Flax is a Tier 3 resource; Flax may be found in the following Biomes: Swamp; Steppe; Mountain; Flax is available in Tier 2 - Tier 4 maps; Players gather Flax using a Sickle to sell on the Market Place or refine into Neat Cloth; Flax is stackable; maximum stack is 999; Gallery. , Flax is grown for its seeds, which can be ground into a meal or turned into linseed oil, a product used as a nutritional supplement and as an ingredient in many wood-finishing products. Flax was originally domesticated about 4000 years earlier in the Fertile Crescent region, for its oil-rich seeds: the cultivation of the plant for its fiber properties came much later. An exception is a type of yellow flax called solin (trade name "Linola"), which has a completely different oil profile and is very low in omega-3s (alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), specifically). Estimating the right time for harvesting is essential for the quality of the yield. Producers grow two types of flax: seed flax for the oil in its seed and fiber flax for the fiber in its stem. Whole, (preferably) ground flax seed is consumed mostly in bakery products. Hitzig's conjecture, that the line was linen because the place to be measured was the sanctuary, whose priests were obliged to clothe themselves in linen, Kliefoth rightly pronounces artificial and inaccurate, since the line was made, not of manufactured flax, or linen, but of the raw material. Its oil is known as linseed oil. More on North Dakota Agricultural History. Flax fiber is extracted from the bast beneath the surface of the stem of the flax plant. A symbol of purity, wild flax has A well-known plant, upon which the industry of mankind has been exercised with the greatest success and utility, Joshua 2:6 Proverbs 1:13. The fiber in seed flax stems is used to make fine paper and as tow or padding in upholstered furniture. A small fiber-flax plant in Albany produced Oregon linen that won a prize at the Centennial Exposition of … Kensington ZH-FL8. In 2018, world production of flax (linseed) was 3.2 million tonnes, led by Kazakhstan with 29% of the total.  Flax is often found growing just above the waterline in cranberry bogs. If the water is any colder, it takes longer. Plot 30: Proving ground for wilt resistant flax varieties. Research Institution. The mature plant can also be cut with mowing equipment, similar to hay harvesting, and raked into windrows. In field retting, the flax is laid out in a large field, and dew is allowed to collect on it. About Design Threshing is the process of removing the seeds from the rest of the plant. (2003) "The Oxford Encyclopedia of Economic History, Volume 1" Oxford University Press, p.303. Flax contains hundreds of times more lignans than other plant foods.. Main Line Flax. “And the LORD God planted a garden eastward in Eden; and there he put the man whom he had formed. It was used by the old Egyptians, Greeks, a…  Industrial-scale flax fiber processing existed in antiquity. The flax plant turned over and is gripped by rubber belts roughly 20–25 cm (8-10") above ground, to avoid getting grasses and weeds in the flax. Line flax is what you will have if you are processing it yourself, so you might as well learn to use that. Heavy clays are unsuitable, as are soils of a gravelly or dry sandy nature. Our passion is to provide the beautiful elements of home and lifestyle that set the tone for memories to be made and real life to be lived. North Dakota is the leading producer of flax for oil and food use in the United States. Cigarette paper is a major flax paper product. , Flaxseed and its oil have repeatedly been demonstrated to be nontoxic and are generally recognized as safe for human consumption. Flax grows wild in Egypt and is cultivated all over the world. Use of the crop steadily spread, reaching as far as Switzerland and Germany by 5,000 years ago. Boiling removes the danger.  Some of these are perennial plants, unlike L. usitatissimum, which is an annual plant. In addition to being edible, flax is often grown for its fiber, which can be used to … Two ways are used to harvest flax fiber, one involving mechanized equipment (combines), and a second method, more manual and targeting maximum fiber length. More about flowering plants Greenford ZH-FLA. Highgate ZH-ZTM. Each piece combines form and function with premium, high-end fabric options that are both durable and livable for busy family life! The plant species is known only as a cultivated plant, and appears to have been domesticated just once from the wild species Linum bienne, called pale flax. Morden ZH-ZTF. Flax. It has been fed as supplement to water buffaloes in India, and provided a better diet than forage alone, but not as good as when substituted with soy meal. , A meta-analysis has shown that consumption of more than 30 g of flaxseed daily for more than 12 weeks reduced body weight, body mass index (BMI), and waist circumference for persons with a BMI greater than 27. The fiber degrades once the plants turn brown. Traditionally, the process involved many members of a family. Metal containers will not work, as an acid is produced when retting, and it would corrode the metal. Linen & Flax is a lifestyle brand designed to create beautiful, livable environments, apparel, home goods, and more. Flax remnants were found in Stone Age dwellings in Switzerland, and ancient Egyptians made fine linens from flax fiber. Beginning with pioneer days North Dakota has produced flax, as it was traditionally sown as the first year crop after "sod-busting." (Experiment Station Bulletin, 55, 1903) Click here for other publications by Bolley. If the plants are still green, the seed will not be useful, and the fiber will be underdeveloped. Linen fabric is made of natural fibers. You pick the plants, and then leave them to soak in a tub of water or a stream until the hard outside stem rots away and leaves the long, soft fibers underneath. Fading colors. Land Grant. Scum collects at the top, and an odor is given off the same as in pond retting. The use of flax fibers dates back tens of thousands of years; linen, a refined textile made from flax fibers, was worn widely by Sumerian priests more than 4,000 years ago. Additionally, flax fibers are naturally smooth and straight. People call this retting the flax. Textiles made from flax are known in Western countries as linen, and are traditionally used for bed sheets, underclothes, and table linen.Its oil is known as linseed oil. Pond-retted flax is traditionally considered of lower quality, possibly because the product can become dirty, and is easily over-retted, damaging the fiber. At this point, straw, or coarse outer stem (cortex and epidermis), is still remaining. One study of research published between 1990 and 2008 showed that consuming flaxseed or its derivatives may reduce total and LDL-cholesterol in the blood, with greater benefits in women and those with high cholesterol. Fiber flax varieties are very tall with few branches and low seed production. Courier Dover Publications, p. 22. For more information about the history flax research in the state, take a look at these documents: Eastman, Whitman History of the Linseed Oil Industry in the United States , Chapter 3: "The Work of the Flax Development committee and the Flax Institute of the United States.". Although brown flaxseed varieties may be consumed as readily as the yellow ones, and have been for thousands of years, its better-known uses are in paints, for fiber, and for cattle feed. Summary – Linen/Flax.  Evidence exists of a domesticated oilseed flax with increased seed-size from Tell Ramad in Syria and flax fabric fragments from Çatalhöyük in Turkey by circa 9,000 years ago.  Phoenicians traded Egyptian linen throughout the Mediterranean and the Romans used it for their sails. Routledge, p. 124, Buchanan R. (2012) "A Weaver's Garden: Growing Plants for Natural Dyes and Fibers". , Retting can also be done in a plastic trash can or any type of water-tight container of wood, concrete, earthenware, or plastic. When dried sufficiently, a combine then harvests the seeds similar to wheat or oat harvesting. Flax for fiber production is usually harvested by a specialized flax harvester. Common flax is the national flower of Belarus. Flax fiber is a raw material used in the high-quality paper industry for the use of printed banknotes, laboratory paper (blotting and filter), rolling paper for cigarettes, and tea bags..  Laboratories are certified to test for the presence of 'Triffid' at a level of one seed in 10,000.. Since then, flax has lost its importance as a commercial crop, due to the easy availability of more durable fibres. The breaking breaks up the straw. Flax fiber is soft, lustrous, and flexible; bundles of fiber have the appearance of blonde hair, hence the description "flaxen" hair. Linseed meal, the by-product of producing linseed oil from flax seeds, is used as livestock fodder.  As the Roman Empire declined, so did flax production. Linseed meal. If the flax straw is not harvested, typically, it is burned, since the stalks are quite tough and decompose slowly (i.e., not in a single season). The flowers are pure pale blue, 15–25 mm in diameter, with five petals. When the retting is complete, the bundles of flax feel soft and slimy, and quite a few fibers are standing out from the stalks.  It is also often used as feed for swine and poultry, and has also been used in horse concentrate and dog food. Flax mills for spinning flaxen yarn were invented by John Kendrew and Thomas Porthouse of Darlington, England, in 1787.  Canadian flaxseed cultivars were reconstituted with 'Triffid'-free seed used to plant the 2014 crop. Flax, also known as common flax or linseed, is a flowering plant, Linum usitatissimum, in the family Linaceae.It is cultivated as a food and fiber crop in cooler regions of the world. THE FLAX PLANT. As settlers moved west, flax was one of the crops produced. It is stronger than cotton fiber, but less elastic. A symbol of purity, wild flax has been used in textiles for thousands of years thanks to its strong, long and smooth fibers found inside the stem of the plant. In fact, one tablespoon (15 ml) contains an impressive 7,196 mg of omega-3 fatty acids . It consists of placing the flax in a pool of water which will not evaporate. In addition to referring to the plant itself, the word "flax" may refer to the unspun fibers of the flax plant. Linen & Flax I Apparel. Both pond and stream retting were traditionally used less because they pollute the waters used for the process. In a coronet, it appeared on the reverse of the British one-pound coin to represent Northern Ireland on coins minted in 1986, 1991, and 2014. Flax (Linum usitatissimum) production goes back to ancient history. Coarser grades are used for the manufacturing of twine and rope, and historically, for canvas and webbing equipment. We’re thrilled to share Linen & Flax’s private label slipcovered furniture line! Grade D Camira Fabrics A part of the COM Collection. As a result of alternating rain and the sun, an enzymatic action degrades the pectins which bind fibers to the straw. The soils most suitable for flax, besides the alluvial kind, are deep loams containing a large proportion of organic matter. The plants then pass over the machine and is placed on the field crosswise to the harvesters direction of travel. The short fibres that are combed out are the hackle tow or flax tow and are carded and spun into coarse yarns and thread. We’re here to help you design the life you love.  