The most traditional chemicals used for cloud seeding comprise of silver iodide, potassium iodide and dry ice (solid carbon dioxide). Liquid propane, which develops into a gas, has similarly been used. This can create ice crystals at higher heats than silver iodide. After contracting research, the use of hygroscopic substances, such as table salt, is becoming more popular. Cloud seeding to improve snowfall takes place when temperatures within the clouds are between 19 and −4 °F (−7 and −20 °C). The installation of a substance such as silver iodide, which has a crystalline composition comparable to that of ice, will produce freezing nucleation. In mid-latitude clouds, the typical seeding strategy has been determined on the fact that the equilibrium vapor pressure is lower over ice than over water. The formation of ice particles in supercooled clouds allows those particles to gain at the cost of liquid droplets. If sufficient swelling takes place, the particles become heavy rather fall as precipitation from clouds that otherwise would produce no precipitation. This method is known as “static” seeding. Seeding of warm-season or tropical cumulonimbus (convective) clouds seeks to utilize the latent heat discharged by freezing. This strategy of “dynamic” seeding estimates that the additional latent heat adds buoyancy, strengthens up-drafts, ensures more low-level confluence, and ultimately causes accelerated growth of suitably selected clouds. Cloud seeding chemicals may be dispersed by aircraft or by distribution devices towed into positions on the ground (generators or canisters fired from anti-aircraft guns or rockets). For discharge by aircraft, silver iodide flares are ignited and dispersed as an airplane flies through the inflow of a cloud. When released by equipment on the ground, the fine particles are carried downwind and upward by air flows after release. An electronic device was tested in 2010 when infrared laser pulses were directed to the air above Berlin by researchers from the University of Geneva. The experimenters posited that the pulses would encourage atmospheric sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide to form particles that would then act as seeds.Referring to 1903, 1915, 1919, 1944, and 1947 climate alteration experiments, the Australian Federation of Meteorology reduced “rain making”. By the 1950s, the CSIRO Division of Radiophysics switched to investigating the physics of clouds and had hoped by 1957 to understand better these processes. By the 1960s, the visions of weather making became faded only to be re-ignited post-corporatisation of the Snowy Mountains Scheme to achieve “above target” water. This would provide enhanced energy generation and profits to the public agencies that are the principal owners.


Wednesday, January 9, 2019
Climate Change and Global Warming Essay
curtilageClimatologists, who predict short and long-term climate trends, weigh light speed dioxide and early(a) emissions, generally from industrial and commercial activity everywhere the last two centuries, baffle altered the human races atm. This change has caused a babys room effect which is rapidly groove the planet. government issuesThe predicted effects of globose heating system include the calefacient of polar ice caps a momentous intensify in sea levels more extreme conditions events a reduction in verdant land water shortages food shortages sledding of rain forests and more species becoming extinct.SolutionsScientists rely all nations must take straightaway and urgent action to dramatically slim down coulomb emissions. Technological solutions have been proposed, ranging from deoxycytidine monophosphate scrubbers that remove ascorbic acid from the atmosphere and curb greenhouse gases to placing giant mirrors in set to reflect enough temperatenes s to cool down the planet.ControversyAlthough an overwhelming legal age of scientists accept the man-made global melt theory, a minority have questioned this consensus. They designate that mans impact on the climate is negligible and that global heating plant is wholly the result of internal cycles.David Kennedy, nd. canonical consumes of world(a) warm Retrieved February 27, 2013 from http//www.ehow.com/about_5057613_basic-causes-global- thawing.html Basic Causes of Global WarmingGreenhouse EffectWhen sun hits the Earth nigh is absorbed just now most is reflected. The greenhouse effect is when sunlight escaping acantha into space is absorbed by gases in the atmosphere and then reflected patronize onto the Earths surface. Most greenhouse gas is water vapor, precisely separate gases that contribute to it include carbon dioxide, methane, ozone, and other gases that have a less significant impact. carbon DioxideAccording to the U.S. Emissions Inventory 2004 executive Sum mary, in 2002 around 40 per centum of carbon dioxide emissions were the result of burning sear for electricity. Around 93 percent of the electric utility exertion burns coal. Carbon dioxide emissions withal come from cars and other vehicles, airplanes and buildings. recent technologies, like the hydrogen fuel stall vehicle and hybrid electric vehicles, be somewhat solutions for minimizing vehicle carbon dioxide emissions.MethaneMethane is the snatch largest contributor to the greenhouse effect. Methane is a ingrained byproduct of living organisms and is produced by plants and bovine flatulence. Bacteria decomposing organic material also produce methane. According to the U.S. Emissions Inventory 2004 administrator Summary, methane levels have enlarged by one hundred forty-five percent in the last century years. In the United States, all rice fields atomic number 18 grown in flooded atomic number 18as which produce methane gases.disforestationDeforestation is the proce ss of clearing forests, either rain forest or temperate forests. The burning of forests is creditworthy for up to 25 percent of carbon dioxide emissions. This is the result of clearing and cutting intimately 34 million acres a year. Forests are also important because they substitute carbon dioxide into oxygen. So while carbon dioxide emissions attach, the lack of forests is making the number increase faster.PermafrostPermafrost is a layer of land and terra firma that has been frozen and kept at halt temperatures or below. In legion(predicate) northerly climates like Alaska, Canada and Siberia, the permafrost layer of soil holds coarse amounts of carbon. What researchers and scientists fear is that the permafrost leave warm up and microbes will decompose the soil and kick out carbon dioxide. Permafrost has absorbed carbon dioxide for thousands of years, but may release it back if thawed.timothy Sexton,.nd. Global Warming Cause & adenylic acid cause retrieved February 27, 2 013 from http//www.ehow.com/about_4744736_global- heating plant-cause-effects.html Global Warming Cause & EffectsGreenhouse EffectThe overriding cause of global warming is an umbrella term known as the greenhouse effect. As the rays of the sun advance Earth, some of the heat is absorbed and some is radiated back into the atmosphere. Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere act similarly to a mammoth mirror and reflect warmth back to Earth that in the past would have continued being radiated into space. It is this reflection of heat back to Earth that is at the core group of the greenhouse effect.Greenhouse GasesThese greenhouse gases that are trustworthy for reflecting back heat that would differently be lost include elemental water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane and the infamous ozone. Unfortunately, at that place is no way to know exactly which greenhouse gas is most accountable for the greenhouse effect.Cause of Increased GasesThe hassle of global warming has been caused by the increment of more greenhouse gas into the atmosphere. The gases responsible will rise into the air whether valet de chambre are here or not the problem is that much of basic gentlemans gentleman activity in the 20th and twenty-first century produced greenhouse gas at a level never see before. Basically, any activity that produces one of the gases inclinationed higher up is a cause of global warming everything from driving a car to development electricity. Because trees act as a natural conversion plant to transform carbon dioxide into oxygen, deforestation contributes to global warming because the fewer trees there are, the more carbon dioxide gets into the atmosphere.EffectsThe effects of global warming are potentially far-ranging. Increased temperatures heart and soul melting of glaciers, ice and snow around the poles, which smasheds an increase in sea levels. Warming water will also increase the potential for hurricanes and typhoons so devastating that they will make Hurricane Katrina pale in comparison. That rise in sea levels could also mean that beachfront property will soon be found 10 to 50 miles upcountry from where beaches are now.TemperaturesThe average temperature on Earth has been steadily rising since the mid-1980s, and global warming is expected to continue this trend. In accessory to longer and hotter summers, rising temperatures will pretend agriculture. Indeed, the effect of a hotter Earth is already increasing the transmission of infectious bacterium that thrive under warm conditions. baloney?There are still a great many people who believe that global warming is simply some kind of politically-created hoax. Those leading the charge against global warming tend to be industry with a vested interest. On the other hand, the list of scientific entities that have agreed on the reality of global warming include, among many others, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the environmental Protection Agency and the Royal friendship of the UK.


WORD OF THE DAY
The rainfall in the south-west portion of the island is considerably greater than in other districts.
per annum, but in the west and south, more remote than from 250 to 300 m., there is a rainfall of less than 20 in.
The annual rainfall and the area of the catchment afford no measure whatever as to the size of a river in the interior of Australia.
rainfall band circles across the continent through the middle of the Northern Territory, embraces the entire centre and south-west of Queensland, with the exception of the extreme south-western angle of the state, and includes the whole of the interior of New South Wales to a line about 200 m.
The temperature and rainfall are governed by conditions different from those in corresponding latitudes of the northern hemisphere..
per annum, and along a strip of country south from Cape Melville to Rockingham Bay the average rainfall exceeds 70 in.


March 13, 2015
Oneida County N.Y. becomes a National Weather Service StormReady® County
National Weather Service officials have recognized Oneida County N. Y. as a StormReady® County.
The StormReady program helps community leaders and residents better prepare for hazardous weather and flooding. StormReady counties have made a strong commitment to implement the infrastructure and systems needed to save lives and protect property when severe weather strikes.
Katherine Hawley, a meteorologist with the National Weather Service forecast office in Binghamton, N.Y., will present county officials with a certificate and a special StormReady® sign during a ceremony at the Oneida County Office Building, 10th Floor, Board Chamber, 800 Park Avenue, Utica, N.Y. 13501, 2:00 p.m. today.
“This is a very important designation for Oneida County due to its history of severe weather and floods,” Hawley said.
“We are proud of the hard work and dedication that our emergency services staff have done to increase our preparedness to better deal with what Mother Nature throws our way,” said Anthony J. Picente Jr, Oneida County Executive. “Oneida County has seen severe floods, tornadoes and winter storms in the past few years, and our close partnership with the National Weather Service and the StormReady program have been critical for saving lives and livelihoods,” Picente added.
The nationwide community preparedness program, founded in 1999, is a grassroots approach to preparing for natural hazards. Today, more than 2,200 U.S. communities are better prepared for severe weather through the StormReady program.
To be recognized as StormReady, a county must maintain a 24-hour warning point and emergency operations center; have more than one way to receive National Weather Service warnings and to alert the public; be able to monitor local weather and flood conditions; conduct community preparedness programs; and ensure hazardous weather and flooding are addressed in formal emergency management plans, which include training SKYWARN® weather spotters and holding emergency exercises.
The StormReady program is part of the National Weather Service's working partnership with the International Association of Emergency Managers and the National Emergency Management Association. The StormReady recognition is valid for three years and can be renewed.
The National Weather Service’s Binghamton Forecast Office, located in the Town of Maine N.Y., is the primary source of weather data, forecasts and warnings for about 2.5 million people in the 17 counties in central N. Y. and 7 counties in northeast Pa.
Join us on Facebook and Twitter.
Working with partners, the National Weather Service is building a Weather-Ready Nation to support community resilience in the face of increasing vulnerability to extreme weather.
StormReady® is a registered trademark used by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.


