Global warming is a term that has been thrown around for years, but do we really understand its causes? Carbon emissions have long been associated with the warming of the planet, but did you know that there are other surprising factors that contribute to it? In this post, we will explore the lesser-known causes of global warming, including methane emissions, deforestation, and even household appliances. We will also delve into the effects of global warming, such as rising sea levels, melting glaciers, and extreme weather patterns. By understanding the causes and effects of global warming, we can take steps to protect our planet for future generations. So, let’s dive deeper into the unexpected causes of global warming and learn how we can make a difference.
Introduction to global warming and carbon emissions
Global warming is one of the most pressing issues of our time. The Earth’s temperature is rising, and this is causing significant changes to our planet. The primary cause of global warming is the increase in carbon emissions, which is largely caused by human activity. Carbon emissions occur when we burn fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and gas. These emissions trap heat in the Earth’s atmosphere, leading to a rise in temperature. But carbon emissions are not the only cause of global warming. In fact, there are several other surprising causes that you may not be aware of. In this article, we will explore these causes in more detail, and provide insights into how we can work together to combat global warming.
The lesser-known contributors to global warming
When we think of global warming, the first thing that comes to mind is carbon emissions. While it’s true that carbon emissions are the leading cause of global warming, there are other lesser-known contributors that we need to be aware of.
One of these lesser-known contributors is methane gas. Methane is a potent greenhouse gas that is 28 times more effective at trapping heat in the atmosphere than carbon dioxide. It is released from a variety of sources, including livestock farming, landfills, and natural gas production.
Another surprising contributor to global warming is black carbon, also known as soot. Black carbon is a byproduct of incomplete combustion and is emitted from sources such as diesel engines, cookstoves, and wildfires. Black carbon settles on snow and ice, causing it to absorb more heat and melt faster, contributing to the loss of polar ice caps and rising sea levels.
Additionally, deforestation and land-use changes are significant contributors to global warming. Trees absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, so when they are cut down or burned, the carbon stored in them is released back into the atmosphere. Forests also play a crucial role in regulating the Earth’s temperature and water cycle, so their destruction has far-reaching consequences for the climate.
It’s important to understand that while carbon emissions are the primary cause of global warming, these lesser-known contributors also play a significant role in exacerbating the problem. By addressing all of these contributors, we can work towards mitigating the effects of global warming and protecting the planet for future generations.
Deforestation and land use changes
Deforestation and land-use changes are critical factors that contribute to global warming. Trees take in carbon dioxide and produce oxygen through photosynthesis. When trees are cut down, the carbon stored in them is released into the atmosphere, contributing to the greenhouse effect. Deforestation also contributes to soil erosion, which can lead to more carbon being released into the atmosphere. The loss of forests and other natural habitats also reduces the planet’s ability to absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and store it in the soil.
Not only does deforestation contribute to global warming, but land use changes such as converting natural habitats into croplands, grazing lands and urban areas also add significant amounts of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. This is because land-use changes often involve the burning of vegetation, which releases carbon dioxide into the air.
Furthermore, these changes lead to a loss of biodiversity and negatively impact the ecosystem services that forests and other natural habitats provide, such as clean water, nutrient cycling, and natural pest control. In addition, the loss of habitat threatens the survival of many species, including some that are critically endangered.
It is clear that deforestation and land use changes are significant contributors to global warming, and urgent action is needed to address these issues. Solutions include reforestation efforts, reducing the demand for products that contribute to deforestation (such as palm oil and soy), and implementing sustainable land-use practices. By taking these steps, we can work towards a healthier planet and a more sustainable future.
Methane emissions from livestock and agriculture
When we think about the causes of global warming, we often think about carbon dioxide emissions from cars, factories, and power plants. However, there is another culprit that often goes unnoticed: methane emissions from livestock and agriculture.
Methane is a potent greenhouse gas, with a warming effect that is around 28 times greater than that of carbon dioxide over a 100-year timescale. Livestock, especially cattle and sheep, produce large amounts of methane during digestion. In addition, manure stored in lagoons and pits also emits methane. Agriculture also contributes to methane emissions through the decomposition of organic matter in rice paddies and the use of synthetic fertilizers.
So, what can be done to reduce these emissions? One solution is to reduce our consumption of meat and dairy products. This can be done by adopting a plant-based or flexitarian diet, where meat and dairy are consumed in moderation. Another solution is to improve manure management practices, such as covering lagoons and pits to capture the methane and use it for energy production. Additionally, using more sustainable agricultural practices, such as reducing the use of synthetic fertilizers and tilling, can also help to reduce methane emissions.
It’s important to remember that while carbon dioxide is a major contributor to global warming, other greenhouse gases like methane also play a significant role. By addressing the issue of methane emissions from agriculture and livestock, we can take important steps towards mitigating the effects of global warming.
Nitrous oxide emissions from fertilizers
Nitrous oxide emissions from fertilizers are one of the most significant causes of global warming that is often overlooked. Nitrous oxide is a potent greenhouse gas that has a global warming potential 300 times greater than carbon dioxide. Fertilizers are used extensively in agriculture to increase crop yield, but they also contribute significantly to the emission of nitrous oxide into the atmosphere.
The nitrogen in fertilizers reacts with soil bacteria to produce nitrous oxide, which is then released into the air. According to research, agriculture is responsible for almost 75% of global nitrous oxide emissions, with fertilizers being the primary source of these emissions.
To reduce nitrous oxide emissions from fertilizers, farmers can adopt a range of strategies. These include using nitrogen fertilizers more efficiently, using organic fertilizers, and planting cover crops to reduce the need for fertilizers. Additionally, governments can implement policies and regulations to promote sustainable agriculture practices and reduce the overall use of fertilizers.
Addressing nitrous oxide emissions from fertilizers is a crucial step in mitigating the effects of global warming and achieving a more sustainable future for the planet.
Fluorinated gases from refrigeration and air conditioning
Fluorinated gases are often used as refrigerants in refrigeration and air conditioning systems. These gases, also known as F-gases, are a group of synthetic chemicals that have a high global warming potential (GWP). In fact, some of these gases have a GWP that is thousands of times higher than carbon dioxide.
When F-gases are released into the atmosphere, they trap heat and contribute to global warming. This is a major problem because the use of refrigeration and air conditioning systems is only increasing as the world’s population grows and temperatures rise.
To combat this issue, it’s important to reduce the use of F-gases by using more environmentally friendly alternatives that have a lower GWP. This can be achieved through regulations and policies that encourage the use of alternatives, as well as through education and awareness campaigns that inform people about the impact of F-gases on the environment.
There are already some initiatives in place to address this issue, such as the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol, which aims to phase down the use of F-gases globally. However, more needs to be done to ensure that these efforts are successful and that the world can move beyond carbon and F-gases to a more sustainable future.
Industrial processes and their impact on global warming
Industrial processes have contributed significantly to global warming. A wide range of industries, such as manufacturing, mining, and fossil fuel production, emit greenhouse gases during their operations, which in turn contribute to climate change. These industries utilize large amounts of energy to power their machinery, which is typically produced from fossil fuels, such as coal, oil, and gas. When these fuels are burned, carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases are released into the atmosphere, trapping heat and contributing to global warming.
In addition to direct emissions from industrial processes, the production of goods also contributes to greenhouse gas emissions. The transportation of raw materials and finished products requires energy, typically generated from fossil fuels, which also contributes to carbon emissions. Moreover, many industrial processes require the use of chemicals that are known to be potent greenhouse gases, such as refrigerants and solvents. These substances are often used in large quantities, particularly in the chemical and manufacturing industries.
To mitigate the impact of industrial processes on global warming, it is vital to transition to more sustainable and clean sources of energy, such as wind, solar, and hydropower. Governments and industries can work together to develop policies and regulations that incentivize the use of renewable energy sources and encourage the adoption of cleaner production processes. By taking action to reduce industrial emissions, we can help slow down the impacts of global warming and create a more sustainable future for generations to come.
The intersection of social justice and climate change
Climate change is not just an environmental issue; it is also a social justice issue. The most vulnerable populations, including low-income communities and people of color, are disproportionately affected by climate change. These communities often lack access to resources that can help them adapt to the effects of climate change, such as air conditioning, emergency services, and healthcare.
Moreover, the industries that contribute the most to global warming, such as fossil fuel and agriculture, often exploit these communities for cheap labor or to extract resources.
It is important to recognize that social justice and climate change are interconnected, and that solutions to address climate change must also address social inequality. This includes supporting policies that prioritize marginalized communities, investing in renewable energy and sustainable agriculture in these communities, and ensuring that climate solutions do not worsen existing inequalities.
By taking a holistic approach to climate change, we can work towards a more just and sustainable future for all.
How to reduce our impact on global warming beyond carbon emissions
Reducing our impact on global warming goes far beyond just carbon emissions. While reducing carbon emissions is important, there are other ways we can reduce our impact on the environment.
One of the main ways to reduce our impact on the environment is to reduce our consumption of single-use plastics. Single-use plastics like straws, bags, and bottles can take hundreds of years to decompose and often end up in oceans and waterways where they cause harm to marine life. By reducing our use of these plastics, we can reduce the amount of waste in landfills and oceans.
Another way to reduce our impact on global warming is to eat a plant-based diet. The meat industry is a significant contributor to greenhouse gas emissions, and by reducing our meat consumption, we can reduce our impact on the environment.
Conserving energy is also an important way to reduce our impact on global warming. This can be done by turning off lights and electronics when they’re not in use, using energy-efficient appliances, and using public transportation or carpooling as much as possible.
Finally, supporting renewable energy sources like wind and solar power can also help reduce our impact on global warming. By investing in clean energy, we can reduce our reliance on fossil fuels and help create a more sustainable future.
In conclusion, reducing our impact on global warming is a multi-faceted effort that requires us to look beyond just carbon emissions. By reducing our consumption of single-use plastics, eating a plant-based diet, conserving energy, and supporting renewable energy sources, we can all do our part to create a more sustainable future.
Conclusion and call to action
In conclusion, global warming is a serious issue that we all need to address. While carbon emissions are certainly a major contributor, they are not the only cause of global warming. Deforestation, agriculture, and the use of certain chemicals also play a significant role.
It’s important that we all take action to reduce our impact on the planet. This can be done in a number of ways, such as reducing our carbon footprint, supporting sustainable agriculture, and using eco-friendly products.
We can also push for policy changes that promote sustainability and protect the environment. This can be done by voting for politicians who prioritize environmental issues, supporting organizations that advocate for the planet, and holding corporations accountable for their actions.
Ultimately, it’s up to all of us to do our part in fighting global warming. By working together, we can make a difference and ensure a healthier planet for generations to come. So let’s take action today and make a positive impact on our planet.
We hope our article about the surprising causes of global warming was informative and eye-opening. While carbon emissions are a well-known contributor to climate change, there are other factors that are often overlooked. By understanding the different causes of global warming, we can take steps to reduce our impact on the planet and create a more sustainable future. We encourage you to share this information with your friends and family and to continue to educate yourself on how to live a more eco-friendly lifestyle. Together, we can make a difference.