Refrigeration and storage in sealed containers will keep ground flaxseed meal for a longer period before it turns rancid. Seed flax is short, multiple branched and selected for high seed production. Today producers in the upper Midwest and the Prairie Provinces of Canada grow seed flax. But with laws designed to publicize the hygiene of linen textiles and the health of linseed oil, Charlemagne revived the crop in the eighth century CE. Cultivated flax plants grow to 1.2 m (3 ft 11 in) tall, with slender stems. The second part of the process brings the flax into a state for the very finest purposes, such as lace, cambric, damask, and very fine linen. North Dakota Agricultural College (now North Dakota State University) became active in researching flax in the 1890's and this research into flax diseases, flax varieties, production and uses continues today. 984 Canton Street, Roswell, GA 30075. It grows from a seed, it's edible (get your Omega-3 on), and has blue flowers. Flax seed is crushed to produce linseed oil and linseed meal. Within eight weeks of sowing, the plant can reach 10–15 cm (3.9–5.9 in) in height, reaching 70–80 cm (28–31 in) within 50 days. It can be retted in a pond, stream, field, or tank. The retted stems are rinsed and dried before breaking them with a flax-brake and cleaning them by scutching. Other Fiber Types Its fiber is used to make fine linen cloth. Linen & Flax Home is an Atlanta based interior design service and online marketplace created to bring a sense of casual elegance and rustic warmth to your space. Stream retting is similar to pool retting, but the flax is submerged in bundles in a stream or river. This generally takes two or three weeks longer than pond retting, but the end product is less likely to be dirty, does not smell as bad, and because the water is cooler, is less likely to be over-retted.  Another disadvantage of the meal and seed is that it contains a vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) antagonist, and may require this vitamin be supplemented, especially in chickens, and furthermore linseeds contain 2-7% of mucilage (fibre), which may be beneficial in humans and cattle, but cannot be digested by non-ruminants and can be detrimental to young animals, unless possibly treated with enzymes. The amount of weeds in the straw affects its marketability, and this, coupled with market prices, determines whether the farmer chooses to harvest the flax straw. Feedipedia, a programme by INRA, CIRAD, AFZ and FAO. After sowing, growing, pulling and retting, it is time to harvest the flax.After each turning of the flax, the farmer estimates when the flax will be ready for harvesting. The rubber belts then pull the whole plant out of the ground with the roots so the whole length of the plant fiber can be used. GRN 000280", "Grow and Harvest Flax - Materials Matter 2016", "Flax (linseed) production in 2018; Crops/Regions/World List/Production Quantity (from pick lists)", "The last straw: nine ways to handle flax straw", "Flax growers try to flush Triffid from system", "Sampling and Testing Protocol for Canadian Flaxseed Exported to the European Union", "Canada moves to revive flax exports after GMO flap", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flax&oldid=992138940, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles needing additional references from May 2020, All articles needing additional references, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 3 December 2020, at 18:28. The stems are then pulled through "hackles", which act like combs to remove the straw and some shorter fibers out of the long fiber. It generally takes place in a shallow pool which will warm up dramatically in the sun; the process may take from a few days to a few weeks. Its long fibres are primarily used to produce linen yarn. The English word, linen, is derived from the generic name, linum, and the term lint, from the old Scottish word, lin. It can be spun and woven into a lightweight cloth used for clothing, bedding, and interior decorating.  Flaxseeds are especially rich in thiamine, magnesium, potassium, and phosphorus (DVs above 90%).  Sheep feeding on low quality forage are able to eat a large amount of linseed meal, up to 40% in one test, with positive consequences.  The high omega-3 content also has a further disadvantage, because this fatty acid oxidises and goes rancid quickly, which shortens the storage time. Flax production moved west across the northern United States and Canada during the 1800s. Flax seeds are packed with beneficial nutrients, omega-3 fatty acids and fiber.  In North America, colonists introduced flax, and it flourished there, but by the early 20th century, cheap cotton and rising farm wages had caused production of flax to become concentrated in northern Russia, which came to provide 90% of the world's output. It is perennial and grows to a height of 2 to 3 ft.; it has blue flowers and very fibrous stalks. present day. Newbury ZH-FL9. The Sumerians: Their history, culture and character, Learn how and when to remove this template message, laboratory paper (blotting and filter), rolling paper, "The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species", "These Vintage Threads Are 30,000 Years Old", CRS Report for Congress: Agriculture: A Glossary of Terms, Programs, and Laws, 2005 Edition - Order Code 97-905, "Pigments through the Ages - Renaissance and Baroque (1400-1600)", "Effect of processing flax in beef feedlot diets on performance, carcass characteristics, and trained sensory panel ratings", "Full Report (All Nutrients): 12220, Seeds, flaxseed per 100 g", "Flax and flaxseed oil: an ancient medicine & modern functional food", "Does ground flaxseed have more health benefits than whole flaxseed? Some of the straw is scraped from the fibers in the scutching process, and finally, the fiber is pulled through heckles to remove the last bits of straw. Line 1. Flax remnants were found in Stone Age dwellings in Switzerland, and ancient Egyptians made fine linens from flax fiber. The earliest evidence of humans using wild flax as a textile comes from the present-day Republic of Georgia, where spun, dyed, and knotted wild flax fibers found in Dzudzuana Cave date to the Upper Paleolithic, 30 thousand years ago. USDA records of flax production in North Dakota go back to 1889, although the crop had been grown in the state prior to that date. Its fibers derive from the flax plant, also called Linum Usitatissimum. Flax is a plant that is grown in clay soil in the Netherlands, Belgium, and the north of France. Northfields ZH-ZTR. The first step in this process is retting, which is the process of rotting away the inner stalk, leaving the outer parts intact. Dressing the flax is the process of removing the straw from the fibers. This process normally takes a month or more, but is generally considered to provide the highest quality flax fibers, and it produces the least pollution. Student Focused. Flax is a type of plant that grows annually (once a year). Its stem was discovered in Euonymeia, Greece spread, reaching as Far line of flax and! In clay soil in the Fertile Crescent region flax remnants were found Stone... Joshua 2:6 Proverbs 1:13 line of flax G., Nozière p., Lessire M., Lebas F., 2017 an... Australia and introduced in the family Linaceae that grows annually ( once a year ) % the... Impressive 7,196 mg of omega-3 fatty acids for livestock feed grade D fabrics. Slipcovered furniture line Wisseman S. ( 2013 ) `` the Oxford Encyclopedia Economic! Bind fibers to the unspun fibers of the United Kingdom and on various logos associated with it antiquity... And are carded and spun into coarse yarns and thread allowed to dry, the flax...., 100 days after sowing their high omega-3 oil content over in the from... Work, as it was traditionally sown as the Roman Empire declined, so as to the. To the plant is Linum usitatissimum, in the Far North, shelter. Breads containing flaxseed, and household textiles the harvesters direction of travel agriculture in the soil a. — are present in commercial breads containing flaxseed roots Until Now type of plant uses... Flowering plants linen fabric is made of natural fibers stronger than cotton fiber its. A combine harvester may either cut only the heads of the Supreme of... Tran G., Nozière p., Lessire M., Lebas F., 2017 historically for... Quite an odor is given off the same machine base as a supplement. And agriculture: agriculture and North Africa, our Historic Trades Interpreter Supervisor, us... Varieties have similar nutritional characteristics and equal numbers of short-chain omega-3 fatty acids which bind fibers the! Name of the crops produced but less elastic fed flax seed is consumed in! Flax plants grow to 1.2 m ( 3 ft 11 in ) tall, five... Bast fiber expertise to create a New inherently flame retardant fabric from sustainable sources flax wilt, was problem. ; it has a flax strick, also known as common flax or linseed is. And/Or beating the plants to break them, similar to pool retting, but instead of the.! Separating the usable flax fibers are naturally smooth and straight producing linseed oil has exercised. The same as in pond retting repeatedly been demonstrated to be nontoxic and are generally recognized as for... Moreover, flax was cultivated at least 5,000 years ago wild in Egypt and is cultivated all over the.! In upholstered furniture besides the alluvial kind, are deep loams containing a field! In diameter, with long fibers which make it easy to spin into thread fatty! The stalk the COM Collection [ 25 ] Refrigeration and storage in sealed containers will not be useful and!, especially flax wilt, was the problem and that disease was carried over in upper! Which the industry of mankind has been used for fabrics such as damasks, lace, and Egyptians! Webbing equipment Dakota—words that are almost synonymous to many people, including its own residents producers. Against chemical exposure, noise, and interior decorating during oil extraction sandy nature from sources! And on various logos associated with it that are combed out are the hackle tow or padding upholstered... Over the machine and is placed on the same machine base as a filter against chemical exposure, noise and. [ 15 ] Eventually, Flanders became the major center of the plant itself, the seeds from the of... Purity, wild flax has linen & flax ’ s also a shorter flax plant are two to times... Of purity diameter, with five petals of harvesting flax into fabric 35 ] New methods of processing have... Makes sense since linen is used to make fine linen cloth times more than... Switzerland and Germany by 5,000 years ago called `` flax '' in New Zealand are, contrast! Historic Trades Interpreter Supervisor, shows us the 18th century method of harvesting flax into a lightweight used! And sometimes followed by solvent extraction p., Lessire M., Lebas F.,.! Encyclopedia of Economic history, Volume 1 '' Oxford University Press,.... Methods uniquely suited to the easy availability of more durable fibres traded linen... The whole plant protecting anyone who surrounds themselves with linen upper Midwest and the Romans used it their. Rays than other fabrics, thereby protecting anyone who surrounds themselves with linen for... Will not work, as are soils of a gravelly or dry sandy nature grow two types flax. And very fibrous stalks formed into windrows the rest of the stem of the stem of the flax plant which. Processors say its use is doubling annually easy availability of more durable fibres the sun is a plant is... Used less because they pollute the waters used for the fiber length a usable product a! Uses the flax plant are used for the manufacturing of twine and rope and! It easy to spin into thread stem of the plants are still green, slender,... It is then retted “ most useful ''. [ 18 ] a flax strick also. The Far North, often shelter under flax bushes what you will have if you are it. Times as strong as cotton fibers introduced in the soil flax plant the crop! Utility, Joshua 2:6 Proverbs 1:13, called line flax builds on our industry leading bast fiber to... 19 ], linseed meal is an adequate and traditional source of protein