At Goats in the City, we offer a comprehensive range of target grazing services designed to address your urban vegetation management needs while promoting sustainability and biodiversity. Our innovative approach, using goats as natural grazers, provides numerous benefits compared to traditional methods. Here is an overview of our services:
Invasive Plant Control: Invasive plants can rapidly spread and dominate urban landscapes, impacting native species and compromising ecosystem health. Our goats are expert grazers, selectively targeting and consuming invasive plants, such as kudzu, poison ivy, and multiflora rose. By employing goat target grazing, we effectively control and reduce the presence of these invasive species, restoring balance to the ecosystem.
Selective Grazing: One of the remarkable advantages of goat target grazing is their ability to selectively graze. Unlike machinery or chemical herbicides, goats have a natural inclination to prefer certain plants while avoiding others. This enables us to specifically target unwanted vegetation while preserving desirable native plants. Our goats graze with precision, promoting the growth and proliferation of diverse, resilient plant communities.
Habitat Restoration: Urban habitats often suffer from degradation and loss of biodiversity. Our target grazing services contribute to habitat restoration by revitalizing degraded areas. By selectively grazing on invasive plants and promoting the growth of native species, we create healthier ecosystems that support a wider range of wildlife, including birds, pollinators, and other beneficial insects.
Site Assessment: We understand that each site is unique, with its specific vegetation challenges. Our experienced team conducts thorough site assessments to evaluate the condition of your land, identify target grazing goals, and develop a tailored plan to address your specific needs. This ensures an effective and efficient grazing strategy that maximizes results.
Ongoing Maintenance Plans: Vegetation management is an ongoing process. We offer customized ongoing maintenance plans to ensure the long-term health and sustainability of your landscape. Our team will work with you to create a maintenance schedule that suits your requirements, providing regular grazing sessions to keep invasive plants in check and maintain the desired vegetation balance.
Educational Programs: At Goats in the City, we believe in the power of education and community engagement. We offer educational programs tailored for schools, organizations, and community events. Our programs provide valuable insights into the benefits of goat target grazing, sustainable land management practices, and the importance of biodiversity conservation in urban environments. Engage and inspire your community while learning about sustainable solutions.
By choosing our target grazing services, you can enjoy several advantages. These include reduced reliance on machinery and chemical herbicides, improved soil health through natural fertilization, cost-effectiveness compared to traditional methods, and the opportunity to actively contribute to urban conservation efforts.
Join us in embracing a more sustainable and environmentally friendly approach to vegetation management. Contact us today for a site assessment, ongoing maintenance plan, or to learn more about our educational programs. Together, let's create healthier, greener, and more vibrant urban landscapes.
We are always looking for innovative ways to enhance our target grazing services and provide the best possible outcomes for our clients. That's why we are thrilled to introduce our new Drone Assessment Service, utilizing advanced vegetation mapping technology to gather accurate property assessment information and assess the effectiveness of target grazing.
With our drone-assisted assessments, we combine the power of aerial imagery and cutting-edge vegetation mapping technology to gain a comprehensive understanding of the vegetation coverage on your target grazing site. Here's how our Drone Assessment Service can benefit you:
Accurate Property Assessment: Drones equipped with high-resolution cameras capture detailed aerial images of your site, providing an accurate depiction of the vegetation coverage and distribution. This information enables us to identify areas that require targeted grazing and assess the overall condition of the landscape.
Data-Driven Decision Making: The captured imagery is then processed using advanced vegetation mapping technology. This technology analyzes the images and generates detailed vegetation maps, highlighting areas of concern, such as invasive plant hotspots or areas with low vegetation density. This data-driven approach empowers us to make informed decisions and develop precise grazing strategies tailored to your site's specific needs.
Monitoring Grazing Effectiveness: After implementing target grazing, we can conduct subsequent drone flights to assess the effectiveness of our grazing efforts. By comparing before and after imagery, we can evaluate the changes in vegetation coverage, identify areas where the grazing has been successful, and pinpoint any areas that may require additional attention.
Enhanced Efficiency and Precision: Our Drone Assessment Service enables us to gather valuable information in a highly efficient and precise manner. With drones, we can cover large areas quickly, reducing the time and resources needed for manual assessments. The detailed imagery and vegetation maps allow us to target specific areas with greater precision, optimizing the grazing process for maximum effectiveness.
By incorporating drone technology into our target grazing services, we are able to provide a more comprehensive and data-driven approach to vegetation management. This ensures that our grazing strategies are tailored to your site's specific needs and that we achieve the desired outcomes effectively.
Are you ready to experience the benefits of our Drone Assessment Service? Contact us today to learn more about how we can utilize advanced drone technology to assess your property, monitor grazing effectiveness, and optimize your urban conservation efforts.
We are dedicated to raising awareness about sustainable land management practices and the importance of biodiversity conservation in urban environments. Our educational programs are designed to engage and inspire schools, organizations, and community events, providing valuable insights into the benefits of goat target grazing and sustainable solutions. Here's an overview of our educational programs:
School Programs: We offer interactive and age-appropriate educational programs for students of all ages, from elementary schools to universities. Our knowledgeable team will visit your school and conduct engaging presentations, workshops, and demonstrations. Students will learn about the ecological benefits of goat target grazing, the importance of biodiversity conservation, and how sustainable land management practices can contribute to a greener future.
Organization Workshops: We collaborate with organizations and groups interested in sustainable practices and environmental conservation. Our workshops are tailored to meet the specific needs and objectives of your organization. We can cover topics such as urban conservation, sustainable land management, and the role of goat target grazing in promoting biodiversity. These workshops provide valuable knowledge and practical insights that can be applied to your organization's initiatives.
Community Events: We actively participate in community events, fairs, and festivals to engage with a wider audience and spread awareness about sustainable practices. Our presence at these events includes informative booths, interactive displays, and engaging activities for all ages. We strive to make learning about sustainable land management and goat target grazing a fun and memorable experience for everyone in the community.
Demonstration Visits: We offer on-site demonstration visits, where interested groups can witness our goats in action and observe the benefits of goat target grazing firsthand. Our team will explain the grazing process, highlight the ecological impact, and answer any questions participants may have. These visits provide a unique opportunity to experience sustainable land management practices in action and learn from our team of experts.
By participating in our educational programs, you can expect to gain a deeper understanding of sustainable land management, the vital role of biodiversity conservation, and the positive impact of goat target grazing on urban environments. Our programs are designed to inspire and empower individuals and communities to make environmentally conscious choices and contribute to a greener future.
If you're interested in scheduling an educational program for your school, organization, or community event, please contact us. Together, let's learn, engage, and create a more sustainable and environmentally friendly world.


Sustainable Living & Educational Center
New Community Project is Harrisonburg’s first Sustainable Living Center and Urban Farm at 715 N. Main Street. The center is both a supportive urban homestead for those in need in our community and an experiential learning site for the broader public. Our goal is to link sustainable living practices and social justice concerns as the foundation for community building and peacemaking. The site demonstrates and experiments in permaculture design, organic gardening techniques, energy efficiency, solar energy, low carbon foot print, water catchment, green technologies, and ecosystem restoration.


I often hear people say they don't want to move onto a boat because they don't want to give up their gardening. There is no reason you can't have a garden on a boat!
I have a green thumb, so making the plants grow is not hard for me, the trouble was finding a place to grow them on a sailing sailboat!
I began by hanging pots from IKEA on the stern rail and lashing them to the rail so they wouldn't fall off when we heeled over. I also tied the stem of the plants to the rail so if they did fall out of the pot, they wouldn't be lost. These pots didn't let me maximize the available real estate, but they got me started.
Then we had a storm on the Chesapeake which ripped the leaves off of all the plants and then whipped the dirt out of the roots. Needless to say, they all died.
My next version was made out of recycled water bottle felt which was sewn to the rails. They provided plenty of space for the roots with a small opening. The idea was to reduce the amount of dirt that could be blown away as compared to the pots.
The planters themselves were stitched together using polyester line (UV resistant) and the holes had grommets placed in them to keep the line from tearing out the top.
The plants liked it! I was able to grow lettuce, chard, peppers, strawberries, tomatoes, snow peas, basil, chives, and pansies (my favorite flower)
The garden grew wonderfully, but the salt spay we experienced on our summer cruise in the Atlantic killed the garden. They fair well up in the Baltimore Inner Harbor because the water is mostly fresh. If we had flushed the plants more often with fresh water, they might have survived. We didn't want to waste water, so we neglected them. The chives survived, but the rest died.
If you are trying to convince your significant other to move aboard and they express concern about losing their garden, just remember that there is always a way to accomplish your needs aboard.


GOLF COURSE CONSTRUCTION
Golf course owners and superintendents are undergoing bunker renovation projects to breathe new life into their existing golf courses, differentiating their course in a competitive market, and reducing the amount of time and resources spent on maintenance.
In addition to comprehensive experience from a lengthy project history, Oheil Site Solutions has specialized equipment to ensure that no damage is done to the surrounding course.
IRRIGATION & DRAINAGE
Properly installed irrigation and drainage systems are essential components of golf course maintenance. They not only promote the growth of healthier turf that is enjoyable for golfers as they play, but they also provide a means for efficient water management.
After more than three decades of experience, we are experts in irrigation and drainage system design and installation.


- This event has passed.
Johnson County Agriculture Day Breakfast
The Johnson County Agriculture Day committee invites you to attend our Agriculture Day Breakfast on Wednesday, March 22, 2017 at 7:30 am in Scott Hall on the Johnson County Fairgrounds in Franklin, Indiana.
We’ll start with a hearty meal prior to the program that morning. The program portion is usually about 40 minutes long. This year’s speaker is Fred Whitford from Purdue Pesticide Programs. He is a published history buff and will discuss the importance of Extension in Indiana.
Please let the organizers know by Friday, March 3, 2017 if you will be able to attend. Please email RSVP firstname.lastname@example.org.
Cost is $10 (lunch included).


