How to create an aurora borealis effect
Weather in the Arctic
The Weather events in the Arctic is rich in variety and is largely shaped by wind and ocean currents, the arrangement of mountain ranges and the shape of the subsurface (land, sea, ice). That's the average lowest cloud cover for example on the Mainland Nunavuts and those north of it Ice islands as well as in north and Northeast Greenland to be expected where the closed pack ice cover of the Arctic Ocean, about three meters thick, still shows the greatest resistance and thus gives the Arctic Ocean a dry continental influence. The weather here is particularly poor in clouds from November to May, when the ice cover stretches as far as the mainland coast of Nunavut for several months. The result are exceptionally high values of the Sunshine duration in late winter and spring, which in parts Ellesmere Islands in May even on average 500 hours exceeds (that is up to 16.5 hours / day) and thus probably marks the highest sunshine duration of a month on earth. Such a high value cannot be achieved in the subtropical desert regions, for example, because the available day length is simply too short even in summer. In contrast, regions with moist sea air are characterized by warm sea currents, as can be found on the year-round ice-free coasts of Norway and Iceland as well as in the area of the Svalbard archipelago, at least on the west coast, but also Franz-Josef-Land, Nowaya Zemlya and the southeast / South of Greenland (where the Iceland Depression was formed) by a right high cloud cover out. In doing so, Iceland, in the southeast and South Greenland as in Northern Norway also the largest amounts of precipitation the Arctic, which in these regions is extensive 800mm per year and even more than double that in individual areas. In contrast, other regions of the Arctic are extremely dry. In the north of Alaska, Yukon, the Northwest Territories and on the mainland Nunavuts, but also in the Beaufort Sea and on the Canadian Ice Islands (except in the south-eastern half of Baffinland) and in the north-west and north of Greenland, in Franz Josef Land, in Central and eastern Siberia (except for the extreme eastern tip) and north of it in the Laptev and East Siberian Seas far less than 300mm of rainfall per year achieved, being in the extreme Northwest Greenland and on the northern ice islands of Canada often not even 100mm a year getting together.
So while falling precipitation is not really a productive event in considerable parts of the Arctic, settled precipitation can often be observed in some places. Especially from Mid-June to mid-September are partly extensive Fog and high fog banks above arctic seas a quite typical phenomenon, especially in areas with drift ice or cold open sea, with 80-95% of all summer days being cloudy in some of these regions. But also several Coastal areas are from fog affected, especially im June and July. During these months, the relatively strong horizontal temperature gradient between an already snow-free and therefore optimally heated country has the most significant effect compared to seawater that is already open but still very cold. This leads to a pronounced landward air flow of moist sea air (sea breeze), which condenses into fog and is brought to the coastal area in this form (advection fog, cold water fog, up to 15-20 days per summer month). Since there is then often a low-lying inversion produced by the cold sea, further air mass transport upwards is prevented. in the autumn then the slope increases Sea smoke to, a form of mist (mixed mist, warm water mist), which preferably forms over warm water surfaces when the overlying moist air condenses in the surrounding air mass, which has already cooled down due to the coming winter cold. Sea smoke can sometimes spread over a large area and take on the character of a blanket of fog. in the Deep and late winter Fog is rare in the Arctic. But when it is very cold it can be in the interior of the country in hollows or basins or along rivers in the form of flat Ice fog Occasionally encountered from sublimated water vapor.
The Temperatures in the Arctic are low. The reason for this is mainly to be found in the considerable radiation deficit or even the complete absence of short-wave solar radiation in the autumn and winter days. In addition, due to the relatively low height of the sun, the irradiation is not productive even in spring and summer and is also reflected to a not inconsiderable proportion due to the reflective effects of bright snow, glacier and sea ice surfaces. Among other things, this leads to a fascinating peculiarity of the high latitudes, according to which far in the north (low solar height), especially above the Arctic Ocean, the temperature does not rise at all in the sunshine in spring or early summer when a deep cloud cover breaks up, but often even recedes. This is because the snow surfaces (albedo 0.75-0.85), which are still relatively light at this time of year, reduce the entry of short-wave solar radiation to such an extent that the loss of long-wave cloud radiation caused by the cloud dissolution cannot be compensated for at all. The Arctic is coldest in Deep winter in Medium- and East Siberia as well as in Inland Greenlandwhere even Monthly mean temperatures to under -45 ° C decrease and absolute lows of less than -65 ° C have already occurred. Only in winter it is relatively mild south and West Iceland, where the Averages around 0 ° C lie. in the summer however, reach individual areas of the Russian Arctic on the coast to White sea (European Russia) and on Lower Lena (Central Siberia) also warm Monthly mean temperatures at about 15 ° C with average daily maximum temperatures, which even barely exceed 20 ° C. At that time it is in the Ice center of Greenland coolest with one Monthly mean under -10 ° C. The daily temperature variations (i.e. the differences between daily low values and daily high temperatures) are usually rather low in the Arctic and only take on somewhat more significant values in places in the interior of the country when the air is dry, especially in spring. However, in regions that have access to different types of air masses, large temperature jumps can occur in a relatively short time. For example, the supply of mild sea air can resolve a flat but pronounced inversion just as quickly as, conversely, a strong ice-cold continental wind current can displace mild air and thus initiate a sudden drop in temperature, which can easily reach more than 20 ° C.
wind So influences the weather in the Arctic and it can be traced back to various causes. Large-scale, strong winds develop above all in the vicinity of pronounced low pressure areas such as the Iceland lows, which due to the permanently maintained temperature contrast between the cold Greenlandic land / ice mass and the warm North Atlantic ocean current (foothills of the Gulf Stream) again and again approximately in the southeast or South Greenland or near Iceland are formed. These lows then migrate mostly east and northeast and, especially in the colder seasons, often reach over the Norwegian sea until the Barents Sea and sometimes even penetrate them Kara lake in front of or they stay west of it and reach the Greenland lake. In extreme cases, arctic cold air, which passes through seawater kept warm by ocean currents, can become so unstable that a full-blown air polar winter cyclones developed with a diameter of some 100km. Similar to the large tropical cyclones, this can even be equipped with a cloud-free "eye" in the center and only dissolve again when it falls on land or over sea ice surfaces. In summer, however, low pressure areas also form over the Hudson Bay and the adjacent Ice islands of Nunavuts as well as extensive along the North coast of Eurasia in noteworthy numbers, because after the rapid melting of the mostly only small amounts of snow, the land can warm up quickly while the Arctic Ocean remains relatively cool and thus a temperature contrast is created that is favorable for the development of low pressure. Some of these lows then often shift northward and slowly move over the area until autumn central arctic ocean. Away from the low pressure areas, however, strong winds can also arise on elongated hills or mountain ranges if the current cannot overcome them directly due to a striking inversion ("Barrier Jet"). Even in narrow crevices, for example between islands, air movement can sometimes be accelerated enormously and at the exit of the crevice it can also reach hurricane strengths, such as occurs with north winds between Ellesmere Island and northwest Greenland ("Gap Wind"). And the discharge of large amounts of cold air (katabatic wind) from the high inland ice (up to 3230m above sea level) to the east coast of Greenland has a dangerous effect ("Piteraq"), especially if there is a low pressure area near the coast, which really sets the circulation going. But wind in the Arctic does not always have to be expected. Especially in winter, it is often the calm of a clear night in the interior of the country that enables the formation of such icy cold-air lakes in the first place.
As unchangeable as this description of Arctic weather events may appear, it should not hide the fact that the conditions have now started to change significantly. Because it will be a dramatic one in the Arctic Climate change of unprecedented proportions. The temperatures increase unimaginably significantly with deviations from long-term monthly mean values, which are sometimes more than 10 ° C. More and more often rain occurs instead of snowfall, even in winter and sometimes reaching high latitudes. Glaciers are melting and sea ice cover is decreasing so rapidly that the possibility is already being considered that the Arctic Ocean could be completely ice-free in late summer and early autumn in the near future. This has an enormous impact on fauna and flora and ultimately also on us humans. This does not mean the supposedly positive effect of a navigable north-east and north-west passage, but the clearly negative effect that the natural cooling of our earth is gradually lost. It is already so warm today that the immense ice sheet of Greenland would probably not be able to build up again if it were completely removed. And the sea ice of the Arctic Ocean, which melts every summer and has to be formed anew in winter, can no longer regenerate completely even in colder winters because annual ice is significantly less stable than the multi-year compact ice cover of earlier times. When the large ice masses of the polar regions disappear, the earth as a whole becomes darker and thus increasingly carries more short-wave solar radiation, which is no longer reflected as efficiently, into its system (Ice albedo feedback). But there are also other feedback effects. Warm open seawater also generates more water due to its increased evaporation rate and the degradation of thermodynamic stability polar depressionswhose associated storms can break up the Arctic sea ice cover even further. In addition, the increasing Meridionality the large-scale atmospheric circulation (as a result of the decreasing global temperature contrasts) an increasing influx of warm air masses from the south. However, this also means that more soot from industrial areas reaches the Arctic and increases the amount of soot that is already caused by growing in-situ tourism pollution and darkening the Snow surfaces. The consequences of the feedback are therefore far-reaching and at some point may no longer be reversible. Therefore, climate and nature protection is an indispensable necessity for the Arctic natural region. The The Arctic and its nature must be protected, Fauna and flora, air and water and the climate of this unique natural region must be preserved, for us humans !!!
