Physiography Extent Various boundaries have been used to define particularly the northern but also the southern limits of the Atlantic Ocean. There are no universally accepted boundary conventions. In the north the situation is further complicated by the fact that the Arctic Ocean frequently is considered to be a dependent sea of the Atlantic. This is because the Arctic basin —which stretches from the Bering Strait across the North Pole to Spitsbergen and Greenland —resembles a semienclosed basin i.
The Walker circulation is seen at the surface as easterly trade winds which move water and air warmed by the sun towards the west. The western side of the equatorial Pacific is characterized by warm, wet low pressure weather as the collected moisture is dumped in the form of typhoons and thunderstorms.
The water and air are returned to the east.
Both are now much cooler, and the air is much drier. The Walker circulation is caused by the pressure gradient force that results from a high pressure system over the eastern Pacific Ocean, and a low pressure system over Indonesia.
The Walker circulations of the tropical Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic basins result in westerly surface winds in northern summer in the first basin and easterly winds in the second and third basins.
As a result, the temperature structure of the three oceans display dramatic asymmetries. The equatorial Pacific and Atlantic both have cool surface temperatures in northern summer in the east, while cooler surface temperatures prevail only in the western Indian Ocean.
Some of these changes are forced externally, such as the seasonal shift of the sun into the Northern Hemisphere in summer. Other changes appear to be the result of coupled ocean-atmosphere feedback in which, for example, easterly winds cause the sea surface temperature to fall in the east, enhancing the zonal heat contrast and hence intensifying easterly winds across the basin.
These anomalous easterlies induce more equatorial upwelling and raise the thermocline in the east, amplifying the initial cooling by the southerlies. This coupled ocean-atmosphere feedback was originally proposed by Bjerknes.
From an oceanographic point of view, the equatorial cold tongue is caused by easterly winds. Were the Earth climate symmetric about the equator, cross-equatorial wind would vanish, and the cold tongue would be much weaker and have a very different zonal structure than is observed today.
This also creates ocean upwelling off the coasts of Peru and Ecuador and brings nutrient-rich cold water to the surface, increasing fishing stocks. The most recent three-month average for the area is computed, and if the region is more than 0.
Equatorial winds gather warm water pool toward the west. Cold water upwells along South American coast. Warm water pool approaches the South American coast.
The absence of cold upwelling increases warming. Warm water is farther west than usual. Neutral phase[ edit ] Average equatorial Pacific temperatures If the temperature variation from climatology is within 0. Neutral conditions are the transition between warm and cold phases of ENSO. Ocean temperatures by definitiontropical precipitation, and wind patterns are near average conditions during this phase.
This component is an oscillation in surface air pressure between the tropical eastern and the western Pacific Ocean waters.
Low atmospheric pressure tends to occur over warm water and high pressure occurs over cold water, in part because of deep convection over the warm water.
Although the Southern Oscillation Index has a long station record going back to the s, its reliability is limited due to the presence of both Darwin and Tahiti well south of the Equator, resulting in the surface air pressure at both locations being less directly related to ENSO.
The western one is located over Indonesia and the eastern one is located over equatorial Pacific, close to the South American coast. Time increases from top to bottom in the figure, so contours that are oriented from upper-left to lower-right represent movement from west to east.
It is a large-scale coupling between atmospheric circulation and tropical deep convection. This overall circulation pattern manifests itself in various ways, most clearly as anomalous rainfall. The wet phase of enhanced convection and precipitation is followed by a dry phase where thunderstorm activity is suppressed.(thesubscriptLstandsforlowpass).Others[Tzipermanetal., ] have used this 12 month filter F on Nino index time series, but no name was given to this quantity.
a. Something that follows naturally from a particular action, operation, or course; a consequence or outcome. See Synonyms at effect. The Catholic Diocese of El Paso has learned that the Grand Jury has indicted Brother Edwin Gallagher, C.F.P and Brother Richard Fish, C.F.P.
for criminal misappropriation of funds allegedly committed while they were serving at St. Joseph elementary school in El Paso. Examine the phenomenon of El Niño and its impact on the environment.
Using social studies, language arts, and science, learners will develop a news story on past occurrences of El Nino, its global effect on weather patterns, predictions. El Niño Surface Oscillation 2. El Niño Southern Oscillation 3. El Niño Southern Ocean 4.
El Niño Surfing Organization (b) What does El Niño involve? 1. warmer water moves eastward along the equator 2. A slackening in the trade winds 3. A little South American boy making waves in a pool.
Environment Notes for UPSC IAS Civil Services Examination PDF and MS Word. Environment and ecology, Environment for General Studies 3 - GS 3.


May 18, 2020
City of Surprise Public Safety Auditorium
14250 W. Statler Plaza, Suite 103
Surprise, AZ 85374
CANCELED - Storm Spotter Training
Monday, May 18, 2020
The training classes, presented by the National Weather Service (NWS), will prepare volunteer storm spotters to identify the development stages of severe thunderstorms, as well as downbursts, desert flash flooding and tornadoes. The observed information is relayed to the NWS via telephone or amateur radio. The NWS uses the information in severe weather warnings and statements, which ultimately save lives and protect property.


|Outdoor max||6.1°C at 10:19|
|Outdoor min||2.1°C at 02:36|
|Rain in last hour||0.0mm|
|Rain in last 24h||0.5mm|
|Rain since 01/07/2020||24.9mm|
|Outdoor max||90% at 10:19|
|Outdoor min||87% at 02:15|
|Maximum wind speed||3.24km/h at 09:53|
|Maximum||1026.4hPa at 09:10|
|Minimum||1023.8hPa at 00:00|
The first picture above was taken around noon, the second picture is updated once per minute. Times are NZ standard time. The tables show the current and recent conditions as recorded by the weather station. Historic data from here, together with graphs, can be viewed at Weather Underground.
Weather data are read from a local database which is updated every 10 minutes from the La Crosse WS2355 weather station. The software is based on the Open2300 work of Kenneth Lavrsen and Ralf Winkler. A brief time-line of this weather station's history can be viewed here.
The website has been re-cast using Skeleton, by Dave Gamache which provides a simple way of allowing a website to be displayed effectively on a number of different browsers, and on different devices such as iPhone, iPad and desktop computers.


Al Ain: The flow of gusty Shamal (north-westerly) winds is likely to start decreasing on Monday across the emirates but the sea will continue to be rough in general and unfit for small vessels, the national weather bureau said.
The storm was raging in the Arabian Gulf, particularly around the UAE islands, generating around 14-feet-high waves Sunday and on Saturday.
Life on mainland UAE was also difficult as the wind was kicking up dust and sand and forcing people to stay indoors.
Persistent low pressure
The National Centre of Meteorology and Seismology (NCMS) repeated its weather alert several times for those travelling by sea and motorists as visibility was poor on highways, particularly those traversing desert and open areas.
Strong winds reportedly battered ships and vessels and lashed across the shores of UAE islands since Saturday afternoon. High waves also reached the western coastal areas of the country.
According to the NCMS, the current bad weather was due to the influence of a persistent low pressure over the north and east of Iran and an extension of high pressure coming from the northwest (northern and central Saudi Arabia). "The conditions were really bad around the Zirku and Zakhum Islands," a forecaster said, adding that winds had a speed of 66 to 70 kilometre/hour.
Similar conditions were reported from Arzanah Island with some 12-feet-high waves on Sunday and also on Saturday.
People, however, enjoyed the sudden but significant drop in temperature.
Addy Ali, a Gulf News reader from Sharjah, advised people: "Look at the brighter side of the picture. People, we are witnessing a cold wave in March now that happens very rarely. So enjoy the weather and drive safely!"
K. Fernandes, a Dubai resident, said: "Just enjoying the weather and making the most of it before summer kicks in... Stop grumbling people!"
Another Dubai resident said: "What seemed like a once-in-a-lifetime experience last Sunday, is turning out to be a weekly instalment of Ghost Protocol."
According to the NCMS, weather will be partly cloudy on Monday, with the wind speed likely to decrease but there are chances of dust and sand kicking up, particularly in open land areas.
Humidity will also increase in some internal areas by night and early in the morning.
Sea will continue to be rough with six- to 10-feet-high waves offshore.
Health experts said an unusually prolonged dry spell has been taking its toll on public health and repeated dust and sand storms are further compounding the situation. Throat and chest infections are common among people, as virus and other microorganisms travel along with the dust clouds from one place to another.
Dr Riaz Ahmad Minhas, an internal medical specialist at Emirates Clinic and Medical Services Centre in Al Ain, said suspended dust in the air has been affecting young and elderly people with asthma, bronchitis, emphysema and other lung conditions.
"They need to stay indoors and keep their medicines with them while travelling outdoors," he said.


WEATHER IN BRAZIL
Depending on where you go in Brazil, weather could be a significant factor in your travel plans. In Rio, the humidity is generally higher in the summer months, although temperatures rarely rise above 30C (86F); rain falls mainly from October to January. In winter the temperature in Rio is around 23C (73F), with a mixture of rainy days and stunning days.
On the northeast coast, from Bahia to Maranhao, temperatures are a bit warmer year-round than in Rio – close to 28C (82F) – but with a wonderful tropical breeze and less humidity, it’s a comfortable heat that feels amazing. The rainy season is from mid-April to mid-July, though you will still have beautiful days of sunshine.
In the northern Amazon region you will find one of the world’s wettest places and rainfall occurs most often from January to May, which can make travelling then more difficult. From June to December the region still receives plenty of rain, but showers tend to last only an hour or two.
The South has the most extreme temperature changes, and during the coldest winter months (June to August), Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Parana and Sao Paulo have temperatures between 13C (55.4F) and 18C (64.4F). In some towns, snow is even possible – but rare. As elsewhere along the coast, summer is quite hot, and you’ll have lots of company on the beach.
In the Pantanal region you will find rainy/dry seasons, and if you plan to go, do so during the dry season of mid-April to late September. From October to mid-April, the wetlands receive tremendous rainfall, washing out roads and making travelling a nightmare.


