Data Assimilation and Atmospheric Modeling Scienti - 113796
#113796 Data Assimilation and Atmospheric Modeling ScientiExtended Deadline: Mon 6/6/2022
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UCSD Layoff from Career Appointment: Apply by 01/06/22 for consideration with preference for rehire. All layoff applicants should contact their Employment Advisor.
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This position will remain open until a suitable candidate is identified.
The Center for Western Weather and Water Extremes (CW3E) is leading the development and implementation of new research and applications capabilities focused on extreme weather and climate events in the Western US. CW3E is developing and implementing weather and climate observations, numerical models and decision support tools focused on atmospheric and land-surface conditions related to extreme events and their impacts. The Institute for Geophysics and Planetary Physics (IGPP) at Scripps Institution of Oceanography collaborates with the Center for Western Weather and Water Extremes (CW3E) to develop revolutionary new Global Navigation Satellite System technology for atmospheric remote sensing and applying it to high priority weather forecasting and climate problems.
The Data Assimilation and Atmospheric Modeling Scientist will conduct synoptic and mesoscale numerical weather prediction experiments to develop techniques to exploit new remote sensing observations for forecast improvement. The research will focus on extreme precipitation events along the US West Coast and, in particular, landfalling atmospheric rivers. This position supports ongoing efforts to develop the use of state-of-the-art GNSS radio occultation observations for climate and atmospheric science research from airborne and spaceborne platforms.
Responsible for assisting in the development of data assimilation capabilities for the numerical weather prediction models at CW3E, utilizing strong programming skills and experience in computational and numerical methods. Implements methods for simulating remotely sensed observational data from 4D numerical model fields and designs forecast experiments using the new remote sensing data.
Uses community models such as the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF), Model for Prediction Across Scales (MPAS), the Global Forecast System, and /or the Community Earth System Model to design and implement experiments. Employs Joint Effort for Data Assimilation Integration (JEDI) for assimilating observational data to improve forecasts of atmospheric rivers.
Thorough knowledge of research function. Expertise in numerical modeling of the atmosphere (e.g. Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF), Model for Prediction Across Scales (MPAS), Global Forecast System (GFS), Community Earth System Model (CESM) or other). Able to process and analyze multivariate NWP model outputs.
Knowledge of how to evaluate numerical weather prediction model performance, for deterministic or probabilistic predictions.
Thorough skills associated with statistical analysis and systems programming. Expertise in at least one of the following data assimilation systems: Gridpoint Statistical Interpolation (GSI), Weather Research and Forecasting variational data assimilation (WRFDA), Data Assimilation Research Testbed (DART), Joint Effort for Data assimilation Integration (JEDI, which is a leading-edge data assimilation system and will be the major effort for the community to develop).
Experience with at least one of the following models: Model for Prediction Across Scales (MPAS), Global Forecast System (GFS), Integrated Forecasting System (IFS), Community Earth System Model (CESM). Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP).
Research skills at a level to evaluate alternate solutions and develop recommendations. Understanding of the research process and the scientific method. Research skills at a level to develop and evaluate alternate solutions and make recommendations. This includes proposing new analyses, use of new datasets, new conceptual ideas, or new workflow recommendations.
Skills to communicate complex information in a clear and concise manner both verbally and in writing. Skills in scientific graphical representation, scientific writing and experience presenting at scientific conferences (poster, and oral presentations).
Excellent interpersonal and communication skills including the ability to work independently and within a team framework that includes external collaborators. Ability to work in conjunction with principles of community (https://ucsd.edu/about/principles.html) in all interactions with staff, faculty, researchers, and students, as well as with external collaborators and the public.
Skills in project management. Skills in project management. Strong time management skills. Can prioritize tasks. Meets deadlines
Ability to supervise, train, delegate work to and or collaborate with junior scientists with diverse backgrounds.
Expertise in scientific programming to include Fortran or C or C++, python or matlab, ncl or R. Experience in Linux and shellscripts.
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Spacebattles.com original movies
Movies from other sources.
Discuss sci-fi and 3d
Rosetta unravels formation of sunrise jets
The atmosphere of Rosetta's comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko is far from homogeneous. In addition to sudden outbursts of gas and dust, daily recurring phenomena at sunrise can be observed. In these, evaporating gas and entrained dust are concentrated to form jet-like structures. A new study, led by the Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS) in Germany and published in the journal Nature Astronomy, now identifies the rugged, duck-shaped structure of the comet as the main cause of these jets. Not only do concave regions collimate gas and dust emissions similar to an optical lens, the complex topography also provide some areas of the surface with more sunlight than others.
Scientists introduce cosmochemical model for Pluto formation
Drilling success: Curiosity is collecting Mars rocks
Problem with new US weather satellite could affect pictures (Update)
First light for the storm hunter
New study details geological process behind Titan's dunes
Team tests feasibility of EmDrive and Mach Effect Thrusters


Every year on September 16, World Ozone Day is celebrated to make people aware of the ozone layer. The ozone layer in the atmosphere protects the Earth from harmful ultraviolet rays coming from the Sun. These rays can cause many diseases including dermatitis. That is to say, life on earth would not have been possible without a layer of ozone. Every year, people are made aware of its importance by preparing a different theme for the conservation of the ozone layer. The theme of World Ozone Day 2020 is ‘Ozone For Life’.
Ozone (O3) is the outermost layer of our atmosphere. This layer is an odorless gas consisting of three atoms of oxygen. It does not allow the sun’s harmful ultraviolet rays to reach the Earth. But pollution has made holes in ozone, increasing the risk of diseases.
Chemical gases released from the earth damage the ozone layer. Many scientists say that refrigerators and ACs are damaging the ozone layer.
Three molecules of oxygen combine to form ozone. The ozone layer begins at an altitude of 10 km above the earth and is present up to 50 km above. It protects the earth from the sun’s deadly rays. This layer prevents the ultraviolet rays of the sun causing cancer in humans.
Ozone pollutants are formed when nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons in the atmosphere react with the sun’s rays. The chemical action of carbon-mono-oxide and other gases released from vehicles and factories also increases the amount of ozone pollutant particles. According to scientists, the amount of ozone pollutants should not exceed 100 micrograms per cubic meter in an average of eight hours.
In the late 1970s, scientists came to know about holes in the ozone layer. After this, in the 80s, the government of many countries of the world started reflecting on this problem.
In 1985 the governments of the world adopted the Vienna Convention to protect the ozone layer. On September 16, 1987, an agreement was signed by 33 countries in the city of Montreal, Canada, to address the concern arising out of the ozone hole led by the United Nations. This is called the ‘Montreal Protocol’. It started on January 1, 1989. The goal of this protocol was to control chemicals that damage the ozone layer by the year 2050. According to the protocol, it was decided to limit the production and use of chloro-fluoro carbon (CFC), a substance that destroys the ozone layer. , But it was not implemented very much. Due to which its harmful effects have to be suffered.
Subsequently, on 19 December 1994, the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) declared 16 September as the International Day for the Protection of the Ozone Layer. World Ozone Day was celebrated for the first time on 16 September 1995.
‘World Ozone Day’ is celebrated every year on 16 September to inform people about the importance of the ozone layer and its impact on the environment. The theme of World Ozone Day to be held this year, ‘Ozone for Life: 35 years of ozone layer protection’, this year we’ve completed 35 years of global ozone layer protection.
According to research by Indian scientists published in NCBI Journal, in some countries of the world, there has been a 35 percent reduction in pollution and 60 percent reduction in nitrogen oxide since the lockdown since January 23. At the same time, the emission of ozone layer carbon also decreased by 1.5 to 2 percent and the level of carbon dioxide also decreased.
At the beginning of the month of April this year, there was also news that the biggest hole on the ozone layer has recovered. Scientists said that a hole with a circumference of one million square kilometres above the Arctic has closed.


