March winds and April showers have brought forth… a timely bud break at Pride’s estate vineyard atop Spring Mountain. In this photo, cane-pruned viognier vines are just beginning to grow, and the first delicate leaves will soon unfurl. The timing has been excellent, allowing our mostly still dormant vines to weather an April 5 – 6 freeze that is reported to have caused some frost damage in the valley below. We held off on pruning the earliest blocks, our viognier and chardonnay, as well as a particularly vulnerable block of merlot, until April 2nd, which delayed bud break just enough for us to miss the cold front. The risk of frost is not yet past, but the 10-day forecast calls for three days of showers followed by partly-sunny weather with highs in the mid 60’s and lows in the upper 40’s, a nice, safe zone that should not put our tender young buds at risk of a freeze. After spending January and February doing an unsuccessful rain dance (we experienced one of the driest winters on record in Northern California), March and April have brought the rain that we need to keep our vines healthy this vintage. Now we begin to look ahead, hoping for a dry, sunny May that will allow our grapes to bloom and “set” (self-pollinate) this year’s crop. This is always an exciting time of year since the future is entirely unknown. But we can count on one thing – Mother Nature will surely keep us on our toes!


Sun-Maid Growers of California is a privately owned American cooperative of raisin growers headquartered in Kingsburg, California. Sun-Maid is the largest raisin and dried fruit processor in the world. As a cooperative, Sun-Maid is made up of approximately 850 family farmers who grow raisin grapes within 100 miles (160 km) radius of the processing plant. Sun-Maid also sources dried fruit beyond this geographical area. In 2012, Sun-Maid celebrated its 100th anniversary as a grower cooperative.


The ASAP Pakistan Chapter was launched at the International Conference “Sustainability in the changing environment: Ways for future development” held at COMSATS University Islamabad, Vehari Campus on the November 12-13, 2018.
This conference provided an excellent opportunity to bring economists from different provinces of Pakistan including some renowned scholars and policymakers. Zartaj Gul, State Minister for Climate Change, Govt of Pakistan, Sardar M Tariq, Advisor to Water Resources Ministry, Ehsan Bhutta, Additional Secretary for Agriculture, Government of Punjab, Prof Dr Asif Ali, Vice Chancellor, MNS University of Agriculture, Multan attended and addressed at the occasion.
The challenges and threats from climate change and adaptation strategies were deliberated at length. The Southern region of Punjab province of Pakistan is highly exposed to adverse effects of climate change and agribusiness contributes substantially to welfare of society.
However, performance of agribusiness sector largely depends on growth in agriculture sector. Speakers spoke and suggested measures to sustain agribusiness in this region by providing appropriate recommendations. Especially they stressed for conservation and efficient management of water resources being a critical resource for sustainable agriculture and agribusiness development. Agribusiness and agriculture sector are closely associated with poverty as above 40 percent rural population rely on agriculture for employment.
Prof Dr Pahlaj Moolio and Prof Dr Khair uz Zaman, Director, CUI, Vehari Campus officially launched ASAP Pakistan Chapter along with founding members. After launching ceremony, all participants wished the success of Pakistan Chapter.
All members agreed to assign responsibility to Khuda Bakhsh for collaborating and contacting ASAP Global. The founding members also showed keen interest to jointly work with other regional chapters in the initial years.
ASAP-Pakistan Chapter include following founding members:
- Khuda Bakhsh, COMSATS University Islamabad, Vehari Campus
- Waqar Akram, IBA Sukkur University, Sukkur, Sindh
- Irfan Ahmad Baig, MNS University of Agriculture, Multan
- Sadia Bibi, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Layyah Campus
- Muhammad Asim Yasin, COMSATS University Islamabad, Vehari Campus
- Rafaqet Ali, COMSATS University Islamabad, Vehari Campus
- Muhammad Khalid Bashir, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad
- Muhammad Irfan, COMSATS University Islamabad, Vehari Campus
- Ahtasham ul Haq, Federal Urdu University of Science and Technology, Islamabad
- Muhammad Rafiq, Institute of Management Sciences, Peshawar


Sunday, May 6, 2012
I tried to grow a bunch of plants from seeds this year. They did really well until I transplanted them too early and the return of the cold weather killed off most of them. So here's a bunch of sprouts who aren't affected by weather. Guaranteed to grow even if you don't have a green thumb!
The carrot and radish on the ends are the only distinguishable plants. The two in the middle are whatever you want them to be. The leaves are double sided, so you can enjoy them from either side. Since I've been into sewing I decided to go with an embroidered look and button eyes.
I need to start figuring out a way to print these larger. Right now these are the final dimensions:
Window box: 2.25" long x 1.5" wide x 1" tall
Individual sprout (minus leaf): 7/8" cube
Available on Etsy: http://www.etsy.com/listing/99255772/diy-sprouts


As demand for fresh beers from community breweries produces endless amounts of local brewing operations, one California brewery is challenging the notion that local beer only means beer that’s brewed locally — by actually growing their own hops.
Ruhstaller Beer of Sacramento is the epitome of a truly local brewery. Sourcing solely local ingredients and growing their own hops on their farm off Highway 80 in Davis, CA, Ruhstaller — headed by Sacramento local J.E. Paino — is raising the freshness quality to a local level, while harnessing a rich heritage in brewing and hop farming that Sacramento’s history boasts.
The name “Ruhstaller” itself is an homage to beer magnate Frank Ruhstaller, who in the late 1800s started Buffalo Brewery and Sacramento Brewing Company.
After planting their hop farm last April, the Ruhstaller Farm & Yard has produced over 20 varieties of hops, giving Paino and the brewery the chance to become intimately acquainted with and test the different varietals.
“Some like it here, some don’t like it here,” Paino said of the hops. “Cascade was fast out of the blocks, Nugget is going to take them over. We take the approach where we listen to the hop rather than tell it what it should do.”
Becoming familiar with the nuances of freshly grown hops
As not all hops are created equal, or in this case, grown equal, experimenting with growing different hops allows Ruhstaller to find out what hops work and which don’t. And choosing the right hop to go into a beer is something Ruhstaller carefully sorts through before churning out beer.
“It’d be easier to just plug alphas into a recipe, but we’re trying to understand the nuances of these hops,” Paino said. “When we grow beer we do a lot of hop trials; we do the same beer, the same base, then dry hop it with different hops, and basically listen to the taste.”
The freshness of a beer goes just far, if not more so, than the style it appears to be. Ruhstaller’s Black IPA, Capt., is pungent and quenching with fresh CTZ, Centennial, Citra and Cascade hops accentuating the malty and roasted chocolate backbone. The Capt. is balanced while very nuanced with it’s strong taste characters, coming in at 55 IBU and 7.6 alcohol percent, and still remaining a smooth drink.
Much of the freshness and richness in Ruhstaller’s beer is owed to the ingredients they source.
“We don’t just grow good hops, we grow high quality hops,” Paino said.
Living up to Sacramento’s rich hop heritage
Sacramento’s history is deeply rooted in beer and hops, a heritage Paino felt compelled, and challenged, to revitalize.
“We were challenged when we started up four years ago by a local grocer named Darrell Corti [of Sacramento grocery store, Corti Brothers, fame],” Paino said. “He said we didn’t deserve the name Ruhstaller Sacramento if we didn’t use local hops. He knew the significance, the heritage, the history of hops here. So that challenge has been stuck in our mind.”
The fact that Sacramento has a tradition of hop farming is not the sole reason Ruhstaller 2.0 is growing their own hops, but aided by the fact that Sacramento’s hops have historically been the go-to for high quality hops.
“There were 2,000 breweries in 1918… no distributorships, no large breweries like there are today, they were all primarily small and had to compete on quality,” Paino said. “They had to make quality beer, and they chose Sacramento Valley hops to make that beer.”
When Prohibition took effect in 1920, that was the death knell to the beer industry in California, and it’s lasting effect rang through until recent times with the resurgence of demand for craft beer and microbreweries. Even when Prohibition was lifted in 1933, only the larger commercial brewing businesses could compete.
“The hop industry moved out of state because the buyers – Bud, Coors and Miller – competed on marketing, not quality, and they lowered the amount of hops in their beer to appeal to more people,” Paino recalls. “Hops became a commodity, not something that needed to be differentiated between each other. The hop industry moved out of state, not because of quality, but because of cost.”
The quality of hops is profoundly clear in Ruhstaller’s beers, most notably with their golden lager, Gilt Edge, a 21st century version of a lager by the same name brewed by the original Ruhstaller’s Buffalo Brewery.
With California Cluster and Cascade hops in the forefront of the 42 IBU hoppy lager, the Gilt Edge is Ruhstaller’s take on the traditional lager style that was watered down by the large commercial brewing entities. Crisp and clean with notes of hop resin, citrus and grainy textures, the Gilt Edge beautifully mixes flavors into a light and aromatic drink that should convince any Bud or Coors drinker to never pick up either of those again.
Ruhstaller is without a doubt upping the level of quality to craft beer operations that claim freshness and local sourcing. Paino is aided in maintaining and harvesting Ruhstaller’s hops by local volunteers and residents who share his vision for a truly community beer of Sacramento.
“It’s definitely a work of passion,” Paino said.
Ruhstaller has a taproom in downtown Sacramento and has recently opened their farm to the public for tastings and tours. Visit the brewery’s website for more information.


