Far North Queensland cyclones
By JOL Admin | 14 November 2011
Since 1858, there have been 207 tropical cyclones along the east coast of Queensland with the majority hitting North Queensland. There is a strong relationship with Eastern Australian tropical cyclone impacts and the El Nino-Southern Oscillation phenomenon with almost twice as many impacts during La Nina than during El Nino.
Since Cairns was founded in 1876, there have been at least 53 cyclones which have had a reported or measured impact on the city. Cairns comes under the influence of tropical cyclones on average, at least once every two years. One of the first, on 8 March, 1878, almost destroyed the settlement before it had a chance to fully establish.
On March 16, 1911, one of the worst cyclones on record hit Port Douglas and Mossman. By the morning after, both towns were wrecked. In Port Douglas, 2 lives were lost, most of the buildings in the town were levelled and only 7 of the 57 homes were left standing. Sixteen inches of rain had fallen within 24 hours. Cairns had balconies stripped off buildings and roofing iron lost. Verandahs collapsed and some buildings were unroofed. Winds and floods caused widespread damage to plantations near cooktown.
Two children sitting with a badly damaged piano amongst the debris from the Port Douglas cyclone of 1911. State Library of Queensland negative number 164590
Port Douglas's future became uncertain and many of the damaged buildings were never rebuilt. The town continued to suffer hardship after the devastation and the population fell from 325 in 1911 to only 162 in 1933.
The State Library of Queensland holds an extensive collection of cyclone themed photographs which can be easily browsed through our One Search catalogue.
To see the course of cyclones for any given year , see the BOM site. http://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/about/cyclones-eastern.shtml
Karen Hind, Librarian - State Library of Queensland
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Philadelphia schools are closing at 12 p.m. tomorrow due to heat and high humidity.
A School District of Philadelphia announcement reads:
“According to the National Weather Service, temperatures are expected to again soar to the upper 90’s tomorrow in Philadelphia. The expected extreme weather coupled by the high humidity levels could create a situation in which heat illness is possible The District is taking this heat warning seriously by closing schools, which includes early childhood programs, at 12:00 p.m. tomorrow, Monday June 11, 2012. At the 12:00 p.m. dismissal time, routine transportation will occur for students.”
District-run after-school programs will also be closed. Visit www.philasd.org or call 215-400-INFO (4636) for any updates.


The different patterns observed on the surface of the sun include sunspots, solar flares, prominences, and granulation. Sunspots are dark, cooler regions caused by magnetic activity, while solar flares are intense explosions that release massive amounts of energy. Prominences are loops of plasma that extend above the solar surface, and granulation refers to the cellular-like pattern caused by convection currents on the sun's photosphere.
Sun patterns are useful for studying solar activity because they provide valuable information about the Sun's behavior and changes over time. By analyzing the patterns of sunspots, solar flares, and other solar features, scientists can track the Sun's magnetic activity, study the frequency and intensity of solar storms, and understand the Sun's impact on Earth's climate and space weather. Sun patterns help predict solar activity, which is crucial for space exploration, satellite operations, and protecting technological infrastructure on Earth.
Understanding sun patterns is crucial for space weather forecasting because the sun is the primary source of space weather events such as solar flares and coronal mass ejections (CMEs). By monitoring and analyzing the patterns and activities of the sun, scientists can predict and forecast space weather phenomena, which can have significant impacts on communication systems, satellites, astronauts, and other technological infrastructure in space and on Earth. Accurate forecasting of space weather allows for better preparedness and mitigation strategies, minimizing potential damage and ensuring the safety of technology and human activities in space.


Rumor, actually the weather service, has it we might actually get some cold weather. Where we’ve been 80 or close to it (tomorrow Thanksgiving its supposed to be 76), by Sunday evening we should be down to 37. And Monday evening we may even hit a low of 30. We’ll see if that actually happens, but it would be nice to get the cool down.
The other nice possibility is where tomorrow should be 76, Friday should drop to a high of 64 and maybe rain, and Saturday may bring thunderstorms and a high of 53. For the week after that we should be no higher than 65. That would be nice, a bit of a cool down. We will see if we actually cool down that much and if we stay cool for a few days. And we could definitely use the rain.
But at this point the weather service says we are finally going to get out the high warm temperatures and start our fall temperature cool down, with maybe our first frost of the season. Yeah, provided it actually happens. I’d even settle for chilly nights in the mid 30’s. That would be a welcome change.


9.8.2012 Project Clearflo to monitor air quality
London's most comprehensive attempt to measure and record air pollution in the capital is now underway – with 80 scientists from 11 universities monitoring nearly 1,000 different gases and particles in the atmosphere.
Project ClearFlo was timed to start during the Olympics, and intends to help improve air quality forecasting in years to come. Air quality is being examined at ground level, from the top of the BT Tower and using a research plane circling the capital.
Much of the capital's air pollution is generated from transport on the ground, which causes London to frequently exceed international air quality standards set by the EU and World Health Organisation. If limits are breached more than 30 days of the year, significant fines have to be paid to the EU.
It is important to study air quality as gases such as ozone, nitrogen dioxide and particulates are a well know cause of health problems, mainly respiratory related. However, one scientist said that many of the chemicals are not emitted directly by vehicles etc, but are formed during interactions between different pollutants when in the atmosphere, in the presence of sunlight.
One such interaction that is being monitored from a playground in Kensington is the chemical known as hydroxyl that is produced when sunlight hits ozone. Hydroxyl then acts as a catalyst to generate nitrogen dioxide – a toxic gas that causes many health problems.
The main reason for embarking into such a detailed analysis of London's air quality is so that forecasting times of high pollution can be made more accurate, and advice can be given for abatement in the future.
The technical instruments used during the project have previously been deployed all round the world, including Tasmania and Antarctica, by fitting them to shipping containers and vehicles. This has given the researchers a clear picture of what unpolluted air looks like – what is visible in London is very different!
A collection of data from the ground, London's BT Tower and Britain's largest atmospheric research plane will be collaborated to create a three-dimensional pollution image of what is known as the "London Plume" – a manmade cloud that rises over London. Major contribution to the plume comes from vehicles, heating boilers, domestic cookers and occasionally European industrial pollution.
The research aircraft flies very close to sea level along the south and east coasts around London. Scientists are able to analyse air the blows into London off the sea and air that blown out the other side. The difference between the two allows them to understand what is happening in the middle – what is added to the air over London.
A major aim of the project is to determine what portion of the air pollution above London is sourced in the capital itself, and how much of it is blown over from European industrial centres.
Dr Grant Allen of the University of Manchester explains that: "Part of this project is to assess whether we're breaking those limits because of the pollution generated in London itself or whether it's pollution that might be coming into the UK from the Continent."
Pollution over London during the Olympics so far has been at relatively low levels, but if temperatures rise and the sun starts to shine, pollution could quickly build up. For people that are vulnerable to respiratory problems, such as those with asthma, could benefit hugely from having an accurate forecast, something that ClearFlo aims to make possible.
BBC, Project Clearflo
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4castr was my first mobile app to reach a large audience. When the app was first released under the name Weather+ in January 2014, Windows Central called it "a powerful and beautiful forecast app." It was later renamed to 4castr as part of a contest in order to settle a trademark dispute. The app itself used the Weather Underground API as well as radar data from the National Weather Service. It was dubbed "the most advanced weather app for Windows Phone," as it offered unique features like spoken weather alert notifications and a gesture-controlled panel layout.
4castr received major updates until late 2015, at which point I had fulfilled nearly all of my user's requests. The app remained functional for Windows Phone users until February 2019, when Weather Underground shut down their API after being acquired by The Weather Channel. Given that the vast majority of users left the Windows Phone platform during 2015-2018, the app has not since been updated and is no longer available to download.
In The News
Official Microsoft Blog


