PM Kisan 17th Installment: Beneficiary Status & Village Wise List
The Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi is being implemented by the Central Government to assist farmers at the economic level, especially those in the general and lower-income categories, in agricultural work. This scheme provides economic benefits to farmers, which is very beneficial for them. Under the PM Kisan scheme, farmers in most states are being benefited.
The next payment benefit is PM Kisan 17th Installment and till now 16 installments of scheme are provided to farmers registered under the scheme last month in February. Under this scheme, more than 15 crore farmers across the country have benefited from the 16th installment. The installment of benefits issued in the month of February has provided considerable assistance to all farmers in their agricultural activities for the Rabi crop.
After the 16th installment of the PM Kisan Samman Nidhi Yojana was released by the Central Government, the process for the 17th installment will soon begin, under which all farmers can receive the benefit of the next installment of the scheme. For those farmers who want to know the specific time for the release of the 17th installment, it is informed that the next installment of the PM Kisan Samman Nidhi Yojana will be released under May month.
You must be aware that under the PM Kisan Yojana, the benefit of the assistance amount for farmers is provided at intervals of every four months. Only those farmers who have received the benefit of the installment issued for them will be eligible for the upcoming 17th installment of the scheme. Today, through this article, we will provide you with information related to the PM Kisan 17th Installment.
PM Kisan 17th Installment Overview
|Department of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare
|PM Kisan 17th Installment
|PM Kisan Samman Nidhi Yojana
|16 Installment received till now
|17th Installment (INR 2000)
|April or May 2024
|DBT – Online
PM Kisan 17th Installment e-KYC Update
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Under the Prime Minister Kisan Samman Nidhi Yojana, new instructions have been issued regarding the 17th installment, under which only those farmers who complete the e-KYC of their bank accounts will be provided the benefits of the next installment of the scheme. It is necessary for all farmers to be beneficiaries of the 16th installment in order to receive the benefits of the 17th installment.
In the same sequence, some registered farmers have not been able to benefit from the previous 16th installment, the main reason for this is the status of their registration. For those farmers for whom the 16th installment has not been made available, they will need to check the status of their registration through PM-Kisan PFMS and if their registration is rejected, then there will be a need to make improvements in it.
PM Kisan Yojana
The PM Kisan Yojana, also known as the PM Kisan Samman Nidhi Yojana, provides financial assistance to farmers by providing an amount of ₹2000 every 4 months. Under the PM Kisan Yojana, an initial installment of 16 installments has been provided to farmers, and this work is ongoing.
The scheme initiated by Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi for the welfare of farmers has registered more than 15 crore farmers from all states of the country. This scheme, which is being implemented by the Prime Minister for farmers who work on agricultural land and face difficulties in meeting the financial cost of farming activities, is proving to be quite effective.
PM Kisan 17th Installment Date
To get the next installment of the PM Kisan Samman Nidhi Yojana, there are 3 months left, and important information related to the issuance of installment for all farmers will be made available soon. If you are a registered farmer under the PM Kisan Yojana, keep receiving the latest updates provided by us, which are quite important for you.
How to Check PM Kisan 17th Installment Status
- To check the status of the upcoming installment of the PM Kisan Yojana, you will need to visit the official portal.
- While scrolling through the home page of the official portal, you will need to click on the Farmer Corner option.
- After that, enter your account number or registered mobile number on the displayed page.
- An OTP will be generated on your mobile number, which you should enter in the designated space.
- After entering the OTP, click on the Get Data option.
- The status of the farmer’s account will be displayed on the screen in front of you.
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IRDGs Director of the Center for Agribusiness Development (CABD) Pathmashankar organised a study tour to the Makandura Organic Agricultural Research and Development Center for the IRDG team members.
As CABD is entering the organic revolution and is now starting with compost making. The tour provided an awareness of hands on compost making and for the team members to gain a very good understanding of all aspects of compost making.
Project Director Pathmashankar said "this study tour helped to validate the project concept that we have developed and we could now start our project immediately".
The tour was funded by the Central Bank of Sri Lanka Northern Regional Office and a few members from the Agriculture department of the Northern Province also joined the team on the tour.
The IRDG team was very enthusiastic that we are entering a new journey that would be very significant for the province as there is an urgent need for the province to adopt organic cultivation. The soil, water and health of the people are being affected badly due to indiscriminate use of chemical fertiliser.
It was a first time for some of the members of the IRDG team venturing out on a 6 hour journey to Negambo and starting at 3.45am was also a challenge.
However such was the enthusiasm all were on time for the bus.


Drought workshop is April 1
Area conservation agencies will sponsor a drought management workshop on April 1 in Canon City.
Tommy Covington, Fremont County director of the CSU Cooperative Extension, and Rick Romano, district conservationist with the Natural Resources Conservation Service, are working together to set up the program.
Speakers will be Roy Roath, CSU Cooperative Extension; Ben Berlinger, NRCS area rangeland management specialist; and Jeff Tranel, Extension agriculture and business management specialist. A representative of the Bureau of Land Management will discuss what to expect with allotments this year.
The workshop will be held at the Fremont County 4-H Building, 1450 S. Ninth Street, Canon City, from 10 a.m. to 3:30 p.m. Lunch will be provided.
Financial sponsors include the conservation districts in the Upper Arkansas and Lower Arkansas Watershed Associations, Colorado Chapter of the Soil and Water Conservation Society, and the Renewable Resources Extension Act (Drought Grant).
Interested people may register until March 29 by contacting the Fremont County Extension office at 276-7390, or the Fremont Conservation District at 275-4465 extension 101.


In the heart of Dromana with views of the beach and the bay, sits a little farm that is changing the way locals and tourists shop for their produce.
Torello Farm on White Hill Road is different. When you walk in, the smell of fresh fruit and produce hits you straight away. Rows of butternut pumpkins, mixed leaf kale and bok choy line the shed walls for you to browse, fresh from the fields. You won’t find bananas or mangoes on the racks, however. Torello only sources vegetables grown from its own fields or farms around the Mornington Peninsula. As the seasons change, so does the produce. Coming into summer, you’ll see the fields slowly being filled with bright red tomatoes and succulent apricots ready to pick.
Torello Farm sells Belted Galloway beef and Dorset Down lamb, grown and grass-fed on land just a few minutes away too. They’re heritage breeds and were chosen because they exhibit the most incredible flavour – something that the three families that run Torello take pride in. It’s not uncommon to find really unique products like this at Torello Farm – ones you won’t find in many other stores.
The Torello team is often told by regular customers that its produce “just lasts”. Torello are able to give you the longest lasting produce available thanks to one significant difference: food miles. From field to shelf, it's about 75 metres. It can be in the ground in the morning, and on the shelf by noon. That’s the difference Torello offers. They’re a plastic-free farm too, opting for compostable punnets to store their strawberries and broad beans in.
With three generations of farming prowess watching over the produce, you know Torello is quality. You’ll find its shelves full every day from 8am–6pm.


Every day, the global situation of the water crisis is worsening and many of us are even aware of this. Research by the United Nations shows that “two billion people live in countries that experience high water stress”. These alarming rates should alert everybody and start saving the planet. To create awareness of the effects of drought, the 17th of June is designated as the World Day to Combat Desertification and Drought
What are Desertification and Drought?
In simple words, when fertile land is turned into non-productive land or in extreme cases, turned into dryland is called desertification. The reason for this change could be both humans and climate change. Inappropriate use of agricultural land or overexploiting water resources are some of the man-made reasons which lead to desertification. A drought, on the other hand, is a natural phenomenon where there is not an adequate amount of rainfall in an area for a prolonged time causing the lack of water content in the soil, leading to a water shortage or scarcity.
The Effects of Desertification and Drought:
In both cases, the first impact will be on the agricultural industry as during desertification the land is infertile and unfit for growing crops. During drought, the lack of groundwater will affect agriculture and to water the crops the farmers can use an irrigation system but that means that there needs to be a water body nearby for it to happen. This hit on agriculture will set things back globally, as without food there is nothing. Unemployment and shortage of food would be caused, piling on the existing issues of water shortage. The whole process is a vicious cycle, where humans were the main contributors to the situation.
Desertification will also lead to another severe issue which is the scarcity of natural fuels and other building materials. The lack of plants around a particular area will also affect the livestock as they do not have anything to graze on. Without trees, there may be several natural phenomena caused and lack of trees leads to soil erosion. According to the National Geographic explorer Alexandra Cousteau, there will soon be cases of “Water refugees”. By the term water refugees, she means that soon people will start to migrate to different places in search of water.
The theme for World Day to Combat Desertification and Drought 2021:
World Day to Combat Desertification and Drought theme for this year is focused on turning desertified land into usable land and improving the quality of the land. This will provide many opportunities such as increased employment as more people can get into agriculture or in trying to retrieve the land. It will also be helpful for the environment and help reduce the production of harmful gases which affect the ozone layer.
How to Combat Desertification and Drought?
Even though 70% of the earth is water only 0.03% of it is fresh water, hence desalination of seawater would be a good approach to tackle drought but it is a very tedious process. Rainwater harvesting is a simple method which even a common man can do, in order to save water. Every house can install an uncomplicated device that collects the rainwater and saves it in a tank. The easiest and most important method is planting more trees.
Establishing seed banks, which are nothing but preserving seeds to make sure they are usable even after a long time. This way there will be no need to waste the seeds until the land is ready to be grown. Enriching the soil with nutrients and organic manure to improve the quality of the soil will also help to overcome desertification.
We all may have our individual homes to live in, but one home that we all share in common is the planet earth and as responsible residents of this planet, we are obligated to protect it at all cost. Even if you do not want to care for everybody, think about yourself, you need water and a place to live, so help save the planet on World Day to Combat Desertification and Drought.
Also, Read About- World Oceans Day