Along the West Coast, a cold front was expected to continue through the middle of the week. Dry conditions, coupled with low humidity and strong winds, would elevate the risk of wild fires. Wind gusts could reach up to 45 miles per hour in western Utah, the Weather Service in Salt Lake City said.
By early Monday, more than five million people in Arizona, Nevada and Utah were under red flag warnings, indicating increased fire danger. There were two active fires in Nevada, encompassing more than 2,000 acres. Dangerous fire weather was also predicted for a large swath of Alaska.
As families gather for cookouts and fireworks, high temperatures were expected in parts of the country. Nearly 30 million people in the Midwest and Central Plains were under a heat advisory on Monday, the Weather Service said. Portions of Kansas and Missouri could see heat index values climb to 107 degrees. Similar sweltering conditions were also forecast for parts of Arkansas, Kentucky and Nebraska. Hot weather in some locations was expected to continue through at least Wednesday.
“If attending outdoor activities on Independence Day, drink plenty of water and take frequent breaks in the shade or an air conditioned building,” the Weather Service said.
Meteorologists in Kansas City also advised that, as temperatures rise, people should limit their consumption of alcohol and caffeine and wear light-colored, loose clothing.


Our large range of air quality monitors helps keep track of air quality factors such as carbon dioxide content, temperature and humidity. Software allows the monitors to calculate other variables such as dew point and wet bulb.
To monitor air quality thus safeguarding employees' health, it is important to measure temperature, humidity, CO2 content, dew point at wet bulb. This is particularly pertinent in structures such as schools, greenhouses, and anywhere else where a lot of CO2 might be generated. We supply a range of indoor air quality monitors from Extech, TPI, Testo and Anton that will measure these variables and let the user know if action needs to be taken to improve air quality or lower carbon dioxide content.


An accumulation of hail refers to a phenomenon and collective noun phrase formed when individual tons or heaps of hailstone collectively gather and accumulate on the ground or any other surface after a hailstorm. Hail, in its frozen and solid form, is cre...
"The accumulation of hail on the ground transformed the landscape into a white wonderland."
A barrage of hail refers to a powerful and overwhelming onslaught of hailstones falling from the sky. It paints a vivid and striking image of nature's fury in action. When hailstones descend as a unified force, the collective noun phrase barrage of hail c...
"The barrage of hail was relentless, with each icy ball pelting down on us with full force."
A belt of hail is a captivating collective noun phrase that vividly portrays the imagery of a natural phenomenon. It refers to a concentrated formation of hailstones, small or large ice pellets that fall from the sky during a severe thunderstorm or hailst...
"During the severe storm, a massive belt of hail descended upon the city, pounding rooftops and shattering windows."
Blizzard of Hail is a mesmerizing and awe-inspiring sight for anyone fortunate enough to witness it. This collective noun phrase epitomizes the sheer force and intensity of nature's fury, as it refers to a vast and relentless onslaught of hailstones durin...
"During my vacation in Colorado, I experienced a blizzard of hail that covered the ground in a matter of minutes, transforming the landscape into a winter wonderland."
A cascade of hail refers to a spectacular and awe-inspiring display of nature's fury. When a powerful storm system combines with frigid temperatures, it can produce a torrential downpour of tiny ice pellets known as hail. However, this phrase specifically...
"A cascade of hail pummeled the ground, leaving a blanket of ice in its wake."
A cloudburst of hail is a captivating and awe-inspiring phenomenon in nature, combining the power and intensity of both rainfall and hail. This unique collective noun phrase is used to describe a sudden, excessive release of frozen balls of ice from dark,...
"The cloudburst of hail was unlike anything we had ever seen before, with ice pellets cascading down from the skies relentlessly."
Deluge of Hail is a captivating and powerful collective noun phrase that conjures up vivid imagery of nature's wrath. This beautifully descriptive phrase epitomizes a forceful downpour of frozen precipitation, presented in a way that evokes a sense of int...
"During the sudden storm, a deluge of hail descended upon the town, covering the streets in a thick layer of icy pellets."
A downpour of hail is an awe-inspiring sight that resembles nature's fierce battle against the elements. This unique collective noun phrase captures the intense and overwhelming display of hailstones falling from the sky with great force and velocity. Usu...
"During the intense storm, a downpour of hail hammered against the roof, creating a deafening sound."
Drift of Hail is a captivating and dynamic collective noun phrase referring to a phenomenon where hailstones collect or accumulate together in a specific location, often due to atmospheric conditions. When hail falls from the sky, usually during severe th...
"During the severe thunderstorm, a drift of hail stones plummeted from the dark sky, indiscriminately pounding everything in its path."
The collective noun phrase Fall of Hail refers to a phenomenon in which numerous hailstones descend from the sky all at once during a hailstorm. Hailstones are solid pieces of ice with diameters ranging from 5 millimeters to several centimeters. The Fall ...
"As the dark clouds gathered overhead, the sudden fall of hail caused everyone to take cover."
Some of these collective noun phrases are traditional, while others showcase a touch of creativity. Choose the one that best fits your narrative or discussion.
Do you think you know your collective nouns? Take our fun and educational collective nouns quiz to find out!
Discover fascinating collective nouns for animals, people, things, and more. Challenge your friends and family to see who can score the highest!
Click the button below to start the quiz now!Take the Quiz


Wednesday, August 12, 2015
"Dear Central Committee Members and Club Presidents,
Below is my weekly Chair’s Corner Message. We ask that you share this message with your members, on Facebook and by email as part of our plan to amplify our messaging in San Diego County. A version of this message will also appear in the Times of San Diego as an Op-Ed." Francine Busby.
Benefits Far Outweigh Costs When it Comes to Climate Action
I’m no scientist. But you don’t have be an expert to acknowledge climate change and start doing something about it.
That's why, when Republican’s claim they aren’t scientists (as if we should all be shocked by that), the rest of the world answers, “So what?”
All you need is a basic understanding of a thermometer and the fact that ice melts, and you’re about 85% of the way there.
But since this is so complicated for some of our “leaders” on the other side of the aisle, let’s start with a few facts.
The average temperature of the earth is rising drastically, primarily because of greenhouse gas emissions. Globally, 2014 was the hottest year on record, and 2015 is on pace to break the record yet again. As a matter of fact, ten of the hottest years ever recorded have been since 1998.
Climate change puts lives at risk: heat waves that lead to stroke and dehydration are the most common cause of weather-related deaths. Extreme storms like Hurricane Katrina and Superstorm Sandy killed over 2,000 people combined. Poor air quality leads to asthma and lung disease. All these risks are projected to increase over time unless we act to reverse climate trends.


Many aspects of human society and the natural environment are sensitive to weather and climate. Impact on the built environment Climate change could have a dramatic effect on the way we build houses in the future. Thermal expansion — as water warms it expands, like liquid in a thermometer. Most of the possible ways of doing this fall into one of two groups — mitigation or adaptation.
Global sea levels have gone up, glaciers and sea ice have melted, and extreme weather events, like floods and droughts, are likely to happen more often.
Scientists estimate that if global temperatures continue to rise unchecked, the Greenland ice sheet could melt completely in a few thousand years, pushing up global sea-level by up to seven metres. Even if all our emissions stopped today, it is likely that we would experience climate change for at least the next 30-40 years.
A warming climate will heat the oceans, causing sea-levels to rise. Impact on transport Extreme weather, including floods, heatwaves and snowstorms, has a major impact on the transport network of the UK.
Increasing temperatures — global surface temperature records estimate that the Earth has warmed by about 0. It was followed by a cooler period, known as the Little Ice Age.
However, as temperatures rise, deaths from cold-related diseases might be expected to reduce, especially in countries like the UK. Looks at the evidence from oxygen isotopes in ice cores from Antarctica going back 11,500 to 135,000 years to illustrate global warming.
As our climate warms, the ice sheet will melt and reduce in size. Scientists have already observed changes in many natural and human environments that are more than likely due to a warming planet.
Summers like 2003, which was an unprecedented event, could become a relatively normal summer by the 2040s. The changes seen over recent years, and those predicted for the next century, are considered to be mainly the result of human behaviour.
Many aspects of our lives and lifestyles here in the UK could be affected by climate change — both positively and negatively. Other areas of high biodiversity, such as those in South Africa, may see losses of species as habitat conditions change too quickly for plants and animals to adapt.
As temperatures rise there is more chance of soil drying out during spring and summer. It is important to remember that despite climate change, we will still suffer occasional severe winters, so we will have to continue to prepare for the impacts snow and ice have on our transport network.
An increase in the number or intensity of extreme events could have an impact on UK agriculture.
Impact on agriculture Higher year-round temperatures and longer growing seasons could mean that new crops flourish in the UK although warmer temperatures might make it easier for diseases and pests to survive milder UK winters.
Scientific research has shown that if global temperatures rise unchecked, then it could melt completely over several thousand years — pushing up global sea-levels by up to 7 metres. Impacts on the developing world The environmental stresses of climate change will be felt across the globe, but it seems likely that poorer countries will see the most severe effects.
It says that human activity is the main cause of the changes seen in climate during recent decades. Flooding of sewerage systems in urban areas could increase due to more heavy rainfall. A lot of people, from scientists to politicians to the general public, want to find ways of reducing the negative impacts of climate change and enhancing the positive ones. Examples of adaptation may be modifying our buildings so they remain cool during the hotter summers, managing flood risk or animals moving further north or to higher altitude, if they can, to cope with the rising temperatures.