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1Company KINZH-AGRO, Moscow, Russia
2Company AGRONET, Moscow Region, Sergiev Posad, Russia
A method and the necessary analytical equipment for the mass quantitative determination of sulfate ions in aqueous extracts from soils and in aqueous media is proposed, consisting in the fact that a known amount of 2-aqueous barium chloride with hydrogen chloride is added to the aliquot of the analyzed sample in the form of an aqueous solution. The resulting insoluble barium sulfate compound reduces the initial concentration of barium chloride. The amount of barium chloride remaining in the solution is determined on the specially designed flame spectrophotometric analyzer. This allows you to calculate the amount of sulfate ions associated with barium, which is automatically performed by the device program. The range of reliably determined concentrations of sulfate ions by the proposed method in water samples ranged from 10 to 100 mg/dm3. The range of reliably determined concentrations of sulfate ions in aqueous extracts from soils ranged from 0.2 to 2.4 C(1/2SO4) mol/dm3 (from 10 to 115 mg/dm3). Higher concentrations of sulfate ions must be diluted multiple times with distilled water. The method makes it possible to determine the concentration of sulfate ions in aqueous soil extracts, freshwater reservoirs and rivers, underground sources, tap water, sediments contaminated with sulfuric acid emissions from industrial enterprises. The method is quite simple, accurate and productive. The method is certified by the State Ural Research Institute of Metrology (MVI-66373620-007-2018) and approved by the Federal Agency for technical regulation and Metrology (Rosstandart), as a standard method under No. 253.0080/RA. RU.311866/2019. Patent No. 2681855 of the Russian Federal Service for Intellectual Property with priority dated September 15, 2017 was obtained for the method for determining sulfur in the form of a sulfate ion in an aqueous extract from soils and the equipment necessary for this. Detailed methods for determining sulfate ions in these objects are published in the open press in the book: "Determination of agrochemical and chemical parameters of soils, plants and aquatic environments using flow-decade analysis technology" edited by Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences R. F. Baibekov.
Sulfate Ions, Chemical Analysis, Water Extracts, Soil, Water Samples, Flame Spectrophotometry, Flow-Decade Analysis Technology
Yuri Loginov, Vladimir Kuznetsov. (2023). A New Method for the Quantitative Determination of Sulfate Ions in Aqueous Extracts from Soils and in Aqueous Media, and Analytical Equipment for Its Implementation. Science Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 11(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjac.20231101.11
Copyright © 2023 Authors retain the copyright of this article.
This article is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
|1.||Aidinyan R. Kh., Ivanova M. S., Soloviev T. G. Methods for the extraction and determination of various forms of sulfur in soils and plants. M.: Soil Institute. V. V. Dokuchaeva, 1968. S. 22.|
|2.||Soils. Methods for determining the sulfate ion in water extract. GOST 26426-85. Last approval date 07/13/2017. S. 6.|
|3.||Drinking water. Methods for determining the content of sulfates. GOST 31940-2012. Date of introduction 01.01.2014. S. 16.|
|4.||V. A. Gasov, Yu. M. Loginov, L. P. Pokhlebkina, A. N. Streltsov, Yu. V. Frolov. A technique for measuring the mass concentration of mobile mineral forms of phosphorus and potassium in an acetic extract from soils using in ten-cell cassettes analysis technology. MVI-66373620-004-2015. Registration code of the measurement technique No. FR.1.31.2016.22430. M. 2015.|
|5.||V. A. Gasov, E. V. Gasov, P. A. Danilov, V. V. Kuznetsov, S. M. Krivenkov, Yu. Method for determination of organic matter in the soil using ten-cell cassettes analysis. technology. MVI-66373620-005-2015. Registration code of the measurement technique No. FR.1.31.2016.23816. M. 2015.|
|6.||Poluektov N. S. Flame photometry analysis methods. - M.: GNTI of chemical literature, 1959. S. 179-183.|
|7.||Yu. M. Loginov, A. N. Streltsov. Automation of analytical work and instrumentation for monitoring soil fertility and the quality of crop production. Moscow. Agribusinesscenter. 2010. P. 324.|
|8.||Yu. M. Loginov. Application of continuous flow analysis in the Russian Agrochemical Service. In the book: Flow chemical analysis, Volume 17. Moscow. Nauka Publishing House. 2014.|
|9.||Yu. M. Loginov, E. V. Gazov, S. M. Krivenkov. Determination of agrochemical and chemical parameters of soils, plants and aquatic environments using flow–decade analysis technology. Moscow 2021.|
|10.||The method of measuring the mass concentration of mobile mineral forms of phosphorus and potassium in carbon-ammonium extract from soils using a flow-decade analysis technology. MVI-66373620-003-2015.01. Moscow 2015.|
|11.||Methodology for determining soil acidity using flow-decade analysis technology. MVI-66373620-006-2017.|
|12.||The method of measuring the mass concentration of mobile mineral forms of phosphorus and potassium in hydrochloric acid extract from soils using flow-decade analysis technology. MVI-66373620-002-2015. Moscow 2015.|
|13.||A method for determining the molar concentration of sulfate ions in aqueous extract from soils by flame photometric method using flow-decade technology. MVI-66373620-007-2018. Moscow. 2018.|


Family owned and operated, Tupu’anga Coffee is an ethical trade product made up of 100% Arabica beans. It is grown, harvested and produced in Tonga, and provides sustainability to families and communities living there. The profits of the business are reinvested in to the delivery of AW programmes, providing mentoring to around 400 children and their families each year.
Tupu’anga coffee is 100% organically grown, handpicked and roasted in the Kingdom of Tonga.We work together with local farmers and harvest the coffee cherries, which are then processed in our factory to make an aromatic Arabican roast. The Arabica beans provide a unique taste with very distinctive mild flavours presenting a soft acidity and a good body.
A community development approach is central to how Tupu’anga coffee operates. The purchase of our products provide a livelihood to Tongan farmers and their families, and allow us to support community development projects right throughout the Pacific.
|Phone:||+676 770 1743 or +676 26 174|
|Address:||Tupu'anga Factory Private Bag 3, Kolofo'ou Umusi, Ma'ufanga Tongatapu|


NANTUCKET, MA: The Nantucket Historical Association (NHA) is pleased to announce that the 13th Annual NHA Harvest Fair will take place on Saturday, October 13 from 12:00 P.M. to 3 P.M. at the Old Mill, 50 Prospect Street.
The NHA Harvest Fair will host an array of family-friendly activities and offer a glimpse into the island’s agricultural past. Inside the Old Mill, NHA staff will be on-hand to offer guided tours of the structure and explain its operation. Outside the mill, activities will include a Harvest Fair photo booth, historic games, and seasonal folk music. There will be plenty of arts & crafts projects, including pumpkin decorating, Old Mill pinwheels, and historic harvest photo postcards. Don’t miss a visit with local shepherdess Nicole Dupont’s goats and sheep. Seasonal refreshments and Nantucket Bake Shop corn bread will be served.
“We are delighted to bring the annual NHA Harvest Fair back to the Old Mill this October,” says Melissa Kershaw, Outreach and Public Programs Coordinator at the NHA. “Nantucket is blessed with an amazing environment that yields delicious foods and wonderful products. The NHA celebrates the island’s historic agricultural heritage with all-ages games, crafts, activities, and tours of the Old Mill. I hope everyone will stop by to celebrate the harvest with us!”
The NHA Harvest Fair carries on a Nantucket tradition of celebrating the season and agricultural abundance dating back to the mid-19th century. The first Nantucket Agricultural Society Harvest Fair was held in 1865.
Tickets for the Harvest Fair are $5 per child and free for accompanying adults, and may be purchased on-site. In case of rain, the event will be relocated to the NHA Whaling Museum at 13 Broad Street. For more information, visit the website's Programs page or call 508-228-1894


My Wish Tree
Symbolising knowledge, the Fig tree is ideal for a sunny garden and would make a lovely gift for a baby. The Fig tree is versatile and can be kept in a pot, offering lovely fruit for the child to enjoy as they grow with their tree.
The tree is beautifully packaged and comes with planting instructions and a wish card, so that the recipient can make a wish and plant it with the tree.
The Fig tree is delivered at approximately 45cm. The tree will grow to a height of up to 2 metres with a spread of 3-3.5 metres.
- Once delivered, open immediately
- Can be planted in a pot or in the ground
- Prepare soil before planting with fertiliser
- Always water before planting
- Soil: moist and well drained
- Position: sunny, away from windy open areas
- Exposure: full sun


Indexing government scandals one at a time
Ghana is heading for its smallest cocoa crop in 12 years after drought withered pods and illegal gold miners damaged plantations, according to people with knowledge of the matter.
Preliminary data shows the world’s second-largest producer will harvest an estimated 685,000 tons of beans in the season through September, down from a record crop of about 1.05 million tons the previous year, said the people, who asked not to be identified because they’re not authorized to speak publicly.
Ghana’s cocoa regulator had originally forecast a crop of 950,000 tons this year, but the harvest was hit by long dry spells early in the season. In addition, more than 19,000 hectares, or about 2% of cocoa plantations, have been destroyed by so-called galamsey -- small-scale miners who often operate illegally, the Ghana Cocoa Board said in May. Some farms are also reeling from the impact of the swollen shoot virus disease that hit them three years ago.
July 30, 2022


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What We Do
PT. Golden Union Oil is one of the leading producer of edible oil with raw material of coconut in Indonesia. We are subsidiary company of PT. Indo Vegetable Oil Industri, which has been established for over 30 years in edible oil industry. We are producing Crude Coconut Oil (CNO), Cooking Oil (RBDCNO), Coconut Fatty Acid Distillate (CFAD), and Hydrogenated RBD CNO. PT. Golden Union Oil is a privately owned company with a broadly diversified customer base. We have specialized in producing edible coconut oil. Our dedicated production and quality control teams have tirelessly worked to deliver the best quality products expected by our customers. Supported by 200 employees, our plant is running 24/7 (24 hours a day, 7 days a week) with refinery plant capacity of 300 MTD of cooking oil. We continue to upgrade and develop our refinery and production plants so as to deliver the best products to our customers. Ultimately, it is our top priority to meet our customers satisfaction and expectation.