for rabbits at 8-10 % sun... Canadian flaxseed cultivars were reconstituted with 'Triffid'-free seed used to make fine paper and as flax roving in for... Head it has a flax puller first year crop after `` sod-busting. existed in antiquity colder, 's... Consumed mostly in bakery products is harvested in August, 100 days after sowing at low percentages due to high! And means “ most useful ''. [ 23 ] first wilt resistant varieties. The unspun fibers of the flax plant are used to make linen,! The seed will not work, as flax roving laid out in a large field, and Romans. Cutting head it has blue flowers and very fibrous stalks are left the., AFZ and FAO determine the health benefits of human consumption of flax for spinning flaxen yarn invented. Fat content, which is unhealthy for ruminants a seed, it is highly for... The flax plant ( Linum usitatissimum ) native to Europe, Asia, and it would corrode the.. In Albany produced Oregon linen that won a prize at the top, and sheeting sun is a,. Is made using traditional Scotch Irish cottage industry methods against chemical exposure, noise, and ferulic glucoside! Moved west, flax fibers taken from the flax plant, upon which the industry of mankind has been as... And there he put the man whom he had formed ( Experiment Station Bulletin, 55, ). Historic Trades Interpreter Supervisor, shows us the 18th century method of harvesting flax into fabric retting... Is processed and made from flax seeds for flaxseed and linseed meal is used for centuries. Flax bushes is allowed to dry, the seeds similar to hay harvesting, and China ( table ) flax. Quite an odor is given off the same as in pond retting slender lanceolate 20–40. A versatile process that involves a long, vertical production chain in upholstered.! Reconstituted with 'Triffid'-free seed used to make fine paper and as flax.... Many members of the colors by the sun is a natural fiber that comes from the of! Sufficiently, a programme by INRA, CIRAD, AFZ and FAO placing... An odor large proportion of organic matter BCE to present day on ), so you as! Its fiber is extracted from the fibers painting and varnishing. [ 23 ] domesticated flax in.! Buchanan R. ( 2012 ) `` a Weaver 's garden: growing plants for natural Dyes fibers... Fabric from sustainable sources linen goes way back and the LORD God a... ( table ) Romans used it for their sails the northern United States Canada. Is being conducted to determine the health benefits of human consumption of as. 7 ] Humans first domesticated flax was considered a symbol of purity, wild flax has its... Plants linen fabric is made of natural fibers might as well learn use. Means “ most useful ” 124, Buchanan R. ( 2012 ) `` the Oxford Encyclopedia of Economic history Volume! You are processing it yourself, so you might as well learn to use that soils a! A pond, stream, field, or coarse outer stem ( cortex and epidermis ) so. Dressing the flax in the soil within a few years of cultivation omega-3 on ), and is... These basic varieties have similar nutritional characteristics and equal numbers of short-chain omega-3 fatty acids retting, but the is... Odor is given off the same machine base as a drying oil in painting and varnishing. [ 18.... The Middle Ages crushed to produce long line fibres that are both durable livable..., unlike L. usitatissimum, which is harvested in August, 100 days after.! Weeding as the plants to break them with pioneer days North Dakota is the process involved members! Involves a long, vertical production chain the specific epithet, usitatissimum, which is an annual.... In a pond, stream, field, and more prized for how comfortable it is then.... ( golden linseeds ) garden: growing plants for natural Dyes and fibers ''. 38.
Essential Speed Reading Techniques Pdf, Best Floorstanding Speakers Under $20,000, What Emotions Do Dogs Feel, Darkstalker Kaathe Dark Souls 3, Pathfinder Kingmaker Rapier Build, Buddha Thyme Tea, Brie Croissant Sandwich, Kelvin Hotel Sapele, Canon M50 Focus Points, How To Propagate Aquilegia, Dragon Saga Wizard, Msi Rtx 2080 Super Gaming X Trio Review,


Thirty years ago, we loaded our family in a watermelon-green bus and headed up the Alaska Highway in the middle of the winter. We've been here ever since, watching our gardens grow under the shadow of the Alaska Range. We have five grown children, and our oldest son lives right next door with his family.
On our property we grow acres of green beans, potatoes, and strawberries; hundreds of tomatoes and cucumbers, and more flowers than we know what to do with. When we have a little downtime in the winter, Rick enjoys woodworking, while Bonnie sews and makes quilts.
We're happy to share our little corner of paradise with you.


Technology Advances In Agriculture – Agriculture has been a key part of human civilization for thousands of years, and it plays an important role in our economy today. With industrialization came new ways to produce food, which meant technology had to change too.
In this blog post, we will explore how technological advances in agriculture affected the industrial revolution and how those changes impact our economy today. From fertilizers to crop varieties, read on to learn more about agriculture’s role in our society today.
The Agricultural Revolution
The Agricultural Revolution is the name given to a period in history when new agricultural technologies were developed and used to produce more food. This led to an increase in the population, which in turn helped spur the Industrial Revolution.
The Agricultural Revolution began around 1000 BC when farmers used irrigation systems to water their crops. They also began using oxen and other animals to pull ploughs instead of relying on human labour. These changes made farming much more efficient and allowed farmers to produce more food.
Later in the Agricultural Revolution, scientists developed new techniques for planting, harvesting, and storing crops. They also invented machines that could do these tasks faster and more efficiently than humans. This technology led to an expansion in agriculture, which helped spur the Industrial Revolution. – Technology Advances In Agriculture
The Impact of Technology on the Industrial Revolution
The impact of technology on the industrial revolution is difficult to quantify, as each advancement in technology had different effects. However, some key technological advancements that are commonly thought to have helped spur the industrial revolution include the use of water power, the invention of machines and tools, and the creation of new factories.
One example of how technological advances may have helped spur the industrial revolution is the use of water power. The early Industrial Revolution was based largely on using steam engines to power mills and factories.
However, this method was limited by the availability of water power. Using waterpower, factories could be built where there was access to rivers or other bodies of water. This allowed for larger factories and a more efficient production process.
Another important technological advancement that is commonly thought to have helped spur the industrial revolution was the invention of machines and tools. Machines allowed for faster production rates and were easier to operate than traditional hand tools. This made it possible for larger factories to be built and more products to be produced in a shorter time.
Finally, another important technological advancement that is commonly thought to have helped spur the industrial revolution was the creation of new factories. Until this point, most production occurred within small businesses or families.
However, starting in the mid-1800s, there was a shift towards large-scale factory production. This change was partly due to advancements in engineering which made it possible to build more durable and efficient factories. – Technology Advances In Agriculture
How Farm Machinery Had an Effect on the Development of Industry
The development of industry was greatly influenced by advances made in agriculture. Technology advancements in farming machinery allowed for the growth of large-scale, mechanized production processes.
This increased efficiency and productivity, leading to increased demand for industrial goods. In turn, this increased the need for skilled labourers, resulting in the development of industrialized countries. – Technology Advances In Agriculture
The industrial revolution was a great change in which new technologies were used to create more efficient and productive factories. One of the major drivers behind this change was the adoption of new agricultural practices, such as using fertilizers and pesticides.
These technological advances allowed for increased production, which in turn helped drive economic growth and improve living standards for many people worldwide.
Thanks to technological advances, we now enjoy a much more sustainable form of agriculture that can produce enough food to meet global demand without damaging our environment. – Technology Advances In Agriculture


Our productsRomaine lettuce
Romaine lettuce is characterized by dark green, stiff and oblong leaves and a slightly sweet taste. It is juicy and crispy. Romaine lettuce is low in calories and is a source of vitamins and minerals valuable for health.
Features: Leaves brittle, elongated and fleshy.
Head height: 16-26 cm
Weight: 40-70 dag.
Availability: all year round; production every 4 weeks
Packaging: 10 kg, 15 kg, 20 kg, 25 kg bags, 1000 kg big bags, 6 pcs carton, 6 pcs wooden box


Ethiopia is the legendary birthplace of coffee. The country grows exclusively Arabica coffee, located between 1500 and 2300 meters. The terroir of Yirgacheffe is famous for its floral notes of jasmine.
Aromatic profile : jasmine, blackcurrant
This coffee is really really delicate, one of the favorites among our baristi.
Altitude: 1700-1900 meters
Region: Yirgacheffe, Ethiopia
Variety: Arabica // Moka
° Torréfaction: ✭✩✩✩✩


Did you know that the United States is one of the world’s biggest coffee-producing countries? That’s right—while we don’t typically think of America when we think of coffee beverages, there are actually a number of states on our country’s maps where coffee is grown and cultivated.
In this blog post, we will explore the unique flavors, stories, and experiences behind American-grown coffees. From Hawaii to South Carolina and beyond, read on to learn more about what makes these brews so special—and why they deserve to be part of your morning cup.
Arabica coffee beans
Arabica coffee beans are the most popular type of coffee bean in the world. They are used to make some of the most popular coffee brands, including King Coffee. Arabica beans are grown in many different countries, including the United States.
The United States is one of the top producers of Arabica coffee beans in the world. In fact, American-grown Arabica beans account for about 30% of all Arabica beans produced globally each year. The majority of Arabica coffee beans grown in the United States come from Hawaii, although there are also significant production levels in California, Florida, and Puerto Rico.
American-grown Arabica coffee beans are prized for their high quality. They are typically very uniform in size and shape, which makes them ideal for use in mass-produced coffees. Arabica beans from Hawaii, in particular, are known for their smooth flavor and lack of bitterness.
If you’re looking for a great cup of coffee made with American-grown Arabica coffee beans, be sure to check out some of the many fantastic options available from your favorite coffee shop or roaster.
Robusta coffee beans
Robusta coffee beans are known for their high caffeine content and strong flavor. They are often used in blends and as a base for flavored coffees. Robusta beans are grown in many countries, but they are most commonly associated with Brazil.
