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Check a detailed forecast for Madrid (Spain) before getting there!
You should check the weather forecast for Madrid before your holiday here. Even though Madrid’s weather is usually mild almost all year round, it’s better to have a look at the temperatures before traveling.
In case you don’t know, it gets hot in summer! REALLY HOT! Make sure you know how to keep cool under such conditions.
Sometimes winters can be wet and you may need an umbrella (or a hat). But the temperatures remain nice so you won’t have to worry about the cold.
Here is the 5 day weather forecast for Seville. To make things easier, temperatures are detailed both in Celsius and Farenheit.
Find out the forecast for Spain.


Brewer Science’s vision is to design, build, and deploy connected gas and water sensors that monitor environmental contaminants on a large scale. For the last 10 years, Brewer Science has developed the technology to print cost-effective sensors that can measure contaminants in water, such as heavy metals (lead, cadmium), nitrate, and arsenic, as well as sensors that assess air quality by measuring gases like carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and oxygen. Producing low-cost sensors with low-power electronics and wireless communication will enable the deployment of sensors over vast areas for real-time monitoring of environmental conditions.
Adam Scotch presents Mass-Deployable Printed Electronics for Air and Water Quality Measurements at TechBlick, October 12 – 13 in Eindhoven, Netherlands.
Recording of Adam’s Presentation:
Sensors, Printed Electronics, Water Sensors, Printed Sensors


Interactive weather map allows you to pan and zoom to get unmatched weather details in your local neighbourhood or half a world away from The Weather Channel and Weather.com.
More about our weather records Omaha Weather History for the Previous 24 Hours Show weather for: Previous 24 hours June 22, 2020 June 21, 2020 June 20, 2020 June 19, 2020 June 18, 2020 June 17, 2020 June 16, 2020 June 15, 2020 June 14, 2020 June 13, 2020 June 12, 2020 June 11, 2020 June 10, 2020 June 9, 2020 June 8, 2020 June 7, 2020.Find the most current and reliable 7 day weather forecasts, storm alerts, reports and information for (city) with The Weather Network.Eppley Airfield (OMA) - Omaha, NE Arrivals Departures Airport Delay Weather Parking Limos. OMA Arrivals This website stores cookies on your computer. These cookies are used to improve your website and provide more personalised services to you, both on this website and through other media. To find out more about the cookies we use, see our.
I grew up in Omaha, NE and went to the University of Nebraska-Lincoln where I received my Bachelor's of Science in Meteorology so I am a Husker fan. The midwest has the best weather and being able.
KCLE Cleveland, Ohio Based Nexrad Doppler Radar Station with Enhanced Nexrad Doppler Radar from the National Weather Service for the General Cleveland, OH. Area, Including Zoom In and Out, Pausing, Speed Toggles, and more.
DTNPF's interactive weather map with streaming radar allows you to drill into your field to monitor weather conditions impacting your field.
Find out what the weather is like in Omaha. Get current weather conditions in Omaha, view the 7-day forecast, or get a sense of Omaha weather variances throughout the year on average. Compare Omaha weather to other cities.
Omaha’s luck had begun six weeks earlier, when the National Weather Service and Omaha emergency officials “blew” a tornado. On March 27, a twister dropped to the ground, damaged several southwest Omaha homes and bounced back into the clouds. The weather service hadn’t seen it coming in part because its World War II hand-me-down radar system was still shut down for the tornado off.
Stay up-to-date with the latest weather developments with Storm Lake Radio! Prepare for you day with our regional radar and five-day forecasts for Storm Lake, Sioux City, Des Moines, Omaha and Minneapolis.
Track rain, snow and storms in Omaha and Eastern Nebraska on the KETV NewsWatch 7 interactive radar. Visit KETV NewsWatch 7 news today.
Day: Isolated early morning T-shower then partly cloudy. High around 90F. Winds S at 5 to 10 mph. Night: Isolated t-shower possible overnight otherwise partly cloudy. Low 72F. Winds S at 10 to 15.
Track rain, snow and storms in Des Moines and Central Iowa on the KCCI 8 News interactive radar. Visit KCCI 8 News today.
For more than 20 years Earth Networks has operated the world’s largest and most comprehensive weather observation, lightning detection, and climate networks. We are now leveraging our big data smarts to deliver on the promise of IoT. By integrating our hyper-local weather data with Smart Home connected devices we are delievering predictive.
KETV NewsWatch 7 is your weather source for the latest forecast, radar, alerts, closings and video forecast. Visit KETV NewsWatch 7 today.
Base Reflectivity Doppler Radar for Omaha NE, providing current static map of storm severity from precipitation levels. View other Omaha NE radar models including Long Range, Composite, Storm Motion, Base Velocity, 1 Hour Total, and Storm Total; with the option of viewing animated radar loops in dBZ and Vcp measurements, for surrounding areas of Omaha and overall Douglas county, Nebraska.
NOAA National Weather Service National Weather Service. Sunny, with a high near 92. South southeast wind 3 to 7 mph. Winds could gust as high as 17 mph.
Nebraska Weather Radar Weather radar map shows the location of precipitation, its type (rain, snow, and ice) and its recent movement to help you plan your day. Past.


German scientists have inaugurated what they describe as the world’s most powerful climate-predicting super-computer.
The custom-built machine at the German Climate Computing Centre (DKRZ) in the port-city of Hamburg can take any region and forecast how that place’s climate will alter with global warming.
Scientists said the supercomputer enables much more detailed climate calculations than were possible until now.
“It’s the biggest computer in the world to be dedicated solely to climate research,” said German Science Minister Annette Schavan at the inauguration.
The 35-million-euro “brain” has been working since April but its official commissioning was delayed to coincide with the Copenhagen climate summit.
The computer, rated at 160 teraflops, a measure of calculating speed, is 60 times faster than the model it replaces and can cope with around 10 times as much data, saving 10,000 terabytes of data a year, said a spokesman.
Supercomputers tend to be heavy users of power, but the experts at the DKRZ said it was carbon neutral because DKRZ only purchases for it “green” electricity generated by wind and from other renewable sources.


What is the average yearly precipitation in Minnesota?Approximately two thirds that average yearly precipitation falls throughout the warmth months of might through September. However, most of this precipitation is returned to the environment through evaporation indigenous land and water surfaces and also through transpiration indigenous plants. The net impact of the balance between "deposits" and "withdrawals" during the cultivation season is that numerous of Minnesota"s hydrologic solution reach your seasonal lows by the end of September.It need to be listed that median or "normal" is a mathematical midpoint about which Minnesota"s climate varies widely. Located near the facility of the phibìc American continent, Minnesota finds itself in ~ a climate "crossroads," influenced by a wide selection of wait masses. For this reason, drought and flood space as much a component of the glossesweb.com"s climate as "normal" weather.
What is the average annual snowfall in Minnesota?The average annual snowfall in Minnesota different from 36 inches in the southwest to much more than 70 inches along the Lake exceptional "snow belt." Although snow is critical component the Minnesota"s hydrology, the water uncovered in the snow comprises much less than 20 percent of the full precipitation obtained annually.Snowfall trends are driven by the linked influence of humidity supply and temperature. Because that example, the average annual snowfall because that Winona and also Roseau (at opposite end of the glossesweb.com) is about the same. Winona, the wetter location, will sometimes receive winter precipitation in the form of rain, whereas the colder and drier Roseau rarely receives winter rain.By much the snowiest areas in Minnesota space the Lake remarkable highlands, a ridge of greater terrain along Minnesota"s "north shore." In enhancement to receiving eye from the large-scale weather systems relocating through the Midwest, the Lake premium highlands experience localized snow occasions as well. These localized events are brought about by moisture-laden breezes relocating onshore indigenous the lake and up the slope, creating and depositing snow.
Where deserve to I acquire Minnesota climate data?
Minnesota climate data deserve to be acquired from the glossesweb.com Waters glossesweb.com Climatology Office. This office manages and disseminates historical climate data in bespeak to attend to questions involving the impact of climate ~ above Minnesota and its citizens. The glossesweb.com Climatology Office have the right to be got to by telephone at 651-296-4214
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See more: How Much Is It To Make A Tiny House Worth It? The Tiny House Movement: Tiny Home Ideas & Costs