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(10:00PM - 11/25/18) A short term/quick update on the blizzard that is currently affecting portions of the state...
The rain/snow line currently sits from downtown Chicago, down towards Central Illinois. This is steadily pushing east, with a transition to snow occurring. Heavy snows are likely overnight across a good portion of Northern and Central Illinois. Winds gusts of 30-50mph will also continue to be likely, leading to blizzard conditions. Additionally, the heavy/wet nature of the snow combined with the high winds will likely lead to widespread tree damage and power outages.
Our earlier snowfall TAM is still on track, with a large swath of snowfall totals of 9-12" being still likely, with localized totals of 12-15" possible as well.
The NWS has upgraded Cook County (which includes the Chicago metro area) along with Dupage, Grundy and Will counties all in Northeast Illinois. Rain is expected to transition to heavy, wet snow this evening.
Additionally, and the main reason for the blizzard warning, will be strengthening winds that will gust to around 50mph. This will make for extremely dangerous white out conditions. Travel is strongly discouraged.
Here is the warning text from the NWS.
Grundy-Will- Including the cities of Morris and Joliet 332 PM CST Sun Nov 25 2018 ...BLIZZARD WARNING IN EFFECT UNTIL 9 AM CST MONDAY...
* WHAT...Blizzard conditions expected. Winds gusting as high as 45 mph will cause whiteout conditions in blowing snow. Significant drifting of the snow is likely. Total snow accumulations of 4 to 8 inches, with localized amounts up to 10 inches, are expected. * WHERE...Grundy and Will Counties.
* WHEN...Until 9 AM CST Monday. Conditions will likely ramp up mid evening and overnight.
...BLIZZARD WARNING IN EFFECT UNTIL 9 AM CST MONDAY...
* WHAT...Blizzard conditions expected. Winds gusting as high as 45 mph will cause whiteout conditions in blowing snow. Significant drifting of the snow is likely. Total snow accumulations of 7 to 11 inches, with localized amounts up to 13 inches, are expected. * WHERE...DuPage and Cook Counties.
* WHEN...Until 9 AM CST Monday. Conditions ramping up between 6 PM and 9 PM this evening, first across northwest areas. * ADDITIONAL DETAILS...Travel could be very difficult. Snow covered roads and significantly reduced visibility are expected. Snowfall rates in excess of 2 inches per hour are possible. This snow is expected to be very heavy and will be difficult to shovel. The strong winds and heavy snow may cause falling tree limbs and possible power outages.
(1:15PM - 11/25/18) The expected major storm system is now pushing into the region, with precipitation ongoing across portions of Northern and Central Illinois this morning and early afternoon. The only real change this update is to tighten snowfall gradients on our likely final TAM snowfall map and the increased likelihood of blizzard conditions.
Most of the precip this morning has been in the form of rain. As colder air filters in and cooling occurs from heavy precip rates, precip is now slowly transitioning to snow across portions of Northern Illinois. Snow will continue across portions of Northern Illinois through this afternoon, before becoming more widespread to encompass just about all of Northern Illinois and portions of Central Illinois this evening and into Monday morning. During the height of the storm, snowfall rates will likely reach 1-3" per hour across portions of Northern and Central Illinois. Thundersnow will also be possible during the height of the storm as well for some areas.
Another major concern is windy conditions, with wind gusts of 30-50mph likely across portions of Northern and Central Illinois this afternoon into Monday morning. The combination of heavy snow and high winds will create blizzard conditions across a large area this afternoon into Monday morning. Additionally, given snow with this system will be of high water content, some tree and powerline damage may occur.
The main swath of snow will be across much of Northern and portions of Central Illinois. Within this main axis, a large corridor of 9-12" of snow is likely. It is also likely that there will be pockets of 12-15" within that corridor.
Good morning everyone. It is Sunday, November 25th and our approaching winter storm is taking shape and slowly moving our way. Latest model trends continue so slow the system down ever so slightly, which may actually help boost snowfall totals.
The system will not be an all snow maker and will start out as rain. Using some of the latest high resolution (HRRR) model guidance we will try and lay out the changeover to snow and break it down for you all so we know what to expect, where and when. Keep in mind the times won't be EXACT.
Currently (9am at the time of this writing) we see a band of light rain moving slowly north across N IL.
This is well sampled by the model, an indication it (hopefully) has a good handle on the situation and goes in line with our general thinking.
As the system begins to strengthen and continue east, colder air will wrap around the backside - which is common evolution - and rain will change over to snow. First across parts of northwest Illinois.
The changeover will slowly move to the east, while at the same time dipping south as the cold air continues to wrap around. By early evening as the sun is getting to set, parts of northeast Illinois will begin to see a changeover. The Immediate Chicago area will continue to see rain longer due to a combination of on-shore flow from the lake, and synoptic placement of the weather system.
Later in the evening the change continues east. Timing the change for the Chicago area is one of the more difficult aspects of this forecast. Various contributing factors such as flow off the lake, urban heat island and system placement could delay the onset even later. Model runs go back and forth about the exact time which is impossible to pin down, but we are fairly confident it won't be until 8pm or later. Its worth noting that the precipitation will be quite heavy at this time. Thunder and lightning may also be possible.
Just a couple hours later, our system has fully strengthened and is now raging across the state. Chicago is potentially changed over to snow and the heaviest snowfall rates - possible blizzard conditions - are now occurring. Snowfall rates could exceed 1 inch per hour. The heavy rate of precip could make up for the later start time across parts of northeast and north central Illinois. Snow is beginning to wind down across West Central and northwest Illinois.
As we move into Monday morning the storm rages on, battering north central and parts of northeast Illinois with heavy, wet snow. Areas further south of Chicago area, along the I-55 and I-57 corridors, will changeover from rain to snow around this time. The snow will come down fast, but the late changeover will reduce accumulations in these areas (see TAM below)
As the system continues east throughout the morning, it will take the heaviest rates with it and snow will begin to slowly wind down across northeast and central Illinois. Current indications are the system should exit the state by Noon on Monday, probably earlier. We are still continuing to monitor progress, and if the system continues to slow down these times may be delayed so stay tuned for further updates!
Below is a look at our current TAM. This map may be refined as the day progresses. We are still anticipating upgrades to blizzard warnings as well. Regardless if that occurs, conditions will be dangerous and travel is not advised. Hunker down, and stay safe today!
Text ISC to 900900 to receive alerts from ISC via the in-telligent app
(12:30PM - 11/24/18) Evening model data that has come in the past few hours is in fairly good agreement on track and intensity of the upcoming snowstorm, and with heavy snowfall totals likely. Most models are on the northern side of the envelope, but short term analysis would suggest the southern solutions is the way to go. For now will side with a southern-middle solution.
With that said, a swath of accumulating snow is still expected across much of Northern and portions of Central Illinois Sunday morning through Monday morning. Within this general axis of snow, a narrow corridor of 9-15" will be likely. This axis will likely be across Northern Illinois, from in the vicinity of the Quad Cities to around DeKalb to around Waukegan.
One thing you might notice by reading this update is Monday morning is now being mentioned. One of the changes that has been increasing each cycle of model guidance is the storm lasting longer, on into Monday morning for some areas. This slowing trend may continue, which could lead to falling snow still occurring for some areas during the Monday morning rush period, including the Chicago area.
In addition to the expected snowfall, winds will be an issue as well. As the storm passes through the area, winds will increase on the north and northwest side of the storm system. Wind gusts of 30-45mph will be likely across portions of Northern and Central Illinois Sunday afternoon into Monday morning. Wind gusts may reach around 50mph in Chicago near Lake Michigan as well. This will likely lead to blizzard conditions at times for some areas.
It's only late November but Mother Nature never likes to care what time of year it is and she's getting ready to throw a major winter storm together and impact all of northern Illinois during the day tomorrow and into the evening as well. It is very rare to get significant winter storms across this area during this time of year but tomorrow will be the exception with possible blizzard conditions along with 6-9" of snow, locally close to a foot in places across northern Illinois by late tomorrow night. I dig into the details below....
As usual, I like to get a first look at a CONUS water vapor loop and we can see that our system of interest, which looks fairly impressive on satellite, is slowly spinning its way across Wyoming with associated jet streak across portions of Utah and Colorado late this afternoon. This upper level low is forecast to continue southeast, crossing the Rockies tonight and emerging into the plains early tomorrow morning, before turning more easterly and it moves through the central plains.
As we go through the overnight and early morning hours tomorrow, low pressure will develop on the lee side of the Rockies across eastern/southeast Colorado before turning and moving east along the KS/OK border. As this is occurring, low level winds will be responding to the pressure falls occurring across the plains to the east of the developing cyclone along with strengthening as well. The strengthening will increase warm air advection and moisture transport northward up into the heart of the central plains (Nebraska/northern Kansas) and this in conjunction with large scale lift from the wave/upper level low itself, a large precipitation shield (including snow) will develop overnight tonight and into tomorrow morning. Also as you'll see in the loop below, cold air advection will also get going on the north side across the northern plains as colder air advects southward.
By late tomorrow morning and afternoon, the strong surface low and associated precipitation shield on the northwest side will be turning more to the ENE as the system moves through the state of Missouri. Right now, there is fairly good agreement on the surface low tracking from extreme southeast Kansas to just north of the St. Louis area from mid-morning to late afternoon tomorrow. With a storm moving ENE along this path, it is usually a favorable track for heavy snow across northern Illinois.
As the upper low and cyclone strengthen into tomorrow afternoon, low wind winds will really increase across most of Illinois, especially across the southern half of the state in the warm sector. This will lead to very favorable and continued moisture advection/transport up and over into the cold conveyor belt across portions of Iowa, Missouri and into northern Illinois.
Another favorable aspect of this event is the very impressive mid-level frontogenesis signal that will develop over portions of northern Illinois and this will act to lead to and enhance snowfall with a SW-NE or WSW-ENE heavy band of snow to setup somewhere across the area. Models are good in a lot of ways but they are not that good in being able to pin down the exact location, at least yet of where this potentially narrow band of extremely heavy snow will be. Even so, the signal is there for it to develop. This frontogenesis in tandem with very steep mid-level lapse rates and very strong large scale forcing could lead to some intense snowfall rates greater than 2"/hr and also the possibility of some thundersnow as well.
All these above ingredients mentioned will lead to period of potentially very heavy snow across northern Illinois tomorrow favoring the late afternoon into the late evening hours as rain changes over to heavy snow from west to east, as the surface low moves through central Illinois and into Indiana. As mentioned, there could be a several hour to 6 hour period over the Chicago metro area, at least way from the immediate downtown Chicago proper, where snow is falling at rates of 1"/hr or more and this could lead to rapid accumulations. There is also going to be chances for thundersnow as well in the deformation band tomorrow evening, also leading to impressive snowfall rates.
Surface temperatures will be marginal at first for accumulations but as the surface low passes to our south and southeast, cold air advection will continue to advect colder temperatures at the surface more southeast into more of northern Illinois. This will lead to snow ratios slowly becoming more favorable by evening along with snow being able to stick and accumulate easier.
Another big factor in all of this will be the strengthening northeast winds as the surface low approaches northern Illinois from the south and southwest. Numerical model guidance is forecasting winds just off the surface tomorrow night to be as high as 50kts, which is reminiscent of some of the more recent blizzards we've seen across this area, most notably the GHD I blizzard of 2011 and the GHD II blizzard of 2015 where both those events had winds as strong and even a little stronger than what is forecast for tomorrow night. As the pressure gradient tightens, winds at the surface will strengthen to 30-40mph by late afternoon and more so into the evening hours with gusts potentially as high as 45mph.
Snow will end from west to east early Monday morning, especially across northeast Illinois with cold air advection continuing on Monday, and with a fresh snowpack down, expect well below normal temperatures and frankly downright cold air the start the work week.
All in all this is going to be a major winter storm for northern Illinois and the Chicago metro area with a large swath of expected snow totals in the 6-9" range and a narrower swath of 9-12" expected, given all the favorable ingredients mentioned leading to the potential for some seriously impressive snowfall rates in both the frontogenesis band tomorrow afternoon and the deformation band tomorrow night. Below is our latest thinking from ISC on expected snowfall totals. We will have a full update after model guidance comes in this evening.
(11:30AM - 11/24/18) A morning update regarding the expected snowstorm across portions of Northern and Central Illinois, from very late tonight/very early Sunday morning on into late Sunday night...
Morning model guidance coming in is trending towards a better consensus on track and the potential for higher snowfall totals with this system. With that said, there will be a swath of accumulating snows across much of Northern and portions of Central Illinois. Within this main axis, a corridor of high snowfall amounts upwards of 9-15" are likely.
Temperatures will likely be falling from the mid-30's down into the upper 20's during this event, meaning this will be a heavy/wet snow, with high water content. Due to this, snow rations will be lower that what's often seen during winter. Even with that, high snowfall totals are expected given the high amount of precipitation expected, which will be 1.50-2.00"+ liquid equivalent in the main swath.
Wind will also be a concern from Sunday afternoon into Sunday night. Winds on the north and northwest side of the storm system will increase, with gusts of 30-45mph likely across portions of Northern and Central Illinois. Winds gusts around 50mph could be possible near Lake Michigan. The combination of the expected high winds and heavy snowfall will likely lead to near blizzard conditions for some areas.
Below is our updated TAM depicting expected snowfall amounts. Further updates on this system are likely through the day and into tonight. *It should be noted that due to mild lake waters, snowfall totals will be lower than depicted for downtown Chicago and areas near Lake Michigan. Map scale prevents this from being shown visually.
A brief update tonight regarding the potential snowstorm that will affect portions of Northern, and Central Illinois very late Saturday night/very early Sunday morning on into Sunday evening.
Evening model data has come in with an overall slight shift south from previous runs, but still a decent spread among guidance. While the exact location of the main axis is snow is unknown, it is fairly likely that within the main snow band there will be a corridor of 6"+ snow.
As mentioned above there is still a spread in model guidance. At this time we are favoring towards the south group of model guidance, which does have more support at this time. With that forecast, the main axis of snow would run from far N. Missouri and C. Iowa, up into much of Northern and portions of Central Illinois. Within that swath, a corridor of 6-9"+ of snow will be likely. Below is a visual representation of our current thinking on snowfall amounts, with our TAM map. Note that given the spread in model guidance, adjustments to snowfall amounts are possible. We will have further updates on this system on Saturday.
Over the last 24-48 hours, numerical model guidance has continued to both show a significant storm moving into the Midwest, including portions of Illinois along with coming into better agreement, at least to an extent on the overall evolution of this system as it moves into and through our area.
A fairly potent shortwave still out over the Pacific Ocean this morning is forecast to come ashore the Pacific Northwest tomorrow night and early Saturday morning and then dive southeast across the Rockies and emerge into the plains during the day on Saturday. It is after this where models start to diverge on exact solutions with regard to the exact track and strength of this system after crossing the Rockies, along the the potential for phasing with a northern stream wave that will be digging south and southeast into the northern Midwest from southern Canada. Even with these differences still at play, model guidance is consistent on a strong surface low moving east across the southern/central plains (the Kansas/Oklahoma border) later Saturday before turning it more northeast on Sunday.
As the strong upper wave dives southeast into the plains Saturday night, the strong surface low will continue east and northeast across the plains and into the western Midwest. As this is occurring, low level winds will be responding to pressure falls and this will mean stronger warm air advection and isentropic lift up and over the cold air, leading to a fairly widespread area of precipitation, some of it in the form of snow.
The surface low seen in the image above will then track into Missouri and eventually Illinois by during the day on Sunday, with a swath of accumulating snow from the central plains into portions of Iowa and Missouri, before moving into Illinois. As mentioned earlier, there still remains differences regarding the track and strength of this system and this has big implications on both snow amounts and the placement of the heaviest snow swath.
Timing wise for places in Illinois that look to see accumulating snow at this time would be during the afternoon and evening hours and possibly extending into the overnight hours as well depending on the exact speed of the system. Below is one models take showing rain changing over to moderate to heavy snow from west to east across western and northern Illinois by the late afternoon and evening hours and this is where several inches
Below is just one models take on forecast snowfall accumulations and is by no way a set in stone for sure forecast, so DO NOT TAKE IT VERBATIM at this range....
Good evening everyone. In my last article here - I talked about the potential for a bigger storm system to develop and affect Illinois on Sunday. We're still seeing this system appear on the models, and others have taken notice too.
In fact, I've already noticed a couple social media posts calling for a big snowstorm. While the system certainly carries the potential, there are a couple noteworthy things to point out at this time.
1 - Models still disagree on the placement and timing. Ill show below, but models still aren't in agreement on when this potential system will arrive. Some show Sunday, others Monday.
2 - The track could change drastically. One thing thats so hard about forecasting winter storms is even a 10 mile shift in the storm center can change the amount of snow someone receives by a great deal, or even mean the difference between seeing any snow at all VS just rain.
3 - It could still be too warm to snow. Ahead of the system, rapid warm air advection will take place. In fact, if certain forecasts pan out, much of IL could see temperatures in the 50s and 60s the day before. Cold air will filter around the backside, but will it be cold enough to snow? Some models say yes, others say barely.
So at thit, we continue to closely monitor the evolving forecast to get a better idea of what may happen. All we need for you to know is that something still appears to be brewing in the Sunday/Monday timeframe.
A first guess by me? Illinois will see mostly a rain event from this one, but these systems have a history of appearing too far to the north and west on the models when we are 5-7 days away, and a southward shift in the forecast track - which would put us at a bigger risk for snow - would not surprise me at all.
So lets take a look at some models and what we are seeing. First the GFS which has been pretty consistent in showing Sunday development. This seems like a good bet at this time.
But then we have the GDPS which shows a Monday system. At least they are both consistent in the strength and location, so there is that.
Here is a look at what we call an ensemble plot. Basically the model, in this case the GEFS is ran multiple times to see what the outcomes are. Here we can see many of them develop a storm, but with varying intensity and location. At this range this is pretty good agreement actually and confidence begins to increase.
And last but not least, everyone's favorite. A snowfall map. Given the current expected track it would seem most of the heavy snow targets Iowa and Wisconsin, but it is pretty close to our border. This is why we'll be watching the storm track closely. Shift it south or east by 25 miles and at least northwest Illinois could be in for a heavy snow. Unfortunately given the warm, wet nature of this system it could be that slushy heart attack type snow. This will not be a particularly cold system.
So like we always say everyone, stay tuned for the ever changing updates to the forecast! Especially as the days draw near.
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Once again a Happy Thanksgiving and safe travels to all!