This winter, San Diegans are going to be experiencing the weather phenomenon known as El Niño. This increase in colder weather, but warmer water, can be explained by the trade winds that subside across the equator allowing the warmer western pacific waters to come back across the equator and push up against the north south American continent creating a large pool of water. For students of this generation, this is the first time they are going to be able to witness this weather change.
“El Niño is derived from Peru,” CBS news 8 meteorologist Shawn Styles said. “They used to get a current that would change the fishing in the area, and since this would come around Christmas time, the locals called it El Niño. This is because it is like the baby, or Christ child. However in the late ’70s or early ’80s, scientists started to notice this and correlated that with heavy rain fall. So its only been in the past 30 or 40 years that we have really noticed this effect. However if you look back in records, El Niño has been around for a long time we just never knew about it.”
On average, San Diego will acquire 10.5 inches of rain annually. People often assume that we will have more rain with El Niño, but experts say these facts are still to be determined.
“El Niño doesn’t guarantee that you will get more rain, it only makes the probability that you will get more rain is higher,” Styles said. “To estimate how much rain we will get this El Niño would be sheer speculation and a total guess. However since this is a moderate to strong El Niño, experts predict 18-20 inches of rain. So approximately 60 to 70 percent more, but this is only is it’s an incredible, record breaking El Niño.”
Local surfer and swimmers have noticed the increase of water temperature over the summer. Usually San Diego experiences cold water, but over the summer temperatures were reported in the upper 60 degrees or 70 degrees.
“This whole year whenever I would go surfing, I noticed the water temperatures were a lot higher,” junior Cayla Mayer said. “However now that it is winter, the water is a little colder. But, it’s nowhere near as cold as the previous winters have been” Mayer said.
Some speculators assume the moderate to strong El Niño is going to solve all of the drought problems in California, but the drought is a bigger problem than just one winter of rain.
“If the El Niño [turns out] like we expect it to, it will help the drought but it will not turn the drought around,” Styles said. “The key to solving the drought is obviously conservation. But in addition to that, the water storage and reservoir systems that we have in place are also important. Also, snowpack is something people often don’t think of, but it is vital when solving the drought. Since this past winter was warmer, the rain and and snowfall we did receive only fell at the higher elevation and not the lower elevation it would normally fall to. So this winter, to fix the drought, we would need to get storms that produce snow levels much lower, and that our snowpack lasts longer. The snowpacks are just sitting there frozen waiting to melt. If they use the water in the reservoir the water starts running low, but there is a bunch of frozen snow in the sierra nevada and so now that’s melting and going down in streams, and the water authorities redistribute that frozen water to other reservoirs and replenish them. And on top of that they also need to fill the aquifers that people have been using in order to get their water source.”
This winter is confusing for many of the people who are experiencing it for the first time, especially because in San Diego locals are used to warmer weather in general.
“This winter already is a lot different than usual because we have had many random showers and high humidity we aren’t used to,” Mayer said. “However, at the same time the water temperatures are higher, so I never know what to expect.”
Along with El Niño, there is another weather mystery that has experts scrambling for answers.
“So last winter we didn’t have very cold weather because in the Gulf of Alaska, where the storms originate, there is an area of water called the Blob,” Styles said. “This is a huge pool of ultra warm water, which is effecting us right now. That area in combination with El Niño is throwing a total curveball to all the experts studying this, because we have never had a separate area of ultra warm water in conjunction with El Niño.


Spring is here and with it comes Severe Weather and Flooding
Understand Severe Weather Alerts
What is the difference between a National Weather Service Severe Thunderstorm Watch and a Severe Thunderstorm Warning?
- Severe Thunderstorm Watch: Be Prepared! Severe thunderstorms are possible in and near the watch area. Stay informed and be ready to act if a severe thunderstorm warning is issued. The watch area is typically large, covering numerous counties or even states.
- Severe Thunderstorm Warning: Take Action! Severe weather has been reported by spotters or indicated by radar. Warnings indicate imminent danger to life and property. Take shelter in a substantial building. Get out of mobile homes that can blow over in high winds. Warnings typically encompass a much smaller area (around the size of a city or small county) that may be impacted by a large hail or damaging wind identified by an NWS forecaster on radar or by a trained spotter/law enforcement who is watching the storm.(Source: http://www.nws.noaa.gov/om/thunderstorm/ww.shtml)
Understand Tornado Alerts
What is the difference between a Tornado Watch and a Tornado Warning issued by the National Weather Service?
Tornado Watch: Be Prepared! Tornadoes are possible in and near the watch area. Review and discuss your emergency plans and check supplies and your safe room. Be ready to act quickly if a warning is issued or you suspect a tornado is approaching. Acting early helps to save lives! Watches are issued by the Storm Prediction Center for counties where tornadoes may occur. The watch area is typically large, covering numerous counties or even states.
Tornado Warning: Take Action! A tornado has been sighted or indicated by weather radar. There is imminent danger to life and property. Move to an interior room on the lowest floor of a sturdy building. Avoid windows. If in a mobile home, a vehicle, or outdoors, move to the closest substantial shelter and protect yourself from flying debris. Warnings are issued by your local forecast office. Warnings typically encompass a much smaller area (around the size of a city or small county) that may be impacted by a tornado identified by a forecaster on Radar or by a trained spotter/law enforcement who is watching the storm (Source: http://www.nws.noaa.gov/om/tornado/ww.shtml)
Prepare! Don’t let Tornadoes Take You by Surprise
- Be Weather-Ready: Check the forecast regularly to see if you’re at risk for tornadoes. Listen to local news or a NOAA Weather Radio to stay informed about tornado watches and warnings. Check the Weather-Ready Nation for tips.
- Prepare Your Home: Consider having your safe room reinforced. You can find plans for reinforcing an interior room to provide better protection on the Federal Emergency Management Agency website.
- Help Your Neighbor: Encourage your loved ones to prepare for the possibility of tornadoes. Take CPR training so you can help if someone is hurt.(Source: http://www.nws.noaa.gov/om/tornado/ww.shtml)
What to Do During Severe Weather
Find out what you can do when severe weather strikes. Acting quickly is key to staying safe and minimizing impacts.
- Stay Weather Ready: Continue to listen to local news or a NOAA Weather Radio to stay updated about severe thunderstorm watches and warnings.
- At Your House: Go to your secure location if you hear a severe thunderstorm warning. Damaging wind or large hail may be approaching. Take your pets with you if time allows.
- At Your Workplace or School: Stay away from windows if you are in a severe thunderstorm warning and damaging wind or large hail is approaching. Do not go to large open rooms such as cafeterias, gymnasiums or auditoriums.
- Outside: Go inside a sturdy building immediately if severe thunderstorms are approaching. Sheds and storage facilities are not safe. Taking shelter under a tree can be deadly. The tree may fall on you. Standing under a tree also put you at a greater risk of getting struck by lightning.
- In a Vehicle: Being in a vehicle during severe thunderstorms is safer than being outside; however, drive to closest secure shelter if there is sufficient time. (Source: http://www.nws.noaa.gov/om/thunderstorm/during.shtml)
Understand Flood Alerts
What is the difference between a Flood Watch and a Flood Warning issued by the National Weather Service?
- Flash Flood Warning: Take Action! A Flash Flood Warning is issued when a flash flood is imminent or occurring. If you are in a flood prone area move immediately to high ground. A flash flood is a sudden violent flood that can take from minutes to hours to develop. It is even possible to experience a flash flood in areas not immediately receiving rain.
- Flood Warning: Take Action! A Flood Warning is issued when the hazardous weather event is imminent or already happening. A Flood Warning is issued when flooding is imminent or occurring.
- Flood Watch: Be Prepared:A Flood Watch is issued when conditions are favorable for a specific hazardous weather event to occur. A Flood Watch is issued when conditions are favorable for flooding. It does not mean flooding will occur, but it is possible.
- Flood Advisory: Be Aware: An Flood Advisory is issued when a specific weather event that is forecast to occur may become a nuisance. A Flood Advisory is issued when flooding is not expected to be bad enough to issue a warning. However, it may cause significant inconvenience, and if caution is not exercised, it could lead to situations that may threaten life and/or property.
Fire safety videos and tips
1. Close your door-
A simple nighttime routine can wind up saving countless lives: close the door! Researchers are finding that fire spread is occuring far more rapidly with modern home furnishings, which often incorporate synthetic, petroleum-based products as coverings and stuffing. Simply closing the bedroom door at night can provide more survivable temperatures, higher oxygen concentrations, and reduced exposure to carbon monoxide for occupants if a fire ignites outside the room. In conjunction with creating a simple barrier to fire and toxic smoke, preparing escape plans for each member of the family is paramount.
2. Hands only CPR-
There are many risk factors for a heart attack, including high blood pressure, high cholesterol, smoking, a history of stroke, obesity, or diabetes. Signs and symptoms of a heart attack vary by individual but there are several common signs: shortness of breath; pain in the jaw, neck, back, shoulder, or chest; feeling faint. IF A HEART ATTACK IS SUSPECTED, DIAL 911 IMMEDIATELY.