SEATTLE — Memoir rainfall and darkness has hit Seattle as a principal storm begins to take across western Washington on the first day of winter, though the residence is restful at probability for flooding, mudslides and avalanches.
Friday changed into the wettest day in Seattle in the previous 10 years, and the most rain recorded for Dec. 20 since file-maintaining at Seattle-Tacoma World Airport started in 1945.
The National Climate Provider said the airport recorded 3.25 inches (8.25 centimeters) of rain Friday, making it additionally the fifth rainiest day in metropolis history.
Seattle additionally broke a everyday rainfall file on Thursday with 2.91 inches (7.39 centimeters) of precipitation, making it the 11th wettest day recorded on the airport.
Aspects of the soaked Seattle residence and western Washington are below a flood behold through Sunday evening. Rivers in King and Snohomish counties are anticipated to crest and slowly go Saturday. The climate carrier warned drivers not to struggle through flooded areas as that “is the residing off of most flood connected deaths in Washington.”
The low-lying areas of the northern Oregon hover are additionally at probability for flooding. Astoria saw 3.42 inches (8.69 centimeters) of rain on Friday, breaking a file beforehand residing 113 years ago.
There additionally remains an elevated probability for landslides in western Washington with high phases of soil moisture anticipated throughout the weekend. A few mudslides had been reported Friday.
Snow is additionally falling in areas above 3,000 ft (914 meters) in elevation. The climate carrier issued a abet nation avalanche warning for the Mount Baker dwelling for Saturday.
Friday additionally broke a file for measured sunlight in Seattle. The University of Washington recorded fair 0.37 million Joules of solar radiation, the bottom level of solar energy measured since the university started counting at some level of the final 20 years.


HAS NO IMPACT ON CABO*
Hurricane Rick rapidly grew from
Tropical Storm to a giant Category 5 hurricane, in only a
couple days. It was the second strongest hurricane
ever present in the Eastern Pacific (Hurricane Linda in
1997), and the strongest in over a decade.
However, it weakened from sustained winds of 180 mph to only
55 mph almost as quickly as it grew, and ended up going well
south of Cabo San Lucas, eventually making landfall about 15
miles north-northeast of
it dropped a good amount of rain, and toppled a few signs
and caused some brief local flooding. Cabo San Lucas,
meanwhile, was spared any damage or flooding from Hurricane
Rick - there were some heavy showers for a couple of days,
but residents awakened to blue skies and sunshine the next
day. You would never know there was a hurricane
warning in the area just hours before.
tropical storm warning was issued for the Cabo
San Lucas area, but no tropical storm conditions
ever reached Cabo. A tropical storm warning means
that tropical storm conditions are expected
somewhere within the warning area within 24 hours.
This also means there was no predicted chance of hurricane
conditions within Cabo San Lucas by the time it
reached the coastline.*
No evacuation notice in Cabo was issued
due to Hurricane Rick.
Hurricane Rick was initially predicted to strike the
Baja sometime late Tuesday Oct 20th or early on Wednesday
Oct 21st possibly as a massive Category 5 hurricane.
However, Rick weakened quickly, and the forecast was changed
first to a category 3, category 2, then a category 1, then a
tropical storm. It was first predicted to hit Cabo
directly, then north near La Paz, but it ended up going
quite far to the south, though, and no tropical storm
conditions were present in the Cabo San Lucas area.
Statistics for Hurricane Rick
Tropical Storm Rick made landfall in
Mazatlan with sustained winds of 55 mph with tropical storm
force winds extending out 150 miles from the eye. As
it passed well south of Cabo, the winds here were minimal -
only about 15 mph, though with some strong gusts for a short
time. There was no damage due to wind in Cabo,
business as usual.
Note: 74mph is considered a Class I
Hurricane. By comparison, Hurricane Katrina hit the
Gulf Coast at 135 mph, a category 4 hurricane.
What is a
Sustained winds of between 39-73 mph. Above that it
becomes a hurricane.
Statistics for Cabo San Lucas
Rainfall forecast during Hurricane Rick
was originally anticipated at about 8.5 inches, which is about Cabo's
annual rainfall total. Flash flooding was possible,
with standing water on the streets. However, Cabo only
received about 4 inches of rain over a span of two days, and
street flooding was minimal.
Nothing to report yet.
Impact on Your
There was no appreciable impact on tours
in Cabo due to Hurricane Rick, as winds were minimal.
There were a few tours disrupted, of course, including
cruise passengers that missed port for a couple days, so if you need to reschedule or cancel,
or have a question about obtaining a refund, just give us a call. 1-866-348-6286.
The Bisbees Fishing tournament that appeared in jeopardy
continued as scheduled.
What This Means
You will notice nothing out of the
ordinary when you arrive in Cabo. Business is going on
as usual. Hurricane Rick missed by quite a large margin, and
no damage occurred - just another run of the mill tropical
storm as we receive many times every year.


In Aberystwyth in Wales, seafront homes, businesses and student residence halls were evacuated as high tides hit the Welsh coast.
The Met Office, Britain’s weather forecasting body, warned of wind gusts up to 70 mph (113 kph) and exceptionally large waves along the coasts of Wales, southwest England and Northern Ireland.
It said the storm is loosely connected to the weather system that caused the U.S winter storm, which dumped large amounts of snow in the Northeast and delayed thousands of flights.
“A very strong jet stream helped to steer a lot of low pressure across the U.K.,” said forecaster Charles Powell.
At least seven people have died in a wave of stormy weather that has battered Britain since December, including a man killed when his mobility scooter fell into a river in Oxford, southern England.
The Environment Agency issued three severe flood warnings Monday — meaning there is a threat to life and property — for the county of Dorset in southwestern England, as well as more than 300 less serious flood alerts.
Copyright 2014 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.


Hurricane Sandy crashed into the northeast U.S. at the end of October, demonstrating the type of severe weather that climate change is expected to bring with increasing regularity. At the same time, the CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS)—a Burness client—released two research papers looking at how feeding the world contributes to global warming, and how agriculture in particular needs to be revamped as climate change continues to worsen.
The total emissions footprint of global food production—which includes up to 17,000 megatonnes of carbon dioxide—represents one- fifth to one-third of the greenhouse gases released by people on the planet. This figure includes every aspect of agriculture, pre-production, processing and distribution.
Many countries could make big cost savings by cutting these emissions, Bruce Campbell, CCAFS program director, told Reuters. "There are good economic reasons to improve efficiency in agriculture, not just to cut greenhouse gas emissions."


NO – Climate Change is not a problem. Climate is ever changing and the changes right now are nothing special. Winters are milder and top summer are no more than they were in the 1930s. CO2 levels are lower that they have been in the distant past, and have no effect on temperatures.
If you still believe, climate change is a problem, please click on Climate the Movie (the Real Truth) for a view of the real science. Congratulations to Martin Durkin for shedding light on it all. Climate Change clearly is not a problem, rather it is being used,like covid, to further a political agenda.
Temperatures are not on the Rise?
The chart below shows that temperatures are no more than they were 100,000 years ago.
CO2 emissions have not affect on temperature
But they do not push the temperature up. there were minimal CO2 emissions in the 1930s, but temperatures were high
Thanks again to Martin Dirkin for this image
Solar activity is the cause of temperature changes
Variations in solar activity result in changes in temperatures
The climate is Not warming significantly
The evidence presented in Climate the Movie is clear that CO2 does not drive the temperature up. Furthermore temperatures have not gone up significantly over 350 years
Paris Agreement – the way forward?
CO2 emissions and pollution in the cities need to be controlled. The Paris agreement is the successor to the Kyoto agreement. The Paris agreement is not legally binding, but requires each nation to declare its next set of targets, every five years.
Click greencoast for more information on the agreements.
Geo-engineering – NOT the way forward
Geo-engineering has been a fact of life since 2016. According to technologyreview, the first high altitude particle spray was conducted in Russia in 2009. In the same year the USA under Obama started looking at options. Foreignpolicy.com tells the history up to 2013
In 2014, the average daily atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide surpasses 400 parts per million — higher than it has been in at least 3 million years. Geo-engineering became a reality as an attempt to combat the global warming…officially.
In 2017, The Guardian reported that the Trump administration was investing in geo-engineering, which then became a feature all over the world, causing major problems. see geoengineeringwatch for information on health issues, droughts, tree die-off, wild fires etc.
In the six years since geo-engineering became widespread, world temperatures have continued to rise. It seems clear that geo-engineering has been a complete failure, if it’s aim was to slow down global warming.
Increases in Temperature are a Real Problem
Geo-engineering may not be the answer. But Temperature increases are still a problem.
Increased temperatures result in desertification. A third of the world’s population live in ‘drylands’ whch are most vulnerable to an increase in temperature. Click on greenfacts for more information.
This will in part explain how “The number of documented migrants within and from the African region has nearly doubled since 2010, continuing a two-decade trend of expansion. “ see africacenter for more information.


