As I explained in an article posted last January (“More Evidence for Extreme Climate Stability“), comprehensive marine temperature proxy measurements have removed any doubt that global warming over the past 75 years is real (see figure).1 These measurements show that from 900–1900 AD global mean ocean surface temperatures remained constant to within ±0.06°C. However, from 1900 AD to the present the global mean ocean surface temperature has risen by 1.10°C.
Are we headed for catastrophe? Not necessarily. In this post, I’ll review various geoengineering proposals to offset warming that hold promise but also come at a cost.
Climate Change Mitigation Goals
Recently, the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has issued dire warnings about the rapidly rising global mean temperature. They point out that in spite of admirable efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, Earth’s increasing wealth, technology, and population are causing atmospheric greenhouse gas levels to continue to rise. While there’s been some reduction in the amounts of chlorofluorocarbons in the atmosphere, carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide levels have all increased.
In 2015, the IPCC set a goal of ensuring that the global mean temperature during the twenty-first century rises by no more than 1.5°C above the pre-industrial level. For this goal to be attainable, they calculated that greenhouse gas emissions would need to peak by no later than 2025. Any increase beyond 1.5°C, they determined, would have catastrophic economic and social consequences for at least half the world’s population. Some of the worst consequences include reduced crop yields and heat stroke deaths in tropical cities, major droughts and floods, extreme weather events, increased wildfires, and rising sea levels.
Participants in the United Nations Climate Change Conference held in Egypt, November 6–18, 2022, commonly referred to as COP 27, stated, “The world still needs a giant leap on climate ambition,”2 At the conference’s outset, UN Secretary-General António Guterres said humanity is “on a highway to climate hell with our foot still on the accelerator.”3 The COP 27 participants noted that progress toward the IPPC’s stated goals in 2015 has been so minimal that it seems hopeless that they’ll ever be achieved.
The previous claim that wind and solar energy production could quickly replace the need for generating energy through fossil fuel burning appears impractical, if not impossible. To completely replace fossil fuels, wind turbines and solar panels would need to carpet many millions of acres. For example, to provide for the total energy consumption of the US human population in 2020 would require solar panels covering about a hundred thousand square miles. Such carpeting will inevitably harm ecosystems. Furthermore, maintaining, replacing, and recycling wind turbines and solar panels bring on ecological problems that remain unsolved.
Growing pessimism about the adequacy of so-called green alternatives to generating energy through fossil fuel burning has motivated engineers to propose geoengineering Earth’s stratosphere to partly block out the Sun’s heat. On October 13, 2022, the White House announced that the federal government would fund a five-year research study on technologies and innovations to artificially modify Earth’s climate.
The most popular geoengineering proposal calls for pumping sulfur dioxide particles and/or sulfate aerosols into the stratosphere. This proposal copies the natural phenomenon of volcanic eruptions and, therefore, currently ranks as the best-understood and tested geoengineering proposal. Major volcanic eruptions in the past, like the Krakatoa eruption in 1883, pumped huge quantities of sulfur dioxide and sulfate aerosols into the stratosphere.
The Krakatoa eruption so increased cloud reflectivity that for the year following the eruption Earth’s surface was cooled by as much as 0.4°C. However, the sulfur compounds that were pumped into the atmosphere eventually fell to the ground as acid precipitation.
A research team led by Caspar Ammann used a coupled Atmosphere-Ocean General Circulation Model to establish that greenhouse gas-countering anthropogenic forcing, sufficient to bring the global mean temperature down to what it was in 2000, would need to be much larger than anything experienced from volcanic eruptions.4 Their model showed that most, but not all, of Earth’s continental landmasses would experience substantial cooling, but that there would be minimal reductions in sea ice loss.
Sulfur Dioxide Injection
Another research team used six different Earth system simulation models to determine results from the continual injection of 5 teragrams of sulfur dioxide per year into the stratosphere between 2020 and 2069.5 The team found that this 50-year period of sulfur dioxide injection would compensate for 50 gigatonnes (55 billion tons) of carbon injected into the atmosphere from the burning of fossil fuels. Currently, fossil fuel burning injects 8.7 gigatonnes/year of carbon into the atmosphere.
Stratocumulus Cloud Modification
Three atmospheric physicists have proposed a less invasive geoengineering solution to global warming. They present a study of the climate response to deliberately seeding large-scale stratocumulus cloud decks in the North Pacific, South Pacific, and South Atlantic Oceans.6 They use a fully coupled atmosphere/ocean version of the Met Office Hadley Center computer model to show that up to 35% of greenhouse gas emissions from current human activity could be offset by stratocumulus cloud modification.
White Urban Surfaces
Three Canadian environmentalists suggested an even less invasive proposal. They used a global climate model to determine the impact of replacing urban surfaces with high solar reflectance materials.7 They showed that if all urban rooftops and pavements were white-colored, a global cooling of as much as 0.07°C could be achieved, which is equivalent to a carbon dioxide emission reduction of 150 billion tonnes. While this achievement seems relatively modest, the environmentalists explained that the light-colored urban surfaces would reduce air-conditioning usage, which would mitigate the urban heat-island effect and reduce fossil fuel consumption.
Atmospheric physicist David Keith noted that injecting sulfate aerosols or sulfur dioxide into the stratosphere results in stratospheric ozone loss. Such loss would allow more harmful ultraviolet radiation to reach Earth’s surface. This radiation would diminish crop and forest production and increase human cancer and respiratory disease rates. Therefore, Keith proposes injecting calcite (calcium carbonate) particles into the stratosphere instead of sulfate aerosols or sulfur dioxide particles.8 He determined that injecting calcite into the stratosphere would augment the stratospheric ozone by 4% while delivering 10 times more cooling to the lower stratosphere than what would be achieved by injecting sulfate aerosols into the stratosphere.
One radical geoengineering proposal recommends installing a solar shield permanently positioned between the Sun and Earth. It’s the only geoengineering proposal, so far, where the amount of Earth cooling could be precisely regulated without any time delays. Such a shield or combination of shields could be designed to constantly adjust the amount of solar radiation incident on Earth’s surface. Such shields must be equipped with propulsion systems to keep them optimally positioned between the Sun and Earth. Solar panels attached to the shields could provide the energy needed for the propulsion systems.
Geoengineering Benefits and Dangers
Atmospheric carbon dioxide stimulates photosynthesis. For atmospheric carbon dioxide levels above 400 parts per million, rising atmospheric carbon dioxide levels hinder respiration.9 The optimal atmospheric carbon dioxide level for crop, tree, and plant productivity is 600–650 parts per million. However, photosynthesis is also temperature-dependent. Photosynthesis rates peak at 18°C (64°F) and 28°C (82°F) for C3 (trees, shrubs, wheat, rice, barley, rye, millet, and oats) and C4 (corn and sugar cane) plant systems, respectively.10 Most of the world’s vegetation is already at or beyond the optimal photosynthesis temperatures.
The only way crop, tree, and plant productivity can be enhanced through increased atmospheric carbon dioxide is if the global mean temperature is reduced. Injecting huge amounts of sulfate aerosols, sulfur dioxide particles, and/or calcite particles into the stratosphere can potentially achieve that goal. However, such geoengineering means that there would be less sunlight available for photosynthesis. The end result may well be a net zero enhancement of photosynthesis. That is, there may not be an uptake of carbon dioxide consumption by plants.
An enormous benefit of stratospheric, space-based, and/or stratocumulus cloud geoengineering is that it could halt the melting of the polar ice cap and of icefields in Antarctica, Greenland, the Tibetan Plateau, and the high mountain ranges of the world. An even greater challenge facing humanity than global warming would be the onset of the next ice age.
As I explain in my book, Weathering Climate Change, any substantial melting of the winter polar ice cap would bring on the next ice age just like it has in all previous ice age cycles.11 Arctic ice reflects sunlight with about 60% efficiency. Open Arctic liquid water reflects sunlight with only 6% efficiency. The extra solar heat absorbed by the Arctic with a reduced winter ice cap will produce more water vapor which will fall as extra snow on Canada, Greenland, northern Europe, and Siberia.
Though the IPCC and other scientific and political consortiums have expressed concern about the dangers of rising sea levels from the increased melting of Earth’s ice, the bigger concern is the aforementioned onset of the next ice age. Geoengineering proposals may delay that onset with the proviso that the geoengineering is adopted quickly.
Geoengineering Economic Costs
Space-based geoengineering holds
a promise for the greatest benefits. However, it is by far the most costly of the geoengineering proposals. Even a bare minimum effective set of solar shields would cost at least 10 trillion US dollars. Most scientists believe that this minimal cost would be greater than accepting the financial consequences of ongoing global warming.
The expense of injecting adequate amounts of sulfate aerosols, or sulfur dioxide, or calcite particles into the stratosphere to bring global warming to a halt is not unreasonable. Using only existing US military aircraft, annual costs would be just several billion US dollars. Using balloons, artillery, or rockets to loft the aerosols and/or particles would be more expensive. Attempts to pump up the aerosols or particles through hoses attached to balloons or towers atop high mountains would be even more costly.
The costs of seeding stratocumulus clouds and covering urban surfaces with more reflective paints certainly will be lower than stratospheric geoengineering projects. However, even in combination, stratocumulus cloud seeding and painting of urban surfaces will offset only a small fraction of current greenhouse gas emissions.
The dangers and risks of geoengineering are many and in some instances serious. For all geoengineering projects, with the exception of painting urban surfaces, there would be less sunlight for solar power generation and for photosynthesis. With stratospheric geoengineering, the skies would no longer be blue and astronomical observations through ground-based optical telescopes would be severely hampered, if not rendered impossible. Satellite remote sensing would be negatively impacted as well.
None of the geoengineering proposals would do anything to stop the acidification of oceans, lakes, and rivers from greenhouse gas emissions. Stratospheric geoengineering based on sulfate aerosols and sulfur dioxide particles would make the acidification of oceans, lakes, and rivers much worse. Sulfur compounds injected into the stratosphere eventually return to Earth’s surface in the form of sulfuric acid or other sulfur-based acids.
Geoengineering, with the exception of solar space shields, will not produce uniform surface temperature reductions. There will be major regional disparities in the degree of temperature compensation and major regional differences in precipitation changes.12 Some regions will become wetter and will experience major flooding events. Other regions, especially northern South America (including the Amazon), the Indian subcontinent, the Middle East, North Africa, and most Mediterranean regions will experience catastrophic decreases in precipitation.13
In no case has the degree of temperature and precipitation alterations or the locations of the alterations been accurately determined. Furthermore, all computer simulations of stratospheric geoengineering—where the geoengineering runs for more than three decades—show that if or when the geoengineering ceases, a very rapid global warming of at least a few °C occurs. For these reasons alone, stratospheric geoengineering is not an acceptable option.
Does the inadequacy or unacceptable expense of geoengineering mean that humanity is doomed to face dire consequences? Not at all. I’m convinced that our Creator has not left us bereft of solutions. In next week’s post, I’ll discuss options to geoengineering that can mitigate global warming and climate instability while boosting the world economy, especially for the benefit of the world’s poorest people.
- Hugh Ross, “More Evidence for Extreme Climate Stability,” Today’s New Reason to Believe (blog), Reasons to Believe, January 31, 2022.
- United Nations, Climate Action, COP 27, “Stand and Deliver—UN Chief Urges COP 27 Negotiators,” (November 15, 2022), https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/cop27.
- Anmar Frangoul, “We’re on a ‘Highway to Climate Hell,’ UN Chief Guterres Says, Calling for a Global Phase-Out of Coal,” CNBC, Sustainable Future (November 7, 2022).
- Caspar M. Ammann et al., “Climate Engineering through Artificial Enhancement of Natural Forcings: Magnitudes and Implied Consequences,” Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 115, no. D22 (November 27, 2010): id. D22109, doi:10.1029/2009.JD012878.
- Maxime Plazzotta, Roland Séférian, and Hervé Douville, “Impact of Solar Radiation Modification on Allowable CO2 Emissions: What Can We Learn from Multimodel Simulations?” Earth’s Future 7, no. 6 (June 2019): 664–676, doi:10.1029/2019EF001165.
- Andy Jones, Jim Haywood, and Olivier Boucher, “Climate Impacts of Geoengineering Marine Stratocumulus Clouds,” Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 114, no. D10 (May 27, 2009): id. D10106, doi:10.1029/2008JD011450.
- Hashem Akbari, H. Damon Matthews, and Donny Seto, “The Long-Term Effect of Increasing the Albedo of Urban Areas,” Environmental Research Letters 7, no. 2 (April 12, 2012): id. 024004, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/7/2/024004.
- David W. Keith et al., “Stratospheric Solar Geoengineering without Ozone Loss,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 113, no. 52 (December 12, 2016): 14910–14914, doi:10.1073/pnas.1615572113.
- Astrid C. Wittmann and Hans-O. Pörtner, “Sensitivities of Extant Animal Taxa to Ocean Acidification,” Nature Climate Change 3 (November 2013): 995–1001, doi:10.1038/nclimate1982; Hugh Ross, “Complex Life’s Narrow Requirements for Atmospheric Gases,” Today’s New Reason to Believe (blog), Reasons to Believe, July 1, 2019.
- Katharyn A. Duffy et al., “How Close Are We to the Temperature Tipping Point of the Terrestrial Biosphere?” Science Advances 7, no. 3 (January 13, 2021): id. eaay1052, doi:10.1126/sciadv.aay1052.
- Hugh Ross, Weathering Climate Change: A Fresh Approach (Covina, CA: RTB Press, 2020), chapter 18.
- Ben Kravitz et al., “A Multi-Model Assessment of Regional Climate Disparities Caused by Solar Geoengineering,” Environmental Research Letters 9, no. 7 (July 22, 2014): id. 074013, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/9/7/074013.
- K. Karami et al., “Storm Track Changes in the Middle East and North Africa under Stratospheric Aerosol Geoengineering,” Geophysical Research Letters 47, no. 14 (July 28, 2020): id. e86954, doi:10.1029/2020GL086954; Jones, Haywood, and Boucher, “Climate Impacts of Geoengineering.”