Penparcau Planting Project is feeling very excited about starting this new project. We plan to enable Penparcau residents to grow their own food however small a space they may have with the help of Penparcau Community Forum.
We will be creating a space to grow different vegetables, fruit and herb seedlings to distribute out to the community. We hope many people will become involved and we can make this into a sustainable community food growing project. We plan to regenerate seeds so we can organise seed swops/exchanges each year.
We plan to record our progress on this page and see your wonderful seeds become food.
More information is to follow but if you would like to be involved or ask any questions please email firstname.lastname@example.org.
The eight planters in Penparcau are planted and they are looking beautiful, a huge thank-you to residents who are keeping an eye on them for us.
The Hub garden is taking shape and we have herbs, vegetables and hanging baskets growing there.
A big thanks to Karen Roberts (Hub manager) for her huge donation of compost, Morrison’s for their wonderful donation of flowers, Katie Jones for her kind donation of a water butt, Gweneira Raw Rees & Charlie Kingsbury for helping us with the council donation of flowers, and all the Penparcau residents for your wonderful feedback and volunteering to help when lockdown is over.
The Hub Garden is coming on a treat and thanks to many Local Conversations we have received lots of local donations.
A big thanks to local resident John McTavish and his daughter Janet for his wonderful array of tomatoes and nasturtiums, Dylan & Rhian Jones for their beautiful nasturtiums and sunflowers and the wonderful feedback we have received saying that’s it has boosted the village morale.
We have a new addition to the garden, our wind chime owl. Local boy Tomos aged 3 has been enjoying watching the garden grow and visits most days so it was only apt he named the Owl and Tomos has named him ‘Steve’ so have a look out for Steve the Owl on the tree next time your walking by.
Another local family really enjoying the space is Betsy and Freddie. Their mum said it is their favourite place to visit now and we are so pleased we are able to offer this lovely space at the Hub. We thank them for the kind donation of Parsley, Basil, Beetroot and peppers and also to Jan & Phil Thomas for the tree decorations.
So again a big thank-you to all who pass by and stop for a chat, we have met so many new people doing this project and cannot wait to get more families in Penparcau growing.
Penparcau Planting Project is celebrating community projects in Cae Job.
Today was the start of Cae Job having the access to grow their own food using old disused planters on the estate. Working in partnership with the residents and West Wales Housing Rhiannon Ling, Penparcau Planting Project at the Hub is helping Cae Job become a community food growing program. Local residents Johanna Taylor and Karen Hughes are going to lead this fantastic community project and all the residents will have a say of what they want to grow.
The planting project will be helping them paint, dig out and plant vegetable, herbs and flowers in the seven planters.
Another huge thank-you to Len Loveridge of LPL Property Maintenance and Clearance for volunteering to dig out the planters, you did a fantastic job.
A big thank-you to Rhiannon Ling for funding the project, Penparcau Community Forum and all the residents who are supporting this fantastic community food growing project.


Trying to eat clean on a budget? Here are some ways to buy really cheap fruit.
Can really frugal families eat organic fruit everyday? Well, maybe not exactly organic, but it is possible to minimize pesticides and get fruit at a really cheap price! I should know because I am very frugal and I minimize toxins in my life for health reasons.
Here are 4 ways to buy the best fruit available at the cheapest price.
Buy From a Local Farmer
Farmer’s Markets are a good place to buy seasonal fresh fruit. You can locate your local farmers markets at localharvest.org. Many times the fruit available is pesticide free and it is a good price. In many cases pesticide free is as good as organic-the farmer just hasn’t gotten the organic certification (which can be very costly and time consuming).
While you are at the farmer’s market, get to know your local farmers. Some farmers will give you a discount if you buy a whole box of fruit. Even if they don’t have anything like that available, it is a good idea to ask if they ever have discounts. Some farmers will tell you to call a few days ahead of the market and if there is a surplus of anything, they will give you a discount if you buy more.
Some farmer’s have “pick your own” days when the fruit is drastically discounted. My local farmer has certain days when strawberries are $1.00 a pound because he needs to get them out of the field.
Buy Fruit that is in Season
Fruit at the grocery store is often cheaper if it is in season. I made a printable fruit chart for you that you can take to the store or just refer to when you make your grocery list. It lists the cheapest fruits available for each season. These fruits have a very low price per pound.
Buy Organic (Sometimes!)
I also included information on the pesticide levels of different fruits. Fruits with an asterick beside them are fruits that generally contain more pesticides. These fruits are ones that I buy organically if I can.Of course, sometimes I come across a killer deal on a fruit that does generally contain more pesticides. If the budget is really tight, I buy it anyway and then wash it really well. I have read that this can really reduce the pesticide level. (Different sources disagree on how much pesticide can be removed, but all sources agree that washing the fruit definitely gets rid of a good portion of the pesticides.)
If you want to be as careful as possible follow these steps:
- Soak your produce in apple cider vinegar and water for 15 minutes or more.
- Scrub it with a soft brush under running water.
- If possible, peel the fruit before eating.
Walmart has a 2 pound bag of organic apples for $2.96 ($1.48 per pound).Did I miss anything? Have you found any other ways to buy healthy cheap fruit? I would love to hear about your finds!
You may also be interested in how I get the best coconut oil price online, or 20 Thrifty Tips and Tricks from a Frugal Stay at Home Mom
Pin it for later:
Disclaimer: This post is not medical advice. I am not a doctor or medical professional. I share only from my own experiences and research. Consult your own practitioner before making changes in your diet or supplements.
You may also be interested in the Pros and Cons of Organic Food.


Langhe: not only wine
We also work closely with the owners of the best hazelnut orchards for the production of Nocciola Piemonte I.G.P. in Alba, Albaretto Torre, Sinio and Somano.
Our hazelnut orchards are managed biologically in order to protect the soil and guarantee the quality of the hazelnut. All our sweets are gluten free.
We want to create a sustainable chain and have the control on the raw material so to guarantee the best quality and a refined taste.
Relanghe was founded in 1994 thanks to the Ceretto family. After many years of experience in the wine production they decided to embark on a challenge and make known the other important and prestigious product of the Langhe hills worldwide: the Hazelnut.
The original project was focused on the production of the traditional crunchy Torrone with hazelnuts but later Relanghe focused its attention on the precious Nocciola Piemonte I.G.P., which is now used to produce different sweets, fully respecting the production process.


Nursery Study Growth in Seeds
Nursery started with looking at primroses and what the effects were with watering one and not the other. They very quickly made the connection that without watering the plant, it quickly withered and didn't look very healthy at all! The children are now looking at cress seeds, having planted them using three different types of material; paper towel, cotton wool and microfibre sheets. Joseph was concerned there was no soil so didn't think those seeds would grow. Erica really hoped we would see the flowers first but most of the other Nursery children said the stem would be the first part of the plant to grow! Having also grown runner beans, the children are really excited to see the results of their cress plants!


Producing medical cannabis of the highest possible quality requires special attention at every stage of the cultivation process. Each decision experienced cultivators make – from the selection of genetics, to the nutrients the plants receive, to the exact timing of the harvest – requires delicate precision. Quality cannabis flowers are a testament to months of hard work, but many growers overlook the importance of the critical final stage in the process. That’s why we’re proud to introduce our Vintage Cure line of finely aged flowers. The Process Though sometimes misunderstood by commercial growers eager to share their latest harvest, the curing process is vital to the production of top shelf flowers. This stage begins the moment the plant is harvested from the garden and can last from weeks to months depending on the quality standards of the manufacturer. As with many artisanal products, patience is a virtue here and rewards those willing to wait. As the plant begins to dry, the flowers undergo chemical changes that increase the medicinal properties of the finished product. Our cultivation team creates a temperature and humidity controlled environment with minimized light exposure to protect the integrity of cannabinoids and terpenes within each flower. Surrounding air is carefully exchanged to remove excess moisture and ensure optimal conditions throughout the curing stage. This process allows chlorophyll and other naturally occurring plant components to break down at the cellular level, leaving behind only the most desirable elements of the finished flower. The Product When cured to such exacting standards, cannabis flowers exhibit rich aromas and flavors according to each strain’s unique terpene profile. Due to its optimized moisture content, the finished product will be easier to grind or separate, exposing its cannabinoid components. When smoked or vaporized, the material will heat evenly and patients will experience reduced irritation upon inhalation due to the breakdown of byproducts during the lengthy curing process. For cultivators in pursuit of perfection, this approach is essential, but it requires considerable patience and commitment. The flowers featured in our Vintage Cure line have undergone over 4 months of curing time, including careful monitoring throughout the process. We’re grateful to our skilled cultivation staff for their dedication to excellence and we’re excited to share these superb flowers with our patients. Vintage Cure flowers are available now, featuring Northern Lights (Indica), Flo (Hybrid), and Super Silver Haze (Sativa).