Numerical Weather Prediction in Support of Alternative Energy Production
Graffius, Heather N.
Zehnder, Joseph A.
MetadataShow full item record
The purpose of this project is to assess the performance of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, a community numerical weather prediction model, in predicting the downward solar radiation and temperature for representative cases. The model forecasts will be validated using data from a weather station located on the Creighton campus. One “clear sky” day is used to assess the radiation scheme treatment of scattering and absorption by water vapor. A day where clouds form and dissipate tests the model’s ability to produce clouds and the radiation scheme’s treatment of cloud reflection and absorption.


Some relief from the simmering heat expected as the Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) predicted an ‘abatement’ of heatwave conditions across most parts of the country. In a series of tweets, the Met Department said that thunderstorms and gusty winds are very likely to be witnessed over northwest India till Wednesday, over northeast till tomorrow and over eastern and southern peninsular India till Friday.
Also read: Heatwave may abate over Delhi soon, thunder development in these states
“Heatwave is over in most parts of India including Delhi, Punjab, Haryana and UP. Western disturbance is quite active. Temp will not rise for next 6-7 days. Northwest India has yellow alert for thunderstorms. Delhi to receive rainfall on May 3rd,” RK Jenamani, senior scientist, IMD, told ANI.
Here are the five big predictions by the Met department over the current weather situation in the country.
1. The Met department has predicted squally winds of speed between 40-60 kilometres per hour over South Andaman Sea & adjoining north Andaman Sea and Eastcentral Bay of Bengal on May 4 and 5.
2. Squally or stormy winds with speed reaching 50-60 kmph gusting to 70 kmph likely to prevail over Andaman Sea adjoining Eastcentral & Southeast Bay of Bengal on 06th May. Fishermen are advised not to venture into these areas, the weather department predicted.
3. Scattered to fairly widespread rainfall with isolated thunderstorm, lightning and gusty winds (speed reaching 40-50 kmph) very likely over Bihar, Jharkhand, Gangetic West Bengal & Odisha during next 5 days.
4. Isolated heavy rainfall very likely over sub-Himalayan regions in West Bengal and Sikkim on Monday; over Arunachal Pradesh on Monday and Tuesday.
Abatement of Heat wave conditions over most parts of the country.
Thunderstorm/gusty winds very likely over Northwest India till 04th may; over East India & south Peninsular India till 06th May and over Northeast India till 03rd May, 2022. pic.twitter.com/T7e4zSswxR — India Meteorological Department (@Indiametdept) May 2, 2022
5. “Isolated heavy rainfall over Assam-Meghalaya & Nagaland-Manipur-Mizoram-Tripura during between Monday and Wednesday. Isolated very heavy rainfall likely over Assam-Meghalaya & Tripura on Tuesday,” the prediction read.
For the past few weeks, several states had been experiencing severe heatwave conditions with the maximum temperature nearing 50 degrees celsius in some cities. The scorching heat had also escalated the power demand in the country, with power cuts being reported from several states.
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ABOUT THE AUTHOR HT News Desk Follow the latest breaking news and developments from India and around the world with Hindustan Times’ newsdesk. From politics and policies to the economy and the environment, from local issues to national events and global affairs, we’ve got you covered. …view detail


Western Maritime Institute’s Meteorology Level 1 course provides students with the knowledge needed to use and interpret information from a vessel’s meteorological instruments. Students learn about various weather systems, reporting procedures, and recording systems. The Meteorology, Level 1 Course prepares students to write a Transport Canada approved exam at Western Maritime Institute.
Meteorology Level 1 is required for:
Master 150GT, Domestic
Watchkeeping Mate, Near Coastal
Master 500GT, Domestic
The course covers the following topics:
- Ability to use and interpret information obtained from shipborne meteorological instruments;
- Knowledge of the characteristics of the various weather systems, reporting procedures and recording system;
- The atmosphere, its composition and physical properties;
- Atmospheric pressure;
- Cloud and precipitation;
- The wind and pressure systems over the oceans;
- Structure of depressions;
- Anticylones and other pressure system;
- Weather services for shipping;
- Recording and reporting weather observations.
- Ability to apply meteorological information to forecast weather.
The student must be at least 16 years of age to enroll in this course.


Due to the possibility of additional severe weather, Lafayette has cancelled all activities scheduled for Wednesday night, April 8.
Our church building took a major hit in yesterday’s hail storm. Tarps are being placed over the roof right now for protection from the two additional inches of rain expected in the next 24 hours. Already plans are being made to replace the roofs of the church office and the church building as soon as possible.
The forecast is calling for a couple of additional waves of possibly severe storms this afternoon and this evening. So we are cancelling all activities for tonight and encouraging you to stay home and stay safe.
Below is a photo of the parking lot during the hail storm.
Above is a view of the hail on the roof about two hours after it fell.
Below is a view of the tarps being placed on the roof.


There is a very important opportunity for you to contribute toward clean air in Anglesea.
The Department of Environment has released a discussion paper,
“Working towards a National Clean Air Agreement”. This is good news for Anglesea as improved air quality standards for both SO2 and Particulates are firmly on the table.
The Department has invited public submissions and the more they receive, the better.
More information can be found at;
Please take the time to write a submission. Short and sweet is fine!
Below are a few dot points that might provide you with some useful guidelines.
1. Submissions are due by April 17th (THAT’S THIS FRIDAY!)
2. You must download a cover sheet, fill it in and then scan and send with your submission (details below).
This is an opportunity to contribute toward our campaign and have your voice heard.
Existing Australian air pollution standards, monitoring, reporting and enforcement are all inadequate. This results in:
· Human health being damaged, with over 3,000 Australians dying from air pollution annually
· Circular buck passing between state and federal governments and regulators
· A lack of accountability and transparency
· Polluters being able to pollute vulnerable communities at dangerous levels
In the specific case of the Anglesea coal mine and plant:
· Dangerous amounts of the respiratory irritant SO2 (43,000,000 kg in 2013-2014) and carcinogenic particulates are being emitted close to homes and the primary school
· The Anglesea operator/polluter:
o Told the Anglesea community in 2003 that it would reduce SO2 emissions by 60% by 2010. However by 2013-2014 the Anglesea SO2 emissions were over double the volume that the community was told would be achieved by 2010
o Controls pollution monitoring and reporting and access to the pollution data, which is a clear conflict of interest
o Refuses to make real time pollution data available to the Anglesea community so that community members can take action to protect themselves and their families from dangerous levels of pollution
What is needed
· National air pollution laws with teeth that end the culture of buck passing
· Immediate implementation of best practice:
o Air pollution standards that are genuinely protective of human health, particularly for SO2 and particulates
o Pollution mitigation technology including SO2 scrubbers for major point sources of air pollution such as the Anglesea coal plant
· Mandatory arms length independent monitoring and real time reporting that is publicly available
· Prohibitions on polluters
o Claiming that meeting maximum limits and pollution licence conditions means that their operations are “safe”
o Currying favour in the communities that they are polluting by the use of grants and sponsorship
· Decisive enforcement of breaches by an independent regulator
Submission cover sheet
Written submissions can be made to the Department and must be accompanied by a completed cover sheet which outlines privacy and confidentiality requirements. Only submissions with a completed cover sheet will be considered.
Submissions close on 17 April 2015.
Completed submissions, and accompanying cover sheets, are to be provided in writing to:
National Clean Air Agreement
c/o Department of the Environment
GPO Box 787
Canberra ACT 2601


On June 30, 2022, the Supreme Court ruled on the future of regulating pollution from the U.S. electric sector, curtailing EPA's authority to set emissions reduction targets for power plants. But the federal government has never set such targets. The Clean Power Plan (under former President Barack Obama) and the Affordable Clean Energy Rule (under former President Donald Trump) never took effect. They were “vacated and remanded.” In a sense, this ruling is like Don Quixote’s jousting with windmills; it strikes down an authority that has never been deployed. Read more
Q: Does EPA still have authority to require fossil electric generating units (EGUs) reduce greenhouse gas pollution under section 111d of the Clean Air Act?
A: Yes, the EPA maintains broad authority to regulate harmful pollutants from the power sector, including greenhouse gas emissions, under the Clean Air Act. In 2009, EPA issued an endangerment finding, which concluded that six greenhouse gases endanger the health and welfare of people in the United States. The sources of those pollutants must be addressed by the EPA through the Clean Air Act. Under long-standing federal law and current legal precedent, the EPA is obligated to regulate GHG emissions, unless Congress takes action to pass federal legislation that would preempt the EPA’s authority to regulate GHG pollution.
Q: Is EPA still required to regulate pollution including GHGs under the Clean Air Act?
A: Yes, this ruling doesn’t touch that requirement. It's a ruling on the definition of best system of emissions reduction (“BSER”) under Section 111d in particular.
Q: What happens next?
A: EPA must develop GHG pollution limits under the Clean Air Act, consistent with the Agency’s obligation to protect human health and welfare. EPA continues to have many powerful tools at its disposal. But because West Virginia v. EPA does limit what EPA can do in the future, the need for action at the state and local level is increasingly important.
by Dr. Marilyn A. Brown, PhD, CEM, NAE, NAS. Thanks for input by Katie Southworth, Advocacy Director of the Southface Institute, and several S&P Capital IQ articles.