草地贪夜蛾 Spodoptera frugiperda 作为新入侵我国的迁飞性害虫，危害性大。其春夏季向北迁飞、秋季向南回迁与大气环流、有利的天气过程密切相关。本研究基于天气预报平台，利用欧洲中心中期气象数值预报产品，初步建立了草地贪夜蛾迁飞的气象预报方法，可以较准确预报出迁飞路径、迁入时间（包括首见日及高峰日）、落区等。文章详细复盘了2021年对草地贪夜蛾迁飞的两次典型预报案例，分析了2021年草地贪夜蛾春季北迁至湖北（首见日）以及秋季南迁回湖北（高峰日）的典型天气过程以及迁飞层气象要素场，运用HYSPLIT轨迹模型模拟迁飞后向轨迹，并利用草地贪夜蛾田间监测数据、测报灯监测数据以及迁飞轨迹对预报结论进行了验证。结果表明，预报结论与草地贪夜蛾田间监测数据及测报灯监测数据以及轨迹模拟的情景吻合度较好。本研究首次将天气预报的数值预报模式应用于迁飞性害虫的预报工作，对于开展草地贪夜蛾的迁飞路径、迁入时间（包括首见日及高峰日）、落区预报工作，提前采取预防性措施具有较高应用价值。
The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, was a new migratory pest that invaded into China with a great hazard to some kinds of crops. The migrations toward north in spring and summer and toward south in autumn were related to background of atmospheric circulation and the favorable weather process. In this study, a meteorological forecasting model for migration of Spodoptera frugiperda was preliminarily build based on medium-term numerical forecast of ECMWF. This model can forecast the migration routes, immigration time including the first day of emergence and the day with a peak number and falling area very well. This study reviewed two typical forecasting cases of Spodoptera frugiperda’s migration in 2021 in detail. The typical weather processed and meteorological factor field about first migrating to Hubei province from north in spring and migrating back to Hubei province in autumn in 2021 were analyzed. These meteorological forecasting results have been verified by using HYSPLIT model to simulate the backward migration routes, monitoring data in field and from monitoring lamp and migration routes. The results showed that there is a good coincidence between the forecasting results and monitoring data in field, that from monitoring lamp and routes simulation of Spodoptera frugiperda. In this study the numerical forecast model of meteorological forecast is used to forecast the migration route of migratory pest in the first time. The conclusions drawn from this study can provide applied values for forecasting migration route, immigrating time, falling area and taking some prevention measures in advance.