What is Lasagna Gardening?
Despite the name, lasagna gardening isn’t directly related to making the delicious Italian dish. Nor is it anything to do with growing the ingredients to make a lasagna – well the tomatoes are possible, as is the garlic and herbs – but I think anyone would struggle growing pasta sheets in the garden!
Lasagna gardening, however, does have the potential of growing produce equally as delectable as any Italian cuisine. It is essentially a manner of composting that varies in its set up from the usual composting bin.
It does not require digging or a bin but it actually consists of the layering of compostable substances (think lasagna layers!) which eventually breaks down to form a planting patch.
Steps to create a Lasagna Garden
Pick your area and cover it over with newspaper or cardboard. You do not need to remove any grass or weeds that may be underneath as these will break down and form part of your lovely lasagna. You need a relatively thick layer so aim for around two layers of cardboard or five to seven layers of newspaper. Ensure that any products you use are fully compostable so no tapes, varnished box coatings, metal staples etc.
Once your initial layer is done – soak with water to kick off the process.
Next, in your lasagna recipe, you will need fully unprocessed products that you would ordinarily compost: consider grass cuttings, vegetable, and fruit peelings etc. These are known as the green materials.
The next layer in your Lasagna Garden set up should consist of compost or manure that is already broken down to allow your plants access to the nutrients. Do not add fresh manure as it contains high nitrogen that could be harmful to your plants especially flowers.
Next, you should add medium-sized logs preferable from a pine, maple, or oak trees and water to make it wet. This should be followed by kitchen waste such as veggies, egg shells, food waste, coffee grounds etc to add more nutrients to the soil.
After the green comes to the brown materials which are a layer of products such as dried leaves, straw, and more shredded newspaper and leaves.
You will need to alternate the green and brown layers until you reach a height of approximately twenty inches tall.
Leave your layers to work their magic.
When is the right time to plant with Lasagna Gardening?
Once you have set up your layers of sheet composting and nature gets to work by breaking it down and forming earthworms and other microbes, it may take up to 6 months to a year for all the materials to completely break down. You can then top up your Lasagna Garden with a layer of manure and other scraps to make it ready for your plants.
So you need to set up your garden ahead of the time you intend to plant. For example, you can start creating your lasagna garden in winter to make it ready for planting in summer. The more materials and ingredients gathered in the fall, the better for your lasagna garden is in the summer.
Ingredients for a Lasagna Garden
To create a good Lasagna Garden, you will need a bunch of materials or ingredients that essentially form up the compost pile in your garden. These materials or ingredients will break down to provide all the nutrients your plants need to grow. Here are some materials or ingredients that are great for your Lasagna Garden:
- Shredded Newspaper
- Shredded Leaves
- Vegetable scraps
- Fruit Peelings
- Tree Logs
- Coffee Grounds
- Grass or Lawn Clippings
- Organic Compost
- Organic Manure
- Peat Moss
- Wood Shavings
- Saw Dust
- Tea Bags
- Spent blooms and Trimmings
What are the Pros to Lasagna Gardening?
- No digging is required so this is the perfect project for anyone preferring a physically easier form of gardening.
- As you are composting directly on the area that you will be using – no nutrients are lost as they could be in a compost bin.
- This is much cheaper and less manual alternative to building raised beds.
- Lasagna Gardening is a great gardening method for the environment as it uses most of your household waste and essentially composting the waste materials to make a beautiful and well-nourished garden.
- If done correctly, the end result will be a beautifully nutritious and slack soil which will require less chemical or artificial fertilization.
- Lasagna Garden can be created in small and large spaces – it works great even in gardening containers.
- Lasagna Garden is made up of several compost layers stacked to a desirable height which is great if you have a backache or difficulty bending down.
What are the Cons to Lasagna Gardening?
- You will need to plan ahead more than with other types of bed creation. It is best to start building layers in the autumn so that full decomposition should have taken place by the spring.
- Regular composting occurs due to the intense heat created by the weight and density of the components. With the lasagna layers being a lot smaller and lighter by nature, decomposition can take longer.
- As you will not be mixing the layers as you would with a traditional composting method, you will ideally need to build the entire lasagna all at once to ensure that decomposition takes place all at relatively the same time. Therefore you will need to have all your components ready to go ahead of starting which can involve needing a tremendous amount of green and brown materials all in one go.
- As your lasagna will decompose at a slower rate than a more commonplace compost pile this can lead to a noticeable increase in slugs and snails due to the extended wet and soggy composting stage.
- Lasagna gardening requires a significant amount of labour especially at the early stages which include gathering materials or ingredients as well as stacking them up properly to form your garden.
Lasagna Gardening is widely known to be a cheap and easy method which mimics mother nature to form a garden bed. It allows you to make good use of your household waste which is why I personally love Lasagna Gardening. However, as with all other gardening methods, Lasagna Gardening has its downside which includes decomposition time and labour. Overall, the pros outweigh the cons as you get to have more nutritious and delicious yields!
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Tea Lane Farm is a thirteen-acre farm located on Martha's Vineyard, with six acres devoted to organic cut flower production and the remaining nine acres used as pasture land for sheep. The Tea Lane property includes a 250-year-old farmhouse, several barns, and a greenhouse - on pastoral fields surrounded by lichen covered stone walls. Our farm is just a ten-minute ride to the ocean and is encompassed by 30 acres of conservation land with beautiful walking trails. This is our seventh year in this location and we are looking forward to another beautiful and productive season.
Our farm grows hundreds of varieties of annual and perennial flowers. We enjoy designing and arranging flowers for weddings and events, making custom arrangements at the local farmers’ market as well as selling wholesale to local florists. We are proud to sell our flowers to the community from our honor system roadside stand.


| Feral Birds in Australia
PEST STATUS - DISTRIBUTION - PEST CONTROL OPTIONS
Over 60 bird species, including both native and introduced, are responsible for damage to horticultural crops in Australia.
Some introduced birds species, such as the Indian mynah, are considered to threaten biodiversity and compete with native species.
Common starling: causes damage to fruit (particularly grapes and cherries), vegetable and cereal crops. Implicated in carrying and transmitting diseases to man and other animals. Competes with native species for nest hollows.
Common mynah: causes damage to fruit and grain crops. Commensal roosting and nesting habits creates aesthetic and human health concerns. Competes with native species for nest hollows.
Sulphur-crested cockatoo, little corella: damages ripening sunflower crops, fruit and nut crops.
Galah: causes damage to germinating cereal crops.
Sparrow: causes damage to fruit vegetable, grain and oilseed crops; competes with native species for nest hollows.
Pigeon: roosting sites cause fouling damage (from build-up of faeces) in urban areas. Implicated in carrying and transmitting diseases to man and other animals.
Crows & Ravens: consume fruits and grains. May prey upon sick, dying or mismothered lambs and can injure sheep.
Feral Bird Pest Control PDF
| Click on Feral Pest for Advice
PEST STATUS - DISTRIBUTION - FERAL PEST CONTROL OPTIONS


Guest post from Joyce Landscaping — Here we go again…it’s that time of year that we all look forward to. After a long winter of high winds, snow, and ice, typical New England weather, we cannot wait to enjoy spring/summer on Cape Cod. Unfortunately, we need to do a “spring clean-up” in our yards before we can indulge in summertime activities. Except for a few, select people who embrace doing yard work, the rest of us tend to dread it.
Before our seasonal visitors, neighbors, tenants, and friends arrive from all over, we need to sacrifice a beautiful day, buckle down, and do a thorough “spring clean-up”.
Here are some suggestions to give your property some great “curb appeal.”
- When performing a spring clean-up, I always like to work top to bottom and back to front. So, let’s start with the gutters. You’ll need a ladder, a bucket or trash bag for debris, gloves, and no fear of heights. If you are lucky enough not to have any trees within the immediate proximity of your home, you probably can skip this step. Remove all the leaves and twigs/branches from the gutters, and be sure to unclog downspouts, too.
- Secondly, you will want to de-thatch your lawn, especially if you’ve never had it done or it has been awhile. Removing any thatch/winter debris (leaves, pine needles, acorns, etc.) allows water, fertilizer and all other nutrients to reach the lawn’s route system. Of course, afterwards, you will need to rake and remove all the debris you have loosened from the turf area. If you have any questions on how to de-thatch your lawn, refer to this article at Dummies.com. De-thatching your lawn will also help remove any unwanted moss and weeds. Also, when completed, it is a good time to over-seed. Keep in mind if you have already fertilized your lawn with a pre-emergent herbicide, do not de-thatch your lawn afterwards. Doing so will break the invisible barrier that was formed by the herbicide to prevent crabgrass – just lightly rake the turf area to remove any debris.
- Next, you are going to want to prune any shrubs such as Hydrangeas (depending on the type, check out this guide to pruning at About.com), and cut back any ornamental grasses. If this was done in the fall, it will not be necessary; however, I prefer the spring time, especially with grasses. When cutting the grasses back, the height depends on your preference and the size of the grasses…I prefer a 12” – 18” height. Just do not cut them to the ground.
- After you have made your cutbacks and pruned what needed to be pruned, next comes the task nobody really enjoys – weeding. Who wants to be on their hands and knees pulling pesky little unwanted nuisances on a beautiful spring day? However, not only will it promote the health of any perennial/annual flowers you may have, it is cosmetically pleasing from a “curb appeal” aspect. When finished weeding, you are going to remove all the debris you created from pruning and weeding, and dispose of it.
- At this point, your yard should start taking shape, and you can already see an improvement. This is when you want to create or define a bed edge. This article at eHow.com is an excellent pruning guide and will provide you step-by-step instructions on how to create a bed edge. Although edging is not necessary, if you decide to mulch, it will help prevent the mulch from eroding onto unwanted areas during a spring downpour.
- Mulching has many benefits – it reduces the amount of water that evaporates from your soil, thus reducing the need to water your plants. Mulch provides nutrients to sandy soil and improves its ability to hold water. Being homeowners on the Cape, we all know how important that is. Mulch keeps weeds down, and the weeds that do grow are much easier to pull, helping us to keep off our hands and knees during the next season. Choosing the right mulch is up to you – I like darker mulch. A dark pine mix, for example, will make the color of your landscape seem vibrant and have more “pop” to it. When applying the mulch, you want to make sure it’s approximately 2” – 4” thick, and keep it away from any areas you may want seasonal flowers or a perennial garden to grow.
- Now we have cleaned our gutters and turf areas, de-thatched our lawns, pruned, weeded the beds, created bed edges, and mulched. The last step is either fertilizing the lawn or over seeding your lawn. You can either contact your local lawn care provider, who could provide both services (I would recommend Always Green of Cape Cod, one of The Joyce Companies), or, if you are a “do-it-yourself” person, you could find both products at your local lawn and garden supply store.
At this time, your yard should be ready to enjoy. After reading this, if you decide you absolutely do not want to spend a beautiful spring day or two cleaning your yard, you can contact me at email@example.com. There is no obligation, and our services are not as expensive as you might think. Enjoy your summer!
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Agnes Mwikali walks down a dusty road to the local Roman Catholic Church mission when her pantry runs dry.
There, beyond the metal gate and the church garden where the crops are withering, she steps into the administration building and asks for a 4-pound bag of cornmeal.
In Thatha, her home, about 93 miles northeast of Nairobi, a severe drought has left many families without food, water and pasture for their livestock.
Mwikali, a 40-year-old mother, has watched in consternation, as extreme temperatures have destroyed crops, drained water sources and laid grazing fields to waste.
“We are trying everything,” she said. “There are many of us. Many families don’t have enough food.”
Mwikali has 14 mouths to feed; her children range in age from 23 years old to 3 months. She has supported herself by weeding, herding or fetching water. But that kind of work has become scarce with the advent of the drought.
“The rains are our greatest disappointment,” she said. “Every season, we plant our seeds and watch the crops germinate, only for the rains to leave before they mature.”
At the Thatha Roman Catholic Mission, part of the Machakos Diocese, the Rev. Gerard Matolo increasingly sees more people seeking help.
“You can’t tell them that there is nothing,” Matolo said. “As their shepherd, I have to find a way to ensure they get something to eat. Sometimes I share my own food.”
Matolo estimates that nearly 3,000 people in his parish urgently need food aid. About 30,000 are at risk.
A bag of cornmeal or a bottle of oil would make a difference for a family, but the priest said there is too little to give.
The last time this region received meaningful rainfall was seven years ago. So Matolo has been storing the little food he gets as part of the agricultural tithe that small farmers and others have traditionally given the mission.
But unless things change, Matolo fears, soon cows, goats, sheep and donkeys will start dying.
East Africa is in the grips of yet another severe drought, largely attributed to climate change. The United Nations’ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change predicts the continent will be hardest hit by climate change, in part because 1 in 4 people in the region lives in extreme poverty.
The recurrent droughts have taken a heavy toll on religious leaders, as they move to aid communities threatened by starvation. The current drought has hit Kenya, Tanzania, Somalia, South Sudan and Ethiopia, disrupting livelihoods for millions of people.
According to religious leaders, the battles against the drought have been fierce and draining and governments are not doing enough.