Sometimes, the model also uses a non-rotating Earth .. but that is going WAY too far.
The formulas below are based on Stefan's law which determines the blackbody temperature of an object at equilibrium.
P * (1-Albedo) = sigma * T^4
In this model,
Ts = [1/sigma (S/4)]^0.25
Ts = [1/sigma (A + S/4)]^0.25
Ta = [1/sigma (2 * A)]^0.25
2 * A = A + S/4 A = S/4
With "real" numbers, the Sun provides
With an albedo of 30%, the surface would be -18.4°C without an atmosphere and 29.7°C with one.
Why the model gives the wrong results
Assuming a 30% albedo and an atmospheric absorption of 80%, the surface temperature would be 16°C (397 W/m2).
S = 1361 Sun TOA S/4 = 340.25 Sun TOA/4 S/4 (1-0.30) = 238.175 Albedo = 30% 2 * A = 80% L The atmosphere absorbs 80% of the surface energy But 'A' is emitted up AND 'A' is emitted down (20% L) + A = S/4 (1-0.30) The amount of heat lost equals the amount from the Sun 20% L + 40% L = S/4 (1-0.30) Just combine to remove 'A' 0.6 * L = S (0.7/4) Simplify L = S (0.7/2.4) = 397 W/m2 => 16.27°C Close to 15°C A = 0.4 * 397 = 158.8 W/m2 158.8 + 238.2 = 397.0 W/m2 The values check A + S = L
At current values, doubling CO2 from 350 ppm will increase the energy absorbed by the atmosphere by 10 W/m2 (based on a line-by-line model that I hope to complete soon). That increases L by 5 W/m2 and produces a new surface temperature of about 17.2°C ... an increase of about 1°C (assuming no cloud or albedo feedbacks).
By the way, if the atmosphere emits 158.8 W/m2, that is associated with an expected temperature of around -30°C (158.8/0.8 = 198.5 W/m2).
Real World Model
2613.9 W/m2 Sun TOA
Just to be clear, the computed values above assumed that 100% of the available energy reached the surface and that only one side of the planet faced the Sun. (Each side actually faces the Sun for 58 days before being dark for 58 days.) Since it is known that about 75% of the solar radiation is reflected by the clouds (and, therefore, never reaches the surface) the actual maximum Greenhouse temperature is much less.
The bottom line is the same - Venus is heated internally and not via some Greenhouse Effect.
Venus - Try 2
On Venus, the atmosphere temperature decreases for about 60 km with a lapse rate of 7.9°K/km. At that point, there are clouds. Above the clouds, the atmosphere cools at about 3.0°K/km for the next 30 km. Unfortunately, I do not know of any way to determine heat loss based on the slope of the lapse rate. My calculator says that CO2 will emit 136 W/m2 at 60 km and 263°K (-10°C). If the clouds are decent blackbodies, they will emit 271 W/m2.
From this rough computation, it is possible that only 136 W/m2 reaching the surface could conceivably produce a 464°C surface temperature because the energy must travel the slow way through the atmosphere before being released to space.
136 W/m2 / 2613.9 W/m2 = 0.052 60 km * 7.9°K/km = 474°K 474°K + 263°K = 737°K (464°C) -> Surface temperature
Implying that only 5% of the available solar radiation could produce a high surface temperature if the atmosphere is considered opaque, thermally conductive, and emits energy at a low temperature.
This also shows how ridiculous the single layer model is. (Climate models only use 4 to 7 constant temperature layers ... and you wonder why I don't trust them.)
Reference: Atmospheric Flight on Venus provides the temperature verses altitude data. The computations are made with simple programs I wrote. These computations should be considered speculative, but they do show how a small amount of energy could create a very high surface temperature.
By the way, because the day to night temperature difference is so small, it is not clear that any heat reaches the surface from the Sun. It is probably more likely that the energy comes from an internal heat source.
The article claims (without a reference) that the atmospheric emissivity is 0.78. (I used 0.80 above.)
Assuming a temperature of 15°C and an emissivity of one, the surface should emit 390.08 W/m2 (using Stefan's equation). Using my line-by-line program, the atmosphere should emit 378.68 W/m2 (assuming 15°C and 1.0% water vapor) producing an effective emissivity of 0.97.
This is a major difference.
If I use their atmospheric temperature of 242.5 °K (-30.5°C), then my program states that 184.25 W/m2 is emitted in each direction (up and down).
184.25 / 390.08 = 0.47 2 * 184.25 / 390.08 = 0.94
The test of these models is to see if they work on Venus. (Hint - theirs doesn't.)
The other main flaw in this model is that only radiative heat is considered. As a result, they claim that both the atmosphere and surface temperatures will increase as more Greenhouse gases are added. (And the model does predict that.) However, when convective heat is added to the model (ie, if the model is more real world), then adding more Greenhouse gases will always cause the temperature of the atmosphere to decrease.


Ibiza is in the Mediterranean which is the South part of Europe and has the climate of all the lands in the Mediterranean Basin, this kind of climate can also be found on the same line as Northwestern Mexico, California, South Australia, South Africa and in central parts of Chile and Central Argentina.
Ibiza is and Island, so no matter what the wind direction, you can always find a beach with a breeze during the summer months , either North , South , East or West.
The Ibiza weather conditions are warm to hot and dry summers to cool and wet winters, occasional thunderstorms over the summer months.
Summer months are July and August, the hottest months of the year.
Winter months in Ibiza are mid November to mid February
Spring is March,April,May and June
Autumn is October and November
Latest Weather Map
Europe Temperatures - High's and Low's
More detail on Weather in Ibiza
Wind on the Island is generally very breezy around the coastal parts. About 1 knot to 6 knots is the most you will get during the summer months. Over the winter months you can expect strong breezes of up to 15 knots.
Storms on the Island can bring stronger winds of up 30knots! Wind storms are more common during the winter time, during the summer, if we get a storm in the summer the winds are quite low.
Rain During the summer months the maximum amount of days you could expect rain would be about three days at a time. But rain is very rare during the summer months and when it does rain its welcomed by all the locals and tourists as a refreshing cool down. Winter months we get allot more rain and some days the rain can last for over 3 to 5 days with either light drizzles or steady downpours.
Snow - Not very common , extremely rare but we have had snow in Ibiza within the winter months.
See Snow photos
Sun Its shinning through blue skies 85% of the year and even when its winter, its got the potential to tan you.See hours of sun , See sun safety , Sunsets and sunrises are a great to see here in the island. See Sunsets
Moon - You always get clear skies at night here in Ibiza , some perfect conditions to see the stars and the moon - See Moon Phases
Sailing around the Island, planning a beach day or a hike then keep in touch with the typical Ibiza weather. Below is a forecast and satellite map to show latest weather conditions across Europe.
More info on the seasonal weather
The temperatures over the twelve months
|Avg high °C||15.8||16.1||18.2||20.4||23.3||27.6||29.8||30.4||27.7||24.3||19.3||16.6|
|Avg high °F||60.44||60.98||64.76||68.72||73.94||81.68||85.64||86.72||81.86||75.74||66.74||61.88|


Greenhouse Gases – Laboratory Assignment
Prepared by XX
1750, Average temperature coming in at 57 degrees. Nearly an one to one ratio as equal amounts of both carbon dioxide CO2 and Methane CH4. Nitrous Oxide N2O was virtually invisible. It was a clean environment and It would be interesting to see just how fresh the air would have been to breath back in that time frame. There we're only a small rural farms, no automobile fossil fuels being burned.
Current: Average temperature coming in at 59 degrees. Carbon Dioxide CO2 is still being developed at a much greater rate with every increasing levels. Methane CH4 is having a harder time escaping, as ...view middle of the document...
N20 Nitrous Oxide, is not escaping, and yellow photons are remaining trapped as well. Carbon Dioxide is escaping at a moderate level, with approximately, 1 out of six molecules bouncing back to earth.
It is an exponential build-up of it with increased pollutions from an expanded mobile society, industrial growth, exploration for more natural resources and agricultural developments all having expanded to meet an increasing population.
2. According to the computer model and your readings, which source(s) of heat-trapping pollution contribute the most to climate change? Explain.
Carbon Dioxide appears to have the most impact and it have to do with the humanities desire to be mobile. From automobiles to air travel this is a continuous elevation to creating a thicker layering keeping the earth warmer. In Addition, as industrial needs expand, there is an additional increase into the layer holding the heat in. While methane and nitrous oxide have greater potency, there is not the same volume as C02 accumulation.
3. Recalling your observations from the three time periods, how has the thickening blanket of heat-trapping pollution affected Earth’s temperature between 1750 and today? How will the blanket and Earth’s temperature look in 2050? Does the simulation predict that positive feedbacks will kick in by 2050 (e.g., does the temperature increase appear to be accelerating)? According to your readings, what might explain positive feedbacks?
In 1750, estimates put the Earths temperatures at 57 degrees. Displayed were one-to-one ratios as equal amounts of both carbon dioxide C02 and Methane CH4. Nitrous Oxide N20 was virtually invisible. There we're small rural farms, no automobile fossil fuels being burned. When we compare this to current temperature at 59 degrees, it is roughly a two degree increased. The industrial age, and a mobile society brought the increase upon us.
The temperature increase from 1750-2012 is only 2 degrees. Estimates placing the temperature at 63, show a significant jump in temperature acceleration with 2050, estimated to be 63 degrees average. That is a 4 degree increase in 1/4 of the time frame.
4. Briefly describe three impacts of climate change on ecosystems and biodiversity. Cite examples from course readings.
Example One: With increased temperatures, the polar caps are melting and providing less of a habitat for the polar bear. Global sea levels could rise a staggering 6 feet from melting land ice alone. If the heat building continues over the next thousand years you could see an...


Fort Bend County officials have been closely monitoring area rivers and watching for drainage issues since the recent rains. (Kelly Schafler/Community Impact Newspaper)
At the May 25 Commissioners Court meeting, County Judge KP George asked Mark Flathouse, the county’s emergency management coordinator, for an update on how the county is preparing for the upcoming hurricane season, which begins June 1.
County officials have been closely monitoring area rivers and watching for drainage issues since the recent rains, Flathouse said. Though there isn’t a big concern now, he said officials are preparing for the impact of a storm or hurricane on top of the higher-than-normal river waters.
“When the rivers are up and we have a lot of moisture and a lot of waters, if we do have any tropical activity, it is a concern for emergency management,” he said.
Those concerns are amplified, he said, since the NOAA is predicting another above-normal Atlantic hurricane season in terms of activity, the administration announced in May.
For 2021, experts are expecting a range of 13 to 20 named storms with winds of 39 mph or higher. Of those, six to 10 could become hurricanes with winds of 74 mph or higher, including three to five major hurricanes with winds of 111 mph or higher.
NOAA provides these ranges with a 70% confidence, the administration said. Experts do not anticipate the historic level of storm activity seen in 2020.
Flathouse said his team is trained and ready to act if and when storms form over the coming months. Being prepared is key, he said, since it’s nearly impossible to predict exactly where a hurricane will land.
“We want to make sure that we’re prepared,” he said.


