Few climate change topics arouse more passion than the seemingly dry field of climate modeling.
Critics thunder that the models contain a “large element of subjectivity” with parameters “tweaked by those who operate the models” to achieve results that conform to scientists’ preconceptions. Some seem to think that these models simply represent a grandiose exercise in curve fitting, forecasting future climate based on the trend in temperatures over the past few decades.
The General Circulation Models (GCMs) that drive future climate predictions are incredibly complex models of generally well-known physical processes, and the world’s most powerful supercomputers are usually built for climate modeling. These models will never be perfect, but there are many reasons their projections warrant careful consideration.
Climate models are based on known physical laws and observed climatic behavior. Gavin Schmidt, a climate modeler from NASA Goddard, on PhysicsToday.org divides the physics involved in climate modeling into three categories:
The first includes fundamental principles such as the conservation of energy, momentum, and mass, and processes, such as those of orbital mechanics, that can be calculated from fundamental principles. The second includes physics that is well known in theory, but that in practice must be approximated due to discretization [making mathematically discrete] of continuous equations. Examples include the transfer of radiation through the atmosphere and the Navier-Stokes equations of fluid motion. The third category contains empirically known physics such as formulas for evaporation as a function of wind speed and humidity.
Really not Much that can be ‘Tweaked’
Despite their complexity, climate models contain surprisingly few parameters that can be “tweaked” by modelers. The dozen or so values that are subjective relate primarily to the initial state of the climate system at the onset of the model run, and the uncertainties generated by variations in initial states tend to average out after a decade or two. The effects of other parameter choices are taken into account by running a sensitivity analysis on a variety of climate models using a range of probable parameters. In general, the average result across a range of different climate models tends to be more accurate than the result of any single climate model in explaining observed climate changes. As a result, Schmidt says, “errors in the simulations are surprisingly unbiased.”
Modeling future climate changes requires a number of discrete steps. First, future emissions of greenhouse gases and other atmospheric forcings (both human and natural) must be estimated. This step introduces one of the single largest sources of uncertainty, as it involves future economic growth, population growth, rate of technology development, remaining fossil fuel reserves and resources, the extent of international conflict and cooperation, and numerous other variables.
Instead of trying to predict any one future, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), in an attempt to provide a reasonable range of future emission trajectories, published a Special Report on Emission Scenarios (SRES) that laid out four broad storylines. New post-SRES scenarios help further narrow the range of future trajectory by excluding some projections that appear unrealistic (e.g., a world population in excess of 15 billion in some of the upper-end scenarios).
With future emissions trajectories outlined, modelers next calculate the radiative forcing associated with each of these scenarios. This step involves adding up the amount of energy captured by various greenhouse gases (in watts per meter squared of additional energy) and subtracting the cooling effects of tropospheric and stratospheric aerosols. Projections for changes in natural forcings (e.g., solar output, orbital variations, and volcanic activity) are also included, but they tend to be small relative to the magnitude of anthropogenic forcings.
All of these calculations use well-known physical properties of the gases and particles involved, and the uncertainty is relatively small for most factors. The major exception is aerosols, for which considerable uncertainty remains regarding the magnitude of direct and indirect aerosol effects.
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Radiative forcing of various factors influencing the climate. Figure from IPCC Fourth Assessment Report Working Group One Summary for Policy Makers. (LOSU = Level of Scientific Understanding)
Finally, climate forcings are used to project actual temperature changes by calculating the effects of various climate feedbacks. Prominent feedbacks include increased atmospheric water vapor concentrations (the result of increased evaporation and atmospheric water retention), increased cloud formation, and changes in the reflectivity of Earth’s surface (albedo) resulting from decreases in ice and snow extent.
The influence of clouds on climate remains a major source of uncertainty. In this step, a discrete change in forcings (e.g., a doubling of carbon dioxide from 280 parts per million to 560 parts per million) can lead to a range of potential temperature changes based on uncertainties involving climate feedbacks. In the case of doubled carbon dioxide levels, for instance, the temperature change can range from 2 to 4.5 degrees C.
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Elements of a climate model. Figure from IPCC Fourth Assessment Report Working Group One Chapter Ten.
Given the uncertainties involved, why should climate models over hundreds of years be trusted? One often hears, for example, that simply predicting the weather over a few days can be highly problematic. William Connolley of the British Antarctic Survey and James Annan of the Frontier Research System for Global Change in Japan explain fundamental differences between weather and climate forecasts:
Although ultimately chaos will kill a weather forecast, this does not necessarily prevent long-term prediction of the climate … We cannot hope to accurately predict the temperature in Swindon at 9am on the 23rd July 2050, but we can be highly confident that the average temperature in the UK in that year will be substantially higher in July than in January … [M]odels based on physical principles also reproduce the response to seasonal and spatial changes in radiative forcing fairly well, which is one of the many lines of evidence that supports their use in their prediction of the response to anthropogenic forcing.
They conclude that, “the calculation of climatic variables (i.e., long-term averages) is much easier than weather forecasting, since weather is ruled by the vagaries of stochastic fluctuations, while climate is not.”
No climate model can ever be perfect, simply because there are no other Earths on which we can conduct long-term climate-wide experiments. Individual elements of climate models can be validated in the lab (e.g., the amount of outgoing longwave radiation trapped by various greenhouse gases), but the emergent behaviors that occur when disparate forcings and feedbacks are combined are difficult to test empirically.
‘Hindcasting’ of Past Climates to Test Models
Climate models can be tested, however, by “hindcasting” past climates. Models can reproduce many features of past climates such as oceanic cooling during the last ice age, temperature changes over the past century, more rapid increase in nighttime than daytime temperatures, a larger degree of warming in the Arctic than in other areas of the Earth, and other past changes. However, climate models are to some degree parameterized based on observations of past climate behaviors; such tests are not a completely independent validation of climate models.
Truly assessing the effectiveness of climate models requires comparing future climate projections to observed temperature changes. While complex climate models have not existed long enough for highly robust validation, and we do not have the luxury to wait and see if they are correct, we can compare earlier generations of models to observed changes over the past two decades or so.
In 1988, NASA scientist James Hansen, in congressional testimony, presented a model of expected climate changes over the next 30 years. He gave three scenarios based on differing rates of future greenhouse gas emissions: a high “A” scenario, a medium “B” scenario, and a low “C” scenario. Actual radiative forcing and temperature changes have occurred roughly at the rate predicted in the “B” scenario, which Hansen at the time identified as the most likely.
While the uncertainties involved in temperature changes over such a short time scale mean that it is difficult to significantly differentiate between the temperature changes forecast in scenarios “B” and “C”, NASA’s Schmidt argues that “the model results were as consistent with the real world over this period as could possibly be expected and are therefore a useful demonstration of the model’s consistency with the real world. Thus when asked whether any climate model forecasts ahead of time have proven accurate, this comes as close as you get.” Climate models were also able to accurately predict the short-term global cooling following the eruption of Mt. Pinatubo in 1991.
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Hansen’s 1998 scenarios compared to empirical temperature observations. Figure from RealClimate.
Rather than opaque and subjectively parameterized black boxes, climate models are based on fundamental physical principles and observed climatic behaviors. While significant uncertainties in future climate projections are likely to remain for the foreseeable future, climate projections based on “models’ rather than empirical experiments provide valuable insights into an otherwise imponderable future.


There is a lot of environmental pollution in major cities around the world. The harmful gasses released into the environment by industries, such as the manufacturing and transport, can not only cause respiratory problems in human beings, they can lead to the demise of life on the planet by contributing to global warming. That said, the quality of air outside is still better than indoor air quality, which means the average person has a higher chance of developing respiratory illnesses by simply spending more time indoors. Common air pollutants in homes include; dust, mold spores, dust mites, odors and vapors, animal dander and fur, clothing fibers, smoke from cooking, carbon dioxide exhaled from the lungs and excessive humidity, which makes it harder to breath or stay cool. The AC Executives offer innovative indoor air quality solutions for both homes and commercial establishments, so you can count on them for quality services.
As mentioned earlier, there are many problems with indoor air that lower its quality. They are; high humidity, airborne particles and airborne pathogens, such as viruses and bacteria. To deal with the humidity problem, a dehumidifier and humidifier can be installed to keep humidity levels at comfortable levels regardless of environmental conditions. To deal with airborne particles, a HEPA air filter can be installed in the HVAC system. Additionally, whole-house air cleaners can be installed to remove all the airborne particles circulating in the building. Lastly, UV lamps should be installed near the evaporator coils of the air handler or at the entrance of air ducts to kill any airborne microorganism. The end result is cleaner air and a comfortable indoor environment. At AC Executives, we offer the best indoor air quality solutions. We also offer financing for both the equipment and labor.
When you decide to make your home or business premise safer and comfortable for all the inhabitants, be sure to call the AC Executives for timely, effective and affordable services. Visit our website to obtain a quote and apply for financing.