The National Weather Service has issued a winter weather advisory for snow in effect from 10 p.m. Thursday night through 2 p.m. Friday afternoon.
Winter Storm Reggie will bring a quick-hitting round of snow to the Northeast Thursday night through Friday and will create travel problems for the morning commute.
In the immediate area, the National Weather Service includes Indiana, Jefferson and Armstrong counties in the watch.
The weather service continued to say that the line of US 64 will likely be a dividing line between all or mostly rain to the south and a rain-snow mix to the north. The next storm system approaches the Kansas City area Friday, with temperatures dropping below freezing.
Then, there's the bitter cold in store this weekend with evening temperatures expected in the teens.
The high temperature Friday will be about 35 degrees.
Saturday Night . A 20 percent chance of snow before midnight.More news: India likely to attend meet on Indus water dispute in Lahore
Forecasts show The temperatures drop into Friday and continue to be cold through weekend with parades planned to celebrate St. Patrick's Day.
The weather service also said there is a chance of at least moderate snowfall with a coastal storm Monday night into Tuesday.
A slight chance of showers are possible before 8 a.m. today, and again after 4 p.m.
He said that because the snowfall on Saturday is not expected to be heavy, accumulation on roads will be minimal. An earlier report had forecast 3 to 5 inches.
The forecast calls for a high of 60 degrees by Thursday.
"Normal would be highs around 44 and lows around 28". Partly cloudy skies will follow into Saturday night, with a low around 12.


Tropical Storm Nate has killed at least 22 people in Costa Rica, Nicaragua and Honduras before it moves north towards the US.
A state of emergency has been declared in the Central American nations, where more than 20 people are missing.
It has caused heavy rains, landslides and floods which are blocking roads, destroying bridges and damaging houses.
In Costa Rica, nearly 400,000 people are without running water and thousands are sleeping in shelters.
At least eight people have died in the storm there, while another 11 were killed when it moved north and reached Nicaragua, where as much as 15ins (38cm) of rain had been predicted to fall by the US’s National Hurricane Center.
Three people have been killed in Honduras, including two youths who drowned in a river, and several are reported missing.
One man was also reportedly killed in a mudslide in El Salvador, according to emergency services.
In Costa Rica, all train journeys were suspended and dozens of flights cancelled on Thursday.
More than a dozen national parks popular with tourists have been closed as a precaution.
The storm also caused extensive damage to infrastructure in Nicaragua.
ate was expected to move off the eastern coast of Honduras at 23:00 ET (03:00 GMT) on Thursday, according to the National Hurricane Center.
Forecasters say the storm will gain strength and become a category 1 hurricane before it makes landfall on the southern coast of the United States on Sunday.
Residents from Florida to Texas have been told to prepare for the storm, which, if it does strike, will be the third major storm to hit the southern coast his year.
Both Texas and Florida are still recovering from the damage inflicted by Hurricane Harvey, which hit the former in August and caused “unprecedented damage”, and Hurricane Irma, which made landfall in Florida in September.
Oil companies operating in the Gulf of Mexico says they are evacuating staff from platforms which lie along the predicted path of the storm.


When you step outside, it's like seeing the world through rose-colored glasses. The air patterns flowing south through the Midwest are bringing lofted smoke from wildfires burning in Canada. That upper air haze acts like a color filter for spectacular photos of the phenomenon.
"The sun emits energy at all colors," said Daryl Herzmann, an assistant scientist in agronomy and coordinator of the Iowa Environmental Mesonet project. "The smoke scatters the blues out of the sunlight and we're left with the red shades. It has to do with the particle sizes."
Herzmann said the conditions will last as long as the air pattern continues to dip south out of Canada. He said the visual effects are not limited to the outdoors.
"When the filtered sunlight is refracted through objects, like windows, you may see some interesting patterns appear within your house as a result," he said.


Climate in Palawan - Philippines
If one should ask a Filipino a general question about the Philippine climate, one will notice that reference is made to a hot and cold season. While this is true, the temperature in the Philippines does not fluctuate that much and this includes Palawans climate.
Wet Season and Dry Season
Technically speaking, Palawans climate, similar to the rest of the country could best be described by using the terms wet season and dry season. There are elevated areas in the country like Baguio in northern Luzon and Tagaytay in the south that enjoy cooler climate all year round than the rest of the country but since the island of Palawan is somewhere in the middle surrounded by beaches, one should not expect Palawans climate to be as cold as in the cities previously mentioned. Generally what determines whether one should bask in the sun or swelters is the humidity.
Palawans climate and the Dry Season
March is the start of the dry season commonly referred to as summer. Palawans climate from March to about early June is very warm, with temperature occasionally going up to as high as 40 degrees Celsius. Throughout the rest of year, Palawans climate is a little cooler, with temperature around 20 to 27 degrees Celsius. Theres occasional rain during the months of mid June to about October. The summer is also the time when both tourists and locals flock to Palawan to go to the beaches, take a quick swim to cool down and Macrh is the start of the peak season for many resorts and hotels.
Palawans climate depending on ones perspective could either be the dry season or the months of November through to March. If one loves the beach and wants to gets a great tan, the best time of the year would be during summer. However if one considers the beaches as secondary to other tourists spots and one generally does not like going to Palawan at the same time as everybody else, then the best months would be from November to March when its a little cooler. Palawans climate is cooler compared to Manila, the island being surrounded by water and sea breeze flowing freely.
The Wet Season
June to November is the time when several typhoons hit the country and this is also the period of frequent monsoon rains. Torrential rainfall could go on for days and the streets may be flooded, at least in Manila. Palawan however does not have the problem of flooded streets making it an ideal vacation spot no matter what season it is.


Soil Temp at 2 in depth must be greater than or equal to 68°F at mid-morning.
Minimum Air Temp for next 5 days must be greater than 50°F.
5 Day Accum. of DD60 Forecasted:
< 10 : Very Poor
>51 : Very Good
In areas without Mesonet soil sensors, users will see "No Forecast Available" . However the DD60 Forecast for 5 Day Accumulation and 5 Day Minimum Air Temperature Forecast is available from the National Weather Service.
In areas where soil temperatures are available, please note that
the sensors record values on bare non-tilled soils.
This application was developed by Texas Tech
University Center for Geospatial Technology.


Namoi/North West Slopes autumn 2020 seasonal newsletter provides an overview of air quality in the region. Air quality at regional population centres in the Namoi/North West Slopes met national benchmarks on 100% of autumn days (92 days) from 1 March 2019 to 30 May. The region recorded above average autumn rainfall. Autumn air quality improved compared to summer, when 64% of days meet national benchmarks between 1 December 2019 to 29 February 2020.
Air quality monitoring in the Namoi North West Slopes Region Autumn 2020 seasonal newsletter
Air quality monitoring in the Namoi/North West Slopes Region: Autumn 2020
Air quality at regional population centres in the Namoi/North West Slopes met national benchmarks on 100% of autumn days from 1 March 2019 to 30 May 2020.
- 16 September 2020
- Department of Planning, Industry and Environment
- Publication, Newsletter
- ISSN 2209-9458
- ID EES20200428
- File PDF 1.2MB
- Pages 9
- Name air-quality-monitoring-network-namoi-autumn-2020-2000428.pdf


