As the seasons change, so do the weather events that can damage your roof. In April, we saw nickel-sized hail in Austin. Even larger hailstones — some the size of a softball! — fell in the northern part of Texas.
Hail occurs when we experience severe storm systems. Tiny ice pellets form in the freezing air of the higher atmosphere, usually at an altitude of 8,000 to 10,000 feet; strong updraft winds then carry that ice pellet back up into the storm system. With each up-and-down pass through the storm system, the pellet accumulates an additional layer of ice. Eventually, the pellet becomes heavy enough to overcome the force of the updraft winds; it then falls through the storm as a hailstone. Very strong storm systems have the capability to carry the pellet upward numerous times, resulting in extremely large hailstones.
The roof damage caused by hail can vary depending on the point of impact and the size of the hailstones. Most impacts can be identified as hail damage by the circular shape of the dent or ding.
- Shingles. Damage to shingles might include pitting of shingles, loss of granules, or broken shingles. In those rare severe storms when abnormally large hail forms, it is possible (though unlikely) that a hailstone can be large enough and strike with enough force to cause damage to the decking.
- Vents, downspouts, gutters, and flashing. These sections of your roof, made of thin metal designed only to channel water, are quite susceptible to dings and dents from hail impact. Dents will reflect the size of the hailstone that caused the damage. In the case of old metal structures that are already well into their service lifetime and already in need of replacement, a large hailstone striking in just the right spot may be able to weaken the integrity of that part.
There are several ways to check for hail damage:
- Granules at downspouts. Check the outflow from your gutter downspouts. A pile of granules in the drainage area indicates a recent loss of granules from the surface of your shingles.
- Safe visual inspection from the ground. Look for dents or dimples in the shingles or other roofing products on your roof.
- Defoliation. If the trees and shrubs near your house lost a lot of leaves from the storm or even had limbs broken by hail, there is a chance that your roof may have suffered similar damage.


Four Reasons Indoor Air Quality Matters
Indoor air quality is an often overlooked issue, but one that can have serious consequences in both home and office settings. The EPA estimates that the quality of air indoors is usually two to five times worse than outdoor air quality and may even be 100 times worse in some situations.
If you’re not convinced that indoor air quality is an important issue, consider these impacts of poor air quality in the home or office:
- Productivity – Sick workers are unproductive workers. Poor air quality can contribute to symptoms such as eye irritation, fatigue, coughing, sinus congestion, headaches, and more. While these conditions may not cause your workers to call in sick, it will impair their effectiveness.
- Absenteeism – Health conditions caused by poor air quality can become serious enough to require workers to take time off to seek medical treatment. This can be costly to businesses in terms of paid sick leave, health benefits, and delayed completion of important tasks.
- Children – If you have children present in your home or office, bad indoor air quality can be harmful to their developing bodies and minds. Asthma and other chronic health problems may develop from prolonged exposure to poor indoor air quality.
- Your Own Health – Chronic exposure to polluted air can contribute to serious health conditions, including lung disease. We spend up to 90 percent of our time indoors, so ensuring our air is clean is critical to our health.
Stepping up cleaning efforts and engaging professional air duct cleaning services can help improve indoor air quality in homes and businesses alike.


Danish container shipping line; Maersk Line has committed 300 of its vessels to participate in the global Voluntary Observing Ship (VOS) program on climate change.
While Maersk already has many vessels contributing to the VOS, the newly expanded commitment will see its entire fleet participating by the end of 2020.
As explained, the recorded data helps meteorologists create more accurate weather and storm forecasts – and will also be used in the creation of atmosphereocean models that will help scientists better understand climate change.
“As a global container logistics company, our vessels form a vital role in keeping supply chains moving safely and timely. Helping weather forecasting and climate science advance makes great sense to us, since both of these areas affect our operations in various ways,” Aslak Ross, Maersk’s Head of Marine Standards, commented.
While scientists have been collecting and sharing weather and ocean condition observations for over 150 years around the world, technological advances have significantly increased the amount of information that can be shared.
A typical VOS records and transmits observations manually, with a vessel crewmember reading data from instruments onboard the ship, or in some cases through automated weather stations (AWS). The data is then sent to the various national meteorological services for use in weather prediction models and to monitor actual conditions at sea.
To obtain more data with higher precision, the first five Maersk vessels participating in the VOS program are equipped with a more advanced type of AWS, called the European Common Automatic Weather Station (EUCAWS).
The EUCAWS system automatically collects data on atmospheric pressure, air temperature and relative humidity and transmits them hourly to designated research stations.
By the end of 2020, a total of 50 such stations are planned to be operational on Maersk vessels, providing the largest fleet of AWS from a single company.
“If we can help create even marginal improvements to the quality of weather routing services, these will be important levers in our constant efforts to improve the safety of our crews and assets and ensure reliable arrival times for our customers’ supply chains,” Ross said.
While over 3,000 ships are involved in the VOS program, overall participation has declined in recent years due to the reduction in the global commercial fleet’s financial and crew resources.
New technologies such as AWS and electronic logbooks, however, have led to an increase in the quantity and quality of observations from each vessel.
As the world’s largest container ship fleet operator, Maersk is expected to make a significant contribution to improving the amount and quality of data available to the study.
“Climate change is one of the biggest challenges facing the global community, impacting our business as well as the societies and customers we serve and partner with in enabling trade. We have an ambitious strategy to decarbonize our fleet of vessels by 2050 and as we execute this plan, we are proud to have our vessels and crews help researchers in gaining a better understanding of this key global challenge,” Ross added.
In the United States, Maersk has worked actively with the VOS partner organization and the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) on a variety of environmental programs. These have included testing air quality and vessel stack emissions and whale protection programs on both coasts.
“We are pleased to be able to expand our long-term work with NOAA to help gather high quality data to improve understanding of global weather and climate conditions. This complements our work here in the US with NOAA on air quality, vessel emissions and protecting endangered whales,” Lee Kindberg, Maersk North America’s Director of Environment and Sustainability, noted.
As an integrated container and logistics company, Maersk operates in 130 countries and employs 70,000 people.


Author: Joanna D Haigh
Number of Pages: 160
Weather and climate are not the same. Weather is what occurs outdoors on a daily basis and is unpredictable from one week to the next, whereas climate follows a stable pattern that is developed over centuries. The planet is divided into climate zones-tropical, temperate and polar-based on temperature differences with distance from the equator where the sun is most intense and temperature affects humidity, precipitation, cloudiness and wind. To understand what drives our climate, scientists study the atmosphere, the oceans, biosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere. 30-Second Climate is an immediately accessible guide to the 50 key factors affecting Earth's climate, past, present and future, each explained in half a minute. From atmospheric circulation to zero carbon, this is the quickest way to know your planet.


This the MQ7 Carbon monoxide (CO) sensor module, suitable for sensing CO concentrations in the air. The sensor can detect CO-gas concentrations anywhere from 20 to 2000 ppm.
This sensor features high sensitivity and fast response times. Output voltage increases when gas concentration increases. Also. you can also adjust sensitivity using the sensor’s potentiometer.
Need more specific sensors? You can check other MQ sensors here (link).
MQ7 Sensor Specifications:
- Voltage: 5v
- Detects Carbon monoxide (CO)
- Datasheet: Link


2 day forecast Kexby, EnglandFind out the weather forecast for Kexby now and how it will evolve the weather in 2 days. You can find detailed informations about: wind speed, wind direction, pressure, temperature, humidity and visibility at Kexby
Find out the forecast for the next 2 days in Kexby, England and how it will evolve the weather in Kexby. We provide information on: wind speed, wind direction, atmospheric pressure, temperature.
Do you have a site/blog? Display the weather in Kexby


Earlier than normal wave of killer tornadoes, at least 80, swept through the Midwest and South U.S., typically known as the Tornado Alley, which started on Friday, March 2, 2012 and lasted over the weekend. Illinois, Missouri, Indiana and Kentucky are the hardest hit states in the Midwest. At the last count death toll stands at 39. An untold number of property damages displaced scores of people throughout the region. It is estimated to cost $2 billion to the insurance industry. The continued bad weather conditions are hampering the cleanup efforts.
Tornadoes typically occur in the U.S. from March to July when warm moist air from the south collides with cold dry air from the north. Peak is expected during spring. According to the National Weather Service, over 550 people were killed due to this weather phenomenon in 2011. It is hard to forecast the number, frequency and severity of tornadoes that may occur in any given year. Tornadoes are also called twisters or cyclones. The wind speed of a tornado could go up to 110 miles per hour, approximately 250 feet in width and typically travel few miles destroying everything in its path and disappear.


There is nothing official to report as of this moment as the Eagles and the Philadelphia region prepares for a winter storm that could bring up to a foot, if not more, of snow and blizzard-like conditions today and tonight. The forecast is for a Nor'easter to hit the area and bring with it a lot of snow, winds exceeding 50 mph and bone-chilling temperatures and wind-chill factors.
As of this moment, however, there has been no snow in the area. The snow is expected to be at its height starting in late afternoon and extending into the evening, so if the forecast is correct the conditions for the game would be nearly impossible for optimal performance.
PhiladelphiaEagles.com will update you as we receive news today. Thank you for your patience.
-- Posted by Dave Spadaro, 9:52 a.m., December 26


Wednesday, November 7, 2012
First Snowfall: 2012-2013 Fall/Winter
As if Hurricane Sandy wasn't enough weather to deal with for a while, we're having a Nor'easter! It's 2:45pm and it's snowing here in Brooklyn. With the wind chill, it's about 24 degrees out. The map above (image: NBC meteorologist Raphael Miranda's Facebook page) shows the tracking of snow and rain for the tri-state area. There will be high winds and potential flooding later into tomorrow. This is nuts. I realize it's November, but this is early for snow. Of course, it's not as early as last year's snowfall in October! Can you say "global warming"?