Welcome to the first Retrospective of NumPy Weather 1 to 10 in which we will try to answer the following questions:
- What did we do wrong?
- What did we do right?
- Profit? Just kidding. The correct question is – do we need retrospectives?
Let’s discuss NumPy Weather 1 to 10 in order of appearance:
- Cold Easter. It was supposed to be the coldest Easter since 1964 in the Netherlands. We went searching for weather data and quickly found the KNMI website. We explored the data a bit.
- Daily Temperature Range. We continued by checking out the daily temperature ranges.
- Global Warming. In which, we checked for any indications of Global Warming.
- Sun Radiation versus Temperature. We all know that solar radiation and temperature are related. Surprisingly, we found out that the correlation is not that strong.
- Wind Direction. Southwestern winds are predominant in the Netherlands having to do with the proximity of the North Sea. We proved as much in this post.
- Wind speed. We discovered a weak negative correlation between wind speed and temperature.
- Precipitation and sunshine duration. We had a look at precipitation and sunshine duration. It seems that sunshine and precipitation duration are inversely correlated. Obviously the rain duration is limited between 0 and 24 hours, with lower values being much more likely. We can see clearly that in the summer months, the sun shines longer and it rains less (duration-wise).
- Monthly Precipitation in De Bilt. Yes, it rains in De Bilt, but the amount of rain is not shocking.
- Atmospheric pressure in De Bilt. The Gauss curve fits the distribution of average daily pressures almost perfectly. The monthly average pressure seems to be constant.
- Atmospheric Humidity in De Bilt. Actually this post was about relative atmospheric humidity.
What did we do wrong?
Lots I would think. I already discovered a bug, but since nobody else noticed, I will keep silent about it. Unfortunately we didn’t get to predict the weather. So that’s something to keep in mind in the future.
What did we do right?
Everything that we didn’t do wrong, I guess. We did a lot of work with masked arrays and Matplotlib.
Was this retrospective meaningful?
I don’t know, but it sure was a good break from actual work.
The Next Sprint
In the next sprint I will try to focus more on predicting the weather. Although it might turn out to be too hard.
Update for April 14, 2013
People seem to have finally figured out that the WordPress botnet is a serious threat. I installed the Simple Login Lockdown plugin myself. The plugin keeps track of frequent login attempts and takes measures against them. Apparently the botnet is intelligent enough to not login from the same IP address too often. So this might not help. However, if you are using Apache and only access the admin dashboard from a fixed set of IP addresses, you might consider locking down access to the wp-admin directory with a .htaccess file in the same directory. If you are using a Content Delivery Network, you need to do a bit more work, but it’s doable.


HOLIDAY METRA SERVICE – Metra operates on a Saturday schedule today. There is no service on the North Central, Heritage Corridor, or Southwest service lines. Alcohol is not permitted on trains after 7 p.m.
COLD & SNOWY – The National Weather Service predicts a significant winter storm will impact our area Saturday, with the potential for several inches of accumulating and blowing snow. Travel may become hazardous due to snow-covered roads and low visibilities. On Sunday, the coldest air we have seen this season is predicted to shift over the area, resulting in subzero wind chills into early Monday morning.


Sunday, June 2, 2013
Not Gone With The Wind
We're still here. We're quite soggy, but safe. Friday was a very dark day with some wind, but man did it ever rain! It rained hard for hours and hours with some boomers thrown in to keep us alert. We spent the evening watching Oklahoma get hit again and checking the weather map every few minutes. The worst storms went around us. We had so much rain that the splashing pool filled to the top. Norma Jean was pleased to discover it Saturday morning and had a good splash before breakfast.
After the storms of the last few days we were all ready to run in the yard. Even Morgan got into the running.


Thought there was a weird wind thing happening high up in the sky this evening. The day was clear then suddenly a cloud appeared from the north (over the lake we live by) and heading south. As I watched it I noticed three very odd columnar clouds hanging down from the main cloud mass. They kind of looked like mini funnel clouds of a tornado -very strange!
Have a look at the pic I took and look toward the tree line from the top of the cloud where the sun is. You'll see spinning cloud formations, three or four of them with another trying to form on the left and yet there's a cloud to the right that appears to be unaffected by whatever is going on, as is the top of the cloud formation. (sorry the sun kind of interferes with the top of the cloud formation). Double left click on the pic to enlarge it. Easier to see the circular rotation of those cloud columns.
Perhaps the strangest part was that within probably 30 seconds of taking this pic, the whole cloud mass dissipated into just a small, thin, wispy cirrus cloud. Weird, very weird. Never seen anything like that and I'm a bit of a cloud nerd (in case you couldn't tell).


Iritty has a humid climate with an oppressive hot season from March to the end of May. This is followed by the South - West Monsoon season that continues till the beginning of October. From October to December is the Northeast Monsoon season and the two months January and February are winter season. The climate is pleasant from September to February. The rainfall during July is very heavy and receives 68% of the annual rainfall during this season.
The winds over the Iritty regions are seasonal and predominantly from the east in the period from December to February and from west in the rest of the year. During the months of December and January the temperature is low and the minimum temperature is about 18-20 degree C. ( On certain days the night temperature may go down to 12-14 degree C, although this is extremely rare ). During the months of April and May, the mean daily maximum temperature is about 35 o C.


Sunshine early followed by partly cloudy skies and gusty winds this afternoon. Slight chance of an afternoon shower. High 67F. Winds WNW at 20 to 30 mph..
Mainly clear skies. Low 43F. NW winds at 15 to 25 mph, decreasing to 5 to 10 mph.
Updated: May 6, 乐乐棋牌 @ 9:23 am
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|It's unnatural; it just ain't right. The top should be down, the trees should be budding, and the grass greenish.|
I try to keep the miles off my toy. It goes out only for fun, never in rain or salt. Its lifetime average mileage in March and April is 70 and 90. This year, so far, it's been 30 and 15.
On the Tail of the Dragon a year ago, it was sunny shirtsleeve weather. This year we got 7 inches of snow over two days. Minneapolis got three days of snow last week: enough to screw up commutes and get the snowblower out. Hotshoe and I have been trying to schedule our monthly pasta extravaganza here in Chicagoland. It rained most of last week. This week we've had 50's with rain. Snow flurries are forecast for Friday with a high in the 40's. Enough already!


SNCR (Selective Non Catalytic Reduction)
The modern society needs a lot of energy. The energy needed by society is mostly heat energy and is mostly gained through oxidization of organic materials. Due to the oxides of organic materials, many types of atmospheric pollutants occur.
Of these, the characteristics of nitrogen oxide (NOX), unlike other pollutants such as SOX and CO, are produced by combustion air even if there is no nitrogen component in the raw material. Of these, nitrogen oxide produces secondary pollutants due to photochemical reactions and is one of the main materials of the city’s atmospheric pollution.
The nitrogen oxides due to combustion are usually emitted in the form of NO and NO changes to rufous NO2 in the atmosphere. Although NO toxicity is comparatively weak, NO2 has 5-10 times more toxicity than NO. It damages respiratory organ cell at high concentration and by integrating with hemoglobin in the blood, creates breathing difficulty. To add, it is also the cause of acid rain and as the main cause of photochemical reaction, increasing the ozone concentration of the atmosphere. It also produces secondary pollutants such as PAN and aldehyde and induces photochemistry smog.
As reduction methods of nitrogen oxide of emission source, fuel improvement and combustion control technology exist, but fuel improvement is not economically feasible and as high temperature combustion for complete combustion is essential for combustion control, control of more than a certain concentration is difficult.
The nitrogen oxide emitted in the emission source can be classified into Thermal Nox, which occurs by nitrogen oxidizing in the combustion air, Prompt Nox, which occurs during combustion of hydrocarbon fuel and Fuel Nox, which occurs due to oxidization of fuel’s nitrogen substance being oxidized by oxygen. Of these, Thermal Nox becomes the main emission cause.
The NO emission concentration of power plant is about 250~500ppm and the temperature of exhaust gas coming out from the combustion chamber is about 1130~1230 degrees. SNCR makes the reductant and nitrogen oxide reacts in such high temperature area. This refers to reducing to nitrogen and moisture.
Reaction of Removing Nitrogen Oxide Being Emitted from the Emission Source
|Wet Technique||Dry technique|
- - By injecting ammonia (NH3), Urea (Urea-NH2CONH2) or other reduction materials at 800~1100 degrees, high temperature is needed to reduce Nox.
- - Therefore, it is directly inserted to the back of the boiler. The nitrogen oxide of combustion gas is reduced to non-harmful nitrogen in non-catalytic state. It is done selectively at high temperature and at reductant being injected through the nozzle of the SNCR.
- - A constant temperature control is possible. Ammonia does not react at low temperature and it flows out. The ammonia is oxidized to nitrogen monoxide and efficiency is reduced.
- - Without the use of catalyst, nitrogen oxide in the high temperature combustion gas reacts selectively with urea that contains amino group (NH2). It decomposes it to N2 and H2O and uses the principle of removing it.
- - Nox reduction of about 50%
- - If too much reductant is used, non-reactive ammonia reacts with hydrogen chloride of flue gas. If white lead of ammonium chloride occurs, one must be careful.
- - As problems, the temperature is too low and non-reactive ammonia is made. If temperature is too high, nitrogen monoxide is produced.
Ammonia : 4NO + 4NH3 + O2 → 4N2 + 6H2O
Urea : 2No + (NH2)2CO + 1/2O2 + 2N2 + 2H20 + CO2
Advantages and Disadvantages of SNCR
SNCR Process Flow Chart
- Urea Water Supply Equipment System Diagram
- Combustion Gas Processing Facility System Diagram


Abundant snowpack not uniform across Western U.S.
March 17, 2023
Snow drought in south Colorado and the Pacific NW
NOAA’s U.S. National Integrated Drought Information System (NIDIS) reports snow drought concerns in parts of the western region despite piles of snow across California and the Great Basin.
“Snow water equivalent (SWE) currently in the 10th to 20th percentile for the period of record” in Colorado’s Sangre De Cristo Mountains. Snowpack from south and south-central areas of the state drain into the Arkansas, White, and Red Rivers.
Across the Pacific Northwest, although “SWE ranges from 82%–133% of normal, dry soil moisture profiles, low streamflows, low water levels in many reservoirs, and below-normal water year precipitation raise concern about ongoing or worsening drought conditions. Meteorologists and climatologists continue to monitor spring precipitation.
As of March 12, 2023 about 19% of the western continental U.S. SNOTEL stations reported a “below median” snow water equivalent.
Across Alaska, SWE is “near to above normal with the exception of portions of the Kenai Peninsula, the North Slope, and the southwest coast west of Bethel, where levels are below normal.”
While water managers throughout California and the Great Basin welcome the deep snowpacks, flooding risk is elevated as forecasts of “warmer storms with high-elevation rain” will increase snowmelt runoff.
Automated snow monitoring is conducted by the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) snow telemetry (SNOTEL) network, which is composed of more than 900 automated data collection sites located in remote, high-elevation mountain watersheds in the western United States. The stations record data on snow water equivalent, snow depth, all-season precipitation accumulation and ambient air temperature. Enhanced SNOTEL sites also monitor soil moisture and soil temperature, solar radiation, wind speed and relative humidity. SNOTEL data are transmitted to the centralized Water and Climate Information System, which is used to forecast water supply.
KISTERS supports federal and state snow monitoring programs and cooperatives with utilities by providing alpine-tested snow measurement sensors. In addition, raster data services is available via API to supplement ground-based monitoring network data with information extracted from satellite imagery.