A dangerous heat wave is sweeping across two-thirds of the U.S. this weekend, bringing some kind of heat watch or excessive heat warning to nearly 200 million people. Temperatures on Friday pushed into the 90s in several cities, from St. Louis and Chicago in the Midwest to Washington, D.C. and New York City along the East Coast.
With stifling humidity, heat index values in many areas soared past 100 degrees Fahrenheit as of 1 p.m. Friday, and several cities are expected to hit record highs, according to the National Weather Service.
Look at the impressive and widespread coverage of #heat related warnings and advisories across the Eastern two-thirds of the country. The hazy, hot and humid conditions will persist through the weekend. Be smart and stay cool! #HeatSafety pic.twitter.com/hemIJ79rOr
— National Weather Service (@NWS) July 18, 2019
While the heat is uncomfortable everywhere, it will be particularly dangerous for those who live in city centers, where the urban heat island effect makes it feel warmer than surrounding suburban and rural areas.
The annual mean air temperature of a city with at least 1 million people can be 2 to 5 degrees warmer than its surroundings, according to the EPA. In the evening, that temperature difference can be as high as 22 degrees. Experts chalk it up to the asphalt, steel, and concrete that trap the heat better than natural vegetation, as well as the disruption of airflow by the grid-like layout of cities.
Even within cities, there can be surprising differences in temperature from one area to the next. In 2017 the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration enlisted volunteers to map air temperatures throughout Richmond, Virginia, to find where the urban heat island effect is most extreme. It was part of the agency’s Urban Heat Mapping Project, and in the summer of 2018, citizen scientists did the same for Baltimore and D.C. This weekend, theyre measuring temperatures across Boston. Here’s how the heat island has been mapped across those cities:
This map, made in 2018, reveals that Baltimore’s hottest spots lie along the car-intensive stretch of Route 40 that runs across the breadth of the city’s lower midtown area. While temperatures spiked to the low 100s in some of the city’s densest developments, green and shady areas like Leakin Park, the Cylburn Arboretum, and Druid Hill Park checked in as much as 16 degrees cooler.
That means visitors to Artscape, one of the nation’s largest outdoor arts festivals, won’t find much relief this weekend: The event is held in midtown Baltimore. The state of Maryland is under an excessive heat warning, with NWS warning that heat index values in the area could hit between 110 and 115 degrees.
An hour away, in the nation’s capital, the warmest spots clocked in at 17 degrees higher than the coolest spots in August 2018. Unlike Baltimore, however, the hottest area wasn’t downtown, but in the neighborhoods farther north, which are dense residential areas full of row houses, apartments, and commercial centers.
The hottest spots weren’t far from some of the coolest, either: The Armed Forces Retirement Home, which sits near a large golf course, appears to be an island of relative cool surrounded by a sea of hot. And just west of all that is Rock Creek Park, a relative oasis with low elevations and thick trees—it posted temperatures similar to leafy, low-lying areas right along the Potomac River.
Some suburbs—including Silver Spring, Bethesda, Pentagon City, and Alexandria—are relatively hot spots as well, described by NOAA as “warm balloons tethered to the city by warm strings of roadway.”
Whereas the heat island effect generally leads cities to be warmer than the areas outside it, the 2017 map of Richmond’s hotspots show how heat intensity can vary from neighborhood to neighborhood, depending on land use, how dark or light surfaces are, and how much shade there is.
The cooler area in the center of the map is anchored by a river, but the neighborhoods around it are notably greener on an overhead satellite image. They registered 87 degrees at the time they were measured, compared to 103 degrees in the extended band of dense development that represents the hottest areas in the middle of the city.
NOAA’s Urban Heat Mapping Project is using this sweltering weekend to make its own heat island map for Boston and Cambridge. Volunteers will fan out across the area to echo what’s already been done for D.C., Baltimore, and Richmond, and if temperatures reach 100 degrees on Saturday, they’ll be documenting the heat island on a record-setting day. (The current record for July 20 was set in 1991, according to Boston Magazine, and the city has only recorded triple-digit temperatures 25 times since records began in 1872.)
Meanwhile, researchers at the Trust for Public Land mapped out the range of land surface temperatures across the metro area using 2015 data to show where the hot spots are.
According to Boston Magazine, the area is expected to experience “island weather” thanks to the humid tropical that will get trapped in the city, making it a “hot, damp, and probably smelly convection oven instead of a tropical oasis.”
Philadelphia, like many of its neighbors, is under an excessive heat warning, with temperatures hovering around 100 degrees and heat index values reaching as high as 115 degrees this weekend. Hot spots include South Philadelphia, where brick homes located in a “concrete checkerboard” stretch for miles. Warehouse districts also show warmer temperatures on the Trust for Public Land map of hotspots in 2017, as do areas with large parking lots surrounding attractions like the city’s stadiums.
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Archive for the 'LaWS' Tag
Red Sky in Morning
Lasers are nothing more than light: deadly, deadly light. Like all light, lasers as at the mercy of the atmospheric conditions they encounter. In particular, lasers are at the mercy of refraction and scattering. Refraction changes the angle that occurs as light moves through an atmosphere of varying density and makeup. As lasers are designed for longer ranges, or short range lasers encounter areas of differing conditions, the trajectory will change. This could pose challenges as targets move through areas of varying range and atmospheric density over long ranges.


Monday, February 10, 2014
The National Weather Service has issued a winter storm watch for inland portions of South Carolina, including Moncks Corner and upper Berkeley County.
The watch is in effect from late Tuesday night through Thursday morning, according to the NWS.
According to the service, a significant accumulation of freezing rain could create dangerous driving conditions; the possibility of ice damage to trees and power lines will again be present, and electrical outages are also a threat.
Ice accumulations are possible.
The forecast for Tuesday, Wednesday and Thursday calls for rain and high temperatures in the mid to upper 30’s.
“Once the storm begins, conditions (may) deteriorate rapidly, and travel will become dangerous or impossible,” the service stated.


Part II: Are You Ready for Some Paranoid? Insights into Policy, Politics and COP21 Climate Goals
August 01, 2016 at 09:51 AM EDT
The global climate is not the only environment suffering from an abundance of hot air and inclemency. Consider the political/policy climate in the U.S., e.g., November elections, and abroad, e.g., Brexit, and the near-term impact of these socio-economic factors on national and international efforts to sufficiently slow the rate of climate change. As we ponder these events, we must remember that time is of the essence! Delayed implementation of emission reduction targets of even a few years can have an outsized negative impact upon the rate of warming.


In order to assess progress towards reducing GHG emissions from both City operations and from the larger community we have to have a baseline which is used to measure emission reductions as the Plan is implemented. There are several decisions that effect how progress is measured. First, the baseline year needs to be established. The Kyoto Protocol
suggest using 1990 as the base year and that cities like Santa Fe reduce our greenhouse gas emissions to 7% below that level by 2012. In some cases the data from 1990 has not been available and staff has had to estimate GHG levels. As an example, the City is using financial data from 1990 to approximate emissions from City operations. Obtaining community-wide data has proven to be more challenging and we are working with both the State of New Mexico and Public Service of New Mexico to get an approximation of GHG emission levels for both 1990 and current.
The United Nations held a convention in 1997 in Kyoto Japan to address the concerns of global warming. Almost all of the world’s nations signed the protocols which resulted from the conference, though the United States did not. However, many local governments and some states have committed to reducing global warming and most look to the Kyoto Protocols for guidance on how to set goals for GHG reductions.


2 Day CO2 Concentration
2 Day Wind Direction and Speed
7 Day CO2 Concentration
7 Day Wind Direction and Speed
The measurement of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) is a unique indicator of the metabolic rate of the USU campus and surrounding area. CO2 is measured as parts per million (ppm), which is numerically equivalent to micromoles of CO2 per mole of air. The SI unit for CO2 concentration is µmol per mol.
In the summer months, CO2 typically decreases during sunny, warm days as photosynthesis removes CO2 from the air. At night, CO2 increases because plants are giving off CO2 in respiration. Local CO2 levels also change with wind direction. During the day at the USU campus, the wind is often from the west (180 to 270 degrees) and the CO2 reflects photosynthesis from vegetation or anthropogenic activity upwind of the sensor. At night, in the summer months, the prevailing wind is out of the canyon (east = 90 degrees), and CO2 levels reflect respiration upwind of the sensor. In the winter months, this daily CO2 cycle does not occur because the plants are dormant. CO2 increases to more than 450 ppm because of cars and home heating.
During inversions, the CO2 is trapped in the valley and can increase to over 500 ppm. Although CO2 is not directly harmful to people at these levels, elevated levels indicate the build-up of other air pollutants, such as PM 2.5 and ozone. The Utah Department of Environmental Quality provides current air quality measurements for ozone and PM 2.5 on their website.
A record of the long-term, steady increase in the CO2 concentration of our atmosphere is available from NOAA.


The Return of The Polar Vortex?
It certainly has been an odd season for weather. From unseasonably cool temperatures and early season hurricanes, to tornados at the Virginia Beach Ocean Front, it has been unpredictable. Now we are getting reports that in September we are likely to get another visit from the polar vortex.
A polar vortex is a persistent, large-scale cyclone that circles either of the planet’s geographical poles. On Earth, the base of the polar vortices are located in the middle and upper troposphere and extend into the stratosphere. In the Northern Hemisphere Filaments of the lower portion of a Polar Vortex can exist at the same level as the jet stream, which leads the phenomenon to effect the middle latitudes of North America.
The intrusion of this arctic weather pattern into the rest of the Northern Hemisphere is exactly what happened in the early months of 2014. This led to staggering cold temperatures all over the mid atlantic and a virtual snowmageddon in areas that rarely see snow. This blast of cold air may be back. According to Accuweather we may experience an extension of the polar vortex as early as mid to late September of 2014 !
What can we expect?
Based on AccuWeather projections, here’s what most of the U.S. will see should the Polar Vortex strike:
* South: Rainy, wet weather.
* Deep South: Severe storms.
* East Coast: Elevated risk for tropical storms.
* New England: Stormy weather.
* Pacific Northwest: Higher risk for wildfires.
* West Coast: Drought conditions.
Get ready for a stormy September. The Vortex is coming.