Sydney weather is formed from a temperate climate with warm summers and mild winters. The city enjoys more than 340 days of sun each year. Average minimum temperatures in the winter months of June through to August are at their lowest. The summer season is from December through to February when the highest temperatures are recorded. During the summer months the beaches are packed with locals and visitors trying to escape the heat and lack of humidity.
Due to the El Nino - Southern Oscillation (ENSO, a global ocean-atmosphere phenomenon coupled with La Nina), and the East Coast Lows (low pressure depression) Sydney is sometimes hit with hail storms and flash flooding. These major storms happen once every few years and cause massive damage. ENSO is associated with droughts and flash flooding and it cycles through every 3 to 8 years.
As you can see from the table below, rainfall is reasonably well spread across the year. The start of the year sees the easterly winds dominate and rainfall is slightly higher at this time. Sydney never has to deal with cyclones.
Sydney Monthly Rainfall


UAE weather: heavy rain expected as unstable conditions persist
A view of buildings along Airport Road highlight another grey and overcast day in Abu Dhabi on Tuesday. Delores Johnson / The National
ABU DHABI // Unsettled weather conditions are expected to continue into the weekend with scattered rain forecast across the country.
Heavy rain is forecast along the coast, from Abu Dhabi to Ras Al Khaimah, as well as in Fujairah.
Rain fell over the capital on Wednesday morning with the western region likely to experience more showers throughout the day.
Weather forecast for Wednesday. Courtesy National Centre of Meteorology and Seismology
Strong winds will blow in from the sea, picking up dust and reducing visibility to less than 500 metres in some areas. Motorists are advised to drive with caution.
Temperatures will range between 17°C and 28°C along the coast, 16°C to 29°C inland and 11°C to 22°C in the mountains.
Humidity will hover between 60 and 80 per cent across the country.
Forecasters warned of rough conditions in the Sea of Oman and Arabian Gulf, which are likely to persist throughout the weekend.
Date : 2/15/2017 4:13:02 PM


The Mainichi Shimbun answers some common questions readers may have about the difference between the actual air temperature and that officially announced by the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA).
Question: A deadly heat wave has hit Japan this summer. Thermometers placed outside some homes showed the temperature at 45 degrees Celsius. Is this the highest temperature in Japan?
Answer: While the highest temperature that the JMA officially announced was 41.1 degrees Celsius measured in Kumagaya, Saitama Prefecture, on July 23, 2018, the JMA heard claims that the real temperature was actually higher. Thermometers at homes sometimes show higher temperatures than those announced by the JMA.
Q: Why is there such a difference between these two temperatures?
A: The JMA's temperature gauges are located in stainless steel air funnels set up at a height of 1.5 meters from well-ventilated lawns. The gauges have heat insulations installed in them and allow outside air to enter inside, which makes it possible to keep a stable temperature. On the other hand, the temperature measured by thermometers at homes, which are often set up outside in summer, rises easily because the devices are vulnerable to direct sunlight, reflected heat and stagnating air.
Q: What is the difference between the temperature of thermometers at homes and the JMA's temperature gauges?
A: It is not surprising if there is a difference of up to 20 degrees between the two devices. JMA Director-General Toshihiko Hashida said at a news conference, "We have set up temperature gauges in the shade, so the air temperature could be 50 or 60 degrees Celsius in a sunny place."
Q: So the difference in air temperature depends on the location?
A: In June 2018, the Automated Meteorological Data Acquisition System in Tatebayashi, Gunma Prefecture, which is well known as a hot city in summer, was relocated from a residential area surrounded by paved roads to a place surrounded by farms and rice fields. After the relocation, the highest temperature at the new observation spot was on average 0.5 degrees lower than that of the former observation area.
Q: So cities are hotter than the countryside, aren't they?
A: It is necessary to warn children, who are smaller than adults and vulnerable to reflected heat from the ground, about the dangers of heatstroke. We should be careful about increases in body temperature when humidity is high or there is little wind.
(Answers by Tomohiro Ikeda, Science & Environment News Department)


The climate and local weather adjustments appear to vary after each few years. nevertheless, nothing has ever been felt just like the latest turmoil on earth. Gusts of winds, sturdy ocean currents, earthquakes, tsunamis, tornadoes, hurricanes and the rise in sea ranges all level in a single course, the world is altering. Is the change a pure phenomenon or an incidence triggered by man’s actions. Some individuals argue that the adjustments are man-made whereas others consider that they’re pure.
World warming is the worldwide improve in temperature witnessed within the latest years. The principle argument about local weather change is whether or not international warming is attributable to man or different elements. There are lots of elements that have an effect on local weather change and international warming. Crucial elements are the quantity of carbon dioxide within the ambiance. Carbon-dioxide gasoline absorbs warmth from the solar at a better price than different gases and kinds an envelope masking the thermosphere. Scientists attribute the adjustments in local weather to man’s actions as a result of actions carried out by man result in the emission of greenhouse gases to the surroundings. When in comparison with the beginning of the commercial upheaval, the degrees of carbon dioxide and different greenhouse gases within the ambiance have doubled (Linkov, 2011).
Combustion of fossil fuels is the main supply of greenhouse gases. Within the 12 months 2012, about 38% of CO2 produced was because of the technology of electrical energy whereas 32% of the gasoline was produced by the auto trade (Philander, 2008). The remaining proportion was produced by buildings and different industries. Deforestation is one other supply of carbon dioxide when timber are reduce with out alternative. Chopping timber right down to get pastures and farmlands will increase the quantity of carbon dioxide within the air when the timber are burnt. The escalation within the amount of greenhouse gases within the air will increase the worldwide temperatures resulting in melting of ice within the Polar Areas.
Latest scientific findings (Benoit, 2011) point out that every time the quantity of carbon dioxide and different greenhouse gases doubles, the worldwide temperatures improve by 10 C. Left by itself, the surroundings has its personal pure methods of regulating temperature and local weather with out inflicting antagonistic results. It’s evident that the motion of man has immensely affected the worldwide temperature change by way of combustion of fossil fuels.
It’s clear that man’s actions on earth have led to adjustments in climate and climatic patterns. You will need to give you environmental mitigation insurance policies like discount in greenhouse gasoline emissions to fight local weather change. Utilizing renewable sources of vitality and replenishing forests are positive methods of conserving the surroundings and mitigating local weather change.
Benoit, P. (2011). Local weather change. New York: Kids’s Press.
Linkov, I. (2011). Local weather international change and native adaptation. Dordrecht: Springer.
Philander, S. (2008). Encyclopedia of world warming and local weather change. Los Angeles: SAGE.


Aberdeen Weather 5 day - 10 day - 15 day weather forecast for Aberdeen, weather for Aberdeen UK
BBC Aberdeen weather | BBC weather Aberdeen, current conditions | Met Office Aberdeen 5 day forecast
Aberdeen weather - page top
The mean temperature in Aberdeen is 8 °C (47 °F) and it varies between 0.4 °C (32.7 °F) in winter
and 17.6 °C (63.7 °F) in summer.
The average yearly rainfall is 816 mm.
The city of Aberdeen is one of the healthiest in Scotland.


The weather is really weird here today. We’re under a tornado watch (just what the midwest need, eh?) until 5pm. Now, I’m used to tornado weather because it’s getting too cold too quickly, but because it’s warming up too quickly? That’s just wierd! It’s gone from 45 to 62 degrees in the last 90 minutes. The wind is crazy, blowing extra hard, and right into our living room and office since the windows have yet to be fixed. I’m freezing even though the thermostat says it’s 72 degrees in the house. We have GOT to get those windows fixed – quickly!
Tuesday November 15, 2005 November 15, 2005


More and more Android Tablet apps are optimized for tablet viewing. 1Weather is another app that optimized the Android Tablet features and screen sizes.
On a tablet the app looks great and it makes good use of the available space. The main screen displays the current weather for the chosen location along with the hourly forecast in the bottom section. Swiping the forecast moves it from hourly to a two day forecast with the days split into morning, noon, evening and night. A second swipe takes you to the extended six day forecast with each day showing a symbol to summarize the weather along with the expected temperature range.
Down the side are some icons which allow you to access the more detailed forecast, precipitation charts and the radar section. In the new version the radar section has been improved. The app also puts weather notifications in the notification bar and can be configured to alert you of severe weather warnings. For Android 4.2 Jelly Bean users there is also the ability to add a lock screen widget.