Hurricane season is upon us. According to Boston.com hurricanes are most common in the North Atlantic from August through October and that the busiest month for hurricanes is September. They also state that it must have winds of at least 74 mph to be classified as a hurricane.
The State Library has these books and resources on storms or hurricanes.
Well known storms and hurricanes:
Carol at 50 : remembering her fury : a historical and pictorial summary of Hurricane Carol
Orloff, Charles Talcott. [E. Milton, MA] : Blue Hill Observatory and Science Center, 2004.
Erosion of Nantucket Island's eastern shore by the northeast storm of December 11-13, 1992
Reston, Va. : U.S. Geological Survey ; Denver, Colo. : Books and Open-File Reports Section [distributor], 1993. Videotape 81
Hurricane Bob, August 16-August 20, 1991 : a brief history
Minsinger, William Elliott. [Milton, Mass.] : Blue Hill Meteorological Observatory, 1992.
Hurricane Bob, August, 1991, high water marks, eastern Rhode Island and southern Massachusetts.
[Waltham, Mass.] : U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, New England Division, 1992.
The 1938 hurricane : an historical and pictorial summary
Minsinger, William Elliott. East Milton, Mass. : Blue Hill Observatory (P.O. Box 101, East Milton, Mass. 02186), 1988.
A Winter storm:
An inventory of aerial photographs taken of the eastern New England shoreline following the storms of the 1977-1978 winter season
by Michael Goetz. Boston, Mass. : New England River Basins Commission, 1979.
Natural hazards of North America
National Geographic Maps (Firm). Washington, D.C. : The Society, c1998. (Map)
New England's disastrous weather : hurricanes, tornadoes, blizzards, dark days, heat waves, cold snaps... and the human stories behind them
Camden, Me. : Yankee Books, c1990.
image: courtesy of National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Weather Center, Hurricane Center web site


Effects of air pollution on human health and environment pdf
File Name: effects of air pollution on human health and environment .zip
- Effects of air pollution on human health and practical measures for prevention in Iran
- Health impacts of air pollution
- Environmental and Health Impacts of Air Pollution: A Review
A major study on urban pollution carried out in cities worldwide has confirmed the fear that air pollution impacts on human health in the short term and is directly linked to the deaths of elderly people and those already suffering from illness on a daily basis.
Environment and Health View all 15 Articles. One of our era's greatest scourges is air pollution, on account not only of its impact on climate change but also its impact on public and individual health due to increasing morbidity and mortality. There are many pollutants that are major factors in disease in humans. Among them, Particulate Matter PM , particles of variable but very small diameter, penetrate the respiratory system via inhalation, causing respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, reproductive and central nervous system dysfunctions, and cancer.
Effects of air pollution on human health and practical measures for prevention in Iran
Air pollution is now the biggest environmental risk for early death, responsible for more than 6 million premature deaths each year from heart attacks, strokes, diabetes and respiratory diseases. Children, the elderly, people with existing diseases, and minority and low-income communities are particularly vulnerable to adverse health outcomes and economic impacts, such as missed work days, from exposure to air pollution.
Research suggests that long term exposure to some pollutants increases the risk of emphysema more than smoking a pack of cigarettes a day. And recent studies show air pollution can impact mental health , worker productivity and even stock market performance. What we typically think of as "air pollution" is actually a mixture of small particles, including the below.
Particulate matter PM is made up of small airborne particles like dust, soot and drops of liquids. The majority of PM in urban areas is formed directly from burning of fossil fuels by power plants, automobiles, non-road equipment and industrial facilities. Other sources are dust, diesel emissions and secondary particle formation from gases and vapors. Coarse particulate matter PM 10 , particles less than 10 microns in diameter is known to cause nasal and upper respiratory tract health problems.
Fine particles PM 2. Studies show that higher PM 2. Black carbon is one of the components of particulate matter and comes from burning fuel especially diesel, wood, and coal.
Most air pollution regulations focus on PM 2. Populations with higher exposures to black carbon over a long period are at a higher risk for heart attacks and stroke. In addition, black carbon is associated with hypertension, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, bronchitis, and a variety of types of cancer.
Nitrogen oxide NO and nitrogen dioxide NO 2 are produced primarily by the transportation sector. NO is rapidly converted to NO 2 in sunlight. NO x a combination of NO and NO 2 is formed in high concentrations around roadways and can result in development and exacerbations of asthma and bronchitis, and can lead to a higher risk of heart disease. Ozone high in the atmosphere can protect us from ultraviolet radiation.
But ozone at ground level where it is part of what is commonly called smog is a well-established respiratory irritant. Ozone is formed in the atmosphere through reactions of volatile organic compounds and nitrogen oxides, both of which are formed as a result of combustion of fossil fuels.
Short-term exposure to ozone can cause chest pain, coughing and throat irritation, while long term exposure can lead to decreased lung function and cause chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. In addition, ozone exposure can aggravate existing lung diseases. SO 2 is emitted into the air by the burning of fossil fuels that contain sulfur. Coal, metal extraction and smelting, ship engines, and heavy equipment diesel equipment burn fuels that contain sulfur.
Sulfur dioxide causes eye irritation, worsens asthma, increases susceptibility to respiratory infections and impacts the cardiovascular system. When SO 2 combines with water, it forms sulfuric acid; this is the main component of acid rain, a known contributor to deforestation.
Health impacts of air pollution. Around the world, nine out of 10 people breathe unhealthy air. Particulate matter PM 10 , PM 2. Black carbon BC Black carbon is one of the components of particulate matter and comes from burning fuel especially diesel, wood, and coal. Ozone O 3 Ozone high in the atmosphere can protect us from ultraviolet radiation. Sulfur dioxide SO 2 SO 2 is emitted into the air by the burning of fossil fuels that contain sulfur.
Health impacts of air pollution
Metrics details. Traffic-related air pollution TRAP is one of the major sources of exposure in urban areas and has been associated with a wide range of adverse human health effects. The objective of this scoping review is to develop an evidence map of the epidemiological literature of the human health effects of exposure to TRAP, to support future reviews and assessments by Health Canada. DistillerSR will be used to manage the review process. Two reviewers will independently screen the studies in a two-part process title and abstract; full text for eligibility.
Air pollution is a major concern of new civilized world, which has a serious toxicological impact on human health and the environment. It has a number of different emission sources, but motor vehicles and industrial processes contribute the major part of air pollution. According to the World Health Organization, six major air pollutants include particle pollution, ground-level ozone, carbon monoxide, sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, and lead. Long and short term exposure to air suspended toxicants has a different toxicological impact on human including respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, neuropsychiatric complications, the eyes irritation, skin diseases, and long-term chronic diseases such as cancer. Several reports have revealed the direct association between exposure to the poor air quality and increasing rate of morbidity and mortality mostly due to cardiovascular and respiratory diseases.
It seems that you're in Germany. We have a dedicated site for Germany. This book discusses regional and international climate-change, air- pollution and human-health scenarios. The research, from both industrialized and developing countries, focuses on region-specific perspectives of climate change impacts on air pollution. After analyzing the variations of climate data over recent decades, the authors consider the different effects of climate change on air pollution and health. Deteriorating air quality will most affect the elderly, children, people with chronic ill-health and expectant mothers. Another report suggests that more than 5.
Effects of secondary pollutants on human health became evident from population studies and, in case of ozone, also from controlled human laboratory.
Environmental and Health Impacts of Air Pollution: A Review
One of our era's greatest scourges is air pollution, on account not only of its impact on climate change but also its impact on public and individual health due to increasing morbidity and mortality. There are many pollutants that are major factors in disease in humans. Among them, Particulate Matter PM , particles of variable but very small diameter, penetrate the respiratory system via inhalation, causing respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, reproductive and central nervous system dysfunctions, and cancer. Despite the fact that ozone in the stratosphere plays a protective role against ultraviolet irradiation, it is harmful when in high concentration at ground level, also affecting the respiratory and cardiovascular system. Furthermore, nitrogen oxide, sulfur dioxide, Volatile Organic Compounds VOCs , dioxins, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons PAHs are all considered air pollutants that are harmful to humans.
The constant pollution of the air has very negative effects on nature and on human health. Those long-term and medium-term effects have become problems that are difficult to solve. In this article, we are listing the main 10 negative effects that air pollution is causing worldwide:.
Тут все совпадает. Он решил, что мы добрались до него и, вероятно, отравили - ядом, вызывающим остановку сердца. Он понимал, что мы могли решиться на это только в одном случае - если нашли Северную Дакоту. По спине Сьюзан пробежал холодок. - Конечно, - чуть слышно сказала .
То есть вы хотите сказать, Танкадо не волновало, что кто-то начнет разыскивать Северную Дакоту, потому что его имя и адрес защищены компанией ARA. - Верно. Сьюзан на секунду задумалась. - ARA обслуживает в основном американских клиентов. Вы полагаете, что Северная Дакота может быть где-то .
Выкладывай. - Может быть, все это чепуха, - сказала Мидж, - но в статистических данных по шифровалке вдруг вылезло что-то несуразное. Я надеюсь, что ты мне все объяснишь. - В чем же проблема? - Джабба сделал глоток своей жгучей приправы. - Передо мной лежит отчет, из которого следует, что ТРАНСТЕКСТ бьется над каким-то файлом уже восемнадцать часов и до сих пор не вскрыл шифр.
Мысли его были .


