Winds of up to 315 km/h are expected in the northwest of the country on high alert.
“Everyone is on edge,” Port Hedlang mayor Peter Carter told AFP. Figaro. The city will be one of the first to hit Elsa Storm from this evening.
Winds of rare size can turn the slightest debris into “real” rocketAnd the country’s authorities stress the “extreme nature of these conditions”.
up to 325 km / h
the National Weather Service puts the country in red vigil. Rated at a level 5 (out of 5), the storm can lift caravans, trees, power lines, and impede travel. The agency also fears flash floods.
The Western Australian Emergency and Fire Department insists on the “extreme nature of these conditions for the residents of the area”.
until 300 mm The waters may fall overnight from Thursday to Friday, and the falls will gradually decrease as the storm moves toward the center of the country.
This satellite loop shows Intense Tropical Cyclone IIsa, moving toward the Pilbara coast and expected to cross early Friday morning as a Category 5 system.
For the latest forecast: https://t.co/YYU1op4qNR pic.twitter.com/sUcxw7bCnc
– Bureau of Meteorology, Australia (BOM_au) April 13, 2023
The authorities organized evacuations in the northwest of the country. It may be the biggest hurricane to hit the country since then 10 answer. The core of the hurricane will hit the first towns at midnight Thursday. Residents of the area are urged to take shelter.
It is also recommended to prepare bags for possible evacuations. must contain First aid kitsearchlight, portable radio, spare batteries, food and water.


Apparently we had reached a great height in the atmosphere, for the sky was a dead black, and the stars had ceased to twinkle. By the same illusion...
Author: Unified Events (Unified Events)
The United Nations' (UN) International Day for the Preservation of the Ozone Layer is celebrated on September 16 every year, focusing on topics related to the ozone layer, climate change and ozone depletion.
Coastal Cleanup Day was established by the Ocean Conservancy, an organisation that work to help protect the ocean from the challenges it faces every year.
National Greenpeace Day is a non-governmental environmental organisation that focuses its campaigning on global issues such as climate change, deforestation, over fishing, genetic engineering, commercial whaling, and anti-nuclear issues.


Oh, man...more snow.
When I got up I had no idea it was snowing because it was still dark outside. Until Frankie came in from his 90 second trip to pee and he looked like this.
Can I tell you how frustrated I am with our local weather reporting? You know, the same reporting that didn't predict the blizzard I was caught in on Sunday night. I have been trying for days to find out what the weather today is going to be like. We're planning a trip into Victoria to have dinner with friends, and I don't want a repeat of Sunday's adventure. Well, on Sunday the forecast for today was rain. On Monday it said we would have snow today. Yesterday it said we would have no precipitation today. Now it says it's raining - at this very minute it's raining. You know what? It's not raining!
I think I have an attitude problem...


IELTS Global Warming Essay - Model Answer. Probably the most worrying threat to our planet at the present time is global warming. This essay will examine the reasons why global warming is occurring and discuss some possible solutions. The predominant factors resulting in the warming of the earth are the emissions of CO2 and deforestation. CO2.
Global warming or not, we have been doing horrible things to this planet and it must stop! In my story, I believe that you should not be afraid of global cooling because I think it is coming and it will be the crisis that you talk about bringing the more beautiful world we all know is possible.


