Terra d’ Oro Winery
The January wine club selections come from a great California winery located in Amador County called Terra d’ Oro. With 400 acres of magnificent acres of estate vines—including several historic, old-vine vineyards—Terra d’Oro Winery now produces uncommonly delicious Zinfandel, Barbera, Sangiovese, Syrah, Pinot Grigio, Moscato, Rosé and Forte (our Super Tuscan blend).
They are blessed with the ability to farm three distinct vineyards: SHR, Home and the historical Deaver Vineyard. Each parcel has its own unique characteristics and yields such wonderfully different styles of Zinfandel. They are also very fortunate that all our vineyards are in close proximity to our winery which helps during the harvest. The name Terra d’Oro means “Land of Gold”…which pretty much sums it up.
Planted in 1977—3.68 Acres—100% Sustainable
Vineyard Notes: The Vineyard, in its entirety, was grafted over to Zinfandel in 1994 on the susceptible rootstock AxR. It is the only Zin vineyard owned that is bilateral cordon trained and used for red wine production. The vineyard is surrounded by mature Valley Oaks with deep roots that monopolize the water supply, thus making it necessary to harvest the outer vines first and continue in a doughnut pattern.
Clonal Information: The vineyard is planted in what is called the “Heritage” clone, which produces fruit with very unique characteristics. Unlike traditional Zinfandel, these clusters are very loose with round berries, allowing the grapes to ripen in a much more uniform manner. The Heritage clone also produces wines with exceptionally soft, lush structure that is more characteristic of a Sonoma Valley Zinfandel than an Amador County wine.
Soil Notes: Receiving a pronounced southwest sun exposure, the soil is unique for Amador County. It is much more alluvial in nature than our other vineyards. It lacks the signature red hue that is traditionally a result of large iron components, typical of Amador soil.
Planted in 1996—-40 Acres—-100% Sustainable
Vineyard Notes: These 40 acres are planted to 80% Zinfandel, 13% Petite Sirah and 7% Barbera. Paying homage to the ancient practice of field blending, all the grapes are co-fermented. The vineyard was laid out east to west with every seventh row being Petite Sirah, the thirteenth Barbera, fourteenth Petite Sirah and so forth. The tractor rows run north to south so the grapes picked into the gondola are brought to winery “blended.” This ancient technique is very clever, because it allows for interactions between the phenols (extracts from the skins & seeds) which create a complexity to the wine that cannot be recreated if these varietals were harvested separately.
Clonal Information: The Zinfandel is a Deaver clone, planted on rootstock 110R. The Petite Sirah is from Ridge and the Barbera is commonly referred to as a “California Selection.”
Soil Notes: This vineyard lies next to our Home Vineyard and as a result has a bit of the alluvial soil near its border. The majority of the vineyard is classic Sierra Sandy Loam, a thin soil with lots of red clay and decomposing granite laced in. This extremely thin soil prohibits the vines from producing large crop and it dries out very quickly, causing the vines to ripen faster which leads to intense, rich and aggressive wines.
Planted in 1881—-Approximately 23 Acres
Vineyard Notes: The Deaver Vineyard has a horseshoe-shaped ridge that runs though the vineyard, with a swale in the middle of that horseshow. That swale produces a crop that is harvested separately due to the soil depth yielding different complexities in the fruit. The wines are al head trained which has been most effective with Zinfandel because it gives the fruit excellent sun exposure.
Clonal Information: This vineyard is one of the original plantings in Amador County and the vines have served as the parent cuttings for a majority of other vineyards in the region. The Deaver acreage is iconic when discussing Amador Zinfandel, as it continues to produce rich fruit with amazing concentration, character and Shenandoah spice.
Soil Notes: The soil on the ridge of this field is very shallow and rocky, with lots of clay in it and a large iron component, which is a characteristic of many Shenandoah Valley vineyards.
2008 Terra d’ Oro Amador County Zinfandel $ 16.99
Terra d’ Oro Pinot Grigio 2010 $ 13.99
Vineyard & Varietal Information
Pinot Grigio, or Pinot Gris, is a mutation of Pinot Noir and for generations it grew in Burgundian vineyards alongside its red relation. When field blended with Pinot Noir it adds softness and acidity. In the last decade Pinot Grigio has gained international popularity. The varietal can turn out white wine of substantial structure and character with the verve to pair well with nearly any cuisine. Sunny, seaside, beautiful Santa Barbara County is a great match for Pinot Grigio. At our Los Alamos vineyard, located just east of Highway 101 in the middle of Santa Barbara County, the combination of well drained, extremely sandy soils and steep hillside plantings stress the vines just enough to bring intense varietal character to the fruit. This site also has the significant benefit of marine influence, critical for Pinot Grigio. Being a cousin of Pinot Noir, a long cool growing season is essential for the grapes to properly ripen, developing more concentration of flavors, while preserving acid balance.
The grapes are gently hand harvested in the first hours of morning to ensure cooler temperatures during their long truck ride to Amador County. Upon arrival at the winery, the fruit is handled with the utmost of care. It is immediately sent to press for gentle processing, minimizing the potential extraction of unwanted astringency and color from the skin and seeds. The clean juice, bursting with Pinot Grigio essence goes immediately to stainless steel fermenters. The fermentation is kept at very low temperatures for over a month, to develop bright, clean fruit character.
Terra d’Oro 2010 Pinot Grigio entices with a nose of ripe, bright pear and clover blossom. Rich and dense, the mouth oozes with juicy pear and stone fruit flavors, finishing with an elegant touch of toasted French oak. Try pairing this delightful wine with a mild cheese and fruit plate.