*To see the change in SREF_H5__ for a specific time over past model runs, click the image. *Click here to see keyboard commands. Short Range Ensemble Forecast (SREF) Products: Active Field: SREF_H5__ Active Model Run: latest * SREF Plumes Page: Most Recent Model Run: 2020051221z in through f075 Previous Model Runs: 2020051215z: 2020051209z ...
Looking for online definition of SREF or what SREF stands for? SREF is listed in the World's largest and most authoritative dictionary database of abbreviations and acronyms The Free Dictionary
SREF plumes support this with the mean QPF just below an inch. CAPE is almost certainly insufficient for thunderstorms. A few hours after cold FROPA, when the rain has cleared out early on Friday, northerly gusts will reach high speeds moth at the surface and up to the mid levels.
Displays Model Guidance Cycles and Products for a user to choose from
About the plumes: Data for each station is interpolated from a 0.5-degree grid for both the GEFS (gray lines for control and perturbed members; black for mean) and GFS (blue line), though the native resolution of the GFS is ~13 km vs ~33 km in the GEFS. The precipitation-type plot uses the closest gridpoint to each station as opposed to interpolation and does not contain a trace for the GFS.
PLUMES This page functions like the SPC SREF plumes. On page load, the 6hrly QPF for DCA is displayed. Users can select different point locations by using the map below the plumes. Other fields include 6hrly snow and ice, along with run-total accumulations for each. Users can pick and choose which ensemble members they wish to display.
Short-Range Ensemble Plumes The SPC SREF Plumes Page displays point forecasts for each of the 21 members of the NCEP Short-Range Ensemble Forecast (SREF) system. Forecasts are generated for over 1000 stations with archived data and some observational verification for CONUS WFO locations.
Base reflectivity mosaic and surface observations (click image for animation) CoAgMET 5-minute surface observations (click image for animation) WPC 24-hr precipitation forecast Short-range ensemble (SREF) bias-corrected mean 24-h precipitation forecast) WPC 24–48-hr precipitation forecast SREF bias-corrected mean 24–48-hr precipitation forecast WPC 5-day total precipitation forecast WPC 7 ...
Full SREF/GEFS plumes. GFS: GFS. Legacy browser . Plumes . NAM: NAM Anomalies . NAM Anoms : HRRR/RAP/4km NAM 3km HRRR. hrrr mobile radar : HRRR-mobile temps. Threats: SREF Threats : Super EFS : EFS Comparisons : NCEP GEFS/SREF . GEFS-SREF Alternate . SREF-mobile . GEFS-mobile : Case Study and Data Access Points ;
Jan 20, 2014 · More to the point, the 21Z (5PM EST) 1/19/2014 SREF plume diagram for total snow at KDCA has in the 4-day run (primarily through 18Z (1PM) 1/22/2014) amounts on the 23-member ensemble ranging from 2.26 inches minimum (MBP1) to a mean of 10.04 inches to an absurd maximum of 33.08 inches (ARN2), and six of the ensembles are over 15 inches of snow.
Analysis/Forcast by hour. ©2013 The University of Utah; Department of Atmospheric Sciences; 801.581.6136
SPC SREF Interactive Plume & Point Probability Forecasts
Monterey Area Environment A links page for selecting Monterey Weather, Maritime, and other Environment related PRODUCTS. MONTEREY Wx & Fcst 7day-obs Fcst 3Days Marine ... SREF SREF SREF-Plume SPC-SREF; Ensemble SREF-Cases UWME UWPC NAEFS Training Training Training ECMWF IRI STAT; FIRE WEATHER
SPC NCEP SREF Plume Plots; NCEP GFS Ensemble Graphics (Spaghetti Plots). CDC/ESRL Map Room - GFS Ensemble Graphics. (plots to 360hrs) NCEP's Individual GFS Ensemble MOS Bulletins. Links to NCEP Short-Range Data: HRRR: HRRR (High Resolution Rapid Refresh) Model Output; NCEP's Operational Suite of Model Data (NAM, GFS, etc.)
Above is the SREF plume for LaGuardia Airport. An ensemble plume such as this is like a forecast meteogram - it plots the time evolution of a predicted meteorological parameter from all 26 SREF ensemble members (in this case, total snowfall). The upward swing in the plots of all 26 ensemble members (multi-colors) from 18 UTC on January 26 ...
The 13 March SREF Plumes (Figs. 4a-b) and SREF probability of 0.30” (Figs. 5a-b) were very similar to the MREF Plumes and probabilities. a) b) Figure 2. Plume diagrams for Albany, NY from a) 06Z 13 March MREF, and b) 12Z 13 March MREF.
the problem are the SPC SREF plumes and MUCAPE with a dew members. • GSD has a new way to calculate 2m-Td to deal with this issue in newer version of ARW which will be used for the next SREF upgrade. Summary note about the 2m Td cap • A few ARW members especially p01, n03, n05 and p06 occasionally produce too
GEFS plumes: precipitation (click a location) GEFS plumes: temperature (click a location) DISCLAIMER: The images and data on this site are intended for meteorological education and research purposes and, although they should generally be up to date, are not monitored at all times.
SPC Short Range Ensemble Forecast System (SREF) SPC SREF Plume Diagrams; Global Ensemble Forecast System (GEFS; GFS-Based) Plume Diagrams; MOS data. These links point to Model Output Statistics (MOS) data. These forecast data are generated by the numerical models based upon an extensive climatological database. GFS MOS (MAV) NAM MOS (MET) GFSX ...


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Though the CDC doesn’t have an official response to that question, the director of the CDC’s Vector-Borne Infectious Disease Division said that ‘unusually warm weather’may be to blame. So far, 2012 is the hottest year on record in the United States according to the National Climatic Data Center, with record-breaking temperatures and drought a national norm. It’s likely no coincidence that some of the states hit hardest by West Nile are also feeling the brunt of the heat. More than half of cases have been reported from Texas alone, where the scorching heat has left only 12% of the state drought-free. Fifteen heat records were broken in Texas just last week on August 13th.
The heat waves, droughts and other weather events are the direct effects of climate change say leading scientists. As NASA researcher James Hansen explained in a recent Washington Post editorial, “our analysis shows that, for the extreme hot weather of the recent past, there is virtually no explanation other than climate change.” He says that the European heat wave of 2003, the Russian heat wave of 2010 and catastrophic droughts in Texas and Oklahoma last year are all the repercussions of climate change. Confidently, he adds that “once the data are gathered in a few weeks’ time, it’s likely that the same will be true for the extremely hot summer the United States is suffering through right now.”
The fact that the worst US West Nile epidemic in history happens to be occurring during what will likely prove to be the hottest summer on record doesn’t surprise epidemiologists. They have been predicting the effects of climate change on West Nile for over a decade. If they’re right, the US is only headed for worse epidemics.