2 edition of Analysis of time series of monthly rainfall in the region of Dar es Salaam found in the catalog.
Analysis of time series of monthly rainfall in the region of Dar es Salaam
R. F. M. Hay
by East African Meteorological Dept., E.A. Community in Nairobi
Includes bibliographical references.
|Statement||by R. F. M. Hay.|
|Series||Memoirs - East African Meteorological Department, E.A. Community ; v. 4, no. 6|
|LC Classifications||QC925.6.T32 D374|
|The Physical Object|
|Pagination||21 p. :|
|Number of Pages||21|
|LC Control Number||75983695|
Current local time and date in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania, United Republic of from a trusted independent resource. Current Weather Conditions In Dar es Salaam Region. Broken clouds. Warm. 86°F / 30°C Choose a date and time then click "Submit" and we'll help you convert it from Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania, United Republic of time to your. Dar Es Salaam is the largest city in Tanzania with an estimated population of million inhabitants. The present day climate of Dar Es Salaam is characterized by a strong seasonal rainfall cycle, with the “long rains” from March to May, and the “short rains” from November to January, and a dry period from June to by:
This paper examines the variability of rainfall and temperature in Igunga and Kishapu Districts using time series data ( to ) from Tanzania Meteorological Agency. The regression analysis results show rainfall variability of R2 = in Igunga and R2 = in Kishapu which implies that about % and % of the changes in rainfall across the districts are Author: Peter Matata, Magreth Bushesha, John Msindai. Time Series Analysis of Monthly Rainfall data for the Gadaref rainfall station, Sudan, by Sarima Methods Fig. 3: SDGASR Table 1: Estimation Of The Sarima(0, 0, 0)X(0, 1, 1) 12 Model 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The time-plot of the realization which we call GASR in Figure 1 shows as expected seasonality of period 12 months.
In this paper we have put forward a Bayesian framework for the analysis and testing of possible non-stationarities in extreme events. We use the extreme value theory to model temperature and precipitation data in the Dar es Salaam region, Tanzania. Temporal trends are modeled writing the location parameter of the generalized extreme value distribution in terms Cited by: The warmest month in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania is February with average daytime temperature of °C. The coldest is July with °C. April receives the most rain ( mm).
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What is the best time of year to go to Dar es Salaam in Tanzania. Here are some average weather facts we collected from our historical climate data: On average, the temperatures are always high.
The months of January, March, May, November and December have a. The study deals with the analysis of monthly rainfall trends and variability over Tanzania. The monthly rainfall data from to was obtained from the Tanzania Meteorological Agency, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
The monthly rainfall data from representative stations in the. Dar Es Salaam inherits on balance mm ( in) of rainfall per year, or mm ( in) per month. On average there are 92 days per year with more than mm ( in) of rainfall (precipitation) or days with a quantity of rain, sleet, snow etc.
per month. Annual Weather Averages Near Dar es Salaam. Averages are for Dar Es Salaam Airport, which is 7 miles from Dar es Salaam.
Based on weather reports collected during – Average monthly snow and rainfall in Dar es Salaam in millimeter. This is the mean monthly precipitation over the year, including rain, snow, hail etc.
Show average precipitation in Dar es Salaam in Inches» A lot of rain (rainy season) falls in the months: March, April, May, November and December. Dar es-Salaam (/ ˌ d ɑːr ɛ s s ə ˈ l ɑː m /; from Arabic: دار السلام , romanized: Dār as-Salām, meaning: Place of Peace) is the largest city and former capital of is the largest city in East Africa and the seventh-largest in Africa, with a population of 6, page 2 Located on the Swahili coast, Dar es-Salaam is an important economic centre and one of Districts: List, Ilala, Kigamboni, Kinondoni.