Department of Pediatrics,
Chronic Respiratory Disease Research Center, NRITLD, Shahid Beheshti University , MC, Tehran-Iran,
Long Island University ,Individual Researcher , Long Island-USA.,
Tobacco Prevention and Control Research Center
Department of Pulmonary Medicine, NRITLD, Shahid Beheshti University M.C, Tehran - Iran.
Background: Air pollution is a major horror in many cities in Iran especially in Tehran. The cost of traffic congestion in the capital is put at two billion hours of time wasted each year. Tehran has also recorded SO2 levels four times the standard prescribed by the World Health Organization. Tehran is the capital of the Islamic Republic of Iran with almost 11 million inhabitants (one sixth of the country’s population), and is the most densely populated city of the country. The purpose of this research was to investigate the effects of air pollution on cardiorespiratory system. We assessed the relationship between the levels of air pollutants and emergency visits for asthma and cardiovascular diseases in Tehran, Iran. Two research questions investigated in this study were as follows: a) Which criteria elements of hazardous toxic air pollution were associated most strongly with the level of hospital admissions for cardiorespiratory conditions? b) What proportion of the variation in hospital admissions for cardiorespiratory conditions was explained by variations in levels of air pollution? Materials and Methods: During a 12-month period (from April 2004 to March 2005), the concentrations of 5 air pollutants (CO , NO2, O3, SO2 and PM10 ) were measured in four stations located in north, west, south and central part of Tehran. The level of air pollution was calculated according to PSI (Pollution Standard Index). Results: Based on the results obtained during the study period, concentration of CO was reported as “above standard” on most of the days, leading to an “unhealthy” situation. 51.9% of measurements were made at PSI≤100 and standard conditions. 34.7% of measurements were at “unhealthy” levels with PSI= 101- 200. 13.2% of measurements were in “very- unhealthy” conditions with PSI= 201- 300. and 0.2% of measurements were recorded in one station and in a “hazardous” condition with PSI>300. For ozone (O3), all measurements were at standard conditions, PSI≤100. The concentration of SO2 on most of the days was at “standard” condition. Only 6% of the measurements (2 samples) were at “unhealthy” or “hazardous” levels, PSI=101-200. Regarding particulate matter (PM10), all samples were evaluated as 88.7% of the measurements were at standard conditions with PSI≤100 while 11.3% of the measurements showed “unhealthy” condition with PSI=101-200. Conclusion: It was observed that carbon monoxide and particulate matter were the main air pollutants in Tehran that had levels higher than standard values. The results showed that the number of admissions because of cardiopulmonary complaint was positively correlated with concentration of all studied pollutants except for ozone (O3). The main source for these air pollutants was motor vehicles. It is notable that atmospheric condition along with geographical situation of Tehran help augment the air pollution in this city. Thus, in addition to encouraging the use of CNG as the combustion material for cars, buses and minibuses, other extensive measures should be implemented in this regard. (Tanaffos 2009; 8(1): 35-40)


Skies will gradually clear overnight from the north with a few lingering rain and snow showers possible tonight. Temperatures will drop down into the 20s before warming quickly into the 50s with some sun for most by tomorrow afternoon. A stout cold front will sweep across the state Sunday morning, increasing chances for rain and snow. In addition, temperatures will be falling through the afternoon with strong northerly winds. Next week will start out relatively chilly for April, but temperatures will warm up through much of the week with sunshine, breezy winds, and a few outside chances for precipitation.
-Meteorologist Dave Holder


New Delhi: Air air pollution is lowering the life expectancy of Indians by as a lot as 5 years — the very best well being burden on this planet — in keeping with the newest version of the Air High quality Life Index (AQLI), produced by the Vitality Coverage Institute on the College of Chicago.
The index, which relies on information from 2020, factors out that 63 per cent of India’s inhabitants lives in locations the place air air pollution ranges “exceed the nation’s personal nationwide air high quality customary of 40 µg/m3 (micrograms per cubic metre)”.
At a global degree, this spells even worse information. “Since 2013, about 44 per cent of the world’s enhance in air pollution has come from India, the place the particulate air pollution degree has elevated from 53 µg/m3 then, to 56 μg/m3 immediately — roughly 11 occasions increased than the WHO guideline,” says the index, which was launched Tuesday.
The index notes that India’s Nationwide Clear Air Programme (NCAP), a technique launched in 2019 to cut back air air pollution throughout 122 non-compliant cities, has the potential to save lots of 1.6 years of life.
Nevertheless, the NCAP’s objective of lowering dangerous particulate matter (PM 2.5 and PM10) ranges by 20-30 per cent by 2024 (in comparison with 2017 ranges), is non-binding.
In accordance with the NCAP tracker, cities aiming to cut back their air pollution ranges have both “marginally improved” or elevated in air pollution ranges. Not one of the cities — referred to as “non-attainment” cities — has achieved the nationwide annual acceptable air pollution restrict of 40 micrograms per cubic metre for PM2.5 and 60 micrograms per cubic metre for PM10.
Final 12 months, the World Well being Group revised its air air pollution norms (PM 2.5) from 10 micrograms per cubic metre [annual average] to five micrograms per cubic metre, with a purpose to “present clear proof of the harm air air pollution inflicts on human well being, at even decrease concentrations than beforehand understood”.
Air pollution ranges within the Indo-Gangetic plain are 21 occasions increased than the WHO restrict, in keeping with the index. If air air pollution ranges are introduced down to fulfill the WHO’s revised requirements, common life expectancy can go up by 10.1 years in Delhi, 7.9 years in Bihar, and eight.9 years in Uttar Pradesh, the index says.
A 2019 examine by Lancet discovered that air air pollution was chargeable for over 16 lakh deaths — about 17.8 per cent — within the nation.
“By updating the AQLI with the brand new WHO guideline based mostly on the newest science, we now have a greater grasp on the true price we’re paying to breathe polluted air,” AQLI Director Christa Hasenkopf mentioned in an announcement, including: “Now that our understanding of air pollution’s impression on human well being has improved, there’s a stronger case for governments to prioritise it as an pressing coverage problem.”
Additionally learn: India’s poor face disproportionately increased danger of dying from air air pollution than the wealthy — examine
Exacting a excessive price in India
India’s efficiency on the index, which is printed yearly, doesn’t appear to have improved since final 12 months.
In accordance with the index, India’s air pollution ranges might be attributed to “industrialisation, financial improvement, and inhabitants progress”, aside from a four-fold rise in street autos for the reason that early 2000s.
Utilizing the WHO’s revised air air pollution norms, the worst-affected areas are Delhi, Bihar, and Uttar Pradesh.
“Nevertheless, particulate air pollution is now not only a characteristic of the Indo-Gangetic plains. Excessive ranges of air air pollution have expanded geographically during the last twenty years. For instance, within the Indian states of Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh, residence to 200 million individuals, air pollution has risen by 68.4 per cent and 77.2 per cent, respectively, for the reason that 12 months 2000.
“Right here, the common particular person is now dropping a further 1.5 to 2.2 years of life expectancy, relative to the life expectancy implications of air pollution ranges in 2000,” says the index.
Globally, the index provides, air air pollution is costing the common particular person 2.2 years of life — greater than the chance of smoking (1.9 years), alcohol use (8 months), unsafe water and sanitation (7 months), HIV/AIDS (4 months), malaria (3 months), and battle and terrorism (9 days).
The pandemic-induced lockdowns the world over had little impact on international air pollution ranges, the AQLI notes.
“The standard of air that residents breathe displays how their nation understands the dangers and prioritises the well being of its individuals. The AQLI demonstrates the chance nations have to enhance the well being and lengthen the lives of their residents if they’re keen to just accept the prices of environmental rules,” says the index.
Though international air pollution ranges remained excessive in 2020, common international air pollution ranges have declined since 2013 “totally because of China”, which applied a stringent coverage to deal with air air pollution within the nation, the index provides.
(Edited by Nida Fatima Siddiqui)
Additionally learn: Smog of democracy — Why air air pollution just isn’t a political problem


Airplanes and Contrails
When driving back home for the three-day weekend, I noticed a beautiful sunset in my rear-view mirror. The dazzling display of colors was also accompanied by crisscrossing white lines left behind by airplanes. I had always wondered what those elongated clouds in the sky were, so I decided to research more when I arrived home.
Sometimes on a cold winter day, we can see our breath in the air or see the exhaust from a car spiraling up towards the sky. The trails left behind by airplanes are very similar to those phenomenon. The white cloud lines are called “condensation trails”, or contrails for short. A jet engine emits a lot of hot water vapor into the atmosphere, which, upon contact with the extremely cold air at such a high altitude, immediately turns to ice crystals. These crystals essentially form a cirrus cloud, which expands and spreads out until it disappears.
But sometimes I see a plane in the air and no contrails accompanying it. Why is that? Simply put, the air is too dry and the water vapor dissipates into it almost immediately. The contrails last much longer in moist air because it takes time for them to be absorbed into the already saturated air molecules. Nevertheless, contrails are definitely a nice addition to a beautiful sunset in my opinion.


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Prekei taikoma akcija ir jūs sutaupote - €17.99
It uses the very latest in ultrasound technology to reliably and accurately measure the wind's speed and direction, including those of wind gusts. You can configure how you want to be alerted if the wind reaches a certain speed and also receive more precise "feels like" temperature using the Weather Station App.
Wind Gauge module powered by 4 AA batteries (up to 2 years autonomy).
You have the option of connecting up to 1 Wind Gauge Module to a Station.
The Wind Gauge Module is sold individually and works with the Weather Station sold separately.
A Wind Gauge
4 AA batteries
iOS 7 or higher
Android 4.0 or higher
WP 8.0 or higher
Height: 110 mm / 4.33 in.
Diameter: 85 mm / 3.35 in.
High quality plastic. Weatherproof, resistant to UV, hail and strong winds.
4 ultrasonic transducers
Range: 0 to 45 m/s (160 km/h, 100 mph)
Accuracy: 0.5 m/s (1.8 km/h, 1 mph)
m/s, km/h, mph, knots, Beaufort.
Wireless connection between module and station :
Long range 100 m / 330 ft.