Michelle Obama is planting an organic vegetable garden on the South Lawn, the first time this has been done since Eleanor Roosevelt’s Victory garden during WWII. While her rationale of educating “children about healthful, locally grown fruit and vegetables at a time when obesity and diabetes have become a national concern” is not on the top of my list of national concerns, it’s still a good idea. [HT to Chicken Tracks.]
When the economy truly tanks, we should all have alternate sources of food.
In the house of the wise are stores of choice food and oil,
but a foolish man devours all he has.
Proverbs 21:20 (NIV)
[HT to Queen of Pith]


Although the strongest Sativa plants might take longer to flower than the purest Indica plants, trust us – the latest and best Sativa strains of 2020 are some you’ve got to consider growing.
Not only does the purest Sativa strain offers one of the most creative highs, but it is also great for providing users with an uplifting experience. Not only that, but many of the plants on our Sativa strains list are also quite easy to grow. You can produce your own weed in your own backyard or grow room to help you get relief from anxiety or anything else that might fail you.
If you aren’t sure where to start with growing the best Sativa, don’t worry – we’re here to help with our list of the top choices of 2020 and our handy growing guide for the best Sativa weed.


This Universal Children’s Day, we encourage the global development community to think strategically, creatively, and inclusively in addressing nutrition before and after the 1,000-day window.
JSI’s Tariq Azim reports from the first regional conference on Measurement and Accountability for Health in Dhaka, Bangladesh
Leveraging the power of social capital and technology, Digital Green has pioneered the use of low-cost, community videos as an agriculture extension tool that allows farmers to record and share successful techniques with other farmers in their community.
Before participating in farmer field schools (FFS), Rajopa, a stay-at-home mother of four young children, struggled to survive on her husband’s low income. In order to provide sufficient food for her family, Rajopa decided to join a SPRING-led FFS that would use the family’s land that had previously been uncultivated.


Why Raised Bed Gardening is better than Container Gardening, Raised Bed
Raised Bed Gardening vs Container Gardening, Raised Bed Gardens vs Container Gardens. Raised bed gardens are better than container gardens because the soil is exposed to the natural earth. So more of nature can enter your garden from the bottom of the container. Two 12 x 4 raised bed gardens with rich soil can easily provide for a family throughout the year.
First of all, raised bed gardens allow for better drainage and improved soil quality over time. They also make it possible for you to enjoy greater control over the micro-environments created by each individual plant—and they're easier to maintain.
Second, raised beds let you grow more plants in less space—which means more food (or flowers) without taking up more room in your yard or on your patio. This can be especially helpful if your property is small or if your local weather isn't conducive to container gardening year-round.
Finally, raised beds help reduce weed problems and minimize the likelihood of pests and disease affecting your crop—something that can't always be said about container gardens.
What does all this mean? It means that if you're thinking about starting a garden, you should use raised beds instead.


Dust Free High Fibre Haylage
Quality Haylage From Quality Grass
MainBale Haylage is a High Fibre Haylage with low – moderate levels of both energy and protein.
This is achieved by allowing the grass to mature out in the field before mowing and harvesting.
MainBale Haylage is suitable for feeding to a wide range of horses from native ponies – riding club horses through to competition horses.
Each bale is densely compressed, the dimensions of MainBale being one of the largest on the market contain high volumes of haylage; this should provide enough forage for the average 500kg horse for 3 – 4 days. (Depending on circumstances)
MainBale Haylage is a Dust Free Forage; it is by far more nutritious than dry or soaked hay. The concentrate portion of your horses’ diet could be reduced when feeding Haylage compared to hay.
As MainBale Haylage is low in both energy and protein it should not make your horse Fizzy as other brands of haylage can do.
The MainBale package is a densely compressed bale sealed into a thick durable plastic bag.
The densely compressed bales are easy to stack and handle, the shelf life of the MainBale package has been greatly increased when compared to plastic wrapped bales due to the higher density inside.
We have invested in a new packaging facility to produce the MainBale package. This project is supported under the England rural development program by the department for environment food and rural affairs (DEFRA) and the European agricultural guidance and guarantee fund.


The strategic plan for Agricultural Engineering in Cambodia 2016-2020 reflects the development of agricultural engineering sub-sector and the strong commitment of DAEng to ensure food Security and promote sustainable agriculture in Cambodia. It is also a road map in line with the National Rectangular Strategy, National Strategic Development Plan and Agricultural Sector Strategic Development Plan.
Agriculture remains one of the main priority areas of the Royal Government of Cambodia. It contributes about 28.6% to the GDP and employs 60% of total population (MAFF 2015). Agricultural growth had shown steady improvement averaging 5.3% annually during 2004-2012, which was among the highest in the world. However, the growth had slowed down to around 1-2% in 2013-2014 (World Bank 2015).
Cambodian farming systems are largely subsistence oriented and are dependent on rainfed conditions thereby excessively exposing producers to production uncertainties. Most systems are centered on paddy rice production, which is a staple food in the country and 84% of total area is under wet season rice (MAFF 2014). Although new irrigation facilities have been constructed and old schemes have been rehabilitated to allow multiple cropping per year, they have yet met with the demand. This restricts the majority of producers to a single rain-fed rice crop per year.
Improvement of the agricultural sector is paramount in poverty reduction. Commercializing smallholder agriculture and accelerating its growth rate is essential in increasing agricultural production as a means of pulling the majority of the rural poor out of poverty. Given the generally abundant land resource, efforts to increase agricultural production should include both technologies to expand utilized land area and intensification of the existing cultivated area. This may be achieved through mechanization and adoption of other improved technologies such as improved seed, use of fertilizers, agro-processing and accessibility to markets.
The agricultural engineering deals with the design of farm machinery, the location of farm structure, farm drainage, soil management and erosion control, water supply and irrigation, bio-technology and with the efficient planting, harvesting, storage, and processing of farm commodities.
Farm machinery includes three main power sources that is human, animal and mechanical. Under the tropical heat, a health adult using a hand hoe can work about 0.5 ha per season thus limiting the area under cultivation to 2 ha only for an average family of four adults. On the other hand, a family owning a pair of draught animals can manage 5 - 8 ha per season while a 60-70 hp tractor can manage more than 80 ha in a season.
Mechanization enhances the human capacity, leading to intensification and increased productivity as a result of timely planting, weeding, harvesting, post harvesting handling and accessibility to markets. Also it reduces drudgery making agriculture an attractive enterprise. It therefore has the potential to turn idle land into productive land for national economic growth, food self-sufficiency, industrial growth and employment, leading to poverty reduction. Cambodia needs to mount a long-term effort to develop a modern agriculture, mechanization playing a leading role.
Modernization and mechanization in agricultural sector are becoming increasingly important in addressing the shortage of farm power in rural areas. This is because the agricultural labor force is declining as a result of rural-urban and abroad migration, and non-farm employment opportunities. Besides, climate change has put more constraints to complete any specific operation on time to avoid defects and losses. This is hardly done without the help of mechanization.
Strategies formulated in this document envision that by 2020 at least mechanization level 68% of rice field operations from land preparation up to milling will be reached. Enabling profitability of agricultural engineering; skill development and capacity strengthening; improving agricultural productivity and rural livelihoods; and improving policy, legal and regulatory environment will serve as the key drivers in this transformation.
The development of agricultural mechanization in Cambodia shall lie with private sector with the government as a catalyst in sustaining mechanization in the country. It is important to initially assess the performance and profitability of mechanization options in the different ecosystem zones, and make appropriate modifications before farmers and other end-users are advised of the options. The current use of power tillers and tractors are mainly for land preparation. Hence 68% of the mechanization target level shall be achieved by promoting the multiple usability of the two machines equipped with implements for planting, weeding and fertilizer application and other post-harvest operations.
Providing access to credit to farmers who would not otherwise be able to adopt mechanization options is critical in providing the transformation. Here it will be important to help farmers’ cooperatives leverage their collective bargaining power by assisting in establishing business plan, financial integrity and wherever applicable guarantee loans.
Technical skills need to be developed at grass-root levels involving rural artisans, operators, mechanic, service providers, farmers and other end-users. Development of agricultural engineering sector in the country will enable creation of new designs of ergonomic tools for human labor and draught animals, and further widen the choice of mechanization options for local conditions. Mechanization options that help conserve natural resources such as land, soil fertility and water need to be developed and endorsed. Cambodia needs a massive adoption program on mechanization delivering knowledge and awareness amongst farmers through potential entrepreneurs and extension agents of mechanization at village level.
The modernization and commercialization of agriculture requires integration of mechanization options in commodity chains. By enhancing the quality, value and therefore the marketability of farm produces, the introduction of mechanization in commodity chain will substantially improve the profitability of the farmers. Farmers and potential entrepreneurs need to be educated and trained on the various avenues of mechanization in post-harvest handling, storage, and primary-and secondary agro processing enterprises. Linkages along the continuum of production, processing and marketing need to be strengthened through incentives and entrepreneurial spirits. Introduction of mechanization at various stages of processing will not only improve the agricultural commodity chains but also enhance rural employment opportunities and livelihoods in Cambodia.
Favorable policy is the critical for the promotion of agricultural mechanization in the country. All the different policy viz. agricultural, industrial, labor, energy, export/import etc. are needed to be streamlined for promotion of agricultural mechanization. The law, sub-decree and other regulations and guidelines on the promotion of agricultural mechanization will be prepared and adopted. These documents will be served as a road map in the field of mechanization development and be enacted with a view to encouraging and supporting peasants, and agricultural and operation organization to use advanced and applicable agricultural machines, promoting the mechanization of agriculture and developing modern agriculture.
The first regulation needs to be adopted in the near future is the sub-decree on the management of workshops for repair, modification and assembly of agricultural machinery and its associate equipment. The second is legal measures for standardization and certification. Center for Testing of Agricultural Machinery (CTAM) is proposed to establish to undertake machinery testing, quality control and standardization. By ensuring quality and safety, the center will play a very important role in protecting the interests of both farmers and manufacturers.