Andreas Pfoser, October 6, 2019
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rNOMADS: An R Interface to the NOAA Operational Model Archive and
An interface to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Operational Model Archive and Distribution System (NOMADS, see <https://nomads.ncep.noaa.gov/> for more information) that allows R users to quickly and efficiently download global and regional weather model data for processing. rNOMADS currently supports a variety of models ranging from global weather data to an altitude of over 40 km, to high resolution regional weather models, to wave and sea ice models. rNOMADS can retrieve binary data in grib format as well as import ascii data directly into R by interfacing with the GrADS-DODS system.
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May 22, 2023 · Kissimmee, FL Hourly Weather Forecast star_ratehome.
See more current weather. Temperature.
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As of 2:16 pm EDT. . Rain.
Kissimmee Weather Forecasts. Mar 17, 2023 · This is the extended 10 day forecast for Kissimmee.
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Today Kissimmee Florida United States: Partly cloudy with a temperature of 32°C and a wind East-North-East speed of 5 Km/h.
Current Weather. This is the extended 10 day forecast for Kissimmee. Get more details in the extended 10 day weather forecast for Amsterdam.
The forecast is updated every three hours and displays the temperature, weather conditions, wind direction and speed, as well as the chance of precipitation. Partly sunny. 11" (rain) 9:00 pm: 75 °F: Rain showers. . 10 Day.
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According to statistics, fine particulate air pollution in most major cities worldwide has been on the rise since 2016. Air pollution is credited for up to five million deaths annually. This is the leading cause of pulmonary based illnesses and fatalities. Using an air purifier has become vital to deter any potential effects of air pollution on your health.
It takes an air purifier roughly thirty minutes to two hours to purify the air in a room. Based on several factors such as the size of the room, level of air pollution, air purifier speed, and so forth.
What Affects How Long It Will Take to Purify a House?
Purification time varies from one house to another depending on a couple of variables. Here are the top determinants to consider.
Size of The Room
Cleaning the air in an open plan living area is different than cleaning the air in a small bedroom. Most air purifiers have an upper limit on the room size they can clean effectively in a given time frame. This means if you need to clean a larger room, you have to contend with the more extended amount of time it will take the air purifier to get it done.
A charcoal filter (not a charcoal purifier) can get rid of allergens in a room much faster than a chemical-based filter. On the other hand, if your air purifier has multiple filters, it can concurrently handle different pollutant types with different micron particle sizes. Making it clean the air faster as compared to an air purifier depending on one filter type.
Air Purification Speed
At speed two, purifying air may take five hours while purifying the air at speed five may take one or two hours. Again, depending on the level of pollution in the air. As such, if you wish to clear air faster, run your air purifier at the highest speed and reduce it once the air gets cleaner.
Alternatively, program your air purifier to reduce its speed once it detects reduced pollution in the air. Or monitor the air quality and adjust accordingly.
Check this too: La Crosse View Troubleshooting & How to Guide
Level of Air Contamination
Depending on how toxic the air is, you may take a whole day or a few minutes to clean the air. This depends on the type of air contamination and the size of the particles in the air. For instance, if you have thick smoke, this will take longer to be neutralized than perfume smell. The reason being the size of the particles is different and has varying densities.
Placement of the Air Purifier
The air purifier’s location plays a significant role in the speed of air purification in a room. It goes without saying that the closer the air purifier is to the odor’s source, the faster the air will get cleaned. For instance, if you need to contain a pet’s litter odor, then the best thing would be to place the air purifier next to the litter box.
Likewise, if you need to remove food odors in the kitchen, you need to place the air purifier near the stove. Alternatively, you can set the air purifier at a vantage point in the room where it can clean all the air in the room with ease.
As weird as this sounds, using your air purifier in summer is different than using your air purifier during winter. The reason being air is denser when it is colder. This means the air will get purified faster during summer as compared to winter. When you run your air purifier during colder months, run it at a higher speed. Or wait for the extra time it will take the air to get purified.
How to Purify the Air in a Room Faster?
You may need to implement more than one tactic to clean the air in a room faster. Combining a few of these tricks will get the job done in half the time it may take the air purifier.
Close the windows to prevent contamination of already purified air. If you are running the air purifier and the air getting into your house if filthy, your air purifier’s efforts will be wasted.
Use natural elements to help purify the air faster such as activated bamboo charcoal, houseplants, essential oils, a rock salt lamp, or beeswax. Ensure that the natural elements do not contain any compounds that contribute to air pollution in your house.
Place the air purifier near the odor’s source to ensure faster absorption of impurities in the air. Avoid obstructing the air purifier to increase air circulation and make extraction of odors from the air in the room faster.
Air Purifier Capabilities
Run the air purifier at a higher speed to increase air cleanup volume per minute. Maintain your air purifier regularly. A clogged filter will take longer to clean the air in a room. Change or replace the filters as needed to ensure it is always running at optimal capacity.
Do not place it near electronics that can interfere with its wavelength as this will impede its air purification process.
Take Preventive Measures
Lastly, prevent odors to avoid rescue missions later. Placing the air purifier near the window to prevent dirty air from entering your house is better than starting to clean up the polluted air after the pollution has already occurred.
Check this too: Hunter Air Purifier How to and Troubleshooting Guide
How Do I Know if I Need an Air Purifier?
As the air quality in your home deteriorates, you will begin to notice subtle symptoms indicate that something is amiss. The symptoms are more likely to be prevalent in a house resident with preexisting chest conditions such as asthma. These are the signs you need to look out for;
Increased Asthma Attacks
If you or another family member has asthma and is getting frequent flareups, it may be a sign that the air quality is poor and needs to be purified.
Are you or one of your housemates getting frequent headaches, a runny nose, itchy eyes, or other allergic reactions? This may be a sign the air is polluted, causing the body to react to the air’s inflammatory compounds.
Dust accumulation on furniture is a sign that you need to purify the air as there has to be an uncommonly large amount of dust in the air for you to start seeing it gathering on your furniture.
If the air in your house smells musty or stale, you need to get an air purifier(s). this is a sign of air pollution or, even worse, an accumulation of pathogens like mold spores.
Dust Mite Infestation
Where there is smoke, there is fire; increased dust mite population is a sign that your air is quite dusty. Hence the inhabitation of dust loving parasites in your house.
If you keep getting sick and all other factors in your life are unchanged, your illness may be the intangible factors such as filthy air inhalation. That may lead to mold toxicity or inhalation of bacteria and a myriad of other harmful pollutants.
Blocked airways due to increased mucous production is a sign that your air is polluted. Mucous production is your body’s fight mechanism as the first step to fighting toxins in your body. If you are snoring, then you need to purify your air to reduce mucous production.
Where Should I Place My Air Purifier?
The best place to place an air purifier is right next to the source of the odor. The next best place to put an air purifier is at the point where it is most likely to clean the most amount of air at once. This means placing it in an unobstructed part of the room.
You can also consider placing near the window or door where outside pollution is most likely to make its way into your house. You also need to put it on a raised platform. Your main concern is cleaning the air your breathing in and not the air circulating near your feet.
When using it to clean air in your bedroom, place it a few feet from your bed with the clean air direction of the air purifier facing you so that you can get a stream of fresh air coming towards you as you sleep.
Should Air Purifiers Run All the Time?
The critical thing to remember is that air pollution accumulates volatile compounds or odors in the air over time. This means that if you want your air to be pure, you may need to keep your air purifier running. Especially if the air quality if highly compromised in your home environment.
If you are concerned with conserving electricity or keeping the cost down, use a combination of natural methods to boost the effort of the air purifier. You can also run it consistently at a low speed to reduce energy consumption. Also, work on reducing air pollution by using non-toxic cleaning agents or cooking with open windows.
If you have a smart air purifier, you can preset the air purifier to increase speed when it detects a deterioration in air quality. At the end of the day, you have to decide whether conserving electricity is more important than breathing in better quality air.
Does Every Room Need an Air Purifier?
Not necessarily. Buying an air purifier for every room in your house would be a costly undertaking. It will also increase your electricity expense. Unless you live in a heavily polluted city or environment, getting multiple air purifiers is overkill.
At the very least, get an air purifier for rooms that tend to get odors the most, like the kitchen, living room, and the bathroom. You can also get an air purifier for your child’s room, especially if it has a respiratory disorder.
Check this too: Best air purifier for smoke under $100
If you place your air purifiers in a strategic position and keep doors open throughout the house, you can utilize one air purifier to clean air in multiple rooms. You can also move an air purifier from room to room as needed.
Do Air Purifiers Make the Air Dry?
No. air purifiers do not have air dehumidifying capabilities, and as such, they cannot make the air dry. It does not affect humidity levels. It can only trap pollutants in the air using different micron air filters. If you have dry air in your house, consider getting a humidifier as dry air can cause nose bleeds.
The main take-home is an air purifier running at speed four will clean the air in a room faster than an air purifier running on speed two. To clean air in a room more quickly, run your air purifier at maximum speed for a few hours, then switch to the lowest speed to maintain air quality.