Ricewood MUD would like to advise residents about potential freezing temperatures tonight: Tuesday, November 12th, 2019.
According to the National Weather Service, a cold front moved in Monday night, resulting in temperatures in the low 40s. Temperatures in the low 30s will be possible on Tuesday night. Strong winds and some scattered showers will accompany the colder temperatures, potentially lowering the “feels like” temperature to the high 20’s. A freeze warning or hard freeze warning may occur on Tuesday, likely for areas north of Harris County.
This is the first potentially freezing weather we have seen this season. Take time to prepare your vehicle and home NOW for the winter weather season.
At home, remember to protect the “Four P’s”: People, pets, pipes, and plants.
Observe heater safety:
In your vehicle, you should always have an emergency car kit.
If your car breaks down, call Tow and Go or the Motorist Assistance Program (MAP) for help


Philippines, 8 Nov – A category 5 ‘super’ typhoon (Haiyan, known locally as Yolanda) has entered the Philippine Area of Responsibility and is due to make landfall on the east of the country Friday 8th November. Haiyan was assessed as having sustained wind speeds of 225kph with gusts of 250 kph near its centre and is travelling at a speed of 33kmh. Eastern Visayas, likely to be first impacted has a population of 4.1m. The storm is predicted to track across the country exiting the evening of November 8th on the west coast of the country.
The Philippine public authorities are making evacuation and prepositioning plans particularly for people in lowlying or mountainous areas where floods, landslides and storm surges are likely. An advanced UN Assessment and Coordination (UNDAC) team has been requested to assist the national authorities and will arrive the morning of 8th November. Two members of MapAction are deploying alongside and are en route today.


CENTRAL TEXAS (KXAN) — Cedar allergy concentrations spiked to the “very high” symptom range again on Wednesday as we find ourselves in the midst of the traditional peak of cedar season.
Cedar pollen is typically most prevalent in Central Texas from late December through early January. Concentrations can be highest from I-35 westward where Ashe Juniper trees are most prevalent, but cedar pollen is known to ride the wind for miles.
Much of Central Texas has recorded less than 40% of average rainfall over the last 60 days. Drying conditions combined with gusty winds from winter cold fronts have led to large spikes in cedar pollen.
When can we expect allergy relief?
Cedar allergy season traditionally ends in February, but if you want a bit of temporary relief before then for outdoor activities, there is some good news.
With another windy, rain-free cold front on Thursday, cedar allergies likely go from bad to worse. But light rain and drizzle beginning in many areas late Friday and continuing on Saturday may remove some of the allergens from the air and deposit them in the ground.
Though we may enjoy a brief reprieve in cedar symptoms this weekend, a windy, dry cold front again spikes cedar levels early next week.


The long-term forecasts provided by the ECMWF (European Center of Weather Forecasts), allow EcoClimasol researchers to determine:
- Rainfall deficit or excess Probability Index.
- Temperature increase or decrease Probability Index.
Improving your Long-Term Forecasts : A Permanent Scientific Challenge
Long-Term forecasts try to estimate the next 6 months average climate. They provide weather trends for parameters such as temperature and precipitation at a regional scale. In order to implement forecasts, scientists use climate models to simulate the evolution of the atmosphere and the oceans as well as its interactions. Improving long-term forecasts remains a permanent scientific challenge.


In the current issue of Nature Climate Change, there’s an article about how the rise in temperatures may affect forests in the southwestern United States. Drought is a factor in forest mortality–but so is temperature.
According to a press release from Los Alamos National Laboratory (the paper’s lead author, A. Park Williams, is from LANL, as are four of the other authors), the researchers “aligned about 13,000 tree core samples with known temperature and moisture data, further blending in known historic events such as documented megadroughts that drove the ancient Pueblo Indians out of longtime settlements such as Mesa Verde, Colo.”
By comparing the tree-ring record with climate data, scientists identified two climate variables that can be used to estimate annual regional tree-growth variability: total winter precipitation and average summer-fall atmospheric evaporative demand.
Again, according to the release:
Using climate-model projections of winter precipitation and summer-fall evaporative demand to estimate forest drought stress in the future, the team projects 1200s and 1500s megadrought-type forest drought-stress conditions to be exceeded on a regular basis by the 2050s. If climate models are correct, forest drought-stress levels during even the wettest and coolest years of the late 21st century will still usually be more severe than the driest, warmest years of the 1200s and 1500s megadroughts. In fact, the study forecasted that during the second half of this century, about 80 percent of years are projected to exceed megadrought levels.
Right…so what does all of this mean?
It means that big changes are coming to New Mexico’s forests.
You can view the article online at: http://www.nature.com/nclimate/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nclimate1693.html


n. A waterspout that forms between the surface of a lake and a snow squall; a tornado that forms over a snow-covered area.
Originating over Lake Ontario, the storm was wreaking havoc on the Tug Hill Plateau, a region in upstate New York. Over the water, the storm formed a number of snownadoes—whitish columns of swirling air stretched between the lake’s surface and the sky. When the storm reached land, it dropped three to four feet of snow on the Tug Hill.
Winter waterspouts (aka "snownados") are pretty uncommon, requiring a very specific set of meteorological conditions to form. Footage of the spiraling slush-columns is rarer, still (as in, there are six photos of them in existence) — a fact we like to think makes this snownado-video worth 90 seconds of your time.
RE your other email about snownadoes — the recent documentary (Storm Force) had footage of a tornado on the ground while there was snow on the ground.
A snownado also goes by the less-fun names winter waterspout, icespout, and snowspout, as well as the almost-as-fun names snow devil and ice devil.


Rather than destroying the eye of the storm, which, according to the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), is suggested every hurricane season, a new (crazy?) study from a Stanford University professor notes an additional advantage of building offshore wind farms. Besides creating clean energy, offshore wind farms could dissipate hurricanes!
At a time of the year when Pacific countries and islands are struck by this destructive phenomenon, this study comes as good news!
It almost sounds too good to be true. But scientists from Stanford University, Cornell University and the University of California-Davis, are categorical: “You can dissipate hurricanes so much that you can reduce wind speeds, peak wind speeds by more than half, and the storm surge by almost 80 percent in the case of New Orleans and hurricane Katrina,” says Mark Jacobson, professor of civil and environmental engineering at Stanford University. The authors even declared that 78,000 turbines 90 meters high placed off the coast of New Orleans could have reduced Hurricane Katrina’s wind speeds by as much as 158 km per hour by the time they reached land. And they go on: 100,000 turbines located between New York and Washington, D.C., could have weakened the winds of hurricane Sandy by up to 140km/h and reduced storm surge by 34 per cent. It is not without mentioning the financial benefits of producing huge amounts of clean energy.
Professor Jacobson argues that the turbines could reduce the power of a hurricane so much that the turbines themselves would not be damaged: “The wind speeds are dissipated, the hurricanes are dissipated sufficiently so that you never get to the destructive wind speed of a turbine even in a hurricane such as hurricane Katrina, which destroyed much of New Orleans.”
When winds blow in the turbine blades, some of their kinetic energy is converted into electric energy. In theory, the winds converted could no longer be used within the hurricane, which would therefore slow it down.
Jacobson explains: “We found that when wind turbines are present, they slow down the outer rotation winds of a hurricane. This feeds back to decrease wave height, which reduces movement of air toward the center of the hurricane, increasing the central pressure, which in turn slows the winds of the entire hurricane and dissipates it faster.”
Another consequence of hurricanes are storm surges. This is when a hurricane causes waters along the coast to rise above the normal tide, resulting in wide-ranging flood. However, the study also affirms that wind farms could reduce storm surge by up to 79 per cent, due to lower wind speeds.
However, installing 78,000 offshore wind turbines would have a cost of hundreds of billions of dollars. But Jacobson is optimistic: “You get all that money back by electricity sales over 25-30 years, and you reduce storm surge and wind speed associated with a hurricane.” Still, is it realistic to think that this can be done?
Could this be true?
Professor Cristina Archer of the University of Delaware, who is a co-author of the study, is sure that wind farms are a new solution against the disasters that the U.S are often facing. She suggests locating wind farms in offshore areas where they could use the wind for electricity, offsetting fossil fuel use and its resulting emissions and pollution. “If you can be smart about it, then you can have still very, very high benefits and locally. So, for example, for [Hurricane] Katrina, we placed the turbines just up wind of New Orleans,” she said. “And, so we protected New Orleans by taking action in New Orleans. So [we showed that] local actions had actual local benefits.”
A climate scientist at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Kerry Emanuel, is also optimistic “It’s a fairly straightforward calculation,” he says.”It’s not at all implausible.”
And they are not the only ones: Mark D. Powell, a hurricane researcher at the American National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration is excited about the conclusions of Jacobson’s study. He declared that the agency would fly its data-gathering planes (with the pretty name of “Hurricane Hunter“) which are piloted into storms every season for meteorological research, into areas where Jacobson proposed to install turbines. Powell believes that by gathering hurricane wind data from those areas, scientists could be able to forecast how the hurricanes would impact turbine blades.
However, NOAA is not planning to investigate any technique to reduce hurricanes for the moment. Powell explains that the organization is currently rather focusing on improving hurricane forecasts.
Dr. Ioannis Georgiou, director of the Pontchartrain at the Institute for Environmental Sciences from the University of New Orleans, with a background in storm surge and hydrodynamic modeling, also examined the study but he is not convinced.
“I’m not questioning the reduction in winds.” However, the scientist argues that more research are needed on certain aspects of the study, in order for before an investment to be made into offshore wind farms aiming at reducing hurricanes.
For example, he explains that the shoreline of Louisiana is far more complex than the research model shows. He also asserts that the research doesn’t entirely take into account the numerous ways storms could reach the coasts.
Professor Georgiou also affirms that storm surge is not directly related to wind speed. Therefore, reducing wind speed is not the solution to avoid storm surges.
An expert in northern hurricanes at Queens College in New York, Nicholas Coch, is sceptical. He said: “That wind farm couldn’t possibly drain that much energy out of the wind”. However, he is not surprised by the idea, which is not new, he says. Indeed, many years ago, one man “wanted to build windmills along the Florida coast to blow hurricanes back to Africa,” Coch recalls.
Offshore wind farms are not welcome in the United States of America!
There is a good reason why scientists are looking for new ideas to fight against hurricanes: from levees to storm barriers, seawalls and dunes: nothing has worked yet!
Through stats, Jacobson showed that 14,000 offshore wind farms could supply 45 percent of energy demands of the State of New York by 2050. However, there are currently no offshore wind farms in the U.S.
And Jacobson’s proposal might be difficult to apply in America. Indeed, there has been political and social resistance in the United States to installing even a few hundred offshore wind turbines. Undeniably, public acceptance is an important hurdle to U.S offshore wind power has to deal with. For example, the Cape Wind project of 130 turbines for a potential output of 468 megawattshad been delayed by many lawsuits, saying that the deal would drive up electricity costs.
However, this project could be running by 2016 and be the first offshore wind farm. It would be placed off the shores of Cape Cod and it would be run by Cape Wind.
So, is it the time for Americans to turn to offshore wind energy? We would then see if Jacobson was right!
Alix is a writer, researcher, and correspondent on the Asia-Pacific region for Marine Renewable Energy LTD. She previously served as a maritime policy advisor to the New Zealand Consul General in New Caledonia and as the French Navy’s Deputy Bureau Chief for State Action at Sea, New Caledonia Maritime Zone.
6 thoughts on “Super Tornadoes vs Wind Farms”
It will not be possible to continue running windmills during hurricanes. German offshore windpark turbines will be cut off during windspeed above certain level.
Yes, it is usually what happens. I live in a cyclonic zone and during a cyclone, wind turbines are tilted down or cut off. But anyway Jacobson’s study is certainly too optimistic to be true.. It is however surprising how many persons are interested in this study!
Feh! We’ll just build bigger and stronger windmills!
If you really want to slow the hurricane down, run the windmills in reverse! Who’s going to consume the power anyway?
So..if wind turbines slow wind speed.. could they also cause more drought and less rainfall?
Super Tornado whipping Wind Farms can succumb to Dead Calms if there’s no Backup Battery Park. As far as Wind Turbine blades chopping a Hurricane down to size, I’ll believe it when I see it.