Future Storminess: Hurricanes & Tornadoes in a Warmer World
It’s official. As of June 1st, hurricane season is upon us, and it lasts till November. What storms will be like in the future is an important question, Scientists have yet to work out all the answers, but in this talk, you can expect to learn about some important clues. According to our speaker, Dr. Jim Elsner, hurricanes are getting stronger, driven by the increas¬ing ocean warmth; and tornadoes are arriving in bigger and more powerful bunches.


THE PROTECTION OF THE AIR
In terms of reducing emissions into the atmosphere, we provide qualified expertise and a constant innovation process. We have always designed and applied technologies that make it possible to optimize combustion processes, recover gas and vapours and streamline maintenance interventions.
Our Refinery adheres to the main European Union program aimed at achieving CO2 reduction objectives in the major industrial sectors and in the aviation sector, the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS), a system for trading greenhouse gas (GHG) emission. For this reason, every year, the volumes of our direct GHG emissions, expressed in tons of CO2 equivalent, are certified by independent third parties.


Heatwave in India
The intense summer has again brought with the scorching Heat Wave Condition in India. Lets decode the same:
What is heat wave? Which parts of India are affected by it? What time of year do heatwaves strike in India?
A Heat Wave is a period of abnormally high temperatures, more than the normal maximum temperature that occurs during the summer season in the North-Western parts of India.
Typically, heat waves are associated with the north and northwest of India and over coastal Andhra Pradesh, north Odisha and parts of West Bengal. However, there’s been a slight increase in the number of regions in recent years, with more parts of the Himalayan plains, regions north of Andhra Pradesh and Central India also registering more heat waves.
The Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) has given the following criteria for Heat Waves :
- Heat Wave need not be considered till maximum temperature of a station reaches atleast 40*C for Plains and atleast 30*C for Hilly regions.
- When actual maximum temperature remains 45*C or more irrespective of normal maximum temperature, heat waves should be declared.
- Heatwave v/s Severe Heatwave
|Normal Temperature of Place||Heatwave Condition||Severe Heatwave Condition|
|less than or equal to 40*C||Departure from normal is 5*C to 6*C||Departure from normal is 7*C or more|
|more than 40*C||Departure from normal is 4*C to 5*C||Departure from normal is 6*C or more.|
What is making Heatwaves more and more intense?
Higher daily peak temperatures and longer, more intense heat waves are becomingly increasingly frequent globally due to climate change. India too is feeling the impact of climate change in terms of increased instances of heat waves which are more intense in nature with each passing year, and have a devastating impact on human health thereby increasing the number of heat wave casualties.
Studies have also linked an increase in heat waves to more increase in El Nino events, or years marked by an anomalous heating in the Central Pacific Ocean that’s linked to a weakening of the Indian monsoon.
The Indian Ocean temperatures are also rising faster than the other oceans, and this, too, may be reducing moisture over the Indian mainland, thus playing some part in longer stretches of hot days. Deforestation, the heat-island effect, and industrial pollution are also being blamed for exacerbating heat waves.
How do Heatwaves impact us?
Severe heat waves have caused catastrophic crop failures, thousands of deaths from hyperthermia, and widespread power outages due to increased use of air conditioning
The health impacts of Heat Waves typically involve dehydration, heat cramps, heat exhaustion and/or heat stroke. The signs and symptoms are as follows:
- Heat Cramps: Ederna (swelling) and Syncope (Fainting) generally accompanied by fever below 39*C i.e.102*F.
- Heat Exhaustion: Fatigue, weakness, dizziness, headache, nausea, vomiting, muscle cramps and sweating.
- Heat Stoke: Body temperatures of 40*C i.e. 104*F or more along with delirium, seizures or coma. This is a potential fatal condition.
What is India doing to tackle Heatwave disaster?
National Disaster Management Authority is guiding States, in partnership with the India Meteorological Department, to evolve heat action plan protocols.
Better meteorological forecasting can provide an early warning about a coming hot spell during the summer window. This gives the NDMA and the States sufficient opportunity to launch an action protocol: to inform the public as soon as the temperature crosses the threshold fixed by the IMD, advise on precautionary measures, and aid those who are most vulnerable, such as older adults, farm workers and those pursuing outdoor vocations.
Several initiatives by the government, including early-warnings and improved public access to drinking water have been taken by government.
Ahmedabad, for instance, drew up a city-level action plan in the wake of its 46.8°C heatwave of 2010 with support from public health institutions.


By Rita R. Robison
Consumers deserve clean air, but in some states they get a bigger dose of pollutants than other areas.
Residents of Kentucky, Ohio, and Pennsylvania are exposed to more toxic air pollution from coal-fired power plants than in any other state, according to an analysis by the Natural Resources Defense Council.
The states on the "Toxic 20" list, from worst to best, are:
- West Virginia
- North Carolina
- South Carolina
The report found a 19 percent decrease in all air toxics emitted from power plants in 2010, compared to 2009 levels. The drop, which also includes a 4 percent decrease in mercury emissions, comes from two factors.
The increasing use by power companies of natural gas, which has become cheaper and is cleaner burning than coal.
The installation of the latest technology in pollution controls by many plants – in anticipation of new health protections issued by the Environmental Protection Agency.
“Toxic pollution is already being reduced as a result of EPA’s health-protecting standards,” John Walke, the council’s clean air director, said in a statement. “But these protections are threatened because polluters are intent on persuading future Congresses or presidential administrations to repeal them.”
Finalized in 2011, EPA’s Mercury and Air Toxics standards will cut mercury air pollution by 79 percent from 2010 levels, beginning in 2015.
In the second edition of “Toxic Power: How Power Plants Contaminate Our Air and States,” the council also found that coal- and oil-fired power plants still contribute nearly half – 44 percent – of all the toxic air pollution reported to the EPA’s Toxics Release Inventory.
Compared to 2010 levels, the standard will reduce mercury pollution from 34 tons to 7 tons, a 79 percent reduction, by 2015, according to the council. Sulfur dioxide pollution will be reduced from 5,140,000 tons in 2010 to 1,900,000 tons in 2015, a 63 percent reduction. Another acid gas, hydrochloric acid, will be reduced from 106,000 tons in 2010 to 5,500 tons in 2015, a 95 percent reduction.
With those and other pollution reductions resulting from the standard, as many as 11,000 premature deaths and 130,000 asthma attacks, 5,700 hospital visits, 4,700 heart attacks, and 2,800 cases of chronic bronchitis will be avoided in 2016, the council said. The public health improvements are also estimated to save $37 billion to $90 billion in health costs, and prevent up to 540,000 missed work or “sick” days each year.
Despite the overall reductions in total emissions, 18 of the Toxic 20 from 2009 remain in the 2010 list released today, although several states have made significant improvements highlighted in the report, the council said.


Have you heard the sudden warning done by the Rain Forests? 🌳
They could flip to emitting carbon in 15 years.
It’s a very difficult moment for those who know, love and work in Amazonia.
-Says Eduardo Goes Neves an archaeologist at the University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
Have you heard about the quick warning done by the Rain forests? We have been informed just before few weeks about the matter we are handling today. What is it?🤔 Are you in a hurry to know about it?
You have to take a quite walk with mother nature for a few moments. Can you? Where will we go? Yes, we have to get a quick walk towards the rain forests today as they are going to warn us about a great problem. Do you know? The tropical rain forests store vast amount of carbon dioxide and they play a significant role in the world’s carbon cycle. But, the pathetic condition is, humans are producing too much carbon dioxide for forests to absorb.
“Intact forests are playing a large role in absorbing the CO₂ we are emitting” says Benjamin Gaubert, a scientist with the National center for Atmospheric Research.
What is this research about?
Tropical forests are well known as a vital carbon absorber in the world. Amazon and Congo rain forests are the lungs of the world. What do you know about “carbon sequestration”? I will simply explain it using one sentence. It is the process of removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and storing them in trees.
A global research team led by the University of Leeds, has revealed the world that the ability of the world’s tropical forest to remove carbon from the atmosphere is decreasing. They have done a massive study tracking 300,000 trees over 30 years.
They have published it in the journal “Nature”. The researchers monitored tree growth, and the mortality details from undisturbed forests across 11 countries in Africa. They compared the data that they have taken from such forests with the Amazon rain forest and they took similar measurements for the investigation.
“By combining data from Africa and the Amazon, we began to understand why these forests are changing, with carbon dioxide levels, temperature, droughts and forest dynamics being key”.
“It is important to get a clear sense where and why this carbon uptake is happening, because this helps us to make targeted and informed decisions about forest management” says Tom Pugh, a scientist.”
The forests around the world still can’t keep up with the sheer volume of the global warming gas being emitted through the human activities. Overall, the uptake of carbon into Earth’s intact forests peaked in the 1990s. They are rapidly losing their ability to absorb CO₂ from the green house gas emissions and especially the Amazon forest is at high risk.
The researchers estimated that carbon sink capacity of the African forests will decline 14% by 2030. In the Amazon, the forest’s carbon sink capacity is predicted to reach to the level of “zero” by 2035. And also, the research team has investigated their data to model tree loss patterns over the next 20 years.
“Our analysis of trees across Amazon, involving 321 plots, 30 years, eight nations and almost 500 people”.
“In 2005 and again in 2010, drought reversed the enormous sink provided by the Amazon rain forest killing millions of trees.”
How helpless the rain forests are? 😔 They are still helping the humanity to survive. What did you do for them? Yes, think deeply about it for a moment.
It is well said that, as tropical forests grow, they pull carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere and they perform a great, enormous services to the humanity and the planet. What did you do for them? what are you doing for them? and what will you do for them in future?
After all, what you should do for their existence?🤔 We need reforestation.
“After years, of work deep in the Congo and Amazon rain forests, we have found that one of the most worrying impacts of climate change has already begun.” the researchers said.
Now, you can decide whether you continue your walk further or not.
Your survival on planet is depend on them because they are the lungs of the planet. They worked for the humanity and for countless other creatures.
Don’t let mother of nature become a “Once Upon a Time”. 💚


