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Portable lightning detector australia The dots are at different distances along the line because the strokes have different intensities. Together with the direction finding method, this allows to locate lightning strikes by a single station up to distances of 10000 km from their origin. And it is ready. Another one photo from the other side. The static generated by some garments may also produce a false indication. Low Power Consumption: Up to 100 hours of reliable operation with a single AA battery. I guess that includes watches, belt buckles etc. The second image shows that this happens when strikes originate in the anvil of the thundercloud top part blown ahead of the by upper winds or on the outside edge of the rain shaft. Together with the direction finding method, this allows to locate lightning strikes by a single station up to distances of 10000 km from their origin. Here i put the correct position the pcb again,and the small screws. Archived from PDF on 2008-08-21. The lightning detector can detect storm activity from over 40 miles away and displays an audible warning to start with. The current battery level will be the final LED to light and will remain lit for two seconds. For smaller aircraft, especially inthere are two main brands of lightning detectors often referred to asshort for : Stormscope, produced originally by Ryan later Lightning detectors do not suffer from a masking effect and can provide confirmation when a shower cloud has evolved into a thunderstorm. Together with the direction finding method, this allows to locate lightning strikes by a single station up to distances of 10000 km from their origin. Content that appears on this site comes from Amazon Services LLC. Electrification occurs due to collisions between ice particles and water drops or water coated ice particles. The cloud must develop to a certain vertical extent before lightning is produced, so generally weather radar will indicate a developing storm before a lightning detector does. Portable lightning detector australia This allows the user to see all the lightning activity within a 40 mile range, giving clearer visibility to the nearest strike in the last two minutes. Lightning detectors are inexpensive and lightweight, making them attractive to owners of light aircraft particularly of single-engine aircraft, where the aircraft nose is not available for installation of a. The static generated by some garments may also produce a false indication. Archived from on 2011-08-11. They typically cover a circle of 30—40 miles diameter. Here I added a counter meter strikes,from a modification at step meter counter. Journal of Geophysical Research. And it is ready.


Class IX Term II Climate: Learn To Write Short Answers In Points.
Class IX Term II Climate is no doubt a difficult chapter. Therefore, it is important to learn & to write short answers with little understanding. If your answers are in points, you can definitely score full marks in Class IX term II exams. Wanting to score good marks in class IX Term II from Climate chapter is one thing but it can be difficult to without the proper guidance. It’s important to build good study skills to perform in class IX Term II Climate chapter. Most important tip to score well in class IX Term II is to focus on most important topics first. Exams usually cover a few core ideas and concepts. Therefore, understand the topics well first and then start practicing writing answers for your class IX Term II Climate chapter preparation.
Very Short Answer Type Questions From class IX Term II Climate
Q1. Define weather?
Ans. Weather is the condition of atmosphere for a short period of time. For example “today’s weather is cloudy or windy”.
Q2. Define climate?
Ans. Climate is the condition of the atmosphere for a long period of time. For example “climate near the equator is equatorial type”.
Q3. Define Monsoon?
Ans. Monsoon is a seasonal wind which reverses it’s direction do to change in season.
Q4. Why are places near the equator hot?
Ans. Direct rays of sun falls on equator making the equatorial region hot.
Q5. Why are the Polar regions cold.
Ans. Our earth is spherical in shape. Polar regions are located in extreme North and South. Due to the curvature of the earth, the rays of the sun fall slanting. at the poles. That is why polar regions are cold.
Concept Based Questions From Climate
Q6. Why the houses in Rajasthan have thick walls and flat roofs.
Ans. Houses in Rajasthan have thick walls so that the sun rays can not penetrate inside. This will keep the house cold during summer. They have flat roofs because Rajasthan receives very less rainfall. Flat roofs help in storing the rainwater.
Q7. Why is that the houses in the tarai region and in Goa and Mangalore have sloping roofs?
Ans. It is because these regions receive very heavy rainfall. Stored water can damage the roof easily. Therefore, houses in the tarai region and in Goa and Mangalore have sloping roofs.
Q8. Why houses in Assam are built on stilts?
Ans. Rivers in Assam are perennial and gets flooded every year. Flood water can easily enter the house and create problems for the people living there. Therefore, to protect the house from flood water, houses are built on stilts.
Q9. What are the factors that control the climate?
Ans. There are six major factors that controls the climate. They are:
iii) Pressure and winds.
iv) Ocean currents
v) Distance from the sea and
vi) Physical features.
Application Based Questions For Term II From Climate
Q10. What is Coriolis force?
Ans. Earth rotate from West to East.
Due to the rotation of earth, winds in the Northern Hemisphere turn right and in the southern Hemisphere turn left.
This is known as Coriolis force or Ferrel’s law. ( Answer from exam point of view)
(Now, explanation below is just for your understanding.
Pl, do not write in exams.)
Hold a paper in your hands.
Keep your hands outside the window of a running train.
What do you see?
You see that the paper blows against the direction of a moving train.
Similarly, winds blow from Tropic of cancer and Capricorn towards Equator.
But, as the earth rotates, these winds also get deflected.
The force by which these winds get deflected (changes direction) is known as Coriolis force.
Important Question From Deserts and Jet Streams For Term II
Q11. Why most of the world’s deserts are located in the western margins of continents in the sub-tropics.
Ans. Most of the world’s deserts are located in the western margins of continents. This is because
i) East flowing winds blow from land to sea in many areas.
So these winds do not have moisture.
ii) Places where east flowing winds blow from the sea to land they have moisture.
But, by the time they reach to the west, they shed all their moisture and become dry.
Hence, do not cause any rain.
Q12. What are “Jet streams”?
Ans. “Jet streams” are the high velocity winds which blows in the upper layer of the atmosphere.
Q13. Why in Thar desert there is a wide difference between the day and night temperatures.
Ans. Thar desert consists of sand.
i) Sand has the tendency to get heated very fast.
So, as soon as the sun rises, sand becomes hot and day temperature increases.
ii) Sand also has the tendency to cool very fast.
Therefore, as soon as the sun sets, sand becomes cold and night temperature decreases.
Understanding Based Question From Class IX Climate
Q14. Coastal areas have less difference in temperature. Why?
Ans. Coastal areas are the areas near the sea where there is both land and sea.
i) So, when the land becomes hot during the day, the air present over the land also becomes hot.
Hot air is light and rises up.
But at the same time, the air present over the sea is cold.
Cold air is heavy.
This cold air blow from sea to land and drop down the temperature during day time.
after the sun set, land cools down very fast.
So the air present above the land also cools down.
But, by now, sea water gets completely heated.
So, the winds above the sea is now hot and rises.
Cold winds from the land start blowing from the land towards sea, bringing down the temperature.
Therefore, coastal areas near the sea never experiences much difference in temperature due to land breeze and sea breeze.
HOTS Questions from Climate
Q15. What are “Western Cyclonic Disturbances”?
Ans. “Western Cyclonic Disturbances” are the winds coming from the Mediterranean sea.
As they come from the sea, they have moisture and move towards India.
In the month of October, these winds enter in Jammu & Kashmir.
Due to cold weather conditions in October, winds get saturated. (filled by water)
It causes heavy rainfall/snowfall in J&K, Himachal and Punjab.
As it comes from the west and disturbs the normal life of the people, they are known as “Western Cyclonic Disturbances”.
Q16. What is “El-Nino”? What is the meaning of the word A;-Nino in Spanish?
Ans. El-Nino is a warm ocean current.
It is a Spanish word which means “The child”.
As this current flow in the Pacific ocean near 25th December, it is also referred to as “Baby Christ.
Q17. What do you mean by ITCZ.
Ans) ITCZ is Inter Tropical Convergence Zone.
Explanation below is just for your understanding.
Pl, do not write in exams.
You know that In the month of March, sunrays directly fall on equator.
Air present here becomes hot.
Hot air is light and it rises up.
Then, winds from tropic of Cancer and Capricorn move towards equator to fill the gap and meet each other.
After March, the temperature over Northern Hemisphere increases.
As our earth is titled, direct rays of the sun now falls on Tropic of Cancer.
This makes the region of Tropic of Cancer hotter than Equator.
Therefore, winds from both the hemispheres as they were meeting earlier on equator, now meet together (converge) at 20 degrees North (near tropic of cancer).
This meeting (convergence) is known as Inter Tropical Convergence Zone.
HOTS Questions from Climate
Q18. What do you mean by “Burst” of monsoon?
Ans. When the Monsoon arrives, sometimes the rainfall increases suddenly and continues for several days. (as if it is never going to stop.)
This is known as Burst of Monsoon.
Q19. What do you mean by “Break” in monsoon?
Ans. There are wet and dry spells during the monsoons. When it does not rain (rainless days) for a week or so, it is known as “Break” in monsoon.
Q20. What do you mean by “Monsoon Breaks”.
Ans. The arrival of monsoon in India is known as “Monsoon Breaks”.
(For understanding and not for exams)
Do not get confused by these two terms. Break in monsoon and Monsoon breaks.
As soon as the most eagerly awaited shower takes place in Kerala, the news reporters say Monsoon arrives in India or Monsoon breaks in India today.
But, dry less spells during monsoon is known as break in monsoon.)
Most Expected Questions From Class IX Term II Climate
Q20. Mention any three features/characteristics of monsoons?
Ans. Three features/characteristics of monsoons are:
i) it accounts for 90% of the total rainfall.
ii) they are very much unevenly distributed.
iii) monsoons in India are erratic. (may be strong or weak in a particular year).
Q21. What are the features/characteristics of Advancing monsoon?
Ans. Features/characteristics of Advancing monsoons are:
i) It begins by early June.
ii) Low pressure conditions over Northern plains attracts the trade winds.
iii) wind blows from sea to land.
iii) It has the tendency to have breaks in rainfall.
Q22. Mention the weather conditions/ characteristics of Retreating monsoon?
Ans. Weather conditions/ characteristics of Retreating monsoons are:
i) Monsoon retreats (returns) from India between October and November.
ii) It is a period of transition (change) from hot and wet to cold and dry winter.
iii) It is marked by clear skies and wind blows from land to sea.
iv) Day temperatures are high but nights are cold and pleasant.
v) By the end of October, the mercury begins to fall rapidly.
Questions From Geographical Terms Used In The Chapter 60 Geographical Terms Which Always Create Confusion
Q23. What is October Heat?
Ans. October is the period of change in season from rainy to winter.
The land is still wet during October.
Due to high temperature, evaporation takes place.
This maks the air hot and humid which makes us feel uncomfortable.
This is known as october Heat.
Q24. What is Kaal Baisakhi? With which state it is associated with?
Ans. Kaal Baisakhi is a severe cyclonic wind.
It blows over the Northern plains during summer months.
It affects the states of Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal and Orissa.
In Bengal, it is known as kal-baisakhi as it comes during the month of Baisakh.
Q25. What are Mango Showers?
Ans. As the name suggests, it is something related to mangoes.
What could it be?
It is the pre monsoon rain which is common in Kerala and Karnataka.
As these showers help in the ripening of mangoes, they are known as Mango showers.
Class IX Term II: Calculating Diurnal, Monthly and Annual Range Of Temperature
Q26. What do you mean by Diurnal range of temperature?
Ans. The difference between the maximum temperature in a day and the minimum temperature is called the Range of temperature.
To find the daily (Diurnal) range of temperature, you need only two data.
Select the maximum number given in the data (maximum temperature) for example 33.5 degrees.
Also select the minimum number given in the data (minimum temperature) for example 22.3 degrees.
Now, subtract the minimum temperature from the maximum.
For example 33.5 – 22.3 = 11.2 degrees.
Therefore, 11.2 degrees is the diurnal range of temperature.
Q27. How to calculate the monthly range of temperature?
Ans. Monthly range of temperature is the difference between the highest temperature in a month and lowest temperature given in a month.
In the data, you will be given the temperature of one month (30 days)
Remember, range is always maximum – minimum.
Select the maximum temperature in a month. For example = 32.7 degrees.
Now, select the minimum temperature in a month. For example = 24.9 degrees.
Therefore, monthly range of temperature will be 32.7 – 24.9 = 7.8 degrees.
Q28. How to calculate the annual range of temperature?
Ans. As you know that range is always maximum – minimum.
In the data, you will be given the maximum and minimum temperatures of all the months.
From the maximum temperatures select the highest temperature. Say June’s temperature is 43.4
Similarly, From the minimum temperatures select the lowest temperature. Say January’s temperature is 13. 6
Now, subtract the maximum and minimum temperatures to get the annual range of temperature.
For example 43.4 – 13.6 = 29.8 degrees.
Class IX Term II: Calculating Diurnal, Monthly and Annual Mean Temperature
Mean Temperature is also known as Average temperature.
Let’s see the questions based on Mean temperatures.
Q29. Calculate the mean temperature for the month of January.
Ans. What you are suppose to do.
You have to add the temperatures of all 31 days of January and divide it by number of days(31).
For example 12+12.4+ 11.8+ 11.6+ 13+ 12.5+ 10.7………. = 373.4
Now, average mean temperature will be 373.4/31 = 12.04 degrees.
Q30. Calculate the annual mean temperature for the year 2020.
Ans. Now, how to find the annual mean temperature for the year 2020,
You will be given a table which will have average mean temperature of all 12 months.
What you need to do is, add the average mean temperature of all 12 months and divide it by 12.
You will get the answer.
Distinguish Between from Class IX Term II Climate
Q31. Distinguish between North East Monsoon and South East Monsoon.
South West Monsoon
North East Monsoon
Long Answer Type Question From The Factors Which Control Climate Of India
Q32. Do the factors which controls climate and the factors which affect the climate of India the same? Explain any three factors with examples. If not then mention the factors which are different. (HOTS)
Ans) Yes, almost all the factors which controls climate and the factors which affect the climate of India are the same.
The amount of solar energy received varies according to latitude. What are lines of latitudes and longitudes on Globe? .
Places near the equator are hot and away from equator are cold.
In India also temperature varies as one move from South to North.
Example: Kerala is hotter than Kashmir.
We know that as we go high from the sea level, the temperature decreases.
That is why hill stations are cooler than the places located in plains or coastal regions.
Example Darjeeling is colder than Patna and Mumbai.
iii) Pressure and winds:
Difference in temperature leads to difference in pressure and winds.
India is very much affected by pressure and winds as India’s climate is unique.
During winter, there is high pressure over the land and during summer, the pressure is low.
This causes a complete reversal of wind direction.
For example Occurring of Monsoon every year.
iv) Distance from the sea:
Places near the sea are neither very hot in summer nor very cold during the winter.
This if because of the sea.
But places away from the sea have extreme (continental) type of climate i.e. extremely hot in summer and cold in winter.
For example Delhi is hotter and also colder than Mumbai because it is located away from the sea.
v) Physical features:
Relief or physical features also affect the climate of a place.
For example, Himalayas in India stop the cold winds coming from the North.
It also stops the moisture laden winds which causes rainfall in India
vi) Ocean currents:
Warm ocean-currents make the place warm.
Similarly cold ocean currents make it cold.
India is also affected by warm ocean current Al-Nino which increases the intensity of monsoon rain.
Long Answer Type Question On Mechanism Of Monsoon
Q33. Discuss the mechanism of Monsoon. Answer in five points.
Ans. Monsoon is the seasonal reversal of wind direction due to change in season.
Monsoon arrives in India after summer.
The winds blow from Sea to land.
As it comes from the sea. it contains moisture and cause heavy rainfall in India.
Mechanism of Monsoon:
i. It is experienced in the tropical area roughly between 20 degrees North and South of equator.
ii. Differential heating and cooling of land and sea water creates low pressure over land during summer.
iii. shift of ITCZ from equator to 20 degree North (over the Ganga plains)
iv. Tibetan plateau gets intensely heated during summer. This results in the rising of hot air. Hence, low pressure is created.
v. Changes in the pressure conditions over the oceans in the southern hemisphere.
Hint: In this question you have to answer the factors responsible for the arrival of monsoon in India.
Therefore, the above mentioned five factors creates a condition for the arrival of monsoon.
Long Answer Type Question On Monsoon As Unifying Bond
Q34. How monsoons act as a unifying bond?
Ans. Monsoons are unifying bond in India because:
i) India is an agricultural country and monsoon winds bind the whole country by providing water for agricultural activities.
ii) It’s the festival time all over India because most of our festivals are related to farmers. (agriculture)
iii) Agricultural activities connect every corner of the country through transport, production and marketing.
iv) All the rivers and tributaries have enough water and get connected as single unit.
v) People from east, west, North and South eagerly wait for the monsoon.
Conclusion On Class IX Term II Climate
Class IX Term II Climate is a big and difficult chapter. To Prepare for class IX Term II Climate chapter, you need basic understanding of all the topics covered in this article. Also practice writing answers in short and in points. Write answers in your own words. Do not try to mug up the answers. From class IX Term II Climate chapter, CBSE will try to check your understanding. But, while preparing for Class IX Term II Climate chapter do not miss out practicing MCQ’s from this chapter.
If you liked the way questions and answers written here, you may subscribe so that you get the notification of the next Geography chapter for class IX Term II exams.
All the very best for your class IX Term II exams.


