Starlink satellite internet often sounds too good to be true. High speed, low latency internet for people who haven’t been able to get it before? People tend to assume that it must be unreliable, or won’t work well in bad weather. After all, there must be some kind of catch, right?
Reliability is important for internet users. Whether you are working from home, or streaming the big game, we all want the most reliable internet possible. But for many people, Starlink satellite internet is the only high speed option available. We can’t control the weather, so many people have questions about how it performs and how reliable it is during storms.
In this article I will be clearing up some of the misconceptions regarding Starlink internet. I’ll give a brief overview of how satellite internet works. Then I’ll cover each of the most common weather events, and how well Starlink works in each weather category.
Table of Contents
How Satellite Internet Works
There are several satellite internet services operating globally. Satellite internet works by installing user terminals (satellite dishes) at a residence. Those satellite dishes communicate with satellites that are orbiting Earth. Companies like HughesNet and Viasat operate their satellites in geosynchronous orbit, while Starlink operates their satellites at a much lower altitude in low earth orbit.
Data signals are sent and received wirelessly on several different radio frequency bands, depending on the company. These high frequency radio signals can travel through the atmosphere to reach the satellites in orbit and the dishes on Earth. But the radio signals cannot travel through everything. Objects like trees and buildings can completely block the signals. Weather, like heavy rain or snow, can also cause problems.
How Bad Weather Can Affect Starlink
In this article I’ll be focusing on Starlink satellite internet. Like I mentioned before, Starlink uses satellites in low earth orbit. But their dishes are also different than most, using a phased array antenna. Both are beneficial when it comes to performance in weather. Let’s take a look at how well Starlink works in different kinds of bad weather.
Starlink isn’t affected by most clouds. When you think of a typical partly-cloudy day – blue skies, sunshine, and fluffy white clouds – this kind of weather will not affect Starlink.
Storm clouds can affect your signal. Not only do storm clouds tend to create rain, which can also interrupt satellite internet, the clouds themselves contain more moisture and are more dense as a result. The density of the clouds is the main variable when it comes to whether or not they will degrade the satellite signal.
If you have your Starlink dish securely mounted, where it is not able to sway or move, wind will not be an issue. The Starlink dish uses a phased array antenna. It can track satellites flying overhead without having to physically move. This also means that small movements, such as those caused by wind, will not interrupt the signal.
Rain can interrupt the Starlink satellite signal. Light rain doesn’t usually cause issues, but heavy downpours can knock out your signal until the rain eases up. Whether or not rain affects the connection is based on how dense the moisture is. Like I mentioned in the cloud section, heavy rain is usually associated with more dense clouds, and obviously dense amounts of water falling from the sky. This mass can be enough to block the radio signals coming to and from the Starlink satellites.
Like rain, snow can cause issues with Starlink. Light snowfall shouldn’t cause any issues, but heavy snow rates will negatively impact the performance of Starlink. Again, it comes down to the density of water in the air. The more moisture (heavy snow, heavy rain) the more mass. At a certain point this mass can be enough to block the Starlink signals.
As for snow buildup on the Starlink dish, it does have a heating function to melt snow automatically. If snow does build up on top of the dish, it will need to be cleared for optimum performance.
Sleet and ice can block Starlink signals just like rain and snow. If it is sleeting or icing at a high rate, there will be service interruptions. Luckily, the Starlink dish can automatically melt ice and snow off the face of the antenna. You shouldn’t have to clear off ice except for the coldest and heaviest icing events.
Normal fog likely will not affect Starlink, but heavy, dense fog can cause issues. Like I mentioned before with rain and snow, the density of the moisture is the determining factor on whether it blocks the Starlink signal. Heavy fog can be dense enough to interrupt Starlink service.
How Does Weather Affect Starlink Performance?
In most cases, you won’t notice the short signal interruptions caused by weather. For example, if you are streaming a TV show, data is often buffered so that short interruptions won’t cause your show to stop playing. You may notice the affects of weather if you are gaming or video calling.
Besides losing the signal, bad weather can also cause slower download and upload speeds. Weather can also cause higher latency.
Starlink is very quick to reacquire the satellite signal and connect to the internet. It’s not like satellite TV where your signal might take a few minutes to come back after the storm passes.
Satellite internet is inherently prone to weather interruptions because of the distance data must travel to and from the satellites. Starlink performs well in most bad weather conditions, including rain, snow, and wind. However, heavy rain and snow can cause internet outages.
Starlink has several features that help it perform well in bad weather. First, the antenna is of the phased array type, meaning it has a high field of view. It is not affected by small movements like what you would get with wind. Second, Starlink has built-in snow and ice melting functionality. You won’t have to worry about clearing ice and snow from the dish each time a storm rolls through during the winter.
But at the end of the day, Starlink is still satellite internet. It’s not going to be as reliable during storms as fixed broadband like DSL, cable, or fiber. Most Starlink customers don’t have much of a choice, though. Rest assured that in most bad weather, Starlink will perform just fine.


Peeking the Atmosphere of Ultra-hot Jupiters through High-resolution Spectroscopy
Wednesday 23 Feb 2022 @ 12:00 p.m., Zoom
Dr Stevanus K. Nugroho, Astrobiology Center, National Institutes of Natural Sciences (NINS), Japan; Email: stevanus.nugroho[at]nao.ac.jp
Using high-resolution spectroscopy, the atomic/molecular bands in the spectrum of an exoplanet are resolved into individual absorption lines. The variation of Doppler shifts caused by the planet’s orbital motion enables absorption lines in the exoplanet spectrum to be distinguished from telluric lines. By combining thousands of unique absorption (or emission) lines, the atomic/molecular signatures can be identified unambiguously and detected at high significance. As it is sensitive to the position of the lines, it also allows us to measure the planetary rotation and wind velocity, as well as search for atmospheric variability and inhomogeneity during the transit. In this talk, I will give a review on how we characterise the atmosphere of exoplanets using high-resolution spectroscopy including some of the latest discoveries in the atmosphere of ultra-hot Jupiters.


[KNU-GEBCO (The KNU Global Environmental Biogeochemistry and Chemical Oceanography Group)]
Climate change and global environmental problems are driven by changes in atmospheric concentrations of the environmentally and radiatively important constituents - greenhouse gases (GHGs) and ozone-depleting substances (ODSs). The distribution of atmospheric concentrations represents a combination of the effect of sources, sinks, transformations, and atmospheric transport. However, precise measurements of trace amounts of ODSs and GHGs and understanding of spatially-varying sources and sinks, and the effect of transport that underlie the observations have been the major scientific challenges of our time.
The KNU-GEBCO research group performs real-time high-frequency measurements of a comprehensive suite of tracers (CFCs, HCFCs, HFCs, PFCs, SF6, NF3, COS, CO2, CH4, 13CO2:12CO2, 13CH4:12CH4 plus selected hydrocarbons) at a remote site (Gosan, Jeju Island, South Korea) in East Asia.
Our principal scientific questions are:
1. How are the temporal trends in Montreal Protocol and Kyoto Protocol/Paris Agreement gases and their replacements in East Asia? We will address this question by obtaining the full set of high-frequency, long-term observational data of atmospheric ODSs and GHGs.
2. What are the observation-derived, regional-scale emission estimates and how have they been changed with time and location? We will address this question by analyzing the atmospheric observations in conjunction with a Lagrangian particle dispersion atmospheric transport model and a Bayesian inverse modelling framework to estimate the spatially-resolved annual emissions and by developing new analytical tools to fully exploit the atmospheric observations for the assessment of uncertainties associated with regional emission estimates and for the improvement of emissions source apportionment.
3. Are the derived regional- and country-scale emissions comparable to the changes expected from international compliance with the Protocols, and are they consistent with variations estimated independently from industrial production and sales data available? We will address this question by performing top-down validation of reported bottom-up inventories compiled in East Asia to understand and investigate any differences.


In 2012, Hurricane Sandy hit the Atlantic with full force, leaving behind a trail of destruction. At the time it measured the largest Atlantic hurricane ever recorded, its diameter spanning a whopping 1,150 miles (1,850 km) and its tropical-storm-force winds wreaking havoc across eight countries, from the Caribbean to Canada. The storm caused nearly $70 billion (2012 USD) in damage and tragically took the lives of 233 people. Despite the devastation, the disaster prompted widespread efforts to rebuild and prepare for future storms. This map prompts students to re-examine neighborhoods of New York City impacted by the storm. Duplicate for your own exploration.


Carbon dioxide is a gas that is found in the air we breathe. It is made up of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms. Plants and trees use carbon dioxide to make their own food, a process called photosynthesis. This is why they are called “the lungs of the earth” because they help to clean the air we breathe by absorbing carbon dioxide.
All living things, including people and animals, breathe in oxygen and breathe out carbon dioxide. This is a natural process that helps to keep the balance of gases in the air. However, people have also been releasing extra carbon dioxide into the air by burning things like coal, oil, and gas to make energy. This is called pollution and it can be bad for the environment.
The extra carbon dioxide that people are releasing into the air is causing the Earth’s temperature to get warmer. This is called climate change. Climate change can cause bad storms, droughts, and flooding. It can also hurt plants and animals that live in the sea and on land.
We can help to stop climate change by using less energy, using clean energy, and by planting more trees. Planting more trees can help to absorb the extra carbon dioxide in the air, which will help to keep the Earth cool.