Air Pollution: Cigarette Smoke vs. Diesel Truck Smog
Research shows that the amount of pollution produced by the typical cigarette is approximately 10 times more than the exhaust that typically comes from a diesel truck. The tobacco smoke particles produced by a cigarette can really add up. The tobacco contents features some of the highest levels of air pollution where air pollution is concerned.
Cigarette vs. Diesel Fuel
As a part of an experiment, a turbo diesel engine was turned on and kept idling for 30 minutes in a garage for four hours. The cigarette produced 830ug/m3 while the engine registered 88 ug/m3 after the first hour. The high levels of pollution produced by the small cigarette underscores the importance of increasing awareness about the dangers of cigarette smoke as a public health matter.
How does pollution occur with cigarettes?
Cigarettes produce pollution as a result of the combustion from the combination of tobacco and paper. During this process, thousands of known pollutants are introduced into the air. The pollutants produces are called particulate matter, which consists of benzene and carbon monoxide.
The full impact of cigarette smoke
although a single cigarette weighs less than a gram, it is capable of producing 14 mg of pollution, a considerable amount for something so small. One cigarette smoked in a single room can produce pollutants in a higher amount than what is recommended by the federal air quality standards. Tobacco smoke is released by the smoker and the cigarette itself, which amplifies the impact of one single cigarette. According to the EPA, secondhand cigarette smoke is responsible for 3,000 lung cancer deaths and 37,000 heart disease deaths each year.
What’s in a cigarette?
One single cigarette consists of 4,000 chemicals. Of those 4,000 chemicals, 200 of them are considered poisonous. Another 69 of them are known carcinogens. Cigarette smoke poses an even greater risk to infants and toddlers. It is estimated that anywhere between 7,500 and 15,000 hospitalizations involving children can be attributed to cigarette smoke.
Do electronic cigarettes pose any air pollution problems?
Electronic cigarettes have not been proven to pose the same level of health risks to non-smokers and infants. They can also reduce the amount of pollution released into the air in reducing the impact of second-hand smoke on others. This means that people who have been using traditional tobacco for some time may actually benefit from transitioning to the safe alternative.
Cigarette habits are difficult to break. Choosing to gradually eliminate the smoking habit by using electronic cigarettes and smoking cessation programs can really make it much easier for those who are ready to stop. In understanding the impact of the smoking habit on the lives of others and putting into context the level of pollution produced by just one cigarette, people are able to fully appreciate the risks that come with such a habit.
- Tags: Recent Studies
- Ali Esmaili


Air Quality Community Consultative Committee (AQCCC)
The Air Quality Community Consultative Committee (AQCCC) was established in 2017 to provide input into the location of air quality monitoring locations and advice on related air quality matters.
The committee comprises three local community representatives, representatives of each local council, Transport for NSW and the tunnel operator. An independent chairperson has been appointed in consultation with the Department of Planning, Industry and Environment.
The committee will continue to meet for up to two years from the date of tunnel opening.
NSW Government Air Quality Portal
For more information about tunnels and air quality visit Roads and Maritime Services’ air quality portal.
Have a question?
Please contact us with any questions about NorthConnex.


Forecast Updated 10:05 PM MONDAY
Increasing clouds tonight will lead to scattered strong thunderstorms with locally heavy rainfall tomorrow.
A line of dying thunderstorms should make it into north central Wisconsin well after midnight tonight. Otherwise, increasing clouds and humidity with lows in the low 60s.
Showers and thunderstorms are likely tomorrow. Any of the afternoon thunderstorms could be strong to locally severe. The precipitation will arrive in two waves. The first, around sunrise, could produce locally heavy rainfall. Several dry hours are expected through the afternoon before another line of strong to locally severe thunderstorms develop right over north central Wisconsin.
The primary threats include large hail and damaging wind gusts. Locally heavy rainfall is likely with high temperatures in the low to mid 70s.
The line of showers and thunderstorms will gradually move to the east tomorrow night. The severe weather threat will shift to far eastern Wisconsin overnight. The south breeze will go calm as low temperatures settle in the middle 50s.
Looking ahead, a few clouds could linger into Wednesday morning. Otherwise, turning party sunny and warmer with highs near 80°. We'll keep the sunshine around Thursday and Friday with highs back in the middle 80s.
MAKE it a GREAT Day!


The cold and flu season is one of the dreaded parts of the year. It is the period where fevers, chills, and sneezes are pretty much common.
But when does this season occur? Specifically, these unwanted symptoms during the cold weather. Technically speaking, this should be in the winter. We all know that winter tends to aggravate different types of illnesses, making them more severe and difficult to treat.
Fortunately, it is not impossible to overcome this ordeal. The flu season is something that you can deal with, especially if you have a high-quality air purifier inside your home. Opting for the air purifier supplier with a venerable rapport in the market is the first step you need to take.
Poor Indoor Air Quality Is Bad News To Our Health
One should know that disregarding indoor air pollution is something that you shouldn’t do. Otherwise, you will end up suffering from different health issues.
For example, how does indoor air pollution affect flu sufferers? Frequent and prolonged exposure to airborne pollutants has negative impacts on the severity of flu and other related respiratory illnesses, such as COVID-19. Specifically, the pollution worsens the symptoms of the illness by causing more difficulties in the body.
If you are in a healthy and clean living environment, the flu and cold won’t be that bad. In fact, a fresh and sanitized setting can help in the rapid healing of your body. Of course, this also means that you aren’t prone to the effects of airborne viruses, pathogens, and allergens.
Clean air is always necessary. Keep that in mind. However, it becomes more essential if you are suffering from respiratory illnesses. Whether it is a chronic disease or a temporary illness, the ability to breathe clean air makes a lot of difference. It helps prevent further development of respiratory infection.
Why Is Cold Air More Polluted Than Warm Air?
Airborne pollutants, such as dust, debris, and allergens, tend to remain longer when the air is cold. After all, the low temperatures make the air denser, making it a trap for these airborne foreign bodies. If you do not do something about them, you will eventually inhale them. And that could lead to respiratory problems. Furthermore, they could also worsen the symptoms that you are suffering.
At the same time, cold air doesn’t move fast. If there’s no precipitation, such as rain, the dirt contained in the air won’t be washed off. Winter has minimal precipitation, so in this period, we often experience the peak of air pollution. For example, smogs often form in cities and urban areas when the temperatures are low.
The cold season is also the perfect period for viruses and allergens to proliferate and spread. It is likely that you’ll get an infection this season. Your body reacts to harmful foreign bodies that you inhale.
The quality of the air you breathe may either prolong or shorten your flu or cold. If the indoor air quality of your home is bad, it is easier for viruses and bacteria to thrive and spread. You would eventually inhale them, further extending the symptoms you are experiencing. The more you are exposed to these contaminants, the longer you have to endure the flu or cold.
As mentioned, you can feel better faster if your environment is clean and free from pollutants. At the same time, clean air prevents the development of these illnesses in the first place. If the air is clean, then it means that you don’t need to worry about those airborne contaminants.
Reasons Why You Need An Air Purifier During The Flu And Cold Season
Now that we all know the effects of the cold weather on the body, it is essential that we know how we can mitigate this problem. There are many ways you can relieve your flu and cold when the temperature starts to drop. You can either take medications or make some adjustments to your diet.
However, if you want a method that can provide a holistic effect on your indoor air quality, you must invest in an air purifier. This device is downright effective in capturing various contaminants in the air. Filter-based air purifiers have all the mechanisms to trap airborne pollutants that can trigger flu and cold.
What Is An Air Purifier?
Air purifiers are devices intended to remove various airborne contaminants from the air in a room. This can range from dust to pollen to simple smoke particles. In some cases, purifiers are fitted with activated carbon filters, which are used to absorb chemicals such as cigarette smoke.
Furthermore, these air purifiers also have HEPA filters. A HEPA filter, which stands for high-efficiency particulate air, is a type of air filter that is designed to capture extremely small particles. Specifically, they work by capturing particles that are 0.3 microns or less in size. HEPA filters are often used in home air cleaners since they can remove particles that standard filters cannot.
It is also evident that a majority of these air purifiers have pre-filters. These pre-filters trap large debris, such as pet hair, dust, and other fibrous materials. Of course, these things can also trigger allergies, colds, and hay fever.
Benefits Of Air Purifiers For Cold And Flu
If you are susceptible to flu and cold, you should consider investing in an air purifier. Here are the reasons why.
- Air purifiers remove viruses and bacteria – The efficiency of air purifiers as air-cleaning tools are largely due to their HEPA filters. You see, these HEPA filters remove 99.97 percent of particles 3 microns in diameter from the air. Within this scale, viruses that cause the common cold and flu exist.
Because of this feat, many suggest that HEPA filters can also trap the virus that is causing the COVID-19 pandemic. Of course, this is not entirely foolproof, but in the ideal conditions, these HEPA filters are capable of capturing the COVID-19 virus, preventing it from further transmission.
If air purifiers can deal with COVID-19, then they can also prevent you from acquiring seasonal allergies and colds!
- Air purifiers remove dust and fibrous particles – Dust, being tiny particles, can easily get into our nose, nose, mouth, and ears. Once they do, they can cause various respiratory diseases, such as colds and flu.
Fortunately, air purifiers are designed to capture dust and similar particles. These air purifiers have different filters that can remove the dust from the air you breathe. For instance, the pre-filter and HEPA filter of an air purifier can screen off dust and small contaminants in the air.
Of course, you can rely on your vacuum when it comes to taking out dust that settled on the floors and upholstery. However, these vacuums are no longer viable if the dust is already airborne. Only air purifiers can work against them.
Once the cold and flu season kicks in, you need to make sure that you can fortify your defenses. Specifically, you need to make your living spaces impervious to foreign bodies, which may cause health complications. Since low temperatures may mean more pollutants in the air, investing in an air purifier is a must.
Air purifiers work well in trapping a variety of contaminants in the air. With these air purifiers, there’s an assurance that flu-causing pollutants won’t be able to invade your space. At the very least, they can also keep the air in your living spaces safe to breathe.