The climate change debate is complicated. Unscientifically sound challenges to the validity and severity of climate change have misdirected public debate from effecting governmental policy change. People like Frank Luntz explicitly advocate questioning the validity of climate change to help win elections, and Exxon Mobil has funded multiple efforts to encourage professionals to do the same. These exploits, confessed and documented respectively, have contributed to the public’s perception that the debate on climate change is still open.
In the meantime, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change went about creating its most comprehensive report yet, assimilating the efforts of 2,000 scientists in a resounding consensus that asserts humans created climate change and that it will get worse. Yet the climate change debate continues. Even though the IPCC report was received as a veritable demand for action in other nations, America has instead been embroiled in debate over the existence of climate change, leaving the next generation to bear the increasingly heavy burden of alleviating the worldwide catastrophe.
To show that the climate change debate has been misdirected, it must be first be assumed that climate change is occurring. The IPCC report should serve as proof of that, considering its breadth of information assembled and the overwhelming number of scientists contributing from all over the world. The report even admits that some of the IPCC’s past assessments had made a few faulty predictions, showing that these scientists are not above admitting fault.
Yet what the report does claim is that it is either “likely” or “more likely than not” that human activity contributes to increases in “heavy precipitation events,” the “area affected by droughts,” “intense cyclone activity,” and the “incidence of extreme[ly] high sea level.” It is either “likely,” “very likely,” or “virtually certain” that these trends will continue into the next century. There is another explicit warning: “continued greenhouse gas emissions at or above current rates would cause further warming and induce many changes in the global climate system during the 21st century that would very likely be larger than those observed during the 20th century.” The consensus on climate change is nearly universal, as the IPCC report illustrates. The report also contributes recommendations for action to the climate change debate.
Exxon Mobil makes the most explicit example of an attempt to extend the climate change debate. As reported by the Inter Press Service News Agency, Exxon Mobil “contributed nearly 16 million dollars between 1998 and 2005 to a network of 43 advocacy groups that questioned the increasingly solid consensus that greenhouse emissions contribute to climate change” in an effort to “deliberately spread disinformation about climate.” This multitude of groups serves to make claims discrediting climate change resonate, given the assumption that climate change would be a weaker theory if multiple sources attacked it.
The article describes an “echo chamber” in which a questionable scientific source will have its research expounded and repeated by a variety of media outlets. Thus the disinformation spreads exponentially, as there are many groups making reports, and each report can be name-checked by various opponents of climate change. For example, Sallie Baliunas wrote a paper “alleging that temperatures have not changed significantly over the past millennia,” which can be used by innumerous pundits, despite the fact that its sources have claimed their research was misinterpreted.
The article also reports that the American Enterprise Institute, largely funded by Exxon Mobil, requested that companies give “‘logistical and moral support’ to dissenters from the growing scientific consensus regarding the human causes of climate change, ‘thereby raising questions about and undercutting the ‘prevailing scientific wisdom.’’” This makes extremely clear the intentions of Exxon Mobil; while pundits claim to be waiting for “all the evidence to be in,” behemoth corporations fund scientists to create studies that question climate change. As reported in the Guardian, the AEI also offered $10,000 each to scientists and economists “to undermine” the findings of the IPCC report.
Although Exxon Mobil’s motives may be fairly obvious, I’ll let Naomi Oreskes begin the discussion. In “Global Warming – Signed, Sealed, and Delivered,” she wrangles with the ability of rogue scientists to deny new contemporary ideas. Speaking in the generalities of history, she says, “In any scientific community, there are always some individuals who simply refuse to accept new ideas and evidence. This is especially true when the new evidence strikes at their core beliefs and values.”
Since it is an American corporation, the core value of Exxon Mobil is profit. As a corporation it has a legal imperative (read: encouraged by the laws of our government) to increase its capital for the sake of its shareholders. Any scientific report that links a side effect of its product, being the greenhouse gasses released in the burning of gasoline, to harm to the environment would have a detrimental effect on its profits. The IPCC report suggests that a significant lessening of the release of greenhouse gases needs to occur to curb the effects of climate change, and capping those emissions would be extremely costly to the corporation. So it is understandable why Exxon Mobil would attempt to defend itself by attacking the validity of the IPCC report, but its efforts are based solely to purport its own profit at the expense of the world, literally.
As a more subtle exercise in prolonging the “debate” over the existence of climate change, the memo “The Environment: A Cleaner, Safer, Healthier America” outlines ways in which politicians can redirect discussion of the environment to win political favor. One of the prefaces Luntz lays out in the overview is that, “a compelling story, even if factually inaccurate, can be more emotionally compelling than a dry recitation of the truth.” While this statement was not made in specific relation to climate change, it exposes the troubling truism that politicians will create whatever narrative they have to in order to gain votes. If the story of climate change is not a desirable tale to bear, since it is fraught with the implications of changing the way Americans live, then it may not be as compelling (read: appealing, or having an irresistible effect) as the story of a sun spot causing the rise in global temperature.
The first strategy in directing the climate change debate is to assert that “the scientific debate remains open.” Luntz elaborates saying, “Should the public come to believe that the scientific issues are settled, their views about global warming will change accordingly. Therefore, you need to continue to make the lack of scientific certainty a primary issue in the debate, and defer to scientists and other experts in the field.” This is where the corporate sector participates in some mutual back scratching: Exxon Mobil funds the research that continues the debate over climate change, and politicians use that research to justify their positions on deregulation. Through this symbiotic relationship, politicians can herd in voters by ignoring policy change, and Exxon Mobil can continue to reap record profits.
This is where the climate change debate ends: the media, that place where all of the corporately manufactured information and political procrastination are filtered through to average citizens. Saturated with pseudo-scientists, politicians who appease their most charitable [sic] campaign financers, and difficult to discern “real” or “independent” researchers, the public debate has not broken through to the reality of the problem. If the media were actually beholden to the consensus of the IPCC report, then the American public would in the majority believe in the occurrence and severity of climate change.
They would be discussing how to solve the problem, but since the majority of America is not yet at that point, then there is no pressure on our politicians to even consider discussing anything, let alone what. Without the threat of being dethroned by their constituencies, politicians are not obliged (nor compelled, unless there were some anomaly of corporate prodding) to address the issue.
Distraction has proved to be a useful tactic in combating the inconvenient truths of climate change. In an effort to sustain its own profitability, Exxon Mobil funds research that is strong enough to create debate over the existence of climate change in the media that clamors for such “controversy.” Politicians perpetuate this debate in their attempt to justify deregulation and inaction over climate change. But what about those of us who actually believe the scientific majority (the people who know what they’re talking about)? Public policy change remains a distant thought when discussion is bogged down in the morass of the American media.


Workers at Leckford Estate were forced to light candles at the farm to protect their grape vines
Freezing temperatures have prompted workers at Leckford Estate, Hampshire, to light 750 candles around the farm to help heat the air, create movement, and stop the frost from taking hold around the vines.
The estate’s action comes as the country faces unseasonably cold weather.
Earlier this week, snow moved down from Scotland, hitting northern England and the Midlands, with some flurries reported as far south as Hertfordshire.
However, the cold snap is due to end tomorrow, with temperatures rising to the mid-fifties before topping 60 degrees on Sunday.
The candles were lit to help heat the air, create movement and stop the frost from ruining the vines
Emma Sharpels, meteorologist at the Met Office, said: “It’s fairly typical of weather in April, where you get a bit of everything and you get more active systems.
“Temperatures have been below average for this time of year because we have had the weather coming through from the Arctic.”
Late spring frost could go away as temperatures are expected to increase by Sunday
She added: “We had some snowfall in areas of Scotland and the north of England of around 4-8 cm (1.5 to 3in).
April snow hits Scotland Mon, April 24, 2017
Met Office forecasters say the northern hills are most likely to see snow as the cold weather moves into England over the next 36 hours
PA 1 of 5
People walk through a snow shower along Grampian Road in Aviemore, Scotland,as the blast of Arctic weather that has brought snow to northern Scotland begins to move south
“We did have a warning out which covered north-east Scotland and north-east England.”


Previous article has been updated.
However, now that the conjunction is finished, new raw image data from Juno’s ninth perijove — the spacecraft’s high-speed flybys — has flooded in. Researchers made the data available online on Tuesday, and a community of amateurs and pros has been hard at work processing it to produce colourful and breathtaking new images of Jupiter.
“Brand new Jupiter pics from @NASAJuno Perijove 09! What a blimmin’ gorgeous/diabolical planet,” Seán Doran, a UK-based graphic artist who regularly processes NASA images, tweeted.
Below are some fresh, close-up images of Jupiter, along with other unbelievable views captured from earlier perijoves.
In the most recent flyby, as with the previous eight, Juno’s flyby started over Jupiter’s north pole.
Image Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/SwRI/MSSS/Gerald Eichstädt/Seán Doran
The spacecraft then swept within a few thousand miles of the gas giant, capturing stunning high-resolution views of its cloud tops.
At its closest approach to Jupiter during each flyby, the robot briefly becomes the fastest human-made object in the solar system, reaching speeds of around 130,000 miles per hour.
Then Juno flew back out into deep space, passing over Jupiter’s South Pole on its exit. Churning storms at the poles constantly change their appearance.
Researchers upload the raw data sent by the probe to the mission’s website.
There, enthusiasts take the drab, mostly gray image data and process it all into true-to-life color photos.
Many snapshots of Jupiter take on an artistic quality.
Others dazzle with their detail of the planet’s thick cloud bands and powerful storms. Jupiter is made up predominantly of hydrogen. The simple, basic gas, a prime ingredient on the sun, accounts for 90 percent of the atmosphere. Nearly 10 percent is composed of helium.
Some of the tempests are large enough to swallow planet Earth — or at least a good chunk of it.
The planet’s atmosphere is a turbulent mess of hydrogen and helium gases. The atmosphere of Jupiter is the largest planetary atmosphere in the Solar System. It is mostly made of molecular hydrogen and helium in roughly solar proportions; other chemical compounds are present only in small amounts and include methane, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide and water.
There are also traces of molecules like ammonia, methane, sulfur, and water, which give the clouds different colors and properties.
The mixture sometimes creates features that look like faces (as seen on the left in this image).
Other times, shining-white clouds fill up most of a band. With an average temperature of minus 234 degrees Fahrenheit (minus 145 degrees Celsius), Jupiter is frigid even in its warmest weather. Unlike Earth, whose temperature varies as one moves closer to or farther from the equator, Jupiter’s temperature depends more on height above the surface.
Many cloud bands have features called chevrons. These atmospheric disturbances blow at several hundreds of miles per hour and sometimes zig-zag through a band, or punch through into others.
In this older view of Jupiter, from Juno’s eighth perijove, two cloud bands battle for dominance — one of which contains a swirling storm many times larger than a hurricane on Earth.
The spacecraft will continue to document Jupiter for as long as NASA can keep it going. But not forever.