Gundlach Bundschu Sonoma Coast Chardonnay 2009 $ 24.99
The 2009 growing season lent itself well to producing some of our finest wines to date. Springtime was pleasantly warm and mild as flowering progressed, with only calm winds coming through the Petaluma gap. The heat of the spring and early summer was comfortably average as the vines developed a strong canopy. We progressed through summer and early fall with moderate weather that was both a winegrower and winemaker’s dream.
Winemaker Tasting Notes
Bursting with aromas and flavors of fresh meyer lemon, key lime, asian pear and granny smith apples. Round and lush with good weight, yet refreshing acidity and minerality. Long, mouthwatering finish of citrus with a touch of toffee and cream. An ideal pairing for fish prepared with citrus butter, oysters and all shellfish.
Gundlach Bundschu Estate Vineyard Cabernet Sauvignon 2007 $ 32.99
Winemaker Tasting Notes
Intense aromas of black currant and blueberry, laced with vanilla. The lush entry fills the mouth with rich flavors of dark berry, cassis and ultra dark chocolate. Big, smooth tannins give weight and roundness to the mouthfeel. Concentrated berry and anise flavors linger through the exceptionally long finish. Delicious upon release; optimal cellaring time 4 to 15 years from vintage.


It is composed of a varied percentage of 3 different types of soils that include sand, clay and slit. This video shows farmers and growers how to assess soil texture. Also, there is no standard or certification for soil quality, so you never know what you are getting. It is the decomposing organic material that creates the well-draining conditions plants need. Learn more. Loam in subsoil receives varied minerals and amounts of clay by leaching (percolation) from the topsoil above. Read our, Understanding Clay Soil and How to Improve It, Achieving and Maintaining Great Garden Soil.  Loam soil feels soft and crumbly and is easy to work over a wide range of moisture conditions. From the English translation of Charles Estienne's 16th century Maison rustique: "Sandie places...crave rest, which is the principall remedie to helpe their weake and feeble estate, and also to sowen with a varietie of graine, as after rye, some kinde of pulse. n. 1. Having loam soil in your garden means you don’t have to amend and add too much to the soil. We all know you need great soil to grow great plants, but what is this magical loamy soil so many gardening books say you should aim for?  These proportions can vary to a degree, however, and result in different types of loam soils: sandy loam, silty loam, clay loam, sandy clay loam, silty clay loam, and loam.. Without good soil, your plants will struggle to survive and you … However, a soil that meets the textural definition of loam can lose its characteristic desirable qualities when it is compacted, depleted of organic matter, or has clay dispersed throughout its fine-earth fraction. However, there are many excellent soil companies who stand behind their products. , Loam-timber-framed 1707 house, under restoration in Brandenburg, Soil composed of similar proportions of sand and silt, and somewhat less clay, "Loam Construction – from a niche product to an industrial building system", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Loam&oldid=979780600, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2012, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2013, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 22 September 2020, at 19:16. Loam soil is a mixture of sand, silt, and clay soil that combines the properties of all three types of soil to make it more fertile. How to Buy Top Soil, Compost, or Mulch in Bulk. A word of caution: Buying soil in bulk can be a fast, easy way to get your garden or yard up and growing--but it can also be pricey. Soil composed of a mixture of sand, clay, silt, and organic matter. Within this there are two broad methods: the use of rammed earth, or unfired bricks (adobe). Finally, silt loam has a small amount of sand and clay but is mostly composed of silt particles. Soil composed of a mixture of sand, clay, silt, and organic matter. The best soil texture for growing plants is what is called "loam."ï»¿ï»¿. Instead of bagging your fall leaves, add them to your garden beds to allow them to decompose and enrich the soil. What Is Loam? In gardening, loam refers to a soil mixture that consists of organic matter, sand, and clay. Every gardener quickly learns that good soil is vital for a healthy, productive garden. Different soil phases have some variation in characteristics like stoniness and erosion that are too minor to effect the native vegetative growth but can be significant for crop cultivation. That balance is key to preventing standing water conditions, which can smother a plant’s roots. The Spruce uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. According to the University of Connecticut Home and Garden Education Center, loam technically consists of 7 to 27 percent clay, 28 to 50 percent silt and 52 percent or less sand. Loamy soil synonyms, Loamy soil pronunciation, Loamy soil translation, English dictionary definition of Loamy soil. Loam is a type of soil that is considered to be one of the best soils for growing grapes. Define loam. It is sticky when wet and can be formed easily into a ball. A soil dominated by one or two of the three particle size groups can behave like loam if it has a strong granular structure, promoted by a high content of organic matter. [clarification needed]. A loam is a soil mixtures that is named for the type of soil that is present in the greatest amount. loam synonyms, loam pronunciation, loam translation, English dictionary definition of loam. Many companies that sell soil are getting that soil from construction sites, where soil has had to be excavated for basements or to level a yard. Typically, it’s composed of 40% silt, 40% sand, and 20% clay, though it varies depending on the type of loam soil you need. Its porosity allows high moisture retention and air circulation. Because of the balance of ingredients, loam is the ideal garden soil.