Happy New Year!! I can’t believe we are in 2015. I don’t think I have ever settled in 2014 yet, and now the year 2015 is already here to greet us.
It has been a cold week in Los Angeles and Orange County. We had a little rain overnight Tuesday and because our temperature was so low, some non-mountain areas of the Southern California had received some snow, including Temecula. Temecula Blueberry Farm posted two pictures of snow in the farm on their Facebook page. This is crazy. But I believe some kids must have had some great fun with the unexpected snow in the lower elevation.
As we were driving to Irvine Spectrum, I saw patches of snow on the Santiago Peak. I quickly took our my camera and shot this picture below.
We had our lunch at the Cheesecake Factory at Irvine Spectrum. On our way out to the parking area, and this is what I saw.
Probably there was more snow on the peak yesterday morning before the sun came out and melted most of it. And since I only get to see it more than a day after, it looked more like patches of snow. But I think these patches will not stay too long as the sun is strong today but our temperature is still very cold for this time of the year.
The weather forecast that we will be in the 70s next week. That’s a big jump in temperature for us. Today our highest temperature was around low 50s only. I dislike the huge change in the temperature like this because it can make me fall sick.0


Red sky at night, Sailors’ delight.
The ancient adage may have developed from maritime experience, but it’s based on sound science – at least in this part of the world, where most weather systems move from west to east. Just last Friday, a blood-red dawn presaged a day of rain and, in my home town, messy ice.
A red sky in the morning occurs when clouds arrive from the west and the sky to the east is clear. As the sun rises, billions of dust particles in the otherwise clear atmosphere bend the solar light to the red spectrum, causing the edge of the cloud front to glow. More moisture in the air yields richer reds. Often the clouds signal bad weather, perhaps just rain or snow, but maybe the wind, too.
A red sky at night means the sun’s setting rays are passing through hundreds of miles of cloudless atmosphere, weather that’s heading our way and promising a sunny day tomorrow.
Whether delighted or forewarned, we should pause to enjoy either sky’s ephemeral light show, bursting with brilliance that countless artists have pursued and none has ever really captured.


Personal Air Purifier Gaining Prominence
Globally, air pollution is increasing at an alarming rate. The issue is severe in major cities and is a challenge for people traveling in congested roads. Air purifiers are used to remove unwanted particulates from the air, for maintaining certain level of air quality depending on the circumstances. Wearable personal air purifiers ensure pure air for outdoor people facing contaminated air. Wearable personal air purifiers are lightweight machines that can eliminate contaminants, including dust, allergens, smoke, and odor. Few of the major wearable personal air purifiers include InvisiClean IC-103, AirTamer A310, MIFAVOR Mini Air Purifier, Wein Mini-Mate AS180i, and FitAir Portable. Most of the personal air purifiers use ionic technology and emit negative ions that attach to pollutants to improve the surrounding air. On average, most of the personal air purifiers provide a range of nearly 2 feet and are lightweight & compact. Negative ions are generally measured in ions per cubic centimeter per second, and an output of at least 1 million cm3/second is considered most effective. Few of the personal air purifiers, i.e., AirTamer A310, are FCC certified and could be used during air travel. Some of the personal air purifiers use ozone for cleaning air. However, ozone at high levels can cause skin irritation. Personal air purifiers are charged using batteries; but, there are air purifiers that can be charged using USB as well.
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Apart from personal air purifiers, portable air purifiers are also gaining prominence. Portable air purifiers are larger than personal air cleaners and cannot be used as a wearable device. They are mainly used in situations that require more coverage area for air purification (for instance, air purification of workspace in offices).
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Personal air purifiers have significant variations in terms of battery life, ion output, and coverage area. For most of the buyers, battery life is the major concern as the majority of the personal air purifiers run on batteries and could get easily exhausted. However, with air purifier coming up with USB charging along with an increase in air pollution, the demand for personal air purifiers is expected to increase in the next few years.
– Arjun Das
ICT – Research Analyst


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|Market Report||Air Quality Monitoring Market|
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[December 05, 2012]
Weather Underground Launches New Website WunderMap(R).com to Showcase Its Enhanced Interactive Weather Map
SAN FRANCISCO, CA, Dec 05, 2012 (MARKETWIRE via COMTEX) -- Weather Underground has released a major upgrade of WunderMap(R), its popular interactive weather map, which can now be accessed via a new, standalone website at www.WunderMap.com. In addition to an enhanced user interface, this new WunderMap(R) version includes time controls that allow users to view animated historical weather data.
Users can set specific dates back in time or use the search function to view historically significant storms such as Hurricane Katrina or Hurricane Sandy. Archived radar spans back to 1994 while significant tornadoes can be tracked back as far as 1950. The map can also look into the future and display forecasted weather conditions for up to 10 days, including 6 hours of radar.
WunderMap(R) uses the latest Google Maps API so that users can zoom in to a local level and view Weather Underground's unique network of neighborhood weather stations or zoom out to view weather patterns as they affect a region or continent. The new user interface has been designed to keep the navigation process as simple as possible while also presenting the vast amount of data that users can overlay on the map. Each layer option has its own settings menu that allows the user to fine-tune the data they are viewing.
"WunderMap(R) is the ultimate online resource for in-depth weather information and its many data layers provide users with an unrivalled interactive experience," said Alan Steremberg, President and co-founder of Weather Underground. "The new user interface makes switching between different data layers and using the map settings even more intuitive." The most significant feature upgrade on the WunderMap(R) is the more robust time bar that allows users to utilize a slide rule navigation tool to select and change date ranges, creating custom weather animations. In addition to selecting specific date ranges, users can simply jump through time by adjusting the year, month, day, or hour.
Weather Underground's collection of over 1.5 million user-contributed photographs and its network of webcams are also available as a data layer so archived images can be viewed alongside the weather.
In time for the holiday travel season the Road Trip Planner function of the WunderMap(R) has also been upgraded and provides detailed weather conditions alongside road directions for both drivers and cyclists, dependent on planned departure times. A brand new data layer to the WunderMap is a Real Estate layer that provides flood risk data, seismic risk, fault line locations and tsunami data for potential homebuyers wanting to conduct thorough research.
"The new time controls of WunderMap(R) provide endless opportunities for weather enthusiasts to interact with our data," continues Steremberg. "WunderMap(R) is an interactive encyclopedia of weather and we're constantly adding unique data layers." WunderMap Video:
video=2012170657001&npid=1668017856001 About Weather Underground The world's first online weather service, Weather Underground is committed to delivering the most comprehensive, reliable weather information possible. In addition to providing free weather data to millions of users around the globe, Weather Underground provides weather solutions to many of the world's largest media companies. With more than 24,000 users contributing local observations from personal weather stations, Weather Underground is able to provide up-to-the-minute weather conditions for the most finely targeted areas. Weather Underground is part of The Weather Channel Companies and is based in San Francisco.
About WunderMap(R) Launched in 2008, WunderMap(R) is the Internet's most interactive weather map, providing users with a number of different data layers that are plotted over the Google Map interface.
These layers include the Weather Underground network of 25,000 neighborhood weather stations, owned and operated by its loyal userbase. Also available are the following layers: animated radar and satellite, severe weather alerts, webcams, photographs, forecasts, hurricane tracking, ski weather, snow powder predictor, wildfires, river levels, forecast model data, and extreme records. WunderMap(R) is also available as an iPad app and a version is featured on the Weather Underground iPhone app.
attachid=2172594 Ali Wamberg email@example.com 415.983.2645 SOURCE: Weather Underground mailto:firstname.lastname@example.org
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MISSOULA (AP) — The flooding caused by melting snow and rain has receded after swamping areas near Helena, Missoula and northern Montana, but weather forecasters warn it will be a temporary reprieve as warm temperatures melt the snowpack at higher elevations.
The National Weather Service has issued warnings and advisories through the weekend with rivers and streams expected to rise in western and central Montana into next week.
“The real runoff hasn’t really even begun yet,” National Weather Service meteorologist Genki Kino told Montana Public Radio.
Near-record snowfall fell across much of the state over the winter, and some of the snowpack melted at low and mid-level elevations as the weather warmed and rain storms passed through in April.
Temperatures in the 70s starting today will cause more snowmelt at higher elevations, which will affect western Montana waterways like the already swollen upper Clark Fork River, which flooded a neighborhood in Missoula earlier in the week.
The Bitterroot River, which hasn’t seen any significant flooding yet this spring, also is expected to reach flood stage next week as the heat melts the snowpack in the Bitterroot Mountains.
“When you have 55 inches of snowpack, you can almost imagine from now into mid-June to early July as getting 55 inches of rainfall onto the surface,” meteorologist Alex Lukinbeal said. “That’s a lot of water that going to be put into the river system.”
Some flooding is also expected in areas around Seeley Lake and the Blackfoot River.
In central Montana, high-elevation snowmelt is expected to cause streams to rise near Helena, Wolf Creek, Augusta, Lincoln and in Meagher County over the weekend.
In northern Montana, where the Milk River has seen significant flooding for a couple of weeks, the floodwaters were receding except for between Tampico and Glasgow. That stretch is expected to see moderate flooding into next week, according to the weather service.
On Wednesday, Gov. Steve Bullock declared a statewide flooding emergency, allowing him to use state resources and the Montana National Guard for flood protection.