Full Program »
Analysis on the Lightning Flash Activities Over Beijing Area Based on Beijing Lightning Network
The temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of lightning activity in Beijing area were statistically analyzed by using the flash lightning data obtained by Beijing Lightning Location Network (BLNET) during 146 thunderstorms in 2015-17. The results showed that most of the 588,520 lightning flashes observed were cloud flashes (IC), which accounted for about 93.8% of the total lightning. Ground-flashes (CG) accounted for only a small fraction, accounting for only 16.2% of the total flashes. 11.7% of these CG flashes are positive flashes. The daily change in lightning activity is clearly a double-peak structure. The two peak periods are 14:00-22:00 (Beijing time, BST) and 23:00-the next day at 03:00. Through the analysis of the total lightning activity density, it is found that the lightning activity has inter-annual differences, but from the average of three years, there are several obvious high-value centers in the lightning activities in Beijing, mainly located in the northeast of Shunyi District, Beijing urban areas and the junction of Shunyi-Tongzhou-Beijing urban areas, the high value area of lightning density is closely related to dense population, heavy traffic and aerosol density.


Payment & Shipping Terms:
|Air Velocity:||0~30m/s||Air Temperature:||-10~45℃|
This Wind Speed Temperature Gauge Anemometer with LCD digital display is ideal for weather enthusiast or professional to measure air velocity and air temperature accurately.
This handy palm sized anemometer with strap for convenient carrying.
Air velocity and temperature measurement.
Ideal tool for windsurfing, sailing, fishing, kite flying and mountaineering.
Also use it for industrial and home purpose such as measuring wind speed.
Temperature of CPU computer fans, air blower.
LED back light design for operation under poor illumination.
Wind chill indication and Beaufort scale.
Current / max / average wind speed reading.
Five Units of Air Velocity: m/s, Km/h, ft/min, Knots, mph.
Powered by a built-in 3V CR2032 battery.
Small size, lightweight and portable!!
Air Velocity Specification:
Range:0 - 30 m/s, 0 - 90 km/h, 0 - 5860 ft/min, 0 - 65 mph, 0 - 55 Knots.
Resolution:0.1 m/s, 0.3 km/h, 19 ft/min, 0.2 mph, 0.2 Knots.
Threshold:0.1m/s, 0.3 km/h, 39 ft/min, 0.2 mph, 0.1 Knots.
Air Temperature Specification:
Range:Between -10°C and 45°C (between 14°F and 113°F)
Storage Temperature:Between -40°C and +60°C, between -40°F and 140°F.
Current Consumption:About 3mA
Operating Humidity:Less than or equal to 90% RH.
Item Size: 105 * 60 * 20mm


Design and Control of Carbon Aware Supply Chains (PhD. Thesis by Kristel Hoen)
July 11, 2013
In this dissertation the impact of carbon emissions on the design and control of supply chains is studied. Increasing awareness for global warming and the role of greenhouse gasses in this has made companies more aware of carbon dioxide emissions caused by supply chains. As a result of this awareness, carbon emission regulations have been developed enforcing companies to incorporate a carbon cost (for certain activities in certain regions). Moreover, companies are voluntarily restricting their carbon emissions by specifying emission reduction targets, as a response to pressure from customers and stakeholders. In this dissertation we develop models with emission regulation and also
with voluntary emission targets.


Global normal spectral irradiance in Albuquerque - Data and Resources
Data and Resources
Measured broadband irradiance and other ...HDF5
Direct, diffuse, global horizontal and global normal irradiance as well as...
Measured global normal spectraHDF5
Global normal spectral irradiance reported at 5 nm intervals over the range...
Resampled AM15 reference spectraHDF5
Global-tilted and direct-normal spectra at AM15 conditions. These spectra...
Photo of instrumentsJPEG
Two-axis tracker with pair of spectroradiometers at the PSEL facility
Graph of spectraPNG
Spectral irradiance over the course of a clear day (June 1)
Python programming exampleipynb
This Jupyter notebook shows how to read the HDF5 data files and perform some...
Python programming example as pdf
This is a PDF version of the Jupyter notebook programming example, for viewing.


A UN conference on climate change, held this week in Bangkok, will help to shape the world's efforts to prevent irreparable global warming without impacting the economy.
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) will release a report today that warns the world doesn't have much time to waste if it's to prevent temperatures from rising 3,6 degrees.
Earlier reports showed the earth was already warming and could expect consequences ranging from drought and flooding to storms and increased disease.
Today's report is expected to reveal that the tools to reduce carbon emissions already exist in the form of renewable energy, nuclear power, biofuels and reforestation.
However, governments and environmental groups alike will probably take umbrage to recommendations.
Green groups have already come out against many of the recommendations, saying they cost too much or simply delay an inevitable weaning from fossil fuels. Nuclear energy also raise red flags.
Governments, meanwhile, will probably object to taxes and caps on carbon emissions as well as any references to the Kyoto Protocol.