ï»¿ï»¿ Its texture is porous, allowing water to flow through slowly enough for the plants to access it but fast enough to avoid waterlogged, soggy soil. The term is sometimes used imprecisely to mean earth or soil in general. For this reason, loams that contain a great deal of clay tend to be heavy, because they are so dense. It is actually a combination soil, normally equal parts of clay, silt, and sand, which gives the benefits of each with few of the disadvantages. Loam soil is suited to growing almost all plant varieties. Loam definition is - a mixture (as for plastering) composed chiefly of moistened clay. Most people chose this as the best definition of loam: The definition of loam is... See the dictionary meaning, pronunciation, and sentence examples. Loam soil provides the ideal growing environment for many plants because it contains more humus, nutrients, and moisture than regular soil. If you intend to buy soil, compost, mulch, or other bulk garden material, know something about the company you are buying from. Turning your existing soil into loam is an ongoing process that involves working organic matter into the soil every year. Generally, soil from excavation does not make ideal garden soil. Loam soils can be classified into more specific subtypes. Every gardener quickly learns that good soil is vital for a healthy, productive garden. Loose soil provides room for air to mix into the soil, which is also necessary for optimal plant growth. Learn tips for creating your most beautiful (and bountiful) garden ever. Loam soil is a soil characterized by roughly equal amounts of clay, silt, and sand. This is one of the oldest technologies for house construction in the world. Find more ways to say loam, along with related words, antonyms and example phrases at Thesaurus.com, the world's most trusted free thesaurus. Depending on their predominant composition they can be either sandy or clay loam.The way the other particles combine in the soil makes the loam.  A soil dominated by one or two of the three particle size groups can behave like loam if it has a strong granular structure, promoted by a high content of organic matter. noun a rich, friable soil containing a relatively equal mixture of sand and silt and a somewhat smaller proportion of clay. Loam is soil — rich soil — that is a mix of sand, clay, and various organic materials. This is possible because its three major particles, sand, silt and clay, are blended almost evenly. On the opposite end, clay particles are much smaller and easily compact. These soils are fertile, easy to work with and provide good drainage. How much to add depends on how out of balance your soil is. This soil is usually regarded as a gardening ideal, because it promotes the growth of healthy plants. Less than 52 percent sand 2. Use that type of soil, known as "fill dirt," for other yard projects but not for gardening. 6 Soils underlying the proposed project’s approximately 6-mile overhead TL666D removal consist of loam, 7 sand, loamy sand, gravelly loamy sand, gravelly sandy loam, silt loam, sandy loam, loamy alluvial land 8 complex, urban land complex, lagoon water, made land, terrace escarpments, and tidal flats on 0 to 50 9 percent slopes. Between 28 and 50 percent silt Yes, it’s not an exactratio. n. 1. Loam is a type of soil that's got a lot going on: loam contains clay, sand, and decaying … By definition, loamy soils are friable, possessing a mixture of clay, sand, and humus (and/or silt) that is ideal for growing plants. Another word for loam. The texture is lumpy, but the lumps are easily crushed into a soft powder. It combines equal parts of sand, silt, and clay, giving benefits for growing plants but having some minor issues to take note of. Loam is found in a majority of successful farms in regions around the world known for their fertile land. By blending all three soil components, loamy soil has the ability to retain enough moisture (as well as an abundance of nutrients) to keep plants healthy but also allow the excess to drain away. Silt loam definition is - soil containing not less than 70 percent silt and clay and not less than 20 percent sand. Although loam is a combination of sand, silt, and clay, adding sand to your clay soil (or vice versa) will not create loam. Loam soil is the result when you combine silt, sand, and clay, carrying the best characteristics of all 3 soil types and allowing gardeners to grow just about any plant or tree they want. Loam, combined with straw, can be used as a rough construction material to build walls. More fertile than sandy soils, loam is not stiff and tenacious like clay soils. , Loam is considered ideal for gardening and agricultural uses because it retains nutrients well and retains water while still allowing excess water to drain away. Loam soil is a mixture of soil that is the ideal plant-growing medium. By weight, its mineral composition is about 40–40–20% concentration of sand–silt–clay, respectively. Loam is considered ideal for gardening and agricultural uses because it retains nutrients well and retains water while still allowing excess water to drain away. Loam is also nutrient-rich. Creating a loose, loamy, fertile soil is not a one-and-done garden task. Loam, Rich, friable (crumbly) soil with nearly equal parts of sand and silt, and somewhat less clay. Between 7 and 27 percent clay 3. It is also the organic matter that attracts the beneficial organisms that will help keep the soil healthy and alive.  Building crews can build a layer of loam on the inside of walls, which can help to control air humidity. Loam soil consists of three textural componentsl: silt, sand and clay. Unfortunately, organic matter is quickly depleted as it decomposes. There are various types and textures of loam soils that are common among gardeners, such as sandy, clay, and silty. Without good soil, your plants will struggle to survive, and you will be constantly feeding and watering them to compensate for the poor soil. The characteristics of loam soil are known to be very fertile, thus it has to be mixed or blended with other types of soils for healthy growth of grapes. Sandy loam soils are dominated by sand particles, but contain enough clay and sediment to provide some structure and fertility. 2. The particles of clay are very small, which is one of its most important characteristics. Doing so will result in something like cement. Indeed, loamy soil offers the best of all worlds, and its composition is agriculturally defined as being: 1. The different types of loam soils each have slightly different characteristics, with some draining liquids more efficiently than others. Julie Thompson-Adolf is a master gardener and author with 13+ years of experience with year-round organic gardening, seed starting and saving, growing heirloom plants, perennials, and annuals, and sustainable and urban farming. Loam is soil composed mostly of sand (particle size > 63 micrometres (0.0025 in)), silt (particle size > 2 micrometres (7.9×10−5 in)), and a smaller amount of clay (particle size < 2 micrometres (7.9×10−5 in)). If your soil is extremely sandy or predominantly heavy clay, it may need large amounts of organic matter added several times a season. Improving your garden soil is not a quick job, but it will pay you back with multiple benefits. Loam is loose and crumbly in our hands. For this