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With La Niña’s demise, just a small patch of blue indicative of cooler than average sea surface temperatures remains in the central equatorial Pacific Ocean. Meanwhile, very warm water has formed off the coast of Peru. (Source: NOAA View)
The La Niña of 2016 is now officially gone. Following on from a monster El Niño, it turned out to be one of the shortest and weakest on record....MORE
La Niña, which can influence weather across many parts of the world, is characterized by abnormally cool surface waters in the central equatorial Pacific Ocean. Those have now mostly dissipated, leaving behind temperatures that are close to average for February. Forecasters expect these neutral conditions to continue for the next few months.
Despite its relative puniness, 2016’s La Niña did produce some typical impacts in North America. For example: a warmer than normal winter so far in the South, and unusual cold in Alaska, western Canada, and the northern Plains.
But most Californians can’t really thank La Niña for the incredible bounty of drought-busting rain and snow they’ve received this winter. While the Pacific Northwest and northernmost California typically are wetter than normal during La Niña episodes, central California is not.
Beyond April, what might be coming? During this time of the year, that is exceedingly difficult for forecasters to predict. That’s because of something known as the spring predictability barrier....


Air pollution is widely considered to be the world’s leading environmental health threat, accounting for over 7 million deaths on an annual, global scale. Among those, 4.2 million are a direct result of ambient air pollution with traffic and mobility being the largest contributing factors for those fatalities.
Global transport carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in 2018 amounted to 8 billion tonnes, 74% of which were due to road vehicles. Since over half of the world’s population live in urban areas where a larger density of traffic tends to present, it is estimated that residents of cities are among those at a higher risk of health-related problems due to air pollution in addition to the subsequent effects on the environment and local economy.
Let’s examine the relationship between traffic and air quality as well as the many complexities and developments that have evolved throughout the years.
How does traffic contribute to air pollution in urban areas?
In many urban areas, traffic remains one of the main sources of air pollution. The transportation sector is considered to be the largest contributor to CO2 emissions in the U.S., surpassing the electric power sector for the total emissions used. Transportation currently accounts for more than 30 percent of total U.S. CO2 emissions resulting from energy consumption per year.
Pollutants being emitted from petrol and diesel engines of cars consist of carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur dioxide (SO2), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and particulate matter (PM).
This complex and variable mixture of secondary pollutants formed in the atmosphere exhausts from vehicles along with evaporative emissions, and non-combustion emissions (e.g., road dust, and tire wear) are typically referred to as traffic-related air pollution (TRAP). They are thought to be the leading cause of poor air quality in cities and urban areas, negatively affecting large portions of the world’s population, causing further harm to the environment, and contributing further to climate change.
Electric vehicles have also been shown to contribute to air pollution depending on whether the energy they use is generated by conventional means, such as coal power plants. Additionally, primary PM emissions are also created through friction from tires and brake wear. Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and VOCs which are released by vehicles on roads create something otherwise known as photochemical smog in cities by forming photochemical reactions that result in ground-level ozone (O3).
On a more global scale, the transportation sector is yet again named as a major polluter since it was recorded that in 2021 alone, it produced more than seven billion metric tons of carbon dioxide (GtCO2). It was reported that passenger cars were the largest source of emissions that year, accounting for approximately 39 percent of global transportation emissions.
What is the health impact of air pollution from traffic?
A World Bank report estimated that the cost of health damage from air pollution amounted to about $8.1 trillion a year, equivalent to 6.1% of the global GDP.
It is additionally reported that more than 95 percent of those fatalities have occurred in countries where people of low- and middle-income households are regularly exposed to both indoor and outdoor concentrations of pollution particles (within a 300-500 meter distance of area with heavy traffic) which ranges significantly higher in percentage than guidelines established by the World Health Organization.
Aerosols also referred to as fine particulate matter or PM2.5 are the primary cause of pollution-related deaths each year, typically resulting in health conditions such as stroke, heart disease, lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pneumonia, neonatal disorders, and type 2 diabetes.
Both long-term and short-term exposure to air pollutants has been shown to cause various health issues. Groups of society that are thought to be most at risk include infants and young children, the elderly, and those who live near busy motorways or work with dangerous chemicals. People with pre-existing health conditions such as asthma, bronchitis, chronic inflammatory lung disease, and emphysema are also at risk of experiencing adverse health effects from traffic-related air pollution since it can make their condition worse, and trigger asthma attacks, infections, and various complications.
The development of transport-related air pollution over time
The link between air pollution and cars was initially established in the early 1950s by a California researcher who was able to determine that it was pollutants from traffic that were to blame for smoggy skies across cities in the U.S. At this time, conventional cars were found to emit about 13 grams of hydrocarbons (HC) per mile, 3.6 grams of nitrogen oxides (NOx), and 87 grams of carbon monoxide (CO).
The 1970s Clean Air Act
As a result, stricter policies were put in place to bring down levels of such pollutants, setting a new standard for the auto industry which prompted a variety of developments in new emission control technologies. Over time, Congress authorized the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to take control of regulating emissions from other sources of transport such as heavy-duty trucks, locomotives, various marine engines, and even construction and domestic equipment. This set the way for a series of milestones in transportation with the help of technological advances in engine design which in turn led to the creation of higher-quality fuels.
An integrated approach to emission control also highlighted a very important underlying factor which was the need for extensive and continuous collaboration between EPA and vehicle, engine, and fuel manufacturers, followed closely by the involvement of state and local governments, urban planners, and transport providers. As a result of the 1970s Clean Air Act, it’s been reported that air pollution has dropped by about 62%. By eliminating lead from fuels, sulfur levels are 90% lower now than before the regulation was put in place. New vehicles are also 98-99% cleaner for most major pollutants compared to cars from the 1960s, for example.
It has been estimated that for every $1 USD spent on reducing emissions from mobile sources, $9 USD goes towards initiatives that benefit public health, productivity, and the environment, as well as cutting costs. According to the EPA, it is expected that by 2030, air quality emissions will have in place the vehicle standards needed to achieve significant results in the prevention of over 40,000 premature deaths annually, including 34,000 avoided visits to the hospital as well as compensating for 4.8 million lost work days. But even with all of these accomplishments, the transportation sector is still considered to be the primary source responsible for over 55% of the total NOx emissions in the country.
In the European Union, it has been reported that since the 1990s, sulfur oxides (SOx) emissions from road transport have dropped by 99%, non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) by 89%, carbon monoxide (CO) emissions by 88%, and nitrogen oxides (NOx) by 60%. This still leaves primary PM2.5 emissions from braking, tire wear, and road abrasions which have gradually increased by 22% since the 2000s. In 2017, to be specific, non-exhaust PM2.5 was proven to have accounted for nearly 46% of the total emissions from the road transport sector.
What does the future of sustainable mobility look like?
There is a growing consensus between governments, city planners, and transport providers when it comes to the need for more sustainable patterns of transport activities. Many experts have looked at the concept of ‘’smart’’ or ‘’green cities’’ as the binding link needed to make a lasting change happen when it comes to reducing urban air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions.
The Evolution of Smart Cities
Such cities hold tremendous potential when it comes to solving a variety of urban issues that have put a great strain on municipalities. They are thought to be able to help with effectively regulating traffic (reducing congestion), promote more environmentally-friendly modes of transport, particularly in the public transport sector, upgrade existing city infrastructure, implement newer, smarter technologies, and replace old and outdated systems, as well as invest in better quality fuels. Greener and more efficient modes of transport are the future of sustainable mobility, through integrated land use along with smart transport planning.
An overall examination of transport-related air pollution shows an improvement in the sector as the numbers have gradually decreased across many nations, due to the number of environmental legislation and developments in vehicle technology. Some examples include innovations such as diesel particulate filters which have been shown to reduce tailpipe emissions by capturing soot, although they are still partially contributing to some forms of air pollution.
With that said, there is still a lot of room for development when it comes to improving the mobility sector and building a stable future for cities that aim to be sustainable, caring for the environment and the quality of life of its citizens. Some research shows that building additional vehicle infrastructure further stimulates people to use cars more, which unfortunately only makes the issue of traffic and congestion worse.
Some strategies for development in the sector that show promising results include the establishment of tax schemes and congestion charges that are predicted to discourage the use of diesel vehicles and driving in cities, in general. Alternatively, it is expected that investing in vehicle and fuel technologies will create a positive impact, along with further initiatives regarding the optimization of urban spaces to reduce vehicle travel demands. Improving areas of public transportation such as reliability, affordability, and accessibility is said to also bring public interest back, further stimulating citizens to choose more sustainable modes of transport. Additionally, encouraging people to use other means of moving around such as walking or cycling is also an option through improved infrastructure and further public initiatives.
With the world’s population steadily increasing and the effects of urbanization and climate change as evident as ever, it’s highly unlikely that there will be a single way of solving the issue of traffic and pollution. The best plan of action is perhaps a combination of carefully planned investments in smart technology, legislation, and infrastructure that promotes wellness and quality of life, with the environment in mind. We’ve already seen a lot of progress when it comes to such examples and we’re excited to see what the future will bring through combined effort and collaboration on a global scale.