I saw this and was reminded of a debate that I had with a couple of friends of mine… Okay, it was an aggressive conversation.
The past decade was the hottest ever recorded and global temperatures are now rising at a rate of about one-fifth of a degree Fahrenheit every decade, according to the annual "State of the Climate" report issued by the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). More than 300 climate scientists in 48 countries used a wide variety of data to measure 10 indicators of warming, including air temperatures, sea temperatures, Arctic sea ice, glaciers, and spring snow cover. "These independently produced lines of evidence all point to the same conclusion: our planet is warming," said NOAA administrator Jane Lubchenco. The NOAA report said every decade since the 1980s has become progressively warmer. Deke Arndt, the co-author of the NOAA report, said that although 1 degree F of warming since 1950 may seem small, "it has already altered our planet" by melting glaciers and sea ice, causing more intense heat waves, and sparking heavier rainstorms. The data showing that the 2000s were the hottest on record did not include data from 2010, which is so far the warmest year ever recorded, with extreme heat waves in the U.S., Russia, Europe, China, and the Middle East. The NOAA report said more than 90 percent of the warmth generated by burning heat-trapping fossil fuels has been absorbed by the oceans, which will radiate that heat back into the atmosphere for centuries to come.
It reminds me of a movie quote - It takes a geological event to heat a million gallons of water by six degrees in 12 hours.


Argus Project - Gamma Radiation and Weather Monitoring Station - Kilkeel
The Argus Project is a non-profit making trust dedicated to providing environmental data that is automatically archived daily from a UK-wide network of Argus monitoring stations owned by local authorities, universities, environmental groups and individuals.
Newry and Mourne District Council operates Kilkeel which is one of five Northern Ireland based outstations whose purpose is to continuously monitor the external background gamma radiation level at a fixed site. There are stations also at Portavogie, Belfast, Omagh and Coleraine. The Northern Ireland Stations are part of the Argus UK-wide network.
Linked to each NI station are a number of weather probes recording rainfall, ambient temperature, atmospheric pressure, wind speed and wind direction. Information on all of these parameters plus the gamma radiation levels past and present can be accessed by the station operator at any time but the daily average, maxima and minima are sent by email to identified persons on a daily basis
Readers can view and compare the information at www.weatherprobe.co.uk


Thursday, 23 May 2013
FACTS ABOUT CO2
Twenty facts about CO2 that have been kept 'top secret' by the man-made global warming community
1. We know everything about physico-chemical properties of CO2 there is to know since its discovery 200 years ago, and categorical statement can be made that the physico-chemical properties of CO2 in its pure state, including IR properties, have nothing to do with its properties as part of the mixture called air.
2. We know that no gas molecule of the open system, as our atmosphere is, can possibly control temperature.
3. We know that there are two very different mechanisms that drive dynamics of CO2 exchange between air-water and air-biomass and therefore there is no such thing as global levels of CO2. Levels of CO2 above the water mass, covering 70% of the Earth surface is controlled by solubility of CO2 in water which is solely driven by temperature; while levels of CO2 above the biomass that covers most of the land surfaces is solely driven and controlled by photosynthesis.
4. We know that the only way to know exact numbers about CO2 concentrations above the water and biomass surfaces is to measure them at the surface levels, which we do not do, and therefore use of CO2 levels measured at a single point on the globe and at 4000 meters altitude (Mauna Loa Observatory, MLO, at Hawaii) represents one of the most mis-used high accuracy dataset in the history of modern science.
5. We know that the total emissions/reabsorption of CO2 by nature makes emissions of CO2 by burning fossil fuels totally insignificant and lost in the instrumental accuracy levels.
6. We know that the levels of CO2 that we live amidst in our everyday lives have nothing in common with the observed CO2 levels at MLO based at an altitude of 4000 meters above sea level.
7. We know that there is no difference between CO2 levels accurately measured 200 years ago and last year – they all go up and down depending when and where you measure them.
8. We know that there is no possible correlation between CO2 levels dissolved in water in its liquid state and CO2 levels found in ice, i.e. water in its solid state.
9. We know that it is CO2 that makes major contribution to the width of tree rings. So, no CO2 means no tree rings and no life.
10. We know that the human body ignores CO2 levels in air when breathing in and the only function of breathing out is to get rid of CO2 that is created in every cell of the human body by the complex bio-chemical process that maintains life.
11. We know that CO2 levels would need to reach concentration in air of 60,000 ppm (from current levels of 390 ppm) to become toxic for humans.
12. We know that every single molecule of CO2 is surrounded by 2500 molecules that are NOT CO2 and therefore any theoretical blanket built from CO2 fibres that supposedly is surrounding the Earth is practically made of NOTHING.
13. We know that every single molecule of CO2 is surrounded by 2500 molecules that are NOT CO2 and therefore one has to offer some explanation as to what those 2500 ‘other or NOT-CO2’ molecules are doing while 1 molecule among them is receiving and ‘back radiating’ all that heat energy.
14. We know that every molecule of CO2, irrespective of which source it comes from, can go up-and-down (in Z-axis) due to its molecular weight, its heat capacity and its solubility in water (rain or snow) and along (X-Y space) carried by wind. Therefore someone has to be able to explain: how does a molecule of CO2 generated by an SUV in Los Angeles gets transported across 2500 miles of water mass to Hawaii and then go up another 4000 meters, while avoiding all the biomass available within few miles of land surface in California and all the water mass along its journey to the CO2 detector at MLO, Hawaii?
15. We know for certain that at 200 ppm of CO2 plants stop growing and that the optimum levels for plant grow is between 1300 and 1500 ppm, and yet the advice to all governments around the globe is to commit mass suicide of all species by reducing CO2 concentrations to 200 ppm levels.
16. We know that there is no difference whether we grow or dig fuel in terms of CO2 emissions, we know that CO2 emissions from burning fuel are irrelevant to the CO2 dynamics of emissions/absorption and yet we use our precious food-growing surfaces to grow fuel and thus create famine and kill life.
17. We know that there is no such a thing as self-heating greenhouse and yet new theories have been invented to argue something that cannot be argued.
18. We know that there is nothing in common in IR spectra between CO2, methane and water and yet they have been classified together as ‘greenhouse gasses’ because they absorb infrared radiation, together with millions of other molecules.
19. We know that CO2 in the atmosphere could not be detected by a standard IR-spectrometer and yet that property of CO2 has been used to argue for the existence of a greenhouse effect.
20. We know that all the knowledge about the physical world comes from experiments that can be validated and not from calculations that cannot be validated. And yet, everything about man-made global warming is about calculations and NOTHING about measurements.