The Novus Agro commodity index is an average weekly price of nine commodities in nine different markets across the six geo-political zones in Nigeria. These commodities are drum beans (olotu), maize (white), sorghum (red), palm oil, onion (violet), rice (imported), soybeans, groundnut (edible) and garri (white).
However, for this purpose, we will only feature five of our markets, which are liable to change with time. The period under review is September 14 – 21, 2017.
Iddo Market, which is located around the Oyingbo area in Lagos, is a well known market for sale of grains. The average selling price of imported rice (50kg) at N13,200 last week with a slight difference of N100, selling at N13,300 for this week although some rice are available with low grade and have relatively cheaper prices.
The price of garri (white) relatively remained the same selling for N7,500 (55kg), groundnut (edible), N33,500 (100kg); maize (white), N15,500 (100kg); sorghum (red), N18,000 (100kg); soybeans, N16,500; and drum beans (olotu), N33,000 (100kg), all selling at the same price as last week.
Dawanau Market is one of the biggest markets in Kano State; drum beans (olotu) (100kg) sold at N27,000 last week. Garri (white) recorded no difference to last week, still selling at N10,800 (60kg) for this week. Groundnut (edible) (100kg) decreased from N29,000 last week to N27,000 this week. Maize (white) (100kg) is still selling at N14,867, while soybeans (100kg) is selling for N14,867. Palm oil (25ltr), N13,000; imported rice (50kg) had a little change in price from N15,333 to N15,200 and sorghum (red) (100kg) sold for N14,400 for the week.
Gombe Main Market in the heart of Gombe State, recorded no change in price of drum beans (olotu) (100kg) N36,000; garri (white) had a slight decrease from N20,000 to N18,000 (100kg); imported rice (50kg), N17,000; palm oil (25ltr), N10,700; sorghum (red) (95kg), N18,500; soybeans (100kg) selling at N15,300 with a difference of N700 from last week. However, maize (white) (95kg), which was sold for N15,300 sold for N14,900 this week; onion (violet) had a slight difference of N167 from last price of N10,167 to N10,667.
Link: Novus Agro Nigeria Commodity Index


Sustainability is a hot topic wherever you look. At its core, a sustainable lifestyle aims to use as preserve valuable resources and to have a little negative impact on the environment as possible. Gardeners are perhaps already ahead of the curve when it comes to sustainable living. Fresh vegetables from your own backyard or patio are as local as it gets. Planting beautiful landscapes of flowers not only cleans the air but also supports the lives of pollinators which, in turn, support our lives. Though we are trying to do our part, there are always ways to improve. Here are some tips to use resources in an eco-minded way and garden sustainably.
Composting green waste is one of the best ways to create a sustainable garden. Recycling grass clippings, deadheaded flowers, food waste, and dried leaves makes nutrient-rich soil amendments that can boost the productivity of your garden. It also reduces the amount of organic materials that end up in landfills. This is important because when organic materials breakdown in an environment lacking in oxygen (like when buried under layers and layers of garbage), it produces methane which is 25 times better at trapping heat in the atmosphere than carbon dioxide.
Growing organic is not only healthier for you, but also healthier for the environment. Pesticides have many undesirable effects including, but not limited to, polluting the air and contaminate the soil. They are also non-specific ways of killing insects in the garden. That means that it kills beneficial insects, such as ladybugs, along with the unwanted pests. The use of these chemicals is strongly linked to declining pollinator populations, which can result in catastrophic consequences for human life. The more you stay away from pesticides, the better you’ll be.
There are many alternatives that can be used; beneficial insects, jets of water, and safer soap to name a few.
Water is an essential resource and the past few years of summer droughts really show how much we need it. There are many ways to be conserve water:
- Mulching all uncovered soil will help to retain water in the soil and help improve both soil structure and weed control
- Reducing/eliminating lawns or just letting your lawn go brown dormant
- Plant drought tolerant or native plants
- Group plants with similar watering needs
- Weed often
Installing rain barrels or other water collection systems can also be extremely beneficial. And when you do have to water, make sure you are watering smart. Only water when your plants need it but water deeply by hand at the root zone of the plant to avoid wastage. Metro Vancouver has a great site with tips for conserving water.


Hello Everyone I’m Randy Lopau I’m a Agronomist from the FCA. In my Spare time I love to garden. I would like to share some of my thought and what I do in my garden. As a matter of fact I planted potatoes on April 1st. I’m not sure who’s the bigger fool me or the potato. Time will tell.
The soil temperature was 42 degrees.
Have a nice day
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America’s First Hemp Crop Harvest In Almost 60 Years Begins In Colorado
via The Huffington Post | By Matt Ferner
In the 1700s, American farmers were required by law to grow hemp in Virginia and the other colonies. It was a widely used crop for hundreds of years in the United States. Cut to 1957 when the U.S. government banned hemp over confusion about its relationship to marijuana, and the plant from which the paper for the The Declaration of Independence was sourced was gone from America’s soil.
Back in May, Springfield, Colo. farmer Ryan Lofin planted 55 acres of hemp — the first hemp crop planted in the U.S. in nearly 60 years. Last week, Lofin and others harvested the historic hemp plants by hand as advocates watched on, Westword reported.
The passage of Amendment 64 in Colorado last November, which famously legalized marijuana for recreational use by adults, also allows for the commercial growing of hemp.
And now that Attorney General Eric Holder recently announced that the Department of Justice will allow Colorado’s new marijuana laws to go into effect, this harvest may be the symbolic first that restarts a once-booming American industry, if other farmers choose to follow Lofin’s lead.
“This is monumental for our industry,” said Bruce Perlowin, chief executive of Hemp Inc., to The Denver Post back when Lofin first planted his crop. “It will unlock a clean industrial revolution that will be good for the economy, good for jobs and good for the environment.”
Read the rest of the story via America’s First Hemp Crop Harvest In Almost 60 Years Begins In Colorado.


Each year in Australia, for example, biologists plant a million or so plots of different types of grain to see which grow best in a wide variety of conditions. These plots are situated all over the country and create a logistical nightmare for the relatively small team who must monitor both the environmental conditions and the rate of growth of the plants. Their solution is a wireless sensor network that monitors what’s going on and sends the data back to the High Resolution Plant Phenomics Centre in Canberra which runs the experiments. These sensors are currently deployed at just 40 sites and generate some 2 million data points per week.
Various cities have kitted out their transport networks with sensors that broadcast the position of buses, trams and trains and make this data available to the public.