On September 5, 1997, Los Angeles set a city record for the most consecutive days without any rain: 198. Just last month, Seattle set a city record for having had rain every single day in January, except New Year’s Day.
These streaks highlight an important part of how we experience a place’s weather: it matters not just how hot it gets, or how much it rains, but also how long these kinds of weather stick around. Thus Mark Twain’s famous quote: “If you don’t like the weather in New England now, just wait a few minutes.”
Mathematically, one way to understand these patterns is through Markov chains, which are a fancy way of talking about the picture below. Suppose we live in Pleasantville, USA, and it’s sunny today. Tomorrow, there’s a 70% chance it will still be sunny, and a 30% chance it will rain. If it does rain tomorrow, then there’s a 40% chance it will rain again the day after that, and a 60% chance it will go back to being sunny. You can imagine your finger tracing out the weather pattern along the arrows.
Thinking of weather as a Markov chain gives us a lot of tools to understand its behavior. For example, we can calculate how often it will be sunny or rainy, and we can estimate how likely we are to have 198 days of sun in a row. Now—news flash!—the weather changes throughout the year, so we have to think about the probabilities in the diagram above as changing from day to day. Sunny streaks are more likely during the summer.
But if we allow for these changes, and we look at not just sun and rain but also clouds and snow, we can start to get an interesting picture of the weather in a place. The next section shows what happens when we use a statistical model to do this for the largest fifteen or so cities in the U.S. Try picking different cities in the drop-down menu and explore how their weather patterns differ.
[Jump to the second half] [Jump to the methodology section]
One way in which cities differ is in how much their weather changes throughout the year—how “squiggly” the weather mix diagram from above is, to be precise. The figure below tries to measure this. Most East Coast cities have a broadly similar mix of sun and rain throughout the year. In contrast, cities like Miami, San Francisco, and Seattle have more clearly defined sunny and rainy seasons. (This is somewhat related to this excellent article about the predictability of weather across the U.S.)
Other patterns are rather predictable. Ranking cities by the average length of their sunny streaks yields, predictably, cities in the South and West. Slightly less predictable is that Seattle’s sunny streaks are about as long as those of most cities in the Northeast and Midwest.
The patterns for rain are even less surprising: except for Seattle, San Francisco, and Miami, it rains for around 1.7 days at a time in most cities. Phoenix has the shortest average rainy streak, at just over 1.5 days.
And on the subject of rain, it’s informative to look at how the amount of rain a city gets corresponds to the number of rainy days it gets. While for most cities these go hand in hand, in Seattle, rainfall is spread out over a much larger number of days. While the city receives less rain than D.C., New York, and Houston, it has more rainy days—over 140, on average—than any other major city in the U.S. Does this fairly qualify it for the title of “Rainiest City”? You decide.
Fitting the Markov chains
Given the weather on a day, the Markovianness of the process means that the weather on the next day is drawn from a categorical distribution, with probabilities given by the corresponding column in the transition matrix. The Markov chains used here are time-inhomogeneous: the transition matrix changes from day to day. The transition matrix probabilities were assumed to vary in time along Gaussian radial-basis splines (taking into account the modular nature of dates around year boundaries), with six knots spaced evenly throughout the year.
The transition probabilities at each knot were given a Dirichlet(1) prior; this, combined with the categorical likelihood, allowed for a slight computational shortcut. Each year was broken up into 53 weeks (with the last week shorter than 7 days), and the number of transitions from each kind of weather to the other, across all the years of data, was counted. Then these counts were modelled from a multinomial distribution, with transition probabilities coming from the above splines.
Once the model was fit to each city’s data (using Stan), a transition matrix could be drawn for every week (or day, if desired) of the year, and this transition matrix could be solved for its steady-state distribution using its eigendecomposition. This yielded the weather mixture charts.
The diagonal of the estimated transition matrices represent the probability of staying in the same weather state from one day to the next. Averaging these probabilities across the four weather types (a weighted average, with weights proportional to the steady-state probabilities) yielded a composite probability of maintaining the current weather. Markovianness then implies that the number of days at a certain state follows a geometric distribution; the average streak length is then easily calculated as the reciprocal of the probability of a change in the weather.
Weather data came from NOAA’s database. A day was classified as cloudy if the sun shone for less than 30% of the day. Most cities’ weather stations had around 35 years where precipitation, snowfall, and cloud cover were measured every day.


The latest U.S. winter outlook spells trouble for dry California. Temperatures in the desert state could drop below freezing and the risk of wildfires that spread deadly forest blazes is high there.
California is the epicenter of the West’s water woes. The drought affects agriculture, homes, businesses and, most crucially, wildlife.
The outlook for snowfall in the Sierra Nevada snowpack is bleak—a good sign for the growing fires in the dry southern part of the state.
But below the snow line the drought conditions are getting steadily worse. One more-than-desirable sign will send water vapor farther north, so that the moisture can soak into the air over eastern and northern California.
The outlook for the Sierra snowpack:
The Sierra snowpack is going to be a challenge not just for northern California but for the Southwest.
For all the talk of record-setting precipitation in the middle of the country—at this point, a lot of it in the Rockies and southern Colorado—snowpack across much of the West is a mere pittance.
There’s very little water in the mountains to soak up the rainwater that falls over the Rockies—and that’s even ignoring the high altitude and snowpack conditions, all of which are part of the challenge.
The snow pack itself, if it’s even there, is very thin, and in many areas the snow has gone.
In Washington and Oregon, the snowpack is mostly gone; there are long, dry periods. The snowpack in northern California is at or very near its lowest.
And there’s not a lot of water above 3,000 feet. In the mountain snowpack areas it means that in order to get runoff, the snow has to melt. That adds even more water to the rivers.
That’s creating a much bigger challenge to the snowpack, as rivers like the one that crosses the Sierra Nevada spill water into the Pacific Ocean—and then, as the storms bring water to the Pacific, the water is replaced by more rainfall.
The outlook for the river runoff runoff:
If the snow is gone or


Why is air pollution at the workplace so dangerous?
Especially at the workplace, the inhalation of polluted air can lead to long-term damage to the respiratory organs and the entire body. When hazardous substances such as microparticles, gases and vapours enter the bloodstream via the lungs, they often lead to work-related illnesses such as asbestosis, asthma or cancer.
Across all industries, workplaces can be exposed to various types of air pollution, which can have very different causes and effects: From road construction and mining, to the processing of wood or metal or the use of gases and chemical substances in production processes, but also during chemical-biological processes, e.g. in water treatment plants. Exhaust gases from engines and machines are also known to be a source of air pollution.
To effectively prevent exposure to pollutants at work, it is necessary to be aware of the risks of work-related illnesses and take the necessary precautions.


Excess September rainfall in Maharashtra this year as well
September rains have developed a pattern for intense or extreme monsoon events.
Anushka Vani, Samiksha Sawant | With the monsoon officially coming to an end in India, the country has experienced a total of 925 mm rainfall between June 1 and September 30 this year. As per the data given by the India Meterological Department (IMD), Maharashtra and other southern states of India have experienced large excess (around 60 percent and above) rainfall from the start of September. The excess rainfall, especially in cities like Bengaluru, Delhi and Pune, have been leading to incidents of water logging.
“September rains have developed a pattern for intense or extreme monsoon events, this is majorly because of the favourable systems developing in the south-eastern regions. These systems develop from time to time from the Bay of Bengal and slowly these have travelled from western or north-western regions,” says Anupam Kashyapi, Weather Head at IMD Pune.
This year, Maharashtra received 265.8 mm rainfall in the month of September, which is 47 percent access. For the last consecutive four years, Maharashtra has been experiencing excess rainfall. Moreover, instances of heavier rainfall events towards the end of the monsoon have also been recorded in several parts of the state in the past few years. This year, during mid-september Maharashtra was on severe alert along with other regions like Konkan, Goa, Madhya Pradesh, Gangetic region, West Bengal and Gujarat.
Rainfall in Maharashtra from September 1 to 30. Credit: IMD
The intensity of the rainfall for this month is far higher as compared to what it was at the start of the season, that is in June when the rainfall was deficient.
“During the pre-monsoon period to the start of the season up to June-July, Maharashtra faced rainfall deficiency. But after this, the recovery stage started which is why we are facing extreme monsoon events. On the scales of IMD, a balance was achieved. However, on ground level, the picture looked extreme due to the impact,” Kashyapi explained.
September rains in Pune
“Pune’s city area witnessed moderate rainfall which resulted in floods in the low lying areas. But as the dams are full, even with a 3-4 cm water level rise, they had to discharge the accumulated water,” added Kashyapi.
The city also experienced incidents of cloud bursts leaving most of the streets clogged and jammed. Different parts of India have witnessed it. As extreme monsoon events have increased, flash floods have become an issue for cities, with transportation facilities getting blocked due to the clogging of the roads, homes getting inundated and incidents of trees collapsing.
“There are numerous causes for this, but generally speaking, heavy rainfall in a day is growing, and as a result, water doesn't get absorbed in soil which causes surface run-offs leading to floods, says Pune-based urban flooding expert and activist Sarang Yadwadkar.
He added, “The width of rivers is not as broad as before due to the continued encroachments from external factors. Since the width of the river has decreased it causes the water level to rise which in turn leads to floods and these kinds of floods are called fluvial floods. Likewise, the recent floods that we experienced in Pune were because of the rainwater that gets collected on the roads and fails to reach the river bodies due to the incorrect and unmaintained drainage system,” added Yadwadkar.
Impact on agriculture
In Maharashtra, Marathawada, Madhya Maharashtra and Vidharbha are the regions on the access side of the rainfall intensity. India in total has about 36 meteorological subdivisions, out of which Maharashtra has four, so at the sub-divisional level the rainfall is considered to be normal which is in between 81-119 percent.
Though these regions in the state are drought-prone, the crops grown here are naturally drought-prone, but with the access of rainfall some crops like rice are sustained but pulses and others are destroyed. So the rains tend to impact the agricultural sector in these regions.
“Until August it was normal rain but now it is 50 percent more. This is good for crops like rice, but for pulses, it becomes a disaster. This year initially the east-northeast region only got rains in large amounts for June and July, while the rest of the country did not get a good rain, including Maharashtra,” Kashyapi stated.
The Indian Monsoon is officially over as of September 30. However, the withdrawal from Maharashtra is expected to last at least till mid-October.