Continuous Air Monitoring
Continuous Air Monitoring for Enhanced Indoor Air Quality
Continuous air monitoring is a longer-term monitoring approach, which is both superior scientifically and in relation to the fundamental question of 'is a given structure's indoor air quality truly impacted to a degree of concern, and if so, what are the most likely indoor air pollutant/s affecting a given occupant.' It entails the use of specialized equipment and sensors designed to detect and quantify various pollutants and gases present in the air. This approach provides real-time data on air quality, enabling the identification of trends, sources of pollution, and the assessment of potential health risks.
How It Works:
Guzi-West personnel will temporarily install a minimum of one (1) real time air monitoring device in a structure, or as requested by the client; one (1) monitoring device per 1,000 square feet, or per room. The monitoring device requires a wireless internet connection, will be mounted to a wall, and will upload all data to a cloud server which will be accessed by Guzi-West. The device will be deployed for seven (7) days exactly and must remain plugged in and wirelessly connected to the internet throughout the duration of the monitoring period. The air monitoring device monitors and reports concentrations of the following every fifteen (15) minutes: Ozone (O3), Carbon Monoxide (CO), Particulate Matter (PM 2.5 and PM 10), Nitrogen Oxides (NOx), Sulfur Oxides (SOx), Total Volatile Organic Compounds (tVOC), Relative Humidity (RH), Temperature (T), and Barometric Pressure (BP).
The monitoring device measures and records air concentrations for five (5) of the six (6) criteria air standards established by the EPA and CARB. The six criteria pollutants are carbon monoxide, particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and lead. Interior lead concentrations are typically only a concern in association with lead-based paint and the disturbance of that lead; upon request, Guzi-West can include air, dust, or paint analyses for lead under a separate proposal. It's important to note measuring VOCs also assesses potential mold growth as VOCs are produced when mold is breaking down its food (metabolic process) due to the chemical reactions between the enzymes, substrates, and the resulting mold growth. Guzi-West will specify and graph any exceedances of a given pollutant's primary or secondary standard (whichever is lowest) in a report of findings prepared within seven (7) business days following completion of the agreed upon air monitoring time period.
The use of the continuous air monitoring technology is intentionally utilized as an investigative tool to either find a clear cause of concern for indoor air quality (i.e. elevated carbon monoxide), or provide a direction where focused additional sampling can be performed based upon the information gathered over at least seven (7) consecutive days. For instance, high periodic levels of VOCs could be present due to a variety of different substances and conditions, but the time of day in which VOCs are elevated would likely help isolate potential sources.
In addition to using the continuous air monitor, we can use separate testing devices to analyze for the presence or absence of radon gas. Radon is a naturally-occurring, radioactive gas which is inert, colorless and odorless. Radon is naturally in the atmosphere in trace amounts. Outdoors, radon disperses rapidly and, generally, is not a health issue. However, radon gas can become trapped indoors after it enters buildings through cracks and other holes in the foundation.
Key Features Summarized:
- Investigative Tool: Continuous air monitoring serves as an investigative tool to identify concerns regarding indoor air quality, such as elevated carbon monoxide levels. It can also guide additional focused sampling efforts based on information gathered over a minimum period of seven (7) consecutive days.
- Criteria Air Standards: Our monitoring device measures and records air concentrations for five (5) of the six (6) criteria air pollutants established by the EPA and CARB. These criteria pollutants include carbon monoxide, particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and lead. Additionally, the measurement of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) assesses potential mold growth, as VOCs are produced during the metabolic process of mold.
- Exceedance Reporting: Guzi-West will specify and graph any exceedances of a pollutant's primary or secondary standard (whichever is lower) in a comprehensive report of findings. This report is prepared within seven (7) business days following the completion of the agreed-upon air monitoring period.
- Wireless Connectivity: Our monitoring device requires a wireless internet connection and will be securely mounted to a wall. It uploads all collected data to a cloud server, which is accessible to Guzi-West for analysis.
Data Collection: The air monitoring device continuously and automatically measures and reports concentrations of the following parameters every fifteen (15) minutes:
- Ozone (O3)
- Carbon Monoxide (CO)
- Particulate Matter (PM 2.5 and PM 10)
- Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)
- Sulfur Oxides (SOx)
- Total Volatile Organic Compounds (tVOC)
- Relative Humidity (RH)
- Temperature (T)
- Barometric Pressure (BP)
In our professional opinion, the continuous air monitor approach to investigate indoor air quality is superior both scientifically and financially, as it is more cost-effective than simply coming in and testing for large groups of potential pollutants. It should be noted there is a potential that after completion and review of the seven-day period, additional sampling and analysis may be warranted which could incur additional costs as a result. This is dependent upon the results of the initial monitoring period, and if the client would like to add additional testing specific to a given allergen/gas/pollutant. Should this occur, detailed conversations with the client and Guzi-West would take place, and a separate contract and scope would be established and agreed upon.
Continuous air monitoring plays a vital role in environmental management, public health, and pollution control efforts. By providing real-time and long-term data, it enhances our understanding of air quality dynamics, facilitates the identification of pollution sources, supports early warning systems, and enables the evaluation of the effectiveness of pollution mitigation measures.
For more information on our continuous air monitoring services, please contact us.


Like most of Florida, Orlando has a sub-tropical climate: freezing temperatures are incredibly rare. As illustrated in the graph below, during July, the warmest month of summer, the average maximum daytime temperature is around 91°F (33°C); and during January, the coldest month of winter, the average minimum nighttime temperature is around 48°F (9°C).
However, even in January the average daytime high temperature is still around 70°F (21°C) – Florida is one of the warmest states in the mainland United States in the winter.
Although the summer months are very hot, around half of all summer days have a thunderstorm during the afternoon or early evening, which brings about a drop in temperature of 10 - 20 degrees for the remainder of the day.
The highest temperature recorded in Orlando was 101°F (38°C) during July 1998; the lowest recorded temperature was 19°F (-7°C) during January 1985.
The area surrounding around Orlando contains a large number of lakes, which contributes to a high year-round relative humidity – typical values for summer are around 90 percent during the morning and 50 to 60 percent during the afternoon.


Department of Meteorology
589 Dyer Rd., Room 254
Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA 93943
A. Regional pressure and temperature effects
The Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary is situated on the eastern edge of a North Pacific ocean high pressure system, which determines the predominant meteorological conditions for the region. The North Pacific high pressure system is the region of high sea-level pressure that occurs over the eastern North Pacific Ocean in the climatological mean as shown in Figure 1 (Mass and Bond 1996). This region of high pressure shifts north during the summer and south during the winter and is largely a result of the large-scale subsidence that occurs over the subtropical regions of the world. This subsidence, in combination with the cool ocean surface temperatures, acts to produce a well-defined atmospheric mixed layer near the surface over the ocean. The mixed layer is capped by a very strong temperature inversion, where the temperature change across the inversion is often 10 to 20°C (Beardsley et al. 1987, Bridger et al. 1993, Brost et al. 1982, Lester 1985, Leipper 1994, Neiburger et al. 1961). Although the height and strength of this temperature inversion varies over space and time, it is typically located at a height between 300 and 1000 m above the ocean surface.
Within this atmospheric mixed layer, clouds, fog and temperatures characteristic of the underlying ocean surface are prevalent (Beardsley et al. 1987, Bridger et al. 1993, Elliot and O'Brien 1977, Leipper 1994). Consequently, the region is typified by persistent clouds and cool temperatures throughout most of the dry season (Renard 1996, Simon 1977). The position of the high pressure offshore in combination with lower pressure in the warm inland areas produces a relatively strong cross-coast pressure gradient, which results in west-northwest to northwesterly winds throughout much of the year (Mass and Bond 1996, Renard 1996). Although substantial variations from these typical conditions occur both seasonally and from day to day, the Monterey Bay coastal climate is characterized by considerable day-to-day persistence and seasonal mean temperature variations of about 5°C (Renard 1995), typical of other maritime climates.
B. Local meteorological conditions
The monthly averaged winds, temperatures, rainfall, and other meteorological conditions attest to the small amplitude in the seasonal cycle and persistent weather conditions of the Monterey Bay region. The mean wind direction is from the west northwest/northwest during the dry-season months (May - October) when the North Pacific high pressure system is located at its more northern location (Halliwell and Allen 1987). As this high pressure region shifts south during the wet-season months (November - April), the mean wind direction changes to a more westerly direction (Halliwell and Allen 1987, Dorman et al. 1994, Dorman and Winant 1995). The predominant west-northwest coastal winds are important in forcing and maintaining the coastal ocean upwelling (Nelson 1977, Winant et al. 1987).
The wind speed at the Monterey climate station ranges from 3.5 to 4 m/sec (8-9 knot) averages in April-June to 2-3 m/sec (4-6 knot) averages in January (Renard 1995) due largely to the seasonal changes in the intensity of the North Pacific high pressure system. Mean temperatures range from 16-18°C during the summer/early fall to 10-13°C during the winter/early spring, although considerable day to day variations exist (Renard 1995, Renard 1996).
Rainfall is limited almost entirely to the winter season (November - April) when midlatitude storms are prevalent. The rainfall amounts vary widely over the region due to topographic influences on the rainfall and range from near 48 cm in Monterey to over 150 cm in the Santa Cruz or Santa Lucia mountains (Madruga 1994). Cloud cover is a maximum during the dry season when the atmospheric mixed layer is well defined (Renard 1996, Leipper 1994).
C. Deviations from general meteorological conditions
Significant deviations from these general meteorological conditions occur due to the normal passage of migratory weather systems across the area. The interaction of these migratory weather systems with the coast and mountains is very important for producing local variations in the climate as well as the distribution of specific meteorological conditions on any given day.
During the winter months, extratropical storm systems (Figure 2) and their associated fronts cross the region with an average frequency of 3-4 events per month (Renard 1996, Dorman and Winant 1995, Dorman et al. 1994). These frontal cyclones account for most of the winter precipitation and produce the strongest coastal winds, as well as producing a substantial effect on the coastal upwelling (Enriquez and Friehe 1994). The southeasterly to southwesterly low-level wind directions in advance of these storms interact with the southern slopes of coastal mountain ranges to produce maximum rainfall on these slopes (Madruga 1994). Consequently, the rainfall on the southern, windward slope of the Santa Cruz mountains is considerably greater than on the north-facing slopes of the Santa Lucia mountains south of Monterey. Strong cross-coast pressure gradients frequently develop ahead of approaching fronts to produce winds in excess of 15 m/sec (30 knots) along the coast and over the Monterey Bay, similar to that observed along other mountainous coastlines (Overland and Bond 1994).
During the summer months, migratory weather systems generally produce little rainfall or significant winds but act to produce the periods of sunny, warm weather that punctuate the persistent fog and cool weather. These periods of sunny, warm weather are associated with the development of higher pressure over the interior part of the state, usually at latitudes north of Monterey, which results in offshore directed low-level winds (Mass and Bond 1996). These offshore winds maintain clear skies and warm temperatures more characteristic of inland portions of the state.
The most pronounced variability in the meteorological conditions in the Monterey Bay region is due to the significant diurnal fluctuations in winds, temperatures and clouds that occur throughout the year. Diurnal wind speed variations can exceed 15 m/sec (30 knots; Round 1993, Renard 1996), which is larger than all but the strongest storm systems. These diurnal fluctuations are primarily the result of the large surface heating differences between the Central Valley and the coastal marine atmosphere, and resemble the classic sea-breeze circulation (Banta et al. 1994).
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I would like to test:
If the user knows how to find the weather forecast for a location different from where they are located.
If the user can read hourly forecast information.
If the user interprets the meaning of the icons properly.
If there is any information they need that the app does not provide them with.
Post-test question about the visual appearance of the app.
What is the weather in Bellingham tomorrow?
Does the weather at Mt Baker allow for a skiing 5-day vacation?
What is the weather going to be in Miami, FL today at 7pm?
Is it going to be warm for the rest of the week in Miami?
Display the temperature in Celsius instead of Fahrenheit?