Labor Day Weekend is here! And it also means the end of what the locals call, Fogust. This is the official start of our version of summer, and it is called Indian Summer, though it is nothing like an “Indian summer.”
This weekend and the coming week, the temperatures across the Bay Area (and in California at large) will be reaching record levels. There has even been a heat advisory. San Francisco, a city, usually cool because of the winds of the Pacific Ocean, is expecting temperatures in the eighties.
Perhaps, that is why I thought it would make sense to share a few more from my “Cool Gray City” series of photos. It is unlikely that we will see any fog for a while, so this is probably the last set for a few weeks.
Have a great long weekend, everyone! #coolgraycity!
September 3, 2022. San Francisco


2.6 Water Vapor in the Airbr /br /2.6.1 Moisture Parametersbr /br /Mixing ratio: w = m_v/m_d – typically g_H2O/kg_airbr /br /Example 2.7: What is the partial pressure of water vapor, with mixing ratio 5.5g/kg with total pressure 1026.8mb?br /br /e = (m_v/M_w)*p/(m_d/M_d + m_v/M_w) = w/(w+eps) *p = 9mbbr /br /Example 2.8: Calculate the virtual temperature at T=30^oC with w=20g/kgbr /br /T_v = T(eps+w)/(eps+w*eps) = T(1+ 0.61w) = 33.69^oCbr /br /Saturation vapor pressure – equilibrium state between evaporation and condensation if there is enough moisture. The partial pressure of the moisture in this situation is the saturation vapor pressure – depends only on temperature – increases rapidly with increasing tempbr / br /Saturation mixing ratio – the associated mixing ratio:br /br /w_s = rho_vs/rho_d = e_s/(R_vT)/[(p-e_s)/(R_dT)] = 0.622 e_s/(p-e_s) ~0.622 e_s/pbr /br /Dew point – the temperature that a sample of air must be cooled to at constant pressure to arrive at saturation.br /br /Example 2.9br /For air at 1000mb, 18^oC and w = 6g/kg, what is the relative humidity and dew point? Using Pseudo-adiabatic charts – can locate saturation mixing ratio for this point – w_s = 12.9g/kg – so RH = 46.5%. The dew point can be located by finding the temperature at this pressure for which 6g/kg is the saturation value – 6.4^oCbr /br /Lifting condensation level – the level to which a parcel must be lifted adiabatically so that the pressure and temperature drop to the point where the vapor in the parcel is at saturation.br /br /2.6.2 Saturated- and Pseudo-adiabatic processesbr /When lifted, a parcel’s temperature decreases at the dry lapse rate until condensation occurs – at the LCL. Further lifting results in condensation, releasing latent heat and reducing the rate of cooling. If all the condensates are carried by the parcel, the process is still adiabatic and reversible: saturated adiabatic. If the condensates fall out immediately, then the process is irreversible and pseudo-adiabatic. The amount fo heat carried by the condensates is usually small and the pseudo-adiabatic and saturated adiabatic lapse rates are essentially the same.br /br /2.6.3 The Saturated Adiabatic Lapse Rate = consider a lifted parcel undergoing condensation in a saturated-adiabatic manner:br /br /dq = cpdT + gdzbr /br /the heat released by condensation is dq = -Ldw_sbr /br /thus, br /br /dT/dz = -(L/c_p) dw_s/dz – g/c_p = -(L/c_p)(dw_s/dT)(dT/dz) – g/c_pbr /br /so, br /br /Gamma_s == -dT/dz = Gamma_d/[1+(L/c_p)(dw_s/dT)]br /br /This depends upon temperature and pressure and is always less than Gamma_d as the second term in the denominator is always positive.br /br /Example 2.10br /A parcel is intially @ 15^oC, 1000mb and T_dew = 2^oC. What is it’s LCL, and the temperature at that level? If it is lifted a further 200mb, what is its final temperature and how much moisture is condensed out?br /br /Again, this is solved using a pseudo-adiabatic chart. The initial point is located, and the amount of moisture is located from the dew point ~4.4g/kg The intersection of the saturation line from the dew point and the dry adiabat from the actual point determines the LCL at 830mb As we lift further, we follow a saturated adiabat to 630mb, where the temperature of the parcel is -0.5^oC and the saturation mixing ratio is 1.8g/kg – thus 2.6 g/kg of moisture must have condensed during the ascent.br /br /2.6.4 Equivalent potential temperaturebr /br /theta_e = theta exp(Lw_s/c_pT)br /br /the potential temperature of the parcel if all the vapour within is condensed and all the latent heat released go to thermal energy of the dry air. This quantity is conserved in both dry- and saturated- adiabatic motions. br /br /2.6.5 Normand’s rulebr /On a pseudo-adiabatic chart, the LCL of an air parcel is found at the intersection of the potential temperature line which passes through the locus of the parcel and the the pseudo-adiabat that passes through the wet-bulb temperature of the parcel at the same pressure. br /br /2.6.6 Effects of irreversible condensation processesbr /If any of the products of condensation are allowed to fall out as precipitation, the latent heat gained by the parcel will remain when the now drier parcel returns to its original level. The Net effect is increase in T and theta, reduction in w but no change in theta_ebr /br /Example 2.11 – a parcel at 950mb has a temperature of 14^oC and a mixing ratio of 8g/kg. What is the wet-bulb temperature? The air parcel is lifted to 700mb and 70% of the condensate is lost before it returns to 950mb. what is the new temperature, potential temp, wet bulb temp, mixing ratio.br /br /Again, this is solved using the chart.