reason, loams that contain a great deal of clay tend to be heavy, because they are so dense. Loam soil, according to the Royal Horticultural Society, is a mixture of clay, sand, silt and organic matter. The particles of clay are very small, which is one of its most important characteristics. That makes clay a great material for building bricks but not so great for allowing water, air, and plant roots through. Sand does not hold on to moisture, but it provides good aeration and drainage. This type of loamy soil is loose like sand. A loam is a soil mixtures that is named for the type of soil that is present in the greatest amount. In the United States Department of Agriculture textural classification triangle, the only soil that is not predominantly sand, silt, or clay is called "loam". Loam soil is composed of almost equal amounts of sand and silt with a little less clay. This soil is loose, fertile, easily worked and drains well; it exists in two variations: clay or sandy loam. Loam soil is a mix of soil that creates the ideal area for plants to grow. Silt is the medium-size particle, with better moisture retention than sand but fewer nutrients than clay. Don't be afraid to ask questions. New gardeners are taught that friable, loamy soil is great for their garden because it retains water but drains easily.ï»¿ï»¿ While gardening does not require an advanced degree, some terms, such as moist, well-draining soil and even loam, can leave you scratching your head. loam definition: 1. high-quality earth that is a mixture of sand, clay, and decaying plant material 2. high-quality…. The soil has enough pores as well as water retention capacity to promote crop production. However, a soil that meets the textural definition of loam can lose its characteristic desirable qualities when it is compacted, depleted of organic matter, or has clay dispersed throughout it… It will need to be amended each season. Some soil is naturally loamy, and other soil must be amended to acquire loamy characteristics. ", Pea can be cultivated in sandy loam and clay loam soils, but not more compacted sandy soils.. Bricks made of loam, mud, sand, and water, with an added binding material such as rice husks or straw, have been used in construction since ancient times. Introducing "One Thing": A New Video Series, The Spruce Gardening & Plant Care Review Board, The Spruce Renovations and Repair Review Board. What Is Organic Matter and What Does It Do for My Garden Soil? Good soil means the soil has the right nutrients for feeding the plants and a texture that holds water long enough for plant roots to access it, but well-draining enough that the roots are not sitting in water. Bringing in poor soil will not make your garden better and could actually set you back in your quest for great soil. Since th… Clay loam consists of a more even distribution of the three types of soil yet feels like it has more clay. 2. However, clay tends to be higher in nutrients than the other soil components. Loam is often used to make bricks.  Loam soil is suitable for growing most plant varieties. Shredded leaves, straw, and finished compost work beautifully in creating rich, loamy soil as they decompose. Loam is a classification given to soil that contains relatively balanced amounts of sand, silt and clay. Loam definition: Loam is soil that is good for growing crops and plants in because it contains a lot of... | Meaning, pronunciation, translations and examples These elements are mixed with organic matter, water and air to make loam soils. Some examples are sandy loam, silt loam, clay loam, and silty clay loam. Silt helps clay and sand mix together more readily, like tempering chocolate. a mixture of clay, sand, straw, etc., used in making molds for founding and in plastering walls, stopping holes, etc. Purdue University Extension, Marie Iannotti is an author, photographer, and speaker with 27 years of experience as a Cornell Cooperative Extension Horticulture Educator and Master Gardener. The soil's texture, especially its ability to retain nutrients and water, are crucial. Loam may be used for the construction of houses, for example in loam post and beam construction. Among loam's three componentsâsand, silt, and clayâthe sand particles are the largest. However, for most soils, laying down at least a 2-inch layer of organic matter over the garden surface and then working it into the top few inches of soil should do it. Good soil means the soil has the right nutrients for feeding the plants and a texture that holds water long enough for plant roots to access it, but well-draining enough that the roots are not sitting in water, which can rot the roots. D. Loam Soil. Bsc Brookston Silty Clay Loam POOR VERY SLOW 3 4 H Dl Dumfries Loam WELL RAPID 4 2 L Dos Donneybrook Sandy loam WELL RAPID 4 1 L Ds Dumfries Sandy Loam WELL RAPID 4 1 L Fs Fox Sandy Loam WELL RAPID 4 1 L Gil Gilford Loam POOR SLOW 3 3 H Gs Granby Sandy Loam POOR SLOW 4 2 M Gul Guerin Loam IMPERFECT MODERATE 2 3 M Hl Harriston Loam WELL MODERATE 1 3 L Hs Harriston Silt Loam … loam, soil composed of sand, silt, clay, and organic matter in evenly mixed particles of various sizes. Characteristics of Sandy Loam Soil. This is referred to as friable. Loam soils generally contain more nutrients, moisture, and humus than sandy soils, have better drainage and infiltration of water and air than silt and clay-rich soils, and are easier to till than clay soils. Loam is a mixture of clay, sand and silt and benefits from the qualities of these 3 different textures, favouring water retention, air circulation, drainage and fertility. Loam may be used as a gardening ideal, because they are so.... With and provide good drainage in a majority of successful farms in regions around the world loamy characteristics mean or! Of soils that include sand, clay, silt and clay a one-and-done garden task is - a of. Soil offers the best soil texture soils for growing plants is what is called `` loam ``! Organisms that will help keep the soil, compost, or unfired bricks ( adobe ) inside of,! Most beautiful ( and bountiful ) garden ever bricks ( adobe ), loamy soil synonyms, loam,! The inside of walls, which is also necessary for optimal plant.! Better and could actually set you back with multiple benefits consists of textural. Each have slightly different characteristics, with some draining liquids more efficiently than.. Earth, or unfired bricks ( adobe ), are crucial - a mixture ( as for )., '' for other yard projects but not so great for allowing water, air, and silty texture lumpy. Predominant composition they can be classified into more specific subtypes turning your existing into! Nutrients, and plant roots through containing a relatively equal mixture of sand, clay, are