Wind Smart application connects your Android device with a Wind Smart sensors. The Wind Smart measures wind speed, air temperature and wind direction.
Features:- Current, average and maximum wind speed, wind direction and air temperature- Graphical and sound alarms- Wind speed units: m/s, knots, mph, km/h and Bft.- Temperature units: °C and °F- Wind speed range: 0.6 - 50 m/s- Resolution: 0.1 m/s- Accuracy: +/- 3%
Don't have Wind Smart sensor yet? Buy it at http://www.scarlet.com.tw
Please note that Application requires device with Android 4.3 (or newer) and Bluetooth 4.0 BLE.
NOTE: If you are using Android 6.0 (Marshmallow) and there is no data receiving from sensor/-s, please turn location service on: Settings -> Location -> ON.


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Local Significant Weather - Carson City, NV
December 4, 2017 - Total precipitation for the month of November was 2.65 inches, which was more that 200% of average for the month.
October 1, 2017 - The water year for 2016-2017 ended up with 31.31 inches of precipitation. This is about 3 times the average of 10.42 inches for the year.
April 1, 2017 - Total precipitation for the Month of March, 2017 was 1.83 inches bringing the seasonal total since October 1, 2016 to 27.21 inches
March 1, 2017 - Total precipitation for the Month of February, 2017 was 7.02 inches bringing the seasonal total since October 1, 2016 to 25.38 inches.
February 10, 2017 - Storm total for the 24-hour period from February 9-10 was 2.21 inches. Monthly total is at 4.19 inches and a season total since October 1, 2016 is 22.55 inches.
January 31, 2017 - Total precipitation for the month of January was 9.96 inches, which brings the seasonal total to 18.36 inches.
January 9, 2017 - Storm total precipitation since the storm began Saturday January 7, 2017 was 2.62 inches, with a monthly total of 5.20 inches.
January 5, 2017 - So far the monthly total for precipitation is 2.24 inches. 2.16 inches occurred January 3rd - 4th with three inches of snow. This brings the seasonal total to 10.64 inches. Normal yearly total is 10.41 inches.
January 2, 2017 - December was a wet month with 3.13 inches of precipitation for the month, bringing the total to 8.40 since October 1, 2016.
November 5, 2016 - Total precipitation for the month of October was 4.78 inches, which surpassed the record of 4.07 set back in 2010 from CW5091. The official record is 4.33 inch, but the WRCC total for the month was only 2.89 inches far below the official record.
October 28, 2016 - Total precipitation so far for the month is 4.36 inches. The official record is 4.33 inches for the month of October.
October 17,2016 - Total precipitation for the three day storm that started Friday, October 14, 2016 through Sunday night October 16, 2016 was 3.34 inches with a monthly total so far of 3.56 inches. This was due to an atmospheric river event associated with the remains of Typhoon Songda.
October 1, 2016 - Total precipitation for the current water year 2015 - 2016 beginning October 1, 2015 is 13.07 inches.
August 9, 2014 - An early evening thundershower dropped .13 inches of rain in about 15 minutes. Rainfall total for the month of August now stands at .55 inches.
August 5, 2014 - The summer wet spell continued with a 24 hour precipitation total of .42 inches of rain. The total for the month of July was .49 inches most of which fell during the last two weeks of the month.
March 1, 2014 - February ended on a wet note with a total of 3.45 inches of precipitation for the month. This was 213% of average for the month, which the average is currently 1.62 inches.
October 2, 2013 - Total precipitation for the water year 2012 - 2013 is 9.14 inches. This is near 90% of average for the year. While we did okay precipitation wise for the year, much of the rain and snow fell during the months of October through December. The months of January through October were some of the driest months on record. Much of the Sierra only averaged around 50-70% of average precipitation, much of which fell during the same period.
February 10, 2013 - January finished the month with only .28 inches of precipitation. This was even drier than the January of 2011, which only was .33.
January 1, 2013 - December ended up on a very wet note with several periods of wet weather. Heavy rain early in the month brought 2.01 inches of rain. The period during the last two weeks of December brought 1.85 inches of precipitation mostly in the form of snow with a rain snow mix at times. Total snow fall was 11 inches over the period. Total precipitation for the month was 3.86 inches.
November 8 - 10, 2012 - A cold trough moved into the area bringing the first significant snow of the season to the Carson City area. Most of this fell as lake effect snow where many parts of Carson City received up to 9 inches of snow through the two day period. Many area to the south and north of town only received trace amount to 1 inch of snow.
October 31, 2012 - Total precipitation for the months was .60 inches, which was near the normal of .61 inches. There were two systems that moved through during the month with the latter from October 22 through the 24th dropped a mix of rain and snow in the valleys and the first significant storm of the season to the Sierra where some locations received up to 3 feet of snow.
October 3, 2012 - Total precipitation for the water year 2011-2012 was 6.20 inches. This was about 60% of average for the season. The month of September was one of the warmest on record and was very dry with only .02 inches of precipitation for the month.
May 25, 2012 - A strong thunderstorm associated with an anomalously cold low over the area brought thunder snow with areas of hail, graupel and heavy wet snow. 1 1/2 inches fell during the afternoon with slushy roads. The event bought .56 inches of liquid precipitation to the area.
January 21 - 23, 2012 - The 72 hour total for precipitation was 2.56 inches. This brought the Sierra snow pack from 5-10% of average to near 35-40% of average. Still well below the seasonal average.
January 20-21, 2012 - Heavy rain fell overnight with 1.24 inches for a storm total.
January 15, 2012 - 1/2 inch of snow fell in the local area ending a 56 day dry spell. This was a record stretch of day with no precipitation.
January 1, 2012 - December precipitation was 0.00 inches. This was one of the driest Decembers on record.
November 1, 2011 - Precipitation for the month of October was .61 inches. This was normal for the month which is .60 inches.
October 1, 2011 - The water year for 2010-2011 ended up on a very wet note with 19.64 inches from October 1, 2010 through September 30, 2011.
June 30, 2011 - Total rain for the month of June was 1.53 inches which is 400% of average with is .37. Most of the rain the fell was during the first week of June with 1.35 inches falling by June 5th after all was said and done. Another very deep low pressure system affected the area on June 28th with another .17 of an inch.
March 2, 2011 - Heavy rain fell during a two hour period dropping .44 inches of rain.
February 28, 2011 - A significant snow event that began February 17 through the 20th dropped 18-20 inches of snow in the area. Another storm on the 25th dropped another 7-8 inches of snow. Total water equivalent for the month was 2.31 inches. A current snow depth of 14 inches is currently on the ground.
January 31, 2011 - The month was one of the driest on record with only .33 inches of precipitation for the month.
December 31, 2010 - Several strong Pacific storms move through the region during the month bringing much above normal precipitation to the area. Total precipitation received was 5.21 inches. This adds to what is already a very good start to the water year with a total of 10.47 inches since October 1, 2010. This total now exceeds our average yearly precipitation for the current water year. The Sierra snow pack now stands at 190% to near 225% in in the Truckee, Tahoe, Carson and Walker river basins.
November 30, 2010 - A series of cold storm systems dropped several inches of snow with total precipitation of 1.19 inches in the valleys with several feet in the Sierra. Total precipitation for the month was near average for the month.
October 23 -25, 2010 - A strong Pacific jet with the remains of super typhoon Megi brought strong winds and heavy rain to the area. Winds gusted to near 70 mph while heavy rain occurred Sunday October 24th. Total rainfall from this storm was 2.25 inches. Total rainfall is 4.07 for the month as of October 25, 2010. The official rain fall record for the month was 3.47 set back in 1945.
October 2 -5, 2010 - A strong closed low developed and persisted over the area bringing rain and thunderstorms to the area. Nocturnal thunderstorms occurred October 3rd and October 4th with heavy rain showers and frequent lightning. Total precipitation from this event was 1.75 inches.
September 30, 2010 - Total precipitation for water year 2009-2010 beginning October 1, 2009 was 12.04 inches.
December 12, 2009 - Heavy snow fell across much of the area. Total snowfall accumulations were around 6 inches the Carson City area with much higher amounts in the foothills.
December 8-10, 2009 - Very cold temperatures due to significant snow pack and modified arctic air over the region. The morning of December 9 was the coldest. The low was -11F. Highs during the period were in the low to mid 20s.
December 6-7, 2009 - 12-18 inches of snow fell in the Carson City area. Locations on the western side of town experienced the higher accumulations of around 16-18 inches in many spots.
October 13 -14, 2009 - Heavy rain occurred as the remains of super typhoon Melor moved into the west coast. Total precipitation from this event was 1.77 inches.
March-April, 2008 - Driest two month period in the last 100 years. A total of 0.33 inches of precipitation fell in Carson City. Reno reported 0.07 inches tied for the driest two month period. Average precipitation for the Reno area is 1.21 inches during the two month period. March is typically one of our wettest months for the winter season in the Sierra and extreme Western Nevada.
February 23-24, 2008 - 10 inches of snow fell with .92 inches of water equivalent. Snow turned to rain on Sunday, February 24 with little additional accumulation.
February 1-4, 2008 - Snow and blowing snow occurred over the area with 1-2 inches falling each day. White out conditions occurred in many valleys of western Nevada especially Washoe Valley and the Mono Lakes area. Heavy snow fell on the night of February 3 with 3-4 inches. Total water equivalent precipitation was .76 inches through the event.
January 4, 2008 - Heavy rain fell with 1.24 inches. Snow in the amount of 12 inches fell over the period of 01/04/08-01/06/08 for another 1.75 inches of snow/water equivalent. Total liquid precipitation for the event was 2.99 inches.
February 26, 2007 - Heavy Snow. 8-10 inches of snow fell within about a five hour period from about 5p.m. to 10 p.m. with very gusty winds accompanying the snow. Several power outages occurred as a result of heavy snow on power lines.
December 26, 2006 - High wind event. Winds gusted to near 130mph over the Sierra crest with wind gusts of 90 to over 100mph occurred in the Reno/Carson City area. Recorded a wind gust to 46mph in Carson City with much higher gusts in wind prone areas.
December 16, 2006 - Snow fell in the evening with 3 inches accumulating. Cold weather with low temperatures near 0 to 5 above in the next three days to follow.
March 9,10, 2006 - Heavy snow fell overnight with 10 inches of snow mostly from lake effect snow from Lake Tahoe.
February 27,28, 2006 - Heavy rain fell with 1.76 inches over a 36 hour period.
February 15, 2006 - .18 inches of water equivalent from 2 inches of snow.
January 31, 2006 - Total January precipitation was 2.47 inches.
January 14, 2006 - 3 inches of snow fell mostly during the afternoon hours with .27 inches of water equivalent.
January 2, 2006 - Heavy rain. 30 hour storm total of 1.68 inches including 3 inches of heavy wet snow.
December 31, 2005 - Heavy rain. 36 hour storm total for the storm of December 30-31 is 4.30 inches bringing the monthly total to 10.67 inches which is more than the average annual rainfall for an entire year.
December 28, 2005 - Heavy rain fell at times with a 24 hour storm total of .56 inches.
December 26, 2005 - Heavy rain fell in the early morning hours along with 3/4 of an inch of heavy wet snow. Storm total of .68 of an inch water equivalent.
December 21,22, 2005 - Heavy rain fell 36 hour storm total of 1.26. Heavy rain fell with .90 of an inch of rain fell between 5pm - 8pm December 21. .25 fell overnight by 6am December 22. An additional .11 inches fell during the afternoon of December 22.
December 18, 2005 - Heavy snow 8 inches fell overnight with .76 inches water equivalent. Snow has changed to rain and still raining moderately. Storm total is 1.30 inches of water equivalent.
December 8, 2005 - 1 inch of snow fell with .13 inches water equivalent.
December 2, 2005 - Storm total precipitation fell all in the form of rain at 2.44 inches.
November 30, 2005 - 1 inch of wet snow fell mixed with sleet before turning to rain. .33 inches storm total.
November 25, 2005 - Moderate rain occurred with a storm total of .42 inches falling as rain.