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Air Pollution Science for the 21st Century
1st Edition - July 1, 2002
Editors: J. Austin, P. Brimblecombe, W.T. Sturges
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Acid rain, photochemistry, long-range transport of pollutants, greenhouse gas emissions and aerosols have dominated tropospheric air pollution for the last 30 years of the 20th… Read more
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Acid rain, photochemistry, long-range transport of pollutants, greenhouse gas emissions and aerosols have dominated tropospheric air pollution for the last 30 years of the 20th century. At the start of the 21st century, acid rain is subject to planned improvement in Europe and North America, but is still a growing problem in Asia. Tropospheric ozone is understood much better, but the problem is still with us, and desirable levels are difficult to achieve over continental Europe.
The heterogeneous chemistry that is responsible for ozone depletion in the stratosphere is now reasonably clear, but there is on-going interest in the sources and sinks of CFC (chlorofluorocarbon) replacements in the troposphere. There is also increasing interest in indoor air quality, and the origin and health implications of atmospheric particles. Perhaps most important on a global perspective, intensive research has not yet determined the relationship between greenhouse gases, aerosols and surface temperature. The climactic implications of these are now more urgent than ever.
This book, the first in the Developments in Environmental Science series, consists of a collection of authoritative reviews and essays on the science and application of air pollution research at the start of this new century.
Introduction to the Book Series. Foreword. 1. Urban air quality (J. Fenger). 2. New Directions: Sustainability in strategic air quality planning (M.E. Chang). 3. Indoor air quality and health (A.P. Jones). 4. Exposure assessment of air pollutants: a review on spatial heterogeneity and indoor/outdoor/personal exposure to suspended particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ozone (C. Monn). 5. New Directions: Reducing the toxicity of vehicle exhaust (R.L. Maynard). 6. The transport sector as a source of air pollution (R.N. Colvile et al.). 7. New Directions: Air pollution and road traffic in developing countries (A. Faiz, P.J. Sturm). 8. New Directions: Assessing the real impact of CO2 emissions trading by the aviation industry (D.S. Lee, R. Sausen). 9. The atmospheric chemistry of sulphur and nitrogen in power station plumes (C.N. Hewitt). 10. New Directions: Fugitive emissions identified by chemical fingerprinting (J. Peters, A. Stephens). 11. Ozone and other secondary photochemical pollutants: chemical processes governing their formation in the planetary boundary layer (M.E. Jenkin, K.C. Clemitshaw). 12. The relation between ozone, NOx and hydrocarbons in urban and polluted rural environments (S. Sillman). 13. New Directions: VOCs and biosphere-atmosphere feedbacks (J.D. Fuentes et al.). 14. Chemistry of HOx radicals in the upper troposphere (L. Jaeglé et al.). 15. Future Directions: Satellite observations of tropospheric chemistry (H.B. Singh, D.J. Jacob). 16. New Directions: Rebuilding the climate change negotiations (P. Pernstich). 17. A review of atmospheric aerosol measurements (P.H. McMurry). 18. Formation and cycling of aerosols in the global troposphere (F. Raes et al.). 19. New Directions: Particle air pollution down under (L. Morawska). 20. Review and intercomparison of operational methods for the determination of the mixing height (P. Seibert et al.). 21. Computation, accuracy and applications of trajectories - A review and bibliography (A. Stohl). 22. Future Directions: Could transgenic mice hear pollution? (J.G.T. Hill, M. Lythe). 23. Future Directions: The case for a "Law of the Atmosphere" (A. Najam). Keyword Index.
No. of pages: 686
Published: July 1, 2002
eBook ISBN: 9780080526904
Affiliations and expertise
Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA


A skater speeds away on the rain-wet ice on lake Orlangen, south of Stockholm, Sweden. Photograph: Tobias Rostlund/AFP/Getty Images
2013 was the seventh warmest year on record and saw one of the strongest cyclones, some of the longest heatwaves and the most topsy-turvy weather experienced in decades.
Nowhere is thought to have witnessed faster change than Nikkaluokta, a small Lapland village above the Arctic circle in northern Sweden. On 3 December, it was enjoying an unseasonally warm 4.7C. Within a few days, the temperature had dropped to a bone-chilling -40.8C (-41.4F) but on 10 December it rose again in just a few hours to a balmy 7.7C. The 48.5C rise in under 48 hours is one of the greatest ever recorded and is comparable to the world's fastest-temperature rise: 27C in just two minutes in Spearfish, South Dakota back in 1943.
An iceberg floats off a glacier in northern Svalbard, Spitsbergen, Norway. All of Svalbards glaciers are retreating, even in the north of the archipelago despite only being around 600 miles from the north pole. Photograph: Ashley Cooper/Corbis
What happened in Lapland was, on the surface at least, not unusual, abrupt short-term weather change possibly caused by a convoluted jet stream. But in a major report this month, the US National Research Council warned that abrupt climate change was already being seen with the collapse of the Arctic sea ice and in extinction rates. The good news, it said, was that most of the extreme climate predictions made over the past decade, such as an upwelling of methane from the bottom of the oceans or a shutdown of the Atlantic conveyor, were extremely unlikely – at least in the medium term. But the message was clear: if temperatures go on rising, expect the unexpected over the next 100 years.
The IPCC 5th assessment report, which is considered the consensus of world scientists, was unequivocal that climate change was happening fast. In September, it stated that each of the last three decades had been successively warmer at the Earth's surface than at any preceding decade since measurements started in 1850. The period 1983-2012 was probably the warmest in the past 1,400 years, it said, and both the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets were losing mass, along with most glaciers worldwide.
A sign in the main street of Taradale indicates extreme fire danger and a total fire ban throughout the area. Authorities declared a day of total fire ban for the entire state of Victoria, Australia, as the area continued to experience unusually high temperatures. The risks of fire danger were rated as extreme. Photograph: David Reid/Corbis
The Arctic in 2013 saw nowhere near as much sea ice loss as the exceptional 2012 when all records were broken by nearly 20%, but the relatively cool year still witnessed the sixth greatest ice loss since observations began in 1979. All seven lowest minimum ice extents have now occurred in the past seven years. Significantly for sea level rise, IPCC scientists said the loss of ice from Greenland's ice sheet, which is situtated on land, has probably increased from around 34bn tonnes a year in the last decade of the 20th century to 215bn tonnes a year today.
An aerial view of the area affected by floods caused by heavy rains in Khartoum, Sudan. Photograph: Stringer/Reuters
Confusingly, sea ice, which grows in winter months and retreats in summer each year, has steadily been growing in Antarctica. In September, the end of the southern hemisphere's winter, the ice extended to 19.51m sq kms, breaking a 35-year record. This, said some climate contrarians, showed for a fact that global warming was not happening. But scientists elsewhere countered that the ice growth was probabaly being driven by the convergence of stronger winds near the south pole. Latest observations from Europe's ice-monitoring satellite, CryoSat, suggests that the west Antarctic ice sheet appears to be shedding far more ice than just a few years ago, from around 30bn tonnes a year in the 1990s to around 147bn tonnes a year now as major glaciers retreat.
Despite Antarctica's simultaneous warming and cooling phenomena, thesecond lowest temperatures ever measured on Earth was recorded in July at Dome Argus in the centre of the Antarctic plateau. The previous record low was -89.2C in 1983 at the Russian Vostok research station in east Antarctica. But a Nasa satellite this year detected an extraordinary -93.0C on July 10. This was marginally above the -93.2C recorded there in 2010*. Because neither temperature was measured on land, they will not be registered as official records.
A digital composite of typhoon Haiyan approaching the Philippines. This satellite image shows the fearsome size of the typhoon as it headed towards the Philippines. Photograph: Japan Meteorological Agency/Barcroft Media
Heat extremes dominated the year. The last four months of 2012 were abnormally hot in Australia but January 2013 was the hottest month ever measured on the continent, with record temperatures being set in every state and territory and the highest recorded maximum of 49.6C at Moomba in South Australia. Temperatures were regularly above 48C, the Bureau of Meteorology added a new temperature colour to its maps and Sydney experienced its hottest night on record when it was still 34C at midnight on 10 January. According to the since axed Australian Climate Commission, Australians should get used to it: not only are heatwaves getting longer, hotter and more frequent, the number of record hot days is expected to quadruple in Sydney by the end of the century.
Europe, overall, was warmer than usual but the heat turned quickly to massive rainstorms. As much rain fell in a few hours in June in central Europe as normally falls in two months. The Czech Republic , Austria, south and east Germany, Switzerland, Slovakia, Belarus, Poland, Hungary and Serbia all experienced heavy flooding in what were desribed as one in 100 year rains. In some places in Austria, 150 to 200mm of rain (5.9 to 7.9 inches) fell in a day.
Less high-profile were massive floods in Sudan, where more than 250,000 people were forced from their homes in August. The region around the capital, Khartoum, was particularly badly hit, with at least 15,000 homes destroyed and thousands of others damaged.
The heat was also seen in the oceans. The journal Sceince reported that since 1950 Pacific Ocean waters had been warming at a rate 15 times faster than the rest of the seafloor. This suggested to some that the ocean depths may store more heat from global warming than suspected. The Pacific Ocean, in particular, seems to be absorbing more heat than at any other time in the past 50 years.
Because the strength of tropical storms is linked to ocean temperature, it came as a surprise that the 2013 Atlantic Ocean hurricane season was one of the weakest recorded in 50 years. There were no majorhurricanes in the Carribean, Gulf of Mexico or the Atlantic basin and only Ingrid and Humberto out of the 13 named storms reached hurricane strength.
It was a very different story in the western-north Pacific however, where 30 major storms had been recorded by early November. Thirteen of them were typhoon-strength, the biggest by some way being typhoon Haiyan, possibly the most powerful tropical cyclone to make landfall in recorded history. Haiyan smashed into the southern Phillippines, killing 6,000 people and wreaking massive damage.
The weather year ended in a similar turmoil to how it had started – with hail falling in Cairo, snow in Israel, Syria and Jordan, and record high temperatures in Scandinavia and unseasonable heat on the Gulf Coast of the United States.