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The Paris atmosphere arrangement looks to restrict an Earth-wide temperature boost to 1.5℃ this century. Another report by the World Meteorological Organization cautions this breaking point might be surpassed by 2024 – and the danger is developing.
This first overshoot past 1.5℃ would be brief, likely helped by a significant atmosphere oddity, for example, an El Niño climate design. In any case, it gives occasion to feel qualms about new whether Earth’s atmosphere can be forever balanced out at 1.5℃ warming.
This finding is among those simply distributed in a report named United in Science. We added to the report, which was set up by six driving science organizations, including the Global Carbon Project.
The report likewise found while ozone depleting substance outflows declined somewhat in 2020 because of the COVID-19 pandemic, they stayed high – which implied environmental carbon dioxide focuses have proceeded to rise.Greenhouse gases ascend as CO₂ discharges moderate
Groupings of the three primary ozone harming substances – carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH₄) and nitrous oxide (N₂O), have all expanded over the previous decade. Current fixations in the environment are, individually, 147%, 259% and 123% of those present before the modern period started in 1750.
Focuses estimated at Hawaii’s Mauna Loa Observatory and at Australia’s Cape Grim station in Tasmania show fixations kept on expanding in 2019 and 2020. Specifically, CO₂ fixations arrived at 414.38 and 410.04 parts per million in July this year, individually, at each station.Growth in CO₂ outflows from petroleum product use eased back to around 1% every year in the previous decade, down from 3% during the 2000s. An extraordinary decrease is normal in 2020, because of the COVID-19 monetary lull. Day by day CO₂ petroleum derivative outflows declined by 17% toward the beginning of April at the pinnacle of worldwide repression strategies, contrasted and the earlier year. However, by early June they had recuperated to a 5% decay.
We gauge a decay for 2020 of around 4-7% contrasted with 2019 levels, contingent upon how the pandemic plays out.
In spite of the fact that discharges will fall somewhat, barometrical CO₂ fixations will even now arrive at another record high this year. This is on the grounds that we’re despite everything adding a lot of CO₂ to the atmosphere.Warmest five years on record
The worldwide normal surface temperature from 2016 to 2020 will be among the hottest of any comparable period on record, and about 0.24℃ hotter than the past five years.
This five-year time span is en route to making another temperature record across a significant part of the world, including Australia, southern Africa, a lot of Europe, the Middle East and northern Asia, regions of South America and parts of the United States.Sea levels rose by 3.2 millimeters every year on normal in the course of recent years. The development is quickening – ocean level rose 4.8 millimeters every year in the course of recent years, contrasted with 4.1 millimeters yearly for the five years before that.
The previous five years have additionally observed numerous outrageous occasions. These incorporate record-breaking heatwaves in Europe, Cyclone Idai in Mozambique, major bushfires in Australia and somewhere else, delayed dry spell in southern Africa and three North Atlantic typhoons in 2017.1 in 4 possibility of surpassing 1.5°C warming
Our report predicts a keeping warming pattern. There is a high likelihood that, wherever on the planet, normal temperatures in the following five years will be over the 1981-2010 normal. Cold warming is required to be more than twice that the worldwide normal.
There’s a one-in-four possibility the worldwide yearly normal temperature will surpass 1.5℃ above pre-mechanical levels for at any rate one year throughout the following five years. The possibility is moderately little, yet at the same time critical and developing. In the event that a significant atmosphere abnormality, for example, a solid El Niño, happens in that period, the 1.5℃ edge is bound to be crossed. El Niño occasions by and large bring hotter worldwide temperatures.
Under the Paris Agreement, crossing the 1.5℃ limit is estimated over a 30-year normal, not only one year. Yet, consistently above 1.5℃ warming would take us closer to surpassing the cutoff.


The UN weather and climate agency, WMO, has warned that the latest “5G” mobile phone technology jeopardizes early warning services which protect people from natural disasters such as tropical cyclones.
In a resolution expressing “serious concern at the continuing threat to several radio-frequency bands” of 5G, the World Meteorological Organization’s executive Congress insisted that forecasting and alert services operated by countries had led to a big reduction in the loss of life in recent decades.
WMO’s spokesperson Clare Nullis explained that “we use these radio frequencies in the meteorological community…there’s concern that because of growing competition from new technology we’re going to be squeezed out of these frequencies.”
Weather alerts are linked to radio sensors that feed information into forecasting systems to provide more accurate predictions with longer warning times.
Experts are concerned that failing to manage unwanted emissions from new telecommunication technologies “would have a significant impact” on current weather-forecasting practices. Consequently, they say, it might reverse many of the gains in our warning services for natural hazards.
At a hearing of the Senate Commerce Committee on June 12, FCC Chairman Ajit Pai dismissed claims that 5G services operating at the 24 gigahertz band could interfere with weather observations and thus degrade the accuracy of forecasts, saying studies that made those claims were flawed.
Both the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, part of the Department of Commerce, and NASA have said that 5G could interfere with the detection of water vapour in the atmosphere.
In March and April 2019, Southern Africa was hit by two subsequent cyclones that left a trail of destruction in their path, and close to 2.2 million people in need urgent assistance in Mozambique alone.Intense Tropical Cyclone Idai was one of the worst tropical cyclones on record to affect Africa and the Southern Hemisphere. The long-lived storm caused catastrophic damage in Mozambique, Zimbabwe, and Malawi, leaving more than 1,000 people dead and thousands more missing.


Reductions in Air Pollution in China Saves Hundreds of Thousands of Lives Since 1990
The megacities of China have seen a remarkable fall in most markers for air pollution, as well as in associated deaths. According to a Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation-funded study from the journal Lancet, across all 33 of the Middle Kingdom’s provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities there have been reductions in air particulates related to […]
The post Reductions in Air Pollution in China Saves Hundreds of Thousands of Lives Since 1990 appeared first on Good News Network.
Source: Good News


Signs of climate change:
The earth is getting warmer due to greenhouse gases (co2)
Droughts are becoming more severe.
Glaziers and ice sheets are melting increasing sea levels.
More intense storms leading to flooding.
The earth is 4 and 1/2 billion years old and has been self-regulated.
But now humans have thrown it out of it’s regulation cycle.
It’s happening faster then the scientists expected.
Recent extreme weather events this year:
120 degrees F. in the Pacific Northwest of North America (USA and Canada)
Extreme flooding in Germany.
Wildfires in Oregon destroyed 1000 acres in one hour.
A years worth of rain fell in China in three days.
Scientists thought these extremes would occur later this century.
We need to stop burning fossil fuels and cutting down the forests.
Reduce greenhouse gasses.
Future generations will have to cope with extreme weather and it’s consequences if we don’t do something fast.
By our constant polluting of the atmosphere, we humans are transforming the future of our planet NOW!
We are approaching more and more tipping points that destabilise the climate.
What is a tipping point?
These points occur when global heat increases temperatures beyond a critical point.
This leads to severe impacts which cause extreme weather and change the climate.
We also hear a lot about the Greenhouse Effect.
What is it?
A greenhouse lets heat in but very little escapes.
So it gets very warm in the greenhouse.
So what keeps the earth warm?
Certain gasses in the atmosphere absorb heat redaction and throw it down to the earth’s surface.
But the gases don’t let the heat escape into space.
These gasses produce the Greenhouse Effect.
Some of the gasses are carbon dioxide, methane and water vapour.
It’s like throwing a blanket over the earth
Fossil fuel burning increases carbon dioxide making the blanket thicker!
Is human influence on the climate clear?
We have been polluting the atmosphere for years,The heat from the Greenhouse Effect melts the ice so sea levels increase.
We have created big changes in our climate systems.
More heat waves, more flooding, and more droughts.
Some nations have committed to cut Co2 emissions.
This is not enough, you need global commitment especially from the two large polluters, China and the US.
So in summary:
We recently had some global extreme weather.
So will it alert the public and politicians?
I hope so.
It should be a wake up call for all of us.
I’m going to recycle more and plant a tree. This is NO joke!