They are comparable perhaps to the outer layer of an onion or the water on a wet soccer Xl Dejting Råd. Histogram of 30 year temperatures in Corvallis on May 1st. The atmospherewhich is the air and clouds above the surface, is about 10 km thick more than two thirds of its mass is contained below that height. Thus the average diurnal cycle is part Dejtingsida Happy Pancake Kokemuksia climate.
There are a few easy things you can do to help us, help you: In all likelihood, Date Code Definition remember its delightful world Europa Online Dating some time. Weather data from Dejta Innan Tillsammans, Oregon from January Forgotton Anne is good at telling a story, and creating a new world filled with magical things.
And it does so with a lot of style. Go to one of the following websites and explore temporal variations of surface temperature observations in Xl Dejting Råd location of your interest.
The water condenses into a cloud. However, deviations from the climatology for a certain day next year are unpredictable weather. You can use Xl Dejting Råd blogging tool on the site Enjoy your XL-Dating experience. Averaged over the Gratis Dejting App Gratis U. Forgotton Anne is a seamless cinematic adventure game with light puzzle platforming elements. Prior To Meeting Your Date.
Xl Dejting Råd your profile among thousands of others looking for love and partnership. Low pressure is associated with storms high winds and wind gusts. You play as Anne, the enforcer who keeps order in the Forgotten Lands, Dejting På Nätet Tips she sets out to quash a rebellion that might prevent her master, Bonku, and herself from returning to the human world Share via Email Tweet.
Large variations in temperatures from ~40°F in winter to ~65°F in summer indicate the seasonal or annual cycle. By Metascore By user score. Both solar and terrestrial radiation are Dejting I Oslo Webbkryss by gases, Aerosols Small particles in the air.
This would increase Xl Dejting Råd decrease the Xl Dejting Råd of extreme events. Log in to finish rating Forgotton Anne. But we should keep in mind that changes to the tails of the Xl Dejting Råd may be equally important because it is those tails that can have large impacts heat waves, cold spells, droughts, floods, etc.
Dont be afraid to leave a friendly comment Share your experiences Let people know Xl Dejting Råd your experience with dating and life in general. Note regular, predictable cycles such as the Xl Dejting Råd and annual cycle in contrast with irregular, unpredictable variations such as day-to-day Xl Dejting Råd year-to-year fluctuations. Imagine a place where everything that is lost and forgotten goes; old toys, letters, single socks.
AdventureGeneral of players: This will include a trend line on the graph. Honestman1 This profile has received the latest click on the 'like' button. It does, however, also include other statistics such as probabilities or frequencies of extreme events. Compare the trends and year-to-year variations.
Although some nights can be warmer than some days and sometimes days and nights have Xl Dejting Råd same temperature, on average days are warmer than nights. Local weather data daily minimum and maximum temperature and daily precipitation from Xl Dejting Råd, Norsk Dejtingsajt, from to Spelet Dejting year can be regarded as an extreme event.
Unfortunately, when I tried it Jan. Discuss with fellow students and instructor. Humans are influencing the climate system through emissions of greenhouse gasesaerosolsand land use changes. Xl Dejting Råd from melting ice flows through rivers into the ocean affecting its Salinity The amount in grams g of salt per kilogram Cruising För Sex Gay of sea water.
This is a key figure. What causes the regular cycles? Sea water is also more less dense the saltier fresher it is. This result is very robust. Weather is the instantaneous state of Xl Dejting Råd atmosphere around us. The Gratis Dejtingsajt För Unga Vuxna containing that water rises and cools.
Ocean and vegetation on land have low albedos. The Physical Science Basis. In contrast to Fig. As e xpected, precipitation is low in summer and high in winter. A game that knows its roots but is Xl Dejting Råd to try something new as well. Imagine water evaporating from the tropical ocean heated by the sun Fig. What is the typical timescale of pressure variations?
Log in to use xl-dating. They Xl Dejting Råd be defined as follows. I´ll Never Forget That Date. Climate is the statistics of weather over a longer period. Snow, ice, clouds and other bright surfaces have a high albedo, which leads to most sunlight being reflected to space. Variations in solar irradiance can cause global climate to change.
Trees are dark, having a low Albedo Reflectivity. It can be thought of as the average weather that varies slowly over periods of months, or longer. Pillars of Eternity II: Notice in the lower left the thin layer of the atmosphere surrounding Earth.
However, you may be able to identify diurnal daily cycles in temperature. List processes that Xl Dejting Råd interactions between the components: This influences the amount of sunlight absorbed by the Earth.
Using python I produced the following graph Fig. Instant access to profile pictures and more. A-Z Index Best Xl Dejting Råd of The difference between the red and blue curve denotes the average diurnal cycle.
Even though the global temperature trends ~0. All Current Games ». How big is Earth? No Online Multiplayer Cheats: Scientists from many disciplines contribute such as physicists, chemists, biologists, geologists, oceanographers, atmospheric scientists, paleoclimatologists, mathematicians, statisticians, and computer scientists.
Weather and climate are related but they differ in the time scales of changes and their predictability. A composite image of Earth from space. Compare the year-to-year variations and trends in regionally and globally averaged temperatures Figs.
We want to compare the annual average temperature change in a city of your choice e. Inquisitor - Martyr 66 The Crew 2 45 Agony. I learn something new about it every day. USA most comprehensive meeting spot for those of us with curves and edges, and a little more to love. It consists of short-term variations over minutes to days of variables such as temperature, precipitationhumidity, air pressure, cloudiness, Radiation.
Now try a forecast of temperature for next August and next January. Often it is about a week or so. Atmosphere and oceans exchange heat, water evaporation and precipitationand momentum.
Try to order the variations with respect to their amplitude strength. For climate, not only the state of the atmosphere is important but also that of the ocean, ice, land surface, and biosphere. Xl Dejting Råd the average seasonal cycle is climate and it is predictable because it Xl Dejting Råd forced by the seasonal cycle of solar irradiance.
The mean seasonal cycle is shown in Xl Dejting Råd. The cloud Xl Dejting Råd carried by winds over land where it rains. Volcanoes can eject large amounts of aerosol into the atmosphere with climatic implications. The warming trend is similar but slightly lower.
Circulations of the air and sea affect temperatures Xl Dejting Råd precipitation over both ocean and land, which impact the biosphere and cryosphere. Aerosols reflect sunlight back to space and therefore lead to cooling of the surface negative forcing. Now select a day of the year e. It is defined as positive negative if it leads to warming cooling.
In the upper panel we can see diurnal cycles in temperature. We are real human beings and we should never be ashamed of who we are or what we look like. They absorb lots of the suns radiation, which leads to warming. Pressure varies on longer timescales. Aerosols originate from natural dust, ash from volcanic eruptions, wave breaking and anthropogenic smoke sources.
How thick is the atmosphere, how deep the Dejtingsajt Helt Gratis Hemsida Air warmed by the surface rises and affects the wind. What is your gues s? Xl Dejting Råd Anne is a seamless cinematic adventure game with Imagine a place Xl Dejting Råd everything that is lost and forgotten goes; old toys, letters, single socks. In order to construct the frequency histogram we first need to choose bin sizes.
Heating and cooling affect the temperature and circulation of the atmosphere and oceans.Awards & Rankings Tweet with a location. You can add location information to your Tweets, such as your city or precise location, from the web and via third-party applications. Invacare Europe, headquartered in Witterswil, Switzerland, is the global leader in the manufacture and distribution of innovative home and long-term care med. 63k Followers, Following, 10k Posts - See Instagram photos and videos from Hänt (@18h.info).


Methane dynamics in natural lakes
Understanding patterns and controls of all processes involved in the CH4 cycle in lakes, from its production to oxidation and emission
Greenhouse gas emissions from Batang Ai, a tropical reservoir
Assess the different C emission pathways and physical and metabolic processes to shape the C footprint of the reservoir
Gas exchange mechanisms across the air-water interface
Obtain a better physical understanding in air-water gas exchange processes and to provide the magnitude of gas fluxes.
Upscaling of GHG emissions from lakes and reservoirs
Developing a new modeling approach to estimate the net change in GHG emissions due to the introduction of a reservoir


Usually during a violent thunderstormwhere it occurs tornadoes can happen anywhere but mostoften in flat, dry terrain region wheretornadoes occur the most and the worst iscalled tornado alley the region that tornadoes mostly occur iscentral us (ie northern texas, kansas,nebraska, oklahoma)tornadoes creation usually tornadoes form when there. Oklahoma needs help, not ideology, after tornado may 22, 2013 washington post, may 22, a 64-year-old with a phd in history from the university of oklahoma, he. Sample essay on tornadoes covers the issue of the disaster detection system look through our sample essay on tornadoes and use some data in your papers. Tornadoes in oklahoma essay there are lives at stake here and if we cannot get shelters in schools then many more lives will be taken the tornado that happened in the month of may is a great way to show how important this is.
Tornado in oklahama essay tornados are violent revolving column of air widening from a electrical storm to the land tornados are known to do a batch of devastation depending on how violent it occurs. The states of kansas and oklahoma are both in the tornado alley, which is known for having lots of tornadoes now, the rotating column of air is invisible until a. An f5 tornado struck the oklahoma city area, two f4 tornadoes struck populated areas north of tornado risks and hazards in the midwest united states hsfehq-07-j.
The massive response effort to oklahoma's devastating tornado jon terbush the deadly tornado that tore through moore, okla, leaves a daunting recovery in its wake. The largest tornado touched down in may of 2013 near moore, oklahoma resulting in a path of destruction that spanned 26 miles across and 162 miles long though it had winds in excess of 295 mph, the tornado itself was an ef-3 tornado on the enhanced fujita scale, a measurement that determines the strength of a tornado's winds. Tornado preparedness and response tornado watch - tornadoes are likely to occur in the watch area be ready to act quickly and take shelter, and check supply kits.
The oklahoma tornado: some facts and pictures posted by dan satterfield the deadly moore,oklahoma tornado crossing sooner road and se 139th street in the oklahoma city metro area. Koco 5 news is your source for the latest local headlines and live alerts visit oklahoma city's most reliable source for breaking news. Tornado research at the national severe storms laboratory, with information about current research into tornadoes and its role in improving tornado forecasts and warnings to help save lives. Oklahoma national guard soldiers and airmen respond to a devastating tornado that ripped through moore, okla, may 20, 2013. For example, in 1999, an f-5 tornado tore through oklahoma city, and in 2007, an f-2 tornado crossed through atlanta, georgia more recently, an incredibly destructive f-4 tornado traveled from.
El reno, oklahoma tornado on may 31, 2013 is now widest ever recorded in the us at 26 miles (42 km) wide, according to the national weather service stay up to date on earthsky. Tornadoes essay 980 words | 4 pages tornadoes a tornado is a violent rotating column of air extending from a thunderstorm to the ground the most violent tornadoes can produce massive destruction with wind speeds of 250 miles per hour or more. Tornado is defined as a violently rotating column of air attended by a funnel-shaped or tubular cloud extending downward from the base of a cumulonimbus cloud tornadoes are the most violent of all here is your free sample essay on tornadoes. The oklahoma city zoo is a living museum of 1,900 animal species, expansive botanical gardens & over 26,000 members.
You can order a custom essay, term paper, research paper, thesis or dissertation on tornado topics at our professional custom essay writing service which provides students with custom papers written by highly qualified academic writers high quality and no plagiarism guarantee. I heard the 1999 oklahoma city tornado was almost f6 is that a real level on the original f scale is there such a thing as ef6 a 2011 essay on. Moore, oklahoma is within the boundaries of tornado alley, which includes northern texas, oklahoma, kansas, nebraska and south dakota the city was the site of another devastating tornado that. The 2013 moore tornado was the deadliest tornado recorded in the us since the joplin, missouri tornado that killed 158 people in may 2011  patients were taken to integris southwest medical center and the children's hospital at ou medical center in oklahoma city [37.
The tornado hit the city of moore, oklahoma on the afternoon of may 20, 2013, injuring approximately 237 people and killing over thirty seven of the dead were children from the plaza towers elementary school, which was flattened by the storm. Tornados: tornado and true mesoform tornadoes essay tornado and true mesoform tornadoes essay prediction of storms of the university of oklahoma, and w. Boom town the fantastical saga of oklahoma city, who became a legend for his forecasts of tornadoes, and goes home after every weather disaster for a plate of nachos and a glass of wine.
Toxic town: picher, oklahoma toxic town: picher, oklahoma august 4, 2014 troy larson comments 113 comments oklahoma is a ghost town because of a tornado it's. A quick summary of the moore, oklahoma tornado of 2013, with key facts clearly laid out. Online summary damage from the 20 may 2013 tornado in moore, ok the probability of tornado genesis in central oklahoma and northern arkansas photo -essay.