The Kestrel 3500 Pocket Weather Meter is the required model for anyone wanting accurate supportive weather data and barometric readings.
A trend arrow displays whether the pressure is rising, stable or falling, this trend is calculated over a 3-hour period. The pressure is monitored even when the Kestrel 3500 is switched off.
Wind chill and heat index are equivalent temperatures that show the user how their environment really feels. Wind chill is the combination of wind speed and temperature, while heat index is the combined effect of air temperature and relative humidity. The humidity sensor compensates for temperature changes and is designed for stability and accuracy.
The liquid crystal display has large 9mm high digits and is backlit for a clear readout in low light conditions. For those with requirements to operate in the dark, the Kestrel 3500NV (with an olive drab case) is available with a low intensity red backlight to preserve night vision. Click here for more information »
Power is from an easily replaceable standard lithium coin type cell, which will typically give up to 300 hours of operation. The instrument automatically switches off if no keys are pressed for 45 minutes.
The Kestrel 3500 Pocket Weather Meter is made from high impact injection moulded plastic and corrosion resistant materials with the electronics fully sealed. It will float if accidentally dropped into water. There is a hard cover for protection when not in use and a lanyard is provided for added security.


GLOBAL WARMING: There have been heat waves in London where normal temperature is never above 10 degree celsius. Time for a sunbath or sunburn!
By Elvidio Miranda
We need an action plan locally and globally to stabilize global warming and climate change the world over if we are to survive…
TO portray a very simple model of the occurrences in the atmosphere leading to a particular weather incidence, we have to assume first no emissions of any of the greenhouse gases. The normal air in the atmosphere consist of oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide and water vapour. Assume that no industrial emissions are billowing into the air, then wind patterns will be decided by the degree of temperature differences in the atmosphere.
tropic of cancer
On earth we have the equator, which is the hottest, the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn which are tropical, and the Arctic and Antarctic circles which are the coldest places on earth. Now it is well known that hot gases are lighter in density and thus causes a low pressure area. Also cold areas because of the denseness of the atmosphere is a high pressure area.
The high degree of humidity leads to dew point having reached and there is large large scale precipitation in the form of rain.So we have a rain forest, an example of which is the Amazon.
Now enter the billowing of carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide and particulate matter due to the burning of fossil fuels. These gases when emitted into the atmosphere lead to a fair degree of change in the composition of the air from its natural composition and thus lead to changes in high pressure and low pressure areas depending on the density of each of the greenhouse gases emitted. Thus, we now have a situation wherein the entire wind direction as well as temperature pattern are modified in the atmosphere due to the integration of the greenhouse gases.
We may safely conclude that man-made activities such as the burning of fossil fuels –coal, petroleum coke, petrol and diesel in particular used in all industrial activities, such as coal-fired power plants, petroleum coke used in the steel and aluminium industries, cement production and other industrial activities.
WHAT CAUSES STORMS
High and low pressures and temperature modifications lead to totally different occurrences in the wind direction, in some cases also leading to spiraling vortexes in the atmosphere which tries to explain the incidence of hurricanes, wherein very high velocity winds and even rain are the direct effect of man-made climate change in the atmosphere. Assuming that there is no creation of gases in the atmosphere, other than the man-made emissions due to industrialization and vehicular traffic, it is sensible to note that burning of fossil fuels is leading to climate change due to the emission of greenhouse gases.
Gases in the atmosphere are definite in content and only gets modified by processes such as photosynthesis in which the green leaves of plants take in carbon dioxide and emit oxygen, thus replenishing the purity of the air, while greenhouse gases pollute the atmosphere. Except in areas where there are trees and no emission of greenhouse gases, we still have dew and fog, but the billowing of greenhouse gases mean that nearby areas where there is high industrial activity and vehicular traffic, the so called dew and fog is now to be known as smog, which contains high degrees of carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide and particulate matter, raising serious concerns about toxicity due to changes in air quality from normal air. This leads to respiratory diseases.
Also emission of greenhouse gases is leading to acid rain in which nitric acid, sulfuric acid and carbonic acid is leading to pollution of rain water due to leaching of the greenhouse gases, causing waters in our seas, oceans, rivers and other smaller water bodies such as lakes and ponds carry water which is not of natural content and detrimental to the earth. Eradication of the use of fossil fuels is the way to curb greenhouse gas emissions and to save our environment. But this is to be done in a step-by-step method, by replacing fossil fuels. Since production of steel, aluminium and cement in particular among others require as per our technology the use of petroleum coke and coking coal, it would then be prudent to curb greatly the use of coal in coal fired plants since there are other alternatives in the power sector such as solar power, wind turbine power as well as nuclear power plants, which though very risky will require to have solid supervisory and controlling skills to prevent accidents that may claim many lives and lead to radiation that could be very damaging.
NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
Developing nuclear power plants that can be disabled when an early warning is given about the occurrence of an earthquake or a tsunami could make nuclear power very safe, by preventing radiation due to chain reaction of fuels such as uranium and thorium in the power plants.
Hydrogen fuel cell cars could also in the long run be developed so as to be able to make it affordable and practical. Here we have to draw from the almost complete abolition of chloro fluoro carbons (CFCs) used as refrigerants which has been phased out and led to the protection of the ozone layer in the atmosphere. Drawing from this example, usage of coal, petroleum coke, petrol, diesel and LNG can be definitely curtailed sizably if the world takes proactive action to reduce the use of fossil fuels so that the environment can be saved for future generations.
It is a big effort but one that will pay rich dividends towards curtailing green house gas emissions and thus also control climate change. Participation of the entire world in resorting to uses of renewable sources of energy can lead to a much greater salvation of the human race in which everyone is healthier. Governments must make a concerted effort in which no country is discriminated on the basis of phasing out greenhouse gas emissions. We know that China, US, European Union and India are the largest emitters of greenhouse gases, with China accounting for one fourth of the total greenhouse gas emissions and US responsible for a little over one-eighth of the total greenhouse gases.
A mutually acceptable climate change controlling regime has to be followed to curb greenhouse gas emissions worldwide. Global warming is a clear and present danger, lessons of which can be drawn from the very high and low temperatures witnessed all over the world.
Also there are huge apprehensions about the melting of Arctic and Antarctic ice caps which will definitely lead to the submergence of low lying areas steadily. The occurrence of several hurricanes all over the world is another cause for concern. Climate change is leading to migration patterns of people.
Global leaders have to agree to a prudent road map, wherein no country is made to share disproportionate burden in combating global warming and climate change. Once every country realizes that man-made activity is the cause of global warming and climate change, then we can individually and collectively work towards drastically curbing further global warming and stabilizing climate change which affects us all, big and small, rich and poor, human life and wildlife.


The Green Energy Movement: Top 3 Sources of Greenhouse Gas Emissions
The 3 Biggest Contributors of Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Greenhouse gases are any number of gases (carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, other gases) produced by humans and released into the atmosphere. They contribute to serious environmental issues—most notably, global warming. Global warming is a very real problem that means the Earth’s surface temperature is rising.
How does this happen? Well, excess heat from the Earth is supposed to be able escape our atmosphere and spread out into space. These greenhouse gases act almost like a shield, trapping the heat within our atmosphere. When this happens, the Earth itself can’t cool off, and we see melting ice caps, rising oceans, and other serious problems.
The first step to reducing the problem is to determine what exactly is causing it in the first place. Here are the top three sources of greenhouse gas emissions in the United States and how we can reduce our impact.
Year after year, electricity has been the biggest source of greenhouse gas emissions in the United States. A majority of our energy comes from the burning of fossil fuels or the creation of nuclear energy. Fossil fuels include coal, oil, and natural gas. When these are burned or when nuclear energy is created, the emissions don’t have anywhere to go, so they stay trapped within our atmosphere.
Green energy (also known as clean energy or renewable energy) is the key to reducing this huge source of greenhouse gases. Wind energy, solar power, biomass energy, and hydropower are all viable sources of energy. The more people choose these types of energy, the more we’ll be able to produce, which will help reduce our dependence on harmful sources.
Just like burning fuel to create energy harms our environment, so does burning fossil fuels to power our vehicles. Extracting oil, transporting it, and driving our vehicles is extremely harmful to the environment.
Today, more and more vehicle manufacturers are coming up with technology to help us reduce this impact. Some of the most eco-friendly and innovative vehicles on the market (or soon to be) include hybrid electric vehicles, fuel cell electric vehicles, and compressed-air vehicles. Not only are these better for the environment, but they’re often much more efficient and cheaper to operate than traditional vehicles.
Manufacturing and food production are huge contributors to greenhouse gases in the United States. We rely heavily on manufactured goods and processed foods for their convenience. This reliance is also negatively affecting our environment.
While solving this problem is a little trickier, it can be affected by the other two. By finding more reliable, cleaner ways to power production and reducing the burning of fossil fuels, we can help positively impact more sectors of industry.
Join the Green Energy Movement!
Help contribute to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions in the United States by choosing your own energy suppliers. From wind power to solar power to biomass energy, you have many renewable energy options to choose from. By choosing one of these, you can help reduce your personal carbon footprint and help support the creation of more green energy.
At Star Energy Partners, we’re committed to reducing our impact on the environment, one energy choice at a time. We’re making our way across the country to empower people to choose green energy. Contact us to get a quote on green energy in your area!