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The DEWTRAN series (patent pending) is a low cost precision chilled mirror hygrometer that provides quick and accurate measurements of dew point, air temperature, humidity and barometric pressure (wall mount units only). The units come configured as a wall mount, remote mount or for flow through applications. User selectable, units display, dew point (DP), air temperature (T), relative humidity (RH) and barometric pressure (BP) (Wall Mount Units Only)
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Applications are in HVAC, clean rooms, industrial processes, pharmaceutical, and environmental chambers.
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|CM-RO-DEWTRAN-W-T||Wall Mount with Remote Temperature Sensor, 10 ft cable- Measures dew point temperature, humidity and temperature.|
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|CM-RO-DEWTRAN-W-B-T||Wall Mount with Barometric Pressure - Measures dew point temperature, barometric pressure. and ambient temperature|
Wall Mount with Flow Through and Remote Temperature Sensor, 10 ft cable. Measures dew point temperature, humidity and remote temperature.
Remote Mount with Remote Dew Point and Remote Temperature Sensors, 10 ft. cables. Measures dew point temperature, humidity and remote temperature.
Dew Point: +/-0.2C
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RH: +/-1.0%(0-80%), +/-2% (>80% to 95%)
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Trevor Bishop – he’s THE MAN……as he said last April
Head of water resources at the Environment Agency Trevor Bishop said: “A longer-term drought, lasting until Christmas and perhaps beyond, now looks more likely.
….or maybe not….
Hundreds of alerts have been issued by the Environment Agency this month, as several days’ worth of rain has fallen in just a few hours at its worst, contributing to a year of bad weather which has left the UK on the brink of its wettest since records began in 1910.
Those climate experts…..don’t you just love them……


Title: Geoengineering Vs. Climate Engineering: DevelopingEnvironmentally-Conscious and Business-Driven Climate Policies for India.
Abstract: Article 4 of the United Nations' Paris Agreement, for the first time, commits signatory nations to utilizing carbon sinks - forests, soil, oceans and new-age carbon-capture technologies - to attain the Agreement's objective of limiting the rise of global surface temperature to less than 1.5 degrees Celsius. Creating carbon sinks, an act of geoengineering, can potentially reduce the high concentrations of anthropogenic greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, which are a cause of climate change phenomena. Geoengineering is, however, distinct from climate engineering. The latter focuses on reducing the global average surface temperature by modifying local weather patterns, not by reducing the underlying greenhouse gas concentrations. This lecture will highlight the distinctions between the two, the geopolitical challenges of climate engineering, the large socio-economic opportunities hidden within geoengineering and how Indiashould devise environmentally-conscious and business-driven climate policies in the future.
Biography: Dr. Chaitanya Giri is the Gateway House Fellow of Space and Ocean Studies. His present research focuses aquapolitics and astropolitics, the new-age techno-geostrategy, the space and marine industrial complex, and the science of space exploration. Prior to Gateway House, Dr. Giri has worked as planetary and astromaterials scientist for nearly a decade. He was affiliated to the Earth-Life Science Institute at Tokyo Institute of Technology, the Geophysical Laboratory at Carnegie Institution for Science, and the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center as an ELSI Origins Network Fellow. He was earlier an International Max Planck Research Fellow at the Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research in Germany and the University of Nice in France. Dr. Giri was also a scientific crew member of the European Space Agency's Rosetta mission to comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. He is a recipient of several fellowships and awards, including the 2014 Dieter Rampacher Prize of the Max Planck Society for the Advancement of the Science, Germany and the 2016-2018 ELSI Origins Network Fellowship by the John Templeton Foundation, USA to name a few.


Wild Plants and Wooly Bears
As the sun drops behind the pines on the ridge in back of my house, I am surprised to see a prominent sun dog a few degrees east of the setting orb. And while my new, The American Heritage Dictionary carries no description of a sun dog, my 1969 Merriam-Webster dictionary does. It says, “A small nearly rounded halo on the parhelic circle most frequently just outside the halo of 22 degrees.” Of course to a non-scientist, this sounds like gobbledygook.
Not to pick a scrap with Merriam-Webster, but I have never seen a round sun dog. In every case, sun dogs that I witnessed were in the shape of a bar. These show the color spectrum the same as a rainbow.
Anyway, sun dogs precede storms. I think I heard something once about ice crystals in the atmosphere reflecting the sun’s rays, and thus a sun dog. I’m not certain if that’s so, but I do know that a sun dog is about the most reliable weather indicator going. When a sun dog appears in the afternoon sky, it’s for certain that a storm is neigh.
While one sun dog is a sure sign of oncoming bad weather, two give an infallible testimony. Tomorrow’s storm probably won’t be too severe, because I only saw a single sun dog.
By the way, I have also seen the word spelled sundog. But since Merriam-Webster was kind enough to include a description in their dictionary, I’ll adhere to their spelling…sun dog.
So call them sun dogs or sundogs, it doesn’t really matter. But remember that they are reliable weather prognosticators.


The ocean is the key element in Earth's hydrologic cycle (water cycle). Students will construct a simple model of the hydrologic cycle to help them visualize and understand the movement of liquid water and heat.
The hydrologic cycle is the continual movement of water from one place to another
and from one state of matter to another.
The hydrologic cycle plays a major role in distributing water and heat around the planet.
This activity can be set up as a demonstration by the teacher or as a small
group activity. Final interpretation should be done by the whole class. The
effects of this demonstration are more dramatic if a larger aquarium is used.
You might wish to set up the aquariums on one day and begin the observations on the next day. If so, you can leave the light shining overnight.
Rain and snow bring water to Earth's surface. Where does the water go from there? How does water move around the planet? Will Earth ever run out of water? Write a hypothesis that explains the movement of water between the ocean and the atmosphere.
What you have observed in your aquarium is a very simple version of Earth's hydrologic cycle. Through the process of evaporation, the liquid water became water vapor. Water vapor is invisible. As the water vapor cooled at the top of the container, it formed tiny water droplets. This process is called condensation, the process of water vapor changing into liquid. The hydrologic cycle is one mechanism for distributing water and heat on Earth. The oceans play an important role in the cycle. Water evaporates from the ocean and, in some instances, the winds carry the water vapor inland. Eventually, the water vapor cools in the atmosphere and forms tiny water droplets that combine into larger raindrops. Note: This is a very simplified explanation for an extremely complex process.
The atmosphere interacts with the ocean, which in turn, interacts with the atmosphere. Winds in the atmosphere create ocean waves, and the heat supplied from the ocean warms the atmosphere. Atmospheric patterns determine the oceanic flows, which influences where - and how much - heat is released to the atmosphere. Moreover, atmospheric cloud cover determines by how much - and where - the ocean will be heated.
Atmospheric water vapor is important because heat released by rain fuels atmospheric circulation. Water vapor is also related to sea surface humidity, which controls the transfer of latent heat (heat required for evaporation) from the oceans to the atmosphere. In addition, water vapor is a greenhouse gas which affects how the earth retains heat. Monitoring the global water vapor content is thus an important task for understanding the role of the oceans in weather and climate change.
The TOPEX/Poseidon satellite measures atmospheric water vapor with an onboard microwave radiometer. Have your students watch a color-coded data animation showing how atmospheric water vapor changes over time. What factors might cause such changes? They can also see updates to these data on the world wide web: http://topex-www.jpl.nasa.gov.


What is Carbon Accounting or Carbon Emission Footprint?
A measurement and details of an organisation’s greenhouse gas emission based on their tasks and activities over a defined period of time. The product is made up of a Carbon Inventory, holding data collected, and a full Carbon Inventory Report interpreting the Carbon Inventory.
The Purpose of Carbon Accounting
The Carbon Inventory and Report deliver a management tool:
• To increase knowledge and skills in respect to risk management
• Managing emissions
• Meeting compliance requirements
• Overseeing the effects of future price increases on energy and resources
• Showcasing opportunities waiting to be explored in terms of efficiencies and conservation
• Supply chain tools to meet emission reporting requirements from current and future customers
Data included in the Carbon Inventory
The Carbon Inventory group direct and indirect emission sources into three data categories: Scope 1, 2 and 3.
Scope 1: All direct greenhouse gas emissions
Scope 2: Indirect greenhouse gas emissions from consumption of purchased electricity, heat or steam
Scope 3: Other indirect emissions from other sources, relating to the tasks and activities of the reporting entity
Source: The GHG Protocol
The Carbon Inventory, which displays the data collected and calculated emission is established in accordance with standards from The Greenhouse Gas Protocol and emission data is calculated using the latest Australian version of the National Greenhouse Accounts Factors (published by the Department of Environment).
Example of a Carbon Inventory Report, Summary Table.
Emission sources such as taxi fares, catering, and staff commuting can also be included in the carbon inventory report. An energy and resource audit assists in surfacing emission sources.


First named storm of the season, and one of the few named storms of 2023, will affect many regions of the UK and Ireland tomorrow.
Strong winds and heavy rain are set to batter the UK as Agnes sweeps across the country, says the Met Office.
2023 has been an unusually quiet year when it comes to severe storms. Storm Otto, which was not named by the UK Met Offic but rather by the Danish Meteorological Institute, hit Scotland and north-east England in February 2023 but the weather has been fairly calm since then. Especially when compared to most previous years.
Since the current naming scheme started in 2016, between five and ten named storms have hit the UK each winter. Who can forget Storm Eunice in February 2022, the worst storm in a generation? Plus, too many others to name.
So, what’s been going on with the weather this year?
Variable UK weather
Chance can always play a role, particularly in the case of UK weather.
A narrow band of strong winds in the upper atmosphere, known as the jet stream, steers storms that originate over the North Atlantic towards Europe and the UK. But the jet stream itself is naturally very variable and can shift in position and strength. This can cause the UK’s weather to vary a lot from year to year.
The upshot is that, although 2023 has been very quiet, chances are next year could be very different. Storm Agnes may be the first of many severe storms this winter to cause damage and mayhem.
So be prepared! Hold on to your hats – and your fence posts.