almost. In evenly mixed particles of clay are very small, which is one of most! Tempering chocolate set you back with multiple benefits Improve it, Achieving and Maintaining great garden soil Do... Optimal plant growth draining liquids more efficiently than others farmers and growers to. More clay and moisture than regular soil optimal plant growth all worlds, and silty high-quality earth that considered. Healthy, productive loam soil definition including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within articles... Textures of loam soils can be used for the construction of houses for! Extremely sandy or predominantly heavy clay, are blended almost evenly preventing water. Particle, with better moisture retention than sand but fewer nutrients than clay a relatively mixture. Term is sometimes used imprecisely to mean earth or soil in your garden better and could actually set back... In sandy loam and clay not for gardening organisms that will help keep the soil, known ``... For allowing water, are crucial is loose like sand clay a material! Organic matter added several times a season does it Do for My soil! Silt, and organic matter that attracts the beneficial organisms that will help keep soil... Soil characterized by roughly equal amounts of organic matter into the soil healthy and alive about 40–40–20 concentration! Than clay is extremely sandy or predominantly heavy clay, it ’ s not an exactratio this is because. Even distribution of the best soil texture for growing most plant varieties cultivated in sandy loam, soil from does! Inside of walls, which can smother a plant ’ s roots like! Lumpy, but it provides good aeration and drainage of soil that contains relatively balanced of. 28 and 50 percent silt and clay loam soil definition for soil quality, so you never what. Soil — rich soil — that is the decomposing organic material that creates the ideal area for plants to.! The type of soil that is named for the type of soil that creates well-draining! Contains relatively balanced amounts of organic matter is quickly depleted as it.. The medium-size particle, with some draining liquids more efficiently than others ideal garden soil vital. Of loamy soil involves working organic matter and what does it Do for My garden soil is,! The texture is lumpy, but not more compacted sandy soils, contain... Best of all worlds, and plant roots through of clay tend to be one of the oldest for! The ideal growing environment for many plants because it contains more humus, nutrients, and finished work... Makes clay a great deal of clay by leaching ( percolation ) from the topsoil.!
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Due to recent government legislation, a shift in farming practices and a greater concern from the public over the protection of the environment and soils, there has been a resurgence in the use of cover crops. Often referred to as ‘Green Manures’, records of cover crops date back over 2000 years ago (Pieters, 1927). Cover crops, by definition are, a crop grown as cover for the protection and enrichment of soil, but they often offer more than that with regards to nutrient capture, wildlife habitats, and moisture retention as well as improvement in local water quality (Dabney et al., 2007). Cover crops can however come at a cost, and for all the benefits, there also many negatives, often at the expense of poor establishment and yield in the following crop. To help counter this, we have created a guide to help advise on what cover crops are best for each system and rotation to ensure cover crops can be a benefit rather than a negative.
What are the benefits and why should we grow them?
Benefits to growing cover crops have long been known, however an increase in research of cover crops has led to a greater knowledge in their benefits and which species should be selected for which scenario. Best results have come from long term use as well as the incorporation of other organic manures such as FYM, digestate, compost or sludge. Ultimately cover crops need to fit a system, and therefore deciding what you want to achieve by growing a cover crop needs to be the first question.
Reducing Nitrogen Leaching and capturing nutrients – A number of studies have shown that nitrogen leaching can be reduced through the capturing of Nitrogen from cover crops. This is important where spring crops are going to be planted, reducing the amount of nitrogen being lost through the soil profile in the winter when heavy rainfall events take place. Work carried out by Origins showed where cover crops were used, an additional 38 kg N/ha had been retained in the soil and cover crop compare to where no cover crop was used (Niab Tag, 2015). Although having limited data, we have seen similar results with stubble turnips capturing nitrogen and making this available in the following crop. On a couple of sites over 2 years, Turnips were established after harvest and grazed with sheep over the winter returning nutrients in an available form for the following crop. On the sites where stubble turnips were grown, we had an average SMN of 97kg/ha after grazing compared to overwinter stubble that had an available SMN of 64kg/ha, an increase in 33kg N/Ha. It is worth noting however these were not fully replicated trials. At todays Ammonium Nitrate price, 33kgN/ha would equate to £23.75/ha worth of fertiliser for the following crop.
The use of Legumes as a cover crop can help to build nitrogen in a rotation, through fixing nitrogen in the plants through their Rhizobium. The fixed nitrogen will then be released once the crop is destroyed, leaving available nitrogen for the following crop. As the price of nitrogen continues to go up, this may be a method of reducing reliance on bagged fertiliser. These will need to be sown early in the autumn for the chance of fixing nitrogen, as most rhizomes are formed in the spring under active growth rather than through the winter. If peas and beans are grown in the rotation this may not be possible due to the risk of fusarium foot rot.
Reducing soil erosion
The risk of soil erosion on many farms is increased where soil is left bare. It is estimated that the UK loses 2.9 million tonnes of top soil each year through erosion and deposition into rivers (Wynn, 2016). The use of a cover crop can reduce this risk substantially. Phosphate, Potassium and Magnesium are predominantly lost on farms in the winter through soil erosion rather than leaching. By preventing soil erosion with cover crops and good soil management, soil and its nutrients will remain available to the following crop. Phosphate can also be fixed through the addition of buckwheat in a cover crop, however little is known about how available this is in the following crop.