The gardens are in two main parts, the formal garden to the west of the house and the walled garden to the North West. In 1983 work began on the replanting of the formal garden using the layout of the Ordnance Survey map of 1865. A wide collection of roses have been planted, from species and old varieties around the perimeter, climbing roses on the pergola and 'Hybrid Ts' and 'Floribundas' in the centre beds.
The final stage of the development of the Rose garden was the rebuilding of the Victoria conservatory, constructed by the Scottish firm 'Mckenzie and Moncur' in the 1880's for the Jameson of 'Seamount', Malahide. When fully completed this will incorporate a Museum of Garden History with access from the Walled Garden. This very fine glasshouse was donated to the Parks Department by Mr & Mrs Tracey, the present owners of 'Seamount'.
The walled garden was originally a Victorian styled kitchen garden, used to supply the fruit, vegetables and cut flower requirements of Ardgillan House. It is 2 acres in size, and subdivided into five separate compartments, each having a different theme; a Herb garden, using herbs suitable to culinary, medicinal, dyeing and pot-pourii, as well as a number of plants specifically for bees and butterflies; a vegetable pottager, demonstrating the variety of vegetables that can be grown in a small area and yet look attractive.
The 'Irish Garden' is constantly increasing its collection of plants of Irish origin, whether native species or varieties, or plants named after Irish collectors. This section also includes a most unusual free-standing 'Fruit Wall' with twenty alcoves used for growing the more tender fruit such as peaches, nectarines, pears etc. Another section includes a 'Four Seasons' garden showing the variety of plants that either flower, fruit or have ornamental bark in a particular season. The final section will demonstrate the wide range of semi-tender plants that can survive outdoors for many years as well as a range of fruit plants of Irish origin.
A coffee shop is open in the former Head Steward's house adjoining the Castle. The opening hours are displayed on the notice board.
Guided tours of the Gardens are available during the months of June / July / August at 3.30pm on Thursday afternoons or by special arrangement for groups.
Ardgillen Castle Demesne is owned and managed by Fingal County Council
Ardgillan Castle Demesne, Balbriggan
T: +353 (0) 1 8492212
F: +353 (0) 1 8492786


You might have heard of Jamaican Blue Mountain Coffee, but do you know what makes it so special?
Below we cover everything you need to know, including what it tastes like and why it is one of the most desirable coffees in the world.
Where does Jamaican Blue Mountain Coffee come from?
The Blue Mountains are located on the eastern side of the island of Jamaica.
Here, coffee grows in a narrow band of land, where farmers have to work with a variety of challenges, including high elevations, steep slopes, and even volcanic soils.
But these extremes are also what give Jamaican Blue Mountain Coffee its prized qualities.
What is so special about Jamaican Blue Mountain Coffee?
Jamaican Blue Mountain is one of the world’s most rare and expensive coffees.
Blue Mountain Coffee is grown at altitudes of 1,800m above sea level.
Because of the elevation, high-altitude coffee beans grow more slowly and develop a greater density. The higher elevation makes them more acidic, and have more desirable flavours and aromas.
If you ask any certified Q Grader, they will tell you that specialty coffee is one that scores 80 points or higher on a 100 point scale.
Well, Jamaican Blue Mountain Coffee routinely scores above 90 points! It has become one of the gold standards for specialty coffees.
Jamaican Blue Mountain is an exceptionally smooth cup of coffee with bright acidity and a soft, creamy body.
Another key characteristic is its lack of bitterness.
Is Jamaican Blue Mountain Coffee arabica or robusta?
Jamaican Blue Mountain coffee is a 100% arabica bean.
Arabica beans are the preferred variety in the specialty coffee world thanks to their smooth, sweet, and complex taste.
What does Jamaican Blue Mountain Coffee taste like?
As mentioned earlier, high altitude coffee beans like this one grow more slowly than lower-altitude varieties.
This slow growth gives them more time to develop flavour profiles that are more complex than those found in other coffee beans.
Plus, because Jamaican Blue Mountain beans grow on volcanic soils, they are more flavorful.
Jamaican Blue Mountain Coffee is well known for its smooth, full body and rich flavour.
This coffee has a full-bodied flavour profile. It is also often described as having sweet, floral notes. It also has a low acidity level.
The aroma of Jamaican Blue Mountain Coffee is described as nutty, sweet with hints of fruity notes like melon or peach.
How is Jamaican Blue Mountain Coffee processed?
Blue Mountain Coffee is wet-processed.
The wet, or washed method is one of the most common methods of coffee processing.
Washed processing washes the beans and removes the fruit flesh from the beans before drying.
First, de-pulping takes the outer fruit flesh off.
After this, fermentation takes place to remove mucilage, the sticky pulp-like substance that remains on the bean after pulping. This process is done in water tanks.
Where to buy Jamaican Blue Mountain Coffee in Australia
You’ll be hard-pressed to find Jamaican Blue Mountain Coffee for sale in Australia.
However, there are a few local roasters who import, roast, and sell these beans.
Expect to pay upwards of $45 per 250g bag for Jamaican Blue Mountain Coffee in Australia.


Having been in business since 1999 (incorporation anniversary was yesterday), there is one thing that I have learned over and over again. Growing and maintaining a business is all about taking care of your garden. Like any gardener or farmer knows, not everything is going to bloom. It’s all about building relationships, sincerity, integrity and a good product or service. Having met many people over the years, I have found that some people really live this philosophy but some do not.
A few years back, I had a coaching client who thought, that in order to grow her business, she just needed to keep planting and planting and planting new seeds all the time. Of course, one needs to plant but it’s also important to tend to the soil, the fertilizer and provide water. In other words, nurture all relationships, existing ones may lead to referrals. What better compliment than to have someone else toot your horn for you! Update, that coaching client left what she was doing, obviously feeling unsuccessful, and is doing something completely different. Maybe she wasn’t a good gardener.
"Sow a thought, reap an action;
Sow an action, reap a habit;
Sow a habit, reap a character;
Sow a character, reap a destiny….”
- Author Unknown


About our castings
Our worms are commercially raised in a carefully controlled and clean environment. They are fed a steady diet of composted cow manure. This ensures that our worms consistently produce the highest quality castings available!
Our castings are processed through a commercial worm harvester machine. This is done to separate the worms and bedding while producing a high quality finished product. All castings are processed through an 1/8" mesh screen to ensure that our worm castings are as pure as possible.
Worm castings are considered by many as the richest natural fertilizer known to man. As little as a tablespoon of worm castings can provide enough nutrients to feed a small potted plant for over two months. Worm castings promote healthy plant growth more than any other natural product on the market.
Worm castings are much more than a fertilizer. The castings enrich soil with micro-organisms. The microbial activity in worm castings is 10 to 20 times greater than most soil. These micro-organisms improve root structure and growth. They add natural plant hormones to the soil, improve germination, plant growth, and crop yield
Worm castings improve the water retention of the soil and attract additional earthworms that are already present in the soil. The attraction of earthworms improves soil aeration as well as microbial activity. Adding worm castings to your garden bed can improve the soil quality for years.
How to use
Worm castings can be mixed directly into the soil. They can also be applied to the top of the soil on household and inside plants. The nutrients will soak down thru the soil each time they get watered.
The size and growth rate of seedlings and transplants will show noticeable improvement when mixing 1 part worm casting to 3 parts seed starting mix.
Worm castings can be mixed directly into the soil. You can also spread 1-4" of castings on the top of the soil. The nutrients will soak down thru the soil each time they get watered.
Roses and Perennials:
Top dress roses and perennials with worm castings, or mix into the soil above the roots.
Broadcast Worm Castings at a rate of 10 lbs of castings per 100 Sq. feet of lawn.
Apply 10 Lbs. of Worm Castings per 100 sq. ft. of lawn. Work the castings into the top 2" of the soil. Apply grass seed and water well.
Planting trees and shrubs:
Dig your planting hole. Apply 4" or worm castings to the center of the hole and spread the plants roots over the castings. Insert your plant and fill the rest of the hole with fertile soil.
Making and applying worm tea:
Worm tea can be used to fertilize house and garden plants while watering. It can also be sprayed onto their leaves as a foliar fertilizer. There are a few methods for making worm tea. The following methods are the most common.
Method 1: Soak 1/4 cup of worm castings in a gallon of water overnight. Strain the tea solution and dilute with water as necessary before use.
Method 2: Fill a 5 gallon bucket 1/5th of the way with worm castings and the rest of the way with water. Use a small air pump like the ones used for small fish aquariums to add oxygen to the solution. The tea should be allowed to steep with the oxygen bubbles for at least a few hours. Strain the tea solution and dilute with water as necessary before use. (Optional: You can add 1/4 cup of molasses to increase microbial activity when brewing if preferred)
Customer Satisfaction Guarantee
Service to our customers is our top priority. We are dedicated to providing our customers the highest quality products at a competitive price. If you are not happy with your order for any reason, please contact us within 48 hours of delivery. We are happy to work with you to make things right.
All orders are shipped within 1-2 business days upon receiving cleared payment.