Turning Toxic Fumes Into Breathable Air…
Every year, air pollution causes 7 million deaths globally. That’s 7x the number of deaths associated with water pollution! We breathe in a wide range of airborne pollutants every day, both indoors and outdoors. Indoors, they are caused by cooking, cleaning, and off-gassing of paint, carpeting, furniture, and other sources. Outdoors, airborne pollutants originate from cars, trucks, planes, energy generators, factories, and the list goes on. They are a major cause of cancer, heart attacks, and chronic illnesses.
Metalmark is on a mission to address challenges associated with air pollution and climate change. Located in Boston, MA, our scientists and engineers are tackling these problems by inventing novel materials that can decompose pollutants and improve energy efficiency of buildings, vehicles, and much more.
*Examples of air pollutants: PM2.5 (including PM1.0 and PM0.1), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide (CO), ozone, sulfur oxides (SOx), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and more.


© Reuters. Palm bushes blow within the wind and rain as the primary of two again to again storms brings heavy rain to southern California in Encinitas, California, U.S., February 1, 2024. REUTERS/Mike Blake
By Maria Caspani
(Reuters) -Storm-battered California confronted another hit on Sunday as forecasters predicted heavy rainfall and hurricane-force winds would batter a lot of the state, threatening floods, mudslides and energy outages.
The storm is the second Pineapple Express climate system, or atmospheric river storm, to hit the state up to now week and arrives as Los Angeles welcomes scores of celebrities for the music trade’s glitzy Grammy awards.
The extreme climate situations prompted the National Weather Service’s Bay Area workplace to subject an especially uncommon hurricane-force wind warning for Big Sur and close by areas.
“It is quite extreme at the moment,” Daniel Swain, a local weather scientist on the University of California Los Angeles, mentioned of the gusts sweeping the area in a live-stream on Sunday.
The NWS recorded peak wind gusts of 70 mph (112.6 kph) in numerous areas throughout the state.
Marking another uncommon occasion, the climate company put a big swath of southern California beneath a “High Risk of Excessive Rainfall” by Monday.
“This heavy rainfall will bring the threat for life-threatening flash, urban, and river flooding as well as debris flows and mudslides,” the NWS mentioned in a bulletin launched on Sunday.
The coastal metropolis and port of Long Beach close to Los Angeles might get extra rain this week than it does throughout a whole yr, mentioned Mayor Rex Richardson, who’s anticipating 5-7 inches (13-18 cm) beginning Sunday by Tuesday.
Los Angeles might get hit with as a lot wind and rain as what Tropical Storm Hilary introduced in August, Mayor Karen Bass mentioned.
California’s southern and central coasts are bracing for an inch of rain an hour and totals of 3-6 inches (7-15 cm), the U.S. National Weather Service mentioned. As a lot as 6-12 inches are anticipated within the foothills and lower-elevation mountains.
The climate company designated areas together with Santa Barbara and Los Angeles counties as excessive threat for extreme rainfall each Sunday and Monday, forecasting “near continuous rainfall” for the subsequent 48 hours.
With soil already saturated and streams working excessive, the flood potential is even increased, forecasters mentioned.
Santa Barbara and Los Angeles counties issued evacuation orders for some residents as a result of threat of life-threatening floods from the storm. Mandatory evacuations had been in impact in elements of the San Jose area and Ventura County.
Rain will flip into heavy snow at increased elevations within the mountain ranges of northern California and the Sierra Nevada, with whole accumulation of a number of ft forecast for the Sierra area by Tuesday, and snow charges of 2-3 inches per hour the NWS mentioned.


14 day weather in lessay animated forecast maps with rain, wind, satellite and temperatures always up-to-date. Weather map, france current conditions observed at: jersey airport port en bessin la hague cherbourg / maupertus alderney / channel island caen dinard guernsey airport. 14-day weather forecast for lessay (normandy france) know your holiday weather - with zoover. Weather forecast lessay - manche ☼ longitude : -153 latitude : 4922 altitude : 7m ☀ la normandie est bordée par la manche au nord-ouest de la france sur une longueur de plus de 600 km le long de la côte d'albâtre, les hautes falai. Get lessay, normandy's latest tide tables showing high tide and low tide heights, fishing times, weather forecasts, surf reports and solunar charts this week.
Find the most current and reliable hourly weather forecasts, storm alerts, reports and information for lessay, fr with the weather network. 14-day weather forecast for st helier outlook for sunday to tuesday sunday will be a dry and breezy day with sunny periods, although these may be rather hazy. Lessay, basse-normandie, france - monthly weather averages including average high and low temperature, precipitation, pressure, wind charts to assist you in planning your travel, holiday or an outdoor activity at lessay, france. View the latest weather forecasts, maps, news and alerts on yahoo weather find local weather forecasts for lessay, france throughout the world.
7 day, 14 day and 25 day weather forecasts for lessay accurate and updated regularly by holiday weather. Lessay, france current weather report, lessay, france, basse-normandie, france hour by hour 10 day weather forecast, historical weather, weather animated map, holiday weather forecast and more. The best times to visit lessay for ideal weather are may 7th to september 23rd based on average temperature and humidity from noaa (the national oceanic and atmospheric administration). Book your tickets online for the top things to do in lessay, france on tripadvisor: see 287 traveller reviews and photos of lessay tourist attractions find what to do today, this weekend, or in august.
Weather in agon-coutainville, weather in barneville-carteret, weather in blainville-sur-mer, weather in bricquebec, weather in canisy, weather in carentan, weather in cerisy-la-salle, weather in coutances, weather in creances, weather in gouville-sur-mer, weather in hebecrevon, weather in la haye-du-puits, weather in marigny, weather in . In lessay, the summers are comfortable, the winters are long and very cold, and it is windy and partly cloudy year round over the course of the year, the temperature typically varies from 38°f to 71°f and is rarely below 29°f or above 79°f. Today’s and tonight’s lessay, france weather forecast, weather conditions and doppler radar from the weather channel and weathercom.
When is the best time to visit lessay discover the peak season and when to visit lessay check daily climate conditions, month wise weather, rainfall, humidity in lessay to know which month or season is the best time to visit lessay. Wind, waves & weather forecast lessay / normandie, france for kitesurfing, windsurfing, surfing & sailing. Weather in lessay for today, accurate weather forecast for today for lessay, lower normandy, france.


While we are in the midst of a huge winter storm that is predicted to leave record snow fall, it got me to wondering. What was the largest amount of snow fall recorded in 24 hrs?
Yeah, I really do wonder about stuff like that.
Turns out to have been 76 inches recorded in Colorado in 1921. That is over 6 feet of snow in one day!
I will have a prize for someone who leaves a comment asking another snow or blizzard related comment. Leave your question in a comment box below and I will choose a winner at random on Monday 2/11/13.


A few days ago, Breitbart put out a report stating that the earth was actually cooling. The Weather Channel responded with a retort: https://weather.com/news/news/breitbart-misleads-americans-climate-change
Basically, the Weather Channel told Breitbart to quit misleading people about climate change. While the message from the Weather Channel is agreeable, there is more TheGeoScholar is up to discuss.
Breitbart is not a scientific journal. Breitbart is not involved in making scientific studies. All it did was take a clip of something some the Weather Channel and used it to their own benefit.
This report will show the trends of the earth’s temperatures. http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/GISSTemperature/giss_temperature2.php?src=share
To get an idea of idea, one has to understand the difference between climate and weather. Weather is now, climate is over time. And the earth’s temperature averages in the NASA report are being shown on the graph in both annual and 5 year averages. That is what climate is about. Averages over time.
In short, Breitbart should just admit its own bias. Admit that this is not about telling the truth, but spreading their own version of propaganda. What is even more disconcerting is that President-elect Donald Trump has picked Steve Bannon, who used to run Breitbart, as part of his cabinet. Trump has also expressed desires to defund NASA. If NASA is defunded, then tracking the earth’s annual temperatures will be even more difficult.
This is the reality. The earth has been trending towards getting warmer over the past 50 years. That is a fact. One off year doesn’t negate years of trends. This is why scientists and geographers need to report on this. Not Breitbart. Donald Trump claims global warming is a hoax from the Chinese. Well, prove it.


|The average annual temperature on the island varies between 20°C - 36°C, april and may are the hottest months. Period from november to april (high season) is the best time for travel to Koh Lanta.
September and October can bring rain and in May comes the south-east monsoon with whom the island fall storm surges and other delights of weather.
All video and photo information shown on the website was made on Koh Lanta in May 2013.
Water temperature average at 28C throughout the
year, although the tide can become a bit rough during the monsoon season it is still safe for swimming.