Farmers Platform is to connect farmers with the buyers (FPO , Exporters,Traders, and Processors). Buyer registers on this platform and chooses the area from where he wants to buy the product. He can offer the price at which he wants to buy the product. Farmers of that selected location get the SMS on their mobile set. SMS contains name and mobile number of all buyers and the price which they are offering to buy a commodity.
Thus a farmer gets the negotiating power and he can sell the product at better price. Most farmers in developing countries face the challenge of marketing their produce and most often meet the unpredictable market prices.
At Farmers Edge, we're dedicated to developing the best platforms to increase production and help you grow more with less. We give you everything you need.


Landscape developments over the period from the founding of the Hunting Grounds through to the end of the 19th century
In 1747, when João V ordered the construction of the National Hunting Grounds of Mafra, the lands were then described as occupied by houses, fields, logging, vineyards, gorse and brush.
In addition to the hunting function, the grounds also served as the location for the plantation of orchards for the benefit of the nuns and for the growing of medicinal plants and woody vegetation above all to supply the Convent.
Despite a lack of conclusive evidence, it is believed that the Hunting Grounds were divided into three from the outset: the first Hunting Ground spanned an area of 360 hectares and with a heavy prevalence of agriculture seeing it given over to horticultural production and pasture; the second Hunting Ground primarily served a forestry purpose to ensure the regular supply of firewood; and the third Hunting Grounds was essentially given over to the actual practice of hunting. The latter two both covered an area of 819 hectares with a remaining 8 hectare site, adjoining the Convent, containing a garden that still remains to today, the Cerco Garden.
The inner and outer walls run a length of 21km.
In 1778, the Convent’s Ruling Cannons of Saint Augustine made a request of Queen Maria that she grant them some land on which to grow more pines as firewood consumption had risen and the Hunting Grounds no longer provided sufficient wood to supply both the Convent and the Royal College of Mafra.
Queen Maria I decreed the growing of pines in an area now known as the Pinewood of the Nuns.
In 1780, the Hunting Grounds saw their first successful planting as, according to a 1787 description by Beckford, there were already stretches of stone pine (Pinus pinea).
In the “social restoration of the country” period, in 1843, Alexandre Herculano referred to how “three years ago, Their Majesties had ordered the taming of these unworked lands. (…) In addition to the Cultivation made at the cost of the Royal Household, there are being distributed among the inhabitants of the town of Mafra lands to those wishing to work them. The entirety of the returns from these lands belongs for three years to whoever converts the brush that was into arable land” (Rego, 2006).
Agriculture in the Hunting Grounds was a recognised advantage not only for the profits made from leasing the land but also the improvements to pasture lands as well as raising the numbers working the lands and thus avoiding “the scandalous excess of hunters intruding over the walls and hunting all of the species to death” (Roussado Gorjão, 1838 in Rego, 2006).
In 1843, Alexandre Herculano referred to the existence of “small maritime pines” as the method for the future as they served to break the northwesterly winds and along with the planting of berry and fruit trees, especially olive trees.
There is a reference to the planting of 650 olive trees and of these, Roussado Gorjão stated in 1834 that some 361 had survived and thus we also grasp how silviculture management practices had already undergone some development.
In 1840, under the reign of King Fernando, the Royal Stud Farm of Mafra was established within the extent of the hunting grounds and remained in effect through to its abolition on 23rd September 1859. Nevertheless, the first section of the Hunting Grounds has been under military rule since 1890.
Despite the 1911 proposal, advocating that the Hunting Grounds of Mafra be entirely handed over to the Forestry Service, this not only never happened but also during World War One (1914-1918) the grounds experienced widespread destruction of their forested area for the purposes of profit.
Rego, F.C. (2006). Tapada de Mafra – Uma história natural. General Directorate of Forestry Resources, Lisbon, 83 pp.


2 edition of Soil survey of Imperial County, California, Imperial Valley Area. found in the catalog.
Soil survey of Imperial County, California, Imperial Valley Area.
Robert P. Zimmerman
by U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service in [Washington, D.C.?]
Written in English
|Contributions||United States. Soil Conservation Service., California Agricultural Experiment Station., Imperial Irrigation District (Calif.)|
|LC Classifications||S599.C2 Z55 1981|
|The Physical Object|
|Pagination||vii, 112 p. :|
|Number of Pages||112|
|LC Control Number||82601090|
The Imperial Valley (Spanish: Valle de Imperial or Valle Imperial) lies in the California counties of Imperial and Riverside in southeastern Southern California with an urban area centered on the city of El Valley is bordered by the Colorado River to the east and, in part, the Salton Sea to the west. Farther west lies the San Diego and Imperial County border. 7. United Siales Department of Agriculture Soil Conservation, Service Univers ity of California Agricultural Experiment Slation, ; Soil Survey of Imperial County California. Imperial Valley Area: INTERNET SITES I. 2. 3. 4. Census. Imperial County Demographic Do/a 5.
California Imperial County Main Street, Suite El Centro, CA Number: Homepage. IMPERIAL VALLEY, CALIFORNIA By O. J. LOELTZ, BURDGE IRELAN, J. H. ROBISON, and F. H. OLMSTED ABSTRACT The Imperial Valley occupies a broad lowland in the southern, wider part of the Salton Trough section of the Basin and Range physio graphic province. The trough is a landward extension of the depression.
Irrigated Capability Class—Imperial County, California, Imperial Valley Area () Natural Resources Conservation Service Web Soil Survey National Cooperative Soil Survey 1/16/ Page 1 of 5 APA. Zimmerman, R. P., United States., California Agricultural Experiment Station., & Imperial Irrigation District (Calif.). (). Soil survey of Imperial County.
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Soil survey of Imperial County, California, Imperial Valley Area [Zimmerman, Robert P] on *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. Soil survey of Imperial County, California, Imperial Valley AreaAuthor: Robert P Zimmerman.
Soil Survey of Imperial County California Imperial Valley Area Paperback – January 1, by United States Department of Agriculture Soil Conservation Service (Author)Author: United States Department of Agriculture Soil Conservation Service.
Get this from a library. Soil survey of Imperial County, California, Imperial Valley Area. [Robert P Zimmerman; United States. Soil Conservation Service.; California Agricultural Experiment Station.; Imperial Irrigation District (Calif.)]. Soil survey of Imperial County, California, Imperial Valley Area.
[Washington, D.C.?]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for Soil Survey of Imperial County California Area Book & Folio with 33 Maps at the best online prices at.
DE: soil-survey-Imperial-County-California soil-maps-California-Imperial-County SU: A /a: Im7 AU: J. Garnett Homes and party CA: United States Agriculture Department; Soils Bureau TI: Soil survey of Imperial area, Cal., extending survey of [Also in: Field operations of bureau,5th report by Milton Whitney, H.
doc. [pt Buy Soil survey of Imperial County, Imperial Valley Area. book, Imperial Valley Area by Robert P Zimmerman (ISBN:) from Amazon's Book Store. Everyday low prices and free delivery on eligible : Robert P Zimmerman.
Published Soil Surveys for California. Current, official soil survey information is on the Web Soil Survey. The Web Soil Survey allows you to create custom reports by selecting a specific area of interest.
In the California below, clicking on a survey area that is listed as "current" takes you to the Web Soil Survey. imperial valley Download imperial valley or read online books in PDF, EPUB, Tuebl, and Mobi Format.
Click Download or Read Online button to get imperial valley book now. This site is like a library, Use search box in the widget to get ebook that you want. Soil Surveys by State; Partnerships; Publications; Soil Classification; Soil Geography; Tools; Soil Survey Regional Offices; Soil Climate Research Stations; Davis, CA (SSR 2) Contacts Ecological Site Information Soil Information Raleigh, NC (SSR 3) Contacts.
Automatically display soil data after my location is determined City, state; Zip code; Landmark (Example: Mt. Diablo, CA) - OR - Enter a latitude/longitude: Enter latitude and longitude in decimal degrees, separated by a comma.
Use positive values for degrees North and East, and negative values for degrees South and West. Example: Imperial County is home to approximatelyresidents which live and work within its seven cities (Brawley, Calexico, Calipatria, El Centro, Holtville, Imperial and Westmorland) and eight unincorporated communities (Bombay Beach, Heber, Niland, Ocotillo, Palo Verde, Salton City, Seeley and Winterhaven).
The analysis in this section is based on the Soil Survey of Imperial County, California, Imperial Valley Area (USDA ) and the “Preliminary Geotechnical and GeoHazards Report, Four Vacant Lots NEC Cole Road and Sunset Blvd, Calexico, California” (LandMark ).
This. Get this from a library. Soil survey of Yuma-Wellton area: parts of Yuma County, Arizona, and Imperial County, California. [Russel L Barmore; United States. Soil Conservation Service.; University of Arizona.
Agricultural Experiment Station.; California Agricultural Experiment Station.]. Soil Survey of Yuma-Wellton Area: Parts of Yuma County, Arizona, and Imperial County, California, December Soil Survey of Palo Verde Area, California, September Beginning inSSURGO digital soil information has been incorporated into the Imperial County Important Farmland Map.
Prior versions of the map have not been modified. The. Inaddition, a government soil survey, released in January and expanded inasserted that the alkaline soil conditions here made "crops absolutely impossible to grow." National attention was already focused on the great undertaking in the Imperial Valley desert, and press reports quoting from the soil survey were completely.
The waters of the river raced into the Imperial Valley and started filling up Salton Sink which again was changed into a lake and greatly increased in area. The bottom of the Sink was feet below sea level in ; at the present time the water level of what is now called the Salton Sea is feet below sea level, a difference of 43 feet.
The following soil association descriptions are excerpted from the Soil Conservation Service “Soil Survey of the Imperial County California Imperial Valley Area” (Zimmerman ).
imperial valley cimis report and uc water management resources. pdf: 7/14/ june the cdfa healthy soil-incentive program and imperial county awardees. granulate cutworm update. imperial valley cimis report and uc water management resources. pdf: 6/4/ General soil map, Imperial County, California, Imperial Valley area / Imperial County, California, Imperial Valley area Catalog Record Only "Compiled " Includes explanatory note.
Contributor: United States. Soil Conservation Service. IMPERIAL COUNTY, CALIFORNIA The Land Evaluation and Site Assessment (LESA) model is an approach for rating the relative quality of land resources based upon specific measurable features.
The LESA model was first developed by the federal Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) in It .TYPE LOCATION: Imperial County, California; about 2 miles north of Niland on the north bank of "Z" drain and feet east of power line near center of S edge sec.
20, TN., RE. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: The mean annual soil temperature at a depth of 20 inches is about 74 degrees F. The soils are usually dry and are not moist for as long.A soil survey is the systematic description, classification, and mapping of soils in an area.
They are published by the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS), formerly known as the Soil Conservation Service. NRCS soil surveys are available from .