As the agricultural industry continues to evolve and embrace modern technologies, High Volume, Low Speed (HVLS) fans have emerged as a game-changer for farms around the world. These colossal fans are not only redefining the way farms manage temperature and air quality but are also significantly impacting overall productivity. In this post, we'll explore how HVLS fans are transforming the farming landscape and contributing to sustainable, efficient, and comfortable agricultural operations.
1. Temperature Regulation:
One of the primary challenges in agriculture is maintaining optimal temperatures in barns, greenhouses, and other farm structures. HVLS fans are designed to cirulate a large volume of air at low speeds, making them perfect for temperature regulation. By evenly distributing air, HVLS fans help prevent temperature stratification, reducing the need for additional heating or cooling systems. This translates to energy savings and more consistent growing conditions for crops and livestock.
2. Improved Ventilation:
Proper ventilation is essential for healthy livestock and plant growth. HVLS fans are capable of moving massive amounts of air, which aids in reducing humidity and preventing the buildup of harmful gases in enclosed spaces. This improved air quality not only contributes to the well-being of animals but also helps prevent the spread of diseases and ensures a more comfortable working environment for farm personnel.
3. Energy Efficiency:
HVLS fans are renowned for their energy efficiency. They require minimal electricity compared to traditional high-speed fans or air conditioning systems. This translates to significant cost savings for farms, particularly those with large operations. By reducing energy consumption and reliance on HVAC systems, HVLS fans contribute to a more sustainable and eco-friendly farming approach.
4. Crop Protection:
In agriculture, protecting crops from pests and diseases is crucial. HVLS fans can play a role here as well. By creating a consistent airflow within greenhouses or crop storage areas, these fans help deter pests and reduce the risk of mold and mildew, ultimately preserving the quality and yield of crops.
5. Year-Round Use:
HVLS fans aren't just limited to specific seasons. They can be used year-round to maintain ideal conditions in all weather. In the summer, they provide cooling and ventilation, while in the winter, they can help distribute warm air from heating sources evenly throughout the space.
High Volume, Low Speed fans have undoubtedly become indispensable tools for modern agriculture. Their ability to regulate temperature, improve air quality, and enhance energy efficiency make them valuable assets on any farm. As the agricultural industry continues to innovate and adapt, HVLS fans will remain at the forefront, ensuring sustainable and productive farming practices for years to come.
For more insightful articles and information about HVLS fans and their applications, stay tuned to our HVLS fan website and blog. We're dedicated to keeping you informed about the latest advancements in HVLS fan technology and their benefits for various industries, including agriculture.


PacPyro, in developing its technology, has steered away from condensing any bio-oil product from the process as it believes that safe and sustainable markets for bio-oil still require significant research and development. The PacPyro kiln is therefore optimised for minimal production of bio-oils, and any bio-oils that are produced are cracked down into more syngas in the proprietary gas-cleaning arrangement.
The solid remaining after the de-volatilisation of the biomass is called ‘char’.
The processing results in a dense carbon structure of conjugated aromatic rings, which has a highly developed surface area. When this char product is utilised as a soil amendment it is referred to as biochar. The greenhouse gas balances across slow-pyrolysis projects have garnered a lot of interest because they have the potential to be carbon negative, that is, to remove carbon from the atmosphere. Plants have evolved over millions of years to efficiently take up CO2 from the atmosphere. When plants die, however, they decompose, releasing the carbon stored in the biomass back into the atmosphere. Under some conditions, such as in landfills, a portion of the carbon in the biomass can be released as the potent greenhouse gas, methane. However, if biomass is directed into a slow-pyrolysis process, about half of the carbon stored will be made into syngas.
When syngas is combusted for energy the carbon is released as CO2 back into the atmosphere, with this energy providing a renewable alternative to fossil fuels. The other half of the carbon is stabilised in the biochar. Biochar has been shown to be very recalcitrant in soils, as it is not susceptible to degradation in the environment by biological (soil microbes) or chemical pathways. Therefore, across the life of the project, more carbon is taken up by the plants than is released back into the atmosphere – hence a net removal is achieved.
The biochar rollout


Of the 52,000 farms in North Carolina, one farm stands out as doing more than growing produce and raising livestock.
GrowingChange, a non-profit organization that converts decommissioned rural prisons into farms and education centers where local, at-risk young people learn about animal husbandry and sustainable agriculture.
Noran Sanford, Executive Director and Founder of GrowingChange, and youth leader Jaheim McRae join us to talk about the history of GrowingChange, its impact in North Carolina, and their plans for the future.
A fresh alternative in daily news featuring critical conversations, live reports from the field, and listener participation. The Takeaway provides a breadth and depth of world, national, and regional news coverage that is unprecedented in public media.


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This mixture of red, orange and yellow #x27;Pokers#x27; carry very large, 70cm tall flower spikes over mid-summer until late autumn. They tolerate coastal conditions and grow well in average soil, but need plenty of sun.... RED HOT POKER RED HOT POKER. RED HOT POKER. Image. Order Size. 1 pkt. A3.50. Quantity. Add to cart. Botanical Name. Kniphofia.
Red Hot Poker Kniphofia - Kings Seeds.
Ron glazebrook, kings lynn Red Hot Poker #x27;Flamenco#x27; Kniphofia uvaria #x27;Flamenco#x27; Sometimes known as the Torch Lily. Tall spikes of red flower buds open to orange before fading to yellow. Plant on mass to give a real shock of colour to the garden. Supplied as compost block grown plants. This Product is Available Now. 5 or more 1.30 each. Buy our Blazing Red-Hot Poker Mix of all three products below. Currently Unavailable Varieties Kniphofia Tawny King AGM 4.00 each 3 plants Kniphofia Tawny King AGM Despite its regal name, the. 13.49 Kniphofia uvaria #x27;Flamenco Mix#x27; features tall spikes of bottlebrush-like flowers in shades of red, yellow and orange that bloom above evergreen clumps of grass-like foliage. Cut flowers regularly to encourage continuous bloom. Grow Fire Poker Plant in deep, well-drained soil. Drought tolerant once established.
Kniphofia Flamenco Red Hot Poker - treeng.
This design features brightly coloured kniphofia flowers, also known as torch lilies or red hot pokers African in origin but named after German horticulturalist Johan Hieronymous Kniphof. They were recorded by English Heritage as having been hand-painted and fastened over a pre-hung wall covering in a late-18th century Upper Brook Street house as a bespoke decoration. To reproduce a natural. Divide red hot pokers in spring to divide them. Plants should be more than four years old. quot;Cut through the fleshy roots, keeping a growing point on each of the newly split plants and repot in a mix of compost and grit,quot; advises Julie. Water them well at the beginning of the growing season to establish the new year#x27;s growth.


- China is the sixth largest wine producer in the world. China makes more wine than Chile, Portugal or South Africa. The majority of China's wine grapes are grown north of Beijing and more importantly north of an imaginary frost line; above the line, Vitis vinifera grapes must be buried underground during the winter or the frost will kill them.
- One solution would be to grow frost-resistant hybrids. China has developed a couple of hybrids specifically for its climate, Bei Hong and Bei Mei. The wines tend to be slightly sweet but have done well with tasters.
- One grape that seems surprisingly well-suited is Marselan, a cross between Cabernet Sauvignon and Grenache created in France in 1961. Marselan may have found a home in China the way Malbec did in Argentina.
The origin of Marselan
- Marselan was created by artificially crossing two well-known varieties—Cabernet Sauvignon and Grenache. It is an important achievement in the modern efforts to breed quality wine grapes, featuring desirable characters including big fruit bunch, small berries and good resistance to diseases.
- Marselan ripens comparatively late, with good resistance to powdery mildew, mites, grey rot and coulure. From its big fruit bunches and small berries, winemakers can extract aromatic, deep-coloured wines with soft tannins and good age ability. Merlot is sometimes used in the blend.
- Recommended by French experts, Marselan was first introduced to Chinese vineyards in 2001. As the chief winemaker of Domaine Franco Chinois, I was fortunate to initiate the introduction of the variety and made the first Marselan wine in China.
- The first patch of Marselan planting was merely 2.75ha. The dry and hot 2003 was the first vintage. The wine immediately attracted wide interest from trade, as well as many newly established wineries in China.
''At the end of the day, you really can’t make a wrong choice.
As long as you pay attention to what it is that you don’t like about a wine
each bottle will get you closer to what you do like.
Take it one glass at a time!''