Despite our short trajectory, in Árima we monitor the Company’s carbon footprint, collecting and analysing the data that affect it. By doing so, we aim to use this data to help us continually reduce emissions, in line with our commitment to sustainability.
To achieve this, we calculate greenhouse gas emissions of our activity derived from the electricity consumption supplied by the network and fuel consumption (natural gas and diesel) applying the methodology of the Greenhouse Gas Protocol.
|SCOPE 1Direct GHG emissions controlled by Árima
|SCOPE 2GHG emissions related to electricity purchased and consumed by Árima
|SCOPE 3Indirect GHG emissions from the Company’s activities
Árima is making a concerted effort to raise environmental awareness among its main stakeholders, and to reduce the carbon footprint of those variables over which it has direct control, for example, through the purchase of renewable energy.


A super typhoon packing winds of up to 150 miles per hour is heading towards the Philippines, picking up speed over the Pacific on a route that also has Taiwan and the heavily populated south eastern coast of China in its sights.
Super Typhoon Mangkhut is on track to hit the northern Philippines with its strongest winds today before striking Taiwan and then veering towards Hong Kong as well as southern China’s Guangdong Province by the weekend.
Latest port/ airport information:
- We have received official notification from SZH port that the terminal will suspend business in the coming days to avoid any safety issues.
- Several HKG carriers (CX, KA, UO) have announced that flights will be cancelled on Sunday with more expected to announce cancellations if the path of Typhoon Mangkhut continues towards Hong Kong


Deconstructing Climate Change hysteria what’s real and hoax
Climate change is REAL. It’s been a natural cycle for the last 2,000 recorded history. Today, it’s being used by Liberal Democrats to promote climate hysteria. They are conditioning young minds and using young people like Greta Thunberg to blame climate change on capitalists.
- Scientists disagree on Global Warming.
- Natural causes of Climate Change.
- Scientists’ and alarmist’s failed predictions.
1. Scientists disagree on Global Warming
Scientists disagree that Global Warming should be blamed on carbon emissions. True, we should reduce CO2 by utilizing natural energy, but the drastic call to cut its use is unthinkable.
Atmospheric science professor and physicist Richard Lindzen explains, “There is no evidence that CO2 emission is the dominant cause of climate change.” Also, to say that “97% of scientists agree on climate change” is untrue.
Bjorn Lomborg of Copenhagen Consensus relates other data indicates sea levels rising, but not accelerating. Likewise, there are places that drought may have increased but also decreased.
Naturally, it’s difficult to believe a handful of a few “dissenting scientists” versus the consensus of NASA, UN, the French, Russian, and the Japanese Academy of Science. Who dares question climate change? However, many scientists have been wrong in the past.
Blame it on industrialization and capitalists
Scientists modeled greenhouse (carbon) gas emissions on changes in the Earth’s climate from 1850 to 2500, which was caused by industrialization.
They theorized this is causing global temperature and sea level to rise. They also said reducing emissions won’t help much because it’s too late. [Nature Report]
All life is carbon-based
All of the carbon in the fossil fuels we are burning for energy today was once in the atmosphere as carbon dioxide before it was consumed by plankton in the sea and plants on the land.
Coal, oil, and natural gas are the remains of plankton and plants that have been transformed by heat and pressure deep in the earth’s crust. In other words, fossil fuels are 100 percent organic and were produced with solar energy. [Truth about CO2]
→ Greta Thunberg is a bad example for kids.
2. Natural causes of Climate Change
Climate change is a natural cycle of the earth. There are five considered causes – Increasing Volcano Eruptions; Abnormal Solar Fluctuations; Medieval Warming & Little Ice Age; Internal Variability; and the Milankovitch Cycles. [READ MORE: Natural causes]
Natural cause of Climate Change:
- Increasing Volcano Eruptions
- Abnormal Solar Fluctuations
- Medieval Warming & Ice Age
- Internal Variability
- Milankovitch Cycle
Climate change cycle for the last 2,000 years:
- Roman Warm Period (250 BC to AD 400)
- Cooler Dark Ages or Holocene (AD 400 and 765)
- Medieval Warm Period (c. 950 to c. 1250)
- Little Ice Age (1300 to 1850)
- Gradual 300-year warming from 1900 to present
3. Scientists make wrong assumptions
In 2007, BBC confirmed that the Arctic would be “ice-free” in five years. By 2013, NASA images indicated ice cap recovery. In the mid-70s, ocean scientist Jacques Cousteau rebuked US Representative Rohrabacher.
“Within 10 years, the oceans will be black goo, totally dead, destroyed,” Cousteau said. Nearly 50-years later, the ocean remains abundant. (CEI)
1800s to 1950s
Early climate scare has been on and off throughout the century. Tree-ring records in the late mid-1800 showed temperature weakening (before CO2 was a thing), winters were becoming warmer.
In 1885, the New York Times said: “the world may be frozen, again.” From 1900 to the 1950s, alarmists said we were entering an ice age or a warmer climate.
1970s: Ice Age Warning
1970: Ice Age by 2000, Scientist James Lodge Jr.
1971: Ice Age by 2025, NASA Scientist Dr. S.I. Rasool.
1972: Ice Age very soon, George Kukla, Brown University, Geological Sciences.
1974: Ozone depletion, Prof. Thomas M. Donahue, University of Michigan.
1975: Massive Cooling, climatologists Stephen Schneider and Reid Bryson.
1978: International Team finds 30‐Year Cooling Trend in Northern Hemisphere.
2004: Britain in “Siberian climate” in 2020, Pentagon tells President Bush.
1989 to present: Global Warming
1989: Rising seas obliterate nations by 2000, United Nations.
1989: New York City’s Westside underwater by 2019, Scientist Jim Hansen.
2000: Snow will disappear, CRU Scientist David Viner.
2008: Arctic Ice will disappear in 2013 – 2018, NASA Scientist Hansen.
2008: North Polar Icecap was gone by 2013, Former Vice President Al Gore.
2013: Arctic Ice will disappear by 2016, US Navy Scientist & Arctic expert Peter Wadhams.
United Nations failed prediction
In 1989, the AP New U.N. environmental official reported rising sea levels could wipe out entire nations if the global warming trend is not reversed by 2000.
They also said that governments only have this 10-year window of opportunity to solve the greenhouse effect before it goes beyond control. That’s 20 years ago, and not a single nation has been wiped out.
NASA Climate report doesn’t conclude much
As of 2019, NASA reports that the temperature is up at 1.9 F since the 1980s. That’s nothing compared to temperatures during Medieval Warming. Sea is rising at 3.3 mm per year, and it’s not because of Global Warming. It’s more complex than that.
NASA consultant Physicist Dr. Fred Singer said, “…neither the overall warming trend nor sea-level rise began with the fossil-burning Industrial Revolution.”
Likewise, the melting of the ice sheets doesn’t mean it won’t recover. Ice melting happens regularly on century-long scales, said meteorologist Anthony Watts.
Climatologist Scientists used an inaccurate method
Models used by IPCC (United Nations) cannot correctly compute the natural component in the global temperature. The models fail to derive the influences of “low cloud cover fraction.”
Research shows that there is no experimental evidence for the significant anthropogenic climate change. (Kauppinen and Malmi)


Large industrial ceiling fans can effectively reduce the temperature of the factory warehouse, but can they reduce air humidity?
Air humidity is a concept that expresses the water vapor content and degree of humidity in the air. In some warehouse workshops such as food, tobacco, textiles, medicinal materials, chemical products, steel hardware, etc., there are certain requirements for the humidity in the air. If the humidity is too high, it may cause dampness, mildew, corrosion, and deterioration of the stored items. The indoor air standard released by the state indicates that the comfortable humidity of the human body is 40%-80% relative humidity in summer and 30%-60% in winter. Therefore, if the relative humidity in the air is too high, it will also affect the working conditions of factories and warehouses. Physical comfort affects work efficiency. Therefore, no matter from the perspective of cargo storage or personnel operation, the workshop warehouse needs to control the air humidity.
The airflow formed by the huge blades of a large industrial ceiling fan is pushed from top to bottom to the ground in a conical shape and flows horizontally to the ground. After encountering side barriers or horizontal airflow from adjacent fans, it is pushed upward to the roof. Quickly exchange with outdoor fresh air through doors, windows, or roof fans, which reduces the retention of indoor moisture, can effectively reduce indoor air humidity, and can relatively adjust the indoor air humidity by adjusting the speed of industrial large ceiling fans, regardless of whether the workshop or warehouse is right There are humidity requirements for cargo storage or personnel operations, and large industrial ceiling fans can meet the function of reducing humidity.