The Queen passed away peacefully at Balmoral on Thursday 8 September sparking a period of national mourning, but Monday’s state funeral will celebrate the life of Britain’s longest-serving monarch.
As millions watch from home, thousands will be travelling to London to pay their final respects.
For those in the capital today, or those further watching from afar, here is the weather forecast for the Queen’s funeral.
Mourners pay tribute to Queen Elizabeth II
Met Office weather forecast for Queen’s funeral
The Met Office predicts Monday will be “mainly dry” with potential for light showers.
A forecast reads: “Sunday chilly at first, then dry with sunny spells. Breezy towards the east. Monday mainly dry with sunny spells and isolated light showers. Winds easing. Tuesday cloudy but mostly dry.”
Further across the UK, the Met Office said: “The settled spell of dry and fine weather is likely to continue into the start of next week with high pressure remaining dominant across the UK.
On Monday, most places will be fine and dry with some sunny spells. However, the odd light shower may affect parts of England and cloudier skies and some rain could move into the northwest.
Still cool by day and night but feeling a little warmer than the weekend with lighter winds.”
British Weather Services senior meteorologist has said: “Reflecting on the nation’s loss, the weather will be quiet, mellow, peaceful, restful weather up until Monday.
“Temperatures appear to be going down into the weekend and then gradually recovering. On Monday, London will be in the high teens and maybe even up to 21 degrees.”


CLIMATE CHANGE: Wiping out the economically weaker people and countries.
The shift in the patterns of weather due to emissions of greenhouse gases and human activities refers to a change in the climate. Species of animals and plants have gone extinct due to the incapability of adapting to the changing climate, glaciers have shrunk resulting in to increase in the water levels of seas and oceans, an increase in the number of wildfires across countries due to increase in temperature. Climate change has already affected the environment drastically but now it is taking a toll on the lives and lifestyle of the people across the globe.
Scientific researches stated that 97% of global warming is man-made. One of the biggest contributors is the burning of fossil fuels, coals, oil that has increased the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Climate change is proved to be a serious threat to the economic stability of various developing countries and the economically weaker sections.
An increase in the number of heatwaves has aggravated conditions of droughts and hot dry conditions have resulted in wildfires. In cities, buildings and roads are heated up to 50-90 degrees hotter during the day and the gradual release of heat from the buildings during the night has resulted in the cracking of buildings and roads. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administrations compiled the Billion-Dollar Weather Disasters database that stated that over 600 deaths per year are due to extreme heat in the US since 1980.
Climate change has some drastic effects on the economy of the world. it has the potential to wipe out economically weak countries and people. The aggregate effect of climate change is negative on economic growth. Rising sea levels resulting in hurricanes and floods are likely to harm economic outputs of the countries as businesses are mutilated and people suffer damage to their homes.
People living in the Sub-Saharan region are already suffering from prolonged drought due to an extreme rise in temperature. Since 2018, western countries in the pacific and southeast Asia have experienced drastic heatwaves and storms that resulted in thousands of deaths.
The economically weaker sections of countries are majorly affected by the change in the climate. Economically weaker sections are majorly illiterate and they work as farmers and as laborers. An increase in temperature and water levels destroy crops and the farmers lose their source of income and their source of food.
Impairment of businesses due to climate change also leads to unemployment of laborers and source of income. An increase in pollution levels in the atmosphere has become a major cause of the devastation of human health. Global warming has resulted in the depletion of the ozone layer due to which the UV-rays and various other harmful radiations have penetrated the earth's atmosphere and caused various skin diseases and genetic mutations. UV-rays cause skin cancer and eye blindness.
The increase in smoke fumes and volatile harmful chemicals has caused various respiratory diseases and lung cancer. People who are susceptible to poverty are on a brink of death due to various cancers and diseases caused by pollution and global warming. The urgent need to address climate change has become even more dominant. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) warned in 2018 that to avoid the catastrophe of global warming, the temperature should not exceed 1.5-2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels.
To avoid such a catastrophe, greenhouse gas emissions should be halved and the number of people exposed to climate-related risks and susceptible to poverty should be reduced. Climate change cannot only wipe out economically weaker sections but it can wipe out the whole world.
We are the same humans who want things every other human want- a safe environment and place to live and work peacefully. We need to raise our voices to spread awareness to all the parts of the world so that everyone knows that climate change is real and has drastic effects on all species and we are responsible. The impacts are serious and we must act now.


I have a RG-9 rain sensor that reports if it is raining or not. It is quite sensitive so it’ll report as “Dry” if no rain drops have hit the sensor dome in the last few seconds, but it can also reports “Wet” if there is some morning dew forming.
I would like to close a window and garage door if it is persistently raining, not just drizzling (I live in Portland, OR – so there is a difference )
Can I specify a trigger if the rain sensor reported “Wet” for more than X minutes within the last Y-minutes window?? It is reported using a ESP32/ESPHome sensor, so the integration could be done at that end as well.


Week 5: Pressure
- Why is the moist adiabatic lapse rate less than the dry adiabatic lapse rate?
- Why does "warm air rise"?
- On a day in Moscow (el. 800m) where the high temperature was 20C, what is the temperature on Moscow Mountain (el. 1300m) assuming the only factor determining temperature at different elevations is the lapse rate and the lapse rate is the dry adiabatic lapse rate?
- What variables do you need to know to determine whether the atmosphere is stable or unstable?
- What time of the day is an inversion most probable?
- What time of the day do you expect the most unstable conditions to occur?
- Geopotential Height
- Adiabatic Heating
- Environmental, Dry and Moist Adiabatic Lapse Rate
- Stable and Unstable Atmosphere


Indoor Air Quality is Important
The air inside a home can become unhealthy. It isn’t always a matter of lack of cleanliness or neglect to address dirty air problems.
Even in new and unoccupied homes, indoor air quality can be compromised. Air is that component of human existence that may seem invisible. Yet, there are times when air is quite visible.
For example, a cold winter day with frigid temperatures will show air expelled from each human breath. You can also see air in a glass container as water is poured into it too quickly. We hear air escaping when it is released from a flat tire.
Air is a mix of several types of gases such as oxygen and nitrogen. These gases contain tiny molecules. This is a clue to learning how to judge the level of air quality in your home.
Become an Air Quality Inspector
Once you know the air is a mix of gases, it makes a home inspection for potential problems easier to find.
The internal areas of your home have several possible causes of dirty air. Dust accumulates easily in homes located in windy areas just as it does in sandy beach locations. Dust in airstreams occurs when particles heavier than air clings to air molecules.
It is important to create a designated inspection list to ensure the air inside your home is clean. The list should include:
. Inspecting heating, cooling, and ventilating units and ductwork that collect dust and give off musty odors when actively in operation
. Replace furnace and A/C filters regularly
. Check pipes for leaks that create mold and mildew odors
. Vacuum floors, upper areas of walls, and draperies to remove dust
. Steam clean kitchen areas where cooking odors and grease lodge on walls
. Regular upholstery cleaning to remove stale odors
. Keep pet areas inside the home fresh and clean
. Sanitize floors and carpets regularly
Clean Air Inside Your Home for Good Health
Once you identify the causes of air quality problems, you may want to invest in an air purifier. For individuals prone to lung and sinus problems, an air duct cleaning can reduce the amount of dirty air inside the home.
Contrary to popular belief, opening windows may add to air quality problems depending on location. Keep in mind the use of air fresheners, hair spray, and perfumes in aerosol form adds to odor buildup in the air and on all surfaces.
An air quality professional begins with a sniff test. Next, special detection and metering equipment identify the particulates in the air and the volume. If the air inside your home is a persistent problem, you may need an indoor air quality expert to test the air.
For minor air quality issues, the best way to judge how clean the air is inside your home is the sniff test. If your nose detects odors, it’s time for cleaning.


Memorandum of Understanding:
Forward models and metrics for model evaluation.
- WG1 has investigated the impact of ALC network observations on improving weather forecast. Preliminary studies have been made at ECMWF of assimilating ALC data on smoke from Canadian forest fires: http://www.toprof.imaa.cnr.it/images/toprof/short_term_scientific_mission/STSM_Scientific_Report_Hervo.pdf
- WG2 has investigated the use of DWL measurements for evaluation of wind-speed prediction by numerical weather prediction models: http://www.toprof.imaa.cnr.it/images/toprof/short_term_scientific_mission/STSM_Scientific_Report_EkaterinaBatchvarova.pdf
- WG3 developed a fast forward model suitable for the direct assimilation of ground-based MWR, RTTOVgb: https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-2721-2016
- WG3 has shown an analysis of the MWR DA potential impact for improving the forecasts of heavy rainfall events in the Mediterranean: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/qj.2860/pdf


The world’s largest oil and gasoline firms pledged in 2018 to scale back the proportion of methane launched from their operations by one fifth, to lower than 1 / 4 of a share of the gasoline they promote, by 2025 — a goal the businesses mentioned they reached last year — with an ambition of reaching 0.2 %.
Minimizing methane from landfills additionally performs a job, as does decreasing methane emissions from livestock. However emissions-reduction applied sciences are much less sure in these fields. Releases from livestock, particularly, are anticipated to make up a rising share of future methane emissions until there are technological breakthroughs, or the world’s prime meat customers change their diets.
Over all, greater than half of worldwide methane emissions stem from human actions in three sectors: fossil fuels, landfill and different waste, and livestock and different agriculture. Methane additionally seeps from wetlands and different pure sources.
The U.N. report additionally underscores how lowering methane emissions might convey vital public well being advantages. Methane is a vital contributor to the formation of ozone close to the earth’s floor. Ozone is understood to extend the danger of hospitalizations and early deaths. It additionally reduces crop yields and forest development.
Rolling again methane emissions would forestall greater than 250,000 untimely deaths, and greater than 750,000 asthma-related hospital visits, annually from 2030 onward, the report finds. The decrease emissions would additionally forestall greater than 70 billion hours of misplaced labor from excessive warmth and greater than 25 million tons of crop losses a 12 months.
The flip facet is that, with no motion, methane emissions might assist push the world to the brink of catastrophic local weather change. If left unchecked, methane emissions are projected to proceed rising via at the least 2040, the U.N. report predicts.
“We’re nonetheless going wildly within the unsuitable path, however we will flip that round very, in a short time,” Dr. Shindell mentioned. “We might all use a local weather success story.”