Long-term means of monthly rainfall amount for the three Tanzanian coastal stations, each in a separate geographic region (Mtwara (a), Dar es Salaam (b), and Tanga (c)). Get the monthly weather forecast for Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, including daily high/low, historical averages, to help you plan ahead.
Current local time in Tanzania – Dar es Salaam. Get Dar es Salaam's weather and area codes, time zone and DST. Explore Dar es Salaam's sunrise. The ocean coastline is warm and generally wet with Dar es Salaam experiencing a mean of over mm/year of rainfall daily maximum temperatures ranging between 29°C and 32°C.
This is in contrast to Tabora in the centre which experiences a mean annual rainfall of less than mm/year and average daily maximum. The earliest sunrise of the month in Dar es Salaam is AM on December 1 and the latest sunrise is 13 minutes later at AM on December The earliest sunset is PM on December 1 and the latest sunset is 15 minutes later at PM on December Daylight saving time is not observed in Dar es Salaam during Basic analysis of climate and urban bioclimate of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania modelling software like RayMan (Matzarakis et al.), ENVI-met (Bruse.
Forecast to 10 days ahead for Dar es Salaam. Check the weather radar, satellite, wind, temperature, weather data for Dar es Salaam. Prospects for the weekend at Dar es Salaam. There are usually 9 days with some rain in Dar es Salaam in November and the average monthly rainfall is mm.
Dar es Salaam sunrise & sunset times for November Browse the sunrise & sunset times for Dar es Salaam in November 7-hour rain and snow forecast for Dar es Salaam, TZ with hour rain accumulation, radar and satellite maps of precipitation by Weather Underground. Rainfall variability in Tanzania has received considerable attention from previous studies, including [3,4,5,6,7] among detection in climate time series is one of the interesting research areas in climatology in recent years, as observed by Zarenistanak et al.
.Spatial- and temporal-scale rainfall trend analysis is of great concern since the past century, because of the Cited by: 4.
Get your 3-Day weather forecast for Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Hi/Low, RealFeel, precip, radar, & everything you need to be ready for the day, commute, and weekend. Relative Humidity in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania The average annual relative humidity is % and average monthly relative humidity ranges from 72% in January to 82% in April.
Jul. Charts: temperature and rainfall in Dar Es Salaam In the charts below, you can see the following seasonal norms for the city of Dar Es Salaam: the minimum and maximum outdoor temperature, the risk and amount of monthly rainfall, daily average sunshine, sea temperature, and relative humidity for each month of the year.
Dar es Salaam: Average monthly temperatures and weather, sunny and cloudy days. Annual rainfall and snowfall in Dar es Salaam - Average monthly temperatures (day and night) in Dar es Salaam. Average yearly precipitation (rain and snow) and days of wet weather per month in Dar es Salaam.
Warm, sunny months for a trip to Dar es SalaamAuthor: Ricky Lawrence. In Dar es Salaam, the average percentage of the sky covered by clouds experiences extreme seasonal variation over the course of the year.
The clearer part of the year in Dar es Salaam begins around May 7 and lasts for months, ending around November On Aug the clearest day of the year, the sky is clear, mostly clear, or partly cloudy 80% of the time, and .day weather forecast for Dar es Salaam.Dar Es Salaam Airport weather station: 55 m.a.s.l., km away from Dar es Salaam.
Zanzibar/Kisauni: km fra Dar es Salaam; Tanga: km fra Dar es Salaam.