Optical fiber sensors are highly effective for air quality measurement applications, providing accurate and reliable monitoring of various parameters in the atmosphere. Their unique characteristics make them well-suited for assessing air quality and environmental monitoring.
One key application is the measurement of gas concentrations in the air. Optical fiber sensors can detect and quantify gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ozone (O3), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). By deploying fiber sensors in air quality monitoring systems, continuous and real-time measurements of these gases can be obtained, aiding in the identification of air pollution sources and the assessment of air quality levels.
Optical fiber sensors can also be utilized for particulate matter (PM) monitoring. They can measure parameters such as PM2.5 and PM10, which refer to fine particles with diameters of 2.5 micrometers and 10 micrometers, respectively. By integrating fiber sensors into monitoring devices, accurate measurements of particulate matter concentrations can be obtained, helping to assess air pollution levels and potential health risks.
Furthermore, optical fiber sensors can contribute to the detection of specific air pollutants or hazardous substances. They can detect the presence and concentration of pollutants such as heavy metals, volatile chemicals, or industrial emissions. This capability is crucial for environmental monitoring, industrial hygiene, and ensuring compliance with air quality regulations.
Additionally, optical fiber sensors can be used for monitoring meteorological parameters that impact air quality, such as temperature, humidity, wind speed, and direction. By integrating these sensors into air quality monitoring systems, a comprehensive understanding of the atmospheric conditions can be obtained, aiding in the interpretation and analysis of air quality data.
Overall, optical fiber sensors offer valuable capabilities for air quality measurement applications by enabling real-time monitoring of gas concentrations, particulate matter, and meteorological parameters. Their integration into air quality monitoring systems enhances data collection, improves the accuracy of air quality assessments, and supports informed decision-making for environmental protection, public health, and the management of air pollution sources.


Learn acid rain biology with free interactive flashcards choose from 500 different sets of acid rain biology flashcards on quizlet carbon dioxide (in the air. Normal rain water is slightly acidic with a ph range of 53-60, because carbon dioxide and water present in the air react together to form carbonic acid, which is a weak acid when the ph level of rain water falls below this range, it becomes acid rain. Nitric acid (hno3) a colorless liquid that is used in the manufacture of inorganic and organic nitrates and nitro compounds for fertilizers, dye intermediates, explosives, and many different organic chemicals. Ideal reaction under ideal settings, where only hydrocarbon and oxygen are present, the chemical reaction commonly called combustion or burning produces only water, carbon dioxide, and energy as the following basic equation shows. Water exposed to air contains carbonic acid, h 2 co 3, due to the reaction between carbon dioxide and water: air-saturated water has a hydronium ion concentration caused by the dissolved co 2 of 20 × 10 −6 m , about 20-times larger than that of pure water.
Acid rain usually forms high in the clouds where sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides react with water, oxygen, and oxidants this mixture forms a mild solution of sulfuric acid and nitric acid sunlight increases the rate of most of these reactions. Nitric acid has the chemical formula hno3, and calcium hydroxide has the chemical formula ca(oh)2 when an acid and a base react with each other, the products that are formed is a salt (an ionic compound that is formed from a reaction between an a. The ph of rain water not contaminated with acids stronger than carbon dioxide usually is around 52 to 58, and carbon dioxide normally will not lower the ph of water below 45.
Dilute sulfuric acid is a constituent of acid rain, which is formed by atmospheric oxidation of sulfur dioxide in the presence of water - ie, oxidation of sulfurous acid sulfur dioxide is the main byproduct produced when sulfur-containing fuels such as coal or oil are burned. Limestone, being a metal carbonate, is damaged by acid rain because it chemically reacts with the acid rain (usually dilute forms of sulfuric and/or nitric acid) to form a metal salt compound-the appearance is sometimes described as the limestone statue being 'dissolved' by the acid rain. Aqueous carbon dioxide, co 2 (aq), reacts with water forming carbonic acid, h 2 co 3 (aq) carbonic acid may loose protons to form bicarbonate, hco 3 - , and carbonate, co 3 2- in this case the proton is liberated to the water, decreasing ph. Reaction of acids with metals general word equation: metal + acid == a salt + hydrogen the salt, and its name, depends on the metal and acid used in the reaction and the acid is neutralised in the process.
66 but acid rain can have ph levels lower than 43-where is the extra acidity coming from the most acidic rain falls in the eastern third of the united states. Ultimate analysis provides a convenient method for reporting the major organic elemental composition of coal for this analysis, a coal sample is combusted in an ultimate analyzer, which measures the weight percent of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, and ash from a coal sample. Nitric oxide combines with water vapour in the atmosphere to form nitric acid, which is one of the components of acid rain heightened levels of atmospheric nitric oxide resulting from industrial activity were also one of the causes of gradual depletion of the ozone layer in the upper atmosphere. In oxyacid: carbonic acid and carbonate salts carbonic acid (h 2 co 3) is formed in small amounts when its anhydride, carbon dioxide (co 2), dissolves in water co 2 + h 2 o ⇌ h 2 co 3 the predominant species are simply loosely hydrated co 2 molecules.
Water exposed to air contains carbonic acid, h 2 co 3, due to the reaction between carbon dioxide and water: co 2 ( aq ) + h 2 o( l ) ⇌ h 2 co 3 ( aq ) air-saturated water has a hydronium ion concentration caused by the dissolved co 2 of 20 × 10 -6 m , about 20-times larger than that of pure water. Nitric acid is made from the reaction of ammonia with oxygen the first stage produces nitrogen monoxide (the same gas is formed as a pollutant in petrol engines . Every single living thing on earth depends on chemical reactions — from the largest mammal, the blue whale, right down to the smallest insects in plants, chemical reactions transform carbon dioxide and water into.
Class practical when carbon dioxide reacts with water a weak acid is formed carbon dioxide present in exhaled air is blown into a flask containing an indicator sensitive to small changes of ph in the appropriate region of the ph scale, and the consequent colour changes observed and recorded. Chemical analysis of acid precipitation reveals the presence of two acids, sulfuric acid (h2so4) and nitric acid (hno3), in a ratio of about two to one burning fuels produce sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, so the source of the acid deposition problem is evident. Rain water is naturally acidic as a result of carbon dioxide dissolved in water and from volcanic emissions of sulphur however, it is the chemical conversion of sulphur and nitrogen emissions from power stations, factories, vehicles and homes, where fossil fuels are burnt, that we call acid rain. Nitric acid and water form an azeotropic mixture, with a maximum boiling point of 395 k, containing ca 68% nitric acid by mass thus the concentrated acid cannot be obtained by distillation of the aqueous solution.
This has serious environmental consequences, since the so 2 can dissolve in the water vapour in clouds to form dilute sulphurous acid(h 2 so 3) and sulphuric acid(h 2 so 4) this, along with nitric and nitrous acids which are produced in the same way from nitrogen oxides, forms the basis of 'acid rain', which then falls back to earth killing. The reaction between an insoluble metal oxide and a dilute acid is often quite slow so it is possible to observe the progress of the reaction as the solid reactant disappears as a soluble product is formed. The formation of acid rain the process that results in the formation of acid rain generally begins with emissions into the atmosphere of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide. Kinetics of nitric oxide oxidation acid rain, photo-chemical smog, carbon dioxide sequestration by algae growth integrated with biogas production separation of carotenoids from algae.


Intense wildfires are plaguing Canada, spreading from its western provinces to Quebec, resulting in hundreds of forest fires burning. The smoke has infiltrated the United States, leading to air quality alerts since May. On Tuesday, New England was issued a poor air quality alert by the US Environmental Protection Agency, followed by similar advisories in parts of Illinois, Wisconsin, and Minnesota the next day. Wildfires have further afflicted U.S. officials down south in Baltimore, Maryland, Virginia, and Pennsylvania.
Smoke from Canada’s wildfires has migrated into the United States since last month. However, the most recent fires near Quebec have been burning for at least several days. According to Darren Austin, a meteorologist and senior air quality specialist, an aloft smoke from northwest Canada is typical to Rhode Island and doesn’t usually affect people’s health. Nevertheless, the Quebec-area fires are sizeable and relatively near to Rhode Island, about 500 to 600 miles away. The air quality alert occurred on May 30, resulting from wildfires in Nova Scotia.
Air quality alerts get triggered by various factors, including the discovery of fine-particle pollution, better known as “PM 2.5,” which irritates the lungs. Dr. David Hill, a pulmonologist, and a member of the American Lung Association’s National Board of Directors, confirms that these particles down in the respiratory space cause an inflammatory reaction to the body. Trent Ford, the state climatologist in Illinois, claims that atmospheric conditions in the upper Midwest have produced dry, warm weather making it possible for small particulates to travel hundreds of miles from Canadian wildfires and linger for days.
People with lung disorders like asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, older adults, and children are sensitive to elevated fine-particle pollution levels affecting lungs and hearts. Kids, whose lungs are still in development and breathe more air per unit of body weight, are especially susceptible to smoke for multiple reasons.
If stepping outside, consider wearing an N95 mask to diminish exposure to pollutants. It is an excellent way to stay inside, shutting windows, doors, and fireplaces. Running the air conditioning on a recirculation setting is also necessary. It is suggested to keep quality filters on home HVAC systems and invest in air purifiers for those with underlying lung or heart diseases.
Katie Foody, an Associated Press reporter in Chicago, contributed to this story.