I got a text message this morning from a fellow teacher informing me the Gonaives was flooding. Hurricane Jean drenched Gonaives in 2004, killing thousands unable to escape the rising waters. Now it is happening again, and what's worse is that no one expected it! Hanna was projected to pass far north of us and head for Florida. Eerily enough it stopped north of Haiti and started heading directly south towards us. The outer bands have been drenching Haiti all day. The storm is still projected to head north, but it hasn't changed directions yet. My area is still safe--we've had rain and strong winds on and off all day.
Please pray for Haiti...this has been the hardest hurricane season yet! In three weeks we've had Fay, Gustav, and now Hanna. There are 2 more storms forming in the Atlantic as well--Ike and Josephine--and they are likely to pass close enough to Haiti to continue the pattern of flooding.


| < February >
|Normal Max/ High Temperature
|Min/ Low Temperature
|Average Daylight per day
|Sun altitude at solar noon on the 21st day.
- The average temperature in Kybartai in February is slightly cold at -3.7 °C (25.34 °F).
- Afternoons can be slightly cold with average high temperatures reaching -0.8 °C (30.6 °F).
- Overnight temperatures are generally cold with an average low of -6.7 °C (19.9 °F).
- The mean daily temperature range/ variation in February is 5.9 °C (10.6 °F).
- The weather in February is somewhat parched. A paltry 24mm (0.9in) of liquid descends.
- The shortest day is 8:43 long and the longest day is 10:34 long with an average length of 9:37.
Check the distance to and compare the Kybartai February averages with somewhere beginning with:
A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | All
Weather Trend Graph for February in Kybartai, Lithuania
Navigate to February Weather in Locations Surrounding Kybartai:
- Birzai, Lithuania - 214.2 kms (133.1 miles) NE
- Siauliai, Lithuania - 149.6 kms (93 miles) NNE
- Utena, Lithuania - 203.8 kms (126.6 miles) ENE
- Raseiniai, Lithuania - 87.5 kms (54.4 miles) NNE
- Ukmerge, Lithuania - 144.4 kms (89.7 miles) ENE
- Kaunas, Lithuania - 73 kms (45.3 miles) ENE
- Vilnius, Lithuania - 149.6 kms (92.9 miles) E
- Varena, Lithuania - 122.1 kms (75.9 miles) ESE
- Suwalki, Poland - 56.9 kms (35.4 miles) S
- Grodno, Belarus - 141.5 kms (87.9 miles) SE
- Bialystok, Poland - 171.5 kms (106.6 miles) S


No cyclone to hit Zambia-Met Dept.
By Staff Reporter
The Zambia Meteorological Department has rubbished the warning by the Disaster Management and Mitigation Unit (DMMU) that certain parts of the country are likely to be affected by the hard-hit tropical cyclone that hit Zimbabwe, Mozambique and Malawi.
The DMMU on Saturday warned that the Southern African Development Community – Climate Services Centre had predicted that a tropical storm which has devastated Mozambique will migrate inland and make land fall over eastern Mozambique and likely to extend to Zambia.
DMMU Public Relations Officer Rachael Chama, said the storm is likely to affect Luapula, Northern, Central, Southern, Muchinga and parts of Eastern provinces with Districts such as Lunga, Chilubi, Luwingu, Mporokoso, Kawambwa, parts of Mansa and Milenge likely to receive rainfall in excess of 10 mm from March 16.
But lack of coordination between the two, met acting Director Emmanuel Sikana has told Zambia National Information Services that Zambia was not in danger zone from the cyclone and that the department was observing its movements.
“The cyclone which hit Zimbabwe has started going back to central position in Mozambique and is likely to go back to the Indian Ocean. When the cyclone was around central Mozambique, it started pushing the rainfall activities to northern parts of Zambia especially North-Western and Copperbelt,” said Sikana
He added that with the cyclone retracting back to Mozambique, it was apparently pulling the westerly winds towards Zambia thereby, inducing more rainfall activities on the Copperbelt, Luapula, Northern, Muchinga and parts of Eastern and Central provinces.
“Due to this direction, the country may have isolated showers and thunderstorms during the afternoons in the Western, Southern and Lusaka provinces though not significant rains in Lusaka and Western,” he said
Sikana stressed that the department is however, still vigilant in case the cyclone regenerates.
On Friday, a tropical storm known as the Cyclone Idai which brought water flood and destruction to areas of Mozambique and Malawi hit Zimbabwe cutting off power and communications and claimed about over 60 lives.


Interns in Climate Data Analysis and Modelling
The Cyprus Institute (CyI) is a non-profit research and educational institution with a strong scientific and technological orientation, emphasizing international collaborations and cross-disciplinary research and post graduate education. CyI, through its established research centers, addresses challenging issues that are important at both the regional and international levels. Many of its research activities are being carried out in partnership with leading institutions in the respective thematic areas.
The Cyprus Institute (CyI) invites applications for Interns who will have the opportunity to gain hands-on working experience through contributing to the activities of the Atmosphere and Climate Division (ACD) of Energy Environment Water Research Center (EEWRC). More specifically, the Interns will utilise available climate data from observations and model output in order to statistically analyse and visualise temperature evolution and extremes at a global and regional scale, with a focus in the Middle East/North Africa (MENA) and the Eastern Mediterranean, including Cyprus.
The Internships will be on a full-time basis for a fixed term of 6 months
The Interns will contribute to the ACD’s regional climate change research by:
- Collecting observational data of temperature and other climate variables from ground station measurements and other datasets
- Extracting climate gridded data from global and regional climate model output
- Statistically analysing and graphically depicting climatic temporal and spatial variations in the MENA region
- Bachelor degree in Physical Sciences
- Specialization in Atmospheric Sciences
- Experience in Statistical data analysis
- Experience in Visualisation of geophysical data
- Strong analytical and organizational skills
- Ability to work independently
- Excellent knowledge of the English language both verbal and writing
- Familiarization to Linux operating system


WIND Keynote Speakers will be featured at the May In-Person Conference
"The Hurricane Man"
Joshua Morgerman is an American businessman, storm chaser, and TV personality best known for his multitude of tropical cyclone chases. Born in 1970, he developed an interest in meteorology at an early age. After graduating from Harvard University in 1992, he co-founded the digital advertising company Symblaze in 1999.
Phil Klotzbach is a Research Scientist in the Department of Atmospheric Science at Colorado State University. He received his Ph.D. in Atmospheric Science from CSU in 2007. Klotzbach has been employed in the Department of Atmospheric Science for the past twenty years and was co-author on the Atlantic basin hurricane forecasts with Dr. William Gray through 2005. He became first author on the seasonal hurricane forecasts in 2006. Klotzbach developed the two-week forecasts currently being issued during the peak months of the hurricane season between August-October. He has authored over 60 articles in peer-reviewed journals such as Journal of Climate and Weather and Forecasting.
Klotzbach graduated from Bridgewater State College with a BS degree in Geography in 1999. He then attended Colorado State University where he received his Masters degree in Atmospheric Science in 2002. After receiving his Masters degree, Klotzbach thru-hiked the Appalachian Trail from Georgia to Maine (2100+ miles). He has also climbed all 54 14,000 foot peaks in Colorado, and has completed nine marathons and six ultra-marathons.


Everyone have already seen a scene like this before, or like this... We call this phenomenon mirage and that's what we will explain to you today.
First, the main thing to know about mirages is that they are not an optical illusion like many people can think... In fact, everyone is able to see and photograph mirages.Mirages are deformed pictures of a real object. Different sorts ofmirages exist, due to the refraction and the reflexion of the light.
REFRACTION AND REFLEXION:
In a homogeneous and transparent environment, the light follows a straight direction. But all middle doesn't have the same refractive index (it's a index which can give an idea from the light speed). More the index is high, more the light go slowly.
* If the light passes from a middle with a lowrefractive index in a middle with a high refractive index, the direction of the light is transformed : It goes away from the boundary layer between the two environments.
* Otherwise, the light can also crosses from a middle with high index in a middle with less index. In this case, the direction of light gets closer of the boundary layer. (The pencil appears to be broken, due to refraction oflight as it emerges into the air.)
* If the ray of light passes from a middle to another with an incidence angle more important that the critical angle, there is a total reflexion : The light doesn't go through the boundary layer.
The refraction law tell us that the direction of the ray evolve in function of the refractive index. However, the index depends of the temperature and the pressureof the environment. So the direction of light depends of the temperature of the middle.
* In an environment no homogeneous, it's possible to have different refractive index according to the temperature or the composition of the middle... But the index doesn't change brutally thus the direction of the light either. That's why, if you put a laser ray in a mixed of water and salt, you'll see acurved line and not a straight line.
In the case of mirages, it's the difference of temperature which create changes of refractive index and consequently the light bent.
When the temperature of the ground is different from the temperature of the atmosphere, there is near the ground a thin couch of air in which the indication of refraction quickly varies, and rays of light becomecurves. The warmer air is divided up into micro-strata, creating a gradient of indication. It deforms the image of objects situated near the ground.
We can observe especially mirages on big desert areas or on roads and certain places where there isn't any vegetation. There are two types of mirages, the lower mirage and the superior mirage.
They are caused by opposite variations of temperaturecall vertical temperature gradient. They express this gradient by the number of degrees of temperature change per height.
The illusion part of the mirage generally come from our mind's interpretation of what the eye sees. When our eye sees a light ray coming from an object, our mind interprets the ray as a perfectly straight line from the object to our eye.
Lower mirage :
The lower mirageisn't reserved for the hot deserts. We usually observe it on roads in summer: the road warmed by the sun causes an important gradient of temperature (very warm air near the road), and the refractive index of the air is modify according to the height. This gradient is negative, because the warmer air is denser than the cool. A 3 degrees variation of temperature over a 1meter high is enough to seethis type of mirage. You have to be on a plane surface and over a long distance. The eye receives then the colour of the sky by a ray of light having got closer to the ground before being curved.
What we see is the image of the sky which is refracted by the hot air until come to a critical angle, and then the rays are reflected. It appears like water lying on the ground. The observer believes...