Morion Desktop Ionizer brings the benefits of Negative Air Ions (NAIs) to you and transform the air that you breathe, improving your health, and people’s lives! NAIs are formed in rainforests, waterfalls, during heavy storms, anywhere where there is a lot of moisture in the air. Morion Pendant Ionizer keeps your air clean whenever and wherever you are.
Morion Desktop Ionizer emits more than
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This photo was captured 1.6 million miles above Saturn by the Cassini spacecraft on November 23rd, last year. The shot of Saturn's polar vortex was taken during a huge storm.
The hexagonal vortex is about 20,000 miles (30,000 km) across and is a jet stream made up of 200 mph winds (322 km/h) surrounding a huge storm, NASA officials have said. Scientists have not found another weather feature exactly like this anywhere in the solar system, space agency officials said.
See more photos of Saturn's amazing vortex storms at Space.com.
Photo credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/Space Science Institute


Calentamiento Global (en Ingles)Ensayos para estudiantes : Calentamiento Global (en Ingles). Ensayos de Calidad, Tareas, Monografias - busque más de 2.328.000+ documentos.
Enviado por M4U_FOK4 • 13 de Marzo de 2013 • 1.037 Palabras (5 Páginas) • 753 Visitas
What is global Warming?
Global warming is “an increase in the earth's average atmospheric temperature that causes corresponding changes in climate and that may result from the greenhouse effect.” It takes place all around the world and doesn’t have an official start date because it has always existed; the accelerated increase of the global warming doesn’t have an exact date neither because since the beginning of automobiles, fossil fuel burning, and deforestation we have begun to increase this phenomenon, but it officially begun a worldwide problem in 1997.
What is the greenhouse effect?
“The greenhouse effect refers to circumstances where the short wavelengths of visible light from the sun pass through a transparent medium and are absorbed, but the longer wavelengths of the infrared re-radiation from the heated objects are unable to pass through that medium.” There is the natural greenhouse effect which is the one that regulates the temperature or earth and allows the possibility of life and is supported by the water and carbon cycle; this effect has existed for millions of years. There is also the accelerated greenhouse effect that is a new effect that is caused by the excess of greenhouse gases which the carbon cycle can’t deal with. This causes global warming.
Why have greenhouse gases increased?
Greenhouse gases have increased for 3 main reasons, these are:
1. Forests are being cut down. Trees absorb CO2 (carbon dioxide) so when trees are cut down less CO2 is absorbed which means that more is kept inside the atmosphere. Agriculture and heavy industries are producers of CO2 as well. It is estimated that tree cutting produces 18% (5.9 billion tons) of global dioxide.
2. Fossil fuels are being burned. Burning oil, gas, petroleum, etc. has produced about 27 billion tons of CO2 per year!
3. World’s population is growing. Like most problems greenhouse gas is also in part caused by over population and this is because the more the people, the bigger the demand so more forests must be cut down and more fossil fuels must be burned this means… more CO2 emissions.
4. Methane emissions from animals, agriculture and arctic seabeds. Methane is an extremely potent greenhouse gas. Methane is caused when an oxygen-starved bacteria breaks down organic matter (as in rice paddies). Methane is also produced in the intestines of herbivorous animals, and with the increase of livestock, this means that the levels of methane released to the atmosphere increase. Methane is also released when arctic seabed breaks because there is Methane trapped between ice crystals.
5. Increase of chemical fertilizers. In the last century the use of chemical fertilizers has increased dramatically. These fertilizers use nitrogen oxides which hold over 300 times the heat capacity than normal fertilizers. The excess of these fertilizers create dead zones in the ocean.
The causes of global warming and its effects.
Since global warming is caused is caused by the increase of greenhouse gases all the causes of greenhouse gas increase are the causes of global warming.
Effects of global warming:
1. Rise in sea levels worldwide. Scientists predict that the meeting of 2 giant ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica will raise sea levels. This could displace millions of people; as a matter of fact Maldives is already searching for a new home due to sea rise.
2. More killer storms. Scientists say that global warming will eventually cause the most extreme storms worldwide. The maximum wind speed of storms has increased significantly since 1981 and doesn’t seem to decrease any time soon.
3. Massive crop failures. Climate change is expected to have severe impacts over food production, economic development and damage ecosystems.
4. Extinction of species. Rising temperatures could lead to the extinction to more than 1 million species and humans can’t exist with a diverse population of species on earth, bad news for us!
5. Disappearance of coral reefs. Coral populations could collapse by 2100 due to sea acidification and temperature raise.
Global warming wrecks all the fun.
If global warming keeps up we would have to say goodbye to:
• Christmas trees
• Vacation in Alaska
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Enormous Insect Swarms Are Sometimes Found On Weather Radars
We have all seen weather radars while watching the weather channel or local TV news stations. Obviously, weather radars are designed to locate and track large areas of meteorological activity. Enormous masses of humid air that produce rainfall are tracked with modern weather radar technology in order to predict which regions will experience rainfall. The movement of snow, hail, tornadoes and hurricanes can all be tracked with weather radar. Of course weather radar can pick up other moving masses as well, but they must be exceptionally large in area in order to be spotted by radar. Every once in a while an expert will find a large mass of activity on radar that is not weather-related. In most of these cases large formations of certain airborne animals are being picked up by radar. Sometimes these animals are birds, but most of the time the unusual formations turn out to be huge swarms of insects.
It is rare for an insect swarm to become large enough to be picked up by weather radar, but it happens. In many cases, experts cannot always agree on what is causing certain formations to appear on weather radar. It is not uncommon for mysterious formations to appear and eventually disappear from radar while never being conclusively determined to be insect swarms. For example, back in 2013 the entire northern half of New Zealand was covered by some form of mass. A few experts thought that the formation could have been a dust storm, but most experts thought the formation was an insect swarm. However, experts could not agree on which type of insects were swarming to create the large mass.
Sometimes massive formations found on weather radar are conclusively found to be caused by massive insect swarms. In 2015 weather radar in Texas picked up formations that were around fifty miles in area. Not long afterward experts found that the radar formations were actually massive beetle and grasshopper swarms that were flying twenty five hundred feet above the ground. In 2014 a swarm of mayflies appeared on weather radar in Wisconsin. According to meteorologists in Wisconsin at the time, there is always at least one insect swarm that shows up on weather radar every year. Butterflies are also captured frequently on weather radars in Colorado. A seventy mile wide butterfly swarm was located on radar in Colorado as recently as October of 2017.
Do you think that butterflies would show up more easily than most other insects on weather radar due to their relatively long wingspan?


THE Meteorological Services Department has issued a warning to residents in six provinces to prepare for spells of lightning and thunder, as well as isolated showers and moderate winds, from today until Friday.
The affected provinces include Matabeleland South, Matabeleland North, Bulawayo Metropolitan, Masvingo, Manicaland and the southern districts of Midlands.
Despite minimal impact, the Met Department recommends that residents avoid seeking shelter under trees, near poles, or pylons, and try to find shelter in an earthed building.
It also discouraged planting during these rains and advised people to keep warm and consult health professionals in the event of weather-related health issues.
The Met Department said the advection (the horizontal transfer of heat or other atmospheric properties) of relatively moist air into the south-western parts of the country should result in cloudy conditions and isolated showers over the western parts.
“These clouds should slide eastward and southward, only to be enhanced by added moisture from the south-east.
“This combination should culminate in heavier rains over the Eastern Highlands on Wednesday evening with cloudy, windy and cool conditions in Matabeleland South, Masvingo and Manicaland.
“These clouds should start clearing on Friday giving rise to a warmer weekend,” the Met Department said.
It warned that despite minimal impact, isolated lightning strikes, light showers and moderate winds are expected in an unprecedented weather pattern shift.
“Watch out for isolated lightning strikes and light showers, drizzle, moderate winds, shift from hot to cloudy cold.
“When thunder roars, it is best to be indoors.
“Do not seek shelter under trees or near poles or pylons; try to find an earthed building. If unable to find shelter, crouch as low as possible and as far as possible from livestock.
“Ensure the elderly and people with disabilities, young and ill are kept warm when the weather changes from hot to cool on Wednesday.”


Globally, this past April was a real scorcher. It was so hot that it in fact tied with April 2010 as the warmest April on record. Compared to the past four months, 2014 has been the sixth warmest year since the record began in 1880. However, as the El Nino event grows increasingly likely to strike this summer, the world could see temperatures rise even higher.
This new data comes from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) which was released to the public last week. April's temperatures were found to be 0.77 degrees Celsius (1.39 degrees Fahrenheit) above the average temperatures of the 20th century around the world. Europe, Australia, Africa and the Middle East all experienced temperatures well above average however the hottest region proved to be Eastern Siberia. While Siberia is usually chilly all year long, temperatures hit over 5 degrees Celsius (9 degrees Fahrenheit) above the 20th century average. However, across the sea countries like the United States and Canada experienced temperatures that were well below average temperatures. Strangely enough, Central Asia also suffered below average temperatures even though it was surrounded by countries suffering from above average heat in April. The graphs presented by the NOAA all show that a more drastic increase in temperatures is happening in the Northern Hemisphere, but the Southern Hemisphere is also seeing a rise.
April 2014 also serves as the 350th month in a row where global temperatures were above the 20th century average. The last time the world saw a below average month was February 1985 and the last below average year was 1976. However, 2010 still holds the record for the hottest year on record, for now anyway. If April is any indication, then 2014 is well on its way to becoming one of the hottest on record, perhaps even overtaking 2010's record. If this isn't a sign of global warming, then what is?