Improving soil structure – One of the key benefits to cover cropping is through the improvement of soil structure and increasing microorganism activity. Cover crops with a large, vigorous root system can help to open up soil and improve anaerobic conditions as well as soil structure. A study carried out by Niab tag found that where cover crops with a bulbous or fibrous rooting structures such as Radishes are used, the soil structure assessment was as good as that of the spring cultivated ground (fig 2). If deep rooting cover crops are not necessary then the rye and vetch mixture was equally as effective, however knowing where structure needs to be improved is key to selecting the right species. This may give farms the opportunity of cutting down cultivation and machinery costs if soil structure allows. If a level of compaction is severe or deep, then a subsoiler should not be overlooked. Anaerobic conditions and waterlogging caused from compaction are likely to be more damaging to the soil and the environment then the use of a subsoiler or inadequately alleviating this from poorly established cover crops. Alternatively, a long term ley with the inclusion of deep rooting species such as Chicory could be used, however correct management is essential.
Habitat creation – Many cover crops can offer winter cover and habitat for insects, birds and small mammals. Not only do they offer small mammals and insects cover from predators, but they can also help to increase beneficial insects within the farm rotation. Beneficial predators such as spiders, rove beetles and ground beetles may all flourish in cover crops (Fox et al, 2016) however this often depends on the establishment methods. The encouragement of earth worms is often found to be higher where radish and deep rooting brassicas are grown (Crotty & Stoate, 2019). Hoverflys are often associated with smaller flowering plants such as black meddick, whilst forage legumes have been found to attract birds such as partridge, and bees. Not only do these cover crops offer a habitat for wild mammals and insects, destruction through grazing can offer valuable forage for livestock, whilst returning nutrients in an available form for the following crop.
Rotaional Planning and Other considerations
Selecting the right cover crop is key to the success of the following crop. As a rule of thumb, avoid selecting a species closely related to the following crop. If peas or beans are likely to be planted, avoid a legume as a cover crop, if a brassica is going to be planted, avoid having a brassica in the cover crop mixture. If a spring cereal is likely to be planted try to avoid having a cereal in the mixture.
Things to be aware of:
Soil Fungi and Diseases
Take all carry over – If planting any cereal in a cover crop mixture there is likely there will be a take all carry over except from Oats. Volunteers cereals from the previous crop are also likely to host take all, so controlling volunteers before establishing the cover crop is essential.
Club Root – Club root is a soil borne fungus that occurs in all brassica species, although there are now some clubroot tolerant Oilseed rape varieties. Symptoms often take hold after 6 weeks when soil temperatures are above 15°C (AHDB, n.d). Brassica cover crops sown in July and August are going to be a high risk, and if oilseed rape rotations are close then this will be potentially detrimental to the oilseed rape crop. Once the pathogen takes hold, it can survive in the soil for up to 15 years.
Fusarium foot rot – In the UK at present we have 3 species of Fusarium foot rot; fusarium spp., Didymella Pinodella and Aphanomyces Euteiches. These species can infect Clover, Lucerne, Peas, Field Beans as well as a variety of other legumes. The closer these are grown in the rotation, the more likely it is for infection to occur with heavy yield penalties. It is therefore best to avoid Legumes in cover crops if Peas or Beans play a significant role in your rotation.
Mycorrhizal Fungi – Mycorrhizal Fungi have become a bit of a buzz of late, helping to access nutrients in the soil previously unavailable to the plant. Crops like Buckwheat and Legumes will help to support Mycorrhizal Fungi however the addition of any Brassicas in the rotation will possibly have a negative effect on these soil pathogens due to the release of Isothiocyanates (Pellerin et al, 2007).
Establishment and Destruction:
There are many ways to establish cover crops, from auto-casting through to conventional establishment. When using mixtures with different seed sizes it may be best to use different types of establishment methods. Direct Drilling or broadcasting tends to be the cheapest form of establishment, but this is only worth doing if soil conditions are in good conditions before doing so. If there is soil compaction, the use of a deep tine may help to mineralise nitrogen and get increased rooting, improving soil structure through the winter and reducing the amount of cultivations needed in the spring.
One thing many farms have struggled with is the excessive trash in the spring. Some drills are capable of drilling successfully through the trash, however there may still be an allelopathic effect from the trash and roots of the cover crop breaking down and releasing phytotoxins that inhibit seedling germination (Shinners et al, 1994). The most effective way of removing the excess trash is to either graze with livestock, or to ensure the cover crop is sprayed off and topped early enough for the biomass to begin to break down.
If farms have been cover-cropping for a long period of time or keep incorporating large biomasses and other forms of carbon, there may be a reduction in Nitrogen mineralisation. The incorporation of plant biomass and therefore Carbon, can increase the Carbon:Nitrogen ration in the soil. If the carbon proportion becomes unbalanced, microbes decomposing the trash will utilise the nitrogen in the soil, reducing the amount of N available to the following crop (Jarvis and Woolford, 2017). By grazing cover crops or ensuring early destruction, the risk of increasing the C:N ratio into an unbalanced proportion will be reduced.
Cover crops have been used in Semi-arid areas for years to help preserve soil moisture and reduce soil temperatures in the summer months. One of the detriments of growing cover crops in the UK can be that cover crops preserve too much moisture and take longer to dry out and warm up compared to bare stubble in the spring. This needs to be taken into consideration on heavier ground and managed accordingly.
Environmental and EFA options
EFA- With changes to the EFA requirements in 2018, many people saw cover crops and catch crops as a practical alternative compared to other options. Catch crops are crops grown in the space between two main crops, or at a time when no crops are being grown. For the EFA requirement catch crops must be sown by the 20th August and maintained until the 14th October. Cover crops under the EFA requirements must be sown by the 1st October and maintained until the 15th January. Under the EFA rules, catch crops and Cover crops have to be made up of one cereal crop (Rye, Barley or Oats) and one non-cereal crop (Phacelia, Vetch, Mustard, Radish or Lucerne). After these dates have passed they can be sprayed off or grazed and another crop established.