今天论文代写机构Fanessay小编整理了一篇Paper代写范文--The air pollution problem,本篇文章阐述的内容关于空气污染问题。空气是大气的重要物质，也是人类赖以生存的最基本的自然资源。随着城市化进程的加快，空气问题一直困扰着人类。空气污染直接影响生态环境和人类健康。空气污染造成了许多悲剧。但空气污染是不可避免的，工业化必然带来空气污染，因此需要政府、企业、社会和个人共同减少空气污染。
Air is an important material of the atmosphere, and it is also the most basic natural resource for human survival. As the process of urbanization is accelerating, the air problem has been plaguing human beings. Air pollution has a direct impact on the ecological environment and human health. There are many tragedies caused by air pollution. But the air pollution is inevitable, industrialization is bound to bring air pollution, so it requires the government, enterprises, society and individuals together to reduce air pollution.
2. Impact on Society
2.1 Sources of air pollution
The main factor affecting the quality of air is the process of urbanization, and the sources of air pollution are more, but mainly concentrate in three directions:
The first is the industrialization. Industrial waste gas contains a large number of harmful fumes, sulfides, nitrides and carbides, these components make air quality decline through industrial emissions, also these substances are not easy to spread, and the main component stays in the form of gas for a long-term.
The second is the exhaust pollution from urban transport. With the improvement of people's lives, trains, aircrafts, ships, cars and other means of transport have become an indispensable part, transport vehicles need to burn coal, oil and other substances, then it will produce a lot of waste gas which air can’t break down quickly.
Third is the human life activities. For example, the process of cooking and heating will produce a lot of fuel through the combustion of flue gas, and then, when people burn garbage, it will produce a lot of gas which then enters the air and affects air quality. (ESchoolToday.com, 2008)
2.2 Impact of air pollution
(1)Impact to the ecological environment
Pollution has a certain damage to ozone layer. A large number of refrigerants and chlorofluorocarbon gas are produced during people’s life and industrial production which greatly destroy the ozone layer and weaken its ability to block ultraviolet radiation.
The carbon dioxide produced by coal combustion and gas emissions generated by car are filled with the Earth makes a greenhouse effect. The excessive greenhouse gas keeps the Earth's temperature rising, and “currently carbon dioxide is responsible for 57% of the global warming trend” (Socha, 2007). The glaciers have begun to melt and are increasing at a certain rate each year which will result in a change in the ecological environment of the Earth.
There are a large number of sulfur dioxide, sulfide and other acid gases in air which can mix with the car exhaust emissions--nitrogen oxides in a short time, and then acid rain will come. Acid rain has a huge harm to plants and will lead to the reduction of agricultural production, the erosion of buildings, and the death of a large number of shrimp.
(2) Impact to human health
First of all, acid rain can make urban drinking water in chemical reaction, then cause a greater threat to human health. Second, human respiratory inhalation of air pollutants harms human body, such as upper and lower respiratory tract diseases. For example, “when exposed to ground ozone for 6 to 7 hours, scientific evidence show that healthy people’s lung function decreased and they suffered from respiratory inflammation” (Theworldcounts.com, 2014).
2.3 Lessons from China
China is in development now, they ignore to protect the environment while paying much attention to economic development, so they meet air pollution and other serious environmental pollution problems, especially now almost half of China is in the haze. Air pollutants include a wide variety of contaminants such as sulphates, ozone, soot particles, dust, sulfur dioxide, and so on, what’s more, the concentration of pollutants is quite high. The figure below shows the emissions of pollutants from 1999 to 2003 in China.
Now, Chinese “levels of the pollutant in the air are comparable to Japan in the 1970s when air pollution was a major problem there” (Jeffrey, 2008), and “Air pollution is killing about 4,000 people in China a day” (Theguardian.com, 2015). May be China has the world's largest number of deaths due to air pollution. Moreover, lung cancer is the main cause of death currently in China. According to "China Daily", the released data from Beijing Cancer Research Association show that in Beijing, lung cancer cases rose 56% from 2000 to 2009. So does respiratory diseases, 26% of people died because of respiratory diseases, but in the United States, the percent is only 2% -3%. Thus, now, for China, to control air pollution is a very urgent task.
Chart: The emissions of pollutantsin China
Source extracted from the website http://factsanddetails.com/china/cat10/sub66/item392.html on 4 May 2017
3. Ethical Dilemma
3.1 Kantian Theory
Kant believed that the right intention would result in right consequences (Taylor & Francis Group), which involves what “right” is. To develop industry is a “right intention” for a country. Industry is the main body of the city, it also is the premise of economic development, but industrial production will discharge a large number of exhaust gas which is bound to impact on air quality and the environment, what’s more, coal is the core fuel to support the industrial revolution and the rapid development of technology is inseparable from coal, but coal combustion will produce a lot of carbon dioxide, which have affected environment, and does not lead a “right consequences”. So some people say that economic development and environmental protection has reciprocal relationship. However, when a country develops to a certain extent, industrial development and environmental protection can be taken into account at the same time, which involves the green economy, and it is the direction all countries are going.
For utilitarianism, they only “looks at the purpose and end result of an action” (Velasquez, 2006). In the development of the economy, many countries, such as China, only focus on GDP, while ignoring the environmental factors. Utilitarianism is supportive of this approach, it is normal for them to sacrifice the environment in order to develop the economy and improve their competitiveness as a whole. Enterprises know increasing environmental investment is bound to lead to the reduction of their benefits and workers' income, so some of them choose to reduce investment in order not to affect their own income. In China, many private business owners do not obey the law, in order to profit more, secretly discharge the exhaust, waste water and other pollutant without pre-process, for them, economic benefit is greater than everything, they will not consider what kind of consequences it will bring to future generations or how long nature need to disperse the pollutants. On environmental protection issues, only considering one’s own benefit should be abandoned, people all live on the earth, and everyone should love it. But at this time there is a new problem, when food and clothing are problems for some people, they will pay more attention to the economy than environment, and when economic development reaches a certain extent, environmental problems have become more serious. Thus, almost all countries have not escaped the curse, "pollute at first and then governance".
“The best way to protect air quality is to reduce the emission of pollutants by changing to cleaner fuels and processes” (Jerry, 2017), so people should find a way to reduce emissions of pollutants. Cooperative governance is a good choice, which emphasizes the collaboration of government, social organizations, enterprises, the community and the individual, and achieve effective results through co-governance approach.
(1) Carry out overall planning and rational distribution. Industry is still the leading one of economic development, a country's development is inseparable from the industry, so in the future, government should have a reasonable layout of the industry, so that the process of industrial production can reduce the air pollution.
(2) Improve people's environmental awareness. People will produce harmful gas in their production and life, so to improve people's environmental awareness is an effective way to prevent and control air pollution. For example, people can use solar energy, recycled products and so on (Rinkesh, 2009).
(3) Strengthen investment in the process of the prevention and treatment of air pollution. The funds are an important guarantee for the effective promotion of various control strategies. On the one hand, the state should strengthen research funds about the energy-saving and emission reduction. On the other hand, government should strengthen the integration of social funds, and social groups and organizations should increase investment to air pollution control, such as using environmental protection equipment.
(4) Formulate the relevant law. The government's legislation is the most powerful weapon for the implementation of environmental governance, which provides institutional security for air pollution control.
4.2 A Successful Example
During the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games, the central and local governments in China introduced a large number of laws and regulations on pollution prevention and control which improved the laws and policies of air pollution control, and it worked, during that period, people enjoyed fresh air and blue sky. And in the face of the PM2.5 problems in recent years, Chinese government has introduced the Clean Air Research Program and the Clean Air Action Plan. With the gradual improvement of the air pollution control system, air pollution in China has been relieved, the major pollutant emissions have fallen by more than 12%. Of course, it also cannot achieve without all Chinese common efforts. It is expected that by 2020, the unit's gross domestic product will drop 23%, energy intensity decrease by 15%, and carbon emissions drop 18% (Climate home, 2016). Air pollution control is a time-consumingtask,the results will be seen gradually.After the London fog incident, the British spent more than 30 years to get rid of the “fog” title(Greater London Authority, 2002). China is at the start of pollution control now and I believe it will be effective in the future.
Air pollution caused by industrial development, urbanization process and human life activities is inevitable, and it is also an irrevocable fact that air pollution impacts on the ecological environment and human health. Society needs to develop and people need to enjoy the fresh air, clean water and green hills. So it is essential to set government, enterprises, society and individuals as a whole and control air pollution through cooperation.
Socha, T. (2007). Air Pollution Causes and Effects. Health and energy, 11.
ESchoolToday.com (2008). Air pollution - Causes of Air Pollution. Retrieved from http://eschooltoday.com/pollution/air-pollution/causes-of-air-pollution.html
Theworldcounts.com. (2014). How Does Pollution Affect Humans? Retrieved from http://www.theworldcounts.com/stories/How-Does-Pollution-Affect-Humans
Jeffrey Hays. (2008). AIR POLLUTION IN CHINA. Retrieved from http://factsanddetails.com/china/cat10/sub66/item392.html
Theguardian.com. (2015). Air pollution in China is killing 4,000 people every day, a new study finds. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/aug/14/air-pollution-in-china-is-killing-4000-people-every-day-a-new-study-finds
Taylor & Francis Group. Kant’s ethics. Retrieved from http://documents.routledge-interactive.s3.amazonaws.com/9781138793934/A2/Moral/KantsEthics.pdf
Velasquez, M. (2006) Business ethics: Concepts and Cases (6th ed.). New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
Jerry A. Nathanson. (2017). Air pollution control. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/technology/air-pollution-control
Rinkesh. (2009). 41 Super Easy Ways to Stop Air Pollution. Retrieved from http://www.conserve-energy-future.com/41-super-easy-ways-to-stop-air-pollution.php
Climate home. (2016). China’s Five Year Plan to radically tighten air pollution targets. Retrieved from http://www.climatechangenews.com/2016/03/11/chinas-five-year-plan-to-radically-tighten-air-pollution-targets/
Greater London Authority. (2002). MAYOR OF LONDON. Retrieved fromhttp://cleanair.london/wp-content/uploads/CAL-217-Great-Smog-by-GLA-20021.pdf