MANISTEE — As one of the most agriculturally diverse states, Michigan has been no exception when it comes to the need for food safety programs.
As a result of the Food and Drug Administration Food Safety Modernization Act of 2011, produce safety technicians began to be utilized throughout the state. The technicians provide education and resources to help farmers come into food safety compliance.
Manistee Conservation District recently welcomed Michelle Jacokes, a Michigan native who grew up near Lansing, as the region’s produce safety technician. There are currently six produce safety technicians in the state, housed under the Michigan Association of Conservation Districts.
“Our positions were created through grant funding administered by the Michigan Department of Agriculture and Rural Development to provide technical assistance and resources to farmers or others who are required to become compliant with the Food Safety Modernization Act Produce Safety Rule,” said Jacokes. “The intention is to assist and offer cost-effective strategies that can be easily implemented and maintained, and is small farm scale-appropriate to encourage adoption of these practices.”
The service area Jacokes will oversee is Manistee, Benzie, Leelanau, Grand Traverse and Antrim counties. With the other technicians, they cover over 36 counties in the state, and services are offered outside of those counties as needed.
Susan Spencer, MCD director, said Manistee Conservation District looks forward to expanding its service to the agricultural community, both within Manistee County, and throughout the five county service area.
“The Manistee Conservation District already does much in the area of forestry, and I’m excited to see our expansion into providing agriculture-related technical assistance,” she said. “Michelle’s background, experience and enthusiasm for food systems will, I believe, truly benefit area growers.”
Jacokes graduated from Michigan State University in 2015 with a Bachelor of Science in Food Industry Management, and a minor in Sustainable Agriculture and Food Systems.
“The production side of the agri-food chain was what interested me most; the practice of growing food fascinated me, coupled with doing it in a way that cared for the land, and environment,” she said. “After graduation I moved to the east coast to work on a large-scale biodiverse organic fruit, vegetable and flower farm in western Massachusetts.”
Working as an assistant harvest manager, Jacokes worked with large crews to do daily farm tasks including things like propagation, production harvest and cultivation. She later moved back to her homestate in Michigan and served two terms as a Huron Pines AmeriCorps member for the Grand Traverse Regional Land Conservancy (GTRLC) as a stewardship technician, and worked at a local farm during those terms.
“My passion for natural resources started in regenerative agriculture, but it has since broadened to learning, promoting and strengthening conservation initiatives across many different facets,” she said. “I believe produce safety couples with conservation, directly and indirectly.”
Through the grant program, produce safety technicians provide voluntary and free services to all farms who grow, pack, process or sell fresh produce regardless of size, income or market reach. Assistance may include a produce safety risk assessment, on-farm readiness review, assistance on developing a food safety plan, technical on-farm advice and grower training through Produce Safety Alliance.
“It’s important to emphasize that the role of the produce safety technician is to expressly provide a resource to growers working to come into compliance with the Produce Safety Rule,” said Spencer. “Our job is not to regulate or inspect produce. The program is completely confidential and completely voluntary, and our job is to help make the process of coming into compliance with the new rule as painless as possible.”
Technicians are prohibited from sharing information obtained while offering services to state inspectors or others. Jacokes said she is excited to be a resource for farmers.
“I think what made me so interested in this role was the fact that I could offer resources and assistance to those who put food on others’ tables and work around the clock, and provide some sort of tangible way to give back to them,” she said. “Farmers take care of our land and feed communities, and being able to assist them to ensure and reaffirm produce safety practices they are taking on their farms is something I find super important, a lot of which are things they are already doing.”
Jacokes can be reached by email at firstname.lastname@example.org or by phone at (231)889-9666.
“My goal is to be as readily available and proactive to being a resource to farmers for produce safety, as well as making the public aware of what is happening in regards to this,” she said.
Contact Jane Bond at (231) 398-3111 or email email@example.com. Follow her on Twitter: @MNA_Jane.


Prior to co-founding Up Top Acres, Kathleen worked at the DowntownDC Business Improvement District as a project and event coordinator in the Infrastructure and Sustainability Department. Kathleen helped manage a sustainability program designed to help buildings implement smart sustainable business practices that improve their bottom line and reduce energy, water, waste and transportation costs. Kathleen graduated from Yale University with a Bachelor of Arts in American Studies with a focus on Urban Development and the Built Environment.”
Venture: Up Top Acres designs, installs and operates rooftop farms. It seeks to establish agriculture as a fixture of urban life by farming on underutilized rooftops, distributing food locally, and providing educational programming. Up Top Acres converts neglected spaces into income sources and environmental safeguards, transforming a societal and environmental drain into a valuable commodity.
Venture Co-Founders: Kristof Grina, Jeffrey Prost-Greene


If you are looking for Pest Control Companies in Sunnydale, Washington, you have many, many options you can choose from. The number of pest control companies in and around Sunnydale are many and varied, and all offer many choices when it comes to termite control for your home or building.
Pest Control - Protect Your home or business As well as Residence
since then, the battle is on. Currently, as if farming insects were inadequate, there is a huge hazard of domestic parasites, as well. Which termites, or white ants as they are usually called, are most dreadful as they feed upon simply about anything organic. Surprisingly enough, they can birthed via six feet thick concrete as well as live for ages without food.
Pest Control Techniques
Pest control approaches greatly vary for domestic and farming applications. Traditional approaches of pest control in farming primarily included plant turning, careful reproduction and also companion planting. Reduced flying planes are usage of in spraying chemical pesticides over huge fields.
Chemical pest control methods are fairly old and also are claimed to be in practice considering that 4000 or 4500 years. derris, pyrethrum and date were presented which were complied with by far better synthetic pesticides like DDT as well as other herbicides.
The Residential Situation
But residential pest trouble is virtually totally various. The major insects that bother us are termites, rodents, mosquitoes as well as bed insects. You can almost call termites as terror-mites. These soft looking, plain ant like insects, belong to two types: below ground as well as completely dry wood termites, belonging to over 2000 varieties. Both of them subsist on cellulose.
Exactly how Do You Know?
A complete inspection of crucial areas (without taking apart) by professionals exposes whether your home is plagued by termites or is susceptible for assaults. Examination could call for tools occasionally.
Pest Control Services
Living beagles could ferret out the termites. Protimeter for mold discovery, scanning and also acoustic infrared sensing units, fractometers and also resistographs are other tools usually used by the companies.
What Do They Do
Dry wood termites need wood penetrating fumigants. For subterranean types, following producer's directions is necessary include putting chemicals right into holes drilled at regular intervals around the infested location.
Flys, insects and also insects are regulated by chemicals proletarian, and also the generally offered rat toxins. Do not utilize them without specialist recommendations.
Choosing a Specialist
realty at away places or when pest managing the entire house. Maintain these factors in your mind when selecting one.
Take neighbors' suggestions based upon their satisfaction level.
Taking hasty decisions will not assist as you require expert knowledge; seek one by examining with their previous clients.
Examine their credibility, whether they are registered by the regional authorities or are they participants of National Pest Management Association etc.
Inspect exactly what the assurances cover and get things in writing.
Check for lawful constraints on business applicators; call Security Firm for verification.
Be careful of those that use substantial discounts. You desire worth, not cost.
Maybe guy found farming and pest control methods nearly all at once, and also because after that, the fight is on. Currently, as if agricultural pests were not sufficient, there is a huge threat of residential bugs, too. Pest control approaches mainly differ for residential and farming applications. Typical methods of pest control in farming primarily consisted of crop turning, discerning breeding and also friend planting. The major pests that trouble us are termites, rats, insects and bed insects.
Pest Control Companies in Sunnydale, Washington
Pest Control Services near Sunnydale is important because once pests get into your home, they can cause devastating damage that must be stopped before they take over your home and make it expensive to repair. Let’s take a look at a few of the pest control companies we’ve found for termite control in Sunnydale, Washington that can help you with your termite problems.
Control Pests From Breaking Into Your Gardens And Spoil Your Gardening Spirit!
Undesirable pests in your garden are just that: undesirable. Organic gardening is a method of managing unwanted bugs naturally, without the usage of hazardous pesticides.
Safeguard your organic soil and useful pests
Unfortunately, many house and industrial gardeners are unaware of options to pesticides. because s are a big part of our culture. Reaching for a fast fix-- albeit a harmful fix-- is a deep seeded and damaging practice.
damaging the soil and being a health danger to people-- including our kids-- pesticides provide a significant issue. They eliminate species indiscriminately, triggering practical garden co-habitants to vanish in addition to the damaging ones.
A natural garden with helpful insects
Indeed, the reality stays that not all bugs are undesirable insects. Any kindergartner can inform you that bees help flowers. He or she could likewise inform you that a ladybug is best of luck. More than just great luck, ladybugs are a highly practical natural pesticide to have in your garden, feeding on a myriad of insect unwanted bugs including aphids if you ever see little alligator like bugs around your garden, leave them be! These are the larval stage of ladybugs. Undoubtedly, s are not as intelligent as your typical kindergartner-- they kill bugs on a wholesale level while distressing ecosystems and destroying your plants in addition to your soil.
Are your garden pests resistant to pesticides?
Over the years the undesirable bugs become resistant to the pesticides and significantly larger quantities must be utilized. The result is a covered crop and a pesticide resistant bug, a crop that is more susceptible to the insect bug.
Are you damaging the local bird population?
Current studies have been conducted concerning pesticides' effect on local bird populations. Birds eat the pests, which have actually consumed the pesticides. With no pests and no birds those predators which live off of the birds disappear too, causing a big disturbance in the local ecosystem which is never helpful to development of any kind.
Birds consume insects!
Motivate birds to come into your garden by positioning a bird bath in the garden and by planting plants that will draw in birds such as sunflowers. There are even perennial sunflowers that not only bring in birds all year however, can also be planted like a hedge and drive away deer and other animals. Helianthus maximillani.
Natural insect control is rooted in a vigorous, well balanced community. Years of pesticide usage might be so disruptive to a local ecosystem that the land may end up being unusable after only a few years. They stay in the soil and end up being more focused with each year of usage, eventually rendering the soil not able to produce vigorous plants.
The soil can heal
Some items like methyl bromide can be modified by simply adding natural matter to the contaminated soil. The outcome is addition of the organic portion of this pesticide to the natural matter that you currently added and liberation of the bromide ion.
Organic options to pesticides
There are many natural, natural options to pesticides that are more long-term, safe, energetic and usually reliable.
Among the easiest bug control gadgets is a barrier. By covering a row of crop with a light netting (which allows the sunlight to come through) flying undesirable bugs are effectively kept away from the plants. These are generally used for food crops. Cabbage can be safeguarded from flea beetles and green beans from Mexican Bean Beetles.
Another basic method of insect control for a little garden is handpicking. Drop undesirable pests into a meal of soapy water to kill them.
Beneficial Insects Will Control the Bad Insects
Some insects like the Ladybug and the Green Lacewing are called helpful because they are the good guys who are on the hunt for the bad guys that are eating your plants. Here is a list of advantageous bugs, with links to where they are provided by an Earth friendly supplier.
Green Lacewings Chrysoperla carnea
Green Lacewings are an all purpose useful insect that eat bugs such as aphids and other bugs that will feed and come on your plants. Green Lacewings are perfect for a backyard garden, bigger garden, or a greenhouse.
Easy way to get rid of aphids and slugs!
Certain ranges of plants are more resistant to insects. Some research study into the types of plants you grow and the undesirable pests typical to your location might prevent a lot of bug problems.
How native plants can revive your garden
Buy local transplants to avoid bringing non-native unwanted pests into your garden. Include mulch and other basic barriers around your crops,
Organic gardening is a means of controlling unwanted insects naturally, without the usage of unsafe pesticides. The reality remains that not all insects are undesirable pests. More than just good luck, ladybugs are an extremely useful natural pesticide to have in your garden, feeding on a myriad of insect unwanted pests consisting of aphids if you ever see little alligator like bugs around your garden, leave them be! Over the years the unwanted insects become resistant to the pesticides and increasingly larger quantities must be utilized. The outcome is a coated crop and a pesticide resistant bug, a crop that is more prone to the bug bug.
You have many options. Just make sure that you choose a company you are comfortable with so you don’t waste your money on a fly-by-night operation. Check out their references and find someone you trust. All homeowners need to take the risk of pests seriously. Getting Pest Control Services in Sunnydale, Washington is easy, so get on top of it right away!