WSH-200 Ultrasonic 2D Anemometer is a compact ultrasonic wind speed and wind direction sensor. It is designed to simultaneously measure the 2-dimensional horizontal components of the wind speed and direction. Using the ABS shell, lighter in weight, build-in own intelligent heating module, and more stable structure. It can work normally under the cold and freezing weather. Mainly used in highway, meteorology, drilling platform, waterway, port, wind power generation, shipping, and automatic meteorological station, etc.


Varanasi is located at aproximately 26° North of the Equator, near the Tropic of Cancer in the Ganges River Valley. As such, it enjoys a reasonably comfortable winter season, but a nearly unbearable hot season.
Normal mid-winter temperatures strike a low in the mid 30's and daytime temperatures in the 60's. It is comfortable sweater weather, although sometimes chilly without any form of heating systems in the homes. Sometimes in late December and January heavy fog cover will appear in the early part of the day. October-November and February-March are almost always comfortable and sunny.
Summer brings a less comfortable weather situation. Begining in April continuing through June it is extremely dry and daytime temperatures often climb up to 115° F. (45° C.). Fortunately the nights cool considerably, bringing temperatures down to the 90's at night.
In late June or early July Monsoon season brings torential rains and high humidity, fortunately the temperatures will normally remain under 100°F (37°C.), although uncomfortably humid. By late September the city again returns to a comfortable level.


Brief note: The Grinch is trying to steal Revolver this Christmas. Fortunately, we are supported by many generous Subscribers and Donors, which helps us weather any cancel culture storm. You can now easily give the gift of a Revolver ad-free Subscription. Go to the Subscribe page and check the “gift” option. Don’t be a scrooge and make it an annual subscription. Buy one for yourself and for your friends and family, and anyone who can afford to give more, don’t hesitate to make a recurring monthly donation — whether it’s $1 or $1,000, every bit helps.
The dreaded “bomb cyclone” is closing in on the Midwest and Great Plains, and one area likely to get walloped hard is the Great Lakes region.
But what exactly is a “bomb cyclone?”
It’s defined as a rapidly strengthening storm that drops 24 millibars in pressure in less than 24 hours.
This brings massive temperature drops — literally temps dropping in 60 seconds flat:
And then the bomb cyclone hits …. Literally 60 seconds for the temperature drop pic.twitter.com/z7qE78ClMH
— Alan Tegel (@tegelad) December 22, 2022
It’s going to be so cold, the National Weather Service is running out of colors to depict the artic freeze.
And speaking of the Great Lakes, wave models are now showing twenty-foot waves across Lake Michigan, Erie, Ontario, and Superior.
Great Lakes wave model now showing TWENTY foot waves SIMULTANEOUSLY occurring on Lake Superior, Michigan, Erie AND Ontario at the height of the storm. One for the history books coming up folks! #greatlakes #waves #bombcyclone pic.twitter.com/Q8uG7RQ6Je
— David Piano (@ONwxchaser) December 21, 2022
The biggest concern up and down the East Coast is flooding.
A bomb cyclone is expected to strike parts of the Northeast and cause widespread coastal flooding — with up to 3 feet of water — as temperatures plunge over the holiday weekend, meteorologists said Thursday.
Parts of New Jersey, Maine and Long Island are expected to be swamped by 1 to 3 feet of flooding followed by freezing during peak holiday travel times, said Fox Weather meteorologist Marissa Lautenbacher.
“This storm is very, very strong and has a deep cold air blast from the Arctic,” said Lautenbacher. “It’s going to have a big impact.”
Rapidly strengthening Arctic winds are forecast to blow up to 60 mph from the Great Lakes region to Buffalo, New York, and in parts of New England beginning Friday, potentially knocking out power.
The New York area will be hit by heavy rain followed by a temperature drop of up to 30 degrees, which could cause a “flash freeze” on roads — leading to treacherous driving conditions Friday evening, Lautenbacher said.
Everyone stay safe and warm out there, and don’t forget to keep your pets safe, too.


08 August 2009
Aljazeera: Indonesian fires blamed for Malaysia haze
A thick haze blamed on Indonesian land-clearing fires has thickened to dangerous levels over Kuala Lumpur.
The smog is said to have been caused by farmers using fires to clear their land for the planting season.
Hospitals reported a rise in respiratory and eye ailments from the mix of dust, ash, sulphur dioxide and carbon dioxide.
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The origin of our word “inspiration” is defined as our contemporary word “inhalation”, and refers to breathing in air. Energetic air (small air ions of oxygen) as found in sea breeze, near waterfalls, during and after rain showers, and as produced by radon in wilderness areas can be very inspirational. Fresh air contains higher levels of energetic air and this is a result of the energy provided by the above natural forces. The currency of power is a surplus of “negative air ions”, tilting the ratio of positive air ions down, and negative air ions up.
Polluted air reverses this ratio, reducing negative air ions and increasing positive ions of oxygen: the result is “stale air”, both contaminated and reduced in vital power, which can cause fatigue, drowsiness, depression, irritability, and breathing that is not satisfying, not full or filling. Stale air (enervating) is created by: smoke, smog, dust, storm fronts, hot desert winds, air conditioning, heating, and too many people breathing in enclosed spaces such as class rooms, auditoriums, offices and churches.
On and near freeways and heavy traffic areas smog, pulverized tire dust (this happens to tire material as it wears down) and brake pads (they wear down into dust) fill the air with microscopic contaminants that not only eliminate energetic air, but instead create the opposite: enervated air (posi-ion pollution) that literally sucks up and neutralizes energetic air, leaving stale and stuffy air behind.
If you have no fresh air in your neighborhood or home, then consider using air purifiers with good filtration (Hepa filters, electrostatic filters) and an adjustable air ionizer. Many companies make these. Expect to try more than one, and research customer satisfaction reports or endorsements.
Paul C Adams (c) 2015


IITM, INCOIS, NCMRWF built a state-of-the-art coupled ocean-atmospheric model
Under the National Monsoon Mission initiative, the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM), Pune, Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS), Hyderabad and National Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting (NCMRWF), NOIDA have built a state-of-the-art coupled ocean atmospheric model for (i) improved prediction of monsoon rainfall on extended range to seasonal time scale (16 days to one season) and (ii) improved prediction of temperature, rainfall and extreme weather events on short to medium range time scale (up to 15 days) so that forecast skill gets quantitatively improved further for operational services of IMD. Forecasts, early warning of severe weather events and advisories are issued by IMD at national, regional and state levels. In order to provide early warning of severe weather events, IMD has setup a network of state meteorological centres to have better coordination with the state and district level agencies.
Improvement of weather forecasting services is a continuous process. Government has initiated a comprehensive modernization programme for IMD covering up-gradation of (i) observation systems (ii) advanced data assimilation tools (iii) advanced communication and IT infrastructure (iv) high performance computing systems and (v) intensive/sophisticated training of IMD personnel to facilitate the implementation of advanced global/regional/ meso-scale prediction models for improving the accuracy of weather forecasts in all temporal and spatial scales and for quick dissemination of weather forecast assessments/warnings to the users.
The onset of monsoon over Kerala is predicted about 5-10 days in advance. Subsequent arrival of monsoon over other states of the country is predicted 3-5 days in advance. This information along with the crop specific advisories are disseminated to farmers through different print/visual/Radio/ IT based media including short message service (SMS) and Interactive Voice Response Service (IVRS) facilitating for appropriate field level actions. Weather forecast based agrometeorological advisories are disseminated through Kisan portal launched by the Ministry of Agriculture and also under public private partnership.
As per the recent National Council of Applied Economic Research (NCAER) report, farming community of the country is using the Gramin Krishi Mausam Seva (GKMS) service products of India Meteorological Department (IMD) for critical farm operations Viz. i) Management of sowing (Delayed onset of rains); ii) Changing crop variety (Delay in rainfall); iii) Spraying Pesticides for disease control (occurrence of rainfall); iv) Managing Irrigation (Heavy rainfall Forecast).
The list of research Institutions in the country engaged in forecast/research on monsoon is given below.
1 India Meteorological Department(IMD), New Delhi
2 Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM), Pune
3 National centre of Medium Range Weather Forecasting(NCMRWF), NOIDA
4 Indian Space Research Organisation-Space Applications Centre, Ahmedabad, National Atmospheric Research Laboratory, Tirupati.
5 Council of Scientific & Industrial Research- Fourth Paradigm Institute, Bengaluru.
6 Indian Institute of Technology, Bhubaneswar
7 Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur
8 Indian Institute of Technology, Gandhi Nagar
9 Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay
10 Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi
11 Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore
12 Andhra University
13 University of Kolkata
14 Cochin University for Science and Technology
15 Savithribhai Phule Pune University, Pune
16 Center for Development of Advanced Computing, Pune
To upgrade the forecasting capabilities, various programs are being implemented in IMD under the umbrella scheme “Atmosphere & Climate Research-Modelling Observing Systems & Services (ACROSS)” of the MoES. The projects under ACROSS are continuing programs from previous Plan periods encompassing various activities in an integrated manner to ensure the sustenance & augmentation of observations & enhancement of facilities required for the weather forecasting services.
Allocation of funds made for all programs under ACROSS, including research initiatives for accuracy of monsoon forecast, alongwith expenditure incurred during last five years is tabulated below:
|Total allocation of funds under ACROSS|
|Year||Budget Estimates||Revised Estimates||Actual Expenditure|
|(Rs. in Crores)|
This information was given by Dr. Harsh Vardhan, Union Minister for Science & Technology, Earth Sciences and Health & Family Welfare in a written reply in Lok Sabha today.