Malawi Climate Action Report for 201527/9/16
Dedza district, Malawi. Photo: Irish Aid
Malawi is a landlocked country in southeast Africa of approximately 118,480 square kilometers with a population of over 17 million. Over 80% of the population depends on farming to survive. Annual temperature has increased by 0.9C degrees from 1960 to 2006 with a projected increase of between 1.1 to 3.0C degrees by the 2060s (McSweeney et al, 2010). The World Bank climate profile of Malawi states that Malawi is particularly prone to adverse climate hazards including dry spells, seasonal droughts, intense rainfall, riverine floods and flash floods. Furthermore, the World Bank refers to estimates that droughts on average cause GDP losses of almost 1% every year with much greater losses for extreme droughts (World Bank, 2014).
Malawi suffered the effects of extreme weather events in 2015 with intense flooding at the start of the year in many parts of the country followed by the early cessation of rains leading to drought at the end of the agricultural growing season.
Download PDF copy of Malawi Climate Action Report for 2015Download PDF (987KB)


Poor air quality:
The most dangerous particles in the air are invisible to the naked eye, which is why many people do not care about the health risks associated with air pollution because it is invisible. You will not eat decaying food, nor drink dirty water, because you know it is harmful to you, so why be content with dirty air？
Pollution and particles:
The World Health Organization points out that about 7 million people worldwide die each year from exposure to fine particulate pollutants in the air. Ninety percent of people breathe polluted air and are exposed to dangerous air pollution that can cause chronic respiratory diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, lung cancer, and asthma.
Inhalation of allergens:
The spread of pollen usually means suffering for people with seasonal allergies, because pollen is often everywhere. Animal allergens can also easily spread from one environment to another, either in the air or through direct contact with animals. Wearing a mask is a non-invasive way to protect your lungs from inhalation of allergens.
Protect sensitive lungs:
bacteria can easily get into the air. When someone sneezes or coughs, tiny water droplets or mucus filled with bacteria spread into the air. Whether you take a plane, train, or simply walk, you will be exposed to various bacteria in the air. The best way to protect sensitive lungs is to first prevent the entry of fine particles.
When working outdoors:
wear effective protective masks to prevent harmful particles from entering the respiratory system, especially in dusty, moldy, polluted, post-combustion, high PM, high pollen, wildfire, volcanic particulate matter, and crowded environments If protective measures are taken, large amounts of particles and dust will be inhaled, affecting the health of the body.


Weather Policy Yellow Breeches Sports Center Inclement Weather Policy In the event of inclement weather we will post closings or delay information for all events on our website and our Facebook page. If you have a game or rental close to the time of closing, we will email and/or call the point of contact for the rental/game. Snow/inclement weather policy for winter rentals: If the building is closed, you will get a credit for the time that was missed or you can trade your time for a future rental. If the building stays open and your group doesn’t come for their designated time, a possible trade for future time may happen but absolutely no credit will be given on your invoice. Weather Forecast at the YBSC Friday 04/20 10% High 59° / Low 35° Clear Mostly clear. Lows overnight in the mid 30s. Saturday 04/21 10% High 61° / Low 39° Clear Sunny along with a few clouds. High 61F. Winds NW at 5 to 10 mph. Sunday 04/22 0% High 64° / Low 41° Clear Mostly sunny. High 64F. Winds light and variable. Monday 04/23 0% High 67° / Low 42° Clear Generally sunny. High 67F. Winds ESE at 5 to 10 mph. Tuesday 04/24 20% High 60° / Low 50° Overcast Cloudy. Slight chance of a rain shower. High around 60F. Winds ESE at 10 to 15 mph. Wednesday 04/25 80% High 58° / Low 51° Chance of Rain Steady light rain in the morning. Showers continuing in the afternoon. High 58F. Winds NNE at 5 to 10 mph. Chance of rain 80%. Thursday 04/26 20% High 62° / Low 48° Partly Cloudy Some sun in the morning with increasing clouds during the afternoon. Slight chance of a rain shower. High 62F. Winds NW at 5 to 10 mph.


Indian Cloud-seeding Project Aims to Produce Rain to Clear Pollution
Indian scientists plan to add substances to clouds above the capital New Delhi in an effort to produce rain to reduce pollution.
The method to artificially produce rain is called cloud seeding. The process involves adding different chemicals to clouds to cause rain. When rain falls from the sky, water ｄroplets can attach to pollution particles and bring them down to the ground.
New Delhi has been rated the city with the most air pollution in the world. Reports say the problem has worsened across the city in recent weeks.
Air quality decreases in the city ahead of winter each year. During this time, cold air can trap many pollutants, including gases from vehicles, industry, building projects and agricultural burning.
Scientists expect some clouds over the city around November 20. They hope the clouds will result in heavy rainfall – when sprayed with a salt mixture.
The project is being led by Manindra Agrawal, a scientist at the Indian Institute of Technology in the central city of Kanpur. He told Reuters news agency the salt mixture will include silver iodine to help produce rain. It is to be sprayed on clouds over a 100 square kilometer area. Agrawal said the project will cost about $120,000.
The local government in New Delhi, a city of 20 million people, has already closed schools, stopped building activities, and said it will place restrictions on vehicle use to control pollution.
The air quality index in the city was 506 on November 9. This level is considered "hazardous" by IQAir, a Swiss company that describes itself as an “air quality solutions” business.
Gufran Beig is head of the Indian government's air-quality measuring agency SAFAR. He told Reuters the city needs heavy and widespread rain to wash away the pollutants. Beig added that light rain could worsen the situation.
The SAFAR head said current airflow is carrying smoke from crop burning in the states of Punjab and Haryana to Delhi. This smoke adds to the city’s existing pollution sources. "So, unless a huge pressure is established by intense rain, this chain of transport from Punjab to Delhi will not be broken,” Beig said.
About 38 percent of pollution in the capital has been caused by stubble burning in Punjab and Haryana, a recent government statement said. Farmers carry out stubble burning to clear material left behind from rice harvests so they can plant other crops. Indian officials directed leaders in both states to "take effective actions" to identify and limit stubble burning, the statement added.
Officials in New Delhi are seeking approval for the project from the Supreme Court, Reuters reported.
Several countries have used cloud seeding in an effort to produce rain, improve air quality and water crops in times of extreme dryness. These include Mexico, the United States, China, Indonesia and Malaysia.
Words in This Story
artificial – adj. not natural, but made by people
salt –n. a word for one of many chemical combinations of two elements; sodium chloride
stubble – n. small pieces of dried plant stems left behind in a field after it has been cut


Carbon becomes locked as part of the accumulating plant biomass as plants grow.
A complex microbiota lives belowground, releasing carbon dioxide to the soil.
As plants respire, they release
Photosynthesis releases oxygen whereas respiration releases CO2.
Carbon capture is performed by the green parts of plants via photosynthesis.
The rate of respiration decreases with temperature.
At low air humidity, a plant closes its stomata to prevent transpiration. The action also decreases photosynthesis
Photosynthesis of a tree canopy is driven or influenced by
soil moisture (REW).
the total leaf area (LAI).
air temperature (T).
air humidity (VPD).
photosynthetically active solar radiation (PAR).
Early spring is a tricky time for plants due to the combination of sunny but still quite cold days.
High soil moisture leads to decreased photosynthesis.
In boreal upland forests, low soil moisture decreases the rate of photosynthesis.
Leaf area increases with stand age, resulting in a decreasing rate of photosynthesis in the stand.
An increment in leaf area increases also the photosynthesis of a tree stand. However, the relationship is saturating.
Plants open its stomata to avoid losing too much water.
Plant closes its stomata to avoid losing too much water.
Plant respiration captures CO2.
Unlike photosynhesis, plant respiration captures atmospheric oxygen and releases carbon dioxide.
Photoinhibition means the decrease in photosynthesis due to
exposure to excess of CO2.
exposure to excess of light.
exposure to shortage of soil moisture.
exposure to high temperature.
To transform atmospheric CO2 into organic molecules, plants can use the energy from
In some part of the stems, some photosynthesis may also occur.