I made the Weather Garden workshop a few days ago.
Date: 15/08/2015 3pm-6pm
Place: Magnet Court
Number of participants: 12
I invited 12 people to participant in my Weather Garden workshop. I introduced the basic function of this interactive installation before visitors participated in it. In order to run a better effect, I made simulative weather phenomenas. For instance, I used flashlight to replace sunlight and water drops to replace rain drops,only in this way can visitors experienced the weather change obviously.
I define Weather Garden as an emotional interactive installation which can provide visitors unique experience about weather change in other place/country. By taking advantages of wireless transmission, visitors can easily get the weather conditions and images in anywhere around the world they have special memories.


You can have a time bomb, a stink bomb, and a sex bomb, so why not a weather bomb? That term has been featuring in British weather forecasts this week. It refers to a rapid intensification of stormy weather, the definition being a rapid drop in pressure at the centre of the storm of 24 millibars within the space of 24 hours.
I heard a Met Office employee speaking on the radio, who said that weather bomb is a US term. It is certainly snappier than the term used by British meteorologists - explosive cyclogenesis. Here's BBC weatherman Peter Gibbs explaining the phenomenon in a video clip.


THE WEATHER PAGE
Welcome to the Highpoint weather page. Below, you’ll find the best links to the most important weather information for anyone visiting the mountains.
During the winter, you’ll also find a Lake District Fells conditions report on the home page, in which snow and mountain conditions are updated regularly.
The best weather site in my opinion with links to just about everything to do with the weather – some of it very technical and some not
The BBC rainfall radar page, with recent and current rainfall shown, along with a prediction for the next couple of days.
Meteox page – detailed rainfall radar with 15 minute updates, last three hours actual and next three hours predicted rainfall.
If you like weather charts, this one is for Britain and western europe 24 hours ahead.
96 hours ahead
A set of forecast charts for the next 8 days – very useful for looking at weather trends it is in German, but some trial and error will pay dividends.
Severe Weather Warnings – Met Office
DETAILED MOUNTAIN FORECASTS
Mountain Weather Information Service – excellent site divided into mountain areas – recommended:
Met Office reports for East and West Highlands, Lakes, Snowdonia and Brecons:
Snow Forecast – good 12 hour plots of temperature, wind, temperature and anticipated snowfall:
Scottish Weather Information and lots of useful links:
Scottish Avalanche Information Service – excellent site:
Cairngorm Ski Area:
Glencoe Ski Area:
Glencoe from Kingshouse:
Wasdale, Lake District:


The Scenic Rim Region, like many parts of the world, can expect climate change to exacerbate the frequency and severity of events such as floods, droughts, heatwaves and bushfires. We will increasingly be affected by changes in temperature, rainfall, sea level and extreme weather conditions.
We have already seen an increase in extreme fire weather days, a change in temporal rainfall distribution patterns, and a decrease in streamflows. These changes in climate impact our natural ecosystems, communities, and businesses. In addition, floods and unseasonal weather events can impact our agricultural sector productivity leading to further social and economic challenges to the Scenic Rim community.
Responding to climate change requires a multifaceted approach that includes:
- Adapting to climate change by building resilience in our local communities, built environment, economy and natural systems to reduce our vulnerability to the effects of climate change.
- Mitigating climate change by reducing the levels of heat-trapping greenhouse gases in the atmosphere through: eliminating the sources of these gases (such as the burning of fossil fuels for electricity and transport and from waste emissions); adopting sustainable development solutions in energy, land, infrastructure and industrial systems; and enhancing the sinks that store these gases including vegetation and soils (referred to as carbon drawdown or sequestration)
- Assisting our rural and urban industries to mitigate and adapt to the impacts of climate change
Mitigating and adapting to climate change means transitioning beyond business as usual to making a systemic shift across a range of sectors.
In 2019, Council resolved to acknowledge that climate change is a risk that requires prompt and ongoing focus by Council. Subsequently an Interim Climate Change Statement of Intent was developed and adopted 20 January 2020 . On the 22nd November 2022 Council agreed to the content and release of the final Scenic Rim Regional Council Climate Change Statement of Intent and to progress with the development of the Scenic Rim Regional Council Climate Change Strategy which is currently under development.


More than a third of all people who attended air events in 2018 are expected to experience respiratory symptoms including cough, wheeze and other respiratory symptoms, according to a study from researchers at the University of Sydney.
Key points:People who attend air events are more likely to be at increased risk of respiratory illnessesThreatened people are more than three times more likely than the general population to experience symptomsThe study found people who attend events are at increased vulnerability to respiratory illnessesThe study, published in the Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, is the first to investigate the role air pollution plays in people’s exposure to toxic air pollutants.
Researchers from the University’s School of Public and International Health studied air pollution in more than 30 countries in 2019 and found people were more likely in 2018 to have experienced respiratory symptoms such as coughing and wheeing.
“We looked at all people aged 10 years and over who were attending air events, whether they were attending an event or not,” Professor Michael Pinder, lead author of the study and a research fellow at the Centre for Air Quality at the NSW Department of Health, said.
“People who attended an air event were almost four times more at increased susceptibility to respiratory illness than the population of the country, and the average annual risk of these respiratory illnesses is three times higher for those who attend an air pollution event.”
Professor Pinder said the increased risk was because people who went to air events were more exposed to toxic pollutants.
“What we saw was that people who had been exposed to air pollution were more susceptible to experiencing respiratory symptoms,” he said.
Dr John Farrar, a professor of epidemiology at the Alfred P. Sloan Comprehensive Cancer Center in New York, said the study confirmed that air pollution had a significant impact on people’s health.
“It’s not a question of the health of people at large, it’s a question about people who are in close proximity to people who have been exposed, and it’s an area of concern,” he told ABC News.
“The more people that live in areas where air pollution is present, the more people who develop asthma.”
Dr Farras research group has previously shown that people in Sydney’s CBD and in other areas of Sydney are exposed to the highest concentrations of air pollution and are more vulnerable to asthma.
He said that, as a result, the study highlighted the importance of public health measures.
“Our research shows that air quality in Sydney and surrounding areas is a key contributor to the risk of asthma, which has been linked to increased rates of asthma,” he explained.
“There are air quality measures that can help to reduce exposure to air pollutants, and those include measures to reduce congestion and pollution, and air quality monitors that can be installed throughout the city to monitor air quality.”
Professor Farrars research group also found that there was a higher risk of experiencing respiratory illnesses among people who were at higher risk to develop asthma.
The study’s findings have been published in an edition of the Journal of the Australian Medical Association.


An article which came out today in Nature magazine: “Francis Zwiers of the Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis in Toronto and colleagues present the first evidence that human-generated greenhouse gas emissions have altered rainfall patterns in the 20th Century. In the region between 40 and 70 degrees North, covering northern Europe, Russia and parts of North America, rainfall increased by 62 millimetres per century between 1925 and 1999. Zwiers and colleagues say that 50-85% of this increase can be attributed to human activity.
The activists have certainly been quick to pick this story up. On Greenpeace’s site there is a balanced view, taking its lead from the Nature paper: “Is the ‘Great Flood of July’ the result of human-made climate change? Is this the future for Britain? Our climate modelling techniques – and especially our ways of combining different models – are quickly becoming more sophisticated. But it’s still impossible to link a single weather event to climate change; we still don’t know if July’s floods were directly caused by fossil fuels. But what we can now say with confidence is that burning fossil fuels has changed rainfall patterns around the world, increasing the frequency and intensity of rainfall in the UK.”
Meanwhile, accutely aware how politically sensitive the whole issue is, iCount have launched an email campaign targeting Gordon Brown: “Freak floods are bad enough – if they really were freak. But now new research suggests that a swill of sewage-laden water washing through our living rooms might just be something we have to accept on a regular basis. The research – just published in the journal Nature – proves for the first time that greenhouse gases are already changing rainfall patterns over large parts of the UK, Europe, Canada and Russia. We’re getting more rain and more freak weather. We need to act, and we don’t have much time. Through the I Count campaign you’ve already been part of, we have won the promise of a climate law from the Government. It’s a great start. This law will go before Parliament in early 2008, but this is the critical time – the law is being drafted now. Scientists are telling us we need at least an 80% cut in the greenhouse gases we pump out by 2050, or climate-wise we’re stuffed. But the temptation to set an easy, look-good target at less than 80% will be very strong. Rumours are that Gordon Brown is already beginning to wobble. If this happens, and the target’s wrong, we’ll be stuck with climate law that’s useless.”
Posted by J.Grant


The American College and University Presidents' Climate Commitment
As a signatory of the American College and University Presidents' Carbon Commitment (ACUPCC), Bentley University has acknowledged that global warming is taking place on an unprecedented scale and the scientific consensus is that contemporary climate change is caused in large part by human activity. The commitment recognizes that institutions of higher education have a unique role in society as both role models in their communities and as hubs of research and innovation. As such, Bentley and other signatory institutions are committed to achieving carbon neutrality on their campuses.
Climate Action Plan
On January 15, 2010 Bentley finalized its Climate Action Plan, Bentley University: A Plan for Carbon Neutrality, which serves as a written roadmap to reach this carbon-neutrality goal with interim targets along the way.
Bentley’s emissions reduction goals will be achieved via a multi-pronged approach which includes:
- Implementing a building retro-commissioning and energy efficiency upgrade program;
- Continuously upgrading building controls for more efficient operation of heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems;
- Installing onsite renewable energy systems
- Educating and engaging students, faculty, and staff in energy conservation and sustainability efforts; and
- Purchasing renewable energy via Renewable Energy Certificates (RECs).
It is Bentley’s goal to examine campus operations and invest in making the university’s buildings and operations as energy efficient as possible. The purchase of RECs has allowed Bentley to effectively offset the remaining greenhouse gas emissions and invest in the U.S. renewable energy market.
What is a Carbon Footprint
“Carbon footprint” is another term for greenhouse gas inventory, which is the total amount of greenhouse gases produced to support human activities. It is the sum of all greenhouse gas emissions which were created as a result of an entity’s activities during a given time frame. Below are the principal greenhouse gases that enter the atmosphere because of human activities. Click on each of them to find out more about where they come from and their impact on the environment.
When reporting a carbon footprint, the above-listed greenhouse gases are reported as metric tonnes of "carbon dioxide". The Greenhouse gases are converted using a conversion factor called a Global Warming Potential (GWP). A GWP is a measure of how much a given mass of greenhouse gas is estimated to contribute to global warming.
Bentley’s carbon footprint accounts for greenhouse gas emissions from a number of different sources associated with the institution’s operations. The World Resources Institute (WRI) defines Scope 1, 2 and 3 emissions in their Greenhouse Gas Protocol as the “direct” and “indirect” Greenhouse gas emissions from an institution’s operations. Scope 1, 2, and 3 emissions as defined by the WRI are detailed in the diagram below.