Tropical, but cool weather for outing
Situated in the coastal plains of Odisha, Bhubaneswar experiences typical tropical weather conditions, and is greatly influenced by the heat and cold waves that sweep in from the plains of Northern India. The city temperature is hot and humid throughout the year shooting past 40 degrees during peak summer. The winters and monsoons too are often marked by occasional hot sunshine and persistent humidity.
While the winter stretches for a short three month period-from December to February, the summer continues from March to May. The city experiences rain from June to September followed by a brief post-monsoon period of October to November.
The best time to visit most of the city, therefore, is during the cool, dry season with clear skies between November and March. The Temple City, as Bhubaneswar is known in the tourism circle, has plenty of greenery, so the evening breeze is soothing and every visitor to the city experiences the lovely evening outing across the city.
Summer (March to May)
The average minimum temperature remains around 25 degree Celsius during Summer in Bhubaneswar that starts from March and continues till June. At the end of February, the temperature starts to turn relatively high and humid. The average maximum temperature is 36 degrees Celsius.


We’ve seen them in a bunch of movies: massive storms in barren planets that may last for days, weeks or even months. Maybe the storm in Riddick (2013) does not qualify, but planetary storms in Soldier (1998) that forced people underground definitely do.
The question, this time, would be … are these storms even possible in planets with different atmospheres and weather conditions? And, yep, the answer is affirmative.
The Centre de Serveis Científics i Acadèmics de Catalunya (CESCA), and the computer services at the Institut de Ciències de l’Espai (ICE) have been working specifically on Saturn storms. For example, its North Pole hurricane is lasting for years and its eye alone is about half the length of Australia! When Cassini arrived at Saturn in 2004, the north of the planet was hidden in winter darkness, but when spring arrived in 2009, the hurricane revealed in all its glory. It is about 20 times larger than hurricanes on Earth and its winds are four times stronger than ours: around 530 Km/h.
And this is not all! Each year in Saturn (around 30 years on Earth), a gigantic storm known as the Great White Spot roams the planet. The first one was observed in 1876 (when the telephone was invented), and the last one in 2010, when Cassini was already there observing the planet. The thing started as a small brilliant white cloud on the northern hemisphere and expanded rapidly to cover thousands of millions of km2 during more than seven months. Cassini provided high resolution images of this Great White Spot.
Scientists at CESCA and ICE used this information to study and explain the storm origins this time. Apparently, its focus is high: around 300 km above the visible clouds. The storm brings moist gas all the way up to form visible clouds. The process releases large quantities of energy, that interacts violently with the usual Saturn wind, pumping it up to 500 km/h. Just like in Soldier, too.


Gas sensors - small everyday heroes with a big effect
Gas sensors are used to detect gaseous substances in the ambient air. These particularly fine sensors serve a unique purpose, because gas sensors ensure our safety in everyday life: the measured values detected by the sensor are passed on to the microcontroller in the form of an electronic signal. Depending on the signal, the controller then activates warning devices that inform us when the ambient air is contaminated with a gas in harmful concentrations.
How gas sensors work
Most gas sensors within microelectronics, for example the sensors of the MQ series, are based on a chemical measuring principle. Gas sensors therefore belong to the group of chemosensors.
The underlying functionality of the sensors is quickly explained: The sensor component is coated during production with a substance that reacts on contact with special gases. This changes the conductivity of the measuring surface. The degree of change is output in the form of an electronic signal.
Practical tip: CO2 traffic light with the MH-ZB19B sensor
In the context of the current pandemic situation, the monitoring of general air quality in closed rooms has become significantly more important. Here, too, gas sensors play an overriding role.
Many high (schools) have used the past year to produce so-called CO2 traffic lights with the students. The CO2 traffic lights usually consist of a gas sensor such as the MH-Z19B, a microcontroller and a traffic light. A previously defined threshold value serves as the basis for determining the air quality. If the CO2 level in the room air is particularly high, this is indicated by the red traffic light LED lighting up. If the amount of CO2 gas is low, the LED lights up green.
If you would like to build your own CO2 traffic light, you can find illustrated instructions on our learning platform www.funduino.de.