Saturday, July 10th, 10:00am – 2:00pm | $45 per person | Group, School and Family Discounts Available
This day camp is all about clouds! Puffy clouds, rain clouds, contrails and much more. You will learn how to name clouds, what their shape means and why keeping our atmosphere healthy matters. You will learn about clouds in other areas of the world and what kind of clouds over the Pacific Ocean means for Washington weather! You will report your findings to the NASA GLOBE database so other researchers can better understand life in the Pacific Northwest.


MANILA, Philippines - Severe tropical storm Pablo (Bopha) has slowed down as it continues to exit the Philippines, the latest bulletin of the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration said.
"At 10:00 a.m. today, the center of Tropical Storm Pablo was estimated based on satellite and surface data at 380 kilometers west of Coron, Palawan," PAGASA said.
Pablo has maintained its strength with maximum sustained winds of 115 kph near the center and gustiness of up to 145 kph. PAGASA has however lifted all storm warning signals in the country. In its previous bulletin, PAGASA retained signal no. 1 over Calamian Group of Islands.
On Friday morning, Pablo is estimated to be outside the Philippine area of responsibility (PAR) or 615 kilometers west of Calapan City, Oriental Mindoro.
"Fishing boats and other sea vessels are advised not to venture out into the seaboards of northern and central Luzon and the eastern seaboard of Southern Luzon," PAGASA added.


J. Drake Hamilton (audio #1)
"Scientists expect that as we greatly increase the amount of greenhouse gases in our atmosphere-and we're doing that by burning more fossil fuels: coal, oil and gasoline-we're greatly accelerating the amount of heat-trapping gases in the atmosphere. What that means, is that in the next 100 years we're going to see dramatic climate changes in Minnesota. Scientists expect that it's very likely that summers in Minnesota in the year 2100 will be more like Kansas than like Minnesota. For waters this has many implications. Minnesotans treasure our waters. The scientists who are studying river impacts of global climate change point to several likely impacts from these changes.
"First, we can expect that precipitation will fall more as rain than as snow and it's more likely to come as extreme events. This will mean a likelihood of greater flooding of our river systems earlier in the year. Of course with global warming, the temperature of the water itself will increase. And as we've learned, temperature controls the amount of dissolved oxygen available in the water and the species of fish that can live in that water. Once you reach a certain threshold, coldwater species of fish that like the cold water, like high levels of dissolved oxygen, species like trout, will no longer be able to survive in Minnesota lakes and rivers. With global warming we're also likely to see that algal blooms, the blue-green algae, the green algae that scum up our lakes and rivers are likely to last longer into the season and be more dramatic."


LATimes: For all their ferocity, California storms were not likely caused by global warming, experts say
It is shocking to many Californians that the continuing California storms were most likely not caused by global warming, but rather it is just the typical intense, periodic rain that has occurred in our history. Climate experts say that the severe rain was most likely due to the drought-to-deluge cycles that are historically recorded. These are due to the mountainous arrangement and the aging infrastructure that can cause floods, not due to the greenhouse gases that cause climate change. The article goes on to explain that even though the storms have caused a sense of relief about California’s drought season, it is still not enough to mitigate the mega drought issue in California. For the full article, click here. For more information on natural disasters and climate change click here.


Audley Weather Station
The webcam is looking towards the East, It is a Microsoft LifeCam Studio.
Image capture and processing via YAWCAM.
Current conditions in Audley measured on a Watson WH-1081 weather station
|10:15 on 31 January 2023||Sunrise 07:55||Sunset 16:51|
|Temperature 8.3 °C Rising +0.1 °C/hr.)||Max 8.4 °C||Min 5.7 °C|
|Air Pressure 1022.6 mb||Pressure Trend Rising slowly||Today's Rain 0.2|
|Wind Speed 4.7 mph||Max. Wind 10.4 mph||Av. Wind Direction (10') WNW|
|FORECAST Fine weather|
|:Now::Gauges::Today::This Month::This Year::Monthly Records::Trends::Records::Webcam::Forum:|


Air pollution is one of the biggest public health issues facing the country. We’re learning more about the impact carbon emissions and pollution from cars is having on our health all the time. It’s thought that it could be the cause of thousands of premature deaths every year, contributing to lung conditions and several UK cities and towns have air pollution levels over a WHO safe limit.
And pollution disproportionately affects children, the elderly and low-income communities. In short, it’s essential that we continue to find safer ways to live and work – starting with lower emissions and reducing the UK’s carbon footprint.
At 3F EV, we believe that electric vehicles have a big part to play in this and reducing health issues.
Impact on the Climate
Petrol and diesel vehicles are negatively impacting our environment. The facts are clear and this is backed up by scientists and research from all over the world.
Vehicle emissions and greenhouse gases are being continuously pumped into our atmosphere and affecting everything from temperatures, to sea levels to animal behaviour.
Electric vehicles can help to reduce carbon footprints and eliminate tailpipe emissions by reducing the reliance on petrol and diesel. When cars are switched to an EV model, they’re estimated to save 133.1g/km of CO2.
The impact on the climate can make air more toxic to breathe in, environments more volatile and unsafe and generally lead to global instability in temperatures and conditions, which can lead to public health crises.
More and more of us are living in cities and urban environments. They’re full of cars, buses and lorries, pumping emissions into the atmosphere and the air that commuters, pedestrians are breathing in. Airborne pollutants are rife in urban spaces and can cause short and long-term health issues.
Look at London which has dangerous levels of air quality. Stats show that 9 out of 10 people living in London live in areas where “PM2.5 particles exceed World Health Organization guidelines by more than 50 percent”. This is thought to contribute to 29,000 premature deaths in the UK each year.
The World Health Organisation has conducted research that has found that air pollution can cause “cancer, adverse pregnancy and birth outcomes and lowering of male fertility”.
It’s simple, driving an EV is helping to improve the potential to improve your own health and the health of those around you.
And messages are clearly filtering through to consumers with sales of EVs rising 11% on last year in the UK.
What can you do?
We’ve got a wide range of options to help you convert to an EV and start improving your general health and lead a different lifestyle.
Whether you want to rent, buy or become a member of our Tesla Members Club, you can take a look at the options available to you and the Tesla vehicles we have on offer. 100% Electric, 100% Connected with zero emissions and zero fuel.
Become more ethically conscious and contribute to a healthier environment with your next EV.Share this


This evening for a few minutes there was this bright sunshine 🌞 + heavy rain 🌧 … illuminating every raindrop as it tumbled down from the clouds, on to the shimmering trees.
But as we witness this (hyperlapse) video of the orchestration in the sky… we can see different layers of clouds, not all moving in the same direction.
There are several layers of clouds…
So why do they move in different directions?
Its because of any change in the speed or direction of wind over the layers, termed as wind shear.
Clouds travel with the wind. So they will move in different directions or different speeds depending on which layer they’re in.
Fun Fact: As a storm system departs, winds usually turn counter clockwise with height. This usually brings cooler air into the area. As a storm system arrives, winds usually turn clockwise with height. This usually brings warmer air into the area.Hot air balloons use wind shear to steer where they are going.~ Ask Ellen: why do clouds sometimes move in different directions?
Well, just enjoy the floating shapes in the beautiful sky… but if you’d like to know the classification without memorizing all the names… the clasification is basically a combination of appearance, altitude, and ability to make precipitation.
|Layered clouds are much wider than they are tall. They generally have flat bases and tops and can extend from horizon to horizon.
|Convective clouds are as tall, or taller, than they are wide. These clouds look lumpy and piled up, like a cauliflower. Convective clouds may become very tall and are rounded on top.
|a high cloud that is usually composed of wispy ice crystals.
|indicates a cloud in the middle of the troposphere that is below the high cirro-type clouds.
There’s a long list of names of different clouds – clouds that we’re very familiar with, but we can see their names are a combination of these latin terms, each with its own characteristic.
Eg Cirrus is one of the most common types of clouds that can be seen at any time of the year. They’re thin and wispy with a silky sheen appearance.
This type of cloud is always made of ice crystals whose degree of separation determines how transparent the cirrus is. Besides the filament appearance, cirrus clouds stand out among other types of cloud because they’re often colored in bright yellow or red before sunrise and after sunset, respectively. Cirrus clouds lit up long before other clouds and fade out much later.
Cirrocumulus clouds usually form at about 5 km above the surface with small white fluff patterns that spread out for miles and miles over the sky. They never generate rainfall (but can mean cold weather) nor do they interact with other types of clouds to form larger cloud structures.


The study, which took a little more than a week, is not yet peer-reviewed or published in a scientific journal. But it uses techniques that have been peer-reviewed before over the decade that these kinds of studies have been done. World Weather Attribution itself has completed about 30 of them since 2015.
Essentially the research uses computer simulations, 21 in all for this analysis, to compare what happens in the existing world, which has warmed about 2 degrees Fahrenheit since the rise of industry and its accompanying emissions, to a hypothetical world in which humans had never pumped any greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.
Climate scientists are certain that global warming has made heat waves worse, because the baseline temperatures from which they begin are higher than they were decades ago. Rapid attribution analysis attempts to answer two questions about a specific heat event: how much worse, and how much more likely, did climate change make it?
For the Pacific Northwest heat wave, the analysis showed that, even though rare, it was far more likely to occur in the current warmed world than in a world without warming. And if the heat wave had occurred in such a hypothetical world, it would not have been as hot, with maximum temperatures about 3.5 degrees lower.
But the extreme nature of this heat wave gave the scientists pause. Maximum temperatures in many locations were 7 to 9 degrees higher than previous records, roughly twice the increase seen in other heat waves.
“It was by far the largest jump in the records,” Dr. Otto said. “We have seen quite big increases, but never that big.”