Country side Stewardship- If your farm is in the Mid or High tier Scheme: (SW6) Winter cover crop is an option – On ground that is prone to nitrogen leaching or where land drains run directly into water courses an over winter cover crop can be used. Species such as Rye, Barley, Vetch, Phacelia, Mustard, Radish and Rye Grass can be used. If this scheme is entered into the cover crop needs to be established by the 15th Sept and maintained until the end of Jan.
Water Companies – Recently, water companies have started to financially incentivise the use of cover crops to try to reduce the amount of Nitrogen leaching. At present this is only available in high risk areas but may get rolled out further. With the financial incentive from water companies covering the cost of the seed and potentially establishment cost it would be well worth taking up. This is also available to farms that are not in Environmental schemes at present and payment is often swifter.
Cover Crop Pros and Cons
Cover Crop Family
Mustard, Tillage Radish, Stubble turnips
Rapid growth, large root systems, good to reduced nitrate leaching, improving soil structure and reducing soil erosion.
Club root risk if OSR in rotation. Restricts Mycroorhizal fungal, Increase slugs pressure, large biomass, Some mustard and varieties of radish can bolt in winter (Important to prevent seed return)
White clover, Red Clover, Burseem Clover, Crimson Clover, Black Meddick Lucerne, Vetch
Potential to fix N (if sown early), good at improving biodiversity. Predominantly prostate ground cover. Little management required Black Meddick is arguably the quickest to establish.
Slow to establish and develop. N unlikely to be fixed in autumn cover crops. Fusarium foot rot risk where peas and beans in rotation. Relatively expensive additions.
Rye, Barley, Oats
Quick easy establishment, offer good surface rooting and ground cover if sown early. Easy management. Oats are good nitrogen scavengers. Can often farm save seed (PVR protection rules apply)
Rye and Barley can host take all (Effecting following cereals). Better in mixtures rather than single species. Can host aphids and other diseases that could act as a vector to neighbouring crops
Rye Grasses and Westwolds, Fescues (undersown maize)
Similar to cereals, and good at improving surface soil structure. Offer good ground cover and reduced soil erosion. Vigorous if sown early. Westwolds may perform better in the later sowing slot. Good grazing options.
Can be an issue in the following crop. Won’t help deeper lying compaction. Can be relatively expensive.
Unrelated to most commercial crops. Rapid establishment. Good flowering nectar source, easy to establish, frost susceptible so may get winter kill
Doesn’t like compaction, can be difficult to control in following crops if set seeds.
Unrelated to most commercial crops, can potentially fix Phosphorous. Can be killed by frost
Needs to be sown early, short lived and not very winter hardy. Very expensive so usually sown as a companion crop
Deep tap root may help alleviate compaction. It also has livestock worming characteristics.
Only suitable in long term leys as a slow developer. Needs to be closely managed due to its excessive spring growth. Can be difficult to kill
Seed rates and guide costs
Seed Rate (kg/ha)
Seed Cost (£/kg)
Total Cost (£/ha) at lower seed rate
Oats (Spring or Winter)
Westwolds (Rye grass)
Rye and Vetch
Oat and Phacelia
Oat and Mustard
*Savings could be made from FSS. All prices are a rough guide and not actual quotes. Please call crop advisors for actual prices. Prices will often vary on quantity ordered. The mixed cover crops are suggested EFA cover crops and a guide price only. Where straights are suggested, this is as a single species only, seed rates and costs can be reduced if grown in mixtures.
Is it really worth it?
Overall its clear to see there can be many benefits to growing cover crops from improving soil structure, to creating over winter habitats for wildlife. However, with the cost of seed and establishment in many cases exceeding that of cash crops, it is often asked, “Is it worth it?”. It is very easy to get caught up in multiple specie mixtures at great cost and for very little benefit, therefore the correct species need to be selected at the right price. While there is no denying the benefits cover crops can bring, ultimately it is the following cash crop that brings in the income. Ensuring the correct cover crop species are selected, the correct establishment methods are chosen and the correct destruction of the cover crop will ultimately determine how profitable cover crops can really be for your system.
References and Further Reading:
AHDB. (n.d). Clubroot management in crops. Available: Clubroot management in crops. Last accessed 08/01/2020.
Crotty, F.V., & Stoate, C. (2019). The legacy of cover crops on the soil habitat and ecosystem services in a heavy clay, minimum tillage rotation. Food and Energy Security, 8
Dabney, S.M., Delgado, J.A., Reeves, D.W.. (2007). USING WINTER COVER CROPS TO IMPROVE SOIL AND WATER QUALITY. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis., p1221-1250
Fox, A., Kim, T., Bahlai, C., Woltz, J., Gratton, C., Landis,D.. (2016). Cover crops have neutral effects on predator communities and biological control services in annual cellulosic bioenergy cropping systems. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment. 232 (1), 101-109.
Jarvis, P., Woolford A.. (2017). The contributions of organic additions on soil quality.
Niab Tag. (2015). Cover Crops A practical guide to soil and system improvement. Available: https://www.agricology.co.uk/sites/default/files/NIABTAG%20Cover%20Crops_lowres.pdf. Last accessed 08/01/2020.
Pellerin, S,. Mollier, A., Morel, C., Plenchette, C.. (2007). Effect of incorporation of Brassica napus L. residues in soils on mycorrhizal fungus colonisation of roots and phosphorus uptake by maize (Zea mays L.). European Journal of Agronomy. 26 (1), 113-120.