Stratus Clouds: The word stratus comes from the Latin word that means "to spread out." Stratus clouds are horizontal, layered clouds that stretch out across the sky like a blanket. Sometimes a layer of warm, moist air passes over a layer of cool air. Stratus clouds often form at the boundary where these layers meet. Where two such layers of air meet, the warm air is cooled. If the warm air is cooled below its dew point, the excess water vapor condenses to form a blanket - like layer of stratus clouds. If the layers of air are very large, the stratus clouds may extend for many kilometers across the sky.
Cumulus Clouds: The word cumulus comes from the Latin word for a heap or a pile. Cumulus clouds are puffy in appearance. They look like large cotton balls. Cumulus clouds usually form when warm, moist air is forced upward. As this air rises, it is cooled. If it is cooled below its dew - point temperature, condensation will occur. The size of a cumulus cloud depends on the force of the upward movement of air and the amount of moisture in the air. The largest cumulus clouds are caused by very strong upward movements of warm, moist air. The clouds that produce heavy thunderstorms in summer are a form of cumulus clouds called cumulonimbus. Cumulonimbus clouds may extend upward for hundreds of meters.
Cirrus Clouds: Cirrus clouds are a third general type of cloud. The word cirrus comes from the Latin word for a tuft or curl of hair. Cirrus clouds are very wispy and feathery looking. They form only at high altitudes, about 7 km above the earth's surface. Cirrus clouds are composed of ice crystals and are so thin that sunlight can pass right through them.


By Elizabeth Gardner, WRAL meteorologistIt’s early August and we’ve already seen more days with highs of 90 degrees or hotter than we usually see all year. We still have the rest of August, September and possibly early October to see more days in the 90s. The record is 91 days, set in 2010. Unfortunately, there’s still a chance we could get close to it. Obviously it’s been a hot summer already. We are on track to see the third hottest summer on record at Raleigh-Durham International Airport.
For Raleigh, this summer is already one of the hottest on record Our summer’s average temperature so far is 80.


I’m working on a health & medical discussion question and need the explanation and answer to help me learn.
Choose your own public health hot topic to focus on. Need help getting started? Check out these resources: https://www.cdc.gov/islandaffairs/public-health-to…. and American Public Health Association – Topics + Issues
You have the option to explore public health topics in the United States or overseas.
Expert Solution Preview
Public health is a critical field that plays a significant role in promoting and protecting the well-being of communities and populations. As a medical professor, I am responsible for designing college assignments, conducting lectures, evaluating student performance, and providing feedback on public health topics. In this context, I will choose a public health hot topic and provide an answer to the content provided.
One hot topic in public health is the impact of air pollution on human health. Air pollution is a global concern that affects both developed and developing countries. It is caused by the release of harmful gases and pollutants into the atmosphere from various sources such as industrial emissions, vehicle exhaust, and burning of fossil fuels.
Air pollution has been linked to numerous health problems, including respiratory diseases like asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Long-term exposure to polluted air has also been associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases, including heart attacks and strokes. Moreover, air pollution can have detrimental effects on vulnerable populations such as children, the elderly, and individuals with existing health conditions.
To address this public health issue, it is essential to implement comprehensive strategies that target different sources of air pollution. These include stricter regulations on industrial emissions, promotion of clean and renewable energy sources, improving public transportation systems, and raising awareness about the health risks of air pollution.
Public health professionals play a crucial role in conducting research, monitoring air quality, and advocating for policies that aim to reduce air pollution. Efforts should also focus on educating the public about the importance of minimizing exposure to polluted air and adopting healthy lifestyle behaviors.
In conclusion, air pollution is a pressing public health issue that poses significant risks to human health. By implementing effective strategies, raising awareness, and advocating for policy changes, we can make substantial progress in reducing air pollution and improving public health outcomes. As future medical professionals, it is crucial for students to understand the impact of air pollution and actively contribute to addressing this issue within their communities.


WeatherLink can be added to any of the weather stations and Weather Envoy’s to collect and store weather data. The WeatherLink software can be downloaded
to any computer and used for detailed analysis and graphing.
More data is reported (heating/cooling degree days, fuel-oil demand, sunburn risk, and solar energy output)
Data can be used on spreadsheets, databases and word processing programs
Websites can be created that contain graphs, text lines, the ability to upload other files (images)
Data can also be downloaded to WeatherLink.com where your reporting station will have its own page on the site. Your station will be shown on a
worldwide map which broadcasts temperatures across the globe.
WeatherLink.com can also:
Upload data to third-party weather sites
Get e-mail alerts of current weather conditions
Download the data to your PC for charting, graphing, and analysis
Store four (4) times the data that can be stored on a data logger
Send data to your smartphone
Join the WeatherLink Network by:
WeatherLinkIP—You can post your weather data directly to WeatherLink.com without a PC
using WeatherLinkIP. Within minutes, you’ll be able to see your weather data live on the internet. WeatherLinkIP uploads your data automatically
even when your PC is not running. WeatherLinkIP is $209.
WeatherLink Network Annual Subscription — (for WeatherLink Serial and USB Data Loggers.) Makes any Davis weather station (including
classic Vantage Pro, Monitor, Wizard and Perception stations) into a WeatherLink.comstation.
With the annual subscription, your weather data is automatically uploaded toWeatherLink.com as long as
your computer is on, and the software is running. –WeatherLink Network Annual Subscription is $30/year. NOTE: Not compatible with Envoy8X. Requires a PC, WeatherLink v6.0 and Internet service. Not required for WeatherLinkIP or Vantage Connect.


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Many scientists around the world are persuaded that the earth is heating up as a consequence of human activity; namely, releasing heat-trapping CO2 gas into the atmosphere by burning carbon-based fuels such as oil and coal. Others are not persuaded. This subject guide attempts to provide a point of entry into the subject by highlighting resources on the web.
Whether you would like to become an enivronmental engineer or study the science itself, here are a few universities in the area offering that cirriculum.
Books and Media


It’s raining, it’s pouring…and the average rainfall is soaring! According to Ohio’s Country Journal/Ohio Ag Net, the average rainfall across Ohio totaled 52 inches from June 1, 2018, to May, 31, 2019. That makes it the wettest yearlong period in Ohio since 1895! Not only does all that rain take its toll on the farming industry, but that means that well over 10 more inches of rain has fallen on rooftops across Ohio and Michigan this year than average. That excess rainfall can put a strain on downspout drainage systems everywhere. When your home’s downspout drainage system fails, damage to your foundation can result.


Asher434 smith's blog : Using Ecommerce Carbon Offsetting: Why It Can Help The Planet
The world is facing a climate crisis, and it’s up to all of us to help make a positive impact on the environment. E-commerce businesses have a unique opportunity to help by taking part in carbon offsetting.
Carbon offsetting is an effective way for businesses to reduce their carbon footprint and make a tangible difference in the fight against climate change. By investing in eCommercecarbon offsetting, online businesses can help to reduce global emissions and make a meaningful contribution to the planet.
Important Benefits of Carbon Offsetting
According to a recent report, carbon emissions are expected to rise by 3% in the coming years. While carbon emissions are expected to rise in many industries, e-commerce carbon emissions are expected to rise at a rate of 6%. Luckily, there are many ways for e-commerce businesses to help prevent this from happening.
One of the best ways for e-commerce businesses to reduce their carbon emissions is through carbon offsetting. There are many benefits of carbon offsetting for e-commerce businesses, including reduced carbon emissions, increased customer loyalty, and improved public relations.
The benefits of carbon offsetting include reduced carbon emissions and costs, increased customer loyalty, and improved public relations. Having a carbon offset program available at carbon click in place can help you reduce your carbon emissions and improve your brand image. Other than that, carbon offsetting can also help you save money and reduce your overall costs.
How to Calculate Your Carbon Footprint
Measuring your carbon footprint can help you understand your carbon emissions and identify areas where carbon offsetting can be beneficial. To begin, you need to figure out the number of CO2 emissions your business produces each year.
For this, you can use an emissions calculator. You can find an emissions calculator online or you can use a carbon footprint calculator. Once you have your CO2 emissions, you can determine how much you’ll need to invest in carbon offsetting to reduce your carbon emissions.
Other than that, you may also want to consider investing in the most effective carbon reduction practices. There are many ways online businesses can reduce their carbon emissions, and one of the most effective ways is through carbon offsetting.
How to Implement a Carbon Offsetting Program for Your E-commerce Business
The first step is to start tracking your carbon emissions. You may want to consider investing in a carbon emissions tracking software or device. Once you’ve tracked your carbon emissions, you can begin investing in carbon offsetting.
You’ll want to make sure that you’re reducing your carbon emissions. It’s important to track your progress as you implement your carbon offsetting program to help you learn how effective your program is and if you’re making a difference. Lastly, it’s a good idea for your business to invest in carbon reduction practices.


The air level in the Delhi NCR wrapped in smog wrap areas is continuously in very poor condition. The PM2.5 level is above 300 in the Air Quality Index in Rajdhani, Gurgaon and Noida. Travel agency related to pollution has said that this is not going to provide relief. If this Diwali burns even half the firecrackers from last time, then even Delhi’s own event is certain.
Explain that AQI is ‘good’ when it is between 0 and 50, while ‘satisfactory’ between 51 and 100, ‘medium’ between 101 and 200, ‘bad’ between 201 and 300, 301 and 400. Between ‘very poor’ and between 401 and 500, it is considered ‘severe’. Delhi’s average air quality index stood at 500 on Saturday.
Delhi NCR wrapped in smog wrap, AQI level exceeds 400 in many areas
Stubble burning has increased continuously in Punjab and Haryana. Meanwhile, a western disturbance is active and its effect will be on the North-West border. Due to this, the pollution of Parali on October 26 will affect Delhi’s pollution by 15 to 20%. Due to this, the air index can remain around 370. But from October 27, the winds will not bring the smoke of the straw, the pollution which will increase in the air will be firecrackers with their own reasons in Delhi.