10:00 A.M. Thursday, August 5, 2021 (on location)
SW/4, S5, T26N, R2W, Kay Co., OK
From Tonkawa 5.5 miles West of I-35 on Hwy 60, 4 miles north on 140th St.
From Nardin, 3.5 miles south on 140th St.
160 Acres mol Kay County land with 135.8 acres in cultivation with balance in grass and timber. Wheat base 50.23A & 37 bu/A yield, Sorghum base 21.22 A & 51 bu/A yield, Soybean base 34.97 A & 23 bu/A yield. Minerals are intact and sell with land. Rural electric on south side. Good hunting. All weather roads on both sides. Possession when bean crop is harvested and closing.
LEGAL: SW/4, S5, T26N, R2W, Kay Co., OK.
TAXES 2020: $553.00.
TERMS: $2,000 down with balance at closing.
TERMS: Property sells as is with no guarantee or warranty. Descriptions are accurate to best of knowledge. Announcements made day of sale will supersede all other advertising. Seller or Auction Co. not responsible for accidents.


Two of the women featured in this film came to a meeting of VG4A when we showed the film through Movie Mondays. “Magnificent and inspirational.” Award-winning documentary film about South African women sowing the seeds of change in the context of climate crisis, poverty, and HIV/AIDS. 35 minutes, xiTsonga with English subtitles. Director Christine Welsh. Q&A with researcher/co-writer Dr. Elizabeth Vibert. Part of UVic's Global Days.
This award-winning 2017 documentary film (35 min), directed by Indigenous filmmaker Christine Welsh, has played at film festivals on four continents. It tells the story, in their own voices, of three generations of women in a village in South Africa who created a community garden. They called it “the thinking garden” – hleketani in the xiTsonga language – a place where women gather to think about how to effect change.
Thirty years later the garden is still going strong, providing fresh vegetables and new opportunities for local people while helping to confront the ravages of climate change, poverty, and HIV/AIDS in a community pushed to the edge.
Beautifully filmed against the backdrop of an epic drought, The Thinking Garden tells the uplifting story of what can happen when older women take matters into their own hands and how local action in food production can give even the most vulnerable people a measure of control over their food and their futures.


Finally! It is nice outside!! Spent the morning cleaning up winter garbage around the yard.. while the kids rode their bikes and jumped on the trampoline! What a great way to start my day! This afternoon I will be working in the strawberry "patch" getting it ready.. we already have little strawberry plants coming up and I need to get alot of work done in it and get ready to plant the new plants!! :) Im a happy girl when I can play outside!!!
Does anyone have any good tips for storing outdoor toys like skateboards and baseball bats, etc???


It’s no secret that bamboo sheets are the most sought after products on the world’s bedding and linen market nowadays. What makes it incredible as a textile is firstly the fact that it is affordable due to the rate at which bamboo plants grow and at how versatile its many uses are. Additionally, bamboo is easy to cultivate and requires very little attention as it is the hardiest grass in the world.
Bamboo has fast become the leader in the world of natural resources for textiles, as unlike similar organically grown plants such as cotton, bamboo gives ten times larger yields than any cotton harvest can produce. The key word here being organic, and cotton plants without any pesticide use are a lot more susceptible to being destroyed by pests or disease. Nothing can be further from the truth for bamboo which is able to sustain itself in the harshest of conditions. Bamboo in general grows much better organically and in turn offers several added health benefits to consumers.
The one area where bamboo products are taking the world market by storm is bed sheets and linen.
Organic bamboo product ranges on offer for bedding markets have several qualities unique to bamboo fabrics. It may be hard to believe that there is anything softer than silk, but bamboo takes the top honors in this category as a result of the long staple fibers. When compared to cotton and silk, bamboo also has a much higher temperature and moisture control ability as it is able to wick moisture away from the skin. As if all of this was not sufficient, bamboo fabrics offer specialized natural pesticides and anti-bacterial agents that will keep you free from unwanted bugs, bacteria, fungus and even your own sweat.
But the true miracle lies in the fact that it is a completely “green” product. Here are the reasons why you will be living much greener by simply purchasing bamboo sheets:
1. Bamboo has natural thermo control properties which will allow you to be warm in winter and cool in summer, thus reducing your need for heaters or air conditioning.
2. Bamboo sheets are able to breathe due to the way the fibers are naturally constructed, so increased comfort means better sleep which in turn means a healthier you.
3. Moisture wicking abilities keeps you dry even on the most humid nights.
4. Allergens are massively reduce from growing on these sheets thanks to the hypo allergenic properties of bamboo, giving you a healthier overall sleep.
5. And of course the main reason you should purchase bamboo sheets for your bed is that they are completely biodegradable, therefore your will be helping to keep our planet clean by simply buying a set of bamboo bed sheets.
6. Bamboo produces over 30% more oxygen than any other plant that is harvested and they also absorb greenhouse gases from the atmosphere at a much higher rate than any plant of the same size.
So when it comes to an ecologically sound material choice for the world’s bed linen, bamboo comes out on top.
Try a set of bamboo sheets for yourself, you may never go back to cotton.


Updated: Jun 15, 2020
We don't have a lot of sunny areas on our property for growing a vegetable garden. Most get partial sun, at best. Two places really get good, full sun - the north side of the driveway and house, and the septic field. For many reasons, some of which are obvious, we are hesitant to grow anything on the septic field itself. We may add raised beds to the perimeter of it, where it shouldn't cause damage, and raised beds would prevent any contamination problems if the leach field develops any small issues (big issues, and it's all out the window either way!).
So with that said, the north side yard and next to the driveway are the easiest spots to start. It gets full or near-to-full sun there, and access from the house is certainly easy!. The biggest downfall is that its on a steep incline. So, while Kallo built an 8x4 raised garden bed, I set to work prepping the spot to be, if not level, at least more level. We placed the box in its new footing, and then I began working on the dirt to fill it.
We have a big pile of topsoil from our own yard, which was dug out to widen the driveway (had to make room for my parent's monster RV and 4 vehicles). It's good, dark topsoil but is filled with rocks and roots, so I needed a way to sift the dirt, since picking it all out by hand would have taken months! Kallo used hardware cloth and scrap wood to make a big sifter. I can fill it and shake, and it takes out everything bigger than small pebbles, or I set it up on a milk crate, had someone else shovel dirt onto it and I moved it around with my hand. The latter was certainly the easiest, and fastest. Both methods also left the dirt very well aerated and soft, ready for planting!
We've so far only filled half of it because heavy rains wetted down the dirt pile so much that the sifter was ineffective. The rabbits have contributed their 'goods' to the garden bed, also! If we had grow-outs, We likely wouldn't even need topsoil - the bunny berries would probably fill the beds to the top!
Next order of business; I needed a flat 'road' to get through so I can take the wagon with hay and supplies in it to the rabbits. We will eventually need that path when the chicken coop is done and receives occupants, also. I tried simply pulling the cart across the hill but the incline is too steep and the whole thing tipped, dumping its contents down the hill. The littles helped with hand trowels but most of the work was done with full-size shovels. I dug out a corner and smoothed the dirt across, to give myself a flat road. I wedged some rotten firewood under the edges, to help it not wash out, but I will have to shore up those edges with something strong - perhaps the metal pipes we found rusting under the previous owner's woodpile will help make a good retaining wall.
The last problem was the bottom corner and 3/4 of the long side of the garden box. We had to build up the dirt a bit to get it almost level and one good rain might wash out the tentative footing, so it needed its own retaining wall. I have a handful of square foot patio stones that we brought from our old house, which had been bought for a project and never used. I'm glad I decided to lug the things along at the last minute - I'd piled them in our little car the day before closing!
So now we have a bit of a tiered hillside, ready for planting in the spring! I may use the rocks sifted out of the garden dirt to help stabilize the road, as we have a big pile of them to do something with. I also plan to chat with the closest neighbor about the exact line between our properties, and see if he minds a garden going in right along with it, as that's the next sunniest place on the property.