What to Sow, Grow and Do. A Seasonal Garden Guide by Benjamin Pope
A season-by-season guide that brings together projects, advice, task lists and ideas to help you plan your time in the garden, inform your planting and create a deeper relationship with nature. Seasonal jobs cover everything from pruning roses to planting summer bulbs, along with ideas on how to encourage and support beneficial insects and wildlife.
Armed with this book, you can create a thriving, flourishing garden that is a joy to spend time in.
Author: Pope, Benjamin
Publisher: Aurum Press Quarto
Publication Date: 03 May 2022
Size: 225 x 170mm


Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are living organisms that are artificially produced in a laboratory through genetic engineering. It forms combinations of plant, animal, bacterial and virus genes. The main reason for GMO food production is to ensure that the plants are resistant to drugs and pests.
These are studies conducted to artificially improve properties such as providing resistance against tarnishing in apples. Despite the promises of the biotech industry, there is no evidence that any of the GMOs currently on the market offer greater yield, drought tolerance, improved nutrition, or any other consumer benefits.
The most important issue of GMO is its reliability. GMOs are mostly used in corn, soybean, cotton and canola in the world. GMO products of these products; Many foods such as tomatoes, potatoes, rice, pumpkin, wheat, sunflower, peanuts are also produced.
GMOs are considered harmful by many scientists today. GMOs in foods have various harms to human health.
The damages of GMO products can be listed as follows:
Especially GMOs have been detected in the blood of pregnant women and in the fetus. Foods could not be fully broken down in the human body due to the presence of GMOs. GMO disrupts the hormonal system and harms the ecosystem due to its negative effects on some animals.


Our Biodiesel Oil Press System gives you the ability to create a self-sustaining supply of Biodiesel fuel right from your own fields.
Produce 100 to 15,000+ Gallons of Fuel a Day
Depending on your fuel needs we offer many different solutions. From mid-range needs of 100 to 500 gallons a day to high-end users who need to produce 1000 to 15,000 gallons a day, we can provide you with everything you need to get started.
50 Ton Oil Press Exceeds 8,000+ Hours Before Changing Wear Parts!
At the end of 2008, Cropland Biodiesel installed two 50 ton and two 10 ton oil presses at Willamette Biomass Processors in Rickreall, OR. In March of 2010, at 8,000+ hours the wear parts were replaced.
- CLB-5000 - 50 Ton Oil Press
- Capacity: 50 Ton/24 hour
- Hopper circulates grain using heated
- mixing arms (steam heated)
- Requires 2 motors 85hp (screw) and a
- 20hp (hopper arm)
- Residual Oil Content in Meal: 6-10%
- Net Weight: 20,000 lbs.approx
- Dimensions(ft): 12.5(l) x 6.5(w) x 12.5(t)
Other Biodiesel Benefits
One of the byproducts of this process is the leftover meal that has been removed from the seed. The meal has up to twenty-five to fifty percent protein depending on the crop. The meal is an excellent feed for beef, swine, poultry, and other livestock. For example, sunflower has about twenty-five percent protein while soybean has about forty-five percent. The meal being produced from the crop is worth up to $200 to $500 dollars a ton. One ton of canola makes approximately 110 gallons of biofuel.
Looking for a deal? Check out our Used Equipment Section


Gardening Tips to Get Ready for a New Jersey Spring
As the weather gets warmer and the days begin to lengthen in New Jersey, the anticipation of spring fills the air. For gardening enthusiasts, this is the signal to start preparing for the planting season. Here are some gardening tips to ensure your New Jersey garden is spring-ready, allowing you to embrace the warmer weather with a vibrant and thriving garden.
Plan Your Garden
Whether you’re thinking about introducing new plant varieties or redesigning your garden space, winter is the perfect time for plotting out your ideas. Consider companion planting to maximize space and boost your garden's health, or perhaps explore theme gardens, such as a butterfly garden or a culinary herb garden.
Start Seeds Indoors
For a head start on the growing season, begin sowing seeds indoors. This is especially beneficial for plants with a longer growth period, such as tomatoes, peppers, and some flowers. Use a quality seed starting mix and ensure your seedlings receive plenty of light. This will give your plants a head start, ready to be transplanted into the garden once the frost threat has passed.
Embrace Native Plants
Incorporating native plants into your garden is not only environmentally friendly, but also reduces maintenance. Native plants are adapted to the local climate and soil, requiring less water and fertilizers.
Joining a local gardening club or community garden can provide a wealth of knowledge and support. Sharing experiences and tips with fellow gardeners can inspire and motivate you throughout the season. Additionally, many libraries offer classes or workshops on gardening techniques specific to the New Jersey climate.
By following these gardening tips, you'll be well on your way to creating a beautiful and productive garden this spring. Embrace the season of renewal by preparing early, and you'll enjoy the fruits of your labor with a lush, vibrant garden that you’ll be proud of. Happy gardening!
100 Fireside Blvd. Toms River, NJ 08755


In order to stop agricultural abandonment, land speculation and the reclamation of its agricultural plain located in the heart of the Gulf of St-Tropez, the Municipality of Grimaud wished to implement a concerted strategy in order to sustainably develop its agricultural areas. and to develop their productive potential, in partnership with the Department of Var, the Chamber of Agriculture and SAFER.
For this purpose, the Municipality of GRIMAUD leases 35 ha 00a and 08 ca of cultivable land, located in the places called Saint-Pons, Fangaroute, Aigo Puto, the Grand Pont, the Ajusts and the Pérat.
The project presentation note can be downloaded from the Municipality's website.
The call for applications is open from September 1 to October 16, 2020 inclusive.
Candidates must send their offer to the Town Hall by mail in RAR or by hand against receipt no later than October 16, 2020 at 12 noon.
Applications will consist of:
an application form must be completed and signed, downloadable from the Municipality's website or available from the Municipality's Environment department or sent on request by mail;
a project presentation note (recommended) and all documents useful for its proper understanding (CEP, reports, etc.).


BELL AFRICA AgriTraders
Fertilizer & Lime Suppliers
Soil specialists in variable spreading and precision sampling in KZN
Reach out to us
Who is Bell Africa?
Bell Africa is a KwaZulu Natal agricultural company specialising in soil nutrition to help our farmers increase yields and improve tonnage, whilst reducing overheads.
Our goal is to provide farmers with the whole package, including soil sampling, variable spreading, fertilisers, lime and gypsum.
Our focus is on precision farming in the Pietermaritzburg – KZN Midlands area, backed by a special team both in office and in the field. Whether you are looking for advice on soil corrections, crop boosters or suitable fertilisers for your land, Bell Africa should be your go to company for agricultural profitability and top crop service.
Suppliers of Lime and Gypsum
At Bell Africa, we pride ourselves on delivering the best quality agricultural lime and gypsum to farmers in Pietermaritzburg and the KZN Midlands.
Sustaining crop growth and optimising your crop yield is made easier using agricultural lime. It contains all the natural ingredients needed to promote healthy plant growth. When added to your crops, it dissolves and releases a base that neutralises the acid in your soil and corrects the pH balance.
We supply KZN farmers with gypsum to improve their soil structure and bring balance to the chemistry of their soil. The role of gypsum in farming is to reduce aluminium toxicity and improve soil structure by displacing sodium and magnesium.
The regular use of gypsum is crucial to the sustainability of most irrigated soils and is a key ingredient for the maintenance of crops on many types of KZN soils.
Variable spreading and precision sampling specialists
At Bell Africa, we are soil nutrition specialists, focused on precision farming. We aim to help farmers in Pietermaritzburg and KZN determine the best fertiliser plan to increase or maintain farming yields. To achieve this we use soil sampling variable rate technology (VRT) to ascertain what nutrients you currently have in your fields, what nutrients are in excess, and which you are lacking.
Variable spreading or variable rate fertiliser application is a cost-effective way to optimise the land you are farming. At Bell Africa we use these methods as innovative productivity tools to make it easy for farmers to trace the history of everything applied to their fields.
We are partnered with the longest standing fertiliser producer/importer and supplier in South Africa, with over 100 years of fertiliser experience.
Bell Africa is supported by expert agricultural advisers, with the full range of fertiliser products available. We are a proud product of this valuable industry.
As a leading plant nutrition supplier in KwaZulu Natal we help farmers enhance
their yields with the use of innovative precision farming practices and our
fertilizer performance. We have put together a comprehensive range of
agronomic services, with one of the most advanced ranges of plant nutrition
products available for South African farmers.
Bell Africa’s extensive product range includes:
- Conventional granular fertilizers
- Liquid fertilizers
- Premium granular products
- Starter fertilizers
- Foliar fertilizers
- Water soluble products
Get in Touch
Our team is ready to assist.