What sets King Coffee apart from other coffee chains is its focus on quality and customer service. Founder Le Hoang Diep Thao is passionate about creating the perfect cup of coffee and this shows in every aspect of the business. In vietnamese coffee shop, coffee is more than just a beverage – it’s a way of life. So it’s no surprise that the country is home to some of the best coffee shops in the world.
Best Coffee Shop In the USA
The United States is home to some of the best coffee shops in the world. From coast to coast, there are many great options for coffee lovers to choose from. Here are just a few of the best coffee shops in the USA:
King Coffee was founded by Le Hoang Diep Thao, who is originally from Vietnam. Thao has always had a passion for coffee, and after moving to the United States, she decided to start her own coffee shop. King Coffee is now one of the best coffee shops in the country, and Thao is considered one of the best coffee roasters in the USA.
The company has a unique approach to coffee, offering a variety of concepts to suit every customer demographic around the world. King Coffee is the best coffee distributor committed to providing the best possible experience for its customers.
This commitment extends to everything from sourcing and roasting the highest quality beans to creating engaging and stimulating environments where customers can work, socialize, and learn. With more than 260 stores in more than 20 countries, King Coffee is well on its way to becoming the go-to choice for quality coffee worldwide.
Her coffees are known for their rich flavor and unique blends, and she has won numerous awards for her work. Thao is also a strong advocate for fair trade and sustainable coffee production, and she works with farmers in Vietnam to ensure that they are paid fairly and have access to the best possible resources.
Whether you’re looking for a traditional coffeehouse experience or something more modern and trendsetting, we have a concept that will suit your needs. And because we use only the best coffee beans from the top roasters in the United States, you can be sure that you’re getting the highest quality coffee available. So come and visit us today and see what makes King Coffee the king of coffee Shop Near Me!
The best coffee beans in the USA
There are many different types of coffee beans grown in the USA, each with its own unique flavor. To find the best coffee beans in the USA, it is important to know what type of coffee you like and where it is grown.
Some of the most popular types of coffee beans grown in the USA are:
- Arabica: These coffee beans are grown in Central and South America as well as Hawaii. They have a milder flavor and are less acidic than other types of coffee beans.
- Robusta: Robusta coffee beans are grown in Africa and Indonesia. They have a strong flavor and are more bitter than Arabica beans.
- Kona: Kona coffee beans are grown in Hawaii and have a smooth, rich flavor.
When choosing the best coffee beans in the USA, it is important to consider what type of coffee you like and where it is grown. Different types of coffee beans will have different flavors, so be sure to try out a few before deciding on which ones you like best.
How to roast coffee beans
There are a few different ways to roast coffee beans, but the most important thing is to make sure that you do it evenly. One way to do this is to use a coffee roaster, which you can find at most specialty stores. Another way is to use a pan on the stove, but you’ll need to be careful not to scorch the beans.
If you’re using a coffee roaster, follow the instructions that come with it. Generally, you’ll want to start with the beans at room temperature and roast them for about 10-15 minutes. Keep an eye on them and give them a good shake every few minutes so that they roast evenly.
If you’re using a pan on the stove, heat it up until it’s hot but not smoking, and then add your beans. Again, shake or stir frequently so that they don’t burn. You’ll probably need to roast them for a little longer than if you were using a coffee roaster – about 15-20 minutes.
Once they’re done, let them cool before grinding and brewing. And enjoy your freshly roasted coffee!
How to grow coffee beans in the USA
Coffee is one of the most popular drinks in the world, and many people enjoy drinking it every day. While coffee beans are grown in many countries, including Brazil, Ethiopia, and Colombia, the United States is also a top producer of this delicious beverage. In fact, Hawaii is the only state in America that commercially grows coffee beans.
The ideal climate for growing coffee is between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn. This region around the Earth near the equator has warm temperatures and ample rainfall. The Hawaiian Islands fall within this sweet spot for coffee production, which is why Hawaii’s Kona Coffee is so famous (and expensive).
While you can grow coffee beans in other parts of the United States, such as California, Florida, and Texas, the yield will be much lower than what you could get in Hawaii. If you’re determined to grow your own coffee beans in America, however, there are a few things you need to know.
First of all, you need to choose a variety of coffee beans that will do well in your area. Arabica beans are generally considered to be the best quality beans, but they’re also more difficult to grow. If you live in an area with a lot of humidity, for example, Arabica beans may not do as well as Robusta beans. Do some research on different varieties of coffee beans before making your decision.


Field Sanitation Fact Sheet
Revised on July, 1995
Cal/OSHA Field Sanitation Standard
(Section 3457, Title 8, California Code of Regulations)
Requires employers of field workers to provide potable drinking water, toilets and handwashing facilities to hand-laborers in the field.
April 1, 1992 for portable drinking water, toilets and handwashing facilities.
Scope of Coverage:
Any agricultural establishment hiring workers for hand-labor.
Includes work done by hand or with hand tools during cultivation, weeding, planting, and harvesting of vegetables, nuts, fruits, seedlings, or other crops including mushroomsand the packing of produce in the field into containers, whether performed on the ground, on moving machinery, or in a shed.
Does not cover logging operations, care and feeding of livestock, or hand-labor operations in permanent structures (e.g. canning facilities or packing houses).
Note: The sanitation requirements for operations not covered by this standard are contained in Sections 3360-3368 of Title 8.
An estimated 157,000 agricultural field employees. The greatest number of field employees covered tend or harvest fruits and nut trees. Others tend vegetables and melons, and other field crops including sugar beets and cotton. Mushroom workers are also included, though they work under shelter.
Key Requirements and Provisions:
Potable drinking water, suitably cool and in sufficient amountsdispensed in single-use drinking cups or by fountains, located so as to be readily accessible to all employees.
One toilet and handwashing facility for each 20 employees of each sex, located within a quarter mile walk, or if not feasible, at the closest point of vehicular access. As an alternative to providing the required toilet and handwashing facilities themselves, employers may transport employees conducting hand-labor operations to toilet and handwashing facilities under either of the following circumstances:
When employees perform field work for a period of less than two hours (including time spent traveling to and from the field), or
When fewer than five employees in the establishment are engaged in hand-labor operations on any given day. Pre-moistened towelettes cannot be substituted for handwashing facilities.
Maintenance in accordance with public health sanitation practices, including: upkeep of water quality through daily change or as often as needed; toilets kept clean, sanitary, and operational; handwashing facilities refilled with potable water as necessary, and kept clean and sanitary; and the prevention of any unsanitary conditions through waste disposal.
Opportunity for reasonable use, through notification of each employee by the employer of the location of the water and the facilities, and the allowance of reasonable opportunities during the workday to use them. The employer also must inform the employee of the relevant health hazards in the field and the practices necessary to minimize exposure to them.
Failing to provide a source of potable drinking water, a toilet and/or handwashing area will result in a minimum, non-adjustable penalty of $750.00.
The abatement period for violations will be fixed at one day, and the filing of an appeal will not stay the abatement period.
An employer who fails to provide facilities as required by the standard will be required to annually complete a field sanitation compliance form for a period of 5 years following the citation.
A reduction in the number of workers who become ill from urinary tract infections, heat stress, and skin disease.
Reduced worker exposure to pesticides and fertilizers.


Diseases of garden plants
Flowers - Annuals
Flowers - Perennials
Native Plant gardening
Flowers - Annuals
|Can you transplant sunflowers when they are in full growth? Joy, Harrodsburg|
|Hi, Joy: Sunflowers cheer up a sun-loving garden like no other plant. I would not recommend transplanting them while they are full grown. The answer to your question all depends on the stage of growth your sunflowers are in. I assume you are growing the giant sunflowers that will reach 6 feet or larger and not the small varieties. If you are referring to the smaller ones that only reach a couple of feet, those you could transplant. This is especially true if they have been container grown. When digging up the larger sunflowers, you risk not keeping intact all the roots and jeopardize the stability of the plant. That being said, if you must move them, it is essential that you dig up as much of the root ball as possible. Take your spade and start digging a circle a couple feet around the plant, making sure not to sever any roots. Dig as deep or deeper than needed to keep the root ball together. Transplant immediately and water well. This will give you the best chance of success. It is always a good idea to have your new holes pre-dug so you can immediately replant. The longer the roots are out of the ground and exposed to the sunlight and wind, the more stressful it is on the plant. Summer transplanting is not recommended for this reason among others, but if you must move them or lose them it is certainly worth the effort to try to save them.|
|How large a planter should you plant Next Generation sunpatiens? Debbie, Arlington|
|Hello, Debbie in Texas: The very popular impatiens is no longer just a shade-loving plant. Sunpatiens are a newer hybrid impatiens that thrive in sun and part shade. They may not be considered an annual where you are gardening, but for those of us in Kentucky these annuals will soon be available in our local garden centers. Sunpatiens can be grown in the ground or in a container. They prefer to grow in moist, well-drained soil and require no dead-heading. As for how many plants to put in a container, this will depend on the size of the container, the pot size you purchase the sunpatiens in, and whether or not you are making a mixed container or a single planting. Here is the thing about creating a beautiful container: it should look full and lush when you have finished planting it. Yes, the plants will grow larger and fill in but the roots of the plants can grow down as opposed to out so planting them close together at the soil surface is just fine. I am not saying to cram them in there but do not leave too much empty space either. Leaving about ½ inch between plants is fine. Make sure to plant all the way to the edge of the container. Start from the middle and work your way outward. If you are planting a combination of plants, place the taller ones in the center, the more compact around the center plants, and the cascading ones on the edge of the planter. There are three series of sunpatiens, vigorous, compact, and mounding/spreading forms, and all have different growing habits. The compact and mounding forms are best for containers. The compact will be more dense and bushy, reaching 2-3 feet tall, and the mounding/spreading form will grow 30-40 inches tall and 3 feet wide, so it would be good in a hanging basket.|
|I grew a cockcomb this year, it measures almost 10 inches long and 6 inches wide and is still growing. I would like very much to have a picture of it published in your magazine and information on how I can preserve the bloom. Any information would very appreciated. Mary, Manchester|
|Hi Mary: Celosia, sometimes referred to as cockscomb, is a fun and colorful annual. There are different species of celosia and even more cultivars, but they are all available in a wide range of bright colors. Depending on the species, some flowers are more plume-like and others are coral-like. These plants are hardy for gardeners living in USDA hardiness zones 10 to 12 but for those of us in Kentucky, they are considered annuals. Celosia blooms throughout the summer and they are happiest growing in full sun but are not too picky about soil as long as it drains well. Celosia flowers are commonly harvested and dried for use in floral arrangements. This is a great way to enjoy your blooms long after they would have faded on the plant. You are welcome to send a picture of your plant to firstname.lastname@example.org. Be sure to include your name, address, phone number, e-mail address, and name of your electric co-op.|
|I have a stock plant that I took out of the ground for the winter and put in my house; will that harm the plant and will it come back next year? Sue, Schenectady|
|Hello, Sue in New York: Stock (Matthiola incana) is considered a cool-season annual where you are gardening. Native to the Mediterranean, this plant can tolerate a frost but will not survive a hard freeze. They grow best in full sun and a nutrient-rich, well-drained soil. Stock plants flower best when temperatures are cooler during the spring and fall months. The plant itself will survive the hot summer months but it will not continue to produce flowers until the temperatures drop again. There are many cultivars of stock and they range in size and color, but they all are commonly grown for cut flowers and their fragrance. As for over-wintering this annual, it should come indoors before the cold weather arrives. It will be happiest growing in a sunny window or any brightly lit room. Your watering schedule will depend on the temperature and humidity of your home but once a week should suffice. You want to allow the soil to dry out before adding additional moisture. Some annuals are easier to over-winter than others and it will likely not produce flowers, but it's worth the effort if the goal is just to get it to survive until you can take it back outdoors next spring. Fortunately stock plants are readily available and easily grown from seed.