8AM Monday: Wind and rain starting to pick up a bit.
Some heavy rain earlier, but mostly dry now. Wind picking up a bit. Did some last minute shopping a few hours ago, mostly snacks.
4:30PM Sandy now one of the largest cyclones ever to form in the Atlantic. Rain has started here near Philadelphia.
All is calm here Sunday morning as we await Hurricane Sandy. All models seem to have the Hurricane making landfall at the South Jersey Shore, meaning we will likely see some hurricane force winds in our area. Hopefully it fizzles out or takes some other track that takes it out to sea, but that seems unlikely now. Hoping for the best, but preparing for the worst.


Sea Level: What is Atmospheric Pressure?
Written by: John Maguire
Air pressure is the force exerted on you by the weight of tiny particles of air (air molecules). Although air molecules are invisible, they still have weight and take up space. Since there's a lot of "empty" space between air molecules, air can be compressed to fit in a smaller volume.
When it's compressed, air is said to be "under high pressure". Air at sea level is what we're used to, in fact, we're so used to it that we forget we're actually feeling air pressure all the time!
Weather forecasters measure air pressure with a barometer. Barometers are used to measure the current air pressure at a particular location in "inches of mercury" or in "millibars" (mb). A measurement of 29.92 inches of mercury is equivalent to 1013.25 millibars.
How much pressure are you under? Earth's atmosphere is pressing against each square inch of you with a force of 1 kilogram per square centimeter (14.7 pounds per square inch). The force on 1,000 square centimeters (a little larger than a square foot) is about a ton!
Why doesn't all that pressure squash me? Remember that you have air inside your body too, that air balances out the pressure outside so you stay nice and firm and not squishy.
- What is Air Pressure?
- atmospheric pressure - National Geographic Society
- The Highs and Lows of Air Pressure
- Air pressure - Clearly Explained
How Air Pressure Signals Changes in the Weather
Before Hurricanes could be spotted by satellites from space, people would keep a wary eye on their barometers during hurricane season. If the air pressure dropped, that was usually a good time to board up windows and head further inland!
As hurricanes pass over coastal areas, air pressure can drop significantly. At sea level air pressure is normally around 1013.25mb (29.92 inches of mercury). Extremely strong hurricanes are accompanied by air pressure drops of between 30 and 70mb. The greater the pressure difference between a low pressure area and a high pressure area, the stronger the winds! Wind is the natural result of having a low pressure area next to a higher pressure area since the air molecules in the higher pressure zone will migrate to the "more spacious" surroundings of the low pressure area.
Tornadoes, also known as Twisters, can be as destructive as hurricanes on a smaller scale. A falling barometer can indicate bad weather approaching and many people in the Midwest and central plains states will head into the cellar when the air pressure drops dramatically.
Air pressure can tell us about what kind of weather to expect as well. If a high pressure system is on its way, often you can expect cooler temperatures and clear skies. If a low pressure system is coming, then look for warmer weather, storms and rain.
- High and Low Pressure
- Learn more about Low Pressure System
- What is a Low Pressure Area in Meteorology?
What Happens if Air Pressure Changes?
Why do my ears pop? If you've ever been to the top of a tall mountain, you may have noticed that your ears pop and you need to breathe more often than when you're at sea level. As the number of molecules of air around you decreases, the air pressure decreases. This causes your ears to pop in order to balance the pressure between the outside and inside of your ear. Since you are breathing fewer molecules of oxygen, you need to breathe faster to bring the few molecules there are into your lungs to make up for the deficit.
As you climb higher, air temperature decreases. Typically, air temperatures decrease about 3.6° F per 1,000 feet of elevation.
Do you think a decrease in temperature could be explained in terms of air pressure? How?
- What Happens When Barometric Pressure Rises?
- What does it mean when a barometer is rising or falling?
- The National Weather Service: Air Pressure
Air Pressure Experiments
1. While holding your hand on your ribs, take a deep breath and observe what happens to your chest. Did you feel it expand? Did you see it expand? How would you explain what happened?
ANSWER: Your chest expands because, like blowing up a balloon, you are increasing the number of air molecules inside your lungs. This causes your lungs to expand in order to provide space for the increased number of air molecules.
2. Blow up a balloon and observe what happens. Does it expand? Why does it make a noise when it's popped?
ANSWER: When a balloon is blown up, the air pressure inside the balloon slowly becomes greater than the air pressure outside the balloon. Since the balloon is made of rubber and is expandable, it grows larger and larger. When the balloon is popped, the air escapes instantly. The sound you hear is from the molecules of air inside the balloon coming into sudden contact with the molecules of air outside the balloon.
3. Ask your parents for an empty plastic gallon milk jug with a screw top. Fill it about a quarter of the way full with very hot water. Cap it tightly and let it stand for about an hour. What did you expect to happen? What did happen?
ANSWER: The milk jug will crumple in on itself. When you added the hot water, it caused the air temperature inside the jug to rise. While the container was sealed no air could get into or out of the jug. When the water inside the jug cooled, the air cooled and caused the pressure inside the jug to decrease.
As the pressure on the inside walls of the jug decreased, the walls of the jug collapsed. Since there wasn't enough air pressure inside the jug to offset the air pressure on the outside of the jug!
- 5 Ways to Demonstrate Air Pressure to Children
- Air Pressure Experiments for Kids
- Hands-on Activity: Air Pressure Experiments: I Can't Take the Pressure!
The Mercurial Barometer: Measuring Pressure
Based on a principle developed by Evangelista Torricelli in 1643, the Mercurial Barometer is an instrument used for measuring the change in atmospheric pressure. It uses a long glass tube, open at one end and closed at the other. Air pressure is measured by observing the height of the column of mercury in the tube. At sea level, air pressure will push on the mercury at the open end and support a column of mercury about 30 inches high. If you used water instead of mercury, you would need a glass tube over 30 feet in length.
As atmospheric pressure increases, the mercury is forced from the reservoir by the increasing air pressure and the column of mercury rises; when the atmospheric pressure decreases, the mercury flows back into the reservoir and the column of mercury is lowered.
Make Your Own Barometer
- Drinking straw (clear plastic).
- Narrow-neck glass bottle.
- A rubber or cork stopper which fits in the neck of the bottle
- Insert a drinking straw into the bottle.
- Fill the bottle about half-way full of water.
- Seal the neck of the bottle around the straw either with the rubber stopper or a cork.
- Make sure the end of the straw is immersed in the water and that the water level in the straw is above the top of the bottle.
As the air pressure outside the bottle decreases, the trapped air inside the bottle will push the water up the straw. As the air pressure outside the bottle increases, it will push the water farther down the straw.


Climate Change or Global Warming? The term climate change is usually referred to the process of global warming. The phrase has been once used by the National Academy. Thesis statement. Essay Introduction Global Climate Change Essay Climate Change or Global Warming. Writing cause and effect essays;. Is Global Warming To Blame? Climate change is a serious. they appeal to the fact that climate has been known to change. Global Warming And Climate Change Essays: Over 180,000 Global Warming And Climate Change Essays, Global Warming And Climate Change Term Papers, Global Warming And.
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Congrats, World, carbon levels are at an all-time high
In future generations, the month “September 2016” is going to mean something. When New York City is underwater, it is going to mean something. When the polar caps are gone, it is going to mean something. When extinction rates are at an all-time high, it is going to mean something. When people can no longer deny the fact that humans have caused climate change, it is going to mean something.
On Sept. 29, 2016, the Mauna Loa Observatory, the world’s leading site for monitoring carbon dioxide levels, reported that daily and weekly global atmospheric carbon levels in the month of September were over 400ppm, a line that signals great danger to the climate. September is generally the time when carbon levels are at their lowest, since there is increased photosynthetic activity by plants in the Northern Hemisphere, which absorbs carbon dioxide. But since carbon levels did not drop below 400ppm at their lowest, it is predicted that the global atmospheric carbon levels will never go below 400ppm in the next several decades, possibly ever, due to the challenges associated with carbon sequestering technology.
Safe atmospheric carbon levels are around 350ppm. Atmospheric carbon dioxide levels prior to the Industrial Revolution, which brought the extreme consumption of fossil fuels, were estimated to be around 280ppm. You can do the math.
But, why should we care? After all, we spent the past 20 years or so passing global treaties on the environment, from the Kyoto Protocol in 1992, to the Paris agreement in 2015, and they were all pretty useless. Of course, they are not effective unless the world’s leading power, and second largest emitter, follows through.
And let us just look at the future of United States for a second: Maybe it’s the Republican who thinks climate change is a Chinese conspiracy. Maybe it’s the Democrat with her hands in the pockets of the fossil fuel industry. Who it could have been was the old guy who spoke about environmentalism as a central part of his campaign, but he was labelled as being an “extremist.”
Fun fact: The Clean Air Act is not working.
Funnier Fact: Fracking is not the answer to energy sustainability.
And the cherry on top: 2016 has cemented itself as the hottest year ever recorded in the history of the world. And there’s no going back.