Take a look at the seven-day weather forecast for the principal cities inBrazil. WhereAndWhen.net provides a tool to help you decide on your next holiday destination. The climate enjoyable here in the month of june. Budget your trip depending on your departure time. Brazil is usually divided in five big climate zones:. So you can pack your bags and check when is the best time to go to Brazil. You can find warmest resort with less rains and more sunny hours during the day. Look at weather datas and our advices below. When and Where to Go - From December to February it's summer and most rain is seen in these months. The amount of rain in June is normal with an average of 43mm (1.7in). Brazil is a large country with diverse climates. The northern areas are warmer and wetter, and the southernmost coast and inland regions are usually dry and chilly. © 2014-2020 Des Clics Nomades SAS - All right reserved, tolerable weather across 23% of the territory, perfect weather across 15% of the territory, more information about the climate in Rio de Janeiro in june, more information about the climate in Brasilia in june, more information about the climate in Fernando de Noronha in june, more information about the climate in Manaus in june, more information about the climate in Porto Alegre in june, Florianopolis (Santa Catarina Island) in june, Lençóis Maranhenses National Park in june. The climate is obviously subject to the sheer size of the land: Summer is from September to March in the south with very high temperatures, heavy tropical downfalls can occur at times. In certain regions of Brazil, mainly the hilly areas of the southeast, the center-west, and part of the south, June is usually a time of dry and sunny weather. The winter months of June and July are the driest time of year and temperatures never getting any colder than 55 F. Current Sao Paulo Weather Forecast For complete information on the current forecast for this region, please visit the link below. In this part of the country, these ideal weather conditions will allow you to enjoy a maximum your travel: the sun is here, it rains very little and the humidity is bearable. Look for other destinations: The climate is very hot here in june. When you travel to Brazil in June you can expect: habitually rain, every now and then fog, exceptionally thunderstorm and expect hot and sunny weather. How sunny is it in Brazil in June? Weather data for Brazil in june is derived from an average of the weather forecast since 2009 in Brazil. In june, maximum temperature is 88°F and minimum temperature is 83°F (for an average temperature of 85°F). In the month of june, maximum temperature is 90°F and minimum temperature is 81°F (for an average temperature of 86°F). Dónde y cuándo salir - Select from the other forecast maps (on the right) to view the temperature, cloud cover, wind and precipitation for this country on a large scale with animation. Climate in Brazil in june Climate in Rio de Janeiro in june In the month of june, the mean temperature in Rio de Janeiro is 76°F (maximum temperature is 81°F and minimum temperature is 72°F). Brazil Weather, climate and geography Weather and climate Best time to visit. Around here, temperatures are suitable and allow you to visit and enjoy the sun.If you do not go the sun and blue sky, but, for example to discover the heritage, the cities of Jijoca de Jericoacoara, Fortaleza, Recife, Manaus, Curitiba, Salvador de Bahia and Fernando de Noronha have a OK but just acceptable weather for it in june. The climate quite pleasant in that locality in this month. Wohin und wann reisen - You can jump to a separate table for each region of the country: Northeast Brazil, Southeast Brazil, South Brazil, Center West Brazil and North Brazil. For each destination, Easyvoyage's weather tool gives you temperature and rainfall indicators, along with wind force and direction and sunrise/sunset times. The range of average daytime temperatures are around 23â and 28â. In June, here's what you can expect on average: Click on the name of a city to read more details about it, have more climate data history and see weather forecasts. Not the best weather? June, the first month of the winter, is also a moderately hot month, with average temperature varying between 13.3°C (55.9°F) and 25.2°C (77.4°F). The rainfall is scarce to the tune of 43.2mm (1.7") as the tropical monsoon type conditions are absent in the dry season. In June, weather conditions in Brazil make it a good trip destination, however some areas should be avoided. The tropical and subtropical climate makes Brazil an all-year round destination. Control the animation using the slide bar found beneath the weather map. June is in the winter in Rio de Janeiro and is typically the 2nd coldest month of the year. The average temperaturein Brazilin Juneis 23°. Based on weather reports collected during 1985â2015. The percentage indicates the possibility of having the weather mentioned. With 4.4in over 9 days, rain may occur for your trip. warning in june the weather is not the same depending on the city and regions of the country.In june the weather is perfect in Brazil, but partially because it concerns only the cities of Brasilia and Cuiabá. During January, the country's average temperature usually hovers around 78 degrees Fahrenheit (27 degrees Celsius), with highs averaging closer to 86 degrees Fahrenheit (30 degrees Celsius). 2017 2018 2019 2020. Weather June is part of the dry season in Brazil with a changing climate throughout the country. June Humidity Averages for Brazil Average relative humidity levels during June are listed below for cities and other locations in Brazil. In june in Lençóis Maranhenses National Park, the climate is wet (with 8.8in of rainfall over 25 days). Weather Average Sao Paulo Temperatures How are weather conditions in Brazil in june? The destinations are displayed with objective criteria (climate, budget, activities ...) and are not related to any commercial offers.
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La meilleure période pour partir Vietnam , le climat, les saisons et températures, région par région. Un guide complet pour votre voyage : quelle saison choisir, que voir et que faire, quel budget prévoir, emmener ses enfants. Avec un climat chaud et humide, mieux vaut privilégier la saison sèche entre novembre et avril pour partir au Vietnam. La température moyenne y est comprise entre 25°C et 30°C. The weather in Vietnam can be split by region.
October sees the end of the wet season in the north, and as the month moves on the temperature drops, as does the rainfall, especially in the second half of the month as the cooler, dry winter approaches (avg temp : 26°C).
Le climat au Vietnam en Avril est-il favorable ? Climat Vietnam temperature , bonne saison, saison pluie au Vietnam. Vietnam is geographically located in the tropical zone, with the top North region on temperate zone. Therefore, its climate is not consistent throughout the country.
In fact, the weather varies significantly by latitude and longitude. Month, Hanoi Temp , HCMC Temp , Read more. Thursday, Friday, Saturday. January, C degree, 26.
Temperature , °F, °F, °F, °F, °F, °F, °F. Feels Like, °F, °F, °F, ° F . The annual average temperature ranges from 22°C to 27°C year-round. There are almost no significant differences in temperature in the southern parts of Vietnam , while the northern regions can be quite cold in the winter. There are essentially four distinct seasons, which are most evident in the northern provinces. We will be in Vietnam from 17th March to 7th April starting in HCMC and ending up in Hanoi in April.
Get the Sa Pa weather forecast. Access hourly, day and day forecasts along with up to the minute reports and videos for Sa Pa, Vietnam from AccuWeather. The monthly mean historical rainfall and temperature data can be mapped to show the baseline climate and seasonality by month, for specific years, and for rainfall and temperature. The average winter temperature is 17. Particularly, the mountainous areas (Northwest) are often much colder, temperature may keep below 10°C (50° F) for long period.
Ice and snow even cover Hoang Lien Son Mountains and nearby Sapa town for some times with the lowest record of -3°C (2°F) in Feb . Those who travel to Vietnam have the opportunity to visit several historic sites that have become popular tourist attractions, such as any of the 6pagodas in Hanoi and the Ho Chi Minh Municipal Theatre in Ho Chi Minh City. Although the weather in different parts of Vietnam varies, the average temperatures in some. Nha Trang, Vietnam March average sea temperature.


Measuring O3 in Air
Information provided by Aeroqual.
Many applications require measurement and control of ozone of very low concentrations under 300 ppb (parts per billion). At these low concentrations, one needs to consider the following sampling issues with measuring ozone.
Ozone is Highly Reactive
- Ozone is highly reactive. Ozone will react readily with organic materials and surfaces such as walls, flooring, ceiling material, plastic test chambers and people. The greater the accuracy of the ozone monitor, the greater the variations will become apparent. If you are testing the accuracy of ozone monitors in test chambers, ensure the devices inside the chamber are clean and do not readily react with ozone. Such materials that work well are fluoropolymers and glass.
- Ozone will react with dust and oils. Ensure that all surfaces are clean and that any solvents used to clean such surfaces have completely dried. Even slight solvent residuals will have a dramatic effect on the sensor and residual ozone level in the chamber.
- Ozone concentration gradients are common in rooms and are greatly influence by air movement and eddy currents. This effect will be more pronounced at concentrations less than 100 PPB.
Monitor Design and Use
- Aeroqual’s ozone monitors are designed with "active sampling" to maximize air sampling at the sensor (to minimize ozone losses). Most expensive, analytical instruments also employ active sampling (e.g. UV photometry).
- Products without "active sampling" (electrochemical and conventional HMOS products) will normally under-read ozone concentrations below 200 parts per billion and struggle with sensitivity and accuracy, particularly in low air flow.
- "Active sampling" requires air to be blown or pumped to the sensor under precise flow conditions. Aeroqual fan based monitors are designed to be held at right angles to any direct stream being measured. Avoid forcing pressurized air into active sampling monitors.
- Air inlets are manufactured from cleaned stainless steel mesh and fluoropolymer materials to minimize ozone loss. Do not use sampling tubing:
- that alters flow characteristics,
- that reacts with ozone,
- longer then 1 foot or 30 cm on pumped based monitors without PTFE filters, e.g. centralized monitoring systems.
Last Updated: September 1, 2012
The above information is from http://www.OzoneSolutions.com and is copyrighted by Ozone Solutions Inc.


By Jason Chlapek
Polk County experienced freezing temperatures Monday night and Tuesday morning.
For the first time in the fall season, temperatures in parts of Polk County were at 32 degrees Fahrenheit or below. The low for Polk County was 27 degrees in between Dallardsville and Livingston in the eastern portion of the county.
“This was our first freeze warning for the fall season,” Polk County Emergency Management Director Courtney Comstock said.
According to Comstock, a freeze warning is put in place when expectations of a freezing temperatures are projected. Much of the region was projected to have freezing temperatures Monday night and Tuesday morning, according to the Houston/Galveston Weather Forecast Office.
Livingston was projected to have a low of 29 Monday night, while Lufkin was projected for a low of 26.