Maintaining air quality is every homeowner’s goal. Naturally we want the air we breathe to be healthy. However, most of us have no idea about the serious health issues that poor indoor air quality can cause or how air purifiers can help. The American Lung Association states that poor quality air, besides causing headaches, fatigue and queasiness, can also trigger diseases like asthma, respiratory infections and sometimes, lung cancer.
Scary facts about indoor air quality
According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), here are some shocking facts we must be aware of, about indoor air quality:
- Compared to outdoor air, indoor air can be five times more polluted. So much for staying indoors!
- High temperature, humidity levels and inadequate ventilation are the three main culprits that increase the level of pollution inside the house
- On average, an American spends nine out of ten hours indoors
- Indoor air pollution is one of the five worst environmental health risks
- Children suffer even more, because they breathe more air based on their size, and therefore inhale more pollutants
A majority of homeowners have no idea about the risks of poor home air quality and the health concerns it poses. Considering the number of hours we spend indoors, focusing on indoor air quality is a priority.
How can you improve home air quality?
There are a number of home air quality products that help you stay healthy. They are:
- Air Purifiers
- Air Exchangers
- HEPA Filters
Since I mentioned high temperature, humidity levels and inadequate ventilation as the culprits that make indoor air pollution worse, let’s look at them in turn.
Humidifiers and the importance of humidity control
It can be tricky to achieve the perfect level of humidity inside the home. But during winter, when your indoor heating makes the already dry air even drier, staying indoors can be quite a nasty experience. As if that weren’t enough, dry air is known to cause problems. It makes you feel colder and makes you turn up the heating. Along with higher heating bills, here’s what you must fear:
- Dry itchy skin
- Respiratory health issues
- A bleeding nose
- Dry air results in static electricity and shocks
- Have a drywall? Expect it to crack
- Wood walls and flooring? Watch them warp
- Mold, which is a huge health risk on its own
As you can see, dry air harms your home and your health. Investing in a whole house humidifier can benefit you by protecting your walls and floors, make you more comfortable and reduce allergens in the air.
What about seasonal allergies? If you or someone in your family suffers from allergies or asthma, humidifiers help you breathe more comfortably. Allergy symptoms like coughs and a sore throat become aggravated by dry air, irritating the airways and lungs. An indoor humidifier can not only bring relief, but also prevent a sinus infection, which can be very painful.
Choosing the right humidifier is key to maintaining indoor air quality. This means identifying the right humidity level for your needs and proper maintenance of the humidifier to avoid bringing in bacteria and mold spores indoors.
Dehumidifiers and their role in relieving seasonal allergies
What to do if the humidity levels become too high inside your home? They create an environment for pollutants, contaminants and allergens to flourish. To prevent this, use a dehumidifier to control the humidity. This works by drying out the air making it difficult for mold, mildew, bacteria and dust mites to enter.
A dehumidifier for your entire home can be a wise investment, helping you better control over humidity levels and air quality rather than using one in just one or two rooms.
Other ways to control indoor humidity?
Identifying the warning signs of unhealthy humidity levels is the main step. Here are some ways to find out if your indoor humidity levels are unhealthy:
- You see mold or rot
- The air smells musty
- Your walls, floors and ceilings have wet spots
- You see condensed vapor on your window and door glass.
- Suddenly there are more pests and insects
- The air has a muggy uncomfortable feel
While this list is certainly not the ideal situation, remember that too much dehumidification can make the air too dry, causing its own bunch of problems such as increasing allergy symptoms and irritation of the eyes, airways, lungs and skin.
Aim for a humidity level of 50% to 35%, no less and no more. Balanced air moisture is important to keep you and your home healthy.
Highly polluted indoor air can be a silent killer, quietly breeding chronic respiratory health conditions. Pollutants can be in the form of mold spores, passive smoking, carbon monoxide, lead dust, bacteria and viruses. Most people have no idea of the damage it can cause.
This can be minimized using a high-quality air purifier which can prevent almost 99% pollutants from attacking your home. Depending on the air quality you need, air cleaners and purifiers are available as:
- HEPA air purifiers
- UV air purifiers
- Air exchangers
Let’s look at how air exchanges can help.
Air exchangers and their health benefits
When outdoor air is blocked, the air inside the home turns musty, inviting bacteria, chemicals, dust, mold, and other pollutants. At Cyril Air, we suggest investing in a high quality basement air exchanger or a whole house air exchanger to keep the air fresh.
Air exchangers basically exchange the air between the indoors and the outdoors, replacing the polluted indoor air with fresh air from outside. A high quality air exchanger will also have an air filter to filter out allergens, dust and pollution so that only clean, fresh air enters the home.
The most important benefit of air exchangers is keeping you healthy, preventing pollutants in the air that can cause serious health conditions such as asthma, lung infections/cancer and COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease). Air exchangers also minimize conditions like dry eyes, headaches and other symptoms associated with air contamination. According to the American Lung Association, you should ensure that your home is well-ventilated to avoid building up stale air and preventing disease. A quality air exchanger promotes:
- Better air flow between your indoors and outdoors.
- Clean air indoors, exchanging the musty indoor air with fresh air from the outdoors.
- Fewer toxins and pollutants inside.
If you have a heating and cooling system installed, an air exchanger can help to maintain fresh air.
HEPA Filters – high quality air
HEPA Filters enable the highest air quality as recommended by the United States Department of Energy with their ability to 99.97% of pollutants measuring 0.3 microns from indoor air. Medical institutions that require strict high levels of hygiene use high-efficiency particulate air filters to trap viral and bacterial organisms circulating in the air.
Do you need high quality filters?
Good question! The answer lies in your filter. Is your filter clogged with dirt and dust and heaven knows what else? If you said yes, this can make your heating and cooling equipment inefficient, in addition to polluting your indoor air. Here are four critical reasons to investing in high quality filters:
- Keep your indoor air quality fresh and clean
- Make your heating and cooling system super-efficient while saving on energy bills.
- Enjoy longer life from your heating and cooling equipment. High quality filters promotes free airflow through the ducts eliminating the chances of damage through overheating or freezing
- Save on maintenance by avoiding expensive repairs. Blocked filters mean overheating/freezing in your equipment, interfering with its operation and causing it to crash. High quality filters can help prevent this.
Keeping the air you breathe clean and fresh is the first step to staying healthy, while reducing your home heating and cooling expenses.


Center for Economics and the Environment: Policy Series
Most people associate air pollution with automobiles and factories. But air pollution has been a part of human existence for thousands of years, and accounts of noxious urban air go back to ancient times. The Roman statesman Seneca bemoaned, “the stink, soot, and heavy air” of Rome in 61 AD.1 London has suffered from air pollution since the Middle Ages, when coal became a common fuel in smithies and lime burners. The problem was bad enough that King Edward I in 1285 created a commission to improve the city’s air quality.2
Today, despite vast increases in energy production, motorized transportation, and economic activity in general, American cities enjoy cleaner air than at any time in the last century. Monitoring data show air pollution had already been declining for decades before the Clean Air Act was adopted in 1970 and air quality has continued to improve during the last few decades. Existing requirements for motor vehicles, factories, and consumer products ensure that air quality will continue to improve for decades to come. The health effects literature indicates that air pollution has become a minor factor in people’s health and welfare.
Despite America’s extraordinary success in mitigating air pollution, surveys show great and increasing public concern over air quality. Many people mistakenly believe air pollution has been getting worse and will continue to worsen in the future, and that air pollution is still a serious threat to public health.
Americans receive most of their information about air pollution from journalists, government regulators, environmental activists, and scientists. Unfortunately, much of this information exaggerates air pollution levels and health risks, and obscures or ignores positive trends. As a result, much of what Americans “know” about air pollution is false.
Exaggerating harm from air pollution makes us worse off overall. The public’s interest is best served by an accurate portrayal of risk. Environmental regulations are not free. People ultimately bear regulatory costs, because those costs are passed along in the form of higher prices for useful goods and services, lower wages, and lower returns on investments. We have many needs and aspirations and scarce resources with which to fulfill them. When we devote resources to an exaggerated risk, we give up opportunities to address other real and substantial risks, or to pursue other improvements to our health and quality of life. Air pollution alarmism also foments unnecessary public fear.
People can make informed decisions about air pollution policy only if they have accurate information on the risks they face, the costs and benefits of further reductions in pollution emissions, and the benefits of devoting scarce resources to air pollution control versus other public and private priorities. The question isn’t whether we would prefer less air pollution, of course we would. But in the real world, we have to make tradeoffs among competing goals and aspirations. If risks from air pollution are exaggerated, we will make these tradeoffs poorly, to the detriment of our overall health and welfare.
This paper explores air pollution trends and health effects and their portrayal in the media and other popular sources of information.
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-No Derivative Works 4.0 International License.
Schwartz, Joel, "Breathing Easier About Air Quality" (2006). Center for Applied Economics. 34.