About a decade ago, I wrote a desktop app for simulating the atmospheric formation of water clouds and rendering them into fairly realistic images. It was an interesting project, crossing the fields of physics, chemistry, and optics, among others.
In this post, I'll describe a brief overview of the project's implementation – to the extent that I can remember. I'll start with how I simulated the atmosphere, then go over the rendering part.
Water clouds form when moisture in the air condenses into droplets, which is preceded by the air's relative humidity increasing due to a decrease in its temperature, which results from the air expanding as it rises.
Simulating cloud formation is in other words concerned with realistically moving a body of air and modeling the resulting condensation.
Air is a fluid, so a fluid simulator can be used to model its kinetic behavior – how it moves when a force is applied to it.
I'm not particularly mathematical, so I adopted the first fluid simulator that looked reasonable to me. That happened to be the fluid solver described in Stam: Real-time fluid dynamics for games.
In my opinion, the solver produces a fairly convincing fluidic effect.
There are various forces that could move air, but a common one is buoyancy, in which a parcel of warm air experiences lift in a cooler environment.
I'm not sure what the exact formula for air buoyancy is, but the following works empirically:
B is the air parcel's buoyancy (upward force) and T is temperature (in this case, °C).
As the air parcel rises, its temperature cools, and the buoyancy subsides.
The amount of water vapor air can hold is proportional to the temperature of the air (see relative humidity).
As an air parcel cools, its relative humidity increases. Once the relative humidity exceeds 100%, the excess moisture begins to condense. Condensation slows the rate of cooling as the air rises further (see moist adiabatic lapse rate).
The following may (or might not) be the correct way to compute an air parcel's relative humidity:
RH is the relative humidity (%), C is the air parcel's maximum capacity (kg) of water vapor, V is the amount (kg) of water vapor in the air parcel, P is pressure (hPa), and M is a mole mass constant (kg).
The sample simulation below applies buoyancy as a force to the Stam fluid solver and computes the resulting changes in the air's relative humidity – darker blue areas correspond to greater relative humidity. The sample's underlying source code is available here (intended for demonstrational purposes, not of production quality).
The simulation runs in a 2D grid in which each grid cell represents an air parcel. Each parcel is associated with atmospheric variables like temperature and moisture, as well as corresponding velocity vectors from the fluid simulation.
Every tick, the grid cells' variables are moved along the velocity field, and changes resulting from the movement are computed (e.g. a reduction in temperature due to the air rising). Basic evaporation is also empirically modeled (see the source code for details).
The actual simulation runs on a 3D grid, producing as its output a 3D image of condensed moisture (= clouds).
Clouds look the way they do due to refractive interaction of sunlight with the cloud droplets. Each time a ray intersects a droplet in a cloud, the direction of the ray may become altered:
The job of the renderer, then, is to take the moisture (droplet) grid produced by the simulator and model the behavior or light inside it to produce images bearing the likeness of real clouds. The diagram below demonstrates the overall concept. A light ray originates from a viewer (black circle), enters a cloud (box), bounces around inside the cloud, then exits and scatters into the sky (blue arc).
For rendering these light paths, I wrote a volumetric path tracer.
The sky gets its blue gradient appearance from sunlight being distributed across it by Rayleigh scattering.
Hosek & Wilkie give a visually convincing model of Rayleigh scattering, as well as an open-source reference implementation. (A newer version of the model is also available, but I'm not familiar with it.)
The two sample images below use the Hosek & Wilkie model to replicate the appearance of the sky at two different times of day (the color of the ground is not part of the model):
As noted above, clouds are made of droplets, and light is scattered by those droplets in specific ways (see Mie scattering for details).
Referring back to me not being mathematically oriented, I didn't actually properly compute the droplet scattering parameters. Instead, I simply used the MiePlot software to get a visual idea of the distributions of scattering for various wavelengths of light, then implemented them in-code as fixed probabilities – a ray would have an X% chance of being scattered in a particular direction, and depending on the scattering angle, its color might be slightly modulated.
Due to the nature of the scattering involved, the number of potential light paths inside a cloud is vast. It's very unlikely that a given ray originating from the viewer's eye finds its way straight into the sun though a cloud. Most scattering will be into the sky dome, with the occasional ray finding the sun. As a result, the rendering will take a very long time to converge.
To speed up the rendering, I added a separate photon mapping phase, which precedes the path tracing phase and in which rays are cast from the sun toward the clouds, depositing the sun's light into any droplets they intersect, producing a 3D cloud lightmap.
Then, during the path tracing phase, the lightmap is used to accumulate sunlight onto the view rays when they intersect droplets that were lit by the sun.
Below are a couple of the renderings I made back then.
Due to hardware/performance limitations, none of the images are fully converged, and their resolution is fairly low.
The second image shows a mushroom cloud with unnaturally high heat and moisture parameters, causing the simulation grid to be partly visible.
This post has outlined the process I used to create a cloud simulator/renderer. For brevity, I've left out some details (like non-convective lift, cloud evaporation, and droplet weight), but what's included is hopefully enough to get an interested person started. You're welcome to
A big problem I had when working on this app was its inhibitive computational cost. The number of potential light paths inside a cloud is massive, the atmospheric simulation wasn't fast to run either, and there were a large number of empirical parameters to adjust in both the simulator and the renderer (I wasn't an expert on the topic, so I did plenty of trial and error). It was hard to appreciate the effects of even smaller changes to the model when they required overnight runs to complete.
So the first thing I'd look to improve is probably the performance. One interesting paper I later came across was one in which the authors used neural nets for a considerable speedup to cloud rendering.


In the Year 3 neighbourhood this week we have been investigating how weather and climate have shaped the different environments in Australia, from the tropics in the north to the arid zone west of the Great Dividing Range. Investigating this natural system has resulted in discussions ranging from the formation of clouds to the characteristics of the troposphere. As a neighbourhood we will continue to explore these and other related factors.
Ava: Weather is what the sky and the air are like outside, such as cold and cloudy.
Binderiya: Weather is different every day but climate is change over a long period of time.
Florence: Climate is different to weather because it is based on long-term weather.
Miles: The different seasons have different types of weather and temperature ranges.
Owen: The Earth is tilted on an angle which affects the weather.
River: If we didn’t have the wind we wouldn’t have the weather.
Alex: Climate covers a large area like parts of Africa.
Decca: The weather includes thunder which can destroy houses and be dangerous for humans.
As a neighbourhood we will start to unpack some misconceptions and further explore the connections between weather, climate and the environment.
The Year 3 neighbourhood


| < July >
|Normal Max/ High Temperature
|Min/ Low Temperature
|Number of Wet Days (probability of rain on a day)
|Average Sunlight per day
|Average Daylight per day
|Sunny (Cloudy) Daylight Hours
|Sun altitude at solar noon on the 21st day.
- The average temperature in Port Sudan in July is very, very hot at 34.1 °C (93.38 °F).
- Afternoons can be severely hot with average high temperatures reaching 41 °C (105.8 °F).
- Overnight temperatures are generally very hot with an average low of 28 °C (82.4 °F).
- In July there is a range/ variation of mean daily temperatures of 13 °C (23.4 °F).
- The weather in July is arid with vitually no rain. An airy 3.8mm (0.1in) of H2O is transfered during on average 1 day.
- The blue above Port Sudan is nice and sunny having on average a considerable 9:42 of splendid sunshine per day.
- The shortest day is 13:00 long and the longest day is 13:16 long with an average length of 13:10.
- There are approximately 3:20 per day when bright sunshine is absent due to cloud, haze or the sun being too low on the horizon to register.
- It is sunny approximately 74.4% of daylight hours and cloudy 25.6% of daylight hours.
Check the distance to and compare the Port Sudan July averages with somewhere beginning with:
A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | All
Weather Trend Graph for July in Port Sudan, Sudan
Navigate to July Weather in Locations Surrounding Port Sudan:
- Halaib, Sudan - 298.7 kms (185.6 miles) NNW
- No. 6, Sudan - 504 kms (313.2 miles) WNW
- Arbaat, Sudan - 38.2 kms (23.7 miles) NW
- Abu Hamed, Sudan - 408.7 kms (253.9 miles) W
- Atbara, Sudan - 401.4 kms (249.4 miles) WSW
- Hudeiba, Sudan - 412.3 kms (256.2 miles) WSW
- Shendi, Sudan - 512.4 kms (318.4 miles) SW
- Aroma, Sudan - 432 kms (268.5 miles) SSW
- Kassala, Sudan - 465.9 kms (289.5 miles) S
- Halfa El Gedida, Sudan - 504.5 kms (313.5 miles) SSW


Kyoto Protocol, 1997
In 1997, the UN sought to expand its efforts to combat climate change and greenhouse gas emissions through the Kyoto Protocol. The Kyoto Protocol is an international treaty limiting the amount of emissions produced by countries. This committee will analyse the treaty, which have been considered ineffective or insufficient by some, through recreating the negotiation of the treaty and coming up with a new Kyoto Protocol. Much has changed since 1997, and the newly instated Doha Amendment to the protocol will have recently expired when this committee will meet. As such, the nations involved with the Kyoto Protocol will be tasked with adapting a new protocol in conjunction with other climate change actions such as the Paris Agreement and while missing key nations in its makeup.