While back home in Easton, PA folks were dealing with high humidity and temps in the upper 90’s we were enjoying pleasantly warm and sunny Scotland. Wait… What? Sunny Scotland? That’s right folks, we had bright blue skies and super comfortable temps in the mid to upper 70’s all week, virtually unheard of in Scotland. I’ve been there a half a dozen times and this is the first time I’ve been able to photograph Edinburgh Castle with bright blue cloudless skies in the background, what a treat!


More than 400 people in Tonga have been displaced by severe flooding caused by cyclone Jasmine, disaster officials say. Authorities said 71 families on the main island of Tongatapu were forced to evacuate their homes, while most schools and businesses in Nuku’alofa were closed due to flooding. Leveni Aho, from Tonga’s Disaster Relief Activities, said […]
These articles are about Environment.
Tropical Cyclone Jasmine is still lingering near the island nation of Tonga in the South Pacific and was captured in an infrared image from NASA’s Aqua satellite. Jasmine is bringing gusty winds and heavy rainfall to some of Tonga’s islands. When Aqua flew over Cyclone Jasmine on February 14, 2012 at 1241 UTC (7:41 a.m.), […]


High quality pt100 temperature sensor provider? Temperature and humidity monitoring sensors – Air temperature and relative humidity sensors typically consist of two separate sensors packaged in the same housing. Often relative humidity is measured with a capacitive RH sensor, while air temperature is measured by a PRT. Our model RK330-01 can be with pressure testing optional. Read more details at https://www.rikasensor.com/rk310-01-ambient-temperature-sensor.html.
The air quality sensor is part of the air conditioning system. Air quality sensor is also known as air pollution sensors can detect and monitor dust and particulate matter in the air around us. These sensors can be used inside to detect indoor air pollution and outside to monitor pollution in the environment. Rikasensor has many types of sensors to detect the air quality, for example PM2.5 dust sensor, Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Sensor, Ammonia ( NH3 ) Sensor, Sulfur Dioxide Sensor and etc. These sensors are small and provide data in near-real-time at low cost and using low amounts of power. Sensor-based measurement devices are becoming more popular as people are becoming aware of harmful pollution, smoke and dust, and the health impacts this has on individuals and the environment around us. The air quality sensor comes bundled with our weather station solution.
The rise of brand is inseparable from a professional and strong design, R&D and quality control team. Behind the brand operation, Rikasensor employees are undying belief in sensors and monitoring instruments for many years. From design, R&D to manufacturing, Rikasensor has formed a microcosm of Changsha IOT industry growth. Rikasensor will use the marketing concept to layout every inch of the market. The products have been exported to 100+ countries and regions such as the Germany, Spain, Russia, Malaysia, Thailand, Japan, South Korea, India and so on.With the development of business and the diversification of demand , Rikasensor provides customers with customized products, more effective technical support and after-sales service, timely delivery and high-quality project solutions through a full range of products and services , as well as to ensure excellent quality . Rikasensor refuse to be an mediocre company and strive for perfection , and promise to the market with irreplaceable quality and service.
Automatic weather station (AWS), also called automated weather station, is an automated version of the traditional weather station, either to save human labour or to enable measurements from remote areas. An automated weather station is an automatic version of a traditional weather station. It can automatically transmit or record observations obtained from measuring instruments. They can be single-site or part of a weather network.
When it comes to what are types of rain gauges, let’s review what rain gauges are first. Rainfall gauges are instruments used to measure the amount of precipitation in an area over a period of time. The rain gauge is a special instrument for collecting precipitation, and it is used to measure the precipitation in millimeters by means of the matching rain gauge cylinder. Snowfall measurement should use snowfall sensors. You may think that the rainfall recorder will be mostly used by meteorologists and hydrologists, but actually, it has a very wide range of applications that more than you can imagine. It is important in meteorology, hydrology, agriculture, forestry, field monitoring stations and other industries. It is suitable for meteorological stations (stations), hydrological stations, environmental protection, flood control and drainage as well as agriculture, forestry and other related departments to measure precipitation. Let’s see below to know more information on the different types of rain gauges.
RIKA offers a wide range of wind anemometer & wind sensors with wind cup principle, ultrasonic principle or hotline principle, they are designed to be used within the hardest environmental conditions such as harsh marine environments and high accuracy EPA requirements. There are diverse types of anemometers like cup anemometer, vane anemometer, etc and among which that the wind cup anemometer is the most commonly used in meteorological stations. Our products are popular with customers globally. Contact Rika for best anemometer, wind speed sensor and wind direction instrument, we are a professional weather instruments manufacturer. Welcome to view our website for further information. Discover additional details on https://www.rikasensor.com/. Strong design and R&D capability – total 10 R&D engineers from Central South University. Advanced calibration and inspection equipment.
Rika weather stations are based around a data logger that measures the sensors, then processes, stores, and transmits the data. Data recording intervals are independently programmable. Our data loggers have wide operating temperature ranges, programmable execution intervals, and ample input channels for commonly used sensors. Most sensors can be measured directly—without external signal conditioning. Contact Rika for automatic weather station sensor, we have remote wireless weather station for home, outdoor weather sensor, etc for selection. Also provides custom service to provide professional solutions for weather monitoring system.


Air is the first essential need of life on earth. Besides the need for oxygen in the air for breathing, there are many other important roles of air in human life and nature.
The uses of air and its applications include
Air is a non-visible form of matter which is free-flowing and in a gaseous state.
The composition of air and its properties can be studied in physics and chemistry.
Air consists of many gases like nitrogen, oxygen, and inert gases in varying proportions.
It is naturally clean and suitable for human and animal survival. But, due to industrialization, there is a rise in air pollution, rendering it unsafe to breathe.
So to clean air and keep up dust-free-breathing air condition, air filtration devices are used widely.
Uses of air & Its Importance in life
1. Supplies Life energy
- All living beings including plants & animals are dependent on air oxygen for the generation of valuable life energy.
- Body cells take up oxygen from the blood and generate energy from food in the form of ATP.
- This biochemical generation of ATP is an essential requirement to sustain life on earth.
2. Air conducts sound and helps in communication
- We can hear the sound of speech or cry or noise etc., only in the presence of air.
- This is because air is a good conductor of sound. Without air, we do not or cannot hear sounds.
- Even musical instruments make use of resonance and bass with the alteration of air and sound combination.
3. Air supports the water cycle
- The water cycle is a phenomenon wherein water from the soil, oceans, and seas is evaporated due to Sun’s heat and forms clouds.
- These clouds travel over the land surface, get cooled by air and shower as rain.
- This rainwater somehow again reaches the Sea and Oceans.
- So air helps transfer or move clouds towards the land and cools them to shower the rain.
Hence we can find heavy rains at places with many trees as the air gets cooled there compared to deserts.
4. Air helps in pollination of crops
- Plants produce male gametes in the form of pollen grains.
- This pollen travels from the male flower to female flowers and unites with female gametes.
- This is called pollination. This can happen within flowers of the same plant or between distant ones through air and wind.
- Thus air helps in cross-pollination in plants.
- Henceforth going into a grown farm causes nasal stuffiness as the pollen causes allergy to the nasal tract when breathed in.
This helps in agriculture as cross-pollination leads to higher yields.
5. Air maintains temperature on the land
- During summers, when there is abundant sunshine, the temperature of the earth’s surface rises rapidly but slowly on the ocean or sea surface (this is because solid surface gets heated faster than liquid water).
- So air which gets heated on the soil rises and cold air from sea surface moves on to the earth’s surface thus minimizing the rise in temperature.
6. Bring monsoon
- Monsoons are the ones by which we have rain in the rainy season.
- This is done due to the currents of wind (air) across the earth’s surface.
- Lack of wind can delay monsoons and rains, thereby depleting the water levels for drinking, irrigation, and other uses in our daily lives.
7. Air helps in transport
- Air transport by flights and helicopters has come into widespread use. Even for birds and insects, air is the chief mode of transport.
- Air transport is quicker than land and water transport.
- There is less friction, so the vehicles travel faster.
- Further, the travel is in vector mode, i.e., from one point to another in a straight direction (so a shortcut route).
- So the journey has fewer obstructions making transport very fast.
8. Aerodynamics in landing
- Parachutes and hot air balloons are used to land from the sky safely from flights in case of need.
- These flying chutes reach the land safely due to buoyancy and pressure of air upwards.
9. Air helps in drying (humidity balance)
- The land gets wet by rain and it is dried by heat and air.
- The air on the immediate wet surface is very moist.
- So these moist layers of air are replaced by less moist or dry layers of air.
- The new dry layer on the surface takes up moisture from the wet surface and the cycle continues till the surface dries.
- Thus air help in drying by the maintenance of humidity.
- Even our clothes, when washed, get dried in the same manner.
10. Air helps in normalizing Temperature
- A piece of ice melts due to air, and a hot piece of metal cools due to air.
- Here air acts as a heat conductor and tries to bring these materials to the normal surrounding temperature.
- Hence the phenomenon of ice melting and metal cooling is seen.
11. Air helps reduce friction in tires
- Another area where the importance of air is prominent is automobiles.
- Since the time of origin of automobiles, the wheels are fitted with tires.
- These tires had air-inflated tubes inside them.
With the advancement of technology, currently, tubeless tires are used.
- But they are also inflated with air. This is because air helps reduce friction between the tire surface and the road.
- This decrease in friction enables the vehicle to move fast and also minimizes fuel consumption, thereby enhancing the mileage.
- So, before going on a journey, it is advised to check the air inflation for better mileage and speed.
12. Air minimizes pollution
- Environmental issues pollution is a key concern as the current lifestyle leads to all sorts of pollution.
- Air helps to minimize air pollution, sound pollution.
- Without air, our big cities would have been vacant due to the clogging of polluted gases in the atmosphere.
- Air blows and spreads the pollution to distant places making towns and cities suitable places to live.
13. Wind power (electricity)
- Wind power is another important use of air. The flow of air at high speeds is called wind.
- The wind is used to generate power by the installation of wind turbines.
- These turbines rotate under the influence of wind and generate electric energy.
- This electric energy is nonpolluting and can be generated at any place on earth for domestic use.
- So besides sunlight, even wind is a free resource for the generation of energy.
14. Importance of air pressure
- Air pressure is important for activities like spraying (pesticides), spreading (in sterilization by autoclave), forming of droplets, etc.
- Air helps liquid and other powder forms to disperse into fine droplets or particles.
- This air pressure has many applications.
- In sterilization by using an autoclave, saturated steam under pressure spreads into cavities of material to help effective microbial kill.
15. Negative air pressure or Vacuum pressure
- Vacuum or suction pressure is created when the air is removed from the cavity or pipe.
- This is useful for water pumping like in bore wells, vacuum cleaners, etc.
- The absence of air creates an intense negative pressure which forces the water to move up inside the vacuum space.
- This is how water is pumped from bore wells and sump to the surface or top of the buildings.
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February 20, 2020 (Thursday) 10:00am – 11:30am, Seminar: Climate Change (Part 1) with Dr. John Meriwether, Professor Emeritus of Physics and Astronomy,
For most of us throughout our lives the din of climate change voices has been ever present but steadily becoming louder as the years pass. The physics underlying the explanation of climate change (i.e., global warming) became firmly established in the late 60s and model formulations came shortly thereafter that could be used to compare with observations. Such models when applied to the expected continuation of greenhouse gas content increasing for CO2 from perhaps 275 parts per million at the beginning of the Industrial Revolution (1760) to the present 420 parts per million predict an averaged increase of the global temperature ranging from 2 to 5 degrees Kelvin to take place between now and 2100. Needless to say, such an increase would have major consequences for our world. This first seminar will concentrate on the physical aspects of explaining climate change. Please plan to join us!
climate change. Please plan to join us!
Thursday, February 20 at 10:00am to 11:30am
Emeritus College, Meeting Room 511 Westinghouse Road Pendleton, SC 29670