Plants are like kids to all plant lovers, and it becomes heart-wrenching to see them getting destroyed by pests. Pests attacking plants is a common issue for most people since soil provides a favorable environment for pests to shelter.
In addition, different insects, such as mosquitoes, termites, etc., are some of the common pests that invade the houses in Coppell. Identifying which can attack your plants and damage them in Coppell is important. Furthermore, you can also seek help from a reliable Coppell pest control company to get rid of the infestation immediately. They can identify the type of pests in your house and provide a permanent solution for them.
How To Avoid Pests In The Garden?
The garden is one of the most common areas to find pests. Considering it can be challenging to get rid of them near the plants, you can follow a few tips that will work to keep these unwanted guests at bay and make sure your plants do not face any damage or die.
Use insect sprays
You can use chemical pest sprays on your plants to avoid pests around them. You can spray essential oils like peppermint, lemongrass, cedarwood, lavender, etc., on your plants as they act as natural insect repellents and keep your plants safe.
You can also use salt spray by mixing salt with water to avoid pests. It is the easiest technique to avoid pests, and it will also help your plant absorb nutrients like sulfur and phosphorus.
Trim the plants
Overgrown leaves of plants attract pests and even birds who use them to make shelter. Therefore, trim your plants at regular intervals to avoid infestation.
Using natural fertilizers can avoid pest infestation by avoiding pests from taking shelter. Healthy soil helps keep pests away, and fertilizers will also create an environment where pests cannot sustain themselves. You can also take fertilizers specifically made to avoid pests or use natural biodegradable substances like peppermint leaves as a fertilizer.
1. Put pest-repellent plants
The best way to avoid pests in your garden is by planting pest-repellent plants. These plants release certain odors into the environment, making it unfavorable for pests to attack. You can pot the pest-repellent plants like peppermint, basil, garlic, thyme, lemon balm, sage, etc; in your garden around the other plants, and the pests will not attack any plant in the garden.
Create walking area
Clear the excessive bushes in the garden and create a pathway to walk around. This will make the garden clean and avoid pests from habitation. Making pathways will also destroy the hiding spots of pests and add to soil fertility, making land unsuitable for pests.
Take professional help
If pests attack your garden in Coppell, and you want immediate help, then get help from pest control services. Pest control teams use chemicals to kill pests instantly and keep your plants safe throughout this process. In addition, they will also provide reliable and effective tips that you can implement to keep your plants safe from pests. Until you shortlist the right pest control company, you can use these DIY methods that will work and provide temporary fixes.


Trichogramma are tiny insectary grown wasps that attack over 200 pest species including the eggs of codling moth, fruitworms, cane borers, corn earworms and almost all moth and butterfly eggs that hatch into worm pests. The parasite is effective by killing the pests before they damage the plant. By suppressing the life cycle of the pests, there is a reduction in the number of eggs, which results in fewer pest insects surviving to adulthood. Trichogramma are shipped while still parasitized in the host egg. They are very small, 5 of them could fit together on the end of a pencil point. Trichogramma should be released at the first sign of moths. We recommend a bi-weekly (every two weeks) release as long as the moths are present.
Release Rate: Each package (approximately 5,000 eggs) covers an area up to 170 square feet. For large areas release approximately 40,000 per acre.
“I have battled oak worms for years. Thank you, thank you, thank you for supplying your good bugs.” — Stephen R., Texas


We grow and process our tomatoes directly on the place of origin, here in the Mezzano Valleys
ALL THE GENUINITY AND TASTE OF AN UNCONTAMINATED TERRITORY.
The company Le Due Valli s.r.l. it is located in the heart of the Mezzano Valleys, 18 000 hectares of uncontaminated territory in the Province of Ferrara.
The business was founded in 2000 by the will of a group of local farmers intent on enhancing the tomato grown in their fields by creating a safe and quality product, with particular organoleptic characteristics that only the valley area is able to give. Organic production immediately represented one of the strengths of the business. Le Due Valli has become one of the European leaders in the production of organic tomato concentrate, certified according to Reg. 834/07, NOP and Biosuisse.
The company has obtained important quality and safety certifications: UNI EN ISO 22001; BS: 18001 and IFS vs 6.
Recently the company has also implemented business management systems for the environment and energy UNI EN ISO 14001 and UNI EN ISO 50001
FIND OUT MORE ABOUT OUR PRODUCTS
The highest quality tomato, thanks to the cultivation in an uncontaminated territory,
makes each product line LE DUE VALLI a line of excellence.


Cabbage is a versatile and nutritious vegetable that has been cultivated for thousands of years. It belongs to the cruciferous family, which also includes broccoli, cauliflower, and kale.
One of the most notable health benefits of cabbage is its high Vitamin C content. Vitamin C is a powerful antioxidant that helps to boost the immune system and protect against infections. Additionally, cabbage is a good source of Vitamin K, which is essential for blood clotting and bone health.
Cabbage is also low in calories and high in fiber, making it an excellent choice for weight loss and maintaining a healthy digestion. The high fiber content in cabbage also helps to lower cholesterol and reduce the risk of heart disease.
Another great thing about cabbage is that it can be prepared in a variety of ways. It can be eaten raw in salads, sautéed as a side dish, or added to soups and stews for added flavor and nutrition. It can also be fermented to make sauerkraut, which is a traditional and delicious way to preserve this vegetable.
Cabbage is a hardy vegetable that can be grown in a variety of climates, making it readily available and a great choice for home gardens. This vegetable is also relatively cheap and easy to find at supermarkets and farmers markets.
In conclusion, cabbage is a nutritious, versatile and delicious vegetable that can be enjoyed in many ways. Its low-calorie, high-fiber content, high vitamin C and K, and many other benefits make it a great choice for those looking to maintain a healthy diet and lifestyle.