The climate and weather of the Otter Valley in Devon, England. The Otter Valley Weather Station is situated alongside the River Otter between the villages of Newton Poppleford & Otterton in the low-lying hinterland of south-east Devon, 4 kilometres (2.5 miles) west of the coastal regency town of Sidmouth.
The Otter Valley Weather Station was setup in Spring 2005 and consists of a set of Met Office approved sheathed minimum and maximum thermometers, plus a wet & dry bulb hygrometer (using a humidity calculator) housed in a Stevenson Screen. A standard Casella 5 inch rain gauge is also used. As an addition, electronic measurements are also taken using a Davis Vantage Pro2+ automatic weather station which feeds directly back to a PC enabling the production of continuous 5 minute data sets. Parameters which are measured electronically are wind speed (anemometer at 10 metres) and direction, grass minimum, soil temperature at 30 and 100 cm depth, rain intensity (via a tipping bucket rain gauge), UV Index, solar radiation and sunshine duration (Instromet R&D type Sun Sensor). There is a Boltek Stormtracker lightning detector giving live view of lightning strikes. There is also a webcam and gives a view of the southern sky looking towards the sea. The site is situated on a relatively wide valley floor of the River Otter, just north of the village of Otterton and is sheltered to the east and west, and slightly exposed to the north, and rather exposed to the south.
Nearby villages and towns are Ottery St Mary, Budleigh Salterton, Sidmouth, Seaton, Fluxton, Tipton St John, Colaton Raleigh, Otterton, Newton Poppleford.
The Otter Valley starts up in the Blackdown Hills and runs roughly SSW to the sea at Budleigh Salterton. This weather station is situated alongside the River Otter near the village of Otterton in the south-east of Devon, which is in the south west of England. The nearest coastline is 3.5 km away at Jacob's Ladder Beach, Sidmouth. The area is dominated by rolling, lush green hills and soft, broad-leaved wooded valleys and the dramatic, inspiring coastline of the Jurassic Coast, which is a natural World Heritage Site. The climate is maritime temperate hence, mild, humid and dominated by the Atlantic Ocean to the west.The Otter Valley Weather Home Page


The Anthropocene as the age of human-induced climate change
At the level of physical systems and as for human systems, the history of the Anthropocene is often that of a lightning rise.
This is logical: human activity converts natural resources into goods and services that can be used by humans. This conversion is accompanied by the production of waste, which accumulates in the biosphere. The striking growth of human activity therefore goes hand by hand with an equally striking increase in the presence of certain compounds in the biosphere.
This increase is particularly impressive for the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
Atmospheric CO2 concentration has increased by 50% in 200 years, from 280 ppm in 1800 to 417 ppm in 2022 .
At the same time, the atmospheric concentration of methane doubled, while that of nitrous oxide increased by 25% .
As the concentration of greenhouse gases increases, so does the temperature of the Earth's surface and the level of the oceans.
For its part, the level of the oceans has risen by more than 20 cm, with an accelerating rate of rise .
The uniqueness of the current climate change lies in its origin and its temporality: it results from human activity and it is extraordinary rapid. This is probably the first time in the billions of years of Earth and life's history that a single species influences the climate system to such an extent and with such suddenness.
The analysis of past climates is crucial to understand climate functionning. As we have direct records of climate variables only for a few decades, past climates must be reconstructed from indirect indicators. The latter, called proxies, are natural elements sensitive to climatic variations and whose a posteriori analysis can thus provide information on past climatic conditions. For example, tree rings (for the last thousand years), ice sheets (for the last 800,000 years) or marine sedimentary layers (for the last million years) are particularly analyzed to reconstruct past temperatures.
Change is a climatic constant: illustration with 500 million years of Earth's climate history
The analysis of Antarctic ice, which are 800,000 years old, makes it possible to reconstruct the joint changes in CO2 concentration and temperature over the last 800,000 years. It thus reveals an alternation of cold periods, called glacial periods, and warmer periods, called interglacial periods. The last glacial period ended around 12,000 years ago, with a gradual rise in temperatures following the reaching of the last glacial maximum around 20,000 years ago. The relatively stable temperature known for just over 10,000 years would have largely contributed to the emergence and development of civilization as we know it today. The graph stops around 1900 and does not show the staggering recent increase in CO2 concentration and global temperature, which we will discuss below. Source of the graph: NASA (https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/CarbonCycle/page4.php).
The alternation between glacial and interglacial periods is generally explained by the Milankovitch theory, which states that cyclical changes in Earth's orbital parameters (eccentricity, obliquity and precession) occur under the action of large planets and influence the amount of energy received by the Earth, to ultimately modify its climate .
However, changes in Earth's orbit alone are not enough to explain the magnitude of temperature variations. For this, a second key factor then comes into play: GHGs and their concentration in the atmosphere. If its warming potential is not the most important, CO2 has been pointed out as a major driver of past climate changes. Thus, over the last 800,000 years, the concentration of atmospheric CO2 has evolved in close relation with the global temperature.
CO2 has therefore generally not been the trigger, but an amplifier of climatic variations, by intervening in positive feedback loops. Here is an example of a positive feedback loop: due to tiny changes in orbital parameters, the amount of solar radiation received by the Earth increases slightly, which contributes to raising the temperature. Since CO2 is less soluble in warm water than in cold water, oceans release more CO2. The atmospheric CO2 content increases, which accentuates the greenhouse effect and amplifies the warming of the Earth.
Ultimately, the analysis of the past shows that climate change is no exception to an iron law of the universe: change. It also highlights a fundamental property of the climate system: its sensitivity, which means that even a small variation in a climatic parameter can lead to considerable variations in the climate and in particular in global temperature.
These analyzes have shown that the global temperature has varied considerably in the past. Between 60 and 40 million years before our era, the global temperature was perhaps around ten degrees or more higher than the current temperature! Since then, the underlying trend has been towards a gradual cooling of the Earth's surface. This long-term evolution is interspersed with higher frequency oscillations, with alternating drops and rises in global temperature on scales of the order of a few thousand years. Three major factors have been identified for their involvement in these past changes: the amount of solar energy received, volcanic activity and the atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases (GHGs). Please note that the abscissa scale of the graph is not linear, which can be misleading, especially with regard to the relative climatic stability of the last millennia, the latter in fact constituting only a spark in the history of the Earth. Source of the graphic: Glen Fergus, CC BY-SA 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons (https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/All_palaeotemps.svg).
Today, humans are triggering not a small but a gigantic variation in a climatic parameter: the concentration of GHGs in the atmosphere. Thus, the evolution of the concentration of GHGs in the atmosphere is one of the most spectacular manifestations of the Anthropocene.
Since the industrial revolution, humans have released huge amounts of GHGs into the air, in particular CO2. Over the past ten years, human activity has emitted into the atmosphere between 35 and 40 billion tonnes of CO2 per year, and each year beats the record of the previous one.
This reckless release of GHGs has logically contributed to drastically increasing their concentration in the atmosphere, as evidenced by the staggering recent evolution of the atmospheric CO2 concentration. On the scale of geological time, the increase in atmospheric CO2 driven by humans appears instantaneous and of an incredible amplitude (top graph)!
In 2022, the atmospheric CO2 concentration thus reached 417 ppm (parts per million – the gas concentration in the atmosphere is expressed in parts per million, which amounts to milliliters per cubic meter). This represents an increase of almost 50% in 200 years, that is to say since the beginning of the industrial revolution when the CO2 concentration was around 280 ppm.
The atmospheric CO2 ceoncentration is known for the past 800,000 years, the period covered by the data from ice cores. During this period, the CO2 concentration never exceeded 300 ppm. And several clues suggest that the current concentration of CO2 has not been reached in the last three million years.
Similarly, the atmospheric concentration of methane has more than doubled since the beginning of the industrial era (middle graph), while the concentration of nitrous oxide has increased by nearly 25% (bottom graph).
Source of data: Our World In Data .
Humans are changing the composition of the atmosphere: greenhouse gases at an unprecedented level for thousands of years
This staggering increase in certain GHGs in the atmosphere has already gone hand in hand with a brutal global warming. Unlike past climate changes, in which GHGs have rather been amplifiers of temperature variations, current climate change is therefore triggered by GHGs.
Looking at the evolution of the average global temperature since 1850 relative to the average global temperature for the period 1961-1990, we see that the temperature has increased very sharply in recent decades. It is now about 0.8°C higher than the 1961-1990 reference. Conversely, the temperature at the start of the industrial era was about 0.4°C lower than the 1961-1990 reference. The difference between the pre-industrial period and the current period is therefore approximately 1.2°C.
A warming of the average global temperature of 1.2°C in less than two centuries is a warming of extraordinary suddenness! By comparison, over the past few million years, when the Earth emerged from glacial periods, the global temperature increased by 4 to 7°C over periods of the order of 5,000 years. The warming of about 1°C during the last century is therefore about 10 times faster than postglacial warming.
Finally, current climate change has two singularities that distinguish it from past changes: it is triggered by GHGs emitted by humans and is taking place with extraordinary suddenness.
Humans are changing Earth's climate: a sharp rise in global temperature in recent decades
Reading the information recorded by tree rings makes it possible to reconstruct the evolution of the global average temperature over the last 2 millennia. The graph above thus shows 2,000 years of temperature evolution relative to the average temperature of the period 1850-1900. Despite constant temperature variations in the past, such as the well-known Medieval Warm Period (10th to 14th century) and Little Ice Age (14th to 19th century), which were restricted to North Atlantic regions, no global change has occurred with the amplitude and in the time laps that characterize recent warming. In the last 2,000 years (and probably more), it has never been as warm as it is today on a global scale . This graph is referred to as the "hockey stick graph" because of the sudden rise in global temperature over the last century, which is a real break with the climate of the last millennia. Source of the chart: RCraig09, CC BY-SA 4.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons.
Source of data: Our World In Data .
Who says temperature rise says less ice on the continents and therefore more water in the ocean. In addition, when its temperature increases, the water "swells" (thermal expansion phenomenon), which also contributes to sea level rise with global warming. During the Last Glacial Maximum, 20,000 years ago, sea level was 120 m lower than it is today . Sea level reconstructions indicate rapid rates of sea level rise, up to 5 cm per year at the end of the glacial periods, and 1-2 cm per year during the interglacial periods.
Logically, since the end of the 19th century and the start of global warming, sea level has been rising continuously, whereas it had been relatively stable for the previous 3,000 years. Average sea level has risen by about 25 cm since 1880. Moreover, it is rising faster and faster: the rate of sea level rise was around 1 mm/year at the end of the 19th century; it was around 2 mm/year in the 20th century and would have reached 3.6 mm per year between 2006 and 2015 .
Source of the chart: NOAA .
Humans are changing sea level: the rate of sea level rise is accelerating
 H. Ritchie, M. Roser, et P. Rosado, « CO₂ and Greenhouse Gas Emissions », Our World in Data, 2020. https://ourworldindata.org/co2-and-greenhouse-gas-emissions
 Skeptial Science, « What does past climate change tell us about global warming? », Skeptical Science, 2020. https://skepticalscience.com/climate-change-little-ice-age-medieval-warm-period-intermediate.htm
 NOAA, « Climate Change: Global Sea Level », NOAA, 2022. http://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-change-global-sea-level
 A. Buis, « Milankovitch (Orbital) Cycles and Their Role in Earth’s Climate – Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet », NASA, 2020. https://climate.nasa.gov/news/2948/milankovitch-orbital-cycles-and-their-role-in-earths-climate/