❒ Gases exert pressure on any surface with which they come in contact, because gas molecules are constantly in motion. We humans have adapted so well physiologically to the pressure of the air around us that we are usually unaware of it, perhaps as fish are not conscious of the water’s pressure on them.
❒ It is easy to demonstrate atmospheric pressure. One everyday example is the ability to drink a liquid through a straw. Sucking air out of the straw reduces the pressure inside the straw. The greater atmospheric pressure on the liquid pushes it up into the straw to replace the air that has been sucked out.
SI Units of Pressure
❒ Pressure is one of the most readily measurable properties of a gas. In order to understand how we measure the pressure of a gas, it is helpful to know how the units of measurement are derived. We begin with velocity and acceleration.
❒ Velocity is defined as the change in distance with elapsed time; that is,
❒ The SI unit for velocity is m/s, although we also use cm/s.
❒ Acceleration is the change in velocity with time, or
Acceleration is measured in m/s2(or cm/s2 ).
❒ The second law of motion, formulated by Sir Isaac Newton † in the late seventeenth century, defines another term, from which the units of pressure are derived, namely, force. According to this law,
force = mass × acceleration
In this context, the SI unit of force is the newton (N), where:
1 N = 1 kg m/s2
Finally, we define pressure as force applied per unit area:
❒ The SI unit of pressure is the pascal (Pa), defined as one newton per square meter:
1 Pa = 1 N/m2
❒ The following table shows the different units of pressure:
❒ The atoms and molecules of the gases in the atmosphere, like those of all other matter, are subject to Earth’s gravitational pull. As a consequence, the atmosphere is much denser near the surface of Earth than at high altitudes. (The air outside the pressurized cabin of an airplane at 9 km is too thin to breathe.)
❒ In fact, the density of air decreases very rapidly with increasing distance from Earth. Measurements show that about 50 percent of the atmosphere lies within 6.4 km of Earth’s surface, 90 percent within 16 km, and 99 percent within 32 km. Not surprisingly, the denser the air is, the greater the pressure it exerts.
❒ The force experienced by any area exposed to Earth’s atmosphere is equal to the weight of the column of air above it. Atmospheric pressure is the pressure exerted by Earth’s atmosphere ( Figure 1). The actual value of atmospheric pressure depends on location, temperature, and weather conditions.
Does atmospheric pressure act only downward, as you might infer from its definition?
❒ Imagine what would happen, then, if you were to hold a piece of paper tight (with both hands) above your head. You might expect the paper to bend due to the pressure of air acting on it, but this does not happen. The reason is that air, like water, is a fluid. The pressure exerted on an object in a fluid comes from all directions—downward and upward, as well as from the left and from the right.
❒ At the molecular level, air pressure results from collisions between the air molecules and any surface with which they come in contact.
❒ The magnitude of pressure depends on how often and how strongly the molecules impact the surface. It turns out that there are just as many molecules hitting the paper from the top as there are from underneath, so the paper stays flat.
How is Atmospheric pressure measured?
❒The barometer is probably the most familiar instrument for measuring atmospheric pressure.
❒ A simple barometer consists of a long glass tube, closed at one end and filled with mercury. If the tube is carefully inverted in a dish of mercury so that no air enters the tube, some mercury will flow out of the tube into the dish, creating a vacuum at the top ( Figure 2 ). The weight of the mercury remaining in the tube is supported by atmospheric pressure acting on the surface of the mercury in the dish.
❒ Standard atmospheric pressure (1 atm) is equal to the pressure that supports a column of mercury exactly 760 mm (or 76 cm) high at 0°C at sea level.
❒ In other words, the standard atmosphere equals a pressure of 760 mmHg, where mmHg represents the pressure exerted by a column of mercury 1 mm high. The mmHg unit is also called the torr, after the Italian scientist Evangelista Torricelli, who invented the barometer. Thus,
1 torr = 1 mmHg
1 atm = 760 mmHg
❒ The relation between atmospheres and pascals (see Appendix 2) is:
1 atm = 101,325 Pa
1 atm = 1.01325 × 105 Pa
and because 1000 Pa = 1 kPa (kilopascal)
1 atm = 1.01325 × 102 kPa
Why 1 atm = 101,325 Pa ?
By definition, the standard atmosphere is the pressure exerted by a column of mercury
exactly 76 cm high of density 13.5951 g/cm3, in a place where acceleration due to gravity is
980.665 cm/s2. However, to express pressure in N/m2 it is necessary to write:
The standard atmosphere is given by:
❒ A manometer is a device used to measure the pressure of gases other than the atmosphere.
❒ The principle of operation of a manometer is similar to that of a barometer.
❒ There are two types of manometers, shown in Figure (3) . The closed-tube manometer is normally used to measure pressures below atmospheric pressure [ Figure 3 (a)], whereas the open-tube manometer is better suited for measuring pressures equal to or greater than atmospheric pressure [ Figure 3 (b)].
❒ Nearly all barometers and many manometers use mercury as the working fluid, despite the fact that it is a toxic substance with a harmful vapor. The reason is that mercury has a very high density (13.6 g/mL) compared with most other liquids. Because the height of the liquid in a column is inversely proportional to the liquid’s density, this property enables the construction of manageably small barometers and manometers.
❒ The figure (3) shows Two types of manometers used to measure gas pressures.
(a) Gas pressure is less than atmospheric pressure.
(b) Gas pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure.
❒Pressure is defined as force per unit area.
❒Fluids (gases and liquids) exert a pressure at any point within them in all directions.
❒ We can measure a gas pressure by the vertical height of mercury it can hold up.
❒ The most important units of pressure in this course are the atmosphere (atm) and the torr (1 atm = 760 torr)
Example (1): The pressure outside a jet plane flying at high altitude falls considerably below standard atmospheric pressure. Therefore, the air inside the cabin must be pressurized to protect the passengers. What is the pressure in atmospheres in the cabin if the barometer reading is 688 mmHg?
Because 1 atm = 760 mmHg, the following conversion factor is needed to obtain the pressure in atmospheres
The pressure in the cabin is given by
Example (2): The atmospheric pressure in San Francisco on a certain day was 732 mmHg. What was the pressure in kPa?
Here we are asked to convert mmHg to kPa. Because:
1 atm = 1.01325 × 105 Pa = 760 mmHg
the conversion factor we need is:
The pressure in kPa is:
Reference: Chemistry / Raymond Chang ,Williams College /(10th edition).