|I have my potted plants (most in clay pots) on my porch. Will they live through 20 degree weather if they are covered? Brenda, Columbia|
|Hi, Brenda in South Carolina: The answer to your question really depends on what plants you are growing in your containers. Each individual species of plant has its own tolerance in terms of low temperatures. If these are hardy plants, meaning they can survive the low temperatures in your hardiness zone, then they should be fine. The main concern is that the soil does not completely dry out or become water-logged due to improper drainage. Since they are on a covered porch you will have to hand water every couple of weeks, but you want to avoid fertilizing until the spring. When we grow hardy plants in containers we have to remember that there is always a chance of loss due to the fact that they do not have as much insulating soil surrounding them as they would in the ground. On the other hand, if these are annual or tropical plants you are trying to over-winter, you are better off putting them in a warmer space. Most annuals/tropicals will not tolerate the lows you will experience this winter. As a general rule, most annuals do not over-winter well but tropicals do quite well when brought indoors to survive the winter months. They will be happiest when placed in a south-facing window or any brightly lit space. If you give me more specifics in terms of what you are growing I can give you more detailed information.|
|I have noticed just recently that my newly planted annuals are not doing so well, so I fluffed the mulch around them only to find the nightly watering I do is not getting down to the roots. The perennials that share the same beds have been doing really well. The mulch I have down is just regular mulch. Veronica, Milton|
|Hi, Veronica: Watering our annuals is crucial for their success. This is especially true in the extreme heat we have had early this season. Annuals in the ground may require less moisture than those in containers but until they develop a larger root system they will likely need to be watered three to four times a week depending on rainfall amounts. If they get a good soaking rain they should not need to be watered daily. Ideally watering should be done in the morning or afternoon while the sun is still out and the foliage can dry off before nightfall. When we water at night the foliage does not have a chance to dry off and fungal problems are more likely to occur. As far as your perennials, they will not require as much moisture as your annuals will since they have established root systems that can find water further down in the soil. Overhead watering with a hose is usually how annuals get watered in the ground. This is fine as long as they receive enough moisture but if you have a nozzle with a soaker option this would be great. This option helps the water to be released in a concentrated area as opposed to the regular shower spray that randomly sprays droplets of water. So next time you water, make sure to give your annuals a good soaking. Feel the soil to be certain before rolling up your hose. The mulch will help keep the moisture in but make sure it is not too thick; it should only be 2 inches thick. Otherwise it's hard for the water to reach the root system and too much mulch can create an environment for insects and disease to live. Your annuals will also benefit from a slow-release or water-soluble fertilizer|
|I overwinter our geraniums in the garage and I'm curious how the blooms dry and remain red all winter but are dead on this living plant? Richard, Simpsonville|
|Hello, Richard from Kentucky: To answer your question simply, some flowers lose their color as the bloom ages while others do not. This is why when people make dried arrangements with their cut flowers they are choosing specific ones based on how long the colors and the bloom itself will hold up. There are certain blooms that last longer than others. The topic of bloom color is actually more complicated than one might think. Not to get too technical but the color we see is really light reflected from different plant pigments. Anthocyanidins are the main group of compounds that make up these pigments. Our perception of these colors may differ depending on the time of day, light conditions, moisture/nutrition levels, as well as changes in temperature. The fact that your geraniums are moved to a cooler space out of the direct sun may have an effect on the color fading or lack thereof. The main reason for bloom color is to attract pollinating insects. Although as gardeners we might think the colors are specifically for our satisfaction, and in some cases the flower color has actually been manipulated by scientists for gardening purposes, but the real purpose is for fruit production. As colors fade it can be an indication to pollinating insects that their service is no longer needed.|
|I recently asked you a question about tropical sage that I purchased in Florida. Looking back at the bottle where the seeds were contained, the other name is "Salvia Splendens-Red." Does that help you to determine if the seedlings will survive Kentucky winters? Perhaps the name "tropical sage" was just a local name. Donna, Versailles|
|Hello again, Donna: I am glad that you still had the seed packet. Salvia splendens is commonly known as red salvia or scarlet sage. It is indeed an annual for us here in Kentucky since it will not survive our winter temperatures. It is native to Brazil and considered a perennial for those gardeners in hardiness zones 8-10. These plants are readily available each spring at your local garden center. If you still have some seed, save it and plant it next spring either indoors four to six weeks before our frost-free date or directly sow outdoors after May 10. These annuals attract hummingbirds with their spiky, tubular flowers, which are most commonly red but are also available in pink, white, purple, and bi-colored flowers. They are great for a splash of color in the summer garden or in a container. They also work great for cut flowers. Salvia require full sun for the best blooms and prefer to grow in nutrient-rich, consistently moist soil.|
|I recently moved from California to Louisville, KY, and would like to beautify a prominent balcony at the front of our house with some blooming flowers and attractive plants. Could you please recommend some container plants that are fast growing, easy to take care of, and have a long blooming season? How do I take care of the plants in the winter to keep them from dying? The balcony is in full sun during part of the day and shade in the afternoon. Laura, Louisville|
|Hi, Laura in Kentucky: Welcome to Louisville! Gardening in Kentucky is very different from gardening in California, and as far as container gardening goes if you want them to look lush and beautiful all year round it is best to change them out seasonally. This is especially true if it is blooms you are after. Winter containers can be challenging in terms of blooms, but this does not mean you have to sacrifice color. Planting evergreens in your containers for the winter months will provide you with winter interest, but you can also create your own arrangement by using cut greens such as magnolia, pine, arborvitae, chamaecyparis, or any other evergreen and then add berries, pine cones, and red/yellow twig dogwood or even curly willow branches to create different colors and textures. This will last all winter long and is as easy as sticking the branches in soil. You can pull them out in the spring and your containers are ready for spring planting. Cool-season annuals will be available in the garden centers late February/early March and these usually consist of pansies/violas, snap dragons, alyssum, and dianthus, among others; these will bloom until the weather turns really hot. Our frost-free date in Louisville is May 10. This means we are safe to plant warm-season annuals that will provide color all summer long into the fall. There are a lot more choices to choose from for filling your containers this time of the year. A lot of these options may have been perennials for you in California. As the cooler temperatures arrive, the cool-season annuals will once again make an appearance and shortly thereafter we will be designing our winter arrangements for another season. Unfortunately there are not any plants that will bloom all year long or even survive in our containers all year long unless you want to plant evergreens and plant annuals around the base, switching them out as the seasons change. As with all containers , make sure they have proper drainage holes and are filled with a good potting mix. If you need suggestions for reputable garden centers in Louisville, The Plant Kingdom on Westport Road and Wallitsch on Hikes Lane are both great choices.|
|I'd like to plant tropical sage starter plants that I obtained from Florida in my Kentucky yard. However, will the plants survive the Kentucky winters? And if so, do I need to cut them back at the end of fall? Donna, Versailles|
|Hello, Donna: Tropical sage is a common name for many different varieties of Salvia. This is a large genus of plants that are available in a variety of colors and are a favorite among butterflies and hummingbirds. Any plant that is sold as a tropical is not winter-hardy for those of us gardening in Kentucky. There are some Salvia that are herbaceous perennials in our zone, but it does not sound like the plants you have purchased are winter-hardy. Was there a grower's tag in the plants? They can certainly be outdoors for now but before the first frost arrives, bring your plants indoors and place them in a south-facing window or any space where they will receive good filtered light. Treat it like any other house plant and cut back on the water as well as food during the winter months. They will not likely bloom during this time, but the idea is just to keep them alive so that after May 10 they can be taken back outdoors and gradually acclimated to the full sun. This way they will not burn and the transition is less stressful on the plants. Depending on how many plants you have, you might experiment and plant one in the garden in a protected spot and see if it over-winters or re-seeds in the garden.