Vacation weather; Warmest, coldest, wettest; Observation stations; Climate evolution last 150 years; Ask the meteorologist; Understand the forecast .com. Extended forecast in Kitzbuhel, Austria for up to 25 days includes high temperature, RealFeel and chance of precipitatio Be prepared with the most accurate 10-day forecast for with highs, lows, chance of precipitation from The Weather Channel and Weather.co 7 day, 14 day and 25 day weather forecasts for Kitzbuhel. Accurate and updated regularly by Holiday Weather Current weather in Kitzbühel and forecast for today, tomorrow, and next 14 day
Find out everything about the current weather and snow situation in the sports region Kitzbühel in Tyrol, Austria - take a look at our Livecams See Kitzbühel weather, including high & low temperatures at the summit & base of the mountain today through the next week
Kitzbühel ski resort guide, weather and snow reports, Kitzbühel piste data, Kitzbühel location maps and links to ski chalet holiday deals in Kitzbühel Today's and tonight's weather forecast, weather conditions and Doppler radar from The Weather Channel and Weather.co 14-day weather forecast for Kitzbühel. Partly cloudy and light winds Thundery showers and light winds Thundery showers and light winds Heavy rain showers and.
Kitzbühel 7-Day Snow Forecast from Friday 17th May 2019. Predicted snowfall, skiing conditions and weather over the next week for the Austrian Ski Resort of Kitzbühel 10 day Kitzbühel Weather Forecast. Live Weather Warnings, hourly weather updates. Accurate Kitzbühel weather today, forecast for sun, rain, wind and temperature .at. Webcams. Se alle. Annonse. Hotell i Kitzbühel. Best Western Premier Kaiserhof Kitzbühel . Sammenlign priser. Se kart & veibeskrivelse Hahnenkamm, Kitzbühel, Kitzbühel Alps, Alps, Austria Mountain weather forecast for 1712m. Detailed 6 day mountain weather forecast for climbers and mountaineers
Find the most current and reliable 14 day weather forecasts, storm alerts, reports and information for Kitzbühel, AT with The Weather Network Skiing Ski resort: Skiing holiday - Kitzbühel - Kirchberg - - Hollersbach im Pinzgau,Mittersill,Kirchdorf in Tirol,Oberndorf in Tirol,Schwoich,Aurach bei Kitzbühel. Here you'll find the latest weather conditions and forecasts for your Tirol mountain holiday in summer. Weather information and forecasts to help you organise a. 7 day weather report for the ski resort Kitzbühel/Kirchberg - KitzSki, ski weather Kitzbühel/Kirchberg - KitzSki, mountain weather Kitzbühel/Kirchberg. Været på topp og bunnstasjon for Kitzbühel med snøfall i cm og langtidsvarsel. NB! Grafen og snø-totalene per time kan framstå ulike pga. avrunding.
Want to know what the weather is now? Check out our current live radar and weather forecasts for Kitzbuhel, Tirol, Austria to help plan your da What's the weather like in Kitzbühel, Austria? Find out about the local weather in Kitzbühel and view a detailed weather forecast for the next 9 days here