EUMETSAT is Europe’s meteorological satellite agency - monitoring the weather and climate from space - 24 hours a day, 365 days a year.
This is your chance to contribute to a world leading earth observation programme, set to generate global weather forecasting and climate monitoring benefits. As a Quality Assurance Engineer you will be at the heart of ensuring all elements of this complex system work together to deliver world leading meteorological products.
The Technical and Scientific Support (TSS) department provides support to the development and operations of EUMETSAT satellite systems, ground systems, as well as quality assurance and management support services to the full organisation, through its Process Assurance and Management Support Division (PRS).
The Quality Assurance Engineer supports the development projects, operations support services and other activities under the responsibility of the TSS department, including the definition and implementation of Quality Assurance requirements and processes.
EUMETSAT is committed to providing an equal opportunity work environment. Please note that only nationals of EUMETSAT Member States may apply. The EUMETSAT Convention requires that Staff shall be recruited based on their qualifications, account being taken of the international character of EUMETSAT.
EUMETSAT’s role is to establish and operate meteorological satellites to monitor the weather and climate from space - 24 hours a day, 365 days a year. This information is supplied to the National Meteorological Services of the organisation's Member and Cooperating States in Europe, as well as other users worldwide.
EUMETSAT also operates several Copernicus missions on behalf of the European Union and provide data services to the Copernicus marine and atmospheric services and their users.
As an intergovernmental European Organisation, EUMETSAT can recruit nationals only from the 30 Member States (Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, The Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom).
Closing date: 4th May.
Salary: 118,258 Euros.


Cape Town has experienced some severe wind conditions the past two days. We are used to the some South-Easters but when rain comes along with it, it is something a little unusual. Us locals call this the Black South-Easter.
I found this bit of information on this local weather phenomenon @ 1stweather.com
"The Black South-Easter is a much misinterpreted phenomenon. It is refered to as a "BLACK" SE event when the SE wind is blowing, usually rather strongly, and it is raining at the same time. A Black SE usually is caused by a deep low pressure system over the SW Cape both in the upper air and on the surface and a very strong/intense SAH south of the country. The Laingsburg Floods and the Easter of 1994 are prime examples of Black South-easters in Cape Town. The tight pressure gradient between the systems cause the wind and the low pressure systems produce the rain. These Black SE events usually occur during spring and autumn, the months when the incidence of cut-off low pressure systems are high. "
The pictures shown were taken by Lester Hein and there are many more pics on his blog "You are here
." They are all taken at a notorius spot where the city's high rises create a tunnel-effect. This was so extreme today that the firemen were assisting people across the road.
Labels: black south-easter, cape town, south easter, storm, weather


Nitrous oxide emissions are the third largest driver of climate change and the single greatest threat to the stratospheric ozone layer. They accounted for approximately 5% of total U.S. GHG emissions in 2015 (measured in CO2eq). Key sources of nitrous oxide include agricultural soil and manure management, stationary and mobile combustion, and industrial processes such as adipic and nitric acid production. These sources account for 95% of U.S. nitrous oxide emissions. EPA estimates that U.S. nitrous oxide emissions will increase approximately 18.5% over 2015 levels by 2030, and these increases will come primarily from the agricultural sector. The DDPP reports conclude that nitrous oxide emissions should be reduced by at least 70 million tons CO2eq in 2050 relative to a business-as-usual baseline to achieve an overall net GHG emission reduction of 80% below 1990 levels by 2050. The chapter explains how existing legal pathways or new legal mechanisms could be used to attain and even exceed this reduction target.


This doesn't look like a heat wave . . . July 4th, 2013 noon
|July 4th, 2013 noon - over 100 degrees today|
With the clouds and extra moisture, it was hot and muggy, and didn't cool off as well at night. And around 100 degrees F all week!
At least the possible thunderstorms didn't happen and cause fires.
This week, July 18, it's about to heat up again, after a week of low 80s. 100 degrees by Saturday.
Amazing how cool 80 degrees feels in the summer. And how hot it is in the spring.
And at the end of that week, walking up the hill, I met a neighbor who said how cool 90 degrees felt!
Of the 2 tall trees on the left, the right one was the redtails' home tree. You can just see that steep crotch, near the top. You see how far away it really is.


High in the sky, sunlit wisps remain aglow even after sundown. This summer, a surprising number of such noctilucent, or “night-shining,” clouds have been spotted in the Northern Hemisphere — and, unusually, as far south as Oklahoma and New Mexico, scientists report.
These clouds typically float in the mesosphere about 80 kilometers above Earths surface, and are visible at high latitudes. They gleam blue or white when they catch the suns rays, even after the night has fallen on land. “Theyre beautiful,” says James Russell, an atmospheric scientist at Hampton University in Virginia. “Its hard to take your eyes off of them, because theyre so iridescent.”
The clouds form when cold temperatures, around −130° Celsius, cause water vapor to condense and freeze around dust particles, making nanometer-sized ice crystals. What stood out in June was how wet the mesosphere was. “Its record-setting,” says Lynn Harvey, an atmospheric scientist at the University of Colorado Boulder.
Possible explanations for that extra wetness include more moist air ascending in summertime than usual, or an increase in the atmosphere of methane, which can be oxidized to form water vapor.


Farm weather station specialist Sencrop has more than doubled its UK station network over the last 12 months as more growers start to see the value of remote weather monitoring via a smartphone.
In its most recent update, the company has now integrated the most popular weather forecasting models from the 22 countries it has a presence in, allowing farmers to pick the forecasting service most suited to their needs.
It allows an in-depth customer survey conducted in November 2002, which revealed how users consulted and compared forecasts from different suppliers. Sencrop’s product team then selected the most relevant models, according to three criteria: geographical coverage, short- or long-term forecasts, and popularity, to develop the new feature which was rolled out at the end of February.
Farmers can access, within the application, forecasting models used by major UK weather data sites such as MetCheck, BBC and Meteoblue, and use the most appropriate one according to their needs and preferences.
In total 10 models have been integrated across the 22 active countries, including six in the UK and Ireland.
Adapting forecasts to agricultural needs
Depending on the situation, Sencrop said that one model will be more relevant than another. A cereal producer may focus on short-term forecasts linked to wind, before applying nitrogen or crop protection treatments, while a potato producer will need longer-term rain forecasts to assess the risk of mildew.
“Since our goal is to help farmers make better decisions based on weather data, and we listen a lot to what they have to tell us, we are continuously improving the Sencrop app,” said Michael Bruniaux, Sencrop co-founder.
“This further development in our forecast dashboard, which allows a farmer to pick the most suitable forecast model in their dashboard, felt like evidence to us. We realised this feature would be even more valuable if they could customise the weather forecast to the one that would most suit their needs.”
By combining these forecasting models with weather data from the connected station on their farms – temperature, wind speed, humidity, rainfall accumulation etc – Sencrop enables farmers to improve precision and optimise operations.
During the high season, farmers check the app several times a day, according to user data gathered by Sencrop, with the weather forecast alone accessed up to five times per day.
More information is available at www.sencrop.com


Every Londoner is exposed to dangerous toxic air particles
Every area of London is exposed to air pollution beyond WHO standards and 7.9 million Londoners live in areas exceeding air quality guidelines by at least 50 per cent
A new research study, based on the latest updated London Atmospheric Emissions Inventory, nearly 95 per cent of the capital’s population – live in areas of London that exceed the guidelines for PM2.5 by 50 per cent or more.
The Mayor of London, Sadiq Khan released the report and signed the capital up to the Breathe Life coalition, a campaign led by WHO, UN Environment and Clean Climate and Clean Air Coalition, to connect similar world cities, combine expertise, share best practice and work together to improve air quality. This global campaign aims to mobilize cities and individuals to protect our health and our planet from the effects of air pollution. The campaign provides a platform for cities to share best practices and demonstrate progress, expand monitoring efforts, accelerate solutions and educate people about the burden air pollution poses to our health and our climate and provide meaningful ways to take action both locally and globally.
PM2.5 are small toxic air particles which are widely acknowledged to have the greatest impact on health with both short and long-term exposure increasing the likelihood of respiratory and cardiovascular diseases.
Children exposed to these toxic pollutants are more likely to grow up with reduced lung function and develop asthma, while PM2.5 is also known to result in 29,000 premature deaths in the UK every year.
New data, based on updated 2013 exposure estimates, shows that in central London the average annual levels of PM2.5 are almost double the WHO guideline limits of 10 µg/m3.
The Mayor has committed to tackling pollution in London and is determined significantly to reduce the levels of these dangerous toxic particles, aiming to get pollution levels to within WHO guidelines by 2030.
Around half of PM2.5 in London is from external sources outside the city, however, the main sources of PM2.5 emissions in London are from tyre and brake wear, construction and wood burning.
Reducing these emissions and achieving WHO guidelines will require coordinated action by governments and cities around the world and a shift towards walking, cycling and using public transport, as well as new technologies like electric cars.
Sadiq is initiating a package of hard-hitting measures, which will drive down vehicle emissions on the capital’s roads. On 23 October, the Mayor’s new T-Charge comes into force to remove older, more polluting vehicles from central London. Road transport is responsible for around half of Nitrogen Oxide emissions in the capital, and around 88 per cent of these emissions are caused by diesel vehicles.
This research is another damning indictment of the toxic air that all Londoners are forced to breathe every day. It’s sickening to know that not a single area of London meets World Health Organisation health standards, but even worse than that, nearly 95 per cent of the capital is exceeding these guidelines by at least 50 per cent.
Sadiq Khan, Mayor of London
“I am doing everything in my powers to significantly reduce emissions by introducing the T-Charge to drive down the number of dirty vehicles polluting our roads and our lungs and implementing an Ultra Low Emission Zone with even tighter standards. I also urge the government to devolve powers to me so I can get on with tackling the dangerous toxic air particles – known as PM2.5 – that we know come from construction sites and wood burning stoves. It’s measures like these that we need to get on with now to protect our children and our children’s children”, he added.