Year-long summers, clear waters, stunning shorelines, and bustling cities, to live in the Sunshine State is to live in paradise. But there is a catch to this lifestyle: a constant threat of tropical storms. While the rest of the U.S. deals with colder temperatures, Floridians deal with hurricane season. In recent years, this seems like a pretty good trade-off. This year, however, Florida is facing the menacing Hurricane Ian, especially in areas on the Gulf Coast.
See Also: How To Hack This Hurricane Season
This area is where storms most frequently occur, and the approaching cyclone is looking to do damage. The main component of a hurricane that will cause the most destruction is storm surge. Florida’s Gulf Coast is especially vulnerable to dangerous storm surges compared to any other part of the country.
California worries about fires, Texas worries about tornadoes, Nebraska worries about blizzards, but why does Florida fret about hurricanes?
Florida is located near the tropics, right above the equator. Since the tropics are physically closer to the sun, the water surrounding the state has warm temperatures that cause the water to evaporate much faster than cold water. This warm water causes the air around us to be thick with moisture. Hurricanes thrive in the hot, moist air, which keeps them going. Yet another reason to curse humidity. But this component isn’t enough to create a disastrous hurricane like Ian; it also has to do with wind.
Warm waters create the whispers of a tropical storm, but Florida’s wind patterns turn the murmurs into a full-blown hurricane. As Florida is near the equator, it is the perfect place for tropical winds, known as ‘trade winds,’ to create a constant cycle of warm air. This continuous cycle of warm air, warm water, and cyclical winds makes, for lack of better words, the perfect storm for a hurricane to form.
While Florida’s location makes the whole of the state vulnerable to hurricanes, Florida’s Gulf Coast should watch for the ever-alarming storm surge. Storm surge refers to rising water levels heightened by the storm and what causes the most ruin. As the hurricane travels over the sea, the strong cyclical winds collect water and push it forward. This water buildup is the ‘storm surge,’ and when the surge reaches land, the high tides will almost bulldoze through the area.
Storm surge poses the greatest threat to Florida’s Gulf Coast mainly due to the features of the shoreline and the continental shelf.
Florida has a low-lying coastline and shallow waters, providing little protection for the water being pushed inland by the winds. What exacerbates this threat is the continental shelf of the Gulf Coast, which extends up to 200 miles offshore in some spots. The shelf is wide and shallow and almost acts as a ramp for the water to quickly come onto the land. When winds push the water toward this ‘ramp,’ because it is shallow, there is nowhere for it to go but inland.
With Hurricane Ian, the storm surge will most likely affect the western regions of Florida like Tampa bay and areas along the western Gulf Coast. These areas should be on high alert, especially since the storm may stall over Tampa. A stall in a storm will give the waves more time to become even larger before they head to the shallow shelf.
Tampa bay— Tampa, St. Petersburg, Clearwater, and other coastal communities–should highly consider evacuation. The region has not experienced a significant threat of storm surge like this in over a century, when water levels reached over six feet, according to Climate Central. Since then, more than 100,000 homes have been built below that level.
The best thing Floridians can do now is prepare. Make an evacuation plan, prepare emergency kits, keep up-to-date with weather reports, and be safe. Refer to Red Cross’s Hurricane Checklist here.
Photography by: Courtesy Stocktrek Images/Getty, Warren Faidley/Getty


Get the weather forecast in a beautiful and powerful app from Apple. See the current temperature, hourly forecasts for the next 24 hours, and a ten-day forecast for locations around the world.
• See current weather conditions animated in the background throughout the app.
• View hourly forecasts for the next 24 hours and a ten-day forecast including chance of precipitation.
• View a chart that shows a minute‑by‑minute forecast of precipitation intensity over the next hour.*
• Get government information about certain severe weather events including tornados, winter storms, flash floods, and more.*
• Monitor air quality using a color-coded scale that displays an AQI value and category for that location.*
• Save locations to your list, then swipe between them or pinch to view the full list.
• View sunrise and sunset times within the hourly forecast.
• Scroll down to see more information, such as chance of rain, humidity, wind, visibility, and more.
• Add a weather widget to your Home screen to see the forecast at a glance, view severe weather information, and learn about upcoming shifts in weather.
• Ask Siri weather questions such as “What’s the weather like today?”, “How windy is it out there?” or “What time is sunrise in Paris?”
*Available in select countries.


Bush Administration Faces Pressure After Release Of UN Climate Study February 2, 2007Posted by notapundit in US News, White House.
WASHINGTON (AP)–A report from the world’s top climate scientists concluding the world is in for centuries of manmade warming put pressure Friday on the Bush administration to reverse the growing U.S. share of gases that trap heat in the atmosphere.
Democrats newly in control of Congress and other critics of President George W. Bush’s environmental policies pounced on the long-awaited United Nations report like it were fresh meat.
“For those who are still trying to determine responsibility for global warming, this new U.N. report on climate change is a scientific smoking gun,” said Rep. Edward Markey, D-Mass., a senior member of House panels on energy and natural resources.
The White House issued a statement less than four hours after the report’s release defending Bush’s six-year record on global climate change, beginning with his acknowledgment in 2001 that the increase in greenhouse gases is due largely to human activity.
It said Bush and his budget proposals have devoted $29 billion to climate-related science, technology, international assistance and incentive programs – “more money than any other country.” Bush has called for slowing the growth of greenhouse gas emissions to 1% a year but has rejected government-ordered reductions in them. Last week he also called for a 20% reduction in U.S. gasoline consumption over the next 10 years.
Markey said it will be Congress which will have “to meet this challenge by moving aggressively to transition away from forms of energy which have the capacity to destroy the planet as we know it.”
Compiled by scientists in 113 nations, the report says global warming is very likely caused by humans, meaning it is a 90% certainty. By the year 2100, temperatures are predicted to rise by about 3 to 7 degrees Fahrenheit and sea levels to go up 7 to 23 inches.
The last U.N. report – five years ago – said it was “likely,” or 66% probable, that people had caused global warming over the last 50 years.
“The IPCC report demonstrates that the scientific evidence linking human activities with changes in the Earth’s climate is even stronger than previously reported,” said Robert Watson, the World Bank’s chief spokesman on global warming and former chairman of the U.N. scientific panel responsible for evaluating the threat of climate change.
Some evangelical Christians who helped Bush win re-election in 2004 demanded he provide more world leadership on the issue in light of the new U.N. report.
“I am absolutely certain that as Christians we need to act today to curb global warming pollution,” said Jim Ball, national coordinator of the Evangelical Climate Initiative and president of the Evangelical Environmental Network. “It is a moral imperative that we act to protect God’s creation, including the helpless victims of what the report indicates will be the decades-long impact of global warming.”


I do not live in Cleveland, but as a meteorologist I can give you some idea of what is going on there...
Currently, the Cleveland airport is reporting 13°F with NW winds at 18mph...a wind chill factor of -4! Don't expect the temperature to rise today...in fact, it will likely drop a few degrees. And winds will remain strong...occasionally up to 30mph with below zero wind chills prevalent. Moderate snow is currently falling as well.
Cleveland is in a lake effect snow warning. The city is expected to see accumulations approaching a foot. But with lake effects, you can have some areas in the city pushing 14 to 16 inches and others in the 6 to 8 inch range. You may see periods where it is snowing like crazy for an hour or so and then get dry breaks that last at least that long. Lake effect snows fall in bands...not a solid wide swath. That said, it's a lot of snow regardless and will have some effect on the game. But even not taking the snow into account, the wind and temperatures are brutal. The football will be cold and hard. Ball carriers and receivers hands will be quite cold.
We watched the game in Denver (vs Oakland) with the snow a couple of weeks ago which turned out to quite high-scoring. However, the temperatures and winds were not a major factor. Today will be much different in Cleveland. Seems to me that this will be a low-scoring affair, pounding out yardage on the ground. It will be interesting to see how well the grounds keepers manage the field, thus affecting footing.
This will be a fun game to watch...but not necessarily fun if you have fantasy players involved (outside of maybe the Chargers D).


SOUTH AFRICA URGED TO CONTRIBUTE TO CLIMATE CHANGE DISCOURSE
The Director-General of the South African Department of Science and Technology, Dr Phil Mjwara, says climate change poses new challenges as well as opportunities for researchers to work across various disciplines.
Addressing the 3rd National Global Change Conference at the University of KwaZulu-Natal here Tuesday, Mjwara said South African researchers and scientists must contribute to international discourse on challenges affecting the planet.
The conference is unpacking challenges associated with climate change and changing weather patterns. Local researchers are also discussing ways of aligning climate change goals with South Africa’s developmental agenda.
Source: NAM NEWS NETWORK