Up this point, why has so little been accomplished on climate change?
The simple answer is that climate science is complex and has been poorly explained to policy and decision makers and the public. Thus, there has been a major communication gap between the urgency of climate change and the perception of the problem.
The problem is two-sided:
There has been political resistance to change, mainly because with the new Paris Agreement on climate change all countries will have to take action to combat and adapt to climate change. For the last two decades, only a few developed countries have been required to reduce greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions that cause climate change.
The urgency of the problem has been massively misunderstood. Reports by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the premier scientific body, are highly scientific, written in technical language and extremely difficult to comprehend. Policymakers don't read these reports in their entirety, but rather the Synthesis Report, which summarizes the main conclusions of three voluminous reports. Because the Synthesis Report is a summary, it only partially includes the comprehensive assessment of climate science. Thus, some have not fully understood what the options presented imply.
From following the negotiations on the 2015 Paris Agreement on climate change, we have uncovered that many of the negotiators are confused or uninformed on the science and the current situation. The result: the policies and changes that must be made will fall far short and climate change will accelerate.
Can you simply explain the climate change problem?
The climate is changing because the Earth's global temperature is increasing. Global temperature is increasing mainly because of the way energy (electricity, natural gas and fuel) is produced and used. About 85 percent of the total energy in the world is obtained by burning fossil fuels -coal, gas and oil, accounting for 29, 21 and 31 percent respectively.
The burning of fossil fuels produces carbon dioxide (CO2), which accounts for 65 percent of total annual global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Other activities, such as deforestation, forest fires and land use changes generate 11 percent of CO2 emissions. As a result, CO2 totals 76 percent of all GHG emissions.
The problem: about half of the CO2 generated every day ends up in the atmosphere where it remains for more than 1,000 years. It is these CO2 emissions that concentrate in the atmosphere, along with those from methane, nitrous oxide and other GHGs, which are causing global temperature to increase, which is driving the climate to change.
The other half of CO2 emitted is absorbed by trees, plants and the oceans.
Is climate change accelerating?
Yes and much faster than anticipated.
Climate change is the changes in temperature, rain and wind (or the elements of weather) over a long period of time. In 2015, some changes have already been experienced as weather events, such as 50 percent of the average rainfall for an entire month recorded in a couple of hours in Calgary, Canada; a doubling of the average rainfall for an entire month in Calcutta, India; 22 flooding incidents in just 90 minutes in London, United Kingdom; a 15 percent decrease of the monthly average rain in Nagpur, India; unprecedented droughts in Brazil, South Africa, Portugal and Spain; a doubling of the number of wildfires in British Columbia, Canada and California and Alaska in the United States.
Some impacts of climate change are positive, while others are negative.
For example, about 70 percent of food production in the world depends on rain. Thus, changes in rain patterns will impact food production. Some of the impacts of climate change, such more frequent and intense droughts, will hinder the production of main food staples and drive food prices to increase. As a result, food security will be at risk.
The negative impacts of climate change will further threaten livelihoods and lives of millions.
Is a 2ºC increase in global temperature dangerous?
A 2ºC increase in global temperature was considered as the 'upper limit beyond which the risks of grave damage to ecosystems are expected to increase rapidly.' This means that the impacts of climate change will be more abrupt as global temperature increases.
By 2012, global temperature has increased by 0.85ºC from pre-industrial times, causing numerous impacts around the world. Some examples of the already observed impacts of a 0.85ºC temperature increase:
Extreme precipitation has increased in frequency and intensity.
A robust drying trend has been observed for already drought-prone regions.
Extreme heat events are occurring more frequently.
Since the Climate Change Convention was adopted in 1992, climate-related events have doubled in number.
An increase in global temperature of 2ºC implies an additional doubling the number of these impacts of climate change.
Some of the negative impacts of climate change are now unavoidable.
When will global temperature reach 2ºC?
There is a 95 percent probability of reaching 2ºC above pre-industrial times by the 2040s, under all four possible representations of the future (or scenarios) analyzed by the IPCC. This is due to the rapid increase in GHG concentrations in the atmosphere. For example, GHG concentrations increased from 375 parts per million (ppm) CO2-eq (CO2-eq or unit to measure all GHGs combined) in 2005 to 430 ppm CO2-eq in 2011, a 12 percent increase in only six years.
In the future, according to Turn Down the Heat: Why a 4°C Warmer World Must be Avoided, a report prepared for The World Bank by the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research and Climate Analytics, if emission reduction pledges are not met and current trends continue, 'there is an increasing probability of reaching 4°C global mean warming by the last quarter of this century' (or in the next 60 years).
Isn't climate change going to happen only by the end of the century?
No. It is happening now.
The end of the century is the timeframe used by scientists to analyze changes in the climate, because changes in climate are assessed over a long period of time (usually, 30 years). This does not mean that the global temperature will increase by the end of the century; however, it is what some policy makers and the general public misunderstood.
Climate scientists used a target of GHG concentrations of 450 ppm CO2-eq by the end of the century to assess emission reductions required to hold global temperature below 2ºC. They also analyzed what would happen if no explicit actions are taken to reduce GHG emissions -which seems to be the trend until the Paris Agreement is adopted. They concluded that the target of 450 ppm CO2-eq could be exceeded between 2020 and 2030. However, it is impossible to project precisely when such a level will be exceeded because it depends on policies and actions taken by countries, not on science.
Is GHG concentration a better target for the climate change negotiations in Paris?
The 2°C has been adopted as the policy target by all countries.
Climate scientists also use other targets to assess the options required to tackle climate change, such as the level of GHG concentrations.
The 'stabilization of GHG concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system' is also the ultimate objective of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change.
What is the current level of global GHG emissions and what should it be?
In 2010, global GHG emissions reached 49 Gt CO2-eq; and increased by 10 percent to 54 Gt CO2-eq in 2014.
The emission level consistent with holding temperature below 2°C should be 42 Gt CO2-eq by 2030 (or a 15 percent reduction from 2010 levels), and 22 Gt CO2-eq by 2050 (or a further 48 percent reduction from 2030 levels).
These figures are consistent with a 55 percent emission reduction (or the average between 40 and 70 percent) by 2050 from 2010 levels concluded by the IPCC.
What are Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs)?
As part of the negotiations towards the Paris Agreement, all countries were invited to submit Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs).
The INDCs include an overall GHG emission reduction target and describe how each country intends to contribute to tackling climate change through plans and strategies to reduce GHG emissions and adapt to the changing climate.
These pledges may also include the financial support needed by some countries to implement actions outlined. These INDCs, thus, are considered 'conditional', as opposed to others made on an 'unconditional' basis.
The timeframe for the implementation of the INDCs is 2020-2030.
Are the Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) adequate?
No. Climate scientists at the UN Environment Programme and the Climate Action Tracker have done preliminary analysis of the INDCs submitted up to October 2015, from 146 countries representing 85-88 percent of global GHG emissions in 2012. Their conclusions are in line with the Climate Change Convention Secretariat analysis of the INDCs.
If the submitted INDCs are fully implemented by countries between 2020 and 2030, global GHG emissions could increase by about 17 percent from 2010 levels in 2030 (reaching 56 Gt CO2-eq) instead of being reduced by 15 percent (to reach 42 Gt CO2-eq). The increase in GHG emission levels by 2030 is not consistent with holding global temperature below 2ºC.
In addition to inadequate emission reduction targets, there are also inadequate policies to implement those targets.
Climate scientists concluded that there is a significant gap between current policies and the pledges submitted by countries in the INDCs. Thus, global emissions under currently implemented policies are projected to be higher than the already inadequate INDC levels.
Are developed countries the greatest GHG emitters?
Not anymore. Middle income counties have taken the lead in the share of global GHG emissions, contributing 56 percent of global GHG emissions in 2014. Since these countries are considered developing countries by the 1992 Climate Change Convention, they have not been required to limit their GHG emissions. In 1990, middle income countries contributed only 40 percent of global GHG emissions.
For example, China, currently the world's largest emitter of GHGs, is considered a developing country for the 1992 Climate Change Convention but as an upper middle income country for other international organizations.
High income countries emitted 48 percent of global GHG emissions in 1990, but contributed 36 percent in 2014.
Low income countries also decreased their share of emissions, from nine percent in 1990 to six percent in 2014.
The Paris Agreement is expected to set a target for global GHG emissions reductions by all countries -not only developed countries -since all counties contribute to GHG global emissions.
Are these middle income countries that are huge emitters working on the problem?
Yes, but not enough. Some middle income countries are using their status as developing countries in the Climate Change Convention as an excuse to delay action and continue emitting. One of the reasons argued is that they also have the right to develop and that they should be able to do so in the same way developed countries did -by burning fossil fuels.
Some middle income countries are making pledges to reduce emissions, assuming that climate finance is available.
Most countries have adopted a wait-and-see strategy. While pledges have been announced (known as the Cancun pledges), countries are holding back implementation based on other countries doing the same. That is exactly what triggered the necessity for the Paris Agreement where all countries are expected to participate in emission reductions.
However, the differentiation of countries is still blocking the Paris Agreement negotiations since middle income countries are still advocating to retain their status as developing countries, based on the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities.
As a result of these deadlocked discussions and conditions, in the five years since 2010, GHG emissions increased 10 percent.
Is the deliberate removal of CO2 from the atmosphere at large scale realistic?
Some options analyzed by climate scientists use intentional measures and technologies for the deliberate removal of CO2 from the atmosphere. These 'negative emissions' technologies rely on carbon capture and storage (CCS): large-scale industrial plants that capture and store CO2 by injecting it in geological reservoirs more than 800 meters below the surface. These CCS plants are currently extremely expensive and pose significant risks, such as leakage of CO2 to water, soil or back into the atmosphere.
Two options were analyzed by the IPCC. One is bioenergy with CCS: instead of burning fossil fuels, energy is produced by burning biomass -fuelwood, and agricultural residues, such as sugar cane, rice husks, and corn, among others. Through CCS, the resulting CO2 emissions from biomass burning are captured before reaching the atmosphere. The additional risks of this option include competition for food, land and water to grow the necessary biomass to produce bioenergy sustainably, which can negatively impact livelihoods. The other option is CCS to capture CO2 from carbon-fueled power plants, refineries, cement plants and steel mills.
How many carbon capture and storage plants will be needed to hold temperature increase below 2ºC?
The International Energy Agency concluded that, to hold temperature increase below 2ºC, an average of more than 1,000 CCS plants would need to be built and in full operation between 2015 and 2050 to capture 3.5 Gt CO2 a year (or a cumulative 120 Gt CO2). This annual average of 3.5 Gt CO2 is comparable to one third of the current global removal of CO2 by the ocean (absorbing about 9 Gt CO2) or a similar share by terrestrial carbon sinks (trees and plants, currently removing about 10 Gt CO2).
However, these negative emission technologies are unproven and have not been tested at large-scale. Also, there are no large-scale bioenergy with CCS plants in the world. The 16 CCS plants in operation or under construction will capture less than 0.1 percent of total CO2 emissions a year by 2015.
Additionally, due to past emissions climate warming will continue for at least decades after CO2 removal methods and technologies are applied.
Why did scientists consider carbon capture and storage technologies?
Because IPCC scientists had to provide policymakers with the option that would meet the 2ºC policy target. The use of negative emission technologies was needed to compensate for delayed action to reduce emissions by countries.
Among the hundreds of very sophisticated computer models analyzed by IPCC scientists for their assessments, many models were able to hold temperature increase below 2°C only by relying on massive negative emission technologies.
Further delaying action to reduce emissions means higher costs and risks, such as much higher rates of global emission reductions and greater dependence on using all available mitigation technologies in the medium-term; greater reliance on negative emissions; and greater risks of economic disruption; and higher adaptation challenges and costs.
I heard that the cost of fighting climate change will be $100 billion a year by 2020. Where will the money come from?
Developed countries committed to mobilizing jointly $100 billion a year by 2020 from public and private donors.
The $100 billion will originate from various sources, including donor countries, the private sector, multilateral development banks (such as The World Bank, the European Investment Bank, Inter-American Development Bank, etc., which also include contributions from middle income countries) and bilateral climate-related official development assistance.
The Green Climate Fund is one of the mechanisms for climate finance. Since its establishment in 2011, it has raised $10.2 billion.
Will the private sector have a role in climate finance?
Yes. The private sector will play a critical role in climate finance. Investments from the private sector are estimated to double the contributions from donor countries and multilateral development banks, which could result in up to $155 billion in climate finance by 2020.
The private sector, however, is waiting for clear policy and decisions from the Paris Agreement to plan and guide their actions and investments.
Are there other sources of climate finance?
Yes. Subsidies to fossil fuels totaled $550 billion in 2013. This amount is more than four-times the value of subsidies to renewable energy and more than four times the amount invested globally in improving energy efficiency.
The $550 billion in fossil fuel subsidies are currently available in national budgets, mostly in middle income countries.
Shifting these subsidies away from fossil fuels could liberate national financial resources for climate finance, which in turn will attract additional public and private funds and investments.
Will a transition to 100 percent clean energy solve climate change?
Addressing climate change will only be possible if energy is used much more efficiently than today and in a different way. For example:
100 percent electricity generation from renewables,
Shifting to electrification in transport and industry.
Using biofuels only where really necessary.
Energy efficiency to the most extent possible.
Clean or renewable energy only refers to electricity generation, which will address about 20 percent of the global problem -or about 70 percent of GHG emissions from the energy sector (from extraction and conversion to distribution).
Currently, the global share of non-fossil fuel electricity generation is 30 percent -16 percent from hydropower, 5 percent from renewables and 11 percent from nuclear power. The IPCC concluded that it should be 90 percent by 2050.
A transition to 100 percent renewable electricity generation will not address how electricity is used, how cars are fueled, how new buildings are built, or even how food is produced. The IPCC made a comprehensive analysis by sector to identify measures and policies to be implemented in the next 2-3 decades towards a complete transformation of the world as we know it today. These were the sectors analyzed: industry, transport, buildings and urban planning, and agriculture, forestry and land use.
Although a tripling of the share of renewables for electricity generation can be achieved, a significant share of fossil fuels will still be required to meet the expected doubling in energy demand due to population growth by 2050.
Why is it necessary to implement measures in all sectors?
Policies and measures will have to be implemented in all sectors by 2050 because world population is estimated to increase by 40 percent -from 7 billion in 2010 to almost 10 billion by 2050.
Population growth will, in turn, double the demand for energy in 2050 and also increase the demand for food, clean water, and other basic human needs.
Further delaying stringent measures to combat and adapt to climate change will only mean higher costs -in more expensive measures to reduce emissions and implement adaptation measures; and most importantly, in higher risks to livelihoods and ultimately, lives due to the increased impacts of the changing climate.
* * *
Niklas Höhne, PhD is a founding partner of the New Climate Institute, based in Cologne Germany. Since 1995, Dr. Höhne led numerous studies related to the international climate change negotiations and national climate policies. Dr. Höhne is lead author for the IPCC Fourth and Fifth Assessment Report for the chapter on climate policies and international cooperation. He is also lead author of the UNEP Emissions Gap reports 2010 to 2015. In 2009, he created the Climate Action Tracker -a coalition of four research organizations tracking commitments and actions of countries on climate change. He holds a PhD from the University of Utrecht; and is a Special Professor on mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions at Wageningen University, The Netherlands.
Liliana Hisas is the executive director of the Universal Ecological Fund, US office of Fundacion Ecologica Universal, based in Buenos Aires, Argentina, a non-profit organization seeking to increase awareness that encourages actions through researching, analyzing, producing and disseminating information. She led various civil society advocacy and capacity development campaigns on global environmental policies and climate change since 1992. She authored various publications on sustainable development and climate change. She holds a Master of Arts degree in journalism from the Universidad del Salvador in Argentina.