Maryland is home to 19 active municipal waste landfills and 21 closed landfills, each producing potent greenhouse gases of methane and carbon dioxide. While all greenhouse gases affect the climate of the planet, over a 20-year period, each ton of methane released into the atmosphere has a global warming impact equivalent to about 86 tons of carbon dioxide, according to EPA and United Nation’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Reducing methane emissions is essential to addressing rapidly rising global temperatures, yet most efforts to combat climate change have focused primarily on carbon dioxide. Methane has received less attention than it deserves, but that is changing. The Environmental Integrity Project’s report, “Greenhouse Gases from Maryland’s Landfills: Underestimated and Under Regulated,” reveals that municipal waste landfills are the single largest source of methane pollution in Maryland, even larger than the natural gas industry.
The Environmental Integrity Project (EIP) examined state and federal data on Maryland’s municipal waste landfill emissions, finding that they release far more greenhouse gases than the state’s previous estimates, contributing as much pollution as almost a million cars driving for a year, or four times the emissions of the average Maryland coal plant. The analysis revealed multiple calculation and data-based errors in MDE’s greenhouse gas inventory – including underestimating landfill gas production and excluding five landfills — that resulted in the sizeable underestimates of total landfill emissions. In total, decaying food, discarded consumer products, and other household waste in Maryland’s municipal waste landfills released more than four times the 12,500 tons of methane previously estimated by the Maryland Department of the Environment (MDE). Additionally, only about half (21 of 40) of the landfills operate any kind of gas collection or control systems, and only four of these must comply with any government standards to ensure that they work.
In response to EIP’s report, on June 9, 2021 MDE released an updated greenhouse gas inventory for the state that acknowledged mistakes. The updated official data now shows that municipal waste landfills released about 56,300 tons of methane in 2017, or 39% of all methane statewide compared to 13% as previously calculated.
To address the challenges, the report recommends the following:
- MDE should issue strong new air quality regulations that require improved control and monitoring of greenhouse gases from the state’s landfills, modeled on California’s 2010 regulations that exceed national standards.
- MDE should complete the rulemaking process as quickly as possible and avoid additional delay.
- Maryland should create financial incentives for construction of new facilities that can divert organic waste away from landfills and from trash incinerators, which are also highly polluting.
- County governments should assess the feasibility of operating county-run composting facilities.
- To prevent underestimation of emissions from landfills in the future, Maryland and governments across the U.S. and globally should start relying on emissions monitoring and direct measurement instead of estimating through modeling.
In addition, it would be foolish to conclude that incinerating waste is a solution to the findings discussed in this report.


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I don’t take a lot of cloud photos but occasionally I run across something that is interesting. The first shot was taken at a soccer game in the Twin Cities. As the game neared its end the sky became dark and the clouds ominous. I took a few photos and headed for shelter. There were tornados in the area that day but none of them touched down.
I live in the woods so I’m not able to get many good cloud photos. One night last summer the sunset hit the clouds just right creating some dramatic light. I was able to get a shot through the trees. This was the result.
This summer I was at Crex Meadows to photograph the wildlife. In the morning I generally go out to shoot the sunrise. The sunrise wasn’t anything special but this interesting cloud was in the sky over Phantom Lake.
This fall I was at Hawk Ridge in Duluth to photograph the fall bird migration. Unfortunately conditions were such that there weren’t many birds migrating. However, I did notice this interesting cloud formation. It reminded me of ice pancakes that are fun to photograph in the winter.


What is climate change and why should we care? In recent years, countries across the globe have experienced rapid changes in their climate. From flash floods in Malaysia to record-breaking drought in China, these weather changes are attributed to the impact of climate change.
What exactly is climate change?
According to the United Nations (UN), climate change refers to the shift in temperatures and weather patterns.
While it can occur naturally, human activities have unfortunately exacerbated the climate crisis due to activities such as fossil fuels burning, deforestation and large landfills. These contribute to greenhouse gas emissions – which trap the heat on the earth's atmosphere and cause the global temperature to rise.
But why should we care?
Climate change affects more than just the weather. It poses a serious threat to many facets of our lives: Our health and safety, food production and supply as well as economic stability.
So what can we do to reduce the impact of climate change? The easiest way is by living more sustainably and consuming less. Don't worry, it's not as hard as it sounds! You can start by doing these 5 easy steps below:


The world’s top climate scientists warn that humanity’s influence on the climate is unequivocal, with wide-ranging impacts across the planet, from rising seas to melting ice.
The UN’s climate science panel, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), is currently working in Copenhagen to undertake the final wording of its report that will represent the most comprehensive account of the state on climate science in seven years.
This work will be a summary of three major reports that have already been published over the course of the last 13 months: one on the physical science of climate change, one on its impacts on ecosystems, our food supply and how we adapt, and one on the solutions, as the reduction of emissions from power plants, factories, cars and farms.
The report will highlight the importance to take into account the human role in global warming. According to experts, human influence on the climate system is evident: recent anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases are the highest in history as data show.
In relation to that, the atmosphere and ocean have warmed, the amounts of snow and ice have diminished, and sea level has risen, experts say.
Studies reveal that over the past decade, emissions grew at twice the rate of the previous 30 years.
In this context, governments must take action undertaking concrete measures to achieve the substantial emissions reductions necessary to tackle climate change related issues. Moreover, governments need to take into account projects on the long term, in order to meet the targets.
Data indicate that the warming isn’t evenly spread: the tropics and higher latitudes have got hotter faster than other regions.
In addition to that, the draft report has outlined the urgency of the current situation saying that since the mid-19th century, the rate of sea level rise has been larger than the rate during the previous two millennia.
The gLAWcal Team
Friday, 31 October 2014
(Source: The Guardian)