This data set contains PM (particulate matter), temperature, and humidity readings taken with low-cost sensors. These sensors measure the concentration of PM in the air, including particles with diameters less than or equal to 1 micrometer (PM1), 2.5 micrometers (PM2.5), and particles with diameters less than or equal to 10 micrometers (PM10).
The data set includes information on the sensor type, date, time, and location of the readings, as well as the sensor’s specific measurement values for Temperature (C), Humidity (%), PM1, PM2.5, and PM10. The data set is ideal for researchers and individuals interested in studying air quality and low-cost sensors in PM measurement.
The dataset is stored in CSV format and can be opened using editors like Microsoft Excel, Google Sheets, LibreOffice Calc, etc.
Note that P0 in the data represents PM1, P2 represents PM2.5, and P1 represents PM10


Muskego Wisconsin Weather
Wisconsin points out that the state has typical winter weather that can force you to stay indoors for days and cause higher energy and living costs than states with milder climates.
The hottest day of the year is July 19, with an average high of 82 degrees F and a low of 71 degrees F and the state's hottest water temperature. The coldest day this year was January 29, with an average low of 14C and a high of 28C. With an average temperature of 36C, the coolest day is February 28, but the hottest water temperatures are February 29, July 14, August 14 and September 14, with an average temperature of 71.
The coolest water lasts 5.4 months, with an average temperature of 36 ° C and a low of 28 ° C. The warmest water temperatures last 4.5 months.
The wet season lasts 6.2 months, with an average temperature of 36 degrees and a low of 28 degrees when a day is wet. The rainy season of the year lasts 11 months and 31 days with rainfall, the highest in the state, with 1.5 days per year.
The snow period lasts 5 months, and most of the snow falls in 31 days around 15 June, with an average temperature of 36 degrees and a low of 28 degrees. Snowfall is sliding at a rate of 2.5 inches a year across the state, or 1.2 inches for the year. At least in the winter months January, February, March, April, May, June, July, August, September, October, November, December and February some snow falls. During the rainy season, 31 days of rain fall on 28 December and 30 days of least snow, for a total of 6.1 months.
Although temperatures typically vary considerably from night to day, dew points tend to change more slowly, and while temperatures can fall at night, muggy days are usually followed by muggy nights. The longest day is December 21, with an average temperature of 36 degrees and a low of 28 degrees, but the shortest day will be December 21, with a high of 32 degrees.
The quietest day of the year is August 3rd, with an average temperature of 32 degrees and a low of 28 degrees. The wind blows from the north and is expected from east to west rather than north to south or west to east, but it can also blow from north to south or east to west.
The warmest season lasts 3.7 months, the coldest 2.5 months and the windiest phase of the year lasts 7.5 months.
Based on these values, the best time of year to visit Muskego for general outdoor tourist activities is from mid-June to early September. Based on these values, one of the most popular times of day for visiting Muskesgo is from early July to mid-August, and based on these values the second - the most common time for visiting is mid-June to late September with an average of 3.5 days.
Based on these tourist values, the best time to visit Muskego for warm weather activities is from mid-June to early September.
The cold season lasts 3.1 months and the windiest day of the year is January 15 with an average wind speed of 50 km / h. The wind experienced at a particular location is the average of all wind speeds and directions for the same period, not the hourly average. The wind speed and direction fluctuates more than the hourly average. Snow cancellation is due to factors such as wind and ice layer, which are exacerbated by weather conditions in the region, as well as the amount of ice on the ground and the snow cover.
The Muskego School District has issued the following guidelines for making bad weather decisions because the winter weather is unpredictable. If you live in Wisconsin and hear bad weather forecast, area managers will stay in close contact to talk to you. Please take into account the weather conditions in your area before making a decision on closing the school. Exceptions are possible, but if the forecast does not reach the warning level, the opening of schools should be planned.
If you listen to the local police, you can also access CB frequencies, receive national weather alerts, be notified of disaster areas and inform you about disasters in your region. In Greenfield, Wisconsin, an updated Wisconsin Emergency Management Agency (WEMA) app lets you monitor chatter on police scanners and online. For spectrum information across the state, see the WMEA weather warning page on its website or mobile app.
Help citizens keep up to date with crime in the city of Fond du Lac, Wisconsin by listening to the scanners of the local police and the Milwaukee County Sheriff's (WCSD) radio station. Wisconsin's COVID-19 hospitalization rate has declined in recent years because scanners deliver the news as it happens, according to Wisconsin Department of Health Services (DHS). To view the WMEA weather forecast for Muskego, Waukesha, Racine, Manitowoc and Dane County, click here. A cloud covered, filled - in areas of the state with a high risk of thunderstorms and low risk of flooding. An area filled with clouds, rain, wind, lightning, strong wind and heavy rain in a cloudy area.


Israel has a Mediterranean climate with long, hot, rain-less summers and relatively short, cool, rainy winters.
The climate is as such due to Israel's location between the subtropical aridity of the Sahara and the Arabian deserts, and the subtropical humidity of the Levant and Eastern Mediterranean. The climate conditions are highly variable within the state and modified locally by altitude, latitude, and the proximity to the Mediterranean.
On average, January is the coldest month with average temperatures ranging from 6 to 15 °C (42.8 to 59 °F) ,and July and August are the hottest months at 22 to 33 °C (71.6 to 91.4 °F), on average across the country. Summers are very humid along the Mediterranean coast but dry in the central highlands, the Rift Valley, and the Negev Desert. In Eilat, a desert city, summer daytime-temperatures are often the highest in the state, at times reaching 44 to 46 °C (111.2 to 114.8 °F). More than 70% of the average rainfalls in Israel falls between November and March; June through September are usually rain-less. Rainfall is unevenly distributed, significantly lower in the south of the country. In the extreme south, rainfall averages near 30 millimeters (1.18 in) annually; in the north, average annual rainfall exceeds 900 millimeters (35.4 in). Rainfall varies from season to season and from year to year, particularly in the Negev Desert. Precipitation is often concentrated in violent storms, causing erosion and flash floods. In winter, precipitation often takes the form of snow at the higher elevations of the central highlands, including Jerusalem. Mount Hermon has seasonal snow which covers all three of its peaks for most of the year in winter and spring. In rare occasions, snow gets to the northern mountain peaks and only in extremely rare occasions even to the coast.
The areas of the country most cultivated are those receiving more than 300 millimeters (11.8 in) of rainfall annually, making approximately one-third of the country cultivable.
Check the daily forecast with the Israel Meteorological Service- updated twice a day, in the morning and in the afternoon. http://www.ims.gov.il/IMSENG/All_Tahazit/homepage.htm


The scariest part of following the science on climate change is the revelation of positive feedback mechanisms like the release of methane deposits that will accelerate warming. So it is always heartening to hear of scientific news that suggests other forces at work that will give us more time to address climate change. A letter in Nature: Geoscience suggests that natural aerosols emitted by plants that mitigate the effects of greenhouse gases will increase with warming, a negative feedback mechanism.
And in other news, a recent advance in nanotechnology, an area of science that promises to advance every other area of science, has produced nanostructures that can significantly increase solar cell efficiency.
And finally, the completely awesome Nest thermostat just got another update.


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Thread created on 13:03:53 - 19/08/20 (1 year ago)
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During the ongoing wildfires in California, a relatively newly-discovered phenomenon was captured on film: firenadoes.
It's long been known that large out-of-control fires can and do produce their own weather. The warm air from the flames rises, and condenses in the atmosphere, causing water droplets to form. These droplets stick to the ask and dirt smoke into the air by the fire, and form cumulonimbus clouds. These are called Pyrocumulonimbus, in reference to their association with fires.
These clouds, while usually not rain makers, often produce winds of severe strength (57 MPH or greater). They also produce large amounts of lightning. Both of these things make these clouds hazards to firefighters and can aid in starting and expanding new fires.
Any severe storm is capable of producing a tornado. There have long been reports of tornadoes forming from pyrocumulonibmus clouds that are made of fire and smoke. However, scientists were skeptical until one was caught on camera in Australia.
It's now possible that these are not as rare as we thought. Multiple firenadoes were caught on camera during the Loyalton Fire near the CA/NV border a few days ago. The National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Reno, NV, even issued tornado warning when strong rotation was seen on radar, the first ever firenado warning.
While these amazing monsters are certainly interesting, they could be even worse than a normal tornado. Imagine a tornado, even a relatively weak one, like an EF1, passing through an urban area. Then, throw in fire. The results could be catastrophic.
Just thought I'd share these pretty cool phenomenon! I originally heard about the TOR and the firenadoes in Cal here.
Member of BoWAR Subversive Generation | Seal Team Six
Fire tornadoes were found in bushfires in Australia before that with the first caught on film in 2003 during bushfires in Canberra, Australia. https://esa.act.gov.au/cbr-be-emergency-ready/bushfires/fire-tornado-video Many more caught on film since including during the 2019/20 bushfire season when most of the east on of Australia was on fire at some stage.