|1||HOLDPEAK 866B Digital Anemometer Handheld Wind Speed Meter for Measuring Wind Speed, Temperature and Wind Chill with Backlight and Max/Min Click Here To Check Price|
|2||BTMETER Digital Anemometer Handheld BT-100 Wind Speed Meter Gauge, Accurately Measure Wind Temperature Speed CFM with MAX/MIN/AVG, Backlight LCD for Shooting, HVAC, Drone Flying Click Here To Check Price|
|3||Ambient Weather WS-2902A Smart WiFi Weather Station with Remote Monitoring and Alerts Click Here To Check Price|
|4||HOLDPEAK 866B Digital Anemometer Handheld Wind Speed Meter for Measuring Wind Speed, Temperature and Wind Chill with Backlight and Max/Min Click Here To Check Price|
|5||Proster Anemometers Handheld Wind Speed Meter Portable Wind Gauges Air Flow Thermometer with LCD Backlight for Windsurfing Kiteflying Sailing Surfing Fishing Click Here To Check Price|
|6||C-Zone 2016 Hot Digital LCD CFM/CMM Thermo Anemometer + Infrared Thermometer For Wind Speed Gauge Meter Temperature Click Here To Check Price|
|7||BTMETER Digital Anemometer Handheld BT-100 Wind Speed Meter Gauge, Accurately Measure Wind Temperature Speed CFM with MAX/MIN/AVG, Backlight LCD for Shooting, HVAC, Drone Flying Click Here To Check Price|
|8||La Crosse Technology V21-WTH Wireless Wi-Fi Weather Station Click Here To Check Price|
|9||Proster Handheld Anemometer Portable Wind Speed Meter CFM Meter Wind Gauges Air Flow Thermometer with LCD Backlight for Weather Data Collection Outdoors Sailing Surfing Fishing Click Here To Check Price|
|10||Kestrel 3000 Pocket Weather Meter / Heat Stress Monitor Click Here To Check Price|
Do you get worried contemplating looking for an incredible wind speed monitor? Would questions continue to crawl into your care? We comprehend, in light of the fact that we've effectively gone through the entire interaction of investigating wind speed monitor, which is the reason we have gathered a far reaching rundown of the best wind speed monitor accessible in the current market. We've likewise thought of a rundown of inquiries that you presumably have yourself.
We've done all that can be expected with our contemplations and proposals, however it's as yet vital that you do exhaustive exploration all alone for wind speed monitor that you think about purchasing. Your inquiries may incorporate the accompanying:
We're persuaded that you probably have definitely a greater number of inquiries than simply these with respect to wind speed monitor, and the solitary genuine approach to fulfill your requirement for information is to get data from however many legitimate online sources as you can.
Potential sources can incorporate purchasing guides for wind speed monitor, rating sites, verbal tributes, online discussions, and item audits. Intensive and careful examination is vital to ensuring you get your hands on the most ideal wind speed monitor. Ensure that you are just utilizing dependable and valid sites and sources.
We give a wind speed monitor purchasing guide, and the data is absolutely unbiased and bona fide. We utilize both AI and enormous information in editing the gathered data. How could we make this purchasing guide? We did it utilizing an exclusively made choice of calculations that allows us to show a best 10 rundown of the best accessible wind speed monitor as of now accessible available.
This innovation we use to amass our rundown relies upon an assortment of components, including yet not restricted to the accompanying:
We generally recall that keeping up wind speed monitor data to remain current is a main concern, which is the reason we are continually refreshing our sites. Study us utilizing on the web sources.
On the off chance that you feel that anything we present here in regards to wind speed monitor is unimportant, wrong, deceptive, or mistaken, at that point if it's not too much trouble, let us know immediately! We're here for you constantly. Contact us here. Or then again You can peruse more about us to see our vision.
Last Updated: 2021-10-18 by Lesly Klein


Environment and Climate
The location of Sant Cugat CAR within a Mediterranean setting allows you to enjoy an ideal climate throughout the year, with little temperature variation and an average temperature of 16° C. Generally, winters are mild with average temperatures of 9 to 12° C, while summers are hot, with average of 23 to 26°. The proximity to the sea makes the atmosphere is sultry, especially during the hottest months of the year.
Regarding rain, the annual rainfall is around 600 mm. Autumn is the rainiest season (September and October), followed by spring and winter. Summers tend to be drier, with little rainfall during June and July.


I would like to share my thoughts (and clarify them in the process !) on the issue of the apparent paradox of global warming and dimming, raised by Gerald Stanhill in EOS (v. 88, no. 5, 30 January 2007).
Global warming refers to the observed increase in average air and ocean temperatures since the pre-industrial era.
Global dimming refers to the observed decrease in solar radiation received at the surface from the late 1950s to the late 1980s, after what it started to increase, refered to as global brightening.
In a provocative article, Stanhill says that there is a paradox between observed reductions of incoming solar radiation at the Earth's surface of 20 W/m^2 (W=watts) over the 1958-1992 period, and the increase in longwave radiative forcing of 2.4 W/m^2 since the industrial era due to fossil and biofuel combustion (green-house effect). The former should have cooled the surface of the Earth more than the latter could have warmed it, yet observations show an unequivocal increase in surface temperatures. Stanhill argues that this puts into question the validity of the explanation of global warming as caused by green-house gases, and criticizes the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) for failing to mention global dimming in their first 3 assessment reports.
I have not read the first 3 reports, so I cannot confirm that this topic was omitted, but I started to read the 4th assessment report (released this year), and there is a whole section on global dimming, without any mention of a paradox of any kind. Why is that so ?
Liepert et al., and Schmidt et al., recently responded to Stanhill's article in EOS (v. 88, no. 45, 6 November 2007). They pointed to the fact that Stanhill made 2 errors: first he used a rather limited selection of 30 sites to infer his "global" values of dimming, that were dominated by large urban areas, where the observed dimming is strongest, while it is weaker at rural sites or even missing altogether over remote areas (IPCC 4th report, section 188.8.131.52). Therefore more realistic global values are much weaker than Stanhill's, around 7 W/m^2.
But this is still stronger than the effect of green-house gases.
This is where the second error comes into play: the observed dimming values are at the surface of the Earth, while the longwave radiative forcing is computed at the tropopause (between 10 and 15 km altitude). A lot of things can happen between the tropopause and the surface of the Earth, so this is like comparing apples and oranges !
The causes of global dimming are not well understood, but possible mechanisms include increases of clouds coverage (although different observations and analyses give different trends with sometimes opposite signs), and of aerosols due to human activity. The latter directly scatter more light in every direction, reducing the amount reaching the surface, and indirectly affect clouds structures (reducing the droplets sizes and increasing their number, hence making the clouds brighter, i.e. more reflective of incoming solar radiation, and increasing their lifetime by reducing precipitation likelihood). An increase in clouds coverage also increases the green-house effect (water vapor is one of the most efficient green-house gases !), so it would not be a paradox to have a decrease in incoming solar radiation at the surface at the same time as an increase in surface temperatures. Another explanation could be that the energy balance at the surface is not local but involves the 3-D circulation of the atmosphere.
We see that if we correct for the 2 errors made by Stanhill, and take into account the various feedback mechanisms available within the climate system, there is no paradox between global warming and global dimming, and if anything, global dimming should have masked somewhat the effects of greenhouse warming up to the late 1980s, when dimming gradually transformed into brightening and temperature rise rate increased, revealing the full dimension of the greenhouse effect (Wild et al., Geophysical Research Letters, 2007).
As Schmidt et al. put it in their reply to Stanhill:
"Understanding anthropogenic climate change depends on multiple lines of evidence and a variety of observations. «Global dimming» is an integral part of that evidence, not a contradiction to it."


FINAL NICE NYC DAY PRECEDES INCREASING CLOUDS
FINAL NICE NYC DAY PRECEDES INCREASING CLOUDS – Good morning everyone! We have on our hands one last pleasant day before clouds start rolling in tomorrow. We’ll have highs 60-65 again today, with light northerly winds, but switching to the east mid to late afternoon. The wind shift is the beginning process of a storm system that will be approaching the area starting tomorrow.
Clouds will be on the increase and we may see a shower or two late afternoon/evening tomorrow, highs in the upper 50’s to low 60’s. After that, a low pressure system will reach the coast and gather strength, giving us Nor’easter-like conditions Saturday through early Sunday morning. We could see 1-3″ of rain, especially in areas that see the heaviest of rain, a stiff ENE wind, and wind gusts to near 40 mph. I also wouldn’t rule out some minor coastal flooding at times of high tide since the timing is in close proximity to our full moon. Temps on Saturday will have a hard time getting near 60, and Sunday we might reach the low 60’s if the steady rain departs early and we see a few breaks of sun in between scattered showers.
In the long range, this system may have ruined the holiday weekend, but it will be the driving mechanism in getting things moving again. This will allow milder air to eventually work it’s way in over the course of a three day process. As of now, Monday is looking fair and breezy, with highs in the mid to upper 60’s. The sun breaks out for Tuesday, with highs near 70. Then on Wednesday, warm air really starts to make its way in, with sunny skies and highs 70-75. We will continue to keep a close eye on everything as we have to wait and see which days the maritime influence fights back, and what days the warm air wins out. Either way, it looks like warm air finally wins out in a big way for the last week of May, with highs potentially in the 70’s and 80’s.
Don’t be without Meteorologist Joe Cioffi’s weather app. It is really a meteorologist app because you get my forecasts and my analysis and not some automated computer generated forecast based on the GFS model. This is why your app forecast changes every 6 hours. It is model driven with no human input at all. It gives you an icon, a temperature and no insight whatsoever.
It is a complete weather app to suit your forecast needs. All the weather information you need is right on your phone. Android or I-phone, use it to keep track of all the latest weather information and forecasts. This weather app is also free of advertising so you don’t have to worry about security issues with your device. An accurate forecast and no worries that your device is being compromised.
Use it in conjunction with my website and my facebook and twitter and you have complete weather coverage of all the latest weather and the long range outlook. The website has been redone and upgraded. Its easy to use and everything is archived so you can see how well Joe does or doesn’t do when it comes to forecasts and outlooks.
Just click on the google play button or the apple store button on the sidebar for my app which is on My Weather Concierge. Download the app for free. Subscribe to my forecasts on an ad free environment for just 99 cents a month.
Get my forecasts in the palm of your hand for less than the cost of a cup of Joe!