How to use Electric-potential in a sentence
In dry weather the electric potential in the atmosphere is normally positive relative to the earth, and increases with the height.
Varley, who proposed to make use of it in a telegraphic receiving instrument.4 In Dolbear's instrument one plate of a condenser was a flexible diaphragm, connected with the telephone line in such a way that the varying electric potential produced by the action of the transmitting telephone caused an increased or diminished charge in the condenser.
An exactly similar expression holds good in hydrokinetics, provided that for the electric potential we substitute velocity potential, and for the electric force the velocity of the liquid.
A voltmeter isan instrument for measuring difference of electric potential in terms of the unit called a volt.
Neglecting the external heat-loss, and the variation of the thermal and electric conductivities k and k', we obtain, as before, for the difference of temperature between the centre and ends, the equation O, Tho z Go = C 2 R1/8qk = ECl/8qk = E 2 k'/8k, (11) where E is the difference of electric potential between the ends.Advertisement
Usually the electric potential near the ground is positive compared to the earth and increases with the height (see Atmospheric Electricity).
He has constructed a capillary electrometer by which differences of electric potential less than o oi of that of a Daniell's cell can be detected by the difference of the pressure required to force the mercury to a given point of a fine capillary tube.


“Pertanyaannya bukan lagi apakah pemanasan global benar-benar terjadi, tetapi apakah dalam menghadapi situasi darurat ini, kita dapat cepat menyesuaikan diri” Kofi Annan 2006.
Climate Change, nowadays, really tickles many people’s mind deeply. They, who take different role in society structure, have their own idea about what actually climate change is. They showed their concentration on it and promoted how to reduce climate change. But on the other side, there are still people who criticize it. Is climate change really happening?
Yes. Climate change is real and happening now!
Well actually, climate is always changing through time and space. Started from the first time that earth was formed, the climate has been conditioning to the balance and suitable atmosphere for living.
The problem right now is that it is changing more rapidly than before and most of them, this era, were indicated as the effect of human activities. This rapid and big scale changing will affect all aspect of living creature on the earth. Earth’s temperature will continuously increase if we don’t take any action to prevent it by now.
Since around 1800’s, earth’s mean temperature had been increased 0.74 C. It is predicted that the temperature will increase around 1.80 C to 4 C on the 2011’s. During last 30 years, earth’s mean temperature had been temperature 0.06 C. 2006 is recorded as the hottest year of all.
As a student, we also have a role to take, which couldn’t replace by anyone. But not many students considered with this special role. So tell us, do u care with climate change? What can you do to fulfill the role?


The recent blizzard of 2016, dumped snow on many eastern states extending from New York to the Carolinas. Eleven states declared a state of emergency and many affected by the storm reported between two and three feet of snow. Cleanup of snow in this amount often occurs using snow blowers. Unfortunately, snow blowers injure many and often cause devastating hand injuries.
This blog is presented for informational purposes. We will gladly answer questions pertaining to products, however, we cannot provide specific patient diagnoses or treatment recommendations.


Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Measurement
The concentration of carbon dioxide is used as an indicator when assessing indoor air quality.
The limit value for CO2 is 1000 ppm, if levels are too high it can make the air “stuffy or stale”
Effects of CO2
Rooms with poor air quality may result in tiredness and a lack of concentration or even in some cases illness otherwise known as sick building syndrome (SBS). Symptoms include: headaches, eye, nose and throat irritation, itchy skin, nausea, dizziness, fatigue and difficulty concentrating.
Poor air quality is usually caused by insufficient ventilation. Normally the CO2 concentration in demand controlled ventilating (DCV) is used to control the fresh air supply. Stationary CO2 transmitters are used and should be checked regularly with a hand-held measuring device.
A Capnograph is an instrument which is used to measure the concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) within an air sample by measuring the absorption of inferred light as it is absorbed particularly well by carbon dioxide.
Capnographs are mainly used in medicine to measure the amount of CO2 in inspired and expired air.


With heavy rain set to pour on down over the UK – the outlook is bleak for most of us.
Some areas of the UK are set to have over a month’s worth of rain over the next three days and there could even be gusts of wind up to 50mph.
To ease the mind, here are the top driest places in Europe, to give you hope, inspiration, and ideas – just in case the flooding doesn’t stop!
Situated in Andalusia, on the southern coast of Spain, Almeria is a city which has an average of 26 rainy days a year! It’s the only European city that boasts less than 200mm of rain per year. The sunshine is unbeatable too – with around 3,000 hours of it per year!
The city is so famous for its arid climate that many spaghetti western films were filmed there, as well as parts of Lawrence of Arabia.
Crete has around 50 days of rain per year and has an enviable top average year round temperature of 21C.
It’s no wonder that Majorca remains a firm favourite with holidaymakers – it also only has around 50 rainy days during the year! Whether you’re partying on the beach or enjoying the wonderful scenery, you’re guaranteed to have less rain than in the UK, whenever you visit!
Where's the hottest place you've ever been on holiday? Post your comments below!


Jim Steele/Planet in the Balance
The earth’s energy equilibrium is determined by the balance between incoming solar radiation versus radiative cooling that emits infrared radiation back to space. Water vapor primarily and CO2 can slow radiative cooling via the greenhouse effect. I’m most grateful for the greenhouse effect. Without it the earth’s average temperature would hover near 0°F instead of our currently more livable 59°F. But in addition, the earth’s global average temperature is determined by a variety of climate dynamics, such as the balance between ocean heat storage and heat ventilation. Scientists attributed the slowdown in 21st century global warming to increased ocean heat storage. Warming in the northeast Pacific Ocean, famously known as the blob, was not caused by added heat, but by reduced winds that ventilated less heat than normal. Although increased cloud cover can slow the loss of outward bound infrared radiation, clouds also block sunlight to cause more cooling.
Changes in land surface conditions are another critical dynamic. For example, given the exact same amount of incoming heat, dry soils increase surface temperatures twice as fast as moist soils. As expanding human populations drained wetlands, and increasingly shunted rainwater into storm sewers, drier soils have caused abnormally higher temperatures during normally occurring droughts and heat waves. Unfortunately a myopic focus on CO2 has led to downplaying the vital importance of climate dynamics’ effect on global average temperature. But climate dynamics not only offer the best explanation for regional weather extremes, climate dynamics alone can account for 150 years of the earth’s average warming.
Consider that the polar regions are much warmer today than what the physics of radiative heating and cooling predict. Polar regions should be much, much colder because they radiate more heat back to space than is absorbed by the sun and the greenhouse effect combined. However dynamic transport of heat from the tropics via ocean and air currents adds to the Arctic “warmth” observed today. While winter temperatures (January) at north pole vary from 45°F to 15°F, the south pole winter temperatures vary between 80°F and 67°F. The south pole is so much colder because it is relatively shielded from the warming dynamics of ocean heat transport as well as its higher elevation.
Scientists have noted the warming effects of warm ocean currents travelling poleward for over 100 years. Winds extract heat from the warm poleward bound Gulf Stream and North Atlantic Current and carry that heat across the Atlantic to increase northwest Europe’s temperatures by 9-18°F. Thus it is the strength of those winds and the volume of heat carried by the ocean currents that determine changes in the average European temperature.
With comprehensive modern measurements, researchers now estimate inflows of warm Atlantic water “carry enough heat, if released, to melt the Arctic sea ice many times over.’
However, when that warm Atlantic water reaches the Arctic Ocean, most sinks below 300-foot depths due to its greater density caused by its higher saltiness. The dynamics of an overlying layer of fresh water and the thickness of insulating sea ice determine how much of that intruding Atlantic heat radiates back to space. Between 1950 and 1990, air temperatures exhibited a cooling trend over the western Arctic Ocean where insulating sea ice remained intact, inhibiting the ventilation of stored heat. Researchers concluded the cooling trend suggested no greenhouse effect.
Recent winddriven increases in the volume of intruding Atlantic water (as well as intruding Pacific water) have melted more Arctic sea ice. Additionally, the loss of sea ice has been driven simply by changes in the direction of the prevailing belowfreezing winds that push more ice cover out of the Arctic where it melts in the warmer Atlantic. Less ice ventilates more heat. The good news is less ice benefits the Arctic food chains. The loss of sea ice has increased photosynthesis and boosted the productivity of the Arctic Ocean food web three fold.
The complex interplay of those climate dynamics resulted in abnormally high Arctic temperatures regardless of any contribution from the greenhouse effect. Unaccounted for dynamic warming biases the global average temperature upwards but incorrectly gets attributed to rising CO2. Unfortunately as Mark Twain warned long ago, “All colleges have two great functions: to confer, and to conceal, valuable knowledge”. Accordingly despite copious published science by “climate dynamicists”, many scientists protect their pet theories and promote a manufactured CO2 driven “climate crisis” while downplaying the competing importance of natural climate dynamics. I have university colleagues who teach “global warming policy” without having examined the underlying science. Most journalists and politicians lack the needed scientific background and simply perpetuate the narrative because both profit from promoting crises. As a result, climate science is suffering, and the dynamic control knob of climate change gets veiled from the public.
(Jim Steele is Director emeritus of San Francisco State University’s Sierra Nevada Field Campus, authored Landscapes and Cycles: An Environmentalist’s Journey to Climate Skepticism, and a member of the CO2 Coalition. You can contact Jim Steele at email@example.com.)