The MET has reported that the UK’s Heatwaves are lasting twice as long as 50 years ago, common ice days are disappearing, and tropical nights are starting to occur in the North East, according to a Met Office report.
This is the first study of climate extremes in the UK from the government agency that the longer-term trend behind this summer’s prolonged spell of high temperatures and decreasing winter frosts.
Mark McCarthy, the National Climate Information Centre, manager, said: “Monthly, seasonal and annual climate data provide a valuable record of the changing climate in the UK. However, these average figures have a tendency to mask extreme weather and climate events. So in our latest report we have focussed on those measures which record weather extremes.”
The MET office is for the first time measuring when the minimum night time temperatures remain above 20C. These night time temperatures were almost non-existent until very recently. Even during the hot summer of 1976 nights like these were never recorded, which are a particular concern for the elderly and infirm. These tropical nights have started to be recorded in London, Kent, the Isle of Wight and even occasionally in Wales and the north-east since 1995.
McCarthy said tropical nights were still very rare but he expected them to occur more frequently in the future. “With projections in climate suggesting warmer temperatures, it is useful to have this metric in place so that future changes can be monitored.”
With the trend in hot weather set to continue air conditioners could become common place in UK homes…
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.co Find the most current and reliable 14 day weather forecasts, storm alerts, reports and information for Florence, IT with The Weather Network
Considering the weather, we would say Florence's (and Tuscany's) best travel months (also its busiest and most expensive) are April, May, June, September, and October.These months combine the convenience of peak season with pleasant weather.. The most grueling thing about travel in Florence is the summer heat in July and August, when temperatures hit the high 80s and 90s Current weather in Florence Hall and forecast for today, tomorrow, and next 14 day Get the forecast for today, tonight & tomorrow's weather for Florence, OR. Hi/Low, RealFeel®, precip, radar, & everything you need to be ready for the day, commute, and weekend Florence 7 day weather forecast including weather warnings, temperature, rain, wind, visibility, humidity and U
Florence Weather Forecast. Access detailed hourly and 14 day forecasts, current conditions, maps, warnings, meteograms, historical data and more for Florence Summer weather in Florence requires lightweight t-shirts, skirts and shorts. Sometimes there are small rain storms but this is a rare occurrence. During the autumn, winter and spring, it is advisable to pack some warm clothes and a rain coat, particularly for the rain that comes in autumn Florence, Italy: Annual Weather Averages. July is the hottest month in Florence with an average temperature of 25°C (77°F) and the coldest is January at 7°C (45°F) with the most daily sunshine hours at 13 in July. The wettest month is November with an average of 102mm of rain. Winter Weather in Florence. Temperature. Winter is the coldest season for Florence, when average temperatures drop from 8°C in December down to 7°C in January and back up to 8°C in February.Daily highs and lows follow a similar pattern, changing from 11°C/4°C in December to 12°C/3°C in January and then rising up to 12°C/4°C in February
Florence average temperature. The warmest month of the year is July, with an average temperature of 24.4 °C | 75.9 °F. January is the coldest month, with temperatures averaging 5.2 °C | 41.4 °F. Florence Weather by month // weather average Average Weather in Florence Oregon, United States. In Florence, the summers are comfortable, dry, and mostly clear and the winters are cold, wet, and mostly cloudy. Over the course of the year, the temperature typically varies from 41°F to 67°F and is rarely below 33°F or above 71°F.. Based on the tourism score, the best time of year to visit Florence for warm-weather activities is from. Florence, Italy Weather and Climate Historic Climate Charts for Vacation Planning. Italy Weather and Climate. Florence. You see quite a rise in the summer temperatures in Florence, although the night temperatures moderate a bit. Florentines head for the hills or Tuscan beaches on the dog days of summer
Florence offers you a fair amount of rain but not too much cold. Lows go only as low as the mid to high 30s F, and during the day you can enjoy highs in the mid-50s F. You could pack a coat, but a lightweight jacket or trench might work better, and lighten your load to boot Heavy Rain and Snow with Northeast Storm; Fire Weather Concerns In Southern California A large Fall storm system will slowly shift north into eastern Canada through tonight. Heavy lake enhanced snow will continue falling south and east of Lakes Erie and Ontario while heavy rain is producing some isolated flooding across portions of Maine weather Florence - Italy - WeatherOnline. Weather forecast up to 14 days including temperature, weather condition and precipitation and much more
Want to know what the weather is now? Check out our current live radar and weather forecasts for Florence, Kentucky to help plan your da Florence ☀ Weather forecast for 10 days, information from meteorological stations, webcams, sunrise and sunset, wind and precipitation maps for this plac Foreca provides you the most accurate local and long-range weather forecasts, radar maps, alerts, and severe weather updates for worldwide locations. Send feedback! Florence. 46°.
Our sites gives the accurate daily weather forecast and provide daily updated local news for major cities in Italy update regularly every day. Italy - Florence Weather ! Italy - Florence Accurate live weather forecasts, monthly weather averages and beautiful live and archived HD webcam footage let you see every season, every sunrise, sunset and rainbow in Florence, Italy
Climate - Florence (Italy) Average weather, temperature, rainfall, sunshine hours The climate of Florence, the capital of the Italian region of Tuscany, is generally mild, and can be defined as transitional Mediterranean, with relatively mild winters and hot, sunny summers. The city is located in central Italy, on the Tyrrhenian side, but it is. Florence, the capital city of Tuscany, Italy, experiences a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climatic classification Cfa) that sometimes presents as a transitional Mediterranean climate (Köppen climatic classification Csa).The climate is characterized by hot, sunny, and moderately dry summers and mildly cool, rainy winters. Conveniently located within a geographical basin near the scenic. . In Florence, the summers are short, hot, and mostly clear and the winters are long, very cold, and partly cloudy. Over the course of the year, the temperature typically varies from 35°F to 90°F and is rarely below 25°F or above 97°F.. Based on the beach/pool score, the best time of year to visit Florence for hot-weather activities is from late June to. Winter in Florence. Between December and February, the average temperatures fluctuate between 2°C and 12°C during the day, but at night the temperatures drop and it is wise to take a warm winter coat with you. Summer in Florence. The temperature in Florence reaches over 35°C during the hottest months of the year. Like in many Mediterranean. Florence Extended Forecast with high and low temperatures. °F. Last 2 weeks of weather
Florence Weather in November: November sees the return of gray, rainy days to Florence, with average precipitation rising to 102mm over 15 days, making this the wettest month of the year. The average high is a crisp 15°C - perfect sweater weather. (Though you'll likely need a rain jacket on top of it. The 7 day weather forecast summary for Florence: Reviewing the forecast for Florence Over the next 7 days and the average daytime maximum temperature will be around 26°C, with a high for the week of 31°C expected on the afternoon of Monday 21st Our 5-day meteogram for Florence offers all weather information in 3 simple graphs: Temperature chart with weather pictograms. The time from sunrise to sunset is indicated in light yellow. Clouds in different altitudes: from few clouds (light grey) to overcast (dark grey). Dark blue bars show hourly precipitation and light blue showers
Florence - Weather forecast from Theweather.com. Weather conditions with updates on temperature, humidity, wind speed, snow, pressure, etc. for Florence, Florence 14-day weather forecast for St Florence. Outlook for Wednesday to Friday. Wednesday will remain largely dry and cloudy throughout the day, although with the odd sunny spell Florence, OR - Weather forecast from Theweather.com. Weather conditions with updates on temperature, humidity, wind speed, snow, pressure, etc. for Florence, Orego Europe Italy Florence + add to My Weather °F | °C Settings. Florence. 10 day forecast. Today. Hi: +11.
Unsettled Weather for Northwest, Central and Eastern U.S. Leading Up To Thanksgiving . Hurricane Florence Event Summary *Measured Florence rainfall amounts (Preliminary) *Measured maximum Florence wind gusts *Florence Post Storm Report. Radar Estimated Rainfall Totals Want to know what the weather is now? Check out our current live radar and weather forecasts for Florence, South Carolina to help plan your da
Weather in Florence today. Now. 4:53 +9 48.2. Real feel +7 44 We, 2 Dec Today +5 41 +9 48. Th, 3 Dec. Tomorrow +3 37 +11 52. 1.2 mm. 1 00. 4 00. 7 00. 10 00. 13 00. 16 00. 19 00. 22 00 +9 48 +9 48 +7 45 +8 46 +9 48 +9 48 +7 45 +5 41. Wind speed, m/s Wind speed, mph Wind speed, km/h. Live Weather Cams (shoalsweather.net) These links are provided as a service and are external links. City of Florence is not responsible for the content of these links. Links will appear in a new window. Florence Harbor Marina Weather & Camera Cherokee Weather & Camera Oakland Weather & Camera North Florence Weather & Camer The iconic Oneal Bridge crossing over the Tennessee River from the city of Florence to Sheffield City, in Alabama Weather in October October , like September , in Florence , Alabama , is another warm autumn month, with average temperature varying between 48.2°F (9°C) and 73.4°F (23°C) Get Florence-South Jetty, Lincoln County's weather forecast including temperature, feels like, precipitation, humidity and marine weather Florence-South Jetty Weather Forecast and Marine Weather for This Week - Lincoln County - Oregon - United States 202