Climeworks offers a technology to reverse climate change.
Climeworks is the world's leading direct air capture company and provides a solution that empowers everyone to be climate positive by removing carbon dioxide from air.
Climeworks - Home | Facebook
Climeworks, Zürich, Switzerland. 8,328 likes · 124 talking about this. Climeworks empowers everyone to be climate positive by permanently removing carbon...
Climeworks (@climeworks_official) • Фото и видео в Instagram
Climeworks. Climeworks empowers everyone to be climate positive by permanently removing carbon dioxide from the air. linktr.ee/climeworks_official.
Climeworks (@Climeworks) | Твиттер
Последние твиты от Climeworks (@Climeworks). Climeworks empowers everyone to be climate positive by permanently removing carbon dioxide from the air. Zürich, Switzerland.
Can Climeworks Save the World from Climate Change? | Digital Trends
Climeworks' fully automated CO2 Capture Plant. Climeworks rejected the idea, stating it will "under no circumstances engage in EOR or any activity that contributes to the release of fossil CO2."
Climeworks: The ambitious startup out to reverse climate change by...
Climeworks is a Swiss company at the vanguard of carbon capture technology, and having just completed a year-long pilot project collecting C02 at the world's first negative emissions power plant...
В Швейцарии запустили завод по удалению углекислого газа из...
Для этой процедуры компания Climeworks построила огромный завод недалеко от Цюриха.
The Swiss company hoping to capture 1% of global... | Carbon Brief
Climeworks says that its direct air capture (DAC) process - a form of negative emissions often considered too expensive to be taken seriously - costs $600 per tonne of CO2 today.
Climeworks | Carbon Offsets | Giving Green
Overview of Climeworks. Climeworks is a Switzerland-based company that does Direct Air Capture (DAC) and either sequesters collected CO2 underground or sells it for commercial purposes including...
Swiss Carbon Capture Startup Raises $76m in Funding... - Bloomberg
Climeworks AG, a Swiss climate startup, raised 73 million Swiss francs ($76 million) in a private funding round.
Climeworks - Crunchbase Company Profile & Funding
Climeworks captures CO2 from air via commercial carbon dioxide removal technology. Its direct air capture plants capture CO2 with a filter, using mainly low-grade heat as an energy source.
Climeworks Company Profile: Valuation & Investors | PitchBook
Climeworks General Information. Description. Developer of a carbon removal technology designed to capture carbon dioxide Climeworks. Board Member. 000 0000. Rainer Rueppel Ph.D. Climeworks.
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Climeworks | 11,926 followers on LinkedIn. Climeworks empowers everyone to be climate positive by permanently removing carbon dioxide from the Climeworks. Mechanical or Industrial Engineering.
News about climeworks
News and bulletins about climeworks for analytics, chemistry, lab technology, chemical engineering, process engineering, updated daily and relevant to the sector, can be found on this page.
Climeworks: Investment rounds, top customers, partners... | i3 Connect
This page provides investment and traction data on Climeworks, a Developer of direct air capture technology that safely and permanently removes carbon dioxide from the air.
Climeworks Company Profile - Office Locations, Competitors... | Craft.co
Climeworks has 112 employees across 2 locations and $110.47 m in total funding,. See insights on Climeworks including office locations, competitors, revenue, financials, executives...


Total signs up to zero flaring initiative
Company has been voluntarily reducing flaring since 2005
Total has pledged to join the World Bank's planned Zero Routine Flaring by 2030 Initiative.
A member of the World Bank’s Global Gas Flaring Reduction Partnership since 2004, Total has voluntarily reduced routine gas flaring in its production operations by 40% since 2005.
In 2000, the Group announced that it would no longer routinely flare associated gas in new oil developments.
Total’s support for this new global initiative led by the World Bank is therefore aligned with its long-standing policy in this area.
Total is also joining the Climate and Clean Air Coalition, which works to more effectively measure, manage and mitigate emissions of methane, a gas whose global warming potential is much higher than carbon dioxide’s.
Given methane’s high global warming potential and relatively short lifetime in the atmosphere, curbing emissions would significantly improve climate change management.
“Total is fully aware of the role the oil and gas industry plays in climate change,” commented Patrick Pouyanné, CEO of Total
“Our support for these three global initiatives is a logical extension of the work we have undertaken for a number of years to reduce flaring, cut our greenhouse gas emissions and improve the energy efficiency of our facilities.
“These efforts have been supported by substantial investments to produce and market natural gas, the fossil fuel with the lowest impact on climate change, as well as in solar energy, through our affiliate SunPower, a leader in high-efficiency photovoltaic cells and panels.”


14:19 +20.1 68.2. Los Angeles is a hot-summer mediterranean climate (Köppen Csa), with hot, dry summers, and cooler wetter winters. Regular price $345 Sold out Limited to just 25 pairs total. And I caught the end on camera! Tomorrow +13 55 +29 84. Average temperatures range between 13°C and 14°C from December to February, but highs can still reach peaks of 19°C. The lowest temperature was 21 °F (−6 °C) on January 20, 1922. Luckily temperatures cool down at night, with lows of between 13°C and 16°C, offering some relief from the heat. In the spring months, the temperature generally ranges between 14°C and 17°C, which feels warm and pleasant, though inland temperatures can rise higher. Visitors may want to bring a jacket to wear if they're out and about on an evening. It looked unreal . Rainfall increases in winter in Los Angeles, but is still quite low. Deadly Iota lashes Nicaragua, Honduras after record-setting landfall. While overall precipitation is low, the rain that does fall occasionally comes in brief heavy storms. However, a weather pattern known as June Gloom can occur in early summer (most commonly June) which results in cloudy, overcast skies, cool temperatures and sometimes fog. The weather in Los Angeles stays fairly consistent throughout the year, with high temperatures and plenty of sun. Prior to the strong El Nino of 2015–2016, the previous two strong El Niño events in 1982–83 and 1997–98 coincided with well-above average precipitation across Southern California. Current and future radar maps for assessing areas of precipitation, type, and intensity, Satellite maps for visualizing where there is cloud cover and associated precipitation, Currently active global watches and warnings, lightning, and severe weather risk, View live current conditions in and around your area, Everything you need for tracking hurricane season, Deadly Iota lashes Nicaragua, Honduras after record-setting landfall. During spring, temperatures bloom, sunshine levels increase and the rainfall that Los Angeles saw in winter disappears again. During this season, there is essentially no rainfall, and both July and August average less than 0.05 of an inch (1.27 mm) of monthly precipitation. For monthly statistics, see Climate of Los Angeles#Temperatures and seasons. There's just 15mm of rain in October and 31mm in November, which means that most days will remain dry (there's just 2-3 wet days a month on average). Combined with steep mountain slopes and recent burn areas from wildfires, these heavy rains often cause landslides and debris flows in foothill areas, damaging structures and blocking roads. Though technically spring, March to May are almost summer like, with warm temperatures and sunshine providing great conditions to get out and about and explore Los Angeles. Long known as the "City of Angels", Los Angeles is a coastal city that is as diverse as the people who live there. The Los Angeles area contains microclimates, where daytime temperatures can vary as much as 36 °F (20 °C) between inland areas such as the San Fernando Valley or San Gabriel Valley, and the coastal Los Angeles Basin. © 2020 AccuWeather, Inc. "AccuWeather" and sun design are registered trademarks of AccuWeather, Inc. All Rights Reserved. However, the farther inland you go, the more extreme the summer temperatures, with inland temperatures up to 10°C higher than in the coastal areas. Showing: All Year Climate & Weather Averages in Los Angeles. By comparison, Canoga Park has quite cool summer nights, in contrast to many other interior Southern California areas. Culver City, Inglewood, Palms, and surrounding areas are only a few miles inland from Santa Monica and the beach, but reach temperatures up to 10 degrees (F) warmer on average in the summer. Oh My Lanta that was SO COOL!!!!! The first drops of sporadic rain appear in autumn after the very dry summer season, but the region is still relatively rain-free. July, August and September are the hottest months, with September holding the all-time record of 113 °F (45 °C). Summer temperature patterns of 75 to 90 °F (24 to 32 °C) highs and 60 to 70 °F (16 to 21 °C) lows usually persist until early November. The Los Angeles Basin, composed of the coastal plain surrounded by mountains, is generally the coolest in summer and mildest in winter. Track storms, and stay in-the-know and prepared for what's coming. Ski season forecast: Which regions will have the snowiest slopes this year. At these times, it is advisable to seek shade in cool, air conditioned buildings and stay hydrated. Get the latest. #meteor, I just saw the dopest meteor shower in the sky rn . 56° 0%. The San Fernando Valley is known for significantly higher temperatures than the coastal basin. Based on weather reports collected during 1985–2015. Winters in Los Angeles are short and mild. March sees a wonderful 11 hours of sunshine, which rises to 12 hours in April and 13 hours in May, which is practically summer weather. LAX airport and its surroundings (Westchester and El Segundo, as well as Santa Monica, Venice, and the immediately surrounding neighborhoods) are generally the coolest part of the region in the summer, as they receive a near-constant sea breeze. With its Mediterranean climate and glamorous atmosphere, it's no wonder LA is a hit for residents and visitors alike. © 2020 AccuWeather, Inc. "AccuWeather" and sun design are registered trademarks of AccuWeather, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Culver City has a semi-arid climate that is still significantly moderated by the Pacific trade winds keeping averages mild compared to areas farther inland.  The greatest rainfall in one month was 15.80 inches (401.3 mm) in December 1889, which also had the most days – twenty – receiving at least 0.01 inches (0.3 mm) of rain. Full Calfskin leather and suede. The climate is classified as a Mediterranean climate, which is a type of dry subtropical climate. High Temp: 84 °F. Winds light and variable. Though the climate can vary between inland and coastal regions, the temperatures is always warm to hot in Los Angeles in summer. !#meteor pic.twitter.com/BERSmFJcVI, — Summer C (@summerrabel) January 30, 2020. Crazy! I got the last 13 seconds of at least a 20 second shooting star #meteor #LAmeteor #LosAngeles #LA #ShootingStar pic.twitter.com/DFeK3psOlE, — Stan Moroncini (@StanMoroncini) January 30, 2020, My boyfriend caught this video of the meteor shower in california and wanted me to post it!! The chance of rainfall increases slightly in June and September but it is hardly worth mentioning, with just 3mm in June and 5mm in September. The average highs range from the upper 60's F to 70 F (17-21 C) with cooler overnight lows in the upper 40's and lower 50's F (8-12 C). , Los Angeles Airport has an estimated pan-evaporation rate of 65.5 inches (1,664 mm) per year.. Small, weak, isolated tornadoes can occur during these events, but are exceedingly rare. However, temperatures across the region often exceed 90 °F (32 °C) during the summer. LOS ANGELES (CBSLA) — A meteor was spotted breaking up across Southern California’s night skies, and social media lit up with reported sightings. Humidity 38%. Ski season forecast: Which regions will have the snowiest slopes this year. The driest year was 2002 with 2.63 inches (66.8 mm). While the typical dry-summer and wet-winter pattern typical of most Mediterranean climates is part of the climate of Los Angeles, precipitation annually is lower than in many typical Mediterranean climates. The second largest city in the United States and largest in California, Los Angeles is made up of many smaller communities and neighbourhoods including Hollywood, San Fernando Valley and Crescenta Valley. The Los Angeles Metro Rail is an urban rail transportation system serving Los Angeles County, California.It consists of six lines, including two rapid transit subway lines (the B and D lines) and four light rail lines (the A, C, L and E lines) serving 93 stations.It connects with the Metro Busway bus rapid transit system (the G and J lines) and also with the Metrolink commuter rail system. Average high temperatures are in the lower 80's F (26-28 C) with overnight lows in the lower 60's F (15-17 C). Temperatures have been known to hit the high twenties as a result of this weather pattern. Because the rainy season begins in late fall and ends in early to mid spring, precipitation is measured using the water year instead of the calendar year, to give an accurate picture of each rainy season's precipitation amounts.  While scientists have long agreed the intensity and timing of the winter precipitation pattern in Los Angeles is more complex than just analyzing the warm/cool phase of ENSO, the fact that Los Angeles received below average precipitation during the strong El Niño event of 2015–2016 will be the subject of numerous research studies among climate scientists.
2020 los angeles meteo gennaio