Oman Oman Weather
November is a pleasant month for holidays in Oman, as the heat of the previous summer season and the cold winter season have returned to more reasonable levels. October is officially the last month of the hot summer season, and the high temperatures of these days hardly bode well.
Although winter is the rainy season, rainfall peaks at the end of November or early December.
The average maximum temperature during the month is 23 degrees Celsius, and the average minimum temperature can be above 30 degrees Celsius (46 degrees Celsius) in some parts of the country. The average coastal area is hot and humid, with humidity above 90%. It is also very hot and humid in coastal areas, while the interior generally remains hot but dry. Average rainfall is low year-round, especially in northern and central Oman, but also in southern and eastern Oman.
The best time to brave the heat in Oman is in the summer months, when the daytime temperature in Muscat is expected to be around 30 degrees. The most popular times to visit are when the weather is warm and sunny and the temperature is between a pleasant 25 degrees on some days and about 35 degrees during the day. Temperatures rise during the winter months and fall to 31-32 degrees in April, May and June when they reach 35 degrees or 95 degrees. Rainfall remains scarce, especially in the north and centre of Oman, but also in the south and east of the country.
The daytime temperature in Oman is pleasant and reaches highs of 40 degrees in June, but falls to around 30 degrees at night. Hot days and balmy nights are expected in April, May, June and July, with temperatures around 30 and below 40 degrees.
It does not normally rain, but it can drizzle slightly during the official months of July and August, as well as in the winter months of February, March, April, May, June and July. Clouds can form in the early morning and late afternoon, and in July, August and September they can be particularly heavy in the late evening and early morning hours.
When it rains, it usually falls in the early morning and late evening hours, and is caused by a combination of cloud cover and a high pressure system over the Gulf of Oman. Rain is known to cause flooding, especially in Muscat and its towns near the entrance to the Persian Gulf. In the winter months of February, March, April, May, June and July, as well as in July and August, it can rain for several hours at a time. A "dry period," as it is locally known, causes continuous rain and drizzle in and around the city.
A cold frontal trough, originating from the North Atlantic or the Mediterranean, is responsible for frequent rain north of Oman during this time. In summer, from June to September, a tropical continental air mass brings hot and very dry air to the east coast of the Arabian Peninsula and the Gulf of Aden. The clouds are being brought in from the east coast, but also from a tropical cyclone over the Persian Gulf.
Winter temperatures were pleasant, but the daily average was slightly warmer than the average for this time of year in recent years. The days are sunny with a sigh of significant rainfall and without clouds, and the sky is shaking sky - blue.
It is a great time to enjoy the beaches and the many water sports, even if the sunny weather is marred by little more than occasional drizzle.
The weather in Oman, especially in Muscat in January, is very hot, with temperatures ranging from -30 to -20 degrees. Most of Oman is reliably hot during the summer months, with scorching temperatures of up to 30 degrees Celsius, but in the winter months MusCat averages around 25 degrees C. Note that the late summer and early winter, usually between January and February, are ideal for holiday weather. The weather at night is also very hot, which provides a great opportunity to shop in Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain and other parts of the Middle East while driving to Oman and enjoying the traditional nightlife of Oman.
In mid-July, Spain recorded the highest temperature ever recorded when it hit the southern airport of Cordoba. On 5 June 2007, Cyclone Phet hit Oman and fell 450 mm in the northeast of Oman. This was the strongest on record for the Arabian Sea, with over 900 mm of rain in a single day on 5 June 2007 and average wind speeds of 130 km / h.
By 2070, it is expected to get 20 mm or more of rainfall per year and is forecasting an average annual rainfall rate of 2.5 mm per year, the highest in the world.


Brace for generally fair weather until the first week of March.
The Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) said Thursday, Feb. 25, no weather disturbance is expected to develop or affect the Philippine area of responsibility (PAR) in the next nine days.
“Wala naman po tayong minomonitor na sama ng panahon na posibleng makaapekto sa ating bansa hanggang matapos ang buwan ng Pebrero at posible po sa unang linggo ng Marso ay wala tayong inaasang mabubuong sama ng panahon (We are not monitoring any weather disturbance that could affect our country until the end of February and possible until the end of May, we are not expecting any weather disturbance),” weather specialist Ariel Rojas said in a livestreamed 4 p.m. weather forecast.
He said easterlies or the warm and humid rains originating from the Pacific Ocean will continue to bring warm and humid weather across the country.
He said the some parts of the country, particularly the eastern section will experience isolated thunderstorms in the afternoon and at night.
PAGASA cautioned the public that flash floods or landslides may occur during severe thunderstorms.
The state weather bureau said it has not issued a gale warning, which means that fishing boats and other small sea craft are allowed to venture out into the sea.


GLOBAL WARMING EFFECTS ON HEALTH
Extreme heat. If high temperatures, especially when combined with high relative humidity, persist for several days (heat waves), and if nighttime temperatures do not drop, extreme heat can be a killer. Of all climate-related projections by scientists, rising temperatures are the most robust. Higher temperatures are also the most influenced by human behavior: the fewer heat-trapping emissions we release into the atmosphere, the cooler we can keep our planet. Because winter temperatures are rising faster than summer ones, cold-related deaths are likely to decline.
- “Natural” disasters. Projected changes in temperature and precipitation under global warming are likely to lead to other effects that threaten human health and safety. For example, changing precipitation patterns and prolonged heat can create drought, which can cause forest and peat fires, putting residents and firefighters in danger. However, a warming atmosphere also holds more moisture, so the chance of extreme rainfall and flooding continues to rise in some regions with rain or snow. In many heavily populated areas, sea-level rise is more likely to put people in the path of storm surges and coastal flooding. Warmer ocean waters may spawn more intense tropical hurricanes and typhoons while ocean cycles continue to be a factor in the frequency of tropical cyclones.
- Poor air quality. Three key ingredients—sunlight, warm air, and pollution from power plants and cars burning coal and gasoline—combine to produce ground-level ozone (smog), which humans experience as poor air quality. Higher air temperatures increase smog, if sunlight, fossil fuel pollution, and air currents remain the same.
- Allergens and other nuisances. Warmer temperatures and higher concentrations of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere stimulate some plants to grow faster, mature earlier, or produce more potent allergens. Common allergens such as ragweed seem to respond particularly well to higher concentrations of CO2, as do pesky plants such as poison ivy. Allergy-related diseases rank among the most common and chronic illnesses that can lead to lower productivity.
- Spreading diseases. Scientists expect a warmer world to bring changes in “disease vectors”—the mechanisms that spread some diseases. Insects previously stopped by cold winters are already moving to higher latitudes (toward the poles). Warmer oceans and other surface waters may also mean severe cholera outbreaks and harmful bacteria in certain types of seafood. Still, changes in land use and the ability of public health systems to respond make projecting the risk of vector-borne disease particularly difficult.


Storm large dating
(affected 74 times since 1871) Brushed by Hurricane Irma in 2017 and gains a whopping 41 positions (was 52) due to recalculations of past storms and the reduction of 13 cities from database. (affected 74 times since 1871) Had a quiet 2017 season drops 1 position just below Cape Canaveral with 3 less hurricane hits .
Has many extratropical storm hits and is higher ranked than any other northern location.
(affected 71 times since 1871) Moves up an amazing 23 positions due to some cities being eliminated from database,some historical storms recalculated and being hit by TS Irma in 2017.
Bottom of the 2.06 group with only 12 huricane hits.(affected 74 times since 1871.) Affected by Tropical Storm Irma in 2017 and moves up 2 positions.
This city gets many back door systems from the Atlantic crossing into the Gulf.This tiny island gets hit frequently by systems moving out to sea just to the south.(affected 74 times since 1871) Had a quiet season in 2017 but remains in the same position alone in the 2.00 group.There are also numerous back door systems from the Gulf of Mexico that have cut through Hatteras on the way out to sea some as extratropical.(affected a whopping 108 times since 1871) Had a quiet 2017 season, located just S. of Cape Hatteras affected by many of the same systems. (affected 90 times since 1871) Brushed by Hurricane Irma in 2017 and moves up one position over Bermuda & winning hurricane tie breaker.


Ahh mesmerizing lunar halo ! Just breathtaking , isn’t it ? 🙂
Halos around the sun or moon happen when high, thin cirrus clouds are drifting high above your head. Tiny ice crystals in Earth’s atmosphere cause the halos. They do this by refracting and reflecting the light. Halos can have many forms, ranging from colored or white rings to arcs and spots in the sky. Many of these are near the Sun or Moon, but others occur elsewhere or even in the opposite part of the sky. Among the most well known halo types are the circular halo (properly called the 22° halo), light pillars and sun dogs, but there are many more; some of them fairly common, others (extremely) rare.
- Images saved from Google.


|Other Titles||A survey of health effects on population exposure to a dust event in Beijing City|
acute health effects
|Abstract||目的 研究北京城区沙尘天气对人群以呼吸系统症状为主的急性健康影响.方法 采用自填式问卷调查法,在2005年春季的一次强沙尘天气期间,对北京市崇文区4所小学845例4～5年级学生及1653例成人进行调查,内容包括被调查者一般情况、浮尘天气过程自觉不适症状及诊疗情况等.同时收集浮尘天气过程PM_(10),NO_2及SO_2的日平均浓度,对大气各污染物与人群症状发生率做多元回归分析,并对儿童与成人的症状发生率进行比较.结果 浮尘天气导致儿童与成人组发生眼、口、鼻、咽喉等部位的不适症状,大气PM_(10)浓度与人群多数症状的发生率间存在正相关,此外,儿童对浮尘污染的刺激更为敏感.结论 浮尘天气导致大气PM_(10)浓度的升高,可以对人体呼吸系统产生急性不良影响.|
Objective To assess the acute health effects of the population exposure to a dust event in Beijing. Methods A total of 845 children from 4 primary schools and 1653 adults were investigated in Beijing by the questionnaires during a dust event in the spring of 2005. The symptoms, such as upper respiratory and stimuli symptoms, were recorded daily. The daily air pollution (PM_(10), NO_2 and SO_2 ) data were monitored at the same time. The association between the concentrations of air pollutants and the incidence of symptoms in exposed population were analyzed by multiple regression models. Results Positive associations were found between the PM_(10) concentrations and respiratory symptoms both in children and adults during the dust event. The children were more susceptible than adults to air pollution. Conclusion The dust events could have adverse effect on human respiratory health. There were positive association between increased ambient air PM_(10) concentration and incidence of upper respiratory symptoms.
|Appears in Collections:||公共卫生学院|