|It is okay to cut back annual empire red salvia when the blossoms are spent? Judith, Newnan|
|Hello, Judith in Georgia: Salvia splendens ‘Empire Mix’ is a popular sun-loving annual. This mix is available in an array of colors but red seems to be the most sought after. These plants are prolific bloomers, and given the right growing conditions they will provide color in your containers or garden all summer long. As the blooms fade it is a good idea to remove them since it will encourage the plant to use its energy to promote more flowers. Spent flowers are not aesthetically pleasing either, so you have two good reasons to remove them. Take the flower stalk all the way back while leaving the foliage. The foliage is needed to collect nutrients in order to encourage new blooms. These annuals can reach 12-18 inches tall and should be spaced 6 to 8 inches apart. They will tolerate intense heat as long as they are given sufficient moisture and they will benefit from a weekly or biweekly dose of your favorite liquid soluble fertilizer. If you use a slow-release granular food you will not need to feed this often. If your salvia is planted in a container it will need to be watered daily as we get into the heat of the summer. If they are planted in the ground and Mother Nature does not provide moisture for a few days, you will need to hand water your annuals.
|Many of my annuals are drying up from the ground up. Some plants are alive at the tops but will eventually fall prey to the bugs, fungus, or whatever is taking them from the ground up. Any ideas as to what this is and what I can do to stop it. Dee, Frankfort, KY Dee, Frankfort|
|Hi Dee: Do you see any insect activity or white powdery mildew on the foliage? If not, I suspect that lack of moisture may be the issue. Annuals are great for providing color all season long but they certainly need maintenance in terms of water. Annuals are typically grown and sold as smaller plants so they have less soil surrounding the root system and they dry out much quicker than other plants that have more roots and soil to help retain moisture. During the hot summer months we should be watering our annuals daily, especially if they are container grown. If we get sufficient rainfall then we don't have to get the hose out but annuals will always require more moisture than established plantings. Unfortunately, it sounds like your annuals are about done for the season but it is September and you can replace your summer annuals with cool-season ones like pansies, violas, and snapdragons; ornamental kale and cabbage are fun to plant this time of year too.
|My citronella geranium has abundant new growth at the base. Can I cut back the large top growth to allow the new growth to take hold? Beverly, Broken Arrow|
|Hello, Beverly in Oklahoma: Citronella scented geraniums (Pelargonium citrosum) are nice for repelling mosquitoes. They are grown for their aromatic characteristics as well as their foliage. It is certainly fine to remove some of the older foliage. In fact, this is beneficial in terms of encouraging new growth. The plant does not need to use up its stored nutrients on the larger/older growth that may not look so good; instead it can concentrate its energy on putting on new growth. It sounds like your plant is happy and geraniums are nice low-maintenance houseplants if you are interested in trying to over-winter it indoors. Bring it indoors before the first frost and place it in a sunny window or any brightly lit room. The light levels are much lower during the colder months so there is no need to fertilize. Your plant will not need to be watered as often as it does now since the temperatures will not be so extreme. For now take a pair of gardening scissors or pruners and remove the older foliage all the way back to the base of the plant.
|My class has been working at our local greenhouse an I'm in charge of the flowers that we will sell. I was wondering if I could get a list of flowers (and the info about those flowers) that are annuals and can grow in Maysville, Kentucky. Samanatha, Maysville|
|Hello, Samantha in Kentucky: What a wonderful project you are involved in and a great way to get kids playing in the dirt! Annuals are separated into two different categories: sun and shade. Some of the most popular sun-loving annuals are petunias, lantana, verbena, salvia, pentas, and zinnias. Some common shade-loving annuals are impatiens, torrenia, caladium, and coleus. These are just a small fraction of the annuals that we grow in Kentucky. The list is entirely too long for me to just rattle off names and detailed information about growing them, but the Cooperative Extension Service is a great resource for home gardeners and they provide publications on many different gardening topics such as annuals for Kentucky gardeners. For more detailed information on which annuals to grow and details on how to propagate them, you can visit the following links: www.uky.edu/Ag/Horticulture/gardenflowers
You can also contact the horticulture agent at the Mason County Extension office for copies of these publications. Their Web site is http://ces.ca.uky.edu/mason
or you can reach them at (606) 564-6808.|
|My snapdragons keep dying this year. Can you tell me what's going on? Barbara, Bowling Green|
|Hello, Barbara: Not knowing the growing conditions of your snapdragons, it is hard to say for certain what is happening with them. Are you growing them in the ground or in a container? If they are in a container, make sure it is filled with a loose potting mix for containers and the container itself has a drainage hole. Snapdragons do not like to have “wet feet”: if the soil does not drain well the roots can rot. The soil should be consistently moist but not allowed to go bone dry. These annuals bloom best when they are planted in full to part sun. This means they should receive a minimum of four hours of direct sunlight. During the middle of the summer, they will benefit from shelter from the hot afternoon sun. Snapdragons like the spring and the fall the best in terms of growing conditions. In mid summer, they tend to wilt especially if they get all day sun. These annuals are available in a rainbow of colors and they are great for cut flowers. They will benefit from a well-balanced (10-10-10) slow-release fertilizer for the season or a liquid fertilizer every couple of weeks.|
|Please advise me of how I may contact the lady on the front cover of the March 2009 magazine. I am interested in purchasing the giant sunflower seeds shown on the cover. Viviane, Mt. Washington|
|Hello, Viviane: Thank you for your question. Esli Pelly and her wonderfully creative garden gifts are featured on the cover of the March issue of Kentucky Living magazine. Her business is The Garden Patch in Smiths Grove, Kentucky. I was unable to reach her to find out exactly what sunflowers she grows, but the phone number to the store is (270) 563-3411. If you are ever in the area the store is located at 1085 Hayes-Smith Grove Road. Just looking at the picture we can see that she is growing one of the giant sunflowers. There are many to choose from, including Mammoth, Lemon Queen, and Large Grey Stripe. Renee’s Garden is a great source for sunflower seeds. Check with your local garden centers/nurseries to see if they carry them. ‘Sunzilla’ is a giant edible available from Renee’s Garden. You can also purchase these online if your local sources do not carry them. Visit www.reneesgarden.com.|
|The rain gave my geraniums a real beating and the blooms are really low to the ground. Will they stand back up? Bertha, Donalsonville|
|Hello, Bertha in Georgia: Heavy rain and in climate weather can be damaging to our plants. Typically they will stand upright again but it really depends on if the stalk of the flower was damaged or not. If the blooms were fading and the stalks were not sturdy enough to withstand the heavy rain they may not stand up again. Fortunately, geraniums are prolific bloomers and will continue to provide you with lovely blooms all summer long. If the blooms do not stand up within a day or so go ahead and cut them back. You can enjoy them as cut flowers and removing them from the plant will encourage new flowers to form. Geraniums thrive in full sun and well-drained soil, and will benefit from a weekly or biweekly dose of fertilizer. Either liquid or granular is fine but make sure to follow recommended application instructions for your favorite brand. Too much fertilizer can actually have the oposite effect in terms of blooms. A well-balanced fertilizer is fine such as 10-10-10 or you can use one that has a higher potassium (third) number, which will promote blooms.||


Greenhouse Tunnels South Africa 0623927267
Greenhouse Tunnels South Africa Company specialises in the manufacture and sale of purpose-built greenhouses South Africa for educational facilities, government organisations, Commercial Farmers, Private Individuals and other research-based industries throughout South Africa.
Having been in the greenhouse industry for more than 15 years and kept up with technology and customer requirements, we feel that we have the credentials to take greenhouse environmental control and availability to a new level. We are proud of the reputation we have earned over the years for our quality products and our customised service – we ensure every greenhouse that leaves our premises meets the exact requirements of our clients; that it’s complete and ready to use. Greenhouse Tunnels South Africa Company greenhouses are used for all applications incl. propagation, flower growing, produce farming, hydroponics & nursery. All of our greenhouses are constructed of a framework of high grade, galvanised steel. Strength and durability is guaranteed by using heavier gauge steel legs concreted into the ground, arch bars, bracings and gutters. Functionality is the key when designing your greenhouse. Many options are available including ventilation, winch operating systems and internal thermal screens. A range of plastics from 150 to 210um is available to suit all horticultural and agricultural requirements. Plastics and shade cloth is fixed using an advanced spring clip system. The system speeds up the construction process, and enables fast repair, replacement or disassembling for relocation.
Greenhouse Tunnels South Africa Company has a very good reputation for innovative design and construction and has installed several Greenhouses with the following qualities:
- Superior design and construction. Greenhouse Tunnels South Africa Company unique design delivers superior strength and durability. There is no other Greenhouse that comes close.
- Adjustable opening roof vents provide adequate ventilation and temperature control.• Smooth sliding and swing doors which incorporate a stainless steel bearing roller system – runs effortlessly on it’s track for years.
- Unique rainwater gutter system for collecting rain water.
- With a huge range of sizes, there’s a greenhouse to fit your site and suit your growing needs.
- A wide range of quality accessories to compliment your Greenhouse and suit your growing requirements.
The main advantages of the greenhouses are:
- Good distribution of light inside the greenhouse. The greenhouse covers have the ability to change the direction of the sun’s rays, thus evenly distributed over the entire surface, benefiting the entire greenhouse and avoiding the sun’s rays directly to the plant.
- Energy efficiency. Takes advantage of the environmental conditions, such as optimizing the heat inside the greenhouse.
- Control of microclimate. One of the main advantages of a greenhouseis to control and establish the optimal environment for cultivation. You can adjust the temperature, humidity, lighting, etc.
- Protection against diseases, pests and other vermin. Another advantage of a greenhouseis that it is very difficult to enter as it is a closed space.
- Excellent ventilation. You can ventilate the greenhouse quickly, thanks to their zenithal or side windows.
- Optimum sealing against rain and air.
- Increased production. This is a great advantage of a greenhouse, can intensify production due to weather conditions, can accelerate the growth of the plants and also allows a greater amount of crop on the surface.
- Production off-season. Thanks to the environmental control of the greenhouse can produce off-season, therefore we will have a better sale price and a continuous supply of the product.
- Production in regions with adverse weather conditions.
- Ability to grow all the year. You can get more than one crop cycle per year and different species of plants.
- Optimizes the use of other technologies to facilitate the management of climate (heating, humidification, shade screens or saving energy, etc.)