‘Amphan’ likely to cross Bangladesh coast between Tuesday and Wednesday
The severe cyclonic storm ‘Amphan’ may cross Bangladesh coast, between Khulna-Chattogram, between Tuesday late night and Wednesday evening.
The storm moved northwards and now lies over the west central Bay and adjoining south Bay, according to the latest special weather bulletin of Bangladesh Meteorological Department.
It was centred, at 6:00am today, about 1,150km south-southwest of Chattogram Port, 1,090km south-southwest of Cox’s Bazar Port, 1070km south-southwest of Mongla Port and 1,050km south-southwest of Payra port, the bulletin said.
It is likely to intensify further and move in a north-northwesterly direction and then re-curve north-northeast wards, it said.
Maximum sustained wind speed within 74km of the storm centre is about 110kph rising to 130kph in gusts/squalls.
Sea will remain very high near the cyclone centre, the bulletin said.
Maritime ports of Chattogram, Cox’s Bazar, Mongla and Payra have been advised to keep hoisted local warning signal no. four (r) four.
All fishing boats and trawlers over north Bay and deep sea have been advised to remain close to the coast and proceed with caution till further notice, so that they can take shelter within a short notice.
They are also advised not to venture into the deep sea.
Meanwhile, India Meteorological Department said cyclone Amphan has intensified into an extremely severe storm overnight and is likely to strengthen further to become a super cyclone.
The storm is likely to “further intensify” over the next six hours, it said, adding that the cyclone is “very likely to move north-northeastwards and move fast across northwest Bay and cross West Bengal — Bangladesh coasts between Digha (West Bengal) and Hatiya Islands (Bangladesh) during the afternoon or evening of May 20 (Wednesday).”


| < September >
|Normal Max/ High Temperature
|Min/ Low Temperature
|Number of Wet Days (probability of rain on a day)
|Average Sunlight per day
|Average Daylight per day
|Sunny (Cloudy) Daylight Hours
|Sun altitude at solar noon on the 21st day.
- The average temperature in Dubrovnik in September is really warm at 21.5 °C (70.7 °F).
- Afternoons can be fairly hot with average high temperatures reaching 25 °C (77 °F).
- Overnight temperatures are generally somewhat warm with an average low of 18 °C (64.4 °F).
- In September the mean daily temperature variation/ range is 7 °C (12.6 °F).
- The weather in September is not exactly parched with sporadic rain. Circa 101mm (4in) of H2O tumbles across on average 7 days.
- The skies in Dubrovnik are moderately sunny having an average of a respectable 8:27 of bright sunshine per day.
- The shortest day is 11:43 long and the longest day is 13:09 long with an average length of 12:26.
- There are approximately 3:48 per day when bright sunshine is absent due to cloud, haze or the sun being too low on the horizon to register.
- It is sunny approximately 68.9% of daylight hours and cloudy 31.1% of daylight hours.
Check the distance to and compare the Dubrovnik September averages with somewhere beginning with:
A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | All
Weather Trend Graph for September in Dubrovnik, Croatia
Navigate to September Weather in Locations Surrounding Dubrovnik:
- Sibenik, Croatia - 215.2 kms (133.7 miles) NW
- Split, Croatia - 165.3 kms (102.7 miles) NW
- Sant'Angelo (Mount), Italy - 205.9 kms (128 miles) WSW
- Amendola, Italy - 232.5 kms (144.5 miles) WSW
- Foggia, Puglia, Italy - 248.2 kms (154.3 miles) WSW
- Bari/ Palese Macchie, Italy - 201.2 kms (125 miles) SW
- Gioia Del Colle, Italy - 230.7 kms (143.4 miles) SSW
- Brindisi, Italy - 221.6 kms (137.7 miles) S
- Grottaglie, Italy - 244.2 kms (151.7 miles) SSW
- Taranto, Puglia, Italy - 252.9 kms (157.1 miles) SSW


New Haven County communities Air Quality Index (AQI) is expected to rise over 100 Tuesday, putting certain sensitive groups at risk.
“Although the general public is not likely to be affected at [the orange] AQI range, people with lung disease, older adults and children are at a greater risk from exposure to ozone, whereas persons with heart and lung disease, older adults and children are at greater risk from the presence of particles in the air,” according to the AQI guide.
The orange range includes AQIs from 101 to 150. (At 151, the red range, air quality becomes unhealthy for all individuals.)
Check out today’s AQI above and scroll right to see the forecast for areas throughout the state.


- Where is hot in January?
- What two states have never hit 100 degrees?
- What was the hottest day in January 2020?
- Will 2020 be a hot year?
- Why is 2020 Hot?
- Why is it so hot in Death Valley California?
- What is the highest temperature recorded in 2020?
- Is 2020 going to be a hot summer?
- Has Florida ever had snow?
- What’s the hottest it’s ever been in Florida?
- How hot is 2020?
- Has Florida hit 100 degrees?
- What is the hottest place on earth?
- How hot has the Earth gotten?
- When was the Earth the hottest?
- What is the hottest day in 2020?
- What kind of summer is predicted for 2020?
- What year was the hottest winter?
Where is hot in January?


Hurricanes are monster storms that swirl over the long stretches of ocean waters and cause massive damage to building and other structures when they come into contact with land. Many argue that global warming is intensifying the dangers these hurricanes pose to coastal cities.
Scientists all agree that global warming is not the catalyst of hurricanes; however, there is a scientific consensus that the warming of the ocean is producing bigger and more destructive hurricanes. The most recent, Hurricane Michael, was the largest hurricane to hit the Florida Panhandle – making landfall at a category five and making history as one of the top four strongest hurricanes to strike the U.S.
The unforgettable thing about record-setting Michael is how rapidly it became a category five storm. This is called the process of “rapid intensification,” and the worst hurricanes of the past two years- Harvey, Irma, Maria, Florence and Michael all demonstrated the effects. Rapid intensification means that a storm in its ideal environment, one characterized by warm waters and little adverse wind shear – inevitably intensifying the storm.
In a recent study in the Journal of Climate, climate researchers found that global warming raises the oceanic temperatures and intensifies hurricanes.
“The rapid intensification of these storms, which was part of what made them so dangerous and devastating, is attributed to global warming,” said a climate scientist at Princeton University. The phenomenon has become more serious as sea waters have warmed with climate change. “Several factors can contribute, but warmer waters increase the potential for a storm becoming stronger,” he said.
Warmer waters fuel more energetic storms. The heat from the water condensation raises to form rainfall while cycling the warm air below forms cyclones. The actual process begins with a cluster of thunderstorms moving across the ocean. When the surface water is warm, the storm sucks up heat energy, creating moisture in the air. If wind conditions are right; the storm becomes a hurricane.
Global Warming and hurricanes are linked simply because warmer water provides more energy that feeds them. Kerry Emanuel, scientist at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, says, “The temperature difference between the ocean and upper atmosphere determines how much a storm intensifies. A bigger temperature difference leads to the release of more energy into the storm. The warmer the ocean, the bigger the difference, and subsequently, the bigger the storm.”