Station Data. Monthly averages Florence Longitude: -111.427, Latitude: 32.9359 Average weather Florence, AZ - 85132. Monthly: 1981-2010 normal Skyline of Florence - Weather live cam Florence with a view of Lungarno, the cupola of the Dome, the Giotto's Campanile, the Basilica di Santa Croce and Palazzo vecchi Florence weather in February is cold and damp with quite a lot of rainfall over the month. While snow is common in winter, it tends to fall in December rather than February. The city has four distinct seasons similar to the UK with winter having the lowest temperatures of the year. Make sure to pack plenty of warm jackets and winter clothes for.
The following are online resources for weather and travel reports in the Florence and surrounding areas in Oregon. Oregon State Police Road Report Oregon Department of Transportation updates about road conditions and closures. Oregon Dept. of Transportation. Florence weather essentials | Monthly Averages . Month. High. Low. Precip. Jun. 81°F 27°C. 60°F 15°C. 3 in 8 cm. Jul. 86°F 30°C. 64°F 17°C. 2 in 4 cm. Aug. 86°F 30°C. 64°F 17°C. 2 in 5 cm. Sep. 76°F 24°C. 57°F 13°C. 3 in 7 cm. Oct. 67°F 19°C. 51°F 10°C. 4 in 10 cm. Nov. 57°F 13°C. 42°F 5°C. 4 in 11 cm. More weather for. Počasí Florence. Přesná předpověď počasí v Florence. Podrobná předpověď počasí po 1 až 14 dnů pro ráno, den, večer, noc. Podrobná spolehlivá předpověď počasí po hodině a aktuální počasí Florence (Spojené státy americké
Historic Hurricane Florence, September 12-15, 2018. Overview. Hurricane Florence was a long-lived Cape Verde hurricane and the wettest tropical cyclone on record in the Carolinas.The sixth named storm, third hurricane, and the first major hurricane of the 2018 Atlantic hurricane season, Florence originated from a strong tropical wave that emerged off the west coast of Africa on August 30, 2018 Florence Weather 30 Day 5 days , 7 days , 10 day , 14 days , 15 days , 16 days , 25 days , 30 days , 45 days , 60 days , 90 days Thunderstorms, some strong, tomorrow evening through Monday morning.. Florence, Italy - Travel and vacation weather averages, current conditions and forecasts weather Florence - Colorado - WeatherOnline. Weather forecast up to 14 days including temperature, weather condition and precipitation and much more Oregon or, Weather 30 Day. Date Weather Pre. Hi. Low; Sun 11/29: Partly sunny: 54°F: 45°F: Mon 11/30: Morning rain, then a showe
Fall in Florence . Autumn weather in Florence is the most glorious, making it one of the best (and most popular) times to visit. Temperatures rarely fall below 44 degrees Fahrenheit (7 degrees Celsius) during the day and in September and October, nights can be anywhere from balmy to nippy requiring little more than a light jacket Average Weather during January in Florence (Tuscany), Italy. The average minimum temperature (usually the minimum temperature is noted during the night) in Florence in January is 1.0°C (33.8°F). The amount of rain in January is normal with an average of 73mm (2.9in). This month is known as a chilly month. Be prepared January is also the. . The region enjoys a subtropical climate that's very similar to the Mediterranean with long, dry summers and cold, damp winters. April is a more pleasant time to visit Florence if you prefer milder temperatures and clearer skies on holiday Florence, Alabama - Travel and vacation weather averages, current conditions and forecasts The cleared area would be used by the Florence Emergency Cold Weather Shelter on below-freezing nights, as their normal indoor operations will be restricted by coronavirus risks, but this application is limited to clearing. The subject property is within the North Commercial District and regulated by Florence City Code Title 10, Chapter 30
Weather in Florence. Weather forecast 15 days - Florence. Was it hotter in Florence last year? Was it colder? Data reported by the weather station on November 30, 2019 01 December 2020 at 12:00-18:00: Cloudy, Temperature 9, 0.1 mm, Light air, 1 m/s from northeas Next week's weather forecast for Florence. Detailed medium range forecast (8-14 days) featuring up to date predictions for temperature, rainfall, wind speed, humidit The climate in Florence is typically Mediterranean, with high temperatures and sunny days in the summer and colder, damper weather in the winter. July and August are usually very hot and temperatures tend to stay around 30°C for much of this time. Florence's low seasons tends to fall between April to June and September to October
Wind, waves & weather forecast Florence / Oregon, United States for kitesurfing, windsurfing, surfing & sailin Weather. Headlines. Traffic. WMBF Skycam Network. Storm Pros. Sports. High School Football. CCU Chanticleers. Florence Police searching for suspects in attempted robbery at Walmart. B Florence, AL and the Shoals boast a temperate year-round climate, making it the perfect destination to enjoy the outdoors. Find out what the weather will be like during your visit. Here are the expected average high temperatures, low temperatures, and inches of rainfall for each month The best time to travel to Florence would be in September or June. The temperatures are mild and it's before or just after the peak season in July and August. July in summer is the hottest month with an average temperature of 25 degrees Celsius (77°Fahrenheit) and the coldest is month January with 6 degrees Celsius (43°Fahrenheit)
Florence weather forecast updated daily. NOAA weather radar, satellite and synoptic charts. Current conditions, warnings and historical record See long range weather forecasts for the next 60 days for the Desert Southwest Region. The Old Farmer's Almanac's extended forecasts can be used to make more informed decisions about future plans that depend on the weather, from vacations and weddings to gardening, hiking, and other outdoor activities Florence Oregon Web Cameras & Weather. Share this page. What's it like in Florenceright now? Take a look at this! Just to whet your appetite for a memorable Oregon Coast getaway, here is the local weather forecast and a few of our favorite webcams showing the beauty and grandeur of our area. Make plans now to come stay in Florence, Oregon.
Windguru weather forecast for Italy - FLORENCE ( ITALIE ). Special wind and weather forecast for windsurfing, kitesurfing and other wind related sports 2020-2021 Long Range Weather Forecast for Florence, OR . Share: Get the Long Range Weather for Your Location. See long range weather forecasts for the next 60 days from The Old Farmer's Almanac! Our long range forecasts can be used to make more informed decisions about future plans that depend on the weather, from vacations and weddings to. Source: The Florence, CO weather data displayed above is derived from the NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric). Air quality and pollution data is derived from the EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency). Air quality and pollution levels measured in a particular area may not be representative of the entire county Florence, OR average temperature is 52.5F, which ranked #201 in Oregon. Historical Florence weather info such as min/max temperature, precipitation/snow data as well as heating and cooling cost index also included
Source: The Florence, AL weather data displayed above is derived from the NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric). Air quality and pollution data is derived from the EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency). Air quality and pollution levels measured in a particular area may not be representative of the entire county Answer 1 of 6: Hi everyone. Me and my wife will be travelling to Firenze for the first time between the 27th and the end of January and we would like to know from your experiences what weather to expect. I have already googled a lot about it but I would like to..
Here is today's weather outlook for Nov. 19, 2020 in Florence, SC. Nov 19, 2020; Florence people will see temperatures in the 60s today. The forecast calls for it to be a comfortable 60 degrees. The 7 day weather forecast summary for Florence: The forecast for Florence in the coming week is predicting the average daytime maximum temperature will be around 14°C, with a high for the week of 18°C expected on the afternoon of Friday 27th. The mean minimum temperature will be 7°C, dipping to its lowest on the morning of Tuesday 24th at 4°C Florence 5 day forecast with weather outlook providing day and night summary including precipitation, high and low temperatures presented in Fahrenheit and Celsius, sky conditions, rain chance, sunrise, sunset, wind chill, and wind speed with direction. Florence, SC live road conditions and updates are included - as well as any NWS alerts. This page is a map depicting the broadcast coverage of the Florence, AL NOAA Weather Radio transmitter Weather in Florence - Rainfall Chart Autumn is the most raining season of Florence. This time is characterized by dark and wet days typified by long downpours. The often boring endless rains of autumn, in shape of summer storms, do bring relief from the intense heat of the period. Winter and spring usually have fairly low rainfall
Florence averages 1 inches of snow per year. The US average is 28 inches of snow per year. On average, there are 160 sunny days per year in Florence. The US average is 205 sunny days. Florence gets some kind of precipitation, on average, 160 days per year. Precipitation is rain, snow, sleet, or hail that falls to the ground Tide tables and solunar charts for Florence: high tides and low tides, surf reports, sun and moon rising and setting times, lunar phase, fish activity and weather conditions in Florence. Tides4fishing cookies are used to personalise content and ads, save your recent fishing sites and remember your display settings 14-day weather forecast for St Florence. Outlook for Thursday to Saturday. Thursday will be cloudy with sunny spells and cold with the chance of a few showers or spells of rain that could be. Information is updated on an hourly basis. Weather in Florence Italy: Longest day, shortest day and daylight saving. The shortest day of the year (the Winter Solstice) in Florence, occurs on the 23rd of December each year. There are 10 hours of daylight Florence wind forecast. Detailed wind speed and wind direction information as well as interactive graphs for winds Florence Wind Forecast, OR 97439 - WillyWeathe


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