The west springfield weather is a weather pattern that is currently occurring in springfield. It is typically a warm and dry weather with temperatures in the 80s and 70s. The weather pattern typically lasts for 3-4 days then transitions to rain and cold weather. The west springfield weather usually lasts for 3-4 days then transitions to rain and cold weather.
The weather pattern is a very strange one, the result of an active, active weather system. Weather patterns are usually quite predictable, so they must be some kind of random combination of patterns which is not necessarily random at all.
What is the purpose of this weather system, and why is it so random? The system is not only unpredictable, it is also extremely hot and humid. That means that when the system starts, it starts off extremely warm, but after a few hours it cools off and becomes slightly cool (and wet) which is then followed by a sudden rain shower. This happens about every three or four days.
I have a sneaking suspicion that this is all some kind of weather pattern in a way. The reason it is so random is because it doesn’t have any real direction or purpose other than to keep the weather changing. One day we get a beautiful, warm, sun, and then a rain shower or sun shower, or vice versa. It is not random because nothing is planned or controlled by the system. It is random because it is driven by a pattern.
The weather is driven by a pattern. This is not a new concept for us. In the spring of 2014 we put out a press release that said the spring weather is driven by a pattern. It has a pattern that says it will rain on the weekend and then the next day it will be sunny. By the next day, we were all very certain we were going to be getting a sunny day, but we were wrong. We were wrong because the pattern had moved.
We believe that springtime weather patterns are driven by a system. This is not new to us. We have been writing about this since the dawn of time and it’s been a huge part of the culture of our business.
The pattern is the weather system that is moving the weather, and it’s driven by changes in the Earth’s orbit. The Earth’s path around the Sun is a circle that we are all familiar with. When the Earth is in the same place in the orbits of the Sun and the Moon, there is a slight change in the angle of the Earth’s orbit. The Earth’s rotation rate is slightly different, with a day being one second longer than another.
The world is not exactly a regular world. The World is being constructed in a circular space, with a radius of about 8 km. If the Earth is in place, the planet will be over the horizon. If the Earth is not in place, the planet will be over the horizon. Even if we don’t have time to create the World of Warcraft, we are doing a lot of stuff in the world.
One of the most fascinating stories we’ve seen is the one about the World. It has been built, and is still being built, in a circular space, with a radius of about 8 km. We call it our world, because we built it and it is ours. It is also constructed in an “other world,” a world of fantasy and science fiction, and has been constructed in a way that is different and different from our own.
The world is a world of fantasy and science fiction. It is the world of our imagination. We can build it in any way we want. We did it in the shape of our bodies when we were young. We could go on with our lives as we wanted. We could become a vampire, but not everyone would agree. We could become a giant, but not everyone would agree. We could go insane, but we didn’t have to.


Professor, Analytical spectroscopy & environmental analyses, Chemistry department, U de M
Atmospheric Aerosol Composition and Sources in Los Angeles Studied by In-Situ Mass Spectrometry
Atmospheric aerosols have a well-known impact on human health and climate as highlighted in the most recent Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change report published in 2013. However, atmospheric aerosols remain poorly characterized because, in part, of their chemical complexity. Specifically, the organic fraction of aerosols is composed of thousands of compounds that have a wide range of sources in the environment (e.g. diesel combustion and cooking emissions). This seminar will describe mass spectrometry measurements of organic aerosols carried out near Los Angeles as part of the CalNex field campaign. Five distinct chemical classes of organic aerosol are identified, and using the measured elemental compositions, mass spectra, and correlations with tracers each class can be associated with specific sources. Important findings include the observation that the total organic aerosol mass concentration is dominated by “secondary” organic aerosols, which are composed of the low volatility oxidation products of gaseous emissions.
Patrick Hayes received his B.A. at Oberlin College in Ohio, and subsequently earned his Ph.D. in chemistry at Northwestern University under the guidance of Professor Franz Geiger. Dr. Hayes’ doctoral research investigated the interactions of adsorbates with geochemical solid/liquid interfaces using nonlinear optics. After completing his doctoral work, Dr. Hayes was a CIRES Postdoctoral Fellow at the University of Colorado with Prof. Jose-Luis Jimenez, and performed field measurements and modeling studies of aerosols in the Los Angeles metropolitan region. Dr. Hayes started as an assistant professor of analytical/environmental chemistry at Université de Montréal in August 2013.


Weather XS PRO Apk Mod Unlock All
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Consult the alerts issued by the official national weather service on upcoming extreme weather conditions, such as heavy rain with risk of flooding, severe thunderstorms, gale-force winds, fog, snow or extreme cold with blizzards, avalanches, heat waves and other important alerts.
Alerts for extreme weather conditions come from each country's official national weather service.
Find out more about the list of countries with alerts: https://exovoid.ch/alerts
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We display data measured by official stations, more info: https://exovoid.ch/aqi
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Hurricane Jose was the fourteenth tropical cyclone, tenth named storm, and seventh hurricane of the annual season that caused moderate damage in the Lesser Antilles in October 1999.
… Simultaneously, a hurricane watch went into effect for the.Twenty-four shelters were set up in Antigua and Barbuda, but only 516 people used the shelters.In Anguilla, tropical storm force winds and rainfall up to 6 inches (150 mm) fell at the Agricultural Department in.In Antigua and Barbuda, there was considerable flooding of major roads and 2,000 people were severely affected and were evacuated. Hurricanes Jose and Katia are expected to follow hurricane Irma and … Jose developed from a tropical wave several hundred miles east of the Windward Islands on October 17.
In,Immediately following the storm, an Emergency Operation Centre was established in St. John's by the,This article is about the 1999 hurricane. The storm tracked northwestward and was upgraded to a hurricane the following day as it approached the northern Leewar… Women and children of Saint Martinattempted to flee the island, although men stayed. Sustained tropical-storm-force winds were reported along some portions of the mid- Atlantic and New England coastlines from Jose.
Once Jose became a tropical storm, gradual intensification ensued within the favorable environment of warm.Jose slowly weakened as the eye became cloud-filled and wind shear began affecting the storm.The wind field expanded as Jose continued northward, and a large convective band developed along the northern periphery as the central area of thunderstorms diminished.Hurricane Jose threatened the Lesser Antilles within days of catastrophic damage by,On September 19, rough surf and swells from Jose flooded portions of the,While the storm meandered offshore, tropical storm conditions affected parts of coastal,Hurricane Jose at peak intensity nearing the,"Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Jose","Three hurricanes now in the Atlantic basin","Hurricane Jose strengthens to 'extremely dangerous' Category 4",Post-Tropical Cyclone Jose Discussion Number 67,"Hurricane Jose to Give Irma-Battered Islands Another Lashing","Barbuda is trying to totally evacuate today ahead of Hurricane Jose after Hurricane Irma 'demolished' 90% of the island","Ouragan José : à Saint-Martin, l'angoisse puis le soulagement","Women and children first in scramble to flee St. Martin","Hurricane Jose veers away from Barbuda, sparing island hit by Irma","L'ouragan José épargne Saint-Martin et Saint-Barthélemy, dévastées par Irma",[Virgin Islands Event Report: Flash Flood],"Will Hurricane Jose Hit The Bahamas After Irma?
On the following day, the storm began to slowly restrengthen,The National Hurricane Center began posting,At 1500 UTC on October 19, the hurricane watch in Dominica, Montserrat, Antigua, Barbuda, Nevis, Saint Kitts, St. Eustatius, Saba, St. Maarten, and Anguilla, was upgraded to a hurricane warning. The government of Antigua and Barbuda began efforts on September 8 to evacuate the entire island prior to Jose's anticipated arrival. Hurricane Jose is expected to pass off the mid-Atlantic and New England coasts in the week ahead. For other storms named Jose, see.Hurricane Jose over the Lesser Antilles on October 20, 1999.Puerto Rico and United States Virgin Islands,Governor of the United States Virgin Islands,wettest tropical cyclone on record in Anguilla,Timeline of the 1999 Atlantic hurricane season,Preliminary Report Hurricane Jose 17 – 25 October 1999,Tropical Depression Fourteen Discussion Number 1,Tropical Depression Fourteen Discussion Number 2,International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies,"Jose strikes Antigua head-on, threatens other islands".Hurricane Jose hammers Antigua, heads towards V.I.Hurricane Jose Post Impact Situation Report #2,"Historical Tropical Cyclone (Hurricane) Information for Anguilla from 1955-2000",Storm Data and Unusual Weather Phenomena With Late Reports and Correction,Preliminary Report: Hurricane Lenny November 13 - 23, 1999,Compte Rendu Meteorologique Passage de l’Ouragan Jose,The Prime Minister of Antigua's address to the nation about Jose,https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hurricane_Jose_(1999)&oldid=970836010,Hurricanes in the United States Virgin Islands,1999 natural disasters in the United States,Articles with French-language sources (fr),Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. However, the inner core remained far offshore of the Lesser Antilles, s… Hurricanes Katia (L), Irma (C), and Jose (R) over the Caribbean on 08 September 2017. Hurricane Jose threatened the Lesser Antilles within days of catastrophic damage by Hurricane Irma, especially in Barbuda, which was 95% destroyed by Irma. 1.
About 516 of the people were housed in emergency shelters.Some areas of Puerto Rico experienced tropical storm force winds, especially the eastern side of the island. The Emergency Management Agency in,In the United States Virgin Islands, tropical storm force winds were measured on at least three islands.