According to an ABC News report, researchers are once again raising concerns about the state of the climate and warning that temperatures are expected to reach record levels in the next five years. The World Meteorological Organization states that there is a two-thirds chance the global average temperature will surpass the critical threshold of 1.5 degrees Celsius for the first time between now and 2027. This breach of the limit signifies the rapid acceleration of climate change and the increasingly severe impacts it will have. The continued high-level emissions from human activities and the emergence of an El Niño weather pattern in the Pacific contribute to the rising risk. The report emphasizes that even temporary breaches of the 1.5-degree threshold have significant environmental consequences, including more extreme weather events and devastating impacts. Scientists are calling for urgent action to reduce emissions and prevent further damage. The article concludes by stressing the importance of not becoming desensitized to these alarming warnings and highlights Australia's vulnerability to climate-related disasters. It urges the government, businesses, and policymakers to respond swiftly and take responsibility for reducing emissions and addressing the issue.


Some 14 people have been killed in a massive storm which brought destruction to the northern Philippines, a presidential adviser says.
Typhoon Mangkhut ripped through the Philippines’ main island of Luzon, and is now moving west towards China.
Almost all buildings in the city of Tuguegarao sustained some damage, a government official said, and communications were down in places.
The storm packed winds of 185km/h (115mph).
Four million people were in its path, and thousands were evacuated amid warnings of 6m (20ft) storm surges.
Francis Tolentio, a political adviser to President Rodrigo Duterte, said up to 14 people were killed as a result of the storm.
Two rescuers were killed trying to help people trapped in a landslide. Unverified reports say the body of a young girl was found in the Marikina river, which flows through Manila.
The evacuation centre in the coastal town of Aparri is also said to have been destroyed and phone networks are down.
The typhoon recalls memories of the deadliest storm on record in the Philippines – Super Typhoon Haiyan in 2013 – which killed more than 7,000. However, preparation and evacuation procedures have been improved since then.
- In pictures: Philippines braces for super typhoon
- How to survive a monster storm
- Hurricanes, typhoons and cyclones: What’s the difference?
What is the latest?
The typhoon made landfall at Baggao, in the north-east of the Philippines, at about 01:40 local time on Saturday (17:40 GMT on Friday).
After losing some of its wind speed over land, it was downgraded from a super typhoon and is now travelling with wind speeds equivalent to a category four hurricane.
The storm – known locally as Ompong – has a cloud diameter of about 900km and is heading west at about 30km/h.
The World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) billed the storm as the strongest tropical cyclone the world has faced so far this year.
The Philippine Red Cross shared footage of rising flood waters and winds ripping through towns on Saturday morning.
The typhoon is forecast to pass near Hong Kong on Sunday afternoon.
Authorities there have urged residents to stay indoors when the storm approaches. Weather experts say it may be the strongest tropical storm to hit the territory in decades.
In nearby Macau, shops have been boarded up and residents have been sticking tape on their windows.
The typhoon is expected to weaken into a tropical depression by Tuesday.
How prepared was the Philippines?
Authorities in the Philippines have said they were better prepared for the storm than in previous years.
Warnings were issued in dozens of provinces. Travel by sea and air was restricted.
Flights were cancelled, schools shut and the army was on standby.
The heavy rains triggered 42 landslides, officials said.
- A guide to the world’s deadliest storms
- How windy is a hurricane?
- Reality Check: Are hurricanes getting worse?
“We are really frightened,” Delaila Pasion, who had fled her home, told AFP news agency. “They say it is so strong, we were too scared to remain.”
“During previous monsoon rains, half of our house was destroyed so I wanted to take my grandchildren to safety,” she told journalists.
The Philippines is routinely hit during the typhoon season.
In China, where the storm is predicted to hit late on Sunday or early on Monday, the authorities have raised storm alerts to “yellow”, which is the second level on the four-tier warning system.
High-speed rail services have been cancelled in parts of the south, local media report.
Is Hong Kong in danger?
Mangkhut may be classed as a super typhoon, again, by the time it passes, or hits, Hong Kong on Sunday.
At its current rate, forecasters say it could be the strongest typhoon they have seen since they started making records in the 1940s.
Residents have been preparing. Tape has been stuck to the windows, creating ominous X-shapes on the front of homes and offices, and some bamboo scaffolding also appears to have been taken down or secured as a precaution.
This is a place used to preparing for approaching storms but they know this one is big, says the BBC’s Robin Brant.
However, officials are taking no chances. They have asked people to stay indoors.
Antoine Li, a government official at an emergency centre in the village of Tai O on the western coast of Hong Kong’s Lantau island, said residents must not underestimate the storm.
“This typhoon will be very dangerous as it will arrive when everyone is sleeping and there is no way to leave. So we have called on residents to leave the village before it gets dark,” he told Reuters news agency.
A shop owner in the village said: “Everyone is scared of the typhoon this time, very scared”, and they are more worried about the elderly living in stilt houses, who insisted on staying.
Share this chatbot.
How have you been affected by the typhoon? Email firstname.lastname@example.org.
Please include a contact number if you are willing to speak to a BBC journalist. You can also contact us in the following ways:


By Everett Brazil, III
The Newkirk Herald Journal
NEWKIRK — Oklahoma has seen elevated levels of rain across the state in recent weeks, easing drought conditions while also leading to major flooding of area creeks and roads across Kay County, especially in the Newkirk area. Those storms also led to a power outage in Newkirk due to high winds early Wednesday morning, July 29, as residents woke up to see a town virtually underwater in places, all in what has been a wetter summer than normal.
Oklahoma Mesonet stations reported multiple inches of rain across the area. In Newkirk, the Mesonet recorded 4.24 in. Other area stations reported similar amounts, including 5.21 in. in Blackwell, 2.39 in. in Burbank, 4.08 in Medford and 2.96 in Foraker.
The worst of the storms hit Newkirk July 29, leaving 6 in.-7 in. of rain early in the morning. Coming out of Kansas about 6 a.m., many residents woke up to find flooded streets, driveways and alleys. No real damage from wind or hail was reported, officials said.
“It lasted about an hour or so. We lost power about 6:45 a.m. Just after 7, it was about done,” said Newkirk Fire Chief Adam Longcrier. “I don’t think there was any wind damage at all. Power was back on pretty quickly.”
The outage followed a previous outage event Tuesday, when an OG&E line went down between Newkirk and Peckham, cutting electricity to numerous communities in eastern Kay County. That outage lasted from about 6 – 11:45 p.m.
“(The line) broke free from the pole, which served Newkirk, Peckham, Braman, almost to Ferguson Road,” he said. “It caused a major power outage.”
There was a lot of flooding in the area, from city streets to county roads and creeks, with several spots in Newkirk in particular, including Peckham and Pleasantview roads.
“River Road was flooded from ‘J’ Street to Pine Street, and Peckham Road and Pleasantview,” Longcrier said. “It was pretty extensive. The flooding was pretty deep, at least a foot deep.”
Many roads and creeks outside Newkirk also saw much flooding, with some roads being impassable due to the water although that was largely local along individual creeks.
“It was mostly where the creek topped the road in the creek bed,” said Kay County District Two Commissioner Jason Shanks, Newkirk. “Every mile, there’ll be a bad spot.”
Heavy rains have been known to cause crop loss from erosion and flooding, but with summer crops like corn, cotton, soybeans and sorghum maturing, it is believed they will largely be okay.
“There is definitely going to some erosion problems, but most of our summer crops: soybeans, corn and cotton, they are going to be better matured, and the plants will have a root structure,” said Kay County Extension Ag Educator Shannon Mallory.
He added that there could be other problems, such as standing water or fungal diseases.
“Could there be fields that wash out? Certainly, but in general, just erosion (itself) will not be a problem, because if there is crop loss, it will be standing water, root rot, fungal problems,” he said. “It looks like, overall, it’ll be fine, but if you have areas where water is standing in the field, it remains to be seen.”
Much of Oklahoma has experienced drought conditions in some form for a while, including Kay County. According to the U.S. Drought Monitor, most of Kay County was listed as in Moderate Drought conditions, the second out of five designations, the worst being Extreme Drought. As of the July 30 drought report indicated that Kay County is “Abnormally Dry,” the lowest drought rating on the report. A new report has been released today, Aug. 6.
As for where the heavy rains have been coming from, it is simply typical summer precipitation for north-central Oklahoma, just at an elevated level.
“This is not too unusual for summer. We have a lot of moisture in the air right now, so it doesn’t take a lot to start a few storms,” said meteorologist Matthew Day, National Weather Service, Norman, Okla. “Generally, it has been a little bit of the heat and humidity, but also a complex of thunderstorms from Kansas and Colorado that swept down through here. It varies from summer to summer, and it’s a little on the wet side this year.”
Longcrier added, “It’s just our summer rain season here; we’re just getting a little more of it this year.”


HOUSTON -- Severe storms sweeping across southern portions of the U.S. and up into the Midwest were blamed Saturday in the deaths of at least 11 people, including two first responders, as high winds, tornadoes and unrelenting rain battered large swaths of the country.
Storm-related fatalities were reported in Texas due to icy weather, in Alabama from a deadly tornado and in Louisiana, where winds were so strong that a trailer home was lifted off its foundation and carried several hundred feet. A man drowned in Oklahoma and the storms even touched the Midwest with at least one death on an icy highway in Iowa. Hundreds of thousands of people were left without power from Texas to Ohio, parts of highways were closed in Oklahoma and Arkansas due to flooding and hundreds of flights were cancelled at Chicago's international airports.
Another person had died in Texas Friday night when a car flipped into a creek in Dallas as severe thunderstorms passed through. Lightning from Friday's stormy weather was suspected of causing fires that burned two houses but caused no injuries in the North Texas cities of Burleson and Mansfield.
In Alabama, three people were confirmed killed near Carrollton in Pickens County, the National Weather Service in Birmingham tweeted. The Alabama Emergency Management Agency said the deaths were caused by an "embedded tornado within a long line of intense thunderstorms."
"Four or five times that I've known that (storms) have been through they hit, tearing down trees and the barn and stuff like that," Willie Davis said. "But that's about all it normally does every time, ... this is the first time we've had any casualties."
Many streams were already at or near flood levels because of earlier storms, and heavy rains could lead to flash flooding across the region, forecasters said. Parts of Arkansas, Tennessee, Mississippi, Missouri, Illinois and Indiana were under flash flood warnings or watches on Saturday.
The storm, bringing the threat of ice and snow to the Chicago area, prompted the cancellation of more than 1,200 flights Saturday at Chicago's two main airports. Most cancellations occurred at Chicago's O'Hare International, according to the Chicago Department of Aviation's online flight-tracking website.
The weather service issued a winter weather advisory, flood watch and lakeshore flood warning for the Chicago metropolitan area for Saturday and a winter storm warning for adjacent areas of northwestern Illinois.
In this image taken from video, severe storms sweeping across parts of the U.S. South were blamed for deaths and destruction, Saturday, Jan. 11, 2020, including the destruction to this downtown Greenville, Miss., building as shown in this video frame grab. (Faith Alford/WABG via AP)
S. 914, the "Coordinated Ocean Observations and Research Act of 2020," which reauthorizes the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Integrated Ocean Observing System through fiscal year 2025; modifies requirements related to the Named Storm Event Model and post-storm assessments; and requires the Commerce Department to establish a National Water Center;
Damage to electrical lines and widespread candle and generator use can produce sparks and flames. Hazardous conditions like high winds and flood waters during a storm, and debris and downed power lines afterward, make fighting the fires a task even more difficult than usual.
John McFarland, director of the southeast Mississippi chapter of the American Red Cross, said that ordinarily, his organization and local disaster response officials hold meetings across the Coast to share information about preparation for storms, including reducing fire risk during and afterward.
In the yard, small headstones mark the graves of two dogs that had died before the storm, Boudin and Scarlett. A concrete bench next to the graves provided a place to sit and remember the dogs who had been family and best friends.
Something else survived the storm, too. After Katrina, the Turgeaus bought a statue of Jesus Christ from a concrete store in Slidell. It weighed 300 pounds and took three people to lift onto a dolly to transport.
The tornado thriller Into The Stormopened in third place with $17.3M from 3,434 locations for a moderate $5,051average. The PG-13 storm chaser flick actually opened with less than halfof the $41.1M gross of 1996's smash summer hit Twisterback when ticket prices were almost half as much. Critics panned Stormwhich targeted thrill-seekers for Warner Bros. 781b155fdc