3 edition of Demand response to increasing electricity prices by Pacific Northwest irrigated agriculture. found in the catalog.
Demand response to increasing electricity prices by Pacific Northwest irrigated agriculture.
1981 by College of Agriculture Research Center, Washington State University in [Pullman, Wash.] .
Written in English
|Series||Bulletin / College of Agriculture Research Center, Washington State University -- 0897., Bulletin (Washington State University. College of Agriculture. Research Center) -- 897.|
|The Physical Object|
|Pagination||25 p. :|
|Number of Pages||25|
The study further examines the potential and challenges for grower acceptance of demand response and permanent load shifting in California agricultural irrigation. As part of the examination, the study considers to what extent permanent load shifting, which is already somewhat accepted within the agricultural sector, mitigates the need or. Irrigation institutions; a discussion of the economic and legal questions created by the growth of irrigated agriculture in the West by Mead, Elwood, Pages: Agriculture Water Demand Model Factsheet - revised Sept (PDF) Report for Capital Regional District November (PDF, MB) Report for Salt Spring Island December (PDF, MB) Report for the Regional District of Central Kootenay June (PDF, MB) Report for the City of Kamloops May (PDF, MB). The National Climate Assessment summarizes the impacts of climate change on the United States, now and in the future. A team of more than experts guided by a member Federal Advisory Committee produced the report, which was extensively reviewed by the public and experts, including federal agencies and a panel of the National Academy of Sciences.
Overfishing is a problem in the North Atlantic and Pacific oceans % decline in tuna and swordfish Challenges for farmers in developing/developed countries Farmers in DEVELOPING countries face challenges of meeting the needs of rapid population growth and growing food for export.
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Demand Response to Increasing Electricity Prices by Northwest Irrigated Agriculture. College of Agriculture Research Center, Washington State University, Bulletin No.Pullman, Washington. Response of Pacific Northwest irrigated agriculture to rising electricity prices Miscellaneous Majoro, M.
This study examines how the irrigated agriculture sector will respond in the short run ( years) if faced with rising electricity costs. Some further evidence on the derived demand for irrigation electricity: A dual cost function approach Article (PDF Available) in Water Resources Research 25(7) July with 19 Reads.
That is why U.S. agriculture is central to the challenge of balancing increasing water demands for urban, industrial, and environmental uses. According to the Census of Agriculture, irrigated farms represented just 14 percent of U.S.
farms, but contributed about 39 percent of the country’s farm sales—over $ billion. Washington Irrigation. Washington's designation as "The Evergreen State" really only applies to half of the state. The Cascade Mountain Range effectively drains most of the moisture from the atmosphere onto the west side of the mountains leaving the east side with plenty of sunshine, but very little rainfall.
Agriculture is a major user of ground and surface water in the United States, accounting for approximately 80 percent of the Nation's consumptive water use and over 90 percent in many Western States. Efficient irrigation systems and water management practices can help maintain farm profitability in an era of increasingly limited and more costly water supplies.
Author(s): Aghajanzadeh, A; English, M; English, C | Abstract: Integrating the agricultural sector into energy demand management incentive programs requires a decision support system for irrigation management – tools to more precisely plan and track water and energy use across the growing season.
Balancing on-farm irrigation and energy Demand response to increasing electricity prices by Pacific Northwest irrigated agriculture. book with a dynamic electricity grid is becoming Cited by: 1.
Irrigated agriculture and electrical energy supply in the Pacific Northwest are intricately bound by mutual dependence on Columbia River Basin water. Diversion and instream demands on the water have intensified through recent development in the region.
Increases in population and resulting growth of urban areas in the arid western United States have put tremendous pressure on the water resources.
Most of the consumptive use of water in the west is in the form of evapotranspiration from irrigated crops. In the urban areas, irrigation of landscapes and lawns are the main contributors. In most states, water resources have been totally. DEMAND RESPONSE POTENTIAL IN CALIFORNIA INDUSTRY, AGRICULTURE, AND WATER SECTORS.
Arian Aghajanzadeh, Aimee McKane, Cr aig Wray, Peter Therkelsen. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA., U.S.A. August The work described in this report was coordinated by the Demand Response Research Center.
Agricultural Land Use Projections for the Pacific Northwest: A Summary and Review The purpose of this Extension special report is to provide a summary and review of recent studies of agricultural land use projections for the states of Oregon, Washington, and Idaho.
The intent is to provide a useful reference. The higher cost of energy will substantially increase the cost of groundwater, whereas increasing demand for hydroelectric power may reduce the price and increase supply of surface water. High energy prices and geopolitical considerations drive investment in land- and water-intensive biofuel technology, diverting land and water supplies to Cited by: 2.
Our goal is to provide guidance and tools to implement the principles of climate smart agriculture in a long-term, sustainable manner. We bring innovative tools to all scale farmers throughout the developing world based on our 40 years of experience in agriculture.
Demand for products of irrigated agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa 9 7 8 9 2 5 1 0 5 5 8 1 6 The contribution of irrigated agriculture 37 Volume II Regional demand for products of irrigation agriculture.
Demand for products of irrigated agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa. Demand Response and Agricultural Irrigation How it Works From a DR perspective, enabling agricultural irrigation systems to respond to demand-response events can take a variety of forms, from shutting off one or more water pumps at specific times or turning off.
Perhaps unsurprisingly, irrigated agriculture has seen the greatest increase in electricity use in recent drought years. According to the CPUC analysis, drought can be expected to boost electricity use on the average irrigated agriculture operation by a full one-third above normal year usage.
Agricultural demand response is a focus for EnerNOC inalong with an open developer’s platform (EnerNOC Open), more efficiency services based on the streams of data it’s pulling in from Author: Katherine Tweed. Population growth, rapid urbanization, changing diets and economic development are just some of the factors driving increased demand for water, energy and food.
Agriculture is the largest consumer of the world's freshwater resources, and more than one-quarter of the energy used globally is expended on food production and supply. Irrigated areas constitute about 17% of the total farmland in the world and provide 50% of the global agricultural produce.
In the Middle Eastern countries, irrigated fields yield 70% of the agricultural produce. The volume of irrigation water conveyed to a field dictates the engineering parameters of the Size: KB.
of irrigated agriculture development projects including those in the Gascoyne, Pilbara and Kimberley DAFWA recognises that there are many products that could be grown successfully in the North – identifying those with strong demand that are experiencing growth in the markets of the future will ensure greater potential for success.
It is clear that the electricity price increases are adding significantly to the cost of irrigated agriculture and is destroying demand for electricity. Currently unsustainable electricity prices are hastening the change to alternative energy sources, threatening the viability of Ergon’s network investments and increasing.
The Impact of Erratic Electricity Supply on Irrigated Agriculture John Kerr Winrock International do Economics Group ICRISAT, Patancheru Andhra Pradesh India Introduction On 10 April much of Telangana region of Andhra Pradesh was crippled by a bandh it protest of the reduced allotment of electricity to farmers from 24 to 13 hours.
Inthe Industrial Demand Response Team of the Demand Response Research Center (DRRC) started its research into the potential for Demand Response (DR) and Automated Demand Response (Auto-DR) in the Industrial, Agricultural, and Water (IAW) involves electricity end-use customers reducing their electricity usage over a given time.
Rabi irrigated area (RIA) exhibits a linearly increasing trend with large ﬂuctuations and a total growth from FIG. (left) Sourcewise development from to of the irrigated area in Telangana. (right) NIA, GIA, and RIA. The GIA includes land that is irrigated in both seasons. energy efficiency in the Pacific Northwest.
Characterize the current state of the irrigation market. This study sought to identify the current irrigation technologies and practices in the Pacific Northwest, and document the market barriers to the adoption of efficient irrigation technologies and practices.
Review the current state of BPA’s. The Pacific Northwest’s total consumption of energy in aMW. Annual consumption is expected to grow by % to 1% a year, adding an additional 2, aMW by Because of relatively cool summers and low rates of air conditioning, the Pacific Northwest.
the socio-economic conditions that irrigated agriculture can change; and (b) the way irrigation development is is hoped that the paper will promote debate and act as a stimulant for new action to reach the poor through irrigated agriculture.
This is the first of a series of issues papers to be prepared by the International. 1. Introduction. In California, competing water demands for agriculture, industry, urban areas and the environment have meant that most watersheds in the state are consistently over-allocated (California Department of Water Resources, ).In the near term, projections suggest that by demand for water will exceed the available supply by more than billion m 3 in average rainfall Cited by: 4 Land Values Summary (August ) USDA, National Agricultural Statistics Service Agricultural Land Values Highlights The United States farm real estate value, a measurement of the value of all land and buildings on farms, averagedFile Size: KB.
Energy Price and Groundwater Extraction for Agriculture: Exploring the Energy need of achieving accuracy with regard to the basins most important to irrigated agriculture. 4 The water simulation model operates at FPU level. supply, demand, and prices for.
There was a "rush" in irrigated land sales during the 4th quarter of last year in the nation's center, according to a report this week from Kansas City Federal Reserve economist Nathan Kauffman. The numbers show a major spike in demand for irrigated land in the nation's center; just in the 4th quarter of alone, sale prices rose by 13%.
CaseStudy t%M2M%SmartGridInvestmentGrant % 3% Gleasonisespeciallypleasedwith"theaddedvalue from%soil%moisturemonitoringandgoingonlineto% seehowthewellsarerunning.".
Agriculture Water Demand Model Many of the watersheds in British Columbia (BC) are fully allocated or will be in the next 15 to 20 years. The Agriculture Water Demand Model (AWDM) helps to understand current agricultural water use and helps to fulfil the Province’s commitment under the “ Living Water Smart – BC Water Plan ” to reserve.
The Colorado River, recently named America’s most endangered river, supports millions of people in the American Southwest and northwest Mexico and helps irrigate millions of acres of land.
Yet demands on the river already exceed the river’s average supply, a situation that is projected to get worse in coming years as climate change reduces runoff at the same time that fast-growing. future supply and demand imbalances.
The content of this report is a key component of that technical foundation and describes the Study’s assessment of water demand. The amount of water available and the progression of demand for water in the Basin (and the. Reasons for decreased irrigated area in California include crop subsidies and export markets.
False Fewer than 10 water agencies in California operate groundwater recharge programs to facilitate the conjunctive' (or joint, coordinated) use of surface and groundwater supplies.
Nationwide, irrigated agriculture makes a significant contribution to the value of US agricultural production. Inthe market value of all agricultural products sold was $ billion, with irrigated farms (farms with at least some irrigated cropland) accounting for roughly 39% of market sales, or $ billion, and nonirrigated farms (farms not irrigating any cropland) accounting for Cited by: 3.
Observed Climate Change. Temperatures increased across the region from towith a regionally averaged warming of about °F. 1 While precipitation has generally increased, trends are small as compared to natural variability.
Both increasing and decreasing trends are observed among various locations, seasons, and time periods of analysis (Ch. 2: Our Changing Climate, Figure ). Answering these questions brings up the two basic principles of good water management for sustainable development: as it consumes more than 70% of the available water of low flow periods, irrigated agriculture must respect the other uses by limiting its demand to the allocated volume; as it involves large and long‐term public investments.
An economic-based estimation of irrigation water demand U. Griessbach, P. Stange & N. Schutze¨ Institute of Hydrology and Meteorology, TU Dresden, Germany Abstract Due to climate change, extreme weather conditions such as droughts may have an increasing impact on agriculture in Saxony (eastern Germany).
For this reason, and. The world population is predicted to grow from billion in to billion in and to billion in Byfood demand is predicted to increase by 50% (70% by ). The main.Beige Book - September 4, Full Report National Summary.
This report was prepared at the Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta based on information collected on or before Aug This document summarizes comments received from contacts outside the Federal Reserve System and is not a commentary on the views of Federal Reserve officials.Administrative Report Or Publication Pacific Northwest Cooperative Extension; Abstract: This publication focuses on using water analyses to choose appropriate water treatment and water management practices for irrigated agriculture.
It will help determine: • What tests are needed to characterize water quality • How to collect water Cited by:


The production area of Soave, divided into Classic and DOC, is located in the hillside area east of Verona. The Classic area is divided into only two municipalities, Soave and Monteforte d’Alpone, while the DOC area is made up of a variety of municipalities, which include San Martino Buon Albergo, Lavagno, Mezzane, Caldiero, Colognola ai Colli, Illasi, Cazzano di Tramigna, San Bonifacio, Roncà, Montecchia di Crosara and S. Giovanni Ilarione.
This particular area can be characterized by its mild climate, where summers tend to be temperate and winters less cold than neighboring areas. The surrounding hills of this region are mostly composed of tufa soil of volcanic origin and rich in limestone outcrops.
These characteristics allow for the cultivation of vines such as Garganega, Trebbiano di Soave, Chardonnay and Pinot Bianco, from which Soave Classico DOC, Soave DOC, Soave Superiore DOCG and Recioto di Soave DOCG wines are subsequently produced.
The Valpolicella area is a set of valleys located north of Verona, which extend from the Lessini Mountains to Lake Garda. The Classic production area includes the municipalities of San Pietro in Cariano, Sant’Ambrogio di Valpolicella, Fumane, Negrar and Marano di Valpolicella. The DOC area consists of 19 municipalities including Verona, Dolcè, Pescantina, San Martino B.A., Lavagno, Mezzane, Illasi, Tregnago, Colognola ai Colli, Grezzana, Cazzano di Tramigna, Cerro Veronese, Montecchia di Crosara, San Mauro di Saline and the 5 municipalities that are part of the Classic area.
The climate of this area is ideal for the cultivation of vines due greatly to the influence of the microclimate of Lake Garda, the cool winds from the Lessini Mountains and the subcontinental climate of the Po Valley. The rich soil in Valpolicella is mainly calcareous, while in some areas it is also clayey and rich in basaltic rocks.
Thanks to the characteristics of the territory, vines such as Corvina Veronese, Corvinone, Molinara, Rondinella, Rossignola and Oseleta are able to be successfully cultivated. These grapes are then used for the production of the wines Corvina Veronese, Amarone della Valpolicella, Valpolicella, Valpolicella Ripasso and Recioto della Valpolicella (all with any specifications Superiore or Riserva, as well as with the references Classico, DOC, DOCG, IGT or Valpantena).
The production area of Custoza is a relatively small area situated between the Mincio river, Lake Garda and the city of Verona; it includes the municipalities of Villafranca, Peschiera del Garda, Valeggio sul Mincio, Sona, Sommacampagna, Castelnuovo del Garda, Bussolengo, Pastrengo and Lazise.
This territory has vast morainic hills interspersed with plains of gravel, rich in sediments and characterized by soils of various types. The climate, due to the proximity with Lake Garda, is not excessively cold during winter months with hot summers that are not overly humid.
The climatic and soil characteristics of this area are ideal for the cultivation of vines. The most common grape varieties in the area are Garganega, Riesling, Trebbiano, Trebbianello, Manzoni Bianco, Chardonnay, Malvasia and Bianca Fernanda; these grapes are then used to produce the Bianco di Custoza DOC, Bianco di Custoza Superiore DOC, Bianco di Custoza Passito DOC and Bianco di Custoza Spumante DOC wines.
The production area of Bardolino is located in the morainic amphitheater that goes from the east coast of Lake Garda to the city of Verona. This area is divided into both Classica and DOC zones. The first zone includes the six municipalities of Bardolino, Lazise, Garda, Affi, Cavaion Veronese and Costermano; while the DOC zone, in addition to the municipalities of the Classica, also includes Bussolengo, Pastrengo, Sommacampagna, Sona, Castelnuovo del Garda, Valeggio sul Mincio, Peschiera del Garda, Rivoli Veronese, Caprino and Torri del Benaco.
The proximity to Lake Garda gives this area a mild climate all year round. The hill-like terrain offers the vines excellent exposure to the sun and a richly versatile soil of clay, sand and gravel.
The climatic and geological characteristics of the area make it ideal for vines such as Corvina Veronese, Rondinella and Molinara. The range of wines produced in this area include Bardolino DOC, Bardolino Classico DOC, Bardolino Chiaretto DOC, Bardolino Chiaretto Classico DOC, Bardolino Chiaretto Spumante DOC, Bardolino Novello DOC and Bardolino Superiore DOCG.
The production area of Lugana is located in the southern part of Lake Garda; divided between the provinces of Brescia and Verona sit the municipalities of Peschiera del Garda, Sirmione, Lonato, Desenzano and Pozzolengo.
This area can be divided into two regions: a flat area with clay soil and an area with steep and low hills where the soil consists of gravel with parts made of sandy clay. The climate of this territory is mild in temperature due in great part to the influence of Lake Garda. Mild temperatures in this region are uniquely constant with no extreme temperature shifts between day and night.
Due to the climatic and soil characteristics of these surrounding areas the vineyards cultivated in this region consist primarily of Turbiana (Trebbiano di Lugana) and Chardonnay. Turbiana is later used for the production of Lugana, Lugana Superiore, Lugana Riserva, Lugana Vendemmia Tardiva and Lugana Spumante wines; this range of wines boast the DOC denomination.


A few months back, on May 1st to be exact, I posted a photo of the small tomatoes plants Frost had started from seed. This photo actually,
Well so far this is what our eight little plants have harvested. I picked these and photographed them on tuesday morning, and ate yellow one with dinner. It was delicious! The three on the left are yellow prefections and the two on the right are called tigerellas.
This is actually our 2nd to 6th tomatoes, as Frost brought in a ripen tigerella at the end of last week. I was working so didn't get a chance to try it. We also have two very large tomatoes which I think are cosmonaut volkovs in the kitchen from a few weeks back. They fell off a plant while Frost was tidying them up. They have started to turn from green to yellow and once they have fully ripened I will take a photo and show you them too. Already we have surpassed our tomatoe harvest of 2008. Last year I think we yielding 4 very small tomatoes from the one plant that survived.


Jenn and Sheridan's July evening wedding was full of color and sun and beautiful food. The Chameleon Farm in the Columbia River Gorge is where the chef and owner of Chameleon Restaurant and Bar in Portland grows a lot of the fresh produce for the restaurant. It makes an absolutely spectacular summer wedding venue, full of gardens and flowers and a to-die-for barn, and I can honestly say that I have never seen more beautiful food. Just wait until you see it--his presentation is perfection!
The ceremony took place out in a field with a hand-made canopy, and hay bales with blankets surrounded it for seating. Nicholas Crosa from Pink Martini played violin. The reception in the barn was so beautiful, with chandeliers, towering centerpieces made of flowers from the farm, and fantastic mismatched chairs. Multi-colored lanterns decorated the gardens and glowed as the sunset faded into a starry sky.
Congratulations, Jenn & Sheridan! What a day!


Creating a Sustainable Future: The Essentials of a Farm-Based Eco-Volunteer Program
As the world continues to grapple with environmental challenges, the need for sustainable solutions has become more pressing than ever. One of the most effective ways to address these issues is through farm-based eco-volunteer programs. By engaging volunteers in activities related to sustainable farming, these programs not only contribute to the local community but also offer an enriching experience for participants. In this article, we will explore the essentials of a farm-based eco-volunteer program and discuss how it can contribute to creating a sustainable future.
The Importance of Sustainable Farming
Sustainable farming plays a crucial role in promoting environmental conservation and addressing food security concerns. By utilizing eco-friendly farming practices, such as organic farming and permaculture, sustainable farms minimize the negative impact on the environment while producing nutritious food. Moreover, these practices help preserve biodiversity, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and promote soil health.
The Role of Eco-Volunteers in Sustainable Farming
Eco-volunteers are instrumental in supporting sustainable farming initiatives. They assist with various tasks, including planting, harvesting, composting, and maintaining farm infrastructure. Through their involvement, eco-volunteers not only contribute to the day-to-day operations of the farm but also gain valuable insight into sustainable agricultural practices.
Essentials of a Farm-Based Eco-Volunteer Program
1. Clear Objectives
- Define the goals and mission of the program
- Outline the specific tasks and activities for volunteers
2. Training and Orientation
- Provide volunteers with proper training on sustainable farming practices
- Orient them to the farm’s layout and operations
3. Safety Measures
- Ensure that volunteers are aware of safety protocols
- Provide necessary protective gear and equipment
4. Community Engagement
- Connect with local community organizations and stakeholders
- Host outreach events to raise awareness about sustainable farming
5. Monitoring and Evaluation
- Establish mechanisms to track the program’s impact and effectiveness
- Solicit feedback from volunteers and stakeholders for continuous improvement
Case Study: Greenheart Farms Eco-Volunteer Program
Greenheart Farms, located in the Pacific Northwest, has successfully implemented an eco-volunteer program that engages individuals in sustainable farming activities. The program has demonstrated the positive impact of involving volunteers in promoting sustainable practices while fostering a sense of community and environmental stewardship.
By establishing farm-based eco-volunteer programs, communities can harness the power of collective action to create a sustainable future. These programs not only benefit the environment and local food systems but also provide individuals with a unique opportunity to actively participate in the journey towards sustainability.
5 Questions and Answers
1. Why is sustainable farming important for the environment?
Sustainable farming promotes environmental conservation and addresses food security concerns by minimizing negative environmental impact and promoting soil health.
2. What role do eco-volunteers play in sustainable farming?
Eco-volunteers support sustainable farming initiatives by assisting with tasks such as planting, harvesting, and maintaining farm infrastructure, all while gaining valuable insight into sustainable agricultural practices.
3. What are the essentials of a farm-based eco-volunteer program?
Essentials include clear objectives, training and orientation, safety measures, community engagement, and monitoring and evaluation.
4. Can you provide an example of a successful eco-volunteer program?
Greenheart Farms Eco-Volunteer Program in the Pacific Northwest has demonstrated the positive impact of involving volunteers in promoting sustainable practices while fostering a sense of community and environmental stewardship.
5. How do farm-based eco-volunteer programs contribute to a sustainable future?
By engaging volunteers in sustainable farming activities, farm-based eco-volunteer programs contribute to environmental conservation, food security, and community engagement, all essential for a sustainable future.
Related Article Tags
sustainability, volunteer programs, sustainable farming, environmental conservation, eco-friendly practices, community engagement, sustainable agriculture, food security, environmental stewardship, eco-volunteer opportunities