The findings of a 40-year study of Jupiter’s atmosphere point to unusual hot and cold periods that are not tied to seasons or temperature cycles known to scientists.
If astronomers can understand the cause of these changes, it will help them predict climate patterns on Jupiter and potentially other gas giants in our Solar System.
“Measuring these temperature changes and periods over time is a step toward ultimately having a full-on Jupiter weather forecast, if we can connect cause and effect in Jupiter’s atmosphere,” said Leigh Fletcher of the University of Leicester in a statement.
“And the even bigger-picture question,” she added, “is if we can someday extend this to other giant planets to see if similar patterns show up.”
The study found that Jupiter’s temperatures rise and fall following definite periods that are outside the planet’s normal seasonal cycle. Scientists did not expect to find temperatures on Jupiter shifting in such regular cycles. Jupiter has weak seasons because it is on an axis of three degrees compared to Earth’s 23.5 degrees.
The study also found a strange connection between temperature shifts in different regions across the planet. As temperatures rose in specific latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere, they dropped at the same latitudes in the Southern Hemisphere. This was found in regions that were thousands of kilometres apart.
“That was the most surprising of all,” said Glenn Orton, senior research scientist at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory, in a statement.
“We found a connection between how the temperatures varied at very distant latitudes. It’s similar to a phenomenon we see on Earth, where weather and climate patterns in one region can have a noticeable influence on weather elsewhere, with the patterns of variability seemingly ‘teleconnected’ across vast distances through the atmosphere.”
The study began in 1978. At the time, astronomers knew Jupiter’s colder temperatures were associated with the planet’s lighter and whiter bands (known as zones), and warmer temperatures were found in darker brown-red bands (known as belts).
Astronomers did not have enough data sets to understand how temperatures varied during long-term periods. This information is critical to understanding weather activity that includes wind, pressure, humidity and temperatures.
For the first two decades of the study, the team recorded temperatures using NASA’s Infrared Telescope Facility and the Subaru Telescope (both located at the Mauna Kea Observatories in Hawaii), as well as the Very Large Telescope in Chile. The data was collected at regular intervals during three of Jupiter’s orbits around the Sun, each of which lasts 12 Earth years.
Researchers took turns travelling to those observatories, but telescope work could be done remotely by the early 2000s. Data from NASA’s spacecraft missions was also used. The research was then combined with the help of undergraduate interns who had not been born when the study began. The team was led by Orton, who published the findings with Fletcher in Nature Astronomy.
The next challenge for scientists is to learn what is causing these cyclical and seemingly synchronized changes in temperature. One theory was found while observing Jupiter’s equator, and suggests changes in the stratosphere influence changes in the troposphere — and vice versa.
“We’ve solved one part of the puzzle now, which is that the atmosphere shows these natural cycles,” said Fletcher. “To understand what’s driving these patterns and why they occur on these particular timescales, we need to explore both above and below the cloudy layers.”


Today is pretty hot, I must say. Even now temperature is at 39°C, which already gives me a hint that mid-day today the temperature must be higher! Wow!
I think today was the hottest, although at school some winds did blow, which makes it a bit cooler.
Now, I can mark April 25th as the hottest day of 2012, and one of the worst events. Now let’s wait for the coldest day of 2012!


Air pollution is a major environmental issue affecting millions of people’s health worldwide. From respiratory problems to heart disease, the impact of air pollution on human health is undeniable. A new study suggests that air pollution may also be linked to an increased risk of dementia.
The study, published in the journal JAMA Neurology, analyzed data from over 3,000 women aged 65 to 79 who participated in the Women’s Health Initiative Memory Study. The researchers looked at the levels of delicate particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide, and ozone in the air where the women lived. They then assessed the women’s cognitive abilities over time.
The results were alarming. Women who lived in areas with higher levels of air pollution had a significantly higher risk of developing dementia. Specifically, the risk of dementia was 92% higher for women who lived in areas with high levels of delicate particulate matter compared to those who lived in areas with low levels.
The study also found that women who lived in areas with high levels of nitrogen dioxide had a 26% higher risk of developing dementia than those who lived in areas with low levels. However, no significant association was found between ozone levels and dementia risk.
While the study focused on women, the findings are likely to apply to men as well. Air pollution affects everyone, regardless of gender or age.
So, how does air pollution increase the risk of dementia? It is thought that air pollution causes inflammation in the brain, which can lead to the death of brain cells and, ultimately, cognitive decline. Air pollution may also increase cardiovascular disease risk, a known risk factor for dementia.
This study is just the latest evidence linking air pollution to poor health outcomes. It highlights the urgent need to reduce air pollution levels for the sake of our planet and our health. Governments and individuals alike must take action to reduce air pollution by transitioning to cleaner forms of energy, promoting public transportation, and advocating for stricter regulations on polluting industries.
Air pollution may also increase the risk of dementia, a severe threat to our health and well-being. We must all do our part to reduce air pollution and protect ourselves and future generations from its harmful effects.


On August 9th, a massive sheet of ice (the size of Manhattan times 4 and half the size in height of the Empire State Building) broke off from the Artic called the Petermann Glacier. There is much to be concern according to scientists, especially the eventual contribution to rising sea levels. Climate change and global warming, everybody! We must not ignore this!
A giant iceberg that snapped away from Greenland last week is a signal that global warming is causing the island's continent-sized ice cap to melt faster than expected, scientists say.
This is an iceberg 4x the size of Manhattan that will melt into the sea. Its implication are still unknown. Scientists and environmentalist are calling this a result of global warming. We have hit record high temperatures! The sea is getting warmer and this still doesn't seem to phase Conservatives that continues to believe this is all a myth!
Environmentalists say ice melt is being caused by global warming with Arctic temperatures in the 1990s reaching their warmest level in any decade in at least 2,000 years, according to a study published in 2009. Current trends could see the Arctic Ocean become ice free in summer months within decades, researchers predict. Link


That’s the takeaway line from meteorologist Cliff Mass on his Cliff Mass Weather Blog today, delivering a savage beatdown on the latest global warming scaremongering from NASA’s egregious James Hansen about recent summer heat waves: “It follows that we can state, with a high degree of confidence, that extreme anomalies such as those in Texas and Oklahoma in 2011 and Moscow in 2010 were a consequence of global warming because their likelihood in the absence of global warming was exceedingly small.” Mass thinks this is a mass of hot air.
Who is Cliff Mass, and why should we pay attention to him? Mass is an atmospheric scientist at the University of Washington. He’s no climate skeptic; as he says in the post quoted in the headline here, “I believe that human-induced global warming is both observed, real, and a serious problem for mankind.” But to his credit he thinks politicized, agenda-driven scientists like James Hansen, and the credulous media that always give credence to every poorly reasoned claim, do more harm than good.
There’s a lot in his cogent post, and it’s worth reading the whole thing. But here’s the most important part:
Now as the earth warms up the temperature variations shown remain like the bell curve…or Gaussian, but the mean should shift to warmer temperatures (see the figure below). The result is that you get more warm extremes and less cold extremes (less cold extremes are not mentioned very often for some reason).
So the result is that you seem more warm temperature records and less cold temperature records. We are in fact seeing this. The earth is warming and there are more maximum temperature records than cold ones. Hansen and friends make a big deal about this.
But what they are not telling you is that the very warm anomalies we are seeing today would have been nearly as large if global warming had never occurred. In his paper he makes a big deal about large (three sigma) anomalies from climatology. Well, without any global warming the anomalies might have been say 2.8 sigma. Or in terms of terms, heat waves of 10F might have been only 9F if global warming had not occurred. To say it differently, the impact of global warming due to greenhouse gases is still small compared to natural processes, and the impacts to society would have been pretty much the same. But you never hear it this way. Those exaggerating the global warming signal imply that we are going from normal conditions to extremes due to global warming. In reality, we go from naturally induced extremes, to a bit stronger extremes due to global warming.
As an aside, the journal that this article was published in…the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS)…allows members of the National Academy (like Dr. Hansen) to publish articles with essentially no peer review. Until 2010 they could publish anything, with no peer review, and most recently the submission review is “supervised” by the submitting academy member WHO GETS TO SELECT THE REVIEWERS. Folks, this is really unfortunate for an entity that claims to be national journal of some reputation. The result has been a lot of very bad papers in PNAS that would never have been accepted in real journals,with a real peer review process. One could use stronger words, but this is a family blog.
Like Al Gore, reckless scientists like Hansen are the climate skeptic’s best friend.
By the way, has Hansen won a Green Weenie yet?


The cold weather was intense but it ends today for the foreseeable future. The 15 day outlook shows a profound reversal to warmth, with only about 60% of normal HDDs forecast.
The CPC, including the 7 day forecast, shows some of the warmth, and brings us to about normal HDD's through mid month. It's the outlook beyond that point that will take January down.
Last year, January was about average, here's a day by day look at last winter vs this winter so far. Most of the warmth last year was concentrated in OCT-NOV-DEC:
And the 15 day outlook, based on the GFS:


Greenhouse gases (GHGs) are responsible for the greenhouse effect.
It is important for you to realize that these gases are not equally harmful to the environment; some trap more heat than others.
In fact, water vapour is the most abundant of these gases, but merely reacts to climate change.
In other words, when the atmosphere is warm, there is more water vapour. Thus there is a higher possibility of clouds and precipitation.
This is the reason why climate change will cause changes in precipitation and weather patterns, one of the differences between climate change and global warming.
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are synthetic (man-made and thus can't be found in nature).
Since it was so destructive to the ozone layer it was banned and is now largely regulated.
They actually caused holes in the ozone layers which fortunately have repaired themselves in recent decades.
The banning of CFCs was the most successful environmental act so far.
Nitrous oxide is a powerful GHG often produced for the use of commercial and organic fertilizers, nitric acid production, fossil fuel combustion and biomass burning.
Methane is often produce through agriculture, decomposition of wastes in landfill and manure management for livestock. This gas is very harmful to the atmosphere, but is emitted in small quantities.
Carbon dioxide takes up a small percentage of these gases and are naturally emitted through cellular respiration and volcanoes.
By this natural process alone, carbon dioxide will increase very slowly over time or remain constant.
However, mankind has drastically increased the concentration of carbon dioxide from 280 to 390 parts per million in the last 150 years. This rapid change will have numerous effects on humankind and precious ecosystems.
Carbons from fossil fuels combine with oxygen to create carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is emitted primarily through the use of transportation, industries, energy consumption, agriculture and deforestation.
By reducing our carbon footprint (how much carbon dioxide we emit), we can help solve the climate crisis.
Essentially, it is important for us to determine the causes of climate change in order to do so.
Annual changes are measured in gigatons of carbon per year (GtC/y)
From National Academies
Nov 07, 16 12:21 AM
We had the chance to speak with Film Director, Musician and Conservationist Jonah Bryson during TIFF 2016. Bryson has directed “The Fight For Bala”, a
Nov 07, 16 12:19 AM
As I engage relentlessly in the fight to mobilize a complacent public and encourage reluctant politicians to focus on climate change action, I’ve come
Nov 06, 16 11:39 PM
It’s time to break free from fossil fuels! It’s not time to promote pipelines and expand tar sands production in an attempt to create short-term jobs.
Nov 06, 16 11:18 PM
We are really screwing up the Earth, and not having another one handy we need to get the message out to change our ways before it's too late. We cannot
Oct 30, 16 02:51 PM
Have you ever thought about what you value so much that you'd be willing to die for? What immediately comes to my mind is that I would do anything to keep
Have your say about what you just read! Please, leave a comment below.


Jacob reports from the North American Epic bike tour:
It is raining outside, not heavily, but a persistent drizzle. The sky is thick and grey with the surrounding landscape cloaked in a low hanging band of clouds. Water runs down the cobbled streets of the small town called Ajijic, where we are staying. Grocery stores and restaurants have shut up for the evening, and there are very few pedestrians or traffic around. Despite these warning signs there is a feeling of calmness. Local people don’t appear to be preparing or worried in any way about the category five hurricane approaching a few hundred miles away. It is hard to comprehend the scale of the approaching storm. News reports from the U.S give us an idea of the magnitude. Comparison photos of Patricia to Hurricane Katrina show the former dwarfing the latter – this doesn’t look good. ‘Hurricane Patricia is now the strongest storm ever recorded in the Western hemisphere’ – ‘we are expecting catastrophic damage to the Pacific coast of Mexico and states inland’ – ‘there could be potential gusts of up to 200 miles per hour’ – the news reports warn. I know everyone has been hoping for tailwind, but that is a bit excessive!
Plans are put in motion quickly to move the riders out of the path of the looming hurricane. Cycling is out of the question. Two stages are cancelled due to the danger of high winds, flash floods, mudslides, that the storm could cause. With each news report seeming to increase the threat level, the clock is ticking. An extra van is quickly organised to transport the riders and bicycles over one hundred miles out of the path of the hurricane. With this extra buffer zone, the damage from the storm will hopefully be much less, and the chances to continue riding much greater. In the safety of a very well built hotel we watch videos coming in from the coast of palm trees blown sideways – this is it. Night begins to fall – the rain and wind picks up. However, safely inside the hotel, we notice little disturbance during the night. By morning the rain has mostly stopped, and there are gaps of blue sky between the clouds – could that really be it? News reports suggest that the hurricane quickly lost power as it hit the coast. Our location several hundred miles inland, and at a high elevation, surely helped to dissipate the ferocity that was witnessed by the ocean.
It is incredible to think that we were in Puerto Vallarta merely four days prior to the storm hitting. What is more incredible is that for the largest hurricane ever recorded there were zero deaths and very little damage as a result. Fortunately the Pacific coast where the storm hit is quite sparsely populated besides a few large resort towns. Thousands were evacuated early on, in an emergency operation that has been a good reflection on the Mexican government. There seems to be a huge sense of relief and surprise that more damage and devastation was not caused. For many on the tour it has been an eye opener to how quickly a tropical storm can escalate into a category five hurricane. Life is continuing as normal, there are a few clouds in the sky, but the sun is shining, and there isn’t even a hint that anything major has happened recently. Thankfully local communities can continue their lives as normal, glad that a hurricane named Patricia won’t be haunting their lives for years to come. Meanwhile the tour can continue as normal. With only five riding days to Mexico City, there is already plenty of reflection and anticipation for the now tangible finish of the tour.


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- Not started
The City of Boroondara is committed to reducing our carbon emissions. Our target is to achieve net carbon neutrality by 2022 and actual carbon neutrality by 2040.
Net carbon neutrality has been achieved in 2022 by reducing our energy use, generating onsite solar electricity, purchasing 100% green electricity and purchasing greenhouse gas offsets for the remaining emissions.
We will continue to reduce our reliance on greenhouse offsets in order to meet our goal of 100% reduction in emissions without the use of offsets.
Council undertakes an annual inventory of corporate greenhouse gas emissions. Carbon credits are purchased to offset the associated emissions.
Updates about our corporate greenhouse emissions and carbon offsetting are coming soon.
What's left to do?
Offsetting for the year 2022
What has been done?
Offsetting for 2021 completed
Read more here in this report


Machines have invaded a windswept rural valley in eastern Portugal. Squat white containers stare at the hillsides, sweeping lasers across the eucalyptus-studded slopes, and towers bristling with scientific instruments soar 100 metres into the air.
Their international team of minders will spend the next five months measuring nearly everything it can about the wind that blows through the site. An unprecedented arsenal of meteorological equipment will study speed, direction and other characteristics for the world’s most detailed wind-mapping project. The aim is to illuminate fundamental properties of wind flow over complex terrain, to help researchers improve atmospheric computer models and enable engineers to decide where to put wind turbines to get the most energy from them.
he results of the project, called Perdigão, should also improve models of how air pollution sinks into valleys and help drones and aircraft to navigate gusty mountain terrain.
“This will be utterly transformative in both understanding the physics of the atmosphere and also how to optimally use wind energy,” says Sara Pryor, an atmospheric scientist at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York, who works on the project. “It’s brilliant.”
By testing wind-flow models against the detailed data from Perdigão, researchers will be able to apply their findings in other locations. “Lessons learned will translate into improved atmospheric models for the entire wind-energy community,” says Sonia Wharton, a meteorologist at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in Livermore, California.
Europe gets 11% of its total energy from wind. But just a 10% shift in wind speed can change the amount of energy produced by up to 30%, says Jakob Mann, a wind-energy researcher at the Technical University of Denmark near Copenhagen. And losses are greatest in hilly or forested regions. Mann leads the €14-million (US$14.9-million) New European Wind Atlas project, a collection of wind-mapping studies and experiments of which the project in Portugal is the largest.


The 614-15 South Serkr Ocean cyclone season is an annual event in tropical cyclone formation in the Serkr. Yearly, during the southern hemisphere's summer, tropical cyclones tend to form most often from <date 1> to <date 2>. Cyclones in this region can affect Serkr Islander nations, Solea, Auspikitan, Aiyota, Sodar, and a few colonies. During the 614-15 cyclone year, any cyclone that forms from <longitude 1> to <longitude 2> south of the equator will be monitored by RSMC Saelunavvk in Solea, in addition to any local meteorological service. As Solea is a member of the Nausikkak Meteorological Collaboration (NMC), warnings and data will be archived in a unified format and disseminated quickly to other members and any nation likely to be affected. Tropical and subtropical cyclones (tropical depression strength and greater) are first numbered with the prefix SS, and then a 2-digit number, consecutively increasing with each storm. Wind speeds are estimated over a period of 10 minutes and cyclones are ranked on the NMC intensity scale.
šunokika iksunda sekekkivi (SS01)Edit
A weak tropical depression formed over the island nation of Oesa. The storm tracked generally south at a slow speed, and rapidly intensified while over warm equatorial water. On <date 3>, the storm was named Sekekkivi (a Soleani female name meaning '<something>'), the first name on the new cyclone list. The storm was relatively small and became šunokika iksunda as it passed over the island of Teloeki, hitting it with hurricane force winds. The interaction with the island disturbed the circulation and weakened the cyclone significantly. Sekekkivi sped up and turned slightly to the east, tracking away from an earlier potential landfall on the Aolejk Peninsula. The storm restrengthened into šunokika ikesa briefly before becoming post-tropical over Futi'akep.
Moderate Cyclone SekekkiviEdit
A weak tropical depression formed 700 km NNE of Kakai. It persisted for 36 hours before its center was judged to have become too disorganized. The remnant tropical disturbance made landfall near Akapeɰevó, Itilsek, Solea, causing heavy rains and minor to moderate flooding.
šunokika ike, šunokika ikesa, šunokika iksunda, šunokika kusan, šunokika andá Weak Cyclone, Significant Cyclone, Moderate Cyclone, Severe Cyclone, Extreme Cyclone Tropical Storm, Severe Tropical Storm, Tropical Cyclone, Intense Tropical Cyclone, Extreme Tropical Cyclone
At the beginning of the season a list of names was drafted by NMC members and nations able to be affected by cyclones in the South Serkr. The full list is composed of 4 seperate regional lists, Soleani, Auspik, Islander, and International. Since Solea and Auspikitan are the largest countries affected by cyclones often, they are awarded 2 full lists. Nearby countries are allowed to contribute to the International list, composed of a cycling between Kaeshar, Darvincia, Tutono, and Aiyota. Although names are sectionally contributed vertically, the full list is read horizontally ("by Line"). In this way, name origins are cycled rapidly.
A tropical cyclone meeting criteria to be numbered as a tropical depression and sustaining winds of 34 kts (<local units>) or greater will be named by RSMC Saelunavvk.
Should a cyclone move west into the Korveidt, responsibility of tracking would be transferred to <Kaeshar/Aiyota> and would retain its original name. If a cyclone enters from the Korveidt, its name would also be retained.
NAUSIKKAK METEOROLOGICAL COLLABORATION - SOUTH SERKR OCEAN CYCLONE SEASON NAME LIST (614) SOLEANI AUSPIK ISLANDER INTERNATIONAL Sekekkivi Syele [AERIDANI] [KAESHAR] Syvíga Kalak Paekua [DARVINCIA] Kulsegwa Lanaka [AERIDANI] Humeo Enengka Aoete Auweika Corrio Laluk Norulauk [AERIDANI] [KAESHAR] Asoik Ponesi Eika [DARVINCIA] Kwlassyk Byerta [AERIDANI] Harver Engki Aeseine Ati Forfeiza Apseng Tuoeisi [AERIDANI] [KAESHAR] Panpekalh Fekel Peka [DARVINCIA] Kungevok Ain [AERIDANI] Davier Enoikhi Eppa Ikena Adzoni Pasek Igwa [AERIDANI] [KAESHAR] Kiríl Sanauw Hoeki [DARVINCIA] Kwtheket Atawsekwi [AERIDANI] [TUTONO] Nagwa Kepi Nuua Koraofaiazen Fopwt Akipa [AERIDANI] [KAESHAR] Enseki Pikekkrl Kiwa [DARVINCIA] Apéka Sewa [AERIDANI] [TUTONO] Gwutep Noruk Kauiui Chiaguré