For a while now I’ve been wondering how I was going to apply my ORMUS (Sea Salt Precipitate) in my garden this year. I’ve sectioned out two beds that are side by side into which I will plant relatively identical plants in comparable locations. Yet, I was wondering if I simply sprinkle it on or what.
Well, after a little mediation, I was drawn to look up Fulvic acid for I’ve always thought that the mineral precipitated from salt need to be wrapped by carbon, oxygen and hydrogen complex of some sort in order for it to be absorbable in the body. At least, that was what I intuitively understood and it looks like there is information to back this up.
As an introduction to Fulvic acid, I found this from shirleys-wellness-café:
Nature has a way of processing and refining minerals which is called the Fulvic Acid Phenomenon. Organic fulvic acids are created by micro-organisms in the soil, for the purpose of transporting minerals and nutrients from the soil into a plant. From there, complex photosynthesis reactions produce the components of all the various parts of the plant. Muco-polysacharrides (complex carbohydrate sugars) flow throughout the plant for nourishment. Some is returned to the roots. There, the micro- organisms are nourished and produce Fulvic Acid to complex with minerals and nutrients to restart the cycle again.
In plants, fulvic acid stimulates metabolism, provides respiration, increases metabolism of proteins and activity of multiple enzymes, enhances the permeability of cell membranes, cell division and elongation, aids chlorophyll synthesis, drought tolerance, crop yields, buffers soil pH, assists denitrification by microbes, contributes to electrochemical balance as a donor or an acceptor, decomposes silica to release essential mineral nutrients, detoxifies pollutants such as pesticides and herbicides.
Whenever minerals come into contact with fulvic acid, in a water medium, they are naturally dissolved into an ionic form. These minerals literally become part of the fulvic acid itself. Once the minerals meld into the fulvic acid complex, they become bioactive, bioavailable, and organic. Thus, when elemental minerals are transformed into an organic state, through a natural chemical process involving fulvic acid and photosynthesis, they are safe to be used by both humans and animals.
The last paragraph is the key one – the minerals in the soil are captured by the microorganisms as they convert them from inorganic to organic substances. It’s at that point that they become bioavailable.
If you look up Fulvic acid (humic acid) in the Wikipedia you’ll find:
The presence of carboxylate and phenolate groups gives the humic acids the ability to form complexes with ions such as Mg2+, Ca2+, Fe2+ and Fe3+. many humic acids have two or more of these groups arranged so as to enable the formation of chelate complexes. The formation of (chelate) complexes is an important aspect of the biological role of humic acids in regulating bioavailability of metal ions.
If you look up the caboxylate and phenolate groups, you’ll see that they are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen wrappers for the metal atoms.
More supporting information from the HydroPonics website:
Many natural health care practitioners are recommending fulvic acid to patients as an immune system booster, detoxifier and to help with the absorption of vitamins and minerals from foods.
The agricultural benefits of fulvic acids have enormous potential to heal soils of the world and neutralize radioactive and toxic wastes. It also decreases the need for antibiotic use in feed lot animals and birds, increasing healthy growth.
This miracle molecule, fulvic acid passes through plants’ cell walls with ease. Fulvic acid acts as a claw or chelating agent attaching to minerals that would otherwise be rendered useless to plants. Essential nutrients and vitamins, which plants may not be able to assimilate easily, will piggyback on the fulvic acid to be transported to all cells that need them.
I’ve added the emphasis (in italics above) because this aligns with the understanding that I’ve developed with regards to the body absorbing molecules. Sure, we can ingest inorganic molecules and they will provide function in the body, but in order to use the minerals for complex molecules, they need to be wrapped up in a bioavailable form (organic molecule).
This is where compost tea comes in! This is how I’m planning on delivering my ORMUS to my garden plants this year.
To start with, I’ve embedded three short videos on making compost tea.
Looks pretty simple, doesn’t it!
The shopping list looks like this:
- Air stone, tubing and pump.
- Paint strainer bag
- Chicken manure (earth worm castings)
- Needs nitrogen (alfalfa) (bunny food)
- 5 gallon bucket
And the recipe will be:
- Precipitate of one cup Dead Sea Salt
- Bag full of worm castings
- 2 table spoons molasis
- 5 gallons water
- cup or two of Alfalfa pellets
I’ll basically use the purist fresh water I can find and to it I’ll turn on the bubbler, add the bag of worm castings, 1 cup alfalfa, Dead Sea Salt precipitate (ORMUS), Molasis and let it work. I’ll do this in the garage where the temperature will be around 60 degrees so the microorganisms should find that comfortable.
After it’s brewed, I’ll pour it into a watering can and sprinkle it over the plants.
At this point, I’m expecting to do this about every three weeks. But I’m still not sure. I’ll think more about that part of the process for I still have a bit of time before the plants go into the ground. As I get into it, I’ll post pictures of the process.
Hope it doesn’t smell bad!


Nisar A. Memon
03-February- 2020 – Pakistan Observer
WHEAT, world’s most important crop and Pakistan’s staple diet is human food with source of calories, protein, minerals and certain vitamins. The USDA’s annual report on grain in Pakistan states that 80 percent of farmers grow wheat on over 9 million hectares or 40 percent of Pakistan’s agricultural land. It accounts for 10 percent of value added in agriculture and contributes over two percent to GDP. While wheat flour, forms around 72 percent of the nation’s daily caloric intake.With estimated 124kg of annual per-capita consumption, Pakistan is one of the world’s foremost consumers of wheat. The world average consumption is around 68kg as per the FAO.
Pakistan lately is facing wheat crisis. Should the minister for national food security resign just like it is suggested and demanded in various other crises like railway accidents, gas shortages, increased petroleum prices, reduced water availability, and failing economy that the concerned ministers should resign? There are voices demanding resignation of chief minister Punjab due to weak governance and even Prime Minister’s resignation due to overall unsatisfactory situation in the country, including the inability to manage routine extensions of important security positions and delay in appointments to key constitutional positions.
Unlike other countries, we do not have resignation tradition but recent removal or changes in cabinet like in finance ministry is acceptance of failure of leadership in those areas.
We believe these are the questions and subjects for parliament to deliberate but the input from print, electronic and social media is important. If suppressed. the communication gap between those in government and the ones they govern will increase with its adverse impact.
Good news: Pakistan in 2019 ranks in the top 8 wheat producing countries of the world, with an average 25 million tons per year. But the challenge: the country’s wheat productivity is not that impressive. According to the World Bank, Pakistan’s cereal yield during 2010 to 2014 was 2722 kg per hectare, as against India’s 2962 kg per hectare and Bangladesh’s 4357 kg per hectare. However, the USDA expects our figure to improve to over 2800 kg per hectare this year. Let the concerned government departments update their statistics for us to know where we stand today.
Our institutions have been researching on wheat and some 152 wheat varieties have been released in Pakistan so far and a significant number in last decade with share from Punjab (69) Sindh (25) KP (44) Baluchistan (8). Most of the varieties are run out in three to five years of release due to rust susceptibility or other reasons and their name remain in papers only. More than 13 wheat breeding programs are in vogue in Pakistan. There is reasonable focus on research which should help us achieve wheat self-sufficiency and sovereignty.
The wheat production depends on quality of land, inputs, disease control, timing of sowing, water availability, programs and policies but the key is the coordination between federal and provincial governments with transparent accounting and accountability.
Is federal government aware of these challenges. It seems yes they are, else Prime Minister’s Agriculture Emergency Program would not have been there to enhance agriculture productivity. The ten point program has been initiated which is primarily focused on: productivity enhancement of wheat, rice and sugarcane; oilseeds enhancement programme; conserving water through lining watercourses; enhancing command area of small and mini dams in barani areas; water conservation in barani areas of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa; shrimp farming; Cage fish culture; Trout farming in Northern Areas of Pakistan; save and fattening of calf program; and backyard poultry.
Hopefully all concerned are aware of these and other programs relating to food. The success for country will depend how well finance and the economic affairs ministry cooperate and coordinate with each other to be on ‘same page’ in achieving PM programs. The statistics, programs, policies, coordination, cooperation between federal and provincial government, and implementation with good governance will succeed if all concerned are people centric and are committed to food sovereignty.
Wheat being just one item towards food sovereignty, our consumption in last five year since 2015 in 1,000 metric tons has been 24400, 24500, 25000, 25300, 24000 respectively. In the same period, our production has been 25086, 25633, 26773, 25076, 25195 respectively. We are producing just enough to meet our requirement and if we produce more, we can export rather than import as we are doing now. So where is the problem? It is none other then governance. Let’s all wake up for the sake of our posterity.
—The writer is Former Federal Minister & Senator.


Water-soluble fertilizer is a type of chemical fertilizer that can be dissolved in water and then applied to plants. This type of fertilizer is typically used on annual flowers and vegetables, as well as on potted plants. Water-soluble fertilizer is easy to use and provides nutrients directly to the roots of plants, which helps them to grow quickly.
- Why Fertilizers are applied to crops?
Fertilizers are applied to crops to promote growth, usually through supplying essential nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium.
- Types of fertilizers:
When it comes to fertilizing your plants, there are a few different options to choose from.
Water soluble fertilizers: that can be dissolved in water and applied directly to the roots of your plants. Water soluble fertilizer is ideal for plants that are growing in containers or have a limited root system. It’s also a good choice for plants that are actively growing and need a quick boost of nutrients.
Soluble fertilizers: Soluble fertilizers must be diluted with water before they are applied to soil, and it is important to have the correct dilution rate for it to work properly. This can be beneficial because these nutrients are quickly absorbed, and plants can get their benefits in a short amount of time.
Insoluble fertilizers: Insoluble fertilizers need a while to dissolve before plants have access to their nutrients. Gardeners must work them into the soil or sprinkle them around. They last one to nine months, and since this fertilizer type takes a while to break down, nutrients release more slowly.
- Efficiency of Water-soluble fertilizer
Water-soluble fertilizer is a type of fertilizer that can be dissolved in water and then applied to plants. This type of fertilizer is generally considered to be more efficient than other types, since the nutrients are immediately available to the plants and there is little risk of over-application. Overall, water-soluble fertilizer is a popular choice for many gardeners and farmers due to its effectiveness and affordability
- Cost Effective:
Water soluble fertilizer price also tend to be less expensive than other types.
- Benefits of water soluble fertilizer:
There are many benefits to using water soluble fertilizer, especially for those who are looking for a more efficient way to fertilize their plants.
- Water soluble fertilizer is easy to apply and doesn’t require any special equipment.
- It can also be applied directly to the root zone, where it is quickly absorbed by the plant.
- Water soluble fertilizer contains all the essential nutrients that plants need in order to grow and thrive.
- Water soluble fertilizer can be an excellent choice for those who want to give their plants the best possible chance of success.
- Disadvantages of Water soluble fertilizer
- The main downside of water-soluble fertilizer is that it can wash away easily if it is not applied properly, which can lead to environmental pollution.
- When using water-soluble fertilizer, be sure to follow the instructions carefully and apply it only to the roots of plants, not to the leaves or stems.
Water-soluble fertilizer is a type of chemical fertilizer that can be dissolved in water and then applied to plants. This type of fertilizer is typically used on annual flowers and vegetables, as well as on potted plants. Water soluble fertilizer is easy to apply and doesn’t require any special equipment.


By John Reynolds on Sunday 19 June 2022
UK-based Moolec Science is pioneering a new FoodTech technology called molecular farming and has just announced its SPAC stock market listing on Nasdaq.
The co-founder of alternative protein, molecular farming startup Moolec Science hails from the family of one of the most well-known meat producers in Latin America.
Using plants to produce replica animal proteins “could sound weird to my grandfather,” admits Gastón Paladini, co-founder and CEO of Moolec, which has just announced it is going public on Nasdaq via a SPAC (Special Purpose Acquisition Company).
UK-based Moolec is pioneering a new FoodTech technology called molecular farming but first up Paladini talks to Future Food Finance about the announcement of its SPAC listing.
This has come about via a merger with SPAC LightJump, which sees Moolec valued at $504m. Once merged the entity will list on Nasdaq under the tucker “MILEC”.
Advantages of going public via SPAC
SPAC listings have cooled off this year, following something of a mania for them last year.
Paladini says key to Moolec going public was to be the ‘”first mover’ using molecular farming technology.
“Going public could definitely provide us the credibility, currency, to talk about the R&D, the technological growth, inorganic growth as well," he says.
“We believe this could be a very interesting opportunity for public investors that see science-based companies as game-changers.”
He points to Moolec benefiting from LightJump’s "experienced" directors and “experienced management team”, as one advantage of the transaction.
Molecular farming is a hybrid technology which combines cell-based and plant-based tech with plants genetically altered to become protein growth factories.
It is not a new technology and has traditionally been leveraged by the pharmaceutical industry.
But it is new for FoodTech, says Paladini.
“In a nutshell, molecular farming is the capability to produce real animal proteins in plants, directly in the seeds of the plants," he says.
“The beauty of molecular farming is that the only thing we actually modify is just the seed with a specific ID, the biology does the rest.”
The advantages of molecular farming, he says, compared to other alternative protein technologies are “scale” and “cost”.
For example, the plants are grown through traditional farming methods and the technology does not require multi-million dollar bioreactors.
A soybean farmer “could produce in the future a Moolec soybean just by switching its seeds, that is the beauty of our technology,” he adds.
Focus on US
To date, Moolec has two products approved in the US: chymosin, a protein used in cheesemaking and a gamma-linoleic acid (GLA) oil.
It is scaling these products up in the US and Argentina along with looking to diversify its portfolio, working on “modifying soy beans and yellow peas with meat protein genes”.
It has a B2B strategy (striking deals with B2C ingredients and food producers), with a focus primarily on the US, followed by Latin America and Paladini says it could look to license its IP in future.
Europe, for the time being, is not a focus but could in future amid “regulatory changes” in light of the EU’s current long-standing near-ban on first-generation genetically modified organisms.
However, the UK could be a focus as “after Brexit as least as far as we know a bit more open to consider this specific technology," he says.
Thinking outside the box
Paladini is part of the 4th generation of the Paladini family, whose namesake is a well-known meat producer in Argentina and according to LinkedIn he is still a board member.
Why not a life working for the family business then?
“I am always thinking ahead. I strongly believe we need to find alternative solutions to overcome the main challenges in the food system,” he says.
He admits that the alternative industry is ’still a niche” but he says projections showing it could reach $300bn in 2035 means it will no longer be a niche.
He is in fact optimistic not just about molecular farming, but other alternative protein-based technologies.
He adds: “My family business right now produce sausages, to produce an animal-based sausage you use- all traditional players- more than 20 different technologies for each part of the process to get a great sausage.
“My opinion [s that} all technologies will find a place to produce the alternative protein products of the future.”
Currently, Moolec has a staff in the UK, where it’s registered, the Netherlands, Argentina and North America, where it has the bulk of its scientists.
Paladini admits it’s a “bit of a challenge for me having people around the globe”, saying “we are 24/7 here”.


“Growing your own cannabis won’t just save you money, it might just save your soul…”
Well, that’s what Kyle Kushman, from Homegrown Cannabis Co. says, and we might just agree with him!
It’s fair to say that cannabis is more accessible and widely accepted today than it ever has been before. The U.S. has an administration in the White House that has been clear about its intentions to widely decriminalize cannabis use and possession, international bodies like the U.N. have opened doors for medical cannabis on a worldwide scale, and it’s never been easier to quickly and easily see a certified cannabis doctor to get a card of your own! This ease of access to quality, well-grown cannabis from a local dispensary is a huge departure from the ways cannabis has been grown and distributed for nearly a century before.
Before the wave of legalization crashed down on the U.S. in the mid-2010s, the only way to reliably have access to cannabis was to find an often sketchy drug dealer who was either growing their own cannabis or purchased it wholesale from a mystery grower without the checks on their pesticide uses, growing methods, or purity standards we see with medical cannabis today.
This ease of access hasn’t stopped many, especially those in medically legal states that don’t allow medical patients to grow plants of their own at home, to clamor for the ability to grow their own cannabis. Many claims that being able to do so would save them money in the long run, but is that really true? Or is that just an outdated idea from a long-gone era of restrictive, punitive laws preventing quick and reliable access to quality cannabis?
We’re going to break down where exactly medical patients have the option to grow their own cannabis here in the U.S., the real costs associated with setting up a grow of your own either indoors or outdoors, and going in-depth on whether or not it’s less expensive to grow your own cannabis instead of just stopping by the dispensary.
Download Free Beginner’s Guide to Growing Cannabis
The Overall Answer
According to the Oxford Treatment Center, the average cost of 1 ounce of medium-quality cannabis is $266 nationwide. For high-quality cannabis, the average cost is $326. The average is pulled up significantly by Washington, D.C., where an ounce of cannabis can cost almost $600!
Kyle Kushman says:
“Homegrown cannabis is significantly cheaper. Especially if you can get a good deal on your seeds. Sure, there’s an initial start-up cost… you’ll need to buy all the gear, materials, and your seeds. You’ll notice your utility bills go up, of course, but initial investments are quickly recovered and your hand-grown cannabis will soon set you back a mere $70 per ounce or less.”
States that have legalized recreational and/or medical cannabis generally have lower prices on average. Perhaps unsurprisingly, cannabis is cheaper in more mature markets with a long history of cannabis use, like Washington, Oregon, California and Oregon, where it’s possible to buy an ounce for around $200. However, this is not always the case, as states where wages aren’t as high may also have cheaper cannabis. Think Mississippi, which has an average price of $170 for medium-quality cannabis (although high-quality cannabis is twice the price in Mississippi).
Assuming that your grow room costs a conservative $1000 and that the average electricity rate in your state isn’t too far off the current mark (13.19 cents per kilowatt hour), then yes, growing your own cannabis is generally cheaper. You will likely cover the costs of your initial outlay within your first one or two grows, assuming you harvest about 4 – 8 ounces per grow.
However, it is also worth taking labor time into account. If you’re in a high-flying job (pun semi-intended) earning hundreds or thousands of dollars per hour and you’re living in the West Coast, then the time you take to grow your own may not seem worth it. For those of more modest means, growing their own can mean the difference between getting the meds they need and not getting them.
Some Tips to Grow Cannabis for Less
- If you know growers already, tap them up for resources and know-how. Many growers are getting rid of perfectly good equipment when they upgrade themselves.
- If your dispensary sells good quality clones, take advantage – this can save you plenty of time, labor and electricity, as you can go straight into the 12/12 light-dark cycle!
- Second-hand electrical equipment can be a money-saver, but can end up being a false economy if it’s not in good shape. It’s better to start off small and with better quality equipment than it is with going large and having poor quality equipment.
- Following on from above, don’t bite off more than you can chew. If you’re a beginner, start off with a small garden, then get bigger as needed and as your experience grows. For most, this is between 2 and 12 plants, with many being happy with 4 – 6 well-chosen plants.
- Shop around for better electricity deals.
- Electricity is cheaper at night, so turn on your grow lights in the evening. This is also less suspicious, as heat cameras and electricity companies are more likely to notice large electricity usage during the daytime.
Where Can You Legally Grow Your Own Cannabis?
Alabama– You can’t legally cultivate cannabis at home in Alabama.
Alaska– Alaska allows for at-home cultivation. Adults aged 21 and older can grow up to six marijuana plants. Used for either adult-use or medical purposes, growers must keep in mind that only three mature and flowering plants are permitted at any given time. Additionally, all plants must be grown out of public view and properly secured from unauthorized access.
Arizona– Arizona allows for at-home cultivation, but only if a registered patient lives more than 25 miles from their closest dispensary. State-approved patients can grow up to 12 plants, as long as they’re kept in a protected, surrounded area.
Arkansas– You can’t legally cultivate cannabis at home in Arkansas.
California– California allows for at-home cultivation. Adults aged 21 and over each can grow up to six plants for recreational use, with only six plants allowed per residence at a given time. Registered medical cannabis patients, however, are allowed to grow the amount of cannabis required for their medical treatment. However, individual counties are able to set further home cultivation restrictions. It is best to check with your local jurisdiction before starting a home grow.
Colorado– Colorado allows for at-home cultivation. Recreational users can grow up to six plants, with three allowed to mature and flower at any time. Caregivers can grow additional plants, as they can be assigned to up to five patients. They are permitted to cultivate up to 36 plants. Medical patients are allowed to cultivate six plants as well, though they are also allowed to petition for, “greater amounts [when] medically necessary to address the patient’s debilitating medical condition.”
Connecticut– You can’t legally cultivate cannabis at home in Connecticut.
Delaware– You can’t legally cultivate cannabis at home in Delaware.
Florida– You can’t legally cultivate cannabis at home in Florida.
Georgia– You can’t legally cultivate cannabis at home in Georgia.
Hawaii– Hawaii allows for at-home cultivation. Before growing, medical patients must register as a cultivator with the state. Once approved, they can produce up to ten plants at a time.
Idaho– You can’t legally cultivate cannabis at home in Idaho.
Illinois– Illinois allows for at-home cultivation. Medical patients are permitted to grow their own cannabis, with up to five plants per household regardless of the number of patients living there.
Indiana– You can’t legally cultivate cannabis at home in Idaho.
Iowa– You can’t legally cultivate cannabis at home in Iowa.
Kansas– You can’t legally cultivate cannabis at home in Kansas.
Kentucky– You can’t legally cultivate cannabis at home in Kentucky.
Louisiana– You can’t legally cultivate cannabis at home in Louisiana.
Maine– Maine allows for at-home cultivation. Adults aged 21 and over can grow their own plants, each home can contain up to six mature and twelve immature plants. The state differentiates between medical and adult-use home grows, but the limits for cultivation are the same.
Maryland– You can’t legally cultivate cannabis at home in Maryland.
Massachusetts– Massachusetts allows for at-home cultivation. Both medical patients and recreational users aged 21 and over can grow up to six plants. If two adults live in one home, they can collectively produce twelve plants.
Michigan– Michigan allows for at-home cannabis cultivation. Recreational users are permitted to grow up to 12 plants at home. Medical patients can be permitted to cultivate if they are unable to access a medical dispensary due to financial hardship, physical incapability, or lives too far to access a dispensary reasonably. There is no set number of plants a medical patient can cultivate, but the grow is limited to “an amount needed to harvest a 60-day supply,” totaling ten ounces. Caregivers can provide support for up to five patients. They can grow for their patients once the caregiver registers with the state and they can grow up to 60 plants if taking care of five patients.
Minnesota– You can’t legally cultivate cannabis at home in Minnesota.
Mississippi– You can’t legally cultivate cannabis at home in Mississippi.
Missouri– Missouri allows for at-home cannabis cultivation. Medical cannabis patients can grow up to six plants in an enclosed and secured space at their homes. Home cultivators must pay an additional licensing fee to be approved.
Montana– Montana allows for at-home cannabis cultivation. Home growing is permitted to medical patients, who can grow up to four mature plants or 12 seedlings at any time. Two adults living together can grow up to eight mature plants and eight seedlings.
Nebraska– You can’t legally cultivate cannabis at home in Nebraska.
Nevada– Nevada allows for at-home cannabis cultivation. Adult-use growing is allowed if a person lives 25 miles or more away from the closest dispensary with a max of six plants per person or 12 in one household. A property owner or landlord can prohibit growing on their site, while the state requires all activities to occur in an enclosed, secure space. Medical cannabis patients CAN’T home cultivation if a dispensary opens in their county of residence. They are expected from this rule and can cultivate at home only if:
- A dispensary is more than 25 miles from their residence
- The cardholder is unable reasonably to travel to a medical marijuana dispensary
- A strain or amount needed is not provided by a dispensary in their county
- Or was already cultivating at home before July 1, 2013.
New Hampshire– New Hampshire allows for at-home cannabis cultivation. Medical patients and caregivers can grow up to three mature plants, as well as three immature plants and 12 seedlings. All plants must be stored in a secure location undetectable from the street or public view.
New Jersey– You can’t legally cultivate cannabis at home in New Jersey.
New Mexico– New Mexico allows for at-home cannabis cultivation. Medical patients and their caregivers have been allowed to cultivate up to 16 plants, with four allowed to be mature.
New York- You can’t legally cultivate cannabis at home in New York.
North Carolina– You can’t legally cultivate cannabis at home in North Carolina.
North Dakota- You can’t legally cultivate cannabis at home in North Dakota.
Ohio– You can’t legally cultivate cannabis at home in Ohio.
Oklahoma– Oklahoma allows for at-home cannabis cultivation. Medical patients can grow up to six mature plants and six seedlings.
Oregon– Oregon allows for at-home cannabis cultivation. Adults 21 and over have been allowed to grow up to four plants at home for their own personal use. Medical caregivers can grow up to eight plants but are capped at six adult plants at any time.
Pennsylvania– You can’t legally cultivate cannabis at home in Pennsylvania.
Rhode Island– Rhode Island allows for at-home cannabis cultivation. Qualified medical patients or caregivers are permitted to grow up to 12 plants and 12 seedlings on their property inside their home.
South Carolina– You can’t legally cultivate cannabis at home in South Carolina.
South Dakota– You can’t legally cultivate cannabis at home in South Dakota.
Tennessee– You can’t legally cultivate cannabis at home in Tennessee.
Texas– You can’t legally cultivate cannabis at home in Texas.
Utah– You can’t legally cultivate cannabis at home in Utah.
Vermont– Vermont allows for at-home cannabis cultivation. Adult residents are allowed to grow up to two mature plants at a time, with a max total of nine at any one time.
Virginia– You can’t legally cultivate cannabis at home in Virginia.
Washington– Washington allows for at-home cannabis cultivation. Medical patients are allowed to grow up to six plants at home, but they could grow more if they appeal to the state. If the appeal is successful, a person can grow up to 15 plants at a time. Adult-use recreational cultivation is still illegal.
Washington D.C.- Washington D.C. allows for at-home cannabis cultivation. Recreational users aged 21 years or older are allowed to cultivate and possess up to six plants at a time, with three being mature and three being seedlings. Home cultivation for medical purposes is not allowed in the nation’s capital.
West Virginia– You can’t legally cultivate cannabis at home in West Virginia.
Wisconsin– You can’t legally cultivate cannabis at home in Wisconsin.
Wyoming– You can’t legally cultivate cannabis at home in Wyoming.
But Is It Actually Cheaper?
So now that we know where you can legally grow at home and how much you can grow at a time, let’s dig a little deeper into that claim that growing your own cannabis is cost-effective.
The first thing you’ll need to consider when it comes to the costs of growing at home compared to buying from the dispensary is the initial money you’ll need to spend to get your grow room up and running.
Just for starters, you’ll need high-quality soil and fertilizer to grow the plants in, you’ll need to invest in some type of irrigation system, maybe some grow boxes or planters, some basic gardening equipment like shovels and clippers for trimming your plants as they grow, and, finally, the actually viable cannabis seeds themselves.
While it’s certainly possible to try to cut costs here to go for the cheapest possible options, we all know that the cheapest options available aren’t always the highest quality. Low-quality soil, fertilizer, and cannabis seeds will lead to low-quality plants, which leaves you with a bunch of low-quality cannabis that might not be good enough to treat your various medical ailments. Coco coir is a good alternative to soil for beginners, but you will need to feed it nutrients yourself.
Another factor to consider is if you’re going to do an indoor or outdoor grow. If you live in a medically legal state that allows for at home cultivation and has a year-round climate conducive to growing cannabis, like California, you can cut your costs slightly by doing an outdoor grow. You’ll still need to fertilize and prep the soil before planting, as well as committing to the right natural pesticides to keep pests and mold off of your crops, but you won’t need to buy big, hefty grow lights or greenhouse set-ups that home growers like in Massachusetts would need to grow cannabis year-round. If you’re growing indoors you should expect a higher electric bill than normal due to LED lamps and irrigation systems you’ll need to use.
Kyle Kushman estimates:
“You’re looking at savings up to $300 for every ounce of weed you consume. If you’re lucky enough to be able to grow outdoors, the cost per ounce will be even lower!”
If you’re looking at all of the costs together, a mid-to-high-end indoor grow setup will cost you somewhere in the range of $1400 to $2400 to put together, and a high-quality outdoor grow can cost less, but you may have to put in more labor hours and be willing to put up with lower yields if your environment isn’t ideal for cannabis.. Of course, you can always scour Amazon and other online markets to try to find deals to reduce those initial costs, but the numbers above are just an average of what you should be expecting to spend before you can even harvest an ounce of cannabis.
You can buy some things second-hand, but we recommend buying some things first-hand (e.g. generators or solar panels if that’s the energy source you are using). You can buy a startup set for under $500, especially if you intend on keeping a small-scale, self-contained set up for just a few plants. However, if you want better equipment for indoor grows, you are looking at a price tag of $1000 + all combined.
As long as you’re willing to put the time and money into building a proper set-up and producing high-quality plants, however, you will be able to save a bit of money in the long run. The average ounce of dispensary-produced cannabis, due to the local and state taxes baked into the price taxes, is usually somewhere around $200. That breaks down to about $6 – $7 per gram. An ounce of homegrown cannabis, on the other hand, costs the grower between $84-$90 per ounce, or about $3 per gram. Especially in times when money is tight for many due to unemployment and the on-going COVID-19 pandemic, those few bucks of savings could go a long way.
Prices per ounce will vary, of course, with older, most established markets like on the West Coast offering greater variety and lower costs than in newer markets like Massachusetts, Michigan, or Illinois that, due to climate, have a less consistent and inexpensive supply of quality cannabis . So,home growers will need to take a close look at their bank accounts and the prices they’re seeking at the dispensary before making a decision about whether they’ll spend the money to try a home grow of their own. In general, though, we here at Leafwell are supportive of anyone who wants to start growing their own cannabis – there’s little that’s more empowering than taking your health into your own hands.


For over 350 years, the Arnas family, growing with the power they get from the soil, carries the experience of the past to today. The exciting and joyful adventure of bringing Arnas Agro products to our valuable consumers continues with the hard work, faith, and honesty inherited from our family.
Benefiting from the blessings of nature in all their purity and naturalness is indispensable for a healthy life. With this awareness, we make it a principle to contribute to a healthy life in both the production and presentation of our products.
As Arnas Agro, working with soil and agriculture is our biggest passion. We have created unique products by combining our agricultural tradition with this passion.
We love farming and production. That's why we work with great care and love in every phase of our products, making them perfect in terms of both taste and health.
We prioritize naturalness in our production and products. We use methods that will preserve the natural structure of our products in all production processes.


The cultivation of cannabis is produced from one source: a seed or a clone. The seeds contain genetic material from two parent plants, some of them like the mother, some father, and some of them with different characteristics. Commercial cannabis growers should typically plant several single strain seeds and pick the best variety. Nevertheless, seeds can be more easily obtained for the traditional home grower than clones. A more robust plant with more vital genetic engineering will grow from seed. Read about cannabis seeds for further information.
Cannabis may be men or women — or "oceanic" — but only women produce the buds which we all know and love. However, a female plant must be pollinated for reproduction with a male plant, which produces seeds by the female plant. If the seeds have reached maturity, the female plant starts to die, and the source is either thrown into the soil and transformed into new plants in the next spring or is harvested for processing into seed oil and food products or planted for next generation. To get your buds in medicinal and leisure shops, female cannabis plants are grown without a male presence in an area — or male company is removed before pollen is released — to prevent the women from making seeds. Traditionally called "sinsemilla, seedless" this high-potency weed is
Feminized cannabis seeds can only develop women to receive buds, so males or plants need not be removed or pollinated. The resulting sources are almost identical to the female parent, who is self- pollinated – or self-food – because only one gene set exists. Often this is called "cloning by seed" and does not grow male plants. Perhaps you don't think this is relevant, but learning how seeds work will give you valuable knowledge about their storage and the profession of germination. Technically, cannabis seed is thin, dried oval fruit with a length of 3 and 4 mm, a breadth of 1.5 and 2 mm. They are covered with a
very subtle membrane, and there is a much stricter layer under that layer which covers and protects
the largest embryo system.
The material is known as the albumen, a nutrient buffer that protects the embryo before germination can be contained within the seeds; it is also the main source of the origins of energy until it is germinating. Now, in the centre of the basis, the place where the precious embryo will emerge from your new plant. In addition to four other sections, it includes the genetic code of the plant: radicle, hypocotyls, cotyledons and gemmules. The root is the embryonic root; it is the seed from which the origins derive. The hypocotyls are known as the embryonic stage; the first few leaves that can be seen after the source germinates are taken into account by the Cotyledons.
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There are probably 20 buds that are just emerging from the ground and another 15-20 that will be opening with in the next few days... by my estimate. Along with the tulip foliage, there are irises that have lovely green frowns that are up. They too will be blooming around Easter. Once those get going then will come the gladiolas!
Monday, March 23, 2009
In a previous post showing some of the different varieties of tulips we have growing this year, Nicole asked to see them in bunches... here are two of the beds in our front yard that have tulips. We have a total of three beds with tulips, but I was having a difficult time photographing them due to the very high winds we are having today... these were the best two shots before I gave up.


Welcome to NanoChem Solutions Incorporated,
purchaser of the Donlar Corporation assets.
NanoChem is at the forefront of providing patented protein-based polymers that provide competitive performance for various products and processes environmental concerns for the creation of non-toxic products for a wide range of industrial, agricultural and consumer markets.
- In oil production, NanoChem's biopolymers address a significant market for the prevention of scale and corrosion on oil producing platforms.
- In agriculture, these biodegradable proteins increase the efficiency of fertilizers, reducing fertilizer costs and ground water contamination while improving crop yields.
- Other products utilizing the Company's technology offer environmentally friendly improvements on products for the water treatment markets and for consumer detergents. March 1 08


Are you a grown-up who wants to learn how to garden? Well, this class is for you! Learn the basics of gardening, or grow your already established skills. Mrs. Karrie, our Farm Manager and highly experienced gardener, will guide you through planting, growing, and harvesting produce of all kinds.
Because we are life long learners.
Because wonder is for all.
Date & Time: Tuesdays, 5:30PM – 6:30PM
Instructor: Mrs. Karrie (learn more about her HERE!)
Location: The WonderHere Farm (5120 Colbert Road)


''A beautiful town with the untouched nature of human''
Do you know that Turkey is ranked as the 4th in the world in terms of grape production? And, our region (Çal, Güney and Bekilli) is the area where supplies approximately 70% of grapes for wine industry in Turkey.The history of the wine production and viticulture of Çal dates back about 5000 years ago to Ancient Ages when the name of town was called as ''Mosyna''.
Çal has a Mediterranean and terrestrial climate at a high altitude of 850-1050 meters. Even in the summer period, night temperature is quite cool with approximately 15 °C despite the sunshine in the mornings with around 30-33 °C and this conditions significantly influence aromas, tannins and colour during the grape maturation phase (late August - early October). Terroir has a deep limestone soil and roots stay in cool environment. Therefore, irrigation system is not used by farmers who continue still traditional viticulture methods by following mostly Goblet fashion. It is hard to see trellis system in this area.
We are in the Middle of the "Grape Kingdom"
Our winery which has 500 acres of vineyard in Çal, Güney and Bekilli, has adopted the principle of making the high quality Ezel wines from the best quality Anatolian grapes with its professional viticulture staff and French oenologists. Our vineyard capacity doesn't meet with our production capacity, so we supply significant amount of raw material from our local contract farmers. We have been working with same farmers for years and our agricultural engineers regularly check their vineyards from pruning to harvest period. One of our other important principles is taking grapes only from this magical region.
Everything Begins with Grape
Once the hand-picked grapes are harvested, we move them to the process at latest in 30 minutes. This advantage gives us maximum flavour from grapes and prevent from any aroma losing.
No matter how strange, the only livelihood of people living in our region has been viticulture for many years, however, nowadays, population has been gradually decreasing. Once upon a time, they were cultivating vineyards for wine but there were no wineries in the area. After 2000s, many wineries have been established and local people has been started to understood importance of making wine in this land. Unfortunately, nowadays fewer and fewer, are choosing to live in the small villages, working in vineyards and on the farms where they grew up.
Come back to this beautiful place and let's produce together.


Manzanillo is one of Spain's finest varieties. Due to its productivity and high quality fruit, it is the most widespread variety in the world. Today's Manzanillo olives are descendents of Spain's Manzanilla de Sevilla olives.
Mild fruit and grass aromas with similar flavors and a silky texture.
Pair with our Summer Peach or Pineapple White Balsamic vinegars or with our Strawberry or Cinnamon Pear Balsamics. Ideal as a vinaigrette and as a finishing oil for breads, soups and stews.
100% Extra Virgin Olive Oil; Single Flavor Limited