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A Climate to End Hunger: Climate Change, Food & Nutrition Security, and Poor People
The International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) said recently that there is increasing scientific evidence that food and nutrition security are at risk from climate change. The report concluded that African countries are the most vulnerable from the “profound and irreversible” changes that have already taken place.
In a world projected to have a population of 9 billion by the year 2050, requiring an increaseof 70% in food production, climate change could instead cause losses of up to 25 percent in the world’s major cereal crops: corn, wheat, and rice. This, clearly, will lead to grain shortages and increasing hunger unless steps are taken to better manage natural resources dedicated to farming and pasture land.
Another danger in an era of climate change is increases in “hidden hunger,” defined as malnutrition caused by deficiencies in micronutrients (vitamins and minerals). In its two landmark series on maternal and child nutrition, The Lancet medical journal helped bring the world’s attention to vulnerable people – especially pregnant women and children under age 2, those in the 1,000 Days window where nutrition is most critical – who eat enough calories but have hidden hunger. This is primarily because their diets are composed primarily of corn or rice and contain few micronutrients. The UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) reports that 2 billion people globally already suffer from hidden hunger.
So how can we get additional nutritious foods to people in an era of rapidly growing population and climate change? In the past generation, research scientists have developed seed varieties with traits that make them more drought resistant, or more heat resistant, or ready to harvest more quickly, or biofortified (meaning that micronutrients have been added). In the last decade, though, a new generation of seed varieties that combine two or more of these desirable traits have been developed. These more resilient and “climate smart” seed varieties are adapted to different climactic conditions. So far, though, poor farmers in the developing world don’t have access to seed containing multiple, or “stacked”, traits and improved genetic profiles.
The challenge today is to bring sustainable farming practices together with efforts to increase crop production in ways that are resilient to climate change. This will require a renewed Green Revolution. The pioneering plant science research done by Dr. Norman Borlaug and others did a great deal to reduce mass hunger in Asia in the 1960s and 1970s. To extend the work of the Green Revolution and ensure that plants can survive under new conditions will require major investments in plant research. The World Bank and regional lending institutions can lead efforts to make these investments.
In the words of Nigerian Minister of Agriculture Akinwumi Adesina, who leads agricultural research efforts in a country where 240 million people are undernourished, “We invest in roads, in power, in ports, and we must recognize that building this infrastructure along with improving nutrition is investing in the economy today and in the future of our societies.”
Posted by Scott Bleggi on April 23, 2014 in A Climate to End Hunger, Africa, Agriculture, Asia, Assets for the Poor, Climate Change, Data to End Hunger, Development Assistance, Economic Development, Food Aid, Food Prices, Foreign Aid Reform, Gender, Global Hunger, Good Governance, Hunger Hotspots, Latin America, Malnutrition, Maternal and Child Nutrition, U.S. Hunger | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)
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CBDPure – CBD Laws in Delaware
Applicable Laws: 2018 Farm Bill, Delaware Senate Bill 266, Delaware Industrial Hemp Act
Like many other states, Delaware established a hemp research pilot program in response to the federal government’s passage of the 2018 Farm Bill, classifying hemp and hemp-derived products as legal when they contained minimal THC levels. However, the Delaware law limits field size to 10 acres, and does not specifically allow for hemp to be grown as a “commercial crop”, so this uncertainty has resulted in very few farmers raising hemp within the state. The state does have a process for hemp processors to submit a request for a processing license, but it is unclear if any have been granted by the state, or where processors are expected to obtain their hemp crop. Currently. growers can only legally produce hemp in affiliation with Delaware State University or the Delaware Department of Agriculture. Nevertheless, Delaware does not criminalize possession or usage of hemp-related products like CBD, and CBD topical creams and ingestibles from out of state vendors are widely available within Delaware.
CBDPure Products that can be shipped to Delaware:
Muscle & Joint


Sometimes the best way to bring a neighborhood together is to get them working in the dirt together. And what better way to get dirty than to work in a garden that not only beautifies your area but also provides you a bounty of tasty treats!
The following plot of Wichita neighborhood/community gardens, part of an open collaboration on Google Maps that was updated in 2013, is by no means all-inclusive. If you know of other gardens that aren’t listed, follow the link and add it to the map.
If you or your neighborhood association that would like to start a garden, contact garden guru and WIN Board Member Janet Wilson – (316) 312-3179 – for more information.


Masdevallia Lemon Yellow
Masdevallia Lemon Yellow BS in a 11cm pot with Sphagnum moss.
Min Temp 7C
Max Temp high 20s C
Humidity above 75%
Growing Notes from AOS
Masdevallia is a genus of some 350 species usually from cool, misty mountains of the New World Tropics. Masdevallias are best known for their showy flowers consisting of sepals fused into a tubelike structure. Their origins in cool, damp environments make them an excellent choice for cool or coastal climates. Most species and hybrids are compact enough so that they can be easily accommodated on windowsills or under lights.
Light should be like that given for phalaenopsis and paphiopedilums —1,000 to 1,500 foot-candles. Masdevallias can be kept in light intensities up to 2,500 foot-candles if the growing area can be kept cool. Plants grow well under standard fluorescent fixtures and can be summered outside in shade. In the home, place in an east or shaded south window or under artificial lights.
Temperatures should be cool to intermediate. The plants will grow slowly and eventually expire if temperatures remain high for long periods. Cool evenings help reduce heat stress during the day. Nights of 55 to 60 F are ideal; day temperatures should be 65 to 75 F. Evaporative cooling pads or humidifiers are useful in maintaining these conditions. Avoid day temperatures higher than 80 F.
Water is critical for these plants because they have minimal water-storage tissue. Roots should be allowed to become almost dry before watering again; if drainage is adequate, constantly moist roots are fine. Good-quality water low in dissolved solids is imperative for success.
Humidity is an important factor in the successful culture of masdevallias. The ideal range is 60 to 80 percent. In the home, set the plants on trays of gravel partially filled with water. In the greenhouse or enclosed growing area, humidity can be increased by use of a humidifier, while evaporative coolers help raise humidity and lower temperatures. If plants are summered outdoors, automatic misters underthe benches are recommended as is more frequent soaking.
Fertilize regularly with a dilute solution while plants are actively growing. Applications of 30-10-10-type formulations twice a month are ideal for plants in a bark-ba