This area will cover relevant news of the threat to the planet from Near Earth Objects (NEOs) including concepts and designs for mitigation. All opinions are those of the author.
25 October 2008
"At 05:28 am on Wednesday morning, October 15, all seven cameras of Western's Southern Ontario Meteor Network (SOMN) recorded a bright, slow fireball in the predawn sky. In the all-sky view from Orangeville (below) the fireball passes from upper left (North) to right (West) ending near the setting moon (the brightest object at upper right)."
From the article...
For the second time this year, The University of Western Ontario Meteor Group has captured rare video footage of a meteor falling to Earth.
The team of astronomers suspects the fireball dropped meteorites in a region north of Guelph, Ont. that may total as much as a few hundred grams in mass. For high-resolution images, videos and maps, click here.
The Physics and Astronomy Department at Western has a network of all-sky cameras in southern Ontario that scan the sky monitoring for meteors.
On Wednesday, Oct. 15 at 5:28 a.m., all seven cameras of Western’s Southern Ontario Meteor Network recorded a bright, slow fireball in the predawn sky.
Associate Professor Peter Brown and Phil McCausland, a postdoctoral researcher in Planetary Science, are hoping to enlist the help of local residents in recovering one or more possible meteorites that may have crashed.
“This event was a relatively slow fireball that made it far into the Earth’s atmosphere. Most meteoroids burn up by the time they hit an altitude of 60 or 70 kilometres from the ground,” says McCausland, who is heading to the region next week to investigate.
“This one was tracked by our all-sky camera network to have penetrated to an altitude of about 37 kilometres and it slowed down considerably, so there is a possibility that at least one and possibly several small meteorites made it to the ground.”
By knowing the trajectory from the camera observations, the researchers can also track backwards to get the orbit of the object before it hit the Earth.
“The meteorite was on a typical Earth-crossing asteroid-type orbit, so we also expect that it is a stony-type meteorite,” says McCausland.
In March, the network of all-sky cameras captured video of a meteor falling to Earth that may have crashed in the Parry Sound area.
Cameras capture 'fireball' in the sky
The University of Western Ontario
24 October 2008
Link: SOMN fireball event: 15 October 2008
Posted by A.C. Charania at 09:00
Note: Any opinions expressed on the blog are solely those of the author. The site is not sponsored by, nor does it represent the opinions of, any organization, corporation, or other entity.


The enviable climate of the Seychelles is consistently warm and does not show any extremes. In this tropical Paradise the temperature rarely falls below 24° C and rarely rises above 32° C Except for the most remote islands in the south, the Seychelles lie outside the cyclone belt, making it a year-round destination for sun-seekers and beach lovers.
During the northwestern monsoon winds between October and March, the sea is usually calm and the weather warm and humid. The average wind force is 8 to 12 knots.
In January and February the islands receive their life-giving rain, causing streams and rivers to swell and plants and Flowers blossom in a wonderful blaze of colour. The months between May and September bring drier, cooler weather and rougher seas with winds of 10-20 knots, especially on the south-eastern coast.
The table (see below) is a summary of statistical averages of Seychelles International Airport since 1972.
Back to the Seychelles Islands or for History of the Seychelles
The latest results from the Blog


La Crosse Technology Complete Wireless Professional Weather Center
All the weather updates you need at your fingertips.
La Crosse Technology's complete weather system with wind and air pressure measurements, the WS-1912U weather center offers up-to-date weather data, as well as forecasts to allow better preparation for outdoors activities.
The weather center also holds up to 140 sets of weather data, with minimum and maximum temperature, humidity, and air pressure recordings every 3 hours. The black-framed receiver mounts on a wall or stands alone. On its eight-level contrast LCD screen, the receiver displays the time in 12- or 24-hour format, date, indoor temperature in Fahrenheit or Celsius degrees, and outdoor conditions and forecast.
The user manually sets the date and time and change weather display options using four function buttons on the back of the receiver. To assess outdoor conditions, a remote TX31U thermo-hygro sensor communicates at a 915 MHz frequency from up to 330 feet. This sensor measures temperatures from -39.8 to 139 degrees F and relative humidity from 1 to 99 percent.
Based on the sensor’s barometric pressure readings, the receiver presents air pressure data, including a historical bar graph and an air pressure tendency arrow. Three icons indicate the forecasted sky conditions. In the event of inclement weather, the receiver features a storm warning alert.
Connected by a cable to the thermo-hygro sensor for power and data transmission, a TX55U wind sensor analyzes wind chill, speed, and dew point. A rain bucket sensor for this weather center is available separately. For successful operations, install the thermo-hygro sensor in a sheltered location. The weather center requires the separate purchase of five AA batteries.
Included Accessories: Thermo/Hydro Sensor, Wind Sensor.
Dimensions: 5.41"L x 4.66"W x 1.1"H; 1.7 lbs.