The IPCC Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5°C (2018) defines warming as ‘an increase in multi-decade global mean surface temperature above pre industrial levels’ and more specifically as ‘an increase in combined surface air and sea surface temperatures averaged over the globe, over a period of 30 years’ . So basically, global warming is a global average increase in temperature both on land and in the oceans. The same IPCC report also states that global temperature has been increasing by 0.2°C every decade and in 2017, human-induced temperature rise reached around 1°C above pre-industrial levels (period 1850-1900). Right now, the average global temperature has been rising more rapidly on land compared to the oceans and it is believed that 20-40% of the global human population has now experienced greater warming of above 1.5°C above pre industrial levels in at least one season.
All around the Earth is a layer of gases called the atmosphere. This atmosphere plays a very important role in shielding the planet against the harmful rays of the Sun. When solar radiation reaches the Earth, some of it is reflected back into space; the rest of the energy is absorbed by the land and the oceans. Heat that is not absorbed is reflected back from the Earth into space. Certain gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, water vapor and tropospheric ozone, are found that in the atmosphere and they trap some of the heat that is reflected back. This process called the greenhouse effect, allows some heat to stay on the Earth and in this way, help to maintain an adequate temperature to sustain life.
Throughout the billions of years that the planet Earth has existed, there has been a lot of temperature shifts from ice cold to very hot. Yet, the planet has always returned back to a more or less stable temperature, a process which took millions of years, thus allowing life to develop and evolve over the different time scales. Today, the temperature on Earth is increasing alarmingly as a result of human activities related majorly to the burning of fossil fuels on the one hand, and mass deforestation on the other hand.
Right now the most dangerous greenhouse gas is carbon dioxide which is released during the burning of fossil fuels in factories and through vehicular combustion; methane is also a powerful greenhouse gas which is emitted from the agricultural sector. As they are released, these gases make their way to the atmosphere, accumulating over time, thus absorbing even more heat radiated from the Earth. This inevitably leads to an increase in energy content on the planet and a rise in temperature.
In contrast, trees can absorb the carbon dioxide released, with terrestrial forests being very important carbon sinks, absorbing some 2.5 billion metric tons of carbon dioxide on Earth according to a NASA-led study . However, the IUCN declares that since the 1960s, more than half of the world’s tropical forests have been destroyed and around 3.7 million hectares of forest in Europe is in a dreadful condition . This clearing of forests to make way for housing and agriculture has led to a drop in the amount of stored carbon dioxide and an increase in atmospheric level.
The IPCC states that between 600 and 400 MYr BP and 200 and 150 MYr BP, there were very high amounts of carbon dioxide on Earth sometimes, exceeding 3000 ppm . Over the years, due to many natural processes, the amount of carbon dioxide eventually decreased and based on geochemical evidence, it is believed that concentrations were as low as less than 300 ppm some 20 Myr BP. By analyzing trapped bubbles in Vostok ice core, carbon dioxide concentrations for the past four glacial/interglacial periods have been measured. Thus, during glacial periods the amount of carbon dioxide was low (less than 180 ppm) and as high as 300 ppm during interglacial periods. In the Holocene minimum some 8 thousand years ago, the amount of carbon dioxide was about 260 ppm increasing to 280 ppm during the pre-industrial period.
In 2018, the amount of carbon dioxide level on Earth reached a record 407 ppm. It is strongly believed that the level of carbon dioxide that now exists is higher than what has been observed over the past 420, 000 years. Also, there is strong confidence that present day carbon dioxide rise over the past century is faster by an order of magnitude than what has been happening over the past 20,000 years based on the Vostok record and the Antarctic climate. While in the 1960s the rate of increase of atmospheric carbon dioxide was approximately 0.6 ppm per year, today it has almost quadrupled to 2.3 ppm per year. It is worth to note that this rate of increase seems to be about 100 times faster compared to what has been observed since the end of the last ice age.
Natural global warming has occurred several times in the past due to natural processes like volcanic eruption or changes in the Earth’s axis of rotation or a slight change in its orbit around the Sun. Yet, global warming this time is leading to a series of changes on the Earth that is affecting human life and activities, especially in the form of global climate change. Many nations around the world are facing issues in the form of drought, sea level rise, increased frequency and intensity of cyclones to name a few which are related to the increase in temperature on the planet. If nothing is done to curb the amount of carbon dioxide being released into the atmosphere, the level may well reach 900 ppm by 2100 or a temperature increase in the range of 3°C and 6°C.


The center of Florence will approach the coasts of North and South Carolina on Thursday, then move near or over the coast of southern North Carolina and eastern South Carolina on Thursday night and Friday
DISCUSSION AND OUTLOOK ---------------------- At 200 AM EDT (0600 UTC), the center of Hurricane Florence was located near latitude 32.5 North, longitude 74.3 West. Florence is moving toward the northwest near 17 mph (28 km/h), and this general motion, accompanied by a gradual decrease in forward speed, is expected to continue through today. A turn to the west-northwest and west at an even slower forward speed is expected tonight and Friday, and a slow west-southwestward motion is forecast Friday night and Saturday. On the forecast track, the center of Florence will approach the coasts of North and South Carolina later today, then move near or over the coast of southern North Carolina and eastern South Carolina in the hurricane warning area tonight and Friday. A slow motion over eastern South Carolina is forecast Friday night and Saturday. Maximum sustained winds are near 110 mph (175 km/h) with higher gusts. Little change in strength is expected before the center reaches the coast, with weakening expected after the center moves inland. Hurricane-force winds extend outward up to 80 miles (130 km) from the center and tropical-storm-force winds extend outward up to 195 miles (315 km). A NOAA buoy located about 60 miles (95 km) southwest of the center of Florence recently reported sustained winds of 56 mph (90 km/h) with a gust to 72 mph (115 km/h). The latest minimum central pressure estimated from data from an Air Force Reserve Hurricane Hunter aircraft is 956 mb (28.23 inches).
LIVE WIND MAP
LIVE TRACKING MAP
See full article on Airlive.net


1-2. Airfoil features.
Bernoullis Principle. Bernoulli, an eighteenth
century physicist, discovered that air moving over a sur-
face decreases air pressure on the surface (Figure 1-3).
As air speed increases, surface air pressure decreases
accordingly. This is directly related to the flight of an
aircraft. As an airfoil starts moving through the air, it di-
vides the mass of air molecules at its leading edge. The
distance across the curved top surface is greater than
that across the relatively flat bottom surface. Air mole-
cules that pass over the top must therefore move faster
than those passing under the bottom in order to meet at
the same time along the trailing edge. The faster airflow
across the top surface creates a low-pressure area
above the airfoil. Air pressure below the airfoil is greater
than the pressure above it and tends to push the airfoil
up into the area of lower pressure. As long as air passes
over the airfoil, this condition will exist. It is the difference
in pressure that causes lift. When air movement is fast
enough over a wing or rotor blade, the lift produced
matches the weight of the airfoil and its attached parts.
This lift is able to support the entire aircraft. As airspeed
across the wing or rotor increases further, the lift exceeds
the weight of the aircraft and the aircraft rises. Not all of
the air met by an airfoil is used in lift. Some of it creates
resistance, or drag, that hinders forward motion. Lift and
drag increase and decrease together. They are therefore
affected by the airfoils angle of attack into the air, the
speed of airflow, the air density, and the shape of the
airfoil or wing.
1-3. Bernoullis principle.
Lift and Thrust. The amount of lift that an airfoil
can develop depends on five major factors:
D Area (size or surface area of the airfoil).
D Shape (shape or design of the airfoil sections).
D Speed (velocity of the air passing over the airfoil).
D Angle of attack (angle at which the air strikes the
D Air density (amount of air in a given space).
Area and Shape. The specific shape and
surface area of an airfoil are determined by the aircraft
manufacturer. An airfoil may be symmetrical or unsym-
metrical, depending on specific requirements. A sym-
metrical airfoil is designed with an equal amount of cam-
unsymmetrical airfoil has a greater amount of camber
above the chord line. An airfoil with a smooth surface
produces more lift than one with a rough surface. A rough
surface creates turbulence, which reduces lift and in-
Speed. The speed of an airfoil can be
changed by the speed of the engine or by the angle of the
blade. The lift developed by an airfoil increases as speed
increases. However, there is a limit to the amount of lift
because the drag (resistance) of the airfoil also increases
as speed increases.
Angle of Attack. The angle of attack is the
angle between the airfoil chord and the direction of rela-
tive wind. Direction of airflow in relation to the airfoil is
called relative wind. Lift increases as the angle of attack