3. Implication of land data assimilation system
3.4. Impact of assimilated remote sensing retrievals on soil moisture skill
3.4.1. Evaluation of soil moisture estimates assimilated with remote sensing retrievals
Figure 3.8 (a) Mean skill of ASCAT (green) and SMAP (red) soil moisture retrievals and the open loop model (black) averaged across the vegetated mixed land cover, the grassland and the cropland classes, where errors represent 95% confidence intervals. (b) Soil moisture skill from the open loop model (black) and precipitation (red) from atmospheric boundary forcing. The skills are evaluated with in situ measurements over the North America and the comparison between soil moisture and precipitation skill is done only where both observations exist.
Figure 3.9 The spatial distribution of (a) soil moisture skill from the open loop model and the skill difference between (b) ASCAT and (c) SMAP satellite and the open loop simulation, evaluated by ground based in situ stations over the North America. In these difference maps, red color indicates a higher skill of the satellite observation and blue color indicates a higher skill of the open loop model.
Figure 3.10 represents mean skill of surface and root-zone soil moisture estimates from the single- sensor assimilation experiments (of ASCAT or SMAP) and the combined assimilation experiment (ASCAT and SMAP) with the optimized LETKF scheme and the open loop run, averaged across categorized MODIS land cover. Prior to the assimilation, the soil moisture skill simulated by the open loop has significantly lower over the grassland cover than over the vegetated mixed cover or cropland categories. The single-sensor assimilation experiments yield very similar improvements (ΔR of ASCAT and SMAP assimilation experiments is 0.08 and 0.1, respectively) to the mean skill, although the SMAP assimilation experiment tends to show the better representation of surface soil moisture over the vegetated mixed cover class. However, the results of the two single-sensor retrieval products is not much different since the skill of the open loop is already saturated over the cropland class. Rather, the skill difference of surface and root-zone soil moisture from the two experiments is more significant in the grassland class where the performance of the open loop is worst among the other land cover classes.
Nevertheless, the joint assimilation significantly exceeds the mean correlation from the single-sensor assimilation experiments by ΔR=0.12. In other words, the joint assimilation of ASCAT and SMAP satellites performs best, demonstrating the complementary value of active and passive remoted sensed datasets. The value of skill improvement via the data assimilation is comparable to several previous studies (Draper et al., 2012; Kolassa et al., 2017; Lievens et al., 2017) where the skill improvement of surface and root-zone soil moisture through the assimilating active and passive satellites is approximately up to ~0.1.
In order to investigate the skill improvement, we adopt the concept of assimilation gain which is introduced in Section 2.5.2. The assimilation gain consists of the skill difference between the satellite and the open loop, the Kalman gain, and the number of assimilated observational sample. Figure 3.11 represents mean values of soil moisture skill difference and components of the assimilation gain from three assimilation experiments over the North America and their spatial distributions are shown in Figure 3. 12. The assimilation gain reliably explains the skill improvement in which they are proportional with each other. This result is shown by the combination of the three components constituting the assimilation gain. For instance, in the single-sensor assimilation experiments, the higher assimilation gain value in the SMAP experiment can be largely explained by the relative skill of the satellite rather than the number of assimilated observations and the Kalman gain. In the comparison of the combined assimilation experiment to the SMAP assimilation, the higher assimilation gain value in the combined experiment can be explained by the number of assimilated observations rather than the relative skill of the satellite and the Kalman gain. The results are also represented by radar plot with three components in which the triangle area is proportional to the assimilation gain (Fig. 3.13). Based on this analysis, the assimilation gain can be used as a parameter that contributes to the potential predictability improvement.
Figure 3.10 (a) Surface and (b) root-zone soil moisture skill from ASCAT (green), SMAP (red), and joint retrieval (blue) assimilation experiments with LETKF scheme and the open loop run, averaged across categorized MODIS land cover, where errors represent 95% confidence intervals. The soil moisture skills are evaluated with in situ measurements over the North America.
Figure 3.11 Mean values of soil moisture skill difference and components of the assimilation gain from the single-sensor assimilation of ASCAT (green) and SMAP (red) and the combined assimilation (blue) over the North America.
Figure 3.12 The spatial distribution of the assimilation gain from (a) ASCAT, (b) SMAP, and (c) joint retrieval assimilation experiments, evaluated by ground based in situ stations.
Figure 3.13 Radar chart of assimilation gain components (ΔRsat: the soil moisture skill difference between satellite and the open loop model, Kalman: daily mean Kalman gain, and Nsat: The number of assimilated observation) from three different experiments (blue: ASCAT and SMAP combined assimilation, red: SMAP single-sensor assimilation, and green: ASCAT single-sensor assimilation) over the North America.
As this study perform the global soil moisture assimilation with the LETKF scheme, we can also evaluate the soil moisture estimates not only over the North America, but also over the other global regions such as the western Europe and the central Tibetan Plateau (Fig. 3.14). The global assimilation is a profit of the LETKF scheme which decomposes the global analysis domain into a number of independent sub-domains, even the computation resource is not much demanded. The satellite-based assimilation experiments consistently improve surface and root-zone soil moisture over the Europe and the Tibetan Plateau stations as well as over the North America. As consistent with the previous results, relatively larger improvements are obtained from the combined assimilation experiment (ASCAT and SMAP), where the skill improvement of surface and root-zone soil moisture over the Europe and the Tibetan Plateau is approximately 0.2 and 0.6, respectively. The soil moisture estimate is improved dramatically in the Tibet region because the performance of the open loop is significantly poor. The result is also reflected in the analysis averaged across categorized MODIS land cover as most of in situ sites in the Tibet region are classed in the grassland cover. Therefore, the assimilation shows that satellite retrievals provide significant added positive value not only for the North America, but also for the globe.
Figure 3.15 is relatively analogous to Figure 3.10 and confirm the main findings addressed in the previous analysis. That is, the difference between the combined (of ASCAT and SMAP) retrieval product skill and the open loop model is important to determine the skill improvement. The skill increase (ΔR) of the joint retrieval experiment relative to the open loop model, as a function of the R of the open loop model and of the assimilated (ASCAT and SMAP) observation. The skill improvement of surface and root-zone soil moisture through the data assimilation is strongly tided to the relative quality of the observed data compared to the open loop model.
Figure 3.14 (a, c) Surface and (b, d) root-zone soil moisture skill from ASCAT (green), SMAP (red), and joint retrieval (blue) assimilation experiments with LETKF scheme and the open loop run, where errors represent 95% confidence intervals. The skills are averaged across categorized MODIS land cover (left column) and sub-regions of continents validated by in situ measurements over the globe.
Figure 3.15 Skill improvement from the jointly assimilating both satellites of (a) surface and (b) root- zone soil moisture estimates, as a function of the open loop model skill (y-axis) and remotely sensed retrievals (x-axis). The shaded color represents the skill improvement defined as the skill of the assimilation product minus that of the open loop.
3.4.2. Dependency of active and passive remote sensing soil moisture retrievals


August is proving to be severe weather month for Holden and surrounding communities.
Another strong thunderstorm struck the area last Saturday morning, bringing a deluge of heavy rain, some hail, and damaging winds in excess of 65 mph. A little before 8 a.m. on Saturday, August 15, the National Weather Service issued a severe thunderstorm warning for Western Johnson County.
Radar indicated the primary threats with the storm were noted to be high wind gusts, as well as large hail and frequent lightning.
The storm hit full force, dumping two inches of rain in less than 30 minutes, reminiscent of a storm that occurred earlier in the week.
The powerful, fast-moving storm caught most people off guard, as it wasn’t in the forecast.
The storm cell moved through and brought devastating winds and dangerous lightning.
It caused an enormous amount of damage, with the winds knocking down many large, well-established trees and causing multiple power outages.
Reports of downed power lines began flooding in and most lawns were littered with debris from tree damage and destruction.
The torrential rains caused flash flooding everywhere, and ditches and roadways became small lakes and some were impassable.
Emergency crews and utility personnel began responding to multiple calls for service in damaged areas. Johnson County Emergency Management Agency (JOCO EMA) personnel also responded to Holden to assist in debris clean-up and perform damage assessments.
Some Holden residents experienced the fury of the brutal storm firsthand, when the excessive gale-force winds brought down a large, 60-ft. tree at the home of Elaine Kuykendall and it crashed right on top of the family’s car.
The car was completely demolished and the home received moderate damage.
Holden Fire & Rescue and JOCO EMA responded to the home and helped with clean-up and damage assessment.
The Red Cross is now assisting the residents of the home.
Many residents were without power throughout the county due to the winds blowing down electrical poles or knocking trees down onto the lines.
Holden, Kingsville, Leeton and Chilhowee were all hard-hit and left in the dark as residents waited for utility companies to repair the power lines and restore service.
Storm-weary residents are now holding their collective breath, worried about what the next storm will bring.
This area has certainly seen its share of violent, severe weather this summer.


Winter Storms & Extreme Cold
While the danger from winter weather varies across the country, nearly all Americans, regardless of where they live, are likely to face some type of severe winter weather at some point in their lives. Winter storms can range from a moderate snow over a few hours to a blizzard with blinding, wind-driven snow that lasts for several days. Many winter storms are accompanied by dangerously low temperatures and sometimes by strong winds, icing, sleet and freezing rain.
One of the primary concerns is the winter weather’s ability to knock out heat, power and communications services to your home or office, sometimes for days at a time. Heavy snowfall and extreme cold can immobilize an entire region.
The National Weather Service refers to winter storms as the “Deceptive Killers” because most deaths are indirectly related to the storm. Instead, people die in traffic accidents on icy roads and of hypothermia from prolonged exposure to cold. It is important to be prepared for winter weather before it strikes.
Click on the link below to see what precautions you should take before, during and after the weather hits.


storm clouds bringing rain
Over the last 5 days across Victoria we have experienced rain, storms and then more rain. Winds over 100 K have been common with 7 metre swells in Bass Strait. Many towns and farming communities have been living with drought conditions , dams were empty and water and feed was being trucked in. There has been a reprieve but more is needed. These images were taken on May 7th from the Black Rock cliffs not long before sunset. Then the storm arrived.
This is my contribution to RonovanWrites Weekly Haiku Poetry Prompt Challenge 96 Lightning&Rain A weekly haiku challenge inspiring haiku poets around the world to be creative. Visit the site here https://ronovanwrites.wordpress.com/2016/05/09/ronovanwrites-weekly-haiku-poetry-prompt-challenge-96-lightningrain/