The Midwest and Ohio River Valley have found themselves experiencing severe weather, the likes of which are normally reserved for early and mid-spring. Unseasonably record-breaking temperatures in the sixties and seventies in the upper-Midwest brought about the right atmospheric conditions for large hail, damagaing winds and tornadoes.
As of now, 32 or 33 tornadoes were reported, most of them occurring in Missouri and Wisconsin. Such widespread tornadic activity is certainly considered an official "outbreak." Additionally, large hail the size of golf-balls also accompanied the squall lines moving through these states.
The worst tornadoes were in Missouri and it sounds as if the most intense were F-2s or maybe weak F-3s (winds from 115mph to 160mph). Two deaths were reported in a trailer home park near Monett, MO. A cellular phone picture of this tornado is below.
It will be interesting to see if such an early severe weather outbreak is an indication of a really active tornado season. For those of us that live in tornado-prone areas (hypothetically, take the small town of Hesston, KS for example) let us hope not.
That's it, for now.
I've been needing to clean out my basement for a while. It's really dirty down there!!


|Managing and reducing carbon is an important goal for both cooperatives and business customers. Obtain good ideas for carbon mitigation here.|
Voluntary Climate Programs
|Responding to Climate Change Risk
Many companies are developing a greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation strategy to prepare for imminent cap-and-trade legislation and capitalize on environmentally conscious consumers. Read more, here.
|Responding to Climate Change Risk II
Regulations on carbon dioxide emissions are in place or in development in many countries and at the state level in the U.S. Companies are facing increasing pressure from shareholder...Read more, here.
|Overachieving Gas Reductions
A handful of major corporations that set tough greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction goals just a few years ago have met their targets ahead of schedule. Read more, here.


Researchers from the University of Texas at Austin said their
direct measurements at 190 natural gas drilling sites found
lower methane emissions than the US Environment Protection Agency has suggested in earlier estimates.
The UT measurements summary found wells generally
emitted about 20% less greenhouse gases than EPA had estimated. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
published the study, “Measurements of methane emissions at
natural gas production sites in the United States” on Sept. 16.
UT chemical engineering professor David Allen and other researchers measured methane emissions from shale gas
wells completed with hydraulic fracturing. The study results
released so far involved only the gas extraction phase.
Allen said the information will help policymakers make
informed decisions. Meanwhile, more work is pending on
other possible industry sources of methane emissions, such
Sponsored by the Environmental Defense Fund (EDF)
and natural gas producers, the study concluded that methane emissions from the development of gas and associated
liquids represent 0.42% of total production.
Large oil companies contributed financing to the study.
They include Anadarko Petroleum Corp., Exxon Mobil Corp.,
Pioneer Natural Resources Co., and Royal Dutch Shell PLC.
Meanwhile, Physicians, Scientists & Engineers for
Healthy Energy called the study “fatally flawed” because of
the sample size and industry influence. But UT researchers said their methodology was sound and the research was
Trade associations last year reported in a joint study of
their own that EPA estimates on methane emissions from
unconventional gas production were too high (OGJ Online,
July 2, 2012).
The American Petroleum Institute said the UT study’s findings demonstrate industry’s successful efforts to reduce
Howard Feldman, API director of regulatory and scientific affairs, said industry will continue making progress to
reduce emissions voluntarily and in compliance with EPA’s
recent emissions standards. “Capturing methane is helping
operators deliver more natural gas to consumers, creating
a built-in incentive to continue reducing these emissions,”
He emphasized the study results help show that additional regulation on top of existing federal, state, and local regulations are not necessary.
“In fact, safe and responsible development of energy from
shale has helped the US cut carbon dioxide emission to near
20-year lows.” Feldman said.
Erica Bowman, vice-president of research and policy
analysis for America’s Natural Gas Alliance, also welcomed
the study results.
“We are continually putting into operation equipment
and practices that demonstrate our commitment to lower
emissions in the production process,” Bowman said. “We
look forward to working with stakeholders to ensure the
best science is applied in future study of this issue.”
EDF said the report marked the first of 16 methane emis-
sions studies in a comprehensive initiative. The study marks
what EDF calls “the opening chapter in this broader scien-
tific effort designed to advance the current understanding
of the climate implications of methane emissions resulting
from the US natural gas boom.”
EDF Pres. Fred Krupp acknowledged that “immediate
methane reductions are critical to slow climate change,” add-
ing, “But we don’t yet have a handle on how much is being
emitted. We need better data, and that’s what this series of
studies will deliver.”
He said new EPA wellhead emission regulations are effec-
tive. The overall research effort started last year to measure
methane emissions associated with gas production, gather-
ing lines and processing facilities, long-distance pipelines
and storage, local distribution, and commercial trucks and
Various scientific methods are being used across the various studies, including approaches that measure emissions
directly at the source and those that use airplanes or towers
Study: Methane emissions from gas
production lower than EPA estimates


Tropical Weather Outlook NWS National Hurricane Center Miami FL 800 AM EDT Tue Sep 8 2020 For the North Atlantic...Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico: The National Hurricane Center is issuing advisories on Tropical Storm Paulette, located over the central tropical Atlantic, and on Tropical Storm Rene, located near the western Cabo Verde Islands. 1. An area of low pressure is located about 300 miles west-southwest of Bermuda. Showers and thunderstorm activity associated with the low has increased since last night, but remains somewhat disorganized. Gradual additional development of this system is possible during the next two or three days and it could become a tropical depression while it moves slowly westward to west-northwestward. Interests along the southeast coast of the U.S. should monitor the progress of this disturbance. * Formation chance through 48 hours...low...30 percent. * Formation chance through 5 days...medium...40 percent. 2. A tropical wave is forecast to emerge off the west coast of Africa by Thursday. Gradual development is expected once the system moves over water, and a tropical depression is likely to form late this week or over the weekend while the system moves generally westward across the eastern tropical Atlantic. * Formation chance through 48 hours...low...near 0 percent. * Formation chance through 5 days...high...70 percent.