The United States is home to some of the most violent weather in the world, and the potential for heavy-duty atmospheric upheaval exists year-round: from lightning-spitting thunderstorms to bellowing blizzards. In this blogpost, we’ll cover the basics of how to prepare for severe weather and also the main sorts that the country experiences.
Pay close attention to weather forecasts, and key into any advisories, watches, warnings, and alerts. The National Weather Service can send out Wireless Emergency Alerts (WEAs) to mobile devices in the event severe conditions are expected or imminent. A battery-operated NOAA Weather Radio is an excellent investment for your home, as it enables you to stay abreast of current weather conditions even in the event of a power outage.
Be sure you’ve assembled an emergency kit (aka 72-hour kit, disaster supply kit, survival kit, etc.) so you have the life-maintaining resources you need to (literally) weather the storm if the power goes out and/or travel becomes impossible. Include at least a gallon of drinking/sanitary water per person per day for a minimum of three days, and non-perishable food for at least that long. Mountain House emergency food kits and buckets deliver big time on this count given their compact storage and our freeze-dried meals’ unsurpassed shelf life.
Your disaster supplies kit should also include first-aid materials, flashlights or headlamps (preferably at least one hand-cranked model), backup batteries, a cell phone with charger and reserve battery, extra stock of any required medications, maps of your local area, a wrench for shutting off the gas supply, and blankets. Learn more about the components of a properly put-together emergency kit here at the Ready.gov website.
Regularly inspect your home and property to identify and eliminate elements that could become hazardous during severe weather. Remove precarious branches and dead or dying trees that could fall in high winds, and keep those gutters clear.
Thunderstorms spew lightning and often produce strong winds, hail, heavy downpours, and flash floods—all potentially hazardous to human life and limb as well as property. Because they’re familiar weather phenomena in so much of the country (particularly during spring and summer months), and because they vary greatly in intensity, thunderstorms are easy to become blasé about, but treat them seriously.
According to the National Severe Storms Laboratory, roughly 100,000 thunderstorms hit the United States every year. Generated by multiple meteorological situations—localized heating, the movement of weather fronts, the influence of topography on airmasses—these electrical storms can happen anywhere in the country, although they’re relatively rare west of the Cascades in the Pacific Northwest. Florida boasts the most thunderstorms in the country; they’re also especially common along the Gulf Coast and over the Mississippi Valley, the Great Plains, the Central Lowlands, and the Southern Rocky Mountains.
In spring and summer, thunderstorms tend to be most common in the afternoon along the Gulf Coast and in the Southeast and Mountain West, while over the Great Plains and Central Lowlands they often emerge in the evening or overnight.
In the event of a t-storm seek shelter inside away from windows. Unplug appliances, computers, and other devices that could be damaged by an electricity surge from lightning (or after an outage when power’s restored). Keep tabs on the storm with your NOAA Weather Radio.
There’s no more violent storm on Earth than a tornado: Though these cloud-whirls cover far less area than a hurricane, the winds of the strongest ones may exceed 300 miles per hour—much higher speeds than those of even the strongest tropical cyclones. The devastation such a storm wreaks along its localized path can be just about total.
Tornadoes have been documented all over the world, but there’s no question the USA is their true kingdom: The nation experiences an average of more than 1,200 twisters per year, compared with about 100 in Canada, the country with the next-highest frequency. The USA not only sees more tornadoes than anywhere else, but also by far the greatest share of the most intense ones. The Enhanced Fujita Tornado Scale ranks tornadoes by their wind speed from EF0 to EF5; the latter category includes the strongest tornadoes with gusts beyond 200 miles per hour.
Tornadoes are vortices of raging wind that extend from the cloud base of a thunderhead down to the ground; they may or may not be visible. Those that are commonly develop from a dangling funnel cloud (which officially becomes a tornado if it hits terra firma).
There’s still plenty meteorologists don’t know about tornado formation: These storms can materialize and disappear quickly (their average lifespan is about 15 minutes), and it can be challenging in many cases to fully track their evolution. We do know the strongest tornadoes most often spawn from so-called supercells, which are especially vigorous thunderstorms that feature rotating updrafts.
The USA is home to three major tornado hotbeds. “Tornado Alley” stretches from Texas to Minnesota, an area with the ideal setup for violent thunderstorms given its huge, relatively flat expanse and the frequent collision of warm, moist airmasses from the Gulf of Mexico and cold, dry continental air. The so-called “Dixie Alley” covers the Lower Mississippi Valley and part of the Gulf Coast region. And then there’s Florida, which on average has the third-highest number of tornadoes in the country; those twisters, however, tend to be weaker than the Tornado and Dixie Alley storms—supercell thunderstorms aren’t as frequent here, and some tornadoes seem to be “merely” waterspouts come ashore. Texas and Kansas, part of the Tornado Alley heartland, are first and second when it comes to average annual tornado frequency. And it should be noted that parts of the Midwest outside the traditionally accepted Tornado Alley boundary, such as Wisconsin, Michigan, and Illinois, tend to receive their fair share of tornadoes as well.
When the potential for tornado formation is significant enough, the NOAA Storm Prediction Center will release a Tornado Watch that may cover multiple states. If your area falls in the bounds of a Tornado Watch, pay careful attention to weather reports. If radar or firsthand observation indicates an actual tornado, local National Weather Service offices declare a Tornado Warning; if you’re in its zone, it’s time to immediately take cover.
And what sort of cover should you be taking? If you are in a facility that has an ICC50-certified storm shelter or, even better, a FEMA-approved safe room, that’s where you should go. (Check out our Mountain House blogpost on storm shelters, including safe rooms, right here.) If not, seek out a small interior room without windows on the lowest floor or basement. As Ready.gov instructs, “Put as many walls as possible between you and the outside.”
If you’re in a car when a Tornado Warning is issued, try to get to a secure indoor shelter—but don’t try to outrun a tornado if you’re actually caught in its path. Your seatbelt should be fashioned already, of course, but swaddle your heat in blankets, coats, pillows, or whatever other protective layers you have.
Tornadoes may be capable of greater wind speeds, but no earthly storm wields such devastation across such large areas as hurricanes. “Hurricane” is the term used in the North Atlantic and Northeast Pacific to describe a tropical cyclone, which is called a “typhoon” in the Northwest Pacific and simply a “cyclone” in the Indian Ocean and South Pacific.
Tropical cyclones begin life as low-pressure disturbances fueled by the evaporation of warm ocean waters. They form over oceans in tropical and subtropical latitudes, though because they require inflowing winds to rotate around a core of low pressure—the influence of the Earth’s rotation on wind direction, a phenomenon called the Coriolis effect—they don’t develop right along the equator where the Coriolis effect is basically nonexistent. A hurricane officially arises when wind speed in a so-called tropical depression reaches 74 miles per hour, the minimum cutoff for a Category 1 storm on the Saffir-Simpson hurricane intensity scale used in the USA. The strongest hurricanes are Category 5 storms with maximum sustained wind speeds of 157 miles per hour or greater.
The areas of the USA primarily impacted by hurricanes are the Gulf and Atlantic coasts, struck by storms that form over the North Atlantic, the Caribbean Sea, or the Gulf of Mexico. (Hurricanes also whip up west of Mexico in the Northeast Pacific, but because the trade winds typically steer tropical cyclones to the west, such storms don’t usually influence the U.S. West Coast—where colder ocean waters snuff out the few Northeast Pacific hurricanes that do “recurve” and head for California. Off the East Coast, ocean temperatures are toastier due to the influence of the Gulf Stream, which explains why hurricanes on that side of the continent can survive much farther north.)
The Atlantic hurricane season officially extends from June 1st to November 30th, though tropical cyclones can hit outside that period. Coastal communities from Texas to Florida to New England are most at risk, but the damaging impacts of a hurricane can extend for 100 miles or more inland (and the diminished remnants may bring torrential rain far north into the Northeast and Midwest).
The main impacts of a hurricane are by no means confined to the whack of its winds: Even more lethal, statistically speaking, are cyclone-associated storm surges and storm tides in coastal areas and inland flooding resulting from massive rainfall.
We’ve written an entire blog post devoted to hurricane prepping and safety, which we encourage you to read if you live anywhere in hurricane country.
The Pacific Northwest west of the Cascade crest (which is our home base here at Mountain House) rarely experiences some of the severe weather we’ve covered so far: Thunderstorms are uncommon compared to just about anywhere else in the Lower 48, tornadoes highly unusual (though weak ones do happen), and tropical cyclones don’t prowl this far north in the Northeast Pacific. But that’s not to say that severe weather doesn’t play out here, perhaps most dramatically in the form of extratropical cyclones.
Extratropical cyclones are major weather-makers across the middle latitudes of the planet, particularly in winter. Like hurricanes, they feature winds rotating around a low-pressure center; in the Northern Hemisphere, that rotation is counterclockwise. Unlike hurricanes, these storms develop from strong contrasts in temperature across the polar front, the threshold between cold poleward air and tropical air to the south. They may be enormous, much bigger than hurricanes but not so ferocious, gale-wise.
The Pacific Northwest often receives the full thwack of extratropical cyclones generated in the Gulf of Alaska and thrown southeastward by the Aleutian Low (a semipermanent winter low-pressure cell of the North Pacific). The strongest of these can be hardcore meteorological disturbances, sometimes called Northwest windstorms, Pacific cyclones, or—more colloquially—“Big Blows.” Probably the best-known Big Blow is the Columbus Day Storm of 1962, which as University of Washington meteorologist Cliff Mass notes was both the most powerful storm to hit the Northwest in recorded history and likely the most significant non-hurricane storm to impact the Lower 48 states in the 20thcentury. Cape Blanco on the southern Oregon Coast registered a wind speed of more than 145 miles per hour during this storm, which caused significant damage from Northern California to southwestern British Columbia.
Thunderstorms, tornadoes, and hurricanes are uncommon in the winter months, but they bring their own suite of potentially nasty weather. A light, slow-paced snowfall can be wonderful; ramp up the precipitative production, and it can turn visibility to basically zero and travel into a nightmare. Combine heavy snowfall and blowing snow with winds above 35 miles per hour and you’ve got yourself a blizzard; even without actual precipitation, blowing snow and strong winds create ground blizzards.
Extratropical cyclones on the East Coast—the infamous nor’easters—can deliver epic quantities of snowfall in combination with high winds: real blizzard factories.
Parts of the country with milder winter temperatures, such as the South and the maritime Northwest, are often whacked not by blizzard but by freezing rain or ice storm, which can be worse yet.
For anyone caught outside in a winter storm, frostbite and hypothermia are real hazards. Indoors, you may well experience a power outage during a blizzard or an ice storm—a bit trickier to manage than a summertime one, obviously, given the temperatures. We’ve got a Mountain House blogpost all about surviving snowstorms, indoors and out—find it right here!