The land of enchantment has joined 19 other States in the US Climate Alliance. Governor Michelle Lujan Grisham signed an executive order that will see the State pursue goals set forth in the 2015 Paris Climate Agreement. The order sets a specific goal of a 45% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2030. The order directs the State to research ways it can reduce greenhouse gas emissions and increase the use of renewable energy. Finally, the order forms a climate change task force that will make a state-wide strategy to combat climate change.
Positive news from the Capitol today!


Strong winds are once again being forecast for Lincolnshire.
The Met Office has issued a ‘yellow - be aware - alert’ of wind for the whole of the county on Wednesday and Thursday.
Such an alert is currently in place for Scotland, parts of Northern Ireland, North East and North West England, as well as the Yorkshire and Humber area.
Wednesday’s and Thursday’s weather warning covers much of the UK, with just the northern half of Scotland excluded.
A Met Office spokesman said: “Wind gusts of 50-60mph are likely quite widely through the warning area, whilst gusts of 75mph are likely around southern and western coasts and over exposed hills.
“The public should be aware of the risk of localised disruption to transport and possibly power supplies.”


Historically, air quality in the Atlanta metropolitan area hasn’t been great. But that fate isn’t set in stone. In fact, every year Atlanta’s air quality gets a little better, proving that change is always possible.
Here are five things to know about the state of Metropolitan Atlanta’s air quality.
1) Poor Air Quality Can Impact Our Health
Air-born pollutants can have significant health consequences, especially for children, the elderly, and people with existing respiratory conditions.
Microscopic particles emitted by pollutants can burrow in the lungs or even blood, according to the CDC, while high ozone levels can be damaging to people with respiratory conditions like asthma. Reducing pollution is an important way to help everyone in our community stay healthy.
2) Atlanta Ranks Second in Pollution Emitted by Vehicles
It’s estimated that Atlanta ranks second nationally for most air pollution specifically from motor vehicles. Collectively, Atlantans drive upwards of 100 million miles a day, and the average daily commute is 34.2 miles, the fourth-highest driving distance in the country.
3) Atlanta’s Air Quality Gets Better Every Year—But There’s Still Work to Do
The 2022 State of the Air report released by the American Lung Association found that Atlanta’s air quality gets a little better every year. During the time frame covered by this report, Atlanta had the fewest ever days of unhealthily high ozone. Particle pollution was also at its best rate ever.
Despite these gains, though, Atlanta still received an “F” from the ALA for ozone pollution levels. The city is on the right track, but there’s still much to do.
4) Air Quality Can Worsen During the Summer
Ozone forms when other pollutants combine in heat and sunlight, so ozone pollution levels go up during the summer. Fortunately, the summer is also one of the best seasons for walking or biking, so Atlantans can mitigate this issue by choosing alternate forms of travel.
5) Getting Vehicles Off the Road Is Important for Clean Air
With so much of Atlanta’s pollution coming from motor vehicles, getting cars off the road is one of the most important things Atlantans can do to help improve air quality. You can do your part—while enjoying spending less time stuck in traffic—by walking, biking, carpooling, or taking transit.
Every year, Atlanta’s air gets a little bit better. If we all work together to get vehicles off the roads, we can keep this trend going.
Perimeter Connects is doing its part to keep our neighborhood’s air clean. Click here to learn how—and see what you can do to help.


This week, on the 7th October, new clean air regulations came into force on the domestic burning of solid wood and fuels in England.
What are the Air Quality Regulations 2020?
The Air Quality (Domestic Solid Fuels Standards) (England) Regulations 2020 (SI 2020/1095) will introduce new measures for cleaner burning of domestic solid wood and other fuels to improve air quality in England.
When do the Air Quality Regulations come into force?
These measures will largely come into force on 1st May 2021, but will be staggered to enable current stocks to be utilised.
How will the Air Quality Regulations affect wood burners?
These measures will apply to all wood burners and stoves used in a domestic setting, and and will be enforced by local authorities who will be provided with enforcement powers to ensure compliance, with the ability to issue fixed penalties of £300 for non-compliance.
How do the Air Quality Regulations affect park owners?
Park operators should be mindful of these changes as they will likely affect holiday lodges and residential parks which have lodges homes with wood burning stoves installed.
Find out more
For further help or support please contact our specialist Parks team who will be happy to provide bespoke advice and guidance.