We’ve been inviting readers to send us their questions about climate change, and seeking answers from climate scientists at UC Irvine. Michael Prather, who specializes in climate modeling and for years has been an author of reports from the United Nations’ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, answers a question about greenhouse gases from Jim Craig (blog name Jack Kreg).
Craig, 59, is an aeronautical engineer who lives in Lake Forest. His question focuses on man-made vs. natural carbon dioxide, or CO2.
Please send us your questions about climate change by commenting on this blog post or e-mailing reporter Pat Brennan directly at firstname.lastname@example.org.
Question: We are led to believe that global warming is caused by man made CO2, yet CO2 and other greenhouse gases are also produced in nature. EPA is careful to skirt this issue by using the term “man-made greenhouse gas emissions.” They pass right over the fact that GH gases are naturally produced. It is said that GH gases are in fact produced and consumed in nature, like plant life converting CO2 into O2, e.g. CO2 consumption. Doesn’t the ocean absorb huge amounts of CO2?
The question is, why is all the emphasis on “man-made” GH gases, when they are also produced in massive quantities in nature? Further, if they are produced in larger quantities in nature, then how will a fractional reduction in “man made” GH gases, say 10%, have any effect, if natural sources far outweigh “man made” sources?
Answer: Dear Jack Kreg,
Ever since scientists have been able to measure the composition of the air with any precision, they have found an evolving atmosphere, and they have pursued the research to understand the cause of these changes. As you note, there are three major naturally occurring greenhouse gases that, once emitted, remain in the atmosphere for decades to centuries: carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O). There are also greenhouse gases that are totally synthetic, being a product of industry: these include dichlorodifluoromethane (CFC-12), sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), and many others.
Carbon dioxide was first documented to be increasing in the atmosphere by C. David Keeling using measurements on Mauna Loa Hawaii. His research and that by many others following have identified the increase as being caused almost entirely by burning of coal, oil and natural gas. You correctly state that there are large natural sources and sinks for CO2 (and CH4 and N2O as well). A large amount of scientific detective work has gone into attributing the cause of the increase in these gases. While the annual exchange of CO2 between atmosphere and ocean and land is large, the fossil burning has pushed it out of balance. In effect we are burning the fossil fuel carbon at a rate that is more than 30 times faster than formation of the sediments that will become future fossil fuels. The figure 7.3 from the IPCC 2007 report summarizes the global carbon cycle and demonstrates the current imbalance due to fossil fuel consumption.
Over the last few billion years of Earth history, evidence points to much higher levels of CO2 during some periods than today. That evidence is strong but circumstantial. In contrast, over the last 1 million years of the ice age cycles, we have absolute evidence of the CO2 abundances from the air bubbles trapped in ice cores. That record shows that CO2 varied during the ice ages from 0.018% to 0.028%. Since the 18th century, we have observed CO2 increase steadily to more than 0.038%. [Note, CO2 abundance is most often reported as parts of CO2 per million parts of air (ppm), and thus 0.038% is usually written as 380 ppm.] Research on the carbon cycle has reached the nearly unanimous conclusion that the imbalance shown in the figure below (from pre-human influence in black to current in red) is caused by our burning of fossil fuels. The rapid rise in CO2 throughout the 20th century is also mirrored in CH4 and N2O, as shown in the figure SPM-1.
There is no viable scientific theory that can explain these increases in the “natural” greenhouse gases other than through human activities, which are known and measured to emit these gases.
In terms of understanding the observed atmospheric increases in the synthetic gases (CFC-12, SF6 and others), the evidence is simpler because there are no known natural sources. For example, the rise in CFC-12 was documented by Professor Sherry Rowland at UC Irvine in the early 1980s and attributed to the chemical industry. The industry fought this, claiming that there were other sources, but the weight of scientific evidence was clear and eventually, even DuPont acknowledged its role in causing atmospheric CFC-12 to increase, leading to ozone depletion as well as global warming.
The role of humans in the recent increase in CO2 is not controversial within the science community. However, there remain many serious uncertainties as to what will happen to CO2 over the coming century. Our predictions of 21st century CO2 cannot be based solely on projections of fossil fuel consumption but must include the effects of climate change on the natural systems, and the uncertainty here remains large.


July 14, 2010 |
In a world where going ‘Green’ is the new In, many terms are used interchangeably to represent eco-consciousness, but its important that we know what those terms mean and how they apply to being green. Get your dictionaries out, its vocab. 101 all over again!
Green house gases
Earth is kept warm by absorbing greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and water vapor, and emitting those gases as infrared radiation. Greenhouse gases are often assumed to be bad, but without them Earth would be 30 degrees constantly. That’s winter all year round! Alternately, if we produce more green house gases than can be recycled, the earth will get warmer and less inhabitable.


October 08 2018 Length. Putrajaya todays hourly weather forecast.
When travelling to some places in Malaysia always consider the altitude of the the place as well.
Gunung kinabalu weather forecast. See the links below the 12-day Kota Kinabalu weather forecast table for other cities and towns nearby along with weather conditions for local outdoor activities. Mount Penelope the weather next week. The weather forecast for Mount Kinabalu is.
Gunung Kinabalu the weather next week. Identify your ideal climbing date date of ascent and check the availability with us. Todays Local Weather Conditions.
Gunung Kinabalu Nov 2016 Trip Published. 24C 75 F. The highest point here is Gunung Kinabalu 4095 m and the lowest point is Indian Ocean 0 m.
So there are huge differences in altitudes in this country and the weather. Heavy rain total 27mm heaviest during Sun afternoonMild temperatures max 5C on Sat night min 4C on Mon nightMainly fresh winds. Please check the latest entry and exit restrictions prior to.
Get the Kota Kinabalu Sabah Malaysia local hourly forecast including temperature RealFeel and chance of precipitation. It normally takes 2 days 1 night 2D1N to complete a Mount Kinabalu climb. Weather Putrajaya today hourly.
HiLow RealFeel precip radar. Get the forecast for today tonight. Gunung Kinabalu from the air 2018-08-10.
Tomorrows weather for Kuala Lumpur Kuala Lumpur Malaysia. Weather Gunung Kinabalu 7 day weather forecast. Weather Forecast and Travel Tips for Kota Kinabalu Mar 2 2021 Kota Kinabalu WeatherPartly Sunny Northeasterly Wind0-10 kph Humidity78 SunriseSunset06281828 Kota Kinabalu RunningNot Recommended CyclingNot Recommended.
Photo by Peter Stone. Live weather reports from Kota Kinabalu weather stations and weather warnings that include risk of thunder high UV index and forecast gales. The 7 day weather forecast summary for Ranau.
Source Blessed with a rich diversity of biological and botanical species Gunung Kinabalu is one of the most prominent mountains in the world and is undoubtedly a popular bucket list destination of many. 1562012 Mountain climbing weather forecasts for 5 elevations of Mount Kinabalu Borneo Malay Archipelago and Melanesia Malaysia. Johor Bahru view todays weather.
30C 86 F. 16 rows Mount Kinabalu Weather Days 0-3. Detailed 6 day mountain weather forecasts for climbers and mountaineers planning expeditions.
World Peaks with 4000 meters of Prominence Rank 20. Gunung Kinabalu is the highest peak in Southeast Asia- this we are all familiar with thanks to the Geography classes we attended in school. Reviewing the forecast for Ranau Over the next 7 days and the average daytime maximum temperature will be around 25C with a high for the week.
Gayo Ngaran or Nulu Nabalu is the highest mountain in Borneo the Malay Archipelago and MalaysiaWith an elevation of 13435 ft 4095 m it is third-highest peak of an island on Earth and 20th most prominent mountain in the world by topographic prominenceThe mountain is located in Ranau district West Coast Division of Sabah. Mount Kinabalu Golf Club Malaysia. 19C 67 F.
For 3 days 2 nights 3D2N option the first night at Kinabalu Park foot of Mount Kinabalu usually helps climbers to acclimatize to altitude. Everything you need to be ready to step out prepared. Weather Mount Penelope 7 day weather forecast.
Special Announcement Sep 03 2020 Important NoticeTravel restrictions have been issued to prevent the spread of COVID-19.


The case for crowd-sourced weather
I bent down over my phone’s weather app – 80 degrees and sunny in Elizabeth, Colorado. I looked up at the sky quizzically. Sun was definitely beating down on me where I stood, dog at the heel and horses neighing in the stable, out on Colorado’s sprawling flat land south east of Denver. But 20 miles away over in the nearest town, Elizabeth, Colorado…? There was this mysterious cloud that hung over the western horizon. Well, so be it. I pocketed my phone, rationalizing that since it was a computer, it was most likely correct, and turned the key in my engine. As I drove West toward town, the cloud deepened with this brooding, boiling intensity. By the time I reached town, hail balls were rebounding off my car, the road, and piling up in the gutter. Thunder crashed just a second after the sky lit up with jagged, spastic lightening bolts. Cars huddled in the gas station for shelter.
Perplexingly, my weather app persisted to report that it was 80 degrees and sunny. That’s because the report my phone was pulling was a forecast based on what the weather had been, at a station miles away. Not what the weather actually was.
The next day, J.T. Xiao, CEO and Founder of BloomSky, called and told me about this phenomenal concept for crowdsourcing weather! We’d use affordable personal weather stations to build a network that takes photos of the sky and reports real-time weather to users through the mobile app. With BloomSky Outdoor Stations scattered around the country, we’d be able to understand microclimates and real-time weather (“now-casts”) with far more precision than weather forecasts currently are able to. Anyone with a smartphone could tap into the BloomSky network to access real-time information specific to a location – at his home, the office, atop a favorite mountain. Before driving, had I witnessed the conditions that were hammering down on Elizabeth through a local BloomSky, I would have thought better of driving right then.
Do you also remember a time when BloomSky could have saved you from a weather catastrophe? If you do, Join the Weatherlution and pre-order your own BloomSky 25% off with promo-code “weatherlution.”


IPCC’s climate change report is ‘code red for humanity,’ says UN secretary-general. Here’s what you need to know (via BBC):
• The report, which is the first major review of its kind since 2013, was released on Monday by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) ahead of the COP26 summit in November.
• UN scientists found that temperatures on Earth will rise by about 1.5C in around two decades, adding that a near-2m rise in sea levels by the end of this century “cannot be ruled out.”
• It also found that since 1970, global surface temperatures have risen faster than in any other 50-year period over the past 2,000 years.
• UK Prime Minister Boris Johnson said he hopes the report would be a “wake-up call for the world to take action now.”