Huge hailstones are battering parts of New South Wales, with an emergency warning declared.
The NSW State Emergency Service has put out a warning for the Sydney, Newcastle and the Hunter and Mid North Coast Regions in the coming days, as hail batters the state’s north.
The SES is preparing for an increase in calls for assistance from the public, while major flooding continues across the state.
“Our volunteers are trained and ready to assist the community, but we are urging the community to be prepared. Secure any loose items, particularly on apartment balconies, and try to move vehicles undercover,” NSW SES Chief Superintendent Ken Murphy said.
“The NSW community have shown continued resilience throughout the weather we have experienced this year and are urged to take the usual precautions, like checking LiveTraffic, and local council websites for road closures.”
Photos of hailstones larger than golf balls were taken on the Mid North Coast on Thursday evening.
“From Coffs Harbour to Wollongong and inland toward Muswellbrook and Singleton you are on a severe thunderstorm warning for damaging winds and large hailstones,” Sky News Meteorologist Alison Osborne said.
Shortly before this, however, local residents notice strange movements of a plane. The route and the storm coincide amazingly. Is it a coincidence?
More information about the storm here.
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Photo via National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service
Over the past few weeks, there has been a light haze in the air from the Canadian fires and at times, the haze has become very dense. The wind has been carrying the smoke down into the United States and decreasing air quality across our state of Illinois. As shown in the animation below on June 8th, 2023 from the National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service, the smoke was stuck between the low-pressure system over the state of Maine and the high pressure system over the central U.S. According to NOAA meteorologist, Brian Jackson, the smoke was caught in a stationary front over Minnesota to North Carolina. This weather pattern explains the travel sequence of smoke through the Midwest and warranted an air quality alert by the Illinois Environmental Protection Agency in Springfield, Illinois. This alert is important for human health, but how is the poor air quality affecting plant health?
Photosynthesis comes up as a large concern when looking out across crop fields in the Midwest in correlation to the smoke. In 2021, there was also a similar concern for crops when there were wildfires in California. University of Minnesota Extension published an article about this topic in 2021 and addressed some of these concerns.
Wildfire smoke creates a haze in the air but diffuses the radiation from the sun in a form that is more usable for plants. Essentially the sunlight is absorbed better when the sunlight is spread out across the atmosphere rather than the light directly hitting the leaves. As far as photosynthesis goes, it has the potential to increase during these hazy times.
The real concern with wildfire smoke comes when other pollutants are introduced like ozone and aerosols. These air pollutants enter plants through their stomata, which is how CO2 is taken up to produce O2, and that is when the poor air quality can contribute to photosynthesis interference. Closer to where the fires are actively occurring, ash settling on the leaves can also become a physical barrier to light infiltration to the plant. Depending on how long the smoke lingers in the air, the plants should not become stressed and show damage. The plants can become stressed when there is prolonged poor air quality and other pollutants contributing to decreased photosynthesis.
We have collected several other recent University articles for you to learn more about wildfire smoke effect on crop growth:
Wildfire smoke and potential impacts to crops – Cool Bean
How could the haze of wildfires affect crop growth? | Agronomic Crops Network (osu.edu)
Purdue Crop Chat Episode 52, Northeast Indiana Crop Update & the Smoky Air from Canada – Hoosier Ag Today
Wildfire smoke impacts on crop production | Integrated Crop Management (iastate.edu)
Smoke From Canadian Wildfires Blankets U.S. | NESDIS (noaa.gov)
Managing wildfire smoke: impacts to crops and workers (umn.edu)
How Does Wildfire Smoke Impact Corn Growth?


The westerly disturbance has caused changes in weather conditions in the Kathmandu Valley and other parts of the country. Weather expert Sujan Subedi said the weather will improve in central Nepal from today itself, adding that Tarai districts will witness gradual improvement in weather from tomorrow.
High hills and Himalayan regions have witnessed snowfall, while the valley and some districts outside the valley have received rainfall. Rainning-KTM-7 As per records at 8.45 am on Monday, Dadeldhura received maximum rainfall (25 mm), whereas the valley received 3 mm rainfall. Subedi described the recent rainfall at this time of the year as scant. He said the chill will go gradually, after two-three days.
Improvement in weather will be a huge relief for earthquake victims in the highlands, who have been living in makeshift tents in pitiable conditions, thanks to the Indian blockade and the unrest in the plains that has been causing a shortage of essentials like petroleum products and lifesaving drugs.


CNBC reports on the barriers to fully-renewable energy use in the US.
Generating electricity to power homes and businesses is a significant contributor to climate change. In the United States, one quarter of greenhouse gas emissions come from electricity production, according to the Environmental Protection Agency.
Solar panels and wind farms can generate electricity without releasing any greenhouse gas emissions. Nuclear power plants can too, although today’s plants generate long-lasting radioactive waste, which has no permanent storage repository.
Read the full article at the CNBC website.


Melting Arctic ice could be to blame for rainy British summers
The very wet summers that left Brits moaning from 2007-2012 could have been the result of excessive Arctic ice melting, which shifted the jet stream further south than usual, according to a new study by Dr. James Screen of the University of Exeter.
Screen’s study, published in Environmental Research Letters, used a computer model to probe the relationship between sea ice retreat and northwest European summer climate.
“The results of the computer model suggest that melting Arctic sea ice causes a change in the position of the jet stream and this could help to explain the recent wet summers we have seen,” said Screen.
“The study suggests that loss of sea ice not only has an effect on the environment and wildlife of the Arctic region but has far reaching consequences for people living in Europe and beyond.”
The model predicts that alongside rainfall increases in Europe’s north, the south could see less rain.
Read the study here.


A tornado, also known as a twister, whirlwind or cyclone, is a spinning wind storm that comes down from the clouds in a snake or v-shape and tears up the earth.
On December 10th and 11th 2021 in the US, at least 90 people were killed by tornadoes in Kentucky and neighbouring states. Part of what made the tornadoes so deadly is that they struck at night and in an ill-prepared part of the country. But it is rare to have such severe tornadoes in December.
Compared to hurricanes (aka typhoons, cyclones), tornadoes are much smaller, generally form over land, last minutes to hours instead of days, but can have much higher winds. Hurricanes are huge, slow-moving and come from the sea, bringing floods. They can kill way more people than tornadoes – and can give rise to tornadoes of their own, as Hurricane Ida did a…
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WEATHER AND CLIMATE IN SAMBURU NATIONAL RESERVE
Weather and Climate in Samburu national reserve : Samburu national reserve is a game reserve on the banks of the Ewaso Ng’iro river in Kenya. The reserve is 165km2 in size and situated 350 kilometres from Nairobi. Samburu national reserve is found in Samburu county, county in the former rift valley province, Kenya.
Samburu National Reserve covers an area of roughly 21,000km2 (8,000mi2) in northern Kenya where the Samburu, Turkana and many other tribes live, it stretches north from the Wuaso Ng’iro River to the south of Lake Turkana. Samburu National Reserve is unique wildlife conservation haven famous for an abundance of rare species of animals such as the Grevy Zebra, Somali Ostrich, Reticulated Giraffe, Gerenuk and the Beisa Oryx. The reserve is also home to a population of close to 900 elephants. The reserve has over 390 bird species both recorded in Samburu and Buffalo Springs national reserves, the reserves protect a variety of habitats, home to different bird species including arid acacia savannah, scrub and gallery forest along the Ewaso Nyiro River.
Weather And Climate Of Samburu National Reserve
Weather refers to short-term changes in the atmosphere, climate describes what the weather is like over for a long period of time in a specific area. In Samburu National Reserve region weather tells you what to wear according to the season in the year, the climate tells you what types of clothes to wear basing on either the wet or dry season in the year.
Though Kenya country lies on the equator, and has pleasant tropical climate but there are large regional climatic variations influenced by several factors including the altitude that is Kenya’s day time temperature average between 200C/680 F and 280 C/820 F, but it is warmer on the coast.
The Samburu National Reserve lies within ecological zone V-which is classified as arid and semi-arid with moisture index of 42 to 57, which indicate that evapo-transpiration is greater than available moisture. The days are extremely hot while the nights are cool. The annual mean temperatures range between180 C and 300 C, while the mean annual rainfall is 354mm with the peaks in November and April. The dry seasons starts with late May, and goes up to early October during when the large concentration of wildlife is found in the reserve due to availability to lush vegetation along the Ewaso Nyiro River, the main source of water to the Reserve and the near by communities.
In Samburu National Reserve during the day, Samburu’s climate is hot and dry, although it cools own the night. The day time temperature is usually in the region of 320 C/900F, while the average at night time is 150 C/590 F. It is good idea to bring warm clothing for game drives in the early morning. The rain peak in April and November, but annual rainfall is low.
Samburu National Reserve has a tropical monsoon climate with two distinct rainy periods, the summers are practically dry and the temperatures are around 30 degrees on average. The high temperatures in combination with high precipitation figures may cause high humidity figures.
Climate information of Samburu National Reserve
The data below is based on registered weather data and applies to Samburu National Reserve.
|Months||Average maximum temperatures(0)||Average minimum temperature(0)||Average hours of sunshine per day||Average days with precipitation per month|
Dry season, (June to September)
This time of the year is marked by hot and sunny says with almost no rainfall being recorded.
June and July-Hot and sunny conditions, afternoon temperatures are in the region of 310 C/870 F.
August and September-Daytime temperatures are on the rise before the rains cool things down. September’s average temperature is around 320 C/900 F, although it peaks much higher.
Wet season (October to May).
The wet season is defined by the ‘short rains ‘followed by the wetter ‘long rains’. The months of January and February are a dry period that separates the shorter and longer rains.
October, November and December. November is the wettest month. It rarely rains all day, but storms do occur in the afternoon. The day time temperatures are around 320 C/900 F, although it climbs higher before rain and falls when the shores have cleared.
January and February, dry spell that falls between the short and long rains, though it is difficult to predict the exact timing. February is the hottest month. Average temperature in the afternoon is 330 C/910 F, but it can get much hotter.
March, April and May. Short afternoon showers are usual during the long rains, which typically break in the late March. April is the wettest month, and driving on deteriorating roads can be challenging. The temperatures in the latter part of the day are around 320 C/900 F.
Best Season To Visit Samburu National Reserve.
The months of December through March and July through October are dry, making them by far the best months to visit the Samburu National Reserve that is when activities like wildlife viewing, nature walks and bird watching can be best dine during the dry season. You can also enjoy sunny, blue skies with almost no rain and the water sources are limited so the animals congregate along the Ewaso River.


Daily Archives: March 20, 2008
About that global warming
Today is the first day of Spring, and the weather report calls for an inch of snow today, plus four to six inches tomorrow here in the Chicago area where I live. So much for global warming.
My advice, if you ever want to see high school ball played this year, is for everyone to get in their cars right now and start driving around. Also find any old aerosol cans you have and start spraying. Let’s do what we can to break down that ozone layer and get some warmth going so the snow stops and the fields can dry out.
Just one man’s opinion.