0 from our website for free. Download 294 Oregon Scientific Weather Station PDF manuals. Goals : The software Virtual Weather Station creates a file containing CSV data to save the current weather data.
AIRMAR’s WeatherStation 150WXS provides accurate, site-specific weather data from a single, compact device. If your weather station is located under a tree or an overhang, the rainfall data measured by the station will not. 0 or higher supports custom weather stations or the ET107, ET106, virtual weather station manual pdf and MetData1 preconfigured weather stations. Manuals Circulars Bulletins.
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Virtual Weather Station User&39;s Guide -1- 09/20/02 Virtual Weather Station Version 12 User&39;s Manual For Davis Instruments Vantage, Vantage Pro, Weather Monitor II, Weather Wizard III, Oregon Scientific WMR-918 (cable free), Oregon Scientific WMR-968 (cable free), Huger WMR-968H (cable free), Oregon. 4: Yearly Wind Run: 4371: Barometer Trend: Steady : Updated Automatically by Ambient Software&39;s Virtual Weather Station V15. Will auto upload data to many of the popular weather web sites. (Write it down so you don’t forget! Can combine information from any standard weather station supported by Virtual Weather Station, Weather Display or Cumulus software (by using the free software AAG_WeatherCenter) Several free programs for mobile devices, as the one developed by Francisco Jesús Cortés, to allow you to receive an alarm in, for example, your mobile phone. These volunteers help keep their local communities safe by providing timely and accurate reports of severe weather to. Operation Weather Station: A virtual weather station manual pdf Weather Watch Lesson for Grades 3–5. Téléchargement sans virus et 100% propre.
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Vantage Pro2 Plus, Vantage Pro2 Plus, Weather Monitor II, Weather Wizard III, Perception, Oregon Scientific (all PC based weather stations), Huger WM-918H, Radio Shack WX-200, Radio Shack 63-. I&39;ve been using Virtual Weather Station for years to accumulate and update the current weather data to the Internet. Virtual Weather Station User&39;s Guide -1- 09/20/02 Virtual Weather Station Version 12 User&39;s Manual For Davis Instruments Vantage, Vantage Pro, Weather Monitor II, Weather Wizard III, Oregon Scientific WMR-918 (cable free), Oregon Scientific WMR-968 (cable free), Huger WMR-968H (cable free), Oregon. Newentor Weather Station Wireless Indoor Outdoor Thermometer, Color Display Digital Weather Thermometer with Atomic Clock, Forecast Station with Calendar and Adjustable Backlight 4.
We used the station WMR100 (Oregon Scientific), with Windows XP. For Mac and Linux users, Weather Display, WView and the relatively new WeatherTracker (Mac only) programs seem to be the only well-known options. To obtain critical weather information, the National Weather Service (NWS) established SKYWARN ® with partner organizations. Students will work in cooperative groups to create a working weather station that they use to collect data from over a one-week period.
During that time, students will also collect actual weather information from newspapers or online sources. The software allows you to initialize the setup, interrogate the station, display data, and generate reports from one or more weather stations. 6: Yearly Wind Run: 11355: Barometer Trend: Steady : Updated Automatically by Ambient Software&39;s Virtual Weather Station V13. The version used of Virtual Weather Station was 14. 00 Disclaimer Never make important decisions based on this information or any weather information obtained from the Internet. doc Author: Ed Created Date: 8:31:19 AM. Please select the first letter of your Oregon Scientific model number from the drop down box to begin searching for your user manual. Ambient Weather is the market leader in Personal Weather Stations and environmental monitoring instruments that can Live Stream your weather data.
Keywords: Open Design, weather station, OSHW, FOSS, COTS, Lakduino, Arduino. 17: Wind Run: 4: Monthly Deg Day Heating: 416. Title: Microsoft Word - Manual. Obtenez des liens téléchargements alternatifs pour Virtual Weather Station. 01 Disclaimer Never make important decisions based on this information or any weather information obtained from the Internet. Trusted Windows (PC) download Virtual Weather Station 14. In this section, you will pdf find Environment and Climate Change Canada&39;s (ECCC) documentation pertaining to weather forecasting, observing standards, circulars and bulletins.
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net (Web): Ambient Weather&39;s cloud based service is one of the most-recently developed personal weather station software options. Other manuals included with the station cover the operation and maintenance of virtual weather station manual pdf the console and sensors. Oregon Scientific instruments include weather stations, weather instruments, wireless weather forecasters, emergency weather alert radios, atomic clocks, atomic projection clocks, thermometers and barometers; fun and innovative gadgets such as wireless barbecue thermometers, activity monitors, smart globes and more. SKYWARN ® is a volunteer program with between 350,0,000 trained severe weather spotters. Upload from WeatherLink Software (PC) You can use instructions from one of two places: the WeatherLink Software help files or Weather Underground. Download Virtual Weather Station 14. *Note: If the product manual doesn&39;t exist in this list, a digital copy is not available. WeatherLink Software Help Files.
As an integral component of a comprehensive weather station, the WeatherStation WXS can deliver more than seven critical weather parameters in real-time. The interface is intuitive and user-friendly because it is both a cloud and web-based service that it will run on any device with a web browser. WIRELESS WEATHER STATION INSTRUCTION MANUAL Thank you for purchasing this Chaney Instrument electronic weather station. Cotton region instrumentshelte-r, with support legs. Two separate- thermometers are used;.
The aim of this manual is to leverage both OSHW and Open source software to guide, step-by-step, the creation of a weather station based on the Open Design, OSHW, OSS and commodities off the shelf (COTS) from local shops in Sri Lanka. Depending on the capacities of the collected stations, this weather data may be accompanied by indoor comfort data or levels of pollution. C OMPONENTS The wireless weather station includes the following.
2_ Liquid-in-glass maximum and minimum thermome ters, having scales graduate-din I_OF increments, and Townsend support. 16: Wind Run: 16: Monthly Deg Day Heating: 96. 1 Manual Fire-WeatherStation A standard manual fire-weather station contains the following equipment: 1. Commonly, this program&39;s installer has the following filename: vws.
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Temperatures in Northwest Illinois dipped into the low-30’s in the early hours of Monday morning, May 13. According to the Old Farmer’s Almanac, May will see above normal rainfall and below normal temperatures. They are correct so far, but the Almanac predicted April 20 as the last frost. Does that mean we can bump their prediction of the first frost on October 24 back three weeks? Time will tell.
(PA photo/Tom Kocal)


Some gases and vapours have a sharp or irritating smell. This smell is an early warning signal. The gases which do not give a warning signal or which rapidly reduce our ability to realise or assess the danger are even more dangerous. Gases may spread into the workplace air through various chemical processes or through leakage from gas cylinders.
There are two types of gases
- Irritant gases, which have a corrosive or irritating effect on the breathing organs;
- Gases which are absorbed by the blood and affect the internal organs.
Chlorine and sulphur dioxide are examples of irritant gases. A high concentration of these in the air can damage the lungs. Other irritant gases are phosgene and the nitrous gases. They do not provide a warning signal in the form of irritation when breathing. Phosgene is formed when e.g. trichloroethylene or tetrachloroethylene come into contact with hot surfaces or naked flames. Nitrous gases are formed when the oxygen and nitrogen in the air are heated intensely, as in welding.
Some gases which can affect the internal organs are carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulphide and radon. Carbon monoxide is a colourless and odourless gas which combines with the oxygen-carrying elements of our blood faster than oxygen can. Exposures to certain levels of carbon monoxide may result in acute medical conditions and death.
A word of caution is necessary about the lack of oxygen that can occur in confined spaces (silos, tanks, reaction vessels, air-tight compartments, etc.). This is a very dangerous situation and can rapidly kill. Oxygen may be removed from the air by, e.g. excessive carbon dioxide due to fermentation, slow oxidation during rusting, etc. Setting up and enforcing proper procedures are absolutely necessary for working in confined spaces.


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For every trekking season below we list the average temperatures in Kathmandu, which lies at an altitude of 1300 m. If wanting to calculate the potential temperatures during your trek then please note that for every 100 meters of ascend the temperature will fall 0.5 degrees. Thus, when doing for example the trek to Everest Base Camp and reaching Kala Patthar which lies at an altitude of 5,400 m, then the temperature will have fallen additionally 27 degrees, compared with sea level. Please also note that the below are average temperatures only and therefore lower temperatures are possible, and, additionally the chill factor may make it considerably colder. Please therefore always choose equipment which can cope with sufficiently low temperatures during the season in which you're trekking. (Equipment lists provided further below also).
- Gail Runciman
- From Finland
While October to November is categorized as Nepal’s high season spring is by all means a great trekking season as well. As opposed to fall the spring trekking weather will be warmer and more comfortable at higher altitudes. Also, some treks will during April-May present you with lots of beautiful Rhododendron forests in full blossom. Due to the warmer weather spring is also high season for climbers attempting one or more of Nepal’s eight +8,000m mountains.
- Average daily temperature, at 1,400 m, Mar: 24 degrees; May: 28 degrees
- Average nightly temperature, at 1,400 m, Mar: 8 degrees; May: 16 degrees
While trekking is still possible this is the worst season due to the monsoon hitting Nepal at the beginning of July and lasting for approx. two months. During monsoon it is wet and hot. Rain falls almost every day, but for a limited number of hours. It is still possible to do trekking in Nepal, but the conditions are simply worse compared with Spring and Fall. During Monsoon season the Upper Mustang trek and the Manaslu trek are better than other trek tours in Nepal, as they are located in the Trans Himalayan Zone, which receives less rain.
- Average daily temperature, at 1,400 m, Jun: 28 degrees; Sept: 27 degrees
- Average nightly temperature, at 1,400 m, Jun: 19 degrees; May: 18 degrees
This is known as the best trekking season in Nepal. The monsoon has cleared the atmosphere and the weather is stable, normally giving quite a number of days with a clear blue sky. While September can be rather warm and normally snow free below 4,000 m the weather will be much colder in December. Being Nepal’s ‘high season’ you can expect quite a number of trekkers.
- Average daily temperature, at 1,400 m, Sept: 27 degrees; Nov: 19 degrees
- Average nightly temperature, at 1,400 m, Sept: 18 degrees; Nov: 3 degrees
While the weather is indeed likely to provide quite some blue sky and sun, it is rather cold, especially as you reach higher altitudes. Trekking is without a doubt possible, however, warm clothes is required, and trekking passes in higher altitudes may be blocked by snow.
- Average daily temperature, at 1,400 m, Dec: 19 degrees; Feb: 20 degrees
- Average nightly temperature, at 1,400 m, Dec: 3 degrees; Feb: 4 degrees


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Summer lasts from mid-November to mid-March and is characterized by hot, sunny weather and thunderstorms that clear relatively quickly. The only exception is the Western Cape where due to the Mediterranean climate, the rain falls during the winter months.
Autumn lasts from mid-February to April and is characterized by little rain and warm weather which is ideal for travelling and sightseeing.
Winter lasts from May to July and is characterized by cold, crisp days and cold nights in the plateau region. Spring lasts from September to mid-October and the weather starts to get warmer.