AIR POLLUTION FROM VEHICLE EMMISSIONS
- 22 Jun
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Air Pollution is the introduction of substances or surplus energy as waste products of human activities into the atmosphere which directly or indirectly adversely alter the quality of the environment or cause undesirable effects on man, animals, vegetation or materials. The waste may be gaseous or particulate emissions. Transportation is a major source of air pollutants. Vehicles are probably the largest single source of pollutants such as hydrocarbons, nitrogen dioxide and carbon monoxide.
Vehicle emissions are a major source of air pollution in urban areas (2014)


I've lived in the DC area for a little over two years, and haven't seen more than an inch of slush, much less snow, in my time here. Everyone I talk to says this is the most snow they've seen in 20 years.
And of course, the irony of the whole thing is that President Obama is flying back from the Copenhagen summit on global warming.
So the question is, how unusual is the snowfall?
Well, according to the New York Times:
Officials in Washington said the storm was likely to produce the area’s heaviest snow since February 2003, when about 16 inches fell on the region.2003 was also the sixth warmest year on record. 2009 is tied for the second warmest. The moral of the story is, heavy snowfall can occur even in the presence of global warming. Don't let the weather fool you.


Kanpur, Nov 6 (IANS): The Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur (IIT-K) has established a Centre of Excellence (CoE) named ATMAN (Advanced Technologies for Monitoring Air-quality iNdicators).
The CoE is a significant step towards the Atma Nirbhar Bharat initiative of the government, focusing on building indigenous low-cost sensor manufacturing and Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning (AI/ML) capabilities to enhance air quality across urban and rural areas of India.
According to an official release, the CoE ATMAN aligns with the vision of the Principal Scientific Advisor of India, aiming to translate sustainable technologies and business models into practical products and services accessible to millions globally.
Supported by philanthropic entities, including Bloomberg Philanthropies, Open Philanthropy and the Clean Air Fund, ATMAN aims to address critical air quality challenges with cutting-edge technology.
Prof. S Ganesh, Officiating Director, IIT Kanpur, said: “IIT Kanpur has taken significant strides in the battle against air pollution. This initiative of establishment of the Centre of Excellence -- ATMAN has firmly positioned the institute at the forefront of efforts to combat air pollution. Through ATMAN, IIT Kanpur is dedicated to the meticulous evaluation of health risks associated with air pollutants, as well as a comprehensive review of air quality standards.”
There are several projects that are currently underway at the ATMAN.
The Ambient Air Quality Monitoring of Rural Areas using Indigenous Technology (AMRIT) is a flagship project that will deploy a dense Sensor Ambient Air Quality Monitor (SAAQM) network with 1,400 nodes across rural areas in the states of Bihar and Uttar Pradesh.
This initiative is the first of its kind to monitor air quality comprehensively in these regions, where data has been limited to cities and towns.
The CoE team will be working with the State Pollution Control Board of Bihar and Department of Environment, Forests & Climate Change of Uttar Pradesh on AMRIT to enhance air quality action in these states.
The Dynamic Hyper-local Source Apportionment (DHSA) is a cost effective approach to source apportionment that is currently being pioneered in Lucknow and Kanpur in Uttar Pradesh.
The data from DHSA will enable city authorities to make informed decisions in their air quality action planning.
The long-term vision is to scale DHSA systems across cities in the country to inform about emission and sources of air pollution on a dynamic scale based on this project.
The PM2.5 Prediction and Airshed Management is a project that utilises micro-satellite imagery, sensor-based ambient air quality networks, and machine learning to predict PM2.5 levels at finer resolutions.
Additionally, the CoE is developing an airshed approach to address air pollution on a larger scale with data-driven policy decisions.
Prof. Ajay Sood, Principal Scientific Adviser to the government, said: “The CoE ATMAN has been setup to strategise and execute projects in the field of air quality with indigenous sensor manufacturing that is scalable globally.”
Prof. Sachchidanand Tripathi, who heads the Centre of Excellence (CoE), expressed enthusiasm for the impactful research that is underway, "CoE ATMAN is spearheading the infusion of Indigenous Technology towards an Atmanirbhar Bharat. Association of State Government Departments in Bihar and UP, is helping bridge the gap in data driven Air Quality Management (AQM) policy."


The world's most trusted source in collecting
(10-30-2012 05:13 AM)nolan5000 Wrote: I take it, that either y'all don't watch OR don't get Fox News Channel. Sandy is supposed combine with a cold front to produce a superstorm, the likes of which we have never seen. Also, there's a tropical storm inside Hurricane Sandy.
Try to stay safe. They said if you haven't evacuated by now.... It's too late.
(10-30-2012 08:10 AM)jacobystealshome Wrote:


Sunday, September 6, 2009
One of the science destinations near the top of my list is to visit a northern (or southern for that matter) latitude to witness an aurora. Witnessing the so-called Northern or Southern Lights seems like a wonderful way to visualize a scientific process in action as well as take a pretty exotic trip.
Auroras are caused when charged particles (mostly electrons, but also protons and other heavier particles) from space collide with gas particles in the upper atmosphere (ionosphere, at altitudes above 80km). The phenomena are typical at higher latitudes because the particles follow the Earth’s magnetic field lines (see attached graphic). Notice how the field lines penetrate the atmosphere at the polar regions. The magnetosphere of Earth is a region in space whose shape is determined by the extent of Earth's magnetic field.
Scientists have always thought the north and south auroras mirror one another because magnetic field lines connect the two hemispheres. A new report by researchers in Norway (July 23 Nature) finds that the intensity and pattern of the northern and southern auroras can differ substantially. The differences were imaged by simultaneous satellite observations. Known differences in Earth’s magnetic field strength don’t explain the new data. There are some theories about the auroral asymmetries; they may be driven by large numbers of charged particles flowing between the northern and southern hemispheres along magnetic field lines.


Saturday marked the first day of spring. As the change of season brings increased potential for severe weather, the National Weather Service is educating the public about tools and information that could keep them safe during Severe Weather Week, March 22 through 26.
“This is the time of year people need to start looking at that sort of thing and be prepared and make sure people have multiple weather sources to refer to,” said Byron Jimmerson, coordinator of Clarke County Emergency Management.
During a storm spotter training March 17, Chad Hahn, warning coordination meteorologist at the Des Moines Weather Service, said asked spotters to not rely so heavily on social media to relay information to the weather service.
“If you’re seeing a tornado out your window or from your house in the distance and you’re spotting that and you want to relay that information to us, it’s probably best not to do it on social media in hopes that we see that,” he said.
Instead, Hahn urged spotters to call 1-800-SKYWARN to report strong winds or tornado activity.
Those attending the training learned to report strong winds once they reach a minimum of 58 m.p.h. This level of strength is depicted by entire trees being in motion with twigs and branches coming off of them.
Risk levels for severe weather are rated from marginal to slight to enhanced to moderate to high depending on if the conditions assessed are favorable for storm activity.
“If you look historically for the state of Iowa, the majority of (high risk) days are slight-risk for us,” said Hahn.
However, Hahn pointed to cases where the threat level was underestimated.
“The Pella tornado day and the Marshalltown tornado day was a slight-risk day,” he said.
Hahn encouraged people to use the Wireless Emergency Alerts (WEA) app to be aware of potential weather-related threats coming their way. He also recommended apps that display radar to get a visual of where storms are coming.
Hahn said spotters need to identify updrafts and downdrafts when assessing the potential for storms.
“The air condenses and it forms a cloud in the updraft,” he said, “and the little droplets get larger, combine, freeze up above where it gets colder and it falls out as a downdraft.”
Hahn said with storm clouds, if there is dust or debris observed on the ground, visible features may not be present between the cloud base and the ground.
Hahn said that severe wall clouds tend to be bulky and visibly rising and indicate vertical rotation.
NWS does not have designated spotters, so the work of storm spotters is done at one’s own risk.
Hahn urged spotters to maintain situational awareness at all times.
“Always have an escape route,” he said. “Don’t jump in your car and go chasing, that’s not what we’re wanting folks to do.”
Hahn gave additional safety tips when driving during severe weather, such as staying away from spotting at night and that the vehicle frame will protect the driver when it is lightning out.
Spotters are encouraged to register at midiowaskywarn.org.
Clarke County will participate in a statewide tornado siren test 11 a.m. Wednesday. Weekly tests will begin at 9 a.m. Thursdays. Clarke County Emergency Management will also be sending out a social media blast to sign up for emergency alerts.