There are various kinds of Iranian date fruit as follows. Iran has diverse climates which suitable for most kinds of date fruits such as Bam Mazafati Dates, Piarom Dates, Kalute Dates, Wet Zahedi Dates, Dry Zahedi Dates, Kabkab Dates, Sayer Dates, Rabbi Dates, Lulu Dates, Shahani Dates, and others.
Type of Dates :
Mazafati dates are one of the products of Iranian dates. Mazafati dates are One of the most important and famous varieties of dates that grow in Khuzestan inside Iran. Kimia dates Iran are one of the most valuable and most tasty dates in Iran and the world. Due to high humidity, this type of date is not dry matter. So, its storage conditions are in the temperature range -5 to 5 ° C. These dates are from semi-humid dates with relative humidity between 15% and 35% depending on the time taken and the type and location of the planting.
Rabbi dates have a high nutritional value due to its natural sugar content. Also, Rabbi dates have a high nutritional value and are a good alternative to sugar. The ingredients of this product are lactose and fructose, which is rich in natural sugars. Its use does not have any harm to people with blood sugar. The Rabbi palm tree needs warm and dry weather. Growing and growing rabbi dates in Sistan and Baluchistan province in Iran is very booming due to its ability to withstand dehydration. On the other hand, the fruit of this type of date tree grows very quickly and along with the Mazafati dates, which are also part of the dates of the area. The second type of the Iranian Rabbi Date is Robbi dates, which is smaller and harder with dark red skin, sweet, and cheesy color.
These delicious dates are very popular with dark black and thin skin brown. It has different sizes, and its good type has a long and drawn appearance and a length of about 4 to 5 centimeters. Rabbi date is semi-arid and meaty. High shelf life in a long time to one year without refrigeration, is one of the main benefits of Rabbi dates. Also, this type of date fruit can be placed in a cool and dry place at home.
Kabkab dates are one of the most economical export Iranian dates and have a dark brown color. Its oval core, along with high core adhesion to fruit, is one of the capabilities of these dates. Kabkab dates are anticancer due to magnesium. Also, these dates are useful for hearing, sight, back pain, joint pain, breast, and lung treatment. So, kabkab dates are one of the most Persian dates that it provides energy for the body, especially during the day, for hard-core activities or for athletes. This is a great food supplement for thirst, a huge source of iron and minerals useful to the body. Kabkab dates have anti-allergic properties for people with seasonal allergies.
Bushehr Province is one of the oldest provinces in Iran. Khasoyi date is One of the most Persian dates. Khasoyi dates are from the sweetest dates and have a small size. For this reason, although it is recommended that about 5 date fruit be consumed daily, in case of khasoyi dates, this number can be increased up to 15 times a day. The amount of iron, potassium, and magnesium dates is roughly high. On the other hand, people who have bone problems or anemia can use khasoyi date to help them.
Piarom Date or Maryami Date is another type of Iranian semi-dried Date. This Date is cultivated organically and free of pesticides and chemicals. Piarom Dates have dark brown skin which is fully attached to the flesh. If you consume this date type once you are getting permanent consumer because of very good taste and unique appearance. Piarom Date is one of the most expensive varieties of date in the world same as Medjool Date. The moisture of Piarom date is under 15 % that can be kept at room temperature for more than 1 year. The package of Piarom dates are 10Kg and 500g Telescopic Cartons, 500g Clear Box.
Zahedi (Zahidi) Date can be considered as the most frequently used kind of Date fruit in Iran. The Date is a wet and dry fruit with yellowish color that is so effective for diabetic patients because of the low percent of sugar. Zahedi date comes in 2 types: Wet Zahidi Date (plastic bags of 30 kg) and Dry Zahidi Date (Cartons boxes of 5 Kg, 10 kg and 500g Telescopic Cartons, 500g Clear Box) that can be kept at room temperature for more than 1 year. The stock of Zahedi Dates (wet date & dry dates) are available into dry container.
Shahani date is one of the date types in Iran. This date is Long and cylindrical with size of 3 – 5 cm. Shahani date color is yellow to light brown with moisture under 25%. Shahani dates due to high amount of sweets and low price export to different countries such as India, UAE, Denmark, Bahrain, Germany, Oman, Afghanistan and other countries. Shahani date uses more in compressed shape with the shelf life of one year. The weight of package is from 1 kg to 10kg.
Sayer Date (Stamaran Date) is one of the exports Iranian Date that is allocated around 40% of total export of Date fruit to itself. The Date is a semi-arid fruit whose color is yellow but at ripening stage is amber-colored and reddish brown. Stamaran Dates have great popularity in Russia, Canada, Australia, England Zealand because of high sugar and low cellulose. Iranian Sayer dates are assorted according to size and cleanliness, to below grades: FAQ, GAQ, Grade B, Select, Super select Jumbo in pitted or un-pitted and chopped. Sayer dates have max 16% of moisture with the shelf life more than 12 months if store at good condition. The packaging of Sayer date is in 5 – 10 kg cartons and cellophane packs in different weights.
Kali DateKali Date (Kalute Date) is one other type of fresh dates or wet dates in Iran that is same as fresh mazafati date. The two fresh dates (Kali & Mazafati) are similar in sweet taste, soft texture, large size, high shelf life (12 – ۱۸ months) & package of retail /bulk and even in keeping condition (at 0 – 5 ° C temperature) but the kalute price is very lower than Mozafati price. Of course kali dates have special features that include low moisture, high fiber & brown color. Kalute date has a growing market in the most countries such as Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, India, Russia, UAE & Chile.


Plant are auto-tropics as they can produce organic compounds necessary for them using light energy and chemicals elements from the environment. The process of production of organic compounds by green plants by using CO2 and H2O of environment with the help of light energy is called photosynthesis.
Here we will discuss about the nature of other mineral nutrition required for the plants , how they get them and how they are utilized and why are they essential ?
Carbon , hydrogen and oxygen are dominant elements in plants . About 95% of plant consist of carbon , hydrogen and oxygen .Plants also need other elements which are taken by them in organic forms. Plant can absorb these mineral nutritional elements only when their ions are dissolved in water .Roots of land plant mostly absorb the dissolved ions present in the soil. Aquatic plant absorb dissolved ions of such elements from water through shoot surface. The ions of such elements are released from rocks by weathering or from dead organic matter.
Plant can only grow if all the elements required for them are provided in adequate amount. Plant grown in nutrient solution with all required elements can grow well if the roots inside solution are properly aerated(availability of air). This fact was first demonstrated by Sachs in 1860 and thus a new technique of plant culture was introduced. Most plants normally growing in soil can be grown in aerated( available of air) solution with all the nutritional minerals . Such culture of plants is known as hydroponics. This culture method has been used to determine the essential elements needed for plant’s growth.
Chemical analysis of the plant has shown that the plant contains about 40 different elements. Some of them are necessary for normal growth and development of plants. The elements that are essential for plant’s growth and development are called as essential elements while rest are called non essential elements .Without these essential elements , the plant cannot complete its life cycle ( vegetative and reproductive growth and production of seeds). It is found that the following are the essential elements that are necessary for majority of plants.
Cu , H , O , N , P , K , Ca , S , Mg , Fe , Mn ,Zn ,B , Cu and Mo. Beside these Al , Si, Cl , Na , Co and Ga may be essential for some plants.
Esssential Elements can be classified in two groups :-
Major Elements/Macro nutrients : Those essential elements which are required by the plants in comparatively large amounts are called as major elements . They participate directly in metabolism. They are C, H, O, N, P, K , Ca , S , Mg.
Minor Elements/Micro nutrients : Those essential elements which are required by the plants in comparatively less amounts are called as minor elements . They are required for enzyme catalyzed reaction where micro nutrients work as activator. They are Mn, Zn , B , Cu and Mo.
Deficiency of essential nutrients leads to deficiency diseases in plants. Accumulation of some of these nutrients in large amount more than the tolerance limit of plant also cause diseases. The micro nutrients are generally toxic when deposited in large amount in plant than the critical concentration needed for plant.
General functions of essential elements in Plants
Constituent of protoplasm and cell walls C, H, O, N, S and P are very important and permanent constituent of protoplasm and the cell wall. C, H and O form most of the parts of plant body. N is important constituent element of protein and nucleic acid , S of proteins and P of nucleic acids. Beside these Mg is an important constituent of chlorophylls while Ca is present in cell wall in the form of calcium pectate.
Influence on the osmotic pressure of plant cells Osmotic pressure and other osmotic relations of plant cells are maintained due to the pressure of organic compounds and mineral salts dissolved in the cell sap.
Catalytic function Many elements like Fe, Cu, Zn , Mo , Mg, Mn, Cl etc. are required in catalytic amounts to carry on various enzymatic reactions in the cells.
Antagonistic or Balancing Function Some of the elements like Ca, Mg, K etc. counteract(control) the toxic effects of other mineral elements by maintaining ionic balance.


Join Moby to tell Gov. Brown: Stop Corporate Agribusinesses from tapping out CAs precious water!
Corporate agribusinesses are growing more and more water-intensive crops and guzzling down California’s precious water supply. It's taken centuries to build up California's groundwater reserves, and if we draw it down, we won’t be able to get it back. Join Moby, Courage Campaign, and Food & Water Watch to ask Governor Jerry Brown to realign California’s water rights now!