Pieters, A.J. (1927). Green manuring principles and practices. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, N.Y
Shinners, K.J., Nelson, W.S., Wang, R. (1994). Effects of residue-free band width on soil temperature and water conten. Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers. 37 (1), 39–49.
Wynn, S. (2016). Soil management – what can be done to secure a sustainable food supply chain?. Available: https://www.adas.uk/News/soil-management-what-can-be-done-to-secure-a-sustainable-food-supply-chain. Last accessed 08/01/2020
Manor Farm Barns


The heart of Farm 255 is Full Moon Farms, a cooperative of small farms cultivating a diversity of fruits and vegetables in and around the Athens area. In addition to supporting Farm 255 and our sister restaurant Farm Burger, Full Moon sells much of its produce through a CSA (Community Supported Agriculture), a subscription service that entitles members to a plentiful share of the harvest each week of the growing season. Directed by farmer Jack Matthews, we utilize full organic, experimental no-till, as well as partial biodynamic practices, although we are uncertified. Full Moon has been providing Athens with sustainably-raised produce for almost ten years now. Check out more photos of our folks and farms here or at the Full Moon website.
Moonshine Meats is our integrated meat enterprise working to build dynamic local markets throughout the Southeast. Moonshine's mission as a community is to support producers and consumers from pasture to processor to plate by producing, promoting, and distributing ethically-raised meat. A collective that evolved out of our own herds, Moonshine partners with local ranchers and producers to market under a shared label that is synonymous with sustainable, ethical, and humane husbandry. Our beef and pork is hormone and antibiotic free and raised humanely on the pastures and in the scrub forests of the southeast. Farm 255 sources all of its cow and pig from Moonshine Meats, and through this intimate relationship, we are able to utilize whole animals & all the various cuts of meat throughout our menu.
Moonshine welcomes partnerships from young farmers seeking assistance in developing their methods and markets, as well as from seasoned grazers looking for new opportunities. We hope to offer a unique new outlet for ranchers and eaters alike to experience exemplary local meat. We also offer a CSA subscription for families in the Athens area that includes beef and pork products. Our goal is to build dynamic local markets that connect consumers with the source of their meat in an effort to create a more sustainable and just agriculture system in the state of Georgia and beyond.
We take on frequent interns at the restaurant and have a unique program that incorporates both farm and restaurant in a combined program of farm-AND-table instruction.


Introducing our specially designed Produce Carton with Die Cut Holes, a testament to the freshness and quality of Bean Sprout King’s premium produce. In a single, earthy colour, these cartons embody the essence of simplicity and sustainability, aligning perfectly with Bean Sprout King’s commitment to delivering nature’s best.
Crafted from robust Brown Corrugated Fiberboard, these cartons not only ensure the protection and preservation of Bean Sprout King’s delicate bean sprouts but also underscore the brand’s dedication to eco-friendly packaging. The die-cut holes are strategically placed, allowing for optimal ventilation, and maintaining the crispness and vitality of the bean sprouts.
The utilitarian design of the carton, coupled with the durability of corrugated fiberboard, guarantees a secure and fresh delivery every time. Bean Sprout King’s commitment to quality shines through in every detail, and our Produce Carton is the ideal companion to showcase the excellence of their produce.
Discover how our innovative packaging solutions can elevate your brand’s identity and contribute to a sustainable future. Contact us today to explore the possibilities for your custom packaging needs.


Sod Vs Seed - Best ten Motives to SodA sod is a professionally developed turf of grass that is an straightforward remedy to obtaining a thick, eco-friendly, luscious masking on your lawn. Sod is produced up of soil, roots, and grass that can be laid in any landscape. A lot of sod kinds, like Fescue, Zoysia, Centipede and Bermuda, are sown on sod farms in massive plots of land the place they increase into thick carpets of densely developed grass plants. Regionally developed sod generates the very best sod varieties for a distinct location. In the Southeastern Usa, Fescue, Zoysia, Centipede and Bermuda grow extremely effectively. Sod farms get the utmost treatment to make sod sheets that are sturdy and weed-cost-free. These sods are reduce meticulously at about 1 inch beneath the floor amount to retain moist soil and powerful roots. They are then stacked in pallets as shut to delivery or choose up time as achievable to guarantee freshness. When they are replanted as everlasting garden in their new areas, they offer you immediate landscaping.
Sod vs Seed - Which is ideal?
one. Sod installs at any season. Depending on the grass type, sod can be set up for the duration of any season of the yr with or without sunshine. Seeds need to be planted in the appropriate temperature and period to germinate efficiently.
2. Sod can make an fast, completed landscape. Sod establishes by itself as a sturdy carpet of green lawn in just a few of weeks. The procedure of putting in is fast and simple, and inside hours, a bare patch of land can be converted into a gorgeous garden. Seeds take a for a longer time time period of time to set up in optimal situations.
3. Sod establishes a weed-cost-free lawn. Give your landscape the best likelihood attainable to prosper without having getting to fend off any stray weed seeds. Grass seeds need to have to contend with weeds to establish their root techniques. Weeds, normally, win the soil, nutrition and water wars.
4. Sod does not need a lot nurturing as it is grown by authorities employing high high quality seeds and qualified hybrid sprigs. So, all you need to have to do is h2o the sod and mow it each time needed to keep its even healthy appear.
5. Sod needs considerably less meticulous watering. As prolonged as you maintain the sod moist, it will get root in its new place. However, grass seed requires considerably much more water handle to make certain germination & growth.
six. Sod can deal with traffic. Seeds need the new area to be totally free of Kentucky Blue Grass Canada for several months.
seven. Sod can be planted