1 edition of Moore Seed Co"s 1926 wholesale price list of seeds for market gardeners and florists found in the catalog.
Written in English
|Other titles||Moore Seed Co., wholesale catalogue of seeds, etc., The Moore Seed Co., Phila., wholesale catalogue for market gardeners and florists|
|Statement||Moore Seed Co|
|Contributions||Henry G. Gilbert Nursery and Seed Trade Catalog Collection|
|The Physical Object|
|Pagination||114 pages :|
|Number of Pages||114|
Park Seed stores seed in a special temperature- and humidity-controlled storage facility, which keeps seeds in excellent condition. Our seeds should be good for at least years on average. Seed viability and storage time will vary depending on the seed item; some will keep a . Garden Seed Inventory is an essential reference for all serious vegetable growers who care about seeds and preserving our common garden heritage. This comprehensive?catalog of catalogs? is now available in an updated sixth edition, and lists nearly 8, nonhybrid varieties of everything from amaranth to zucchini. There's nothing sexy here, no color photographs or quaint illustrations.
Seeds. Buy Thompson & Morgan seeds and take advantage of horticultural experience in the uk since Our huge range of flower seeds has traditional favourites as well as many unusual varieties. Find great advice on what seeds to sow now, as well as what to do in the garden this our high-quality seeds online and receive four packs for the price of three on our entire range. Below are links to various files related to the seed list that you can view or download to your computer. FOR THE COMPLETE SEED LISTS: If you would like to have a copy of the seed list for your records, you may view, print and/or download the PDF file of the whole NARGS Seed List (garden-and wild-collected seeds) or the Surplus Seed LIst
Seed Catalogues: Steele, Briggs Seed Co. Ltd. Complete Catalogue of Famous Seeds, Plants, and Bulbs Art Print. Find art you love and shop high-quality art prints, photographs, framed artworks and posters at % satisfaction guaranteed. We conserve and promote America's culturally diverse but endangered garden and food crop heritage for future generations by collecting, growing, and sharing heirloom seeds and plants. Go Close We are temporarily not accepting new orders while we restock and ship current orders.
Electric power stations
nonlinear theory of elastic shells of one spatial dimension
Brontës day by day
How to run a successful library millage campaign
Readers journal for the United States Catholic catechism for adults
After the massacre
Far from my mothers home
Methods For Producing Alumina From Clay
Income and expenditure patterns of urban Black multiple households in Durban, 1980
Exhibition of English watercolours of the 19th and 20th centuries
Finland: its church and its people.
Revd. John Ogilvie, D.D., an army chaplain at Fort Niagara and Montreal, 1759-1760
Community effects of road traffic noise
Buildings and equipment of the University of British Columbia
Sow Salzer's seeds: wholesale price list for market gardeners only / John A. Salzer Seed Company. by John A. Salzer Seed Co; Henry G. Gilbert Nursery and Seed Trade Catalog Collection. Moore and Simon's seed buyers guide and wholesale price list: market gardeners, florists and other large buyers / By.
Moore & Simon (Philadelphia, Pa.) Henry G. Gilbert Nursery and Seed Trade Catalog Collection. Type. Book Material. Published material. Publication info. Philadelphia, Pa.:Moore & Simon, Notes: Cover title. Moore and Simon's seed buyers guide and wholesale price list: market gardners [sic], florists and other large buyers / By.
Moore & Simon (Philadelphia, Pa.) Henry G. Gilbert Nursery and Seed Trade Catalog Collection. Type. Book Material. Published material.
Publication info. Philadelphia, Pa.:Moore & Simon, Notes. Seeds. We order most of our seeds from the following companies: Johnny’s Selected Seeds of Maine, USA.
William Dam Seeds of Ontario, Canada. Market Gardeners Wholesale List of Seeds in Bulk, (Classic Reprint) [W E Dallwig] on *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. Excerpt from Market Gardeners Wholesale List of Seeds in Bulk, Endive.
Ounce. Yellow Curled. Yellow Moss Curled. - Yellow Broad -leaved. Green Curled. Green Curled Edge - Green Moss Curled : W. Dallwig. Includes 1 bound-in detachable order sheet (2 unnumbered pages ; 25 cm) Market Gardeners' Seed Co.'s seed annual: Ver-e-best seeds, plants, bulbs, etc.
Garden Seeds Market – online shop with seeds vegetables, flowers, herbs and grasses. Buy best seeds now. USD ($) Cactus zinnia - seed mix - seeds $ $ Promotion ends. Add to cart%. Carnation - variety selection; clove pink - seeds $ $ Promotion ends. Add to cart. Garden Seed Inventory is an essential reference for all serious vegetable growers who care about seeds and preserving our common garden heritage.
This comprehensive "catalog of catalogs" is now available in an updated sixth edition, and lists nearly 8, nonhybrid /5(8). Wholesale price list - seeds and plants for sale - KPR - Gardeners Club - For sale over 10 seeds and plants from all over the world - palms, cycads, exotic and frost tolerant shrubs and trees, succulents, carnivorous, annuals, perennials, ornamental grasses, vegetable, etc.
We offer the area’s largest and deepest selection of trees, shrubs and perennials along with a full supply of bulk mulches & soils, tools, grass seed, fertilizer and other landscape accessories. Year after year, we are recognized by our garden and landscape wholesale customers for our excellent service and selection.
One is a list of the varieties of each category that I would like to grow; the other is a list of seeds I need to purchase. Winter is the perfect time to plan your vegetable garden. Start by organizing your seeds so you can take inventory, test older seeds for germination, make.
If you consider arranging an naturalistic garden you simply must buy ornamental grasses’ seeds These plants are an absolutely necessary component of garden space arranged in naturalistic style We have seeds of many ornamental grass species in our offer Korean uksae Chinese silver grass pampas.
Pelleted Seed - /Pkt; 3, - 5,/Oz. Featured Best sellers first Price: low to high Price: high to low Name: Z-A Name: A-Z Oldest to newest Newest to oldest. Carrot Fuerte F1. starting at $ Carrot Goldfinger F1. starting at $ Carrot Interceptor F1 Organic. starting at $ Carrot Kuroda F1. starting at $ Carrot Moonraker F1.
Sow seed in a 70°F greenhouse about 2 weeks before the avg. last frost date and grow for about weeks for spring plantings and summer harvests. Harden off at 60° F for a few days before transplanting. Alternatively, sow seed in a bed protected from damaging winds, and transplant the bare root seedlings to the field after weeks.
Read reviews for Heirloom Vegetable Garden. This action will navigate to reviews. This action will open a modal dialog. Heirloom varieties for a unique garden. Four special, hand-selected vegetable heirloom varieties in one unique collection.
All varieties first introduced by Burpee. Each variety is packaged separately with easy instructions. All Organic Flower Seeds Organic Vegetable Vault 25 Packets: $ (29% Off!) Organic Tomatoes 15+ Varieties Organic Herb Seed Collection 6 Packets: $ (19% Off!). About Ferry Morse Garden Seeds Ferry Morse Seed Company is one of America's oldest and most trusted garden seed companies.
From onward, Ferry-Morse has been supplying the freshest and best garden seeds for the gardens of American gardeners. Garden Seed Inventory book. Read reviews from world’s largest community for readers.
Garden Seed Inventory is an essential reference for all serious vege 4/5. All about Garden Seeds. The starting point for all great gardens, is good garden seed. Gardener's spend serious hours in search of of their favorite seeds, as well as that unique or rare variety to try.
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All Ready to Ship Seed Packets. "Oh Baby - Baby Shower " Bouquet Flower Seed Favor From $ "Thank You" Mammoth Sunflower Seed Favor From $ "Vintage Gift - Forget Me Not" Forget-Me-Not Seed Favor From $ "Wild About Each Other" Bird & Butterfly Flower Seed Favor From $.
Pinetree Garden Seeds. The year round source for the home gardener since !Catalog Review: Thompson and Morgan Seeds I’ve never been to England, so I only have vague ideas about English gardens. But leafing through the pages of Thompson & Morgan makes me feel like I’m just a bit closer than an ocean away.i'm a market gardener and I buy several hundred dollars worth of seeds every year.
I get almost all of my seeds from Fedco, extremely high quality seeds at a good price. I have tried Baker Creek in the past and had poor results with a lot of their seeds, very poor genetics, lots of off varieties and sometimes serious germination problems.


The Municipal Chief Executive (MCE) for Wenchi in the Bono Region, Dr Kwakye Afriyie, has said plans are far advanced for the construction of an Agriculture City at Branam that will employ 40,000 youth.
Dr. Afriyie said this during the assembly’s Meet The Press series held at the Assembly’s Conference Hall at Wenchi.
According to him, Branam was one of the Agriculture Cities during former President Nkrumah’s era, where he established one of the major state farms in Ghana, but over the years the project is no more functioning because the over 100,000 hectares of government land was left unused.
He noted that as part of the President’s initiative, Planting for Export and Rural Development, the assembly plans to collaborate with the Ministry of Food and Agriculture and the Youth Enterprise Authority (YEA) to revive the project and employ more youth.
Dr. Kwakye Afriyie said the youth would be recruited into this project, and each is expected to farm on 2.5 acres of land and be provided with seeds, farm machinery and equipment, extension service, secured markets, and the Buffer Stock and Commodity Exchange under the 1D1F.
He added that the youth will be paid GH¢150 each month, and at the end of the farming season they will sell their produce through the Buffer Stock. “Afterwards, they will calculate how much they have spent on each farmer and deduct it from the sales, then the remaining will be given back to the farmer,” he explained.
According to Dr Kwakye Afriyie, 40,000 youth will be given direct employment under the project, while others will benefit from indirect jobs, because “people will go there to sell food and other things, commercials drivers will also have their share.”


Biochar is a form of carbon that results from pyrolysis (heating in the absence of oxygen) of biomass – e.g. wood, bark, stalks, chaff and crop residue, nut shells, or virtually any organic material – leaving behind a durable matrix with a porous structure. This substance has a range of physical, chemical and biological properties that can provide multiple, cascading ecological services. The first, and most compelling, application of biochar comes from the nature of the carbon itself. If we pyrolyse biomass at the correct temperature range, the resulting product is a highly stable and long-lived form of carbon, and as such represents a low-tech means of sequestering atmospheric CO2 captured by photosynthesis of the plants that provide the feedstock.
We could pyrolise large quantities of biomass and then simply store the end result in landfill, and by doing this we would have an effective tactic for global carbon drawdown over time. The fifteenth special report of the IPCC includes biochar as a promising mitigation technology and this development has acted as a catalyst for expanded funding of trials in the EU.
But there are so many uses of biochar aside from its value as a carbon sink that this direct storage route, although worthwhile, would represent a host of missed opportunities. The physical structure of biochar is a massively porous matrix, averaging over a hectare of surface area per 25 g of material. This property means that it can retain moisture and provide habitat for diverse and flourishing microbial populations. The carbon matrix also provides an array of chemical bonding sites where ions dissolved in solution can attach and be held loosely enough to be available for uptake by microbes or plants. The combination of these factors mean that biochar can effectively take out dissolved contaminants from water, for example. It also makes biochar an effective soil amendment for a range of settings, from arable, pastoral, and forestry lands to rehabilitated wetlands and marginal habitats. There is nothing novel or radical in adding carbon in this form to soils, either: it is a natural process of soil building that has been going on in nearly all parts of the world where fires occur, and on average pyrogenic (fire derived) carbon accounts for at least 13% of soil organic carbon globally.
The effects of biochar incorporation into soils over the long term can be seen in many settings, but the most striking examples would be the terra preta (black earth) of the Amazon, the famed black soils of Iowa and Ukraine, and, in Aotearoa, in māra kai where burnt matter was deliberately added to kūmara plots. In the Amazon, a flourishing and settled farming civilisation, numbering perhaps in the millions, was reported by the first Europeans to explore the interior in the 16th century. As the harsh and infertile nature of tropical rainforest soils was better understood, the presence of this culture (subsequently exterminated by introduced diseases) stood as a mystery that was not solved until the the late 1990s, as scientists worked with samples of the soil and found that it had high levels of carbon. As the carbon was dated, its effects understood, and a mechanism for its presence was formally described, a whole new area of research opened up into the qualities of biochar. Now we know that for a period of at least 1,500 years, and likely up to twice as long, the settled farming culture of the Amazon basin was routinely and purposefully incorporating charred organic matter into their severely depleted and leached rainforest soils and reaping the rewards of the increased fertility.
In temperate regions, the most productive agricultural areas are often atop the deep prairie soils formed by humid grasslands – places like the US Midwest, southern Russia and Ukraine, and the Argentine pampas. Soils with high amounts of durable carbon have formed in these locations by repeated low-intensity fires that charred the abundant aboveground vegetation and surface litter. The fire regime had natural beginnings, but would have been enhanced in frequency by the presence of humans, who deliberately set them in order to drive game and modify the landscape. Radiocarbon dating of these soils has yielded carbon fraction ages of over 12,000 years in Ukraine and 7,000 years in Iowa.
This is our evidence that incorporation of biochar in soil is one of the surest and safest methods of long-term sequestration available. Its corollary benefits to primary productivity are just the icing on the proverbial cake, but these serve as additional incentives to bring biochar into our climate response strategy.