Most ozone resides in the stratosphere (a layer of the atmosphere between 10 and 40 km above us), where it acts as a shield to protect Earth's surface from the sun's harmful ultraviolet radiation. With a weakening of this shield, we would be more susceptible to skin cancer, cataracts and impaired immune systems The ozone layer is important because it filters harmful ultraviolet radiation as it travels from the sun to the surface of the Earth. These ultraviolet rays can harm both plant and animal life The ozone layer is very important for the health and safety of all life on Earth because it protects us from harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation. UV light is a band of the spectrum of light that is far outside of our ability to see. But despite the fact that we cannot see UV rays, they are extremely intense, can cause burns, and over time can.
Why is Ozone Layer important? Ozone protects the Earth from harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays from the Sun. Without the Ozone layer in the atmosphere, life on Earth would be very difficult The ozone layer acts as a shield for life on Earth. Ozone is good at trapping a type of radiation called ultraviolet radiation, or UV light, which can penetrate organisms' protective layers, like skin, damaging DNA molecules in plants and animals. There are two major types of UV light: UVB and UVA The ozone layer effectively blocks almost all solar radiation of wavelengths less than 290 nanometres from reaching Earth's surface, including certain types of ultraviolet (UV) and other forms of radiation that could injure or kill most living things. layers of Earth's atmosphere Conclusion: Importance of Ozone The ozone layer or ozone shield is a region of Earth's stratosphere that absorbs most of the Sun's ultraviolet radiation. It contains high concentrations of ozone..
Importance of Ozone Layer. One of the most important uses of the ozone layer for our environment is that it saves every single living being on the planet from the harmful UV rays of the sun. As a shield to Earth, it protects us from physical and environmental damage that UV radiation can cause It will take decades for the ozone layer to recover. Ozone layer depletion increases the amount of ultraviolet (UV) irradiation that reaches Earth's surface; this can increase the risk of skin cancer, particularly at higher latitudes. The global shift away from ozone-depleting substances has also had co-benefits on the reduction of greenhouse. The ozone layer or ozone shield is a region of Earth's stratosphere that absorbs most of the Sun's ultraviolet radiation. It contains a high concentration of ozone (O 3 ) in relation to other parts of the atmosphere, although still small in relation to other gases in the stratosphere The ozone layer is the part of the Earth's atmosphere that protects the planet from ultraviolet radiation. It's found in the Stratosphere which is around 10-50km above the surface of the earth. Think of it as a layer of sunscreen that protects us from all manner of harmful rays. Without it, life on Earth would be extremely unpleasant
To understand the importance of the ozone layer, it's crucial to first establish the difference in concentrations of ozone throughout the Earth's atmosphere. In the figure we see a standard profile of ozone gas concentration through the Earth's atmosphere, extending from ground level up to 40 kilometres in altitude . Holes in the ozone layer and the dangers associated with these holes are well documented The ozone layer is found in the lower portion of the earth's atmosphere. It has the potential to absorb around 97-99% of the harmful ultraviolet radiations coming from the sun that can damage life on earth. If the ozone layer was absent, millions of people would develop skin diseases and may have weakened immune systems
Importance of ozone layer. The ultraviolet radiation or UV rays emitted by the sun have the potential to cause skin cancer and cataract. These harmful rays also cause significant damage not only to humans but also to plant and marine life. Hence, the ozone layer acts as a protective shield against all such harmful radiations from the sun The ozone layer is a natural layer of gas in the upper atmosphere that protects humans and other living things from harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun. Although ozone is present in small concentrations throughout the atmosphere, most (around 90%) exists in the stratosphere, a layer 10 to 50 kilometres above the Earth's surface The ozone layer protects the Earth against most UVB coming from the sun. It is always important to protect oneself against UVB, even in the absence of ozone depletion, by wearing hats, sunglasses, and sunscreen. However, these precautions will become more important as ozone depletion worsens
Small concentrations of ozone occur naturally in the stratosphere, which is part of the Earth's upper atmosphere. At that level, ozone helps to protect life on Earth by absorbing ultraviolet.. The survival of humans on Earth is impossible without the presence of the ozone layer in our planet's stratosphere. It protects us from the harmful ultraviolet radiation emitted from the Sun Ozone depletion and the ozone hole have generated worldwide concern over increased cancer risks and other negative effects. The ozone layer prevents most harmful wavelengths of ultraviolet (UV) light from passing through the Earth's atmosphere The phaseout of controlled uses of ozone-depleting substances has not only helped replenish the protective layer for future generations but is also helping guard human health by filtering harmful..
The Ozone Layer The Solar Spectrum To understand the importance of ozone in the atmosphere, we first must understand the nature of the energy that comes to us from the sun. The sun and other stars are very hot and so radiate energy. Specifically, we call this energy electromagnetic energy The ozone layer is defined by meteorologists as an area/region of concentrated ozone just above the troposphere/lower layer of the stratosphere. It is important to note that ozone is not only confined to the stratosphere (about 90% of the atmosphere's ozone is in the stratosphere), but across the whole atmosphere
What is the role of Ozone Layer in the atmosphere? If all of the ozone in the stratosphere were to be compressed such that the pressure would be equal to that of the surface of the earth, the ozone layer would only be 3mm thick! Due to its physical properties, Ozone actually filters out 95-99% of the radiation in the 220 nm - 320 nm range Not really - ozone does have a small role to play in global climate change, but the majority of the risks are elsewhere. The Risks of Bad Ozone The man-made ozone that forms in the troposphere is.
. It contains relatively high concentrations of ozone, although it is still very small with regard to ordinary oxygen. Ozone is a gas made up of three oxygen atoms (O 3 ). It occurs naturally in small amounts in the upper atmosphere (the stratosphere) The role of the ozone layer in the environment: The ozone in the world 's upper environment, the stratosphere, directs and diminishes Ultraviolet rays (the UV-B range). Keeping a lot of it from getting the chance to ground level. The real function of the ozone layer is to stop the harmful radiations originating from the sun and in addition from. The ozone layer is the common term for the high concentration of ozone that is found in the stratosphere between 15 and 30km above the earth's surface. It covers the entire planet and protects life on earth by absorbing harmful ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation from the sun. Prolonged exposure to UV-B radiation is linked to skin cancer. The ozone layer is especially important in blocking most UVB and the remaining part of UVC not already blocked by ordinary oxygen in air. Blockers, absorbers, and windows. Ultraviolet absorbers are molecules used in organic materials (polymers, paints, etc.) to absorb UV radiation to reduce the UV degradation (photo-oxidation) of a material.
The main role of the ozone layer is to absorb UV rays from the sun. Think of it like a giant layer of sunscreen. Why's it so important? Without it, we literally wouldn't be able to live on Earth. UV rays cause sunburn, eye damage, and skin cancer - so the ozone layer offers us protection. If we had no ozone layer, the sun's rays would. The ozone layer is an important part of Earth's atmosphere, shielding us from harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun. But what would happen if the ozone layer gradually disappeared? About 30 years ago, atmospheric scientists predicted that this could happen—and that it was being caused by human activity
The Ozone Hole: Closing the Gap. YouTube. In the 1980s, scientists began to realize that ozone-depleting chemicals, such as chlorofluorocarbon (CFCs), were creating a thin spot—a hole—in the ozone layer over Antarctica. Through an international effort to decrease the use of CFCs, the ozone layer is starting to mend, and scientists believe. The importance of ozone. From an environmental standpoint, ozone is a confusing molecule. In the troposphere, the region of the atmosphere from Earth's surface up to about 6 miles, ozone is a pollutant that is a component of photochemical smog. The scientists' advocacy — and the discovery by other researchers that the ozone layer over. Because ozone is depleted at colder temperatures, the colder upper atmosphere is slowing the recovery of the ozone layer. Reports like these are important to fill in some of the gaps that. The stability of the stratospheric ozone layer has attracted the interest of scientists, the public and policymakers for more than 50 years because this layer protects life on Earth's surface.
The ozone layer, a fragile shield of gas, the ozone treaties' message of working together in harmony and for the collective good is more important than ever. The slogan of the day, 'Ozone. The evolution of the stratospheric ozone layer remains a central problem to contemporary science because of its importance for the sustainable development of human society. Besides its role in shielding the biosphere from dangerous solar UV radiation, it is now recognized that stratospheric ozone plays an important role in the global atmosphere and climate variability As depletion of the ozone layer is particularly severe above the earth's poles, Canada's Arctic environment is vulnerable to the -ve effects of increased UV radiation This essay on ozone layer in English states the most important causes of ozone depletion. A few contaminations in the environment like chlorofluorocarbons (CH 3) cause the exhaustion of the ozone layer. These CFCs and other comparable gases, when reaching the stratosphere they are separated by the bright radiation, and accordingly, the free.
. Ozone (chemically, a molecule of three oxygen atoms) is found mainly in the upper atmosphere, an area called the stratosphere, between 10 and 50 km from the earth's surface. Though it is talked of as a layer, ozone is present in the atmosphere in rather low concentrations Ozone is more important than oxygen for life. Ozone layer - The ozone layer is a layer of the Earth's atmosphere. The ozone layer protects us from ultraviolet rays coming from the sun. The ozone layer was discovered in 1913 by French physicists Fabri Charles and Henri Busson. Ozone (O 3) is a gas consisting of three atoms of oxygen
At present, the amplitude and extent of such a cooling, and therefore the delay in the recovery of the ozone layer, still have to be assessed. The image below shows the relative importance of the changes in the abundance of various gases in the atmosphere. Relative Importance of the Changes in the Abundance of Various Gases in the Atmospher The United Nations' (UN) International Day for the Preservation of the Ozone Layer is celebrated on September 16 every year. This event commemorates the date of the signing of the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer in 1987. The Earth's ozone layer plays an important role in protecting human health and the environment World Ozone Day or International Day for the Preservation of the Ozone Layer 2020: It is observed on 16 September to spread awareness among people about the depletion of the Ozone Layer and search. Satellite instruments provide us with daily images of ozone over the Antarctic region. The ozone hole image below shows the very low values (blue and purple colored area) centered over Antarctica on 4 October 2004. From the historical record we know that total column ozone values of less than 220 Dobson Units were not observed prior to 1979 The UN has released a video game set in a dystopian future as part of a series of measures aimed at educating younger generations about the importance of the ozone layer. The ozone layer defends the planet from harmful solar radiation and damage to it could have major consequences for life on earth. The Montreal Protocol bans the use of a.
ozonosphere. The general stratum of the upper atmosphere in which there is an appreciable ozone concentration and ozone plays an important part in the radiative balance of the atmosphere. It lies roughly between 6 and 30 miles (10-50 km), with the maximum ozone concentration at about 12 to 15 miles (20-25 km). Also known as an ozone layer . In the 1980s, scientists knew that the ozone layer was being damaged by ozone-depleting substances (ODSs), which were specific manufactured chemicals (e.g., chlorofluorocarbons used in refrigeration, fire suppression and as spray-can propellants) World Ozone Day is observed on September 16 every year to spread awareness among people about the depletion of Ozone Layer. This year marks 35 years of the Vienna Convention. On this day, people from all over the world hold talks and seminars on the ozone layer. Educators teach students about the benefits of the Ozone layer and special events and activities are organised to spread awareness importance of the stratospheric ozone layer and where it is located prior to starting the game. 2. Give a brief overview of the Oxygen-Ozone Cycle. Use the diagram provided as a visual aid, or draw out the cycle on the pavement with chalk. 3. Explain that two (to four) learners will be sun rays, while the rest of the group will b
The reactions of ozone with alkenes: An important source of HOx in the boundary layer. Download. GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, VOL. 23, NO. 25, PAGES 3727-3730, DECEMBER 15, 1996 The reactionsof ozonewith alkenes:An importantsourceof HOx in the boundary layer Suzanne E. Paulson Departmentof AtmosphericSciences, Universityof California. Ozone is a molecule with a strong smell and is blue in color. Molecules of ozone consist of three oxygen atoms. Ozone was discovered by Christian Friedrich Schönbein in 1840. Despite popular beliefs, the ozone hole is not actually a hole in the ozone layer, but a region of depleted ozone in the stratosphere over the Antarctic, which occurs at. 'Ozone depletion is a well-known phenomenon and, thanks to the success of the Montreal Protocol, is widely perceived as a problem solved,' say some. But an international team of researchers, has. The ozone layer is a natural, protective layer of gas in the stratosphere that shields life from the Sun's harmful ultraviolet radiation - which is associated with skin cancer and cataracts, as well as other environmental issues. The 'ozone hole' most commonly referenced is the hole over Antarctica, forming each year during autumn The hole in the ozone layer was perhaps the worst example of mankind's impact on the planet, but a world-wide campaign against ozone-depleting chemicals has helped repair most of the damage
The ozone layer prevents high levels of harmful UV radiation reaching the surface, says Osipov. To generate ozone from oxygen in the atmosphere, photons are needed to break the O2 bond The 1987 Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer was designed to phase out ozone-depleting chemicals, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), such as freon used in older air conditioners. But these replacement compounds, thought to be a better alternative, degrade into products that do not break down in the environment and have instead. Commemorating the International Day for the Preservation of the Ozone Layer, senior United Nations officials, including Secretary-General António Guterres highlighted the contributions of the.
The importance of these factors is that they make up what is being released into the atmosphere and speed up global warming and the destruction of the ozone layer. Another significicant point is in the last 50 years our human emissions have increased tremendously which continues to impact all life on Earth A bill approving the amendment to the Montreal Protocol of 16 September 1987 on substances that deplete the ozone layer was presented on 11 October just gone to the Council of Ministers. The purpose of this amendment, adopted in Kigali on 15 October 2016, is to add hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) to the list of substances controlled under the. The 1987 treaty that stopped the pollution causing a hole in the ozone layer is rightly seen as a major success story. It's arguably the most successful international environmental agreement ever a) When an ozone molecule absorbs UV-B, it comes apart into an oxygen molecule (O2) and a separate oxygen atom (O). The ozone layer absorbs UV-B radiation from the sun and by absorbing UV-B in the stratosphere, the ozone layer prevents and reduce the harmful levels of this radiation from reaching Earth's surface
The ozone layer had been thinning since the late 1970s. Man-made chlorofluorocarbons, called CFCs, released chlorine and bromine, which destroyed ozone molecules high in the air Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer. At its ninth session, the Governing Council of the United Nations Environment Programme adopted decision 9/13B of 26 May 1981 by which, recognizing the desirability of initiating work aimed at the elaboration of a global framework convention which would cover monitoring, scientific research and the development of best available and.
The ozone layer prevents high levels of harmful UV radiation reaching the surface, says Osipov. To generate ozone from oxygen in the atmosphere, photons are needed to break the O 2 bond. When a volcano releases vast amounts of sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ), the resulting volcanic plume absorbs UV radiation but blocks sunlight


A beautiful evening last night, about 7.30 pm over Manchester at 37000′. We could see the sun setting due west (just past the autumn equinox), with the whole of the welsh coastline and snowdonia.. and could even make out the hint of the Irish coastline in the distance.
And over in the east the curtain of night was rising as the earth’s shadow became more visible and started to draw up and over us. In this photo the line of deep blue is the earths shadow between a thin layer of cloud and the sky still touched by the sun.
The sun did not give up easily last night, as you can see in this last photo, the shadow area covering almost all the sky.