Nigerians will experience a partial or rather penumbra lunar eclipse around midnight today, and a total solar eclipse on Sunday.
According to The Guardian, the 2013 penumbral lunar eclipse will be visible as well throughout the Caribbean, Europe, Africa and Asia. A report from Discovery.com says: “For observers in Africa, Europe and western Asia, the eclipse will occur in the middle of the night when the moon is high overhead. The partial shading will be visible as the slight reddish dimming of the normally bright full moon”.
The partial eclipse would be visible in most parts of Nigeria between 10.53 p.m. today and 2.48 a.m. October 19, 2013. During the lunar eclipse today, part of the moon will skirt through only the outer edge of the earth’s shadow in what scientists call a penumbra lunar eclipse.
While on Sunday, most parts of northern Nigeria, including Kaduna, are expected to experience total solar eclipse unlike other parts of the country like Lagos, which will experience only partial solar eclipse.
The last time Nigeria experienced a total solar eclipse was on March 29, 2006.


STORM DENNIS: More strong winds and heavy rain set to hit Swindon this weekend
Storm Dennis is set to bring heavy rain and strong winds in Swindon.
Just days after Storm Ciara caused chaos across Wiltshire, the Met Office has put out yellow warnings for wind and rain over this coming weekend.
Storm Dennis is expected to bring a range of impacts, including travel disruptions, power cuts and damage to buildings.
Chief meteorologist at the Met Office Steve Ramsdale said: “Another spell of very wet and windy weather is expected for Saturday, although Storm Dennis is currently not expected to be as severe as Ciara disruption is still likely.
“Our confidence in the forecast means we have been able to issue severe weather warnings well in advance, giving people time to prepare for potential impacts of the storm.
“With further warnings possible over the next few days people should keep up to date with the Met Office forecast using our website, app or by following us on social media.”
Temperatures will range from eight degrees Celsius to 11C.
How to stay safe in a storm? Visit: https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/weather/warnings-and-advice/seasonal-advice/your-home/stay-safe-in-a-storm
Jack Coggle MBE is celebrating his birthday, this was what his family said: Dad was born in Rochester in March 1920, the youngest of four ch...
Residents belonging to the more ‘at risk’ categories during the COVID-19 pandemic are being urged NOT to make trips to pharmacies for th...


Around 8AM this past Sunday morning, April 22nd, a meteor was reported crashing into Earth just south of the Lake Tahoe Basin! “Reports of a loud explosion and a fireball streaking through the sky over the California / Nevada border had local law enforcement agencies, astronomers and doomsday soothsayers alike all scrambling for answers.” The reports go on to say that the fireball was seen through parts of Las Vegas, and up into the Bay Area. “Although the Lyrid meteor shower was hitting its peak around the same time Saturday evening/Sunday morning, astronomers believe Sunday’s fireball sightings were merely coincidental.” –News reports here, here, here and here. The meteor was believed to be only a tiny bit smaller than this image! Scary space stuff!
Blog post contributed by: AM


Upcoming Dates: The Atmosphere Unit Test Thursday 3/8
Monday: Ch.16, sect1 Review: Water in the air- techterms, humidity, saturation, 3 basic clouds. Reinact levels of humidity and draw illustrations. PPT & closed notes.
Tuesday: Ch.16.2 PPT and visual organizers. 4 types of air masses that affect the US and 4 types of weather fronts.
Wednesday-Friday: Stem station rotations! HW: Finish your daily station research.
Rotation 1) Ch.16.3, severe weather webquest. First: Research causes, effects, warning systems for survival).
All 3 types of severe weather: http://www.weatherwizkids.com
Tornado hurricane animation: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/5328524.stm
Tornado safety and scale: http://skydiary.com/kids/tornadoes.html
Hurricane safety and scale: http://skydiary.com/kids/hurricanes.html
Describe 3 types of Lightening: https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/natural-disasters/lightning/
Lightening safety: http://www.lightningsafety.noaa.gov/safety.shtml
Next, complete your severe weather brainpops and quizzes. Write your grades next to your name.
Finally, Complete an enrichment activity, if time: Mini-lab-Making Lightening.
Rotation 2) 16.4 Publisher based brochure. Research weather tools using Ch.16, section 4 and present your information using a weather brochure template located here: Weather-Brochure-Template-publisher-OR use can use this: weather brochure template 2-PPT version. Print your copy here or at home. Save to your 365 account. If time, complete the enrichment activity: Weather map investigations: Practice reading a weather map and Illustrate your own weather broadcast.
Rotation 3) Land & Air Heat Capacity Lab incorporating mathematics and graphing change over time. While you are collecting data for your lab, work on your global & local winds review worksheet!


Weather is one of the natural phenomena that occur on earth, with conditions that can change every day or can change in a short time. This phenomenon occurs because of differences in humidity and temperature in an area. This kind of thing you can also teach to children, of course, with language that is easy to understand and basic materials. Well, what are the basic materials that you can provide relating to preschool weather themes?
Basic Material Preschool Weather Theme
As early as possible invite children to recognize natural symptoms that arise such as weather. And give him new knowledge that is essential to the weather. Here are the basic materials for preschool weather themes.
- Components in Weather
The occurrence of weather can be affected by existing components. Well, try to navigate to recognize weather components such as the sun, clouds, wind, air temperature, humidity and rainfall. When teaching a preschooler with a weather theme, you can take him to an open space and observe the component.
- Various kinds of weather
When describing the types of weather that are likely to occur as a result, try to convey them in a simple way. Begin to introduce changes in temperature from cold to hot or vice versa and change the state of the sky from sunny to cloudy or overcast to rain.
- Weather characteristics
You can describe the characteristics of this weather in stages, such as when it is in clear weather, the characteristics of which are bright sunlight, unobstructed clouds, and wind that blows breezy. Then when you and your child are experiencing rainy weather invite to observe the situation around, usually when it wants to rain the sky blackens, accompanied by thick clouds and strong winds.
- Impact Caused
To explain the effects of the weather, you can relate it to disasters that may arise. For example when rainy weather occurs with high intensity, then this can cause flooding. In addition, the impact that can be caused by prolonged hot weather can be a sign of the coming of the dry season, so that drought can occur. Attributing one event to a certain effect will facilitate learning of preschoolers on weather themes.
- Activities That Can Be Done
Give examples of activities that can be done, such as when the rainy weather is more frequent than the hot weather that is planting rice for farmers, basic things like this you need to introduce to children. Then provide knowledge when the weather is hot and the sun appears usually used to dry clothes, or farmers to dry their rice in the sun.
Well, that’s the description in this article that can be used as a reference when studying relating to preschool weather themes. Because this weather is related to natural phenomena, encourage children to learn from nature, and instill a love and care for nature. To add references of weather theme preschool materials visit the https://hatunisi.com website which provides a variety of preschool worksheets. I hope this helps.Read More


Lidia was a tropical storm within the North Pacific Ocean Tuesday morning Jap Time, the Nationwide Hurricane Middle mentioned in its newest report. advisory.
The tropical storm had sustained winds of 40 miles per hour.
Tropical storm-force winds, with sustained speeds of no less than 39 miles per hour, usually arrive when climate circumstances start to deteriorate, and specialists say their estimated arrival time is an effective deadline for finishing the put together for the storm and evacuate if requested.
Arrival instances and chance of damaging winds
Tropical storm speeds or increased
Lidia is the twelfth named storm to kind within the Jap Pacific in 2023.
Whether or not a storm types within the Atlantic or the Pacific, it usually strikes westward, that means Atlantic storms pose a higher menace to North America. If a storm types within the Pacific near land, it might convey devastating winds and rain earlier than spreading out to sea.
Nevertheless, an air mass can generally block a storm, pushing it north or northeast, towards the Baja California Peninsula and the west coast of Mexico. Generally a storm could transfer additional north as post-tropical cyclone Kay final yr, bringing devastating winds and intense rain to Southern California. Some storms even transfer throughout states: in 1997, Hurricane Nora made landfall in Baja California earlier than shifting inland and attain Arizona like a tropical storm.
The jap Pacific hurricane season started on Might 15, two weeks earlier than the Atlantic hurricane season started. Each seasons run till November 30.
This yr, the scenario within the Pacific is difficult by the doubtless improvement of El Niñoa large-scale, intermittent climate phenomenon that may have important results on climate patterns world wide.
Within the Pacific, El Niño reduces wind shear, or adjustments in wind pace and path. These adjustments usually assist forestall storms from forming, so a discount in wind shear will increase the possibility of storms. (Within the Atlantic, El Niño has the other impact, rising wind shear and thus decreasing the possibility of storm formation.)