Weather Forecast for February 18 Across India
Weather Systems across the Country
The Western Disturbance as an upper air trough lies over northern parts of Pakistan and adjoining parts of Jammu and Kashmir. Its induced cyclonic circulation is seen over Central Pakistan and adjoining parts of West Rajasthan.
The cyclonic circulation persists over Central Assam and adjoining region. An upper air trough is extending from Gulf of Mannar to Telangana across Interior Tamil Nadu and Rayalaseema.
Weather Activity in last 24 hours
Moderate rain and thundershower with isolated hailstorm activity occurred over Sikkim, West Assam and Gangetic West Bengal. Light rain and thundershowers occurred over rest northeastern states, Odisha, West Bengal, parts of Jharkhand, North Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Tamil Nadu, Kerala and South Chhattisgarh. Light to moderate fog prevailed over many parts of South Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Punjab, Haryana, North Rajasthan, Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and in pockets of northeastern states. Dry weather prevailed over rest parts of India, with significant fall in minimums over North and Central parts of the country.
Weather Forecast for tomorrow
Moderate to heavy rain and snow will occur over Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand. Hailstorm may also occur over plains of these states. Light rain and thundershowers with isolated hailstorm are likely over Punjab, North Haryana, West Uttar Pradesh and northeastern states. Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu may also witness light rain and thundershower activities. Light to moderate fog will continue during early morning hours in pockets of Punjab, Haryana, Delhi, North Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, North Jharkhand and Sub-Himalayan West Bengal.


The Schools and Colleges in three districts including Chennai, Kanchipuram and Tiruvallur are declared holiday due to rain.
Rain continues in the last three days in the northern districts of Tamilnadu. There is a widespread rain in Chennai. Water got stagnated in various places due to rain and people were greatly affected. Trees fell in many places disrupting the traffic. Meanwhile, Meteorological department said that the rain would last for another two days in the northern districts. Hence, Chief Minister Jayalalitha had announced a holiday today in all the three districts Chennai, Kanchipuram and Tiruvallur. It is announced that the quarterly exam that is to be conducted will be conducted after the last exam.


The Hague has a mild, maritime climate, very similar to England. Summers are generally warm with changeable periods, but excessively hot weather is rare. Rainfall is prevalent all year.
The best time to visit The Hague is during the summer months, especially if you plan on going to the beach resorts. Early or late summer is best - try to avoid the August crowds. Temperatures usually stay around 20°C with July and August being the warmest. Rainfall is consistent all year so make sure you have some waterproof clothing. Spring time is also a good time to visit when the flowers are in bloom (the tulips come out in May).
The Hague's weather is cooler during the winter months, although there isn't a huge change in weather between the seasons due to the maritime climate. The coldest temperatures occur in January and February, although the prevailing south-westerly winds are mild and usually bring a fair amount of rain. Clouds generally appear every day, and in the winter months fog often engulfs the area. Colder weather can see temperatures dip below freezing although snowfall is rare. Dress appropriately if you plan to visit during the winter.


So I did my best to "harden off" in those early weeks. I spent far more time walking outside than any of my more reasonable colleagues, trying to get ready for the big heat soon to descend. The winter was hot enough, with average temperatures in my kitchen at least 90 degrees already at 6am.
So here we are at the end of November and ... it's not bad! It's even better than "winter." Our kitchen is a mere 83-86 in the morning, and there are evenings and mornings when I go outside and it's downright pleasant! What happened?
Well, the rains stopped just like everyone predicted. That means that there is a fine layer of dust collecting in the air and the atmosphere. Just at the bottom of the horizon you can see that the sky is a little more brown than the sky directly overhead. If I haven't had enough water to drink, I can just taste the dust on my mouth and throat, but it doesn't seem that bad otherwise.
The dust keeps the sun's rays out, which keeps things cooler. The humidity is normally much lower too. It won't be until February or March that winds blow the dust out of the way and the terrible heat hits. At least, that's the story that is now explained to me.


Allison brought tropical-storm-force winds and above normal tides to portions associated with Texas and Louisiana coasts. Nonetheless, the best legacy associated with the cyclone ended up being the extensive hefty rains and ensuing floods over the whole course associated with cyclone (figure). Houston, Texas, ended meetville tips up being the worst affected region, because the Port of Houston reported 36.99 ins and lots of other areas reported significantly more than 30 ins (figure). The storm also spawned 23 tornadoes. Allison had been in charge of 41 fatalities as well as minimum $5 billion in damage in the usa, rendering it the deadliest and costliest U. S. tropical storm of record.
Hurricane Iris 2001 Iris first became a tropical despair simply east associated with the lesser Antilles on 4 October. The depression monitored west-northwestward in to the eastern Caribbean where it became a tropical storm on the fifth and a hurricane in the 6th. Iris then turned westward, moving simply south of Jamaica regarding the 7th. The storm then moved quickly west-southwestward toward the shore of Belize since it became a little but Category that is powerful 4 regarding the 8th (figure). Iris made landfall over southern Belize in early stages the 9th at Category 4 intensity, then quickly weakened after landfall to dissipation later on that day.
The winds and storm surges of Iris caused damage that is severe portions of this southern Belize shore. The storm had been accountable for 31 fatalities, including 20 in Belize, 8 in Guatemala, and 3 when you look at the Dominican Republic. The fatalities in Belize happened as soon as the M/V Wave Dancer capsized in slot, killing 20 associated with 28 individuals up to speed.
Hurricane Isabel 2003 A well-organized but slow going tropical wave that exited the African coastline on September 1st resulted in Tropical Storm Isabel regarding the early early morning of September 6th. Isabel became a hurricane on September 7th and rapidly intensified to Category 4 hurricane energy regarding the night associated with the 8th as the attention ended up being found significantly more than 1100 kilometers to your eastern regarding the Leeward Islands. This impressive hurricane reached Category 5 power on September 11th, making Isabel the hurricane that is strongest into the Atlantic basin since Mitch in October 1998. The cyclone switched northwestward round the periphery that is western of Atlantic ridge starting on the 15th. Isabel begun to damage in the fifteenth as conditions aloft became more aggressive, plus it dropped below major hurricane power when it comes to first-time in eight times in the sixteenth.
Although weakening, IsabelвЂ™s wind industry proceeded to grow as hurricane warnings had been released for some for the new york and Virginia coastline, such as the Chesapeake Bay. IsabelвЂ™s eye that is large ashore soon after the noon hour on September 18th near Drum Inlet along North CarolinaвЂ™s Outer Banks. Isabel had been the hurricane that is worst to affect the Chesapeake Bay region since 1933. Storm rise values of greater than 8 foot flooded rivers that flowed into the Bay across Virginia, Maryland, Delaware, and Washington, D.C. Isabel brought tropical storm force gusts as far north as brand New York State because it moved inland. The absolute most intense hurricane regarding the 2003 period straight led to 17 fatalities and much more than 3 billion bucks* in damages. The big wind industry toppled woods and cut capacity to a lot more than four million clients.
Hurricane Charley 2004 Charley descends from a wave that is tropical developing into a tropical despair on August 9 about 115 kilometers south-southeast of Barbados. The despair strengthened inside a host that is low-shear a tropical storm early 24 hours later in the eastern Caribbean, and became a hurricane from the 11th near Jamaica. Charley’s center passed about 40 kilometers southwest associated with the coast that is southwest of, after which passed about 15 kilometers northeast of Grand Cayman since the hurricane reached category 2 power regarding the 12th. Charley looked to the north-northwest and continued to bolster, making landfall in western Cuba being a category 3 hurricane with 120 m.p.h. maximum winds. Charley weakened right after its passage over western Cuba; its maximum winds decreased to about 110 m.p.h. because of the time the middle reached the Dry Tortugas around 8 am from the 13th.


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Dear St. Francis Families,
Air quality is a major point of concern for many of us right now. The Diocesan policy is that our schools will have no outdoor play or sports if Air Quality Index (AQI) levels are over 150 and will close school if the AQI exceeds 200.
According to the Sacramento Region Air Quality App, the Air Quality Management District predicts air quality to be in the 140-175 range for most cities and towns of our Diocese for today and tomorrow. We will continue to monitor the AQI, keep students indoors, and cancel all outdoor activities.
We will continue to monitor air quality conditions and send information as it becomes available. We ask that you monitor your email regularly for updates from the school.
It is up to parents to determine if the air quality is such that students cannot come to school. Please be sure to call the attendance office at 1(916)737-5050 to let us know if your daughter will be staying home.
We keep in our prayers all those that who are affected by these tragic fires.
St. Francis Catholic High School President