All states of the United Nations have acknowledged the dangerous implications it poses for not just the environment but also for human development and peace and security. The need to address the causes of this phenomenon and mitigate its effects has become more urgent in light of the recent statement by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). The IPCC claimed that global temperatures are set to exceed the goal of 2 degrees Celsius which would enable us to avoid the most dangerous impacts of climate change. The latest effort of the international community to combat this development was captured in the adoption of the Paris Agreement on December 12, 2015 at the UN Climate Change Conference in Paris and its entry into force on November 4, 2016. State parties to the agreement committed themselves to ambitious actions to curb global temperatures from exceeding the 2 degrees Celsius mark by the end of the century.
UN News Center – Climate Change & Environment
Lead UN Agencies
UN and Climate Change: http://www.un.org/climatechange/
UN Environment Programme: http://www.unep.org/
UNEP Regional Office for North America: http://www.rona.unep.org/


Hi: 13° Lo:0°
Thursday 27 December 2012 Updated: 04/01 16:32
FLOOD levels are beginning to recede after the Vale suffered a soggy Christmas.
Several days of heavy rain saw the River Avon put on flood warning and forced the usual roads succeptable to flooding close including Waterside in Evesham.
Just under 60mm of rain has fallen in the area over the past week with 90mm recorded in December so far. This means 150 per cent of the average for the whole of the month has already fallen up to December 27 with more expected in the coming days.
Met Office statistics show 900mm of rain has been recorded so far this year, more than 200mm above the long term annual average, which is why the ground is so saturated. 2012 is on course to be one of the wettest years since records began.
River levels peaked at 3.36 metres on Christmas Day (Tuesday), just over half a metre less than in November, but yesterday (Thursday) as we went to press, its level was 2.55 metres above normal and slowly falling. The Environment Agency had also downgraded its status to flood alert.
The Met Office is warning of more heavy rain tomorrow (Friday) overnight and over the weekend, although there will be some drier slots in between.
Helen Chivers from the Met Office said: "The weather will stay unsettled but very mild and windy over the next few days.
"The heaviest of the rain looks, at present, to be overnight Friday into Saturday and again Sunday into Monday."
WYCHAVON council chiefs met with three of the
A FORMER antiques shop in Pershore looks set
ORGANISERS of a big fund-raising event for St
POLICE and Crime Commissioner (PCC) Bill Longmore is
RED roses were presented to the ladies of Leamington on ...
THE SPECTACULAR Wootton Wawen Bluebell Walk is back this Bank ...
ANDY Parsons will be Live and Unleashed at the Palace ...


The water cycle has no starting point. The sun, heats the water in the oceans and evaporates as vapor into the air. The vapor rises into the air where cooler temperatures cause it to condense into clouds.
Air currents move clouds around the globe, cloud particles collide, grow, and fall out of the sky as rain or snow.
Most precipitation falls back into the oceans or onto land, where, due to gravity, the precipitation flows over the ground enters rivers in valleys in the landscape, with streamflow moving water towards the oceans.
Some infiltration stays close to the land surface and can seep back into surface-water bodies (and the ocean) as groundwater discharge, and some groundwater finds openings in the land surface and emerges as freshwater springs.
Over time, though, all of this water keeps moving, some to reenter the ocean, where the water cycle ends or begins.


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The chorus of denial is, well, undeniable.
But what are the most prestegious scientific organizations in the US and the world saying?
American Association for the Advancement of Science, the world’s largest general scientific society:
The scientific evidence is clear: global climate change caused by human activities is occurring now, and it is a growing threat to society. Accumulating data from across the globe reveal a wide array of effects: rapidly melting glaciers, destabilization of major ice sheets, increases in extreme weather, rising sea level, shifts in species ranges, and more. The pace of change and the evidence of harm have increased markedly over the last five years. The time to control greenhouse gas emissions is now.
Most scientists agree that the warming in recent decades has been caused primarily by human activities that have increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere (see Figure 1). Greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide, have increased significantly since the Industrial Revolution, mostly from the burning of fossil fuels for energy, industrial processes, and transportation. Carbon dioxide levels are at their highest in at least 650,000 years and continue to rise.
There is no doubt that climate will continue to change throughout the 21st century and beyond, but there are still important questions regarding how large and how fast these changes will be, and what effects they will have in different regions. In some parts of the world, global warming could bring positive effects such as longer growing seasons and milder winters. Unfortunately, it is likely to bring harmful effects to a much higher percentage of the world’s people. For example, people in coastal communities will likely experience increased flooding due to rising sea levels.
The scientific understanding of climate change is now sufficiently clear to begin taking steps to prepare for climate change and to slow it. Human actions over the next few decades will have a major influence on the magnitude and rate of future warming. Large, disruptive changes are much more likely if greenhouse gases are allowed to continue building up in the atmosphere at their present rate. However, reducing greenhouse gas emissions will require strong national and international commitments, technological innovation, and human willpower.
Please read about global climate change at the IPCC.
The message is clear. Policy makers and people in general need to start work on change to reduce carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gasses.
A slightly more comical (and hair-raising) view, but one of the best videos your author has ever seen for a quick overview of the problem of global climate destabilization is given by Greg Craven, science teacher in Corvallis, Oregon:
A very well organized rebuttal of skeptics claims: gristmill.grist.org/skeptics .


Eleven French departments were put on an orange flood alert on Friday after heavy rain caused devastation in parts of Europe. But forecasters say warmer weather is just around the corner.
Météo France has issued a weather alert for northern and eastern France, where orange means “be very vigilant”.
Departments affected: North, Ain, Ardennes, Marne, Meuse, Haute Rhine, Bas Rhine, Haute Saone, Doubs, Ain and Saone and Loire.
Alsace and the northern Alps are forecast to experience the most rain on Friday, but flooding has been listed as a risk across the region as a result of several days of heavy rainfall in areas that are already saturated with water.
Floods in Belgium and Germany on Thursday killed more than 90 people and went missing hundreds more.
In France, torrential rain and flooding caused flooding in many cities and disrupted train operations.
In total, 50 to 70 mm of precipitation was forecast on Thursday for eleven departments on the orange alert, rising to 90 mm in the Haute-Marne and Jura departments, with up to a month of precipitation expected in one day.
Temperatures in France have been unusually low since mid-June, and storms and heavy rains have been observed across the country for several weeks. Until now, only in the south of France the sunshine has continued.
Meteorologists pointed to the “cold drop” as one explanation for the heavy rain and thunderstorms that raged across the country. “Cold drop” is “where a mass of cold air at high altitude is destroyed by other masses of hot air below, causing instability, heavy rains and sometimes even violent storms,” reports Le Parisien.
Most regions should have drier weather on weekends. On Sunday, temperatures should reach 25-30 ° C in the north of France and 26-33 ° C in the southern regions.
Then the week starting on July 19 should be brighter as Météo France predicts “temperatures above the national average” at the start of the week, although there may be more rain in western France towards the end of the week.
“Mediterranean regions will keep dry and warm weather.”
“We should have the end of July, which is more like a classic summer,” forecaster Alix Roumanac told France Info, adding that the rain seen in recent weeks usually starts earlier this year, “when we get out of winter, in during the spring before moving into the summer. ”
The long-term forecast from Météo France predicts that August will have typical temperatures and sunshine levels for this time of year.
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Observing the clouds to predict the weather.
Yes. It is true that we can decide if an umbrella will be necessary or not, by just watching the sky and observe the clouds.They are in general 10 types of clouds, showing in the sky from high to low level.
※Latin root & translation:
Cirrus Curl of hair
Usually, we can see them in winter, thinly covering the whole sky. Sometimes you can observe a beautiful ring surround the sun or the moon. This type of the clouds tells us there is an upcoming rain or snow in the following 12-24 hours.
Commonly seen in autumn, the shape of Cirrus looks like a broom-swept mark. Seeing this cloud, means a day or days later, the clear weather will be going away.
This type of clouds usually covers the entire sky. Cirrocumulus looks like speckled fish scales. These “fish scales” are telling us, rainy days are coming soon.
These clouds look like a thick gray veil. Hardly you can find the shades on the ground since they could cover the whole sky. Seeing them in the air means the rain is on its way.
People sometime just call them “sheep clouds” in Japan because these white round clouds look like a field of sheep. The point of observing this type of cloud lies in whether you could see the blue sky between the clouds or not. If yes, no worry about the rain.
Normally are floating in the low level of sky, indicates a fine day. Even if it rains, will probably be a short-visit shower.
This is the clouds we can observe through the year on sunny days. They indicate a good weather in general. However, they could grow into Cumulonimbus and brings the rain.
These clouds are the grown-up version of Altostratus, with bigger volume. These clouds are referred as “rain clouds”. Normally when you see them, it is about to rain or already is raining, and the rain will last for a while.
They are often seen in the mountain area on a chilly morning, at very low level. If the clouds are lower than the level of your eyes, they are to be called “fogs” but not “clouds” any more.
The most well-known giant clouds, some could even grow into 15km in height, usually can be observed during summer time. When you encounter them, be careful that a bad thunderstorm is coming!
Last Bonus knowledge: Airplane clouds(飛行機雲)
Airplane clouds which we see after airplane fly away. Actually, they are to be called Contrails, or Vapor trails, are artificial clouds produced by airplane’s engine. We cannot judge the weather by looking at the shape since they are all line-shaped. However, it is said the longer the clouds stay in the sky, the more likely to rain.