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Climate change is one of the biggest threats to the Gower landscape and we are already feeling its effects. It is widely accepted that human behaviour is the dominant cause of climate change, a result of our increasing emissions of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2). Despite efforts to reduce carbon emissions, Gower will still feel the effects of inevitable climate change as a result of past emissions locked in the atmosphere. Adaptation to these changes is essential to preserve the special qualities of the area.
Climate change is already having an impact on Gower. Increases in temperature have been recorded over the last 40 years: in their research, Mayes and Powell record that mean daily maximum and minimum daily temperatures on Gower increased by 0.7 and 0.9 degrees centigrade respectively between the periods 1962- 80 and 1981- 2000. This same research has also demonstrated that winters have become warmer, wetter and more unsettled.
Unsettled weather can have a significant impact on the landscape, as was the case at the beginning of 2014 when winter storms caused several years worth of erosion damage in just a few weeks. At Rhossili, one of the most famous beaches in Wales, relentless rain and stormy weather washed away the main access path to the beach. The path was not due for major refurbishment for a further ten years. However, the storm brought this work forward and the new path is designed to be more resilient to extreme weather events in future.
How the climate might change in the future
It is predicted that climate change will impact on all areas of the built and natural environment of Wales within the next 50 years. Some of the changes could benefit Gower, but many could have disastrous consequences. For example, warmer summers and milder winters could increase tourism and the length of visitor stays. However, changes in temperature could impact on local farmers, as it may alter the growing seasons and change the types of crops that can be grown on Gower.
Another catastrophic impact is the predicted sea-level rise together with more frequent, less predictable storm events, which could cause the coast of Gower to change quite dramatically. The area of Gower facing the greatest threat from these pressures will be the sensitive estuarine environment of North Gower. The ecosystems of the estuary are relatively fragile. Marshes, including Llanrhidian Marsh, an internationally important site for waders and wildfowl, are threatened by climate change in many ways. Warmer summers may cause increased evaporation and drought, leading to increased salinity (‘saltiness’), which in turn causes changes in plant communities, including a loss of vegetation. Grass species can become more competitive because they are more likely to survive in such conditions than many of the more ecologically valuable species.
Increased rainfall and storm events can result in an increase in pollution run off. This can lead to an increase in nutrients and toxins in the marshes, again altering the vegetation mix of the habitats. Inundation and waterlogging caused by sea level rises and storms can lead to more exposed mud, providing opportunities for invasive species to colonise the marshes as well as causing erosion and changes in soil processes – all of which can reduce the amount of habitat for existing wildlife.
Marshes are also at risk of ‘coastal squeeze’, where sea level rises and human development, such as flood defences, cause a reduction in the size of habitats. This can have significant consequences for species that rely upon the habitats under pressure – especially in marshes, which are relatively rare both nationally and internationally and so their loss cannot easily be compensated for elsewhere.
Whilst some habitats can ‘retreat’ inland when sea levels rise, others are blocked by sea cliffs or dunes and this means they become ‘squeezed’ even further – reducing in size and eventually disappearing altogether.
There will be several impacts of climate change in Gower, as identified by the UK Climate Projections:
- The number of very hot days, especially in summer and autumn, is set to rise.
- There will be fewer very cold days in winter.
- Winters will be wetter and summers are predicted to become drier.
- There will be more frequent storm events.
- There will be more contrast between seasons.
- There will be much less snowfall.
- Growing seasons will be longer.
- At sea, surface water temperatures will increase around the coast.
- The sea level will rise from 1990 levels by 30 to 43 cm by the 2080s.
Sand dunes, such as those at Nicholaston Burrows, are also at risk from climate change. Weather patterns that bring both stormy and flat seas can alter the patterns of sediment supply and removal, which are necessary for the formation of dunes. Increasingly energetic seas can increase the rate of dune erosion. Drier summers can lead to a rise in wind-blown sand, causing dunes to grow in size and extent; whilst wetter winters result in wet sand that is less mobile, which can affect dune processes and vegetation.
As you can see, the impacts of climate change on Gower are many and often complex! It’s therefore important that we continue to study how the climate is changing and do our best to minimise its harmful effects by helping to make the landscape more resilient, whilst also modifying our own behaviour.


Last Updated: Thursday 20th of January 2022 at 06:00 AM
Here's the latest from the LEX18 Storm Tracking Team
WINTER WEATHER ADVISORY REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 8 AM EST /7 AM CST/ THIS MORNING
* WHAT...Snow expected. Total snow accumulations of 1 to 2 inches
in most locations, possibly up to 4 inches in the southern Blue
Grass. A light glaze of ice may be possible as well.
* WHERE...Central Kentucky, generally south of I-64.
* WHEN...Through 8 AM EST /7 AM CST/ Thursday.
* IMPACTS...Plan on slippery road conditions due to icy or snow
covered roads. The hazardous conditions could impact the
Issued: 01/20/2022 3:26am Expries: 01/20/2022 8:00am Last Updated: 01/20/2022 3:26am
High: 29 °F
Low: 13 °F
High: 22 °F
Low: 7 °F
High: 25 °F
Low: 1 °F
High: 32 °F
Low: 11 °F
Want more weather? Click here.


If you live in Colorado, you’re most likely familiar with the bi-polar nature of our weather, specifically storms and the subsequent hail and hail damage.
What The Hail?
Even though golf ball sized hail is not specific to Colorado, the process for it to get that big has a definite relation to the scope of our storms.
Hail begins its life as a super cooled drop of water, which is swirled about in the updraft of a storm. As it rotates through the clouds it gathers water, dust particles and whatever else can get sucked up in a thunderstorm (reportedly some states have seen hailstones with fish or frogs encased within). These elements freeze due to the water’s supercooled temperature and eventually form into a hail stone.
Now depending on how powerful the wind is these stones could go on rotating for quite a while gathering mass. Eventually they become too heavy and drop from the atmosphere to either create a nice, shallow dent on your brand new car, or damage the roof of your house.
We Can All Blame Colorado For This Hail Malarkey
Colorado happens to be one of the most hail prone states in the U.S. and though the majority of the hail occurs in the Rockies, we still feel the impact (literally!) here in the populated counties.
The strong winds from our local thunderstorms also add an extra edge to the hail, namely by increasing damage potential from added momentum.
The Physical and the Monetary
Not only does hail cause a lot of structural damage in Colorado, it is estimated that in 2009 hail was responsible for $767.6 million in monetary damages.
Oh, and here’s some more lovely statistics (Source: http://www.rmiia.org/catastrophes_and_statistics/Hail.asp):
|Date||Location||Cost When Occurred|
|July 20, 2009||Denver Metro||$767.6||$833.5|
|July 11, 1990||Denver Metro||$625.0||$1.1 Billion|
|June 6-15, 2009||Denver Metro||$353.3||$381.2|
|June 6-7, 2012||CO Front Range||$321.1||$325.8|
|June 13-14, 1984||Denver Metro||$276.7||$620.3|
|July 29, 2009||Pueblo||$232.8||$252.7|
|October 1, 1994||Denver Metro||$225.0||$353.6|
|May 22, 2008||Windsor||$193.5||$209.3|
|July 13, 2011||CO Front Range||$164.8||$170.6|
|June 8-9, 2004||Denver Metro||$146.5||$180.6|
|August 11, 1997||Denver Metro||$128.0||$185.7|
|May 22, 1996||Denver Metro||$122.0||$181.1|
*2013 estimated cost calculations based on the Consumer Price Index.
- May 20-22 storms racked up $109 million in Colorado insurance claims (denverpost.com)
- Hail Causes Problems, Flash Flooding For Drivers (denver.cbslocal.com)


CitySens Granada is a project developed by Métrica6 for the Granada City Council, with EDUSI funds financial, which consists in the installation of more than 300 environmental sensors in multiple locations in the city of Granada.
The system consists of a double particle measurement system. The first consists of a particle sensor that transforms the concentration signals of the absorbed air through a laser diode. The second node reflects the amount of nitrogen dioxide in the air through the electrical signal produced by a chemical reaction.
Its purpose is to offer detailed and real-time information about air quality levels in the atmosphere where it is installed, thus allowing a view of the impact of pollution and its evolution over time.
The technology has been put in the hands of the Granada City Council, where it is intended to know how pollutants are distributed in the city and to know those that affect the most, such as nitrogen dioxide and M10 particles.
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The wind conditions on day four of the Sailing's 2018 World Cup Series in Hyères, France, are looking promising for the 647 sailors from 46 nations.
vendredi 27 avril 2018
The third round of the series has seen light winds throughout the competition which has proven to be a challenge for all the sailors. However, today is looking much better as Hyères is expecting a moderate breeze of 7-10 knots coming from the east south-east. This will increase to 10-12 knots towards the afternoon with the wind direction traveling south-west. It's a cloudy start to the morning but gradually clearing to clearer skies with a few scattered clouds.