This is a sort of funny story with a cool product ending.
Wendy and I were visiting friends in Topeka in early spring. At dinner, the clouds outside began to look terrible. Our friend with the Topeka sense of humor terrified us that a major tornado was looming. Returning to the coach, we fired up the weather radio and turned on the Weather Channel....No Sat because of the clouds.
The next morning, we watched the weather channel and realized that,indeed, tornadoes had touched down around us. As we watched, videos of the storm chasers intrigued us and we wondered what they used for tracking tornadoes. Figuring that we could use the technology to run from weather, I logged into their site. I found a software that they all referred to as SP and finally found someone that spelled it out on their forum. Storm Predator!
Here is an article I wrote on our blog about the software that tracks NEXRAD radar in real-time for the location you input. $39.95, it doubles as a weather alert system that has shelved our weather alert radio. Storm Predator Software
Now the funny story. I ordered the software and followed a link that I thought was a part of the purchase. It asked me to register for the website and I did. Then a button showed up that said, "Take Test." So I did thinking that it was some sort of certification. I completed the test an apparently passed. The next thing I know is that I received an email with a login that I was now an official Storm Chaser. I should have stopped at the software purchase, but now we can login an report clear conditions because we use the software to run away from storm.... Instead of Storm Chasers, we are Storm Chased!
Really a very cool software that we overlay on our navigational computer to see weather in real-time where we are at the moment. It has a GPS link that pinpoints on the storm map and an alert that will sound off when severe conditions are in our path. It also sends an email to my smartphone with an image of the storm front and path. Very cool and comforting as well.


Kentucky drought conditions
From Kentucky Today -
Kentucky experienced a lot of rain through the first half of the year, but that has reversed itself in recent weeks, with much of the state now in a drought situation. September is one of Kentucky’s driest months, and this year is no exception, with only widely scattered rain this month. Parts of Kentucky are now in a moderate drought due to our recent dry weather. Map is courtesy National Drought Mitigation Center According to National Weather Service official reporting stations, Louisville, Frankfort, and Jackson have received no rain so far in the month of September. Lexington, Bowling Green, London, and the Ashland/Huntington area have recorded only a trace. The Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport is the lone exception, with about a half-inch of rain this month, 0.49 inches, to be exact.
This is a stark contrast from last year, where September rainfall through Sept. 18 ranged from just over two inches at Frankfort and Bowling Green, to more than six inches at Lexington and Ashland/Huntington.
The lack of rain has led to 40 percent of Kentucky being classified as abnormally dry, according to the U. S. Drought Monitor report issued on Sept. 19, with another 26 percent in the moderate drought category. The U.S Drought Monitor is jointly produced by the National Drought Mitigation Center at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, the United States Department of Agriculture and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. The accompanying map, courtesy of NDMC, shows counties with no drought conditions in white, abnormally dry areas in yellow and those experiencing moderate drought in tan. Also, 61 Kentucky counties have declared burn bans, due to the dry conditions, according to the Kentucky Division of Forestry.


Hurricane California is rapidly getting stronger over the Pacific Ocean and could lead to substantial rainfall and flash flooding in southern California and Nevada over the upcoming weekend, as predicted by meteorologists.
Hurricane California has the potential to bring significant impacts to the Baja California Peninsula and the Southwestern United States, particularly in the Southern California mountains where rainfall could reach up to 12 inches. These forecasts are from the National Hurricane Center.
As of Thursday afternoon, Hilary’s sustained winds have reached 110 mph, and it progressed to Category 3 status later on Thursday night, as reported by the hurricane center. The projections suggest that by Sunday, it might be near or over the central Baja coast, and it is expected to make its way into California by Monday.
An extraordinary weather event is unfolding over Southern California, capturing the attention of meteorologists and residents alike. The remnants of Hurricane California, which originated as a tropical storm off the coast of Mainland Mexico, have transformed into a potent force. This surprising development has prompted preparations for the potential arrival of tropical-storm-force winds and heavy rainfall, particularly in Los Angeles. As the storm advances toward the Baja California Peninsula and Southern California, experts closely monitor its path and intensification.
Unexpected Strengthening: In a rare twist, the remnants of Tropical Storm Hilary have morphed into a Category 2 Hurricane California, further intensifying into a major Category 3 storm. Recent updates indicate Hilary’s winds have reached speeds of 120 mph, solidifying its status as a powerful hurricane. Forecasters suggest a possible upgrade to Category 4 by Friday, with a slight chance of reaching Category 5 before weakening. The rapid evolution has raised concerns for both Mexico’s Baja California Peninsula and Southern California.
Projected Path and Effects:
The Hurricane California trajectory shows a west-northwest movement at approximately 14 mph. A shift toward the northwest is expected on Friday, followed by a turn towards the north-northwest and north on Saturday. As the storm progresses, the center of Hurricane California is predicted to approach the Baja California peninsula over the weekend, heightening the potential for significant impacts.
Potential Impacts on Southern California:
Despite an anticipated decrease in intensity, Southern California remains on alert for potential consequences. Remnants of Hurricane California could bring tropical storm-force winds, ranging from 39 to 73 mph, especially in higher elevations. This poses a unique challenge for areas unaccustomed to such conditions. Additionally, heavy rainfall is expected, with forecasts projecting 3 to 6 inches across parts of the peninsula through Sunday night. The potential for flash flooding adds to the concerns of local authorities and residents.
Preparation and Alerts:
Tropical storm watches and warnings have been issued for parts of western Mexico, signaling the need for readiness. As the storm’s path becomes clearer, residents are urged to stay informed through reliable sources like the National Weather Service and local meteorological agencies. Being prepared, including having emergency kits and evacuation plans, is vital for ensuring safety in the potential impact zone.
As Hurricane California evolves and heads towards the Baja California Peninsula and potentially Southern California, vigilance and readiness are crucial. The unexpected nature of this weather event underscores the importance of effective communication, community preparedness, and informed decision-making. Though experts predict a weakening of the storm, the potential for tropical storm-force winds, heavy rainfall, and flash flooding necessitates a cautious and proactive approach.


Most say the climate is always changing, by nature. That's according to the latest unscientific poll at SharylAttkisson.com.
Eighty-seven percent (87%) of the over 3,000 people who responded to our latest poll say the climate is always changing, by nature.
The next most common answer was that "nobody knows" what the climate is doing. That was the answer of 4% of the respondents.
Two percent (2%) said the climate is warming, due to man.
The climate is:
2% Warming, due to man
3% Warming naturally
<1% Cooling, due to man
2% Cooling naturally
87% Always changing, by nature
1% I don't know
4% Nobody knows


At 6 am today, the concentrations of the particulate matter (PM) with a diameter of 10 and 2.5 microns stood at 412 (‘very poor’ category) and 286 (‘severe’ category) respectively, the Centre-run pollution monitoring system stated.,basketball usa predictions
play old baseball games online,PM2.5 particles, which are regarded as most harmful to human health, remained the dominant air pollutant in several areas of the national capital. The particles concentration docked at 476 in the Delhi University area, 426 in Pusa, 448 in IIT Delhi, 473 in Mathura Road and 426 in Indira Gandhi International Airport (Terminal 3), all falling under the ‘severe’ category.
put and take game rules,Meanwhile, adjoining Noida in Uttar Pradesh also recorded the air pollution level in the ‘severe’ zone, with the concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 particles docking at 523 and 412 respectively.
An AQI within the range of 0-5 is considered 'good', 51-100 is 'satisfactory', 101-200 is 'moderate', 201-300 is 'poor' and 301-400 is 'very poor' and 401-500 is considered 'severe'.,pokerstars game with friends
SAFAR’s bulletin stated that on Saturday, the share of crop residue burning in PM2.5 was 41 per cent, the highest so far this season. The effective stubble burning count also increased to 5,159, SAFAR stated.,watch uk basketball
The pollution monitoring system predicted that Delhi’s air quality is likely to improve further in the next 2 days but to remain within the ‘very poor’ zone, “as surface winds are becoming stronger, dispersing air pollutants.” Tomorrow (November 8), the concentration of PM10 particles is expected to be at 290 (‘poor’ category) while PM2.5 is expected to be at 202 (‘very poor’ category).,soccer transfer news twitter
India's most comprehensive action plan will evolve at THE TIMES NOW SUMMIT - Celebrating India @75 | Shaping India @100. Visit www.timesnowsummit.com confirm your presence on 10, 11 Nov in New Delhi.


The area of Šmarna gora and Grmada has a moderate continental climate, with Alpine, Mediterran and even Panonian affecting it at times. The average yearly temperature is 8°C. The average annual precipitation is 1340 mm. On average the rainiest months are June, followed by August, September and October.
Ljubljana Basin is known for heat inversion, therefore while the valley is many times foggy, it is sunny on the top.
Some saying that are good to remember:
- When Šmarna gora gets a hat (from clouds or fog), it will continue to rain.
- When there is a thick fog in the valley, the top of Šmarna gora is bathing in the sun.
- When at rain the clouds move up the Sava, there will be more rainy days.


Storm surge is expected to bring flood waters reaching 14 feet high — and the Panhandle is already experiencing “life threatening storm surge, hurricane force winds, and heavy rainfall,” the National Hurricane Center says. For those who stayed put, it’s time to seek shelter out of the way of waves and wind, Florida Governor Rick Scott warned on Twitter: “The time for evacuating along the coast has come and gone.”
The storm is unusually strong because of a few things: warm water in the Gulf, favorable wind conditions, and humidity. “Those are the perfect ingredients for a storm like this to really blossom,” says Marshall Shepherd, director of the University of Georgia’s atmospheric sciences program and former president of the American Meteorological Society.
The storm intensified as it made landfall, the National Hurricane Center says — although it’s expected to weaken as it crosses over land. And after Hurricane Michael hits, Shepherd doubts we’ll see a hurricane with the same name again. “It’s a life-altering, society-altering situation,” he says. “Storms of this magnitude and impact, the name is typically retired. And I fully expect this to be the case for Michael.”
The Verge spoke with Shepherd about Hurricane Michael’s unprecedented strength.