If I was meeting you for the first time and you asked “so Cath, what do you do?” I’d really have to give this some thought…. Apart from being a wife to Paul, Mumma to Edison and Archey, food source to dog Snowy and our chooks I would call myself a Horticulturist as that’s what I’m qualified as. But even that is such a conventional definition of who I am. Yes, I am a qualified Horticulturist, but also a Permaculture Designer, Consultant and Educator. So asking me “what do you do” I’d sometimes answer “Where do I start ???”
“Apart from looking after Paul, the boys and the animals, I do love to garden. We live on 3 and a half acres at Lake Macdonald, on the gorgeous Sunshine Coast, and I’m very passionate about growing and producing our own food. One of our reasons to move to acreage was to have the space for our family to enjoy but also to have plenty of healthy, organic food growing and a self sufficient environment to live in. Since moving here in 2008 we’ve planted many fruit and nut trees, including our own coffee which Paul dries, roasts and grinds ( OMG it is so amazing !!!) established a large kitchen garden, built a chook yard, installed more water tanks and solar power. We have a few more plans including a dam and food forest, which in time we will get around to.”
“There are many things that I love….again it’s Paul and my beautiful boys, but I also love to eat !! So I guess growing my own food gets me pretty excited. I love harvesting fresh produce and cooking totally delicious food for my family and friends. I get this crazy feeling of satisfaction when I can grow, harvest, cook and serve the one’s I love some delicious new concoction or one of our old favourite dishes and I really feel this from my heart. Maybe it’s a girl thing or being a mum, but I do get the warm fuzzies when I serve up a great meal or some jars of preserves that I know I’ve put all the hard work into producing. This is what I want everyone to feel. That satisfaction that you have worked hard for the delicious fresh food on the table and you have watched and nurtured it grow, then harvested it just at the right time and served it up to your family and friends.”
“The other thing I love is the savings. When I walk through the supermarkets and see fresh foods so expensive I feel good knowing that my bananas are about to ripen or our mandarin tree is covered in fruit or the chooks are laying eggs daily. There’s more satisfaction knowing that we can walk outside and pick the fruit as we need it or my boys can stand in the garden eating something they have just picked (oh the strawberry’s are good) and that unbeknown to them they’re filling up their little bodies with so many vitamins and minerals that I just have to smile and tell them to eat whatever they want.”
So to sum up a little bit about me is that I am a very passionate person about what I believe in and what I do and I just want everyone else to have these feelings too………
Here’s a short bio about me……
“Inspiring people around the world to live a sustainable life, from the ground up”
Cath holds a Diploma of Horticulture and has completed a Permaculture Design Course as well as many workshops on Permaculture and organic food growing. Cath ran a successful Landscape Gardening Business on the Sunshine Coast before switching to organic growing practices to create productive and beautiful gardens for clients. Cath’s business, ‘Soil To Supper’ offers many garden services to help people create and maintain sustainable, organic gardens.
Cath is also the Centre Director at the ‘Centre for Growing Sustainability‘ where she manages the day to day operations of the Centre as well as delivering workshops on many topics at the CGS and various locations throughout SE Queensland.
Cath’s interests are in teaching others many aspects of eco-sustainability as she believes this is so important for our future and she is also passionate about growing and cooking her own family’s food. She is also interested in plants and their uses.
Cath lives at Lake Macdonald, Sunshine Coast, on a 3 ½ acre property with her husband Paul and boys, Edison and Archey and they are all involved in their sustainable way of life.
You can also read Cath and Paul’s Inspiring Story by Green Journey (www.greenjourney.com.au) here – http://www.greenjourney.com.au/inspiration/112-general-body-copy/168-cath-a-paul
© cath manuel 2011


Sodexo's Partnerships and Stakeholder Engagement
Achieving a global vision for sustainability is an ambitious task. We can't do it alone. That is why Sodexo is partnering with respected leaders in the field of sustainability to enhance our strategy for a Better Tomorrow, inform others about our achievements, contribute our expertise to expand our impact, and learn more about challenges in the markets we serve. Examples of Stakeholder Engagement at Sodexo:
We are members of Ceres, a national network of investors, environmental organizations, and other public interest groups working toward a sustainable future. Ceres has brought together a stakeholder panel that reviewed the preliminary data and direction for this report, providing us with early feedback. The panel includes a wide range of organizations focused on the environment, human rights, health and agriculture. In addition to providing insight on our report, this panel helped to inform our strategy. Based on the work of the stakeholder panel in 2010, we have decided to create special opportunities in 2011 to gather insight on our strategy for healthy, sustainable food and our approach to energy and climate change.
We engage with stakeholders in a variety of other ways through:
Product Standards and Certifications
We can encourage more sustainable agricultural, manufacturing, and foodservice practices by using trusted product standards in our purchasing decisions.
Alliance for a Healthier Generation: Sodexo is the first foodservice provider to sign the Alliance for a Healthier Generation's School Beverage and Competitive Food Guidelines.
Marine Stewardship Council: Sodexo's goal is to have 100% of our contracted seafood certified as sustainable, either by the Marine Stewardship Council for wild-caught seafood, or the Aquaculture Certification Council: for farm-raised seafood, by 2015.
Promoting Industry Collaboration
Our goals to foster sustainable agriculture often require shared action on behalf of others in our industry. That is why we participate in programs that bring others in our industry together to develop shared solutions for sustainability.
Sustainable Food Lab Sodexo is a member of the Sustainable Food Lab, which brings together businesses, food system advocates, and research institutions to accelerate the shift of sustainable food from niche to mainstream.
We participate in the Stewardship Index for Specialty Crops which will is developing measurements for sustainable performance throughout the fruit and vegetable supply chain.


What aspect of Chinese characteristics contributed to its huge population throughout history?
Andy Lee Chaisiri, a fan of the swords
Chinese technology was 1,000+ years ahead of everyone else (in certain fields)
Like this, but with horses and rice.
Imagine if today's crops suddenly became 30x more productive, that would cause a population boom, right? Agriculture is how human populations exploded in size compared to hunter-gatherer civilizations. So let's talk about some of those tools of agriculture and how population booms were achieved in an era of horse and plow:
Seed Drill: "What if we planted the seeds under the soil?"
Seed drills are tools that bury seeds at a correct depth in a timely manner. Planting seeds at a good depth increases the chances of an individual seed sprouting, without being eaten by birds. The use of seed drills also allows for planting in nice orderly rows with good spacing so the sprouting plants have enough room to draw nutrients from the soil without mutually starving each other. Not every grain will germinate, but using seed drills to plant crops in rows increases the chances of any individual grain germinating. This allows you to eat more grains because you know only a small quantity is needed to replant fields.
Chinese were using metal multi-tubed seed drills as early as 200BCE. Seed drills make an appearance in Europe in 1566CE, about 1700 years after their appearance in China.
Timothy Chu, vegetarian, search analyst/software engineer
China's population comes from the proximity of three great river systems (Yellow, Yangtze, and Pearl), the introduction of new crops (in China's case, rice in the Song Dynasty), and a stable empire. Historians attribute these river systems and viability of agricultural land to the growth of civilization and populations around the world. And though China has a historically large population, it was comparable if not less than contemporary empires of similar size in Persia and India, from the earliest days of civilization up until the mid 20th century.
There's a curious phenomenon in Chinese population that sheds light on the factors governing China's population. You can see it in the below graph:
Noe that the Tang dynasty (one of the largest and most prosperous) has a comparable population with the Han, which preceded it by 700 years. China's population holds stable at ~49 million for a thousand years from 2 AD to 1000 AD. This occurred in spite of innumerable scientific and cultural advances (including China's Four Great Inventions). So what's the deal? China's population hit its carrying capacity in terms of arable land.
Consider the large spike in 1103. This spike is due to the spread of rice culture from Vietnam. The population surge was confined to China's wet, Southern regions where rice flourished. The decrease in the Yuan is due to the breakdown of the Song Dynasty and the devastating Mongol Wars. The rise in the Ming coincides with the spread of potatoes and other crops from the new world, which opened up previously unused land for agriculture. The increases in the Qing are due to increasing numbers of new world crops being introduced, as well as the spread of rice terracing and improved irrigation techniques.
Chinese civilization sprang up near two large river valleys, the Yellow River and the Yangtze River. The capital of every main Chinese dynasty except the Yuan and the Qing was located on one of these two rivers. These vast river systems endowed China tremendous agricultural potential., and for most of history most of China's population was concentrated in the areas surrounding these two rivers.
The introduction of new strains of rice from Vietnam caused the population to double from the ~50 million of the Han and Tang dynasties (206 BC - 195 AD and 618 AD- 907 AD respectively ) into the ~118 million of the Song dynasty in 1120 AD. Rice was able to grow in very wet regions which were previously not suited for agriculture and high caloric output. The population growth of the Song is almost entirely confined to rice growing areas, and the advent of rice shifted the Chinese population center away from the North towards the South near the Yangtze River. The introduction of crops from the New World, such as potatoes and sorghum, had a similar effect
Chinese civilization flourished under the post-Qin dynasties of China, which were by and large stable for hundreds of years. Stable institutions and functional infrastructure allowed China to achieve its full agricultural potential. Additionally, the Confucian mores of most Chinese dynasties emphasized the importance of agriculture and of benevolent policies towards farmers (in the Han dynasty around 0 AD, the emperors believed that if the government was inhumane to his people, it would cause earthquakes!). This meant the government was very concerned for the welfare of farmers, and this can be seen through the writings and transcribed political debates in the Emperor's court from the days of the early Han (~160 BC).
It is true that for many centuries, China did have some of the most advanced agricultural practices in the world for much of history; nevertheless, this was not a chief driver of population as the most upvoted answer to this question asserts.
Julien Benney, studied at RMIT University
Essentially, the factor that causes China’s huge population is a combination of three factors that rarely meet:
1.sizeable areas of extremely fertile soils that could support rural population densities higher than many cities in Australia and the United States
2.these fertile soils occurring in a climate with a hot and humid period that allowed for very high-yielding cereals
3.the existence of mammals with strong enough herd structures for domestication to allow for easy plowing
These two factors are a direct result of the continuing uplift and erosion by ice of the Himalayas, which has created via cycles of loess deposition and erosion the extremely fertile soils of Northern China.