A brief description of air pollution and its significance to conservation is followed by an assessment of four methods of measuring gaseous air pollution within museums. Levels of sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and ammonia were measured at the Tate Gallery, London, and levels of sulphur dioxide were measured at the National Gallery of Ireland and the Victoria and Albert Museum, London. Results indicate significant amounts of pollutants entering the museums. Levels varied considerably according to weather conditions but it was possible to identify consistent variations between particular galleries. Activated carbon filters in air-conditioned galleries were effective in virtually eliminating sulphur dioxide. Enclosure of works of art and reduction of the airflow around painting canvases were effective in reducing the penetration of air pollution.
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Wind Vane Wind Direction Demo
The Wind Vane Wind Direction Demo is an integral tool in meteorology, environmental science, and fluid dynamics research. This is a speed indicator demo type anemometer. It showcases and analyzes wind direction patterns, providing a physical representation of atmospheric movements that aids in understanding weather phenomena. Additionally, environmental science researchers utilize the wind vane for field demonstrations, enhancing educational experiences and deepening the understanding of how wind affects ecosystems and environmental conditions.
Furthermore, it can be used in fluid dynamics investigations for illustrating the principles of aerodynamics and demonstrating the impact of wind direction on various structures. Its specialized design caters to the unique requirements of disciplines focused on atmospheric phenomena, environmental dynamics, and fluid behavior, making it an indispensable resource for scientists and educators in their pursuit of advancing knowledge in these fields.
|200 x 150 x 200mm


Critical systems for weather-sensitive businesses in order to run a safer, more efficient operation:
- Weather forecast -- reliable weather information delivered via web services.
- Weather stations - design and implementation of modular and flexible weather stations.
- Weather management tools designed specifically for mining operations.
- With the right weather-related insights, you can ensure employee safety, increase productivity, improve production and maintenance scheduling.
- Lightning Manager® is a tool that monitors lightning strikes as they approach your mine and provides automatic alerts based on your custom advisory and warning zones.
- Alert Manager® notifies you of significant weather changes. Set custom audio/visual alarms for lightning, precipitation and other parameters.
- Patented PrecipTimer® lets you know when rain will start and how long it will last. Its exclusive technology identifies your location and automatically monitors radar data for you.
- Highly accurate, detailed local forecasts that are based on our proprietary forecasting system. Managed 24/7 by our experienced meteorologists.
Enhance production scheduling
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Solar intensity is the amount of solar energy that is converted into heat or other types of energy. The solar intensity is measured in terms of watts per square meter (W/m2).
Solar intensity changes with the seasons, with the different solstices, and over longer time periods. The term “solstice” comes from the Latin words sol, which means “sun,” and stasis, which means “standing.”
There are two solstices each year: winter and summer. These mark the times when the north or south pole is pointed most directly at or away from the sun, respectively. The length of day and night changes at these times. The northern winter solstice takes place on December 21 each year, while the southern summer solstice occurs on March 21.
This article will discuss how the amount of solar intensity changes at different times of the year due to what causes sunlight to be reflected or absorbed.
The sun is furthest from the equator on the June solstice
Because the sun moves in a circular path around the celestial north pole, its position on the sky changes with each day of the year.
On December 21, the sun appears to move southward, taking it away from the equator and toward the southern hemisphere. On June 21, the sun appears to move northward, bringing it closer to the equator.
Because of this movement, on June 21 (summer solstice) the sun appears higher in the sky than on December 21 (winter solstice). This makes noon solar intensity higher on summer solstice than on winter solstice.
Solar intensity is measured in kilowatts per square meter (kW/m²). kW/m² is similar to how metric units measure intensity: watts per square meter (W/m²). One kW/m² is equal to 1 W/m².
Latitude affects solar intensity
The latitude at which you measure the solar intensity affects the measured intensity. This is because the solar intensity depends on where the sun is in relation to the earth.
When you measure solar intensity at noon, on the summer solstice, in Northern America, where the sun is highest in the sky, it will be brighter than on the winter solstice, when it is lower in the sky.
The same applies to measuring solar intensity in other high-latitude places, such as Australia and New Zealand. On the summer solstice, when it is noon there, it will be brighter than on the winter solstice.
In places with lower latitude, such as Antarctica, there is no difference in solar intensity between the summer and winter solstices. The sun does not rise or set for weeks at a time, so there is no noon nor midnight.
Solar intensity varies by season
The solar intensity at noon varies by season due to the angle of the sun relative to the equator. The northern and southern hemispheres have opposite experiences of the intensity of the sun at noon.
During the winter solstice, the north receives less sunlight because the suns rays hit lower on the horizon. During summer solstice, the south receives more sunlight because the suns rays hit higher on the horizon.
This is because, relative to the earths axis, the earth rotates slower during winter and faster during summer. This difference in speed takes about seven days to be noticeable, which explains why there is more daylight during summer than during winter.
The average amount of light received over a day is about the same, however.
Ask an expert!
Solar intensity is the amount of energy the sun releases in a given time. This is measured in watts per meter squared (W/m²).
According to NASA, solar intensity at noon on June 21 (summer solstice) is approximately 77 watts per meter squared higher than solar intensity at noon on December 21 (winter solstice).
This increase in solar intensity may contribute to the increased number of fires and wildfires occurring during summer months. While climate change may also be a factor, this is an area of research that is still being explored.
Fire behavior experts typically use two metrics to assess fire behavior: fuel moisture content and temperature. A hotter fire with less moisture will burn more intensely, creating more smoke and leaving less residue behind.
Dr. Jennifer Balch, a fire behavior expert and professor at Harvard University, studies how vegetation burns in different seasons based on her interview with CNN.


The causes and contributing factors of air pollution
Environmental pollution is one the greatest but there are different contributing factors chemical pollution in bodies of primary causes of air pollution. Contributing factor of water pollution cincinnati water and air pollution plan factors contributing to dengue fever contributor by joan reinbold ehow. Causes and effects of water pollution burning fossil fuels into the air causes the formation of acidic particles in the atmosphere. But what are the 10 worst modern causes of air pollution according to epa data 1 automobile emissions rush hour in new delhi (photo credit: wikipedia. What causes copd over time, exposure cause swelling in air tubes and destroy air sacs—all contributing factors for copd long-term exposure to air. Smog hanging over cities is the most familiar and obvious form of air pollution but there are different kinds of pollution—some visible, some invisible—that.
There are various factors causing air pollution complications associated with air pollution caused by industries and other causes serious health disorders. Factors influencing air pollution forested and agricultural lands the volatile organic compounds and nitrogen oxides that form ozone come from both natural and human. Water pollution causes approximately 14,000 deaths per air pollution is the accumulation of hazardous substances into the atmosphere that danger human life and. We will study all these factors in detail and will also study about how we can prevent the pollution of the natural resources air pollution. The effects of air pollution are not confined to the atmosphere air pollution containing sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide causes acid rain, which in turn.
Major causes of air pollution in on the major causes for air pollution in are the key polluters contributing to 85%-90% of pollution. Air pollution was the fourth leading a scientific study on leading causes of death worldwide list of risk factors, contributing to 32.
Delhi smog: problem, causes and dumps are other contributing factors to address the causes of air pollution by regulatory and governance. Causes and sources of air pollution: know what are the natural and human factors responsible for air pollution in cities and rural areas. Water pollution facts, causes, effects water pollution may also be caused by specific points or contributing factors such water pollution facts, causes. Types & causes of pollution air pollution is the most prominent and dangerous form it occurs due to several factors conserve energy future all rights.
Government doesn't know what causes pollution in delhi on monday if vehicles are not causing air pollution, then what is the cause. Yet another factor of environmental pollution is what is usually all of the major pollution factors are connected to the “what causes air pollution.
Causes, effects and solutions of air pollution: air pollution is one such form that refers to the contamination of the air, irrespective of indoors or outside a.
- Urban air pollution and climate change as environmental risk factors of respiratory one of the several causes of the rise in morbidit y associated.
- Production and consumption are the main causes of pollution that are pollution causes and into the air and thus contributing to air & land pollution.
- Air pollution in delhi is at alarming levels the government is trying to mitigate delhi ncr pollution problems delhi government is also trying to adopt technologies.
- Land pollution is caused by both natural factors and human are the causes and effects of land pollution one of the main causes of air and water pollution.
- Air pollution: everything you need to know español what causes air pollution “most air pollution comes from energy use and production,” says john walke.
As more and more people move into cities and towns, a number of factors cause pollution. Some of the main causes of pollution include industrial emissions, poor disposal of wastes, mining, deforestation, use of fossil fuels and agricultural activities. While second-hand tobacco smoke and certain outdoor pollutants are known risk factors for air pollution is a major exposure to air pollutants is.