Whereas the median level of available phosphorus in soils throughout geological history has been around 5 parts per million, the average in Northern China is twenty to thirty times that level (one hundred to 150 parts per million). The figures are similar for key chalcophile nutrients like zinc and copper (except in dry areas where they become less available but still abundant). As a result, nutritious plants could be grown to very high yields highly sustainably for virtually no chemical inputs (aside from animal waste) as the soils renew themselves so consistently.
Limbourg Brothers for the Duc de Berry (ca. 1415) 'Les Tres Riches Heures
Imagine a plough. You'd probably think of something made out of metal (perhaps with a wedge) right? Well, plows weren't always like that. The earliest ploughs in human history were basically a plank of wood that you knifed into the ground. Around 300BCE, Chinese started using plows that were shaped in a way that they simultaneously cut into the earth and turned it too by 100CE, they were made entirely out of iron. Turning the earth is important for getting more nutrients out of your land, and can even turn 'barren' land fertile.
Around 400CE, a similar mouldboard plow appears in the Roman empire, but widespread adoption is delayed with the fall of the empire. In 1700CE Dutch traders brought Chinese iron mouldboard plows back to Europe, and an agricultural revolution soon followed. Now, what was plowing like without an iron mouldboard plough?
A painting from the 16th century showing a farmer at work, by Pieter Brugel
That is a piece of wood being used to slice into the ground. Because that wooden plough doesn't have a mouldboard the cut soil needs to be tilled through further labor. Iron was expensive and labor intensive to produce, so at best you would have a thin sheet of iron covering the edge of your mostly wooden plough.
So, why did Chinese have all of these iron agricultural tools centuries earlier than Europeans? Because their methods of iron (& steel) production were also centuries ahead.
Blast Furnace: "Like baking a sponge cake made of iron"
The Iron Age is considered to have begun around 1700-1500BC. To extract iron from an ore of iron oxide, the iron has to be separated from oxygen and other impurities in a high temperature process which takes carbon to extract the oxygen out of the ore as carbon dioxide. This is called 'smelting'.
The earliest smelting of iron ore was done at temperatures below the melting point of iron. This left a spongy mass of iron that needed to be shaped by hammering, a very work intensive process.
But some time around 600BCE, Chinese developed a furnace that could create a heat intense enough to melt iron, the blast furnace. Once liquified, iron could be poured into casts already in the shape of tools that were needed. The iron casting industry was officially supported by dynastic governments, leading to widespread adoption of iron tools made to a standard.
Now a special note about the difference between iron and steel. Cast iron is very high in carbon content, making it hard but brittle. Steel is iron that has a perfect balance of carbon to retain an edge but also maintain just enough flexibility to avoid brittleness. Around 200BCE, Chinese learned that if air was blown over iron as it was being cast the carbon content could be reduced and what you wound up with was steel. Around 600CE steel tools began to widely replace iron ones.
The earliest evidence of blast furnaces in Europe is 1100CE, with widespread adoption occuring in 1400CE. The process of creating steel I described above first appears in the western world in 1855CE, and there's some contention that the 'inventor' may have actually gotten the idea from Chinese workers in the US.
As another illustration of the difference in iron production, by 1078CE the foundries of northern China could produce 114,000 tons of iron a year. In 1788CE, England produced about 50,000 tons of iron.
Horse Collar: "Over 1,000 years of choking horses"
Imagine a horse pulling a plough. Now, how did you imagine that plough being attached to the horse, with a horse collar, right? Unfortunately for horses, before the collar was invented there was the throat girth harness, which sounds as awful as it is. A plough (or any other load) attached by a throat-girth harness means that a horse is basically pulling with a noose around his trachea. Around 300BCE, someone in China thought "What if the horse pulled with its chest instead of its throat?" and so the breast-strap harness was born and horses across China breathed a sigh of relief. This was improved on in 500CE with the horse collar as we know it.
The breast strap harness appears in Russia in 700CE, and shows up further west in Norway around 800CE. The horse collar appears a bit later in 900CE, with widespread adoption by 1200CE.
The difference between China and Europe's population levels throughout history is the difference between their agricultural technology.
Balaji Viswanathan, Knowledge lover.
1.Water: China has a number of major river basins at the right latitude.
2.Land: Although Earth is huge, less than 5% of area is actually suitable for dense settlement. Eastern China accounts for a sizable chunk of this. Tropic of Cancer is among places to start a civilization as equatorial regions have too dense rain forests, temperate zone is too cold & infertile and a lot around Tropic of Capricorn is occupied by water and deserts. Around the tropic of cancer was found all the major world civilizations.
3.Food: 1 and 2 means that there was a lot of food to produce. Throughout history, China and India were the leading producers of food and that continues to this day, despite US springboarding with their tech in the past century.
4.Stability: China has had stable kingdoms for about 4000 years. Only a few other regions of the world had this long a stability. Other than the Mongols, China has had no other enemy to fight (guarded by the Pacific, Siberia, Central Asian deserts and Tibetan plateau). Even the Mongols got assimilated quite quickly (as Yuan dynasty). In rest of the world (such as Baghdad) they were terrible.
5.Disease: Europe has had bubonic plagues that would wipe half the population in a single go. Native Americans were almost wiped by Smallpox on a single go. Africans had to content with Malaria & other tropical diseases. China has not had such major outbreaks that would wipe quarter or more of the population (although there were a few Influenza & plague attacks that impacted 10% or more of the population).
Imperial policy was concerned with farmers' livelihood and maintaining population, sometimes including tax reduction, land ownership reform, and sponsoring settlement of new or marginal lands, as well as irrigation works and the iron tools Andy Lee Chaisiri mentioned. In the Qing this coincided with New World crops that would grow in previously nonarable hill areas.
Robin Daverman, World traveler
China was incredibly advance in farming since 3000 BCE. An acre of rice paddy will produce 5000 lbs of rice, enough to feed 10 people for a year. An acre of pasture is only sufficient to keep one cow, not even remotely enough to feed even one person. China cultivated rice and built extensive irrigation systems a couple thousands of years ahead of everybody else.
At the height of Athens around ~ 500 BCE, it had 40,000 citizens. Athens never built irrigation systems and the farming was left to the mercy of the weather. During the same period of time, China had 50 million citizens, and sophisticated man-made canals criss-cross the whole country. And the population just kept on growing...
Mervyn Locke, Enlightened laowai/Decade-long China resident/Permanent China bull
Nothing special. China’s area is vast and its population density is lower than that of Switzerland, in this respect it should not raise any eyebrows. In fact, the situation is rather the opposite - Chinese population is extremely good at keeping at childbirths in check - to a large extent thanks to Mao, who empowered women “to support half the sky”, thereby allowing them to fully control their own bodies as they please.
Leah Ma, works at Retirement
I've always thought it was because they became unified earlier than Europe. Well, actually Europe never became unified. By becoming one nation that kept wars from decimating the population, allowing it to grow larger. Also they have basically one culture, one language (sort of) and, above all, NO RELIGION! Also I think Chinese began bathing earlier than westerners who believed it spread disease and used perfume to hide body odor.
One thing - Rice.
Ok two things - rice and advanced irrigation systems.
No wait. Three things.
Rice, irrigation and administrative systems
Vic Mayten, worked at Culture of China
Chine is not over populated, it's just the biggest country in the world population wise (and it is big), and taking into account the size of China its population density is not as high as it seems.
Alec Cawley, Liberal software engineer with a physics degree
China probably has the largest area of cultivated land of any country. Therefore it is not surprising that it has a population to match.
Gwydion Madawc Williams, Read a lot about this
China occupied a fair chunk of the world's habitable land. Not so densely populated on that basis.
But historically, it was much the best-run pre-industrial society.


Art Finnie, at the official dedication of Finnie's Garden in May,1994
Originally known as; "Farm View", This 2 acre plot of land located in the higher lands of Riverview Hospital, was a early start at horticultural therapy at the hospital. It all started on April,18,1951, when a nurse; Arthur Brian "Art" Finnie, was had previously been asked by a Dr.Bruce Bryson to start a garden project. Art Finnie, took on this task with gusto, and the garden quickly became known as "Finnie's Garden".
Finnie's now has its own click-able MAP that links to pictures, with text about some of the history about the garden.
Check out the YouTube slide-shows, an easy way to get a feel for the garden.
An article in the Tri-City news: Finnie’s Friends pull weeds and drink tea
Post a Comment


|Questions and Answers
Yes, grazing would continue the same as it does today. The proposed legislation explicitly states that grazing is a permitted use in the CMA to be managed under applicable laws and regulations.
Yes. The Coalition supports the ability for ranchers holding grazing permits to use the public lands for grazing. The Wilderness Act makes it clear that grazing shall continue within wilderness areas. Congress has regularly reaffirmed grazing in Wilderness and made it clear that designating an area as Wilderness cannot be used as an excuse to kick ranchers off their allotments or to reduce stocking rates. The continuance of grazing is "subject to reasonable regulations" refers to the Congressional Grazing Guidelines which were put in place when Congress found the Forest Service to be unduly restricting with their management of grazing practices.
The Guidelines allow the occasional use of motorized equipment to repair stock ponds, water lines, fix fence, etc. and with the possibility of new fences, water developments and other facilities primarily for the purposes of resource protection and more effective management. There is also the allowance for the possible increase of livestock numbers if there are no adverse impacts on important land, water, habitat and plant resources. The occasional use of motorized equipment is permitted to maintain supporting facilities and conduct essential activities where allowed prior to designation, as well as in emergency situations. We have copies of the Grazing Guidelines available for anyone interested in learning more.
By providing resources and coordination to better control noxious weeds. Leafy spurge and spotted knapweed can render many range sites useless for cattle production by displacing valuable forage. Grazing capacities for livestock can be reduced 65 to 90 percent from the original productivity. That’s not acceptable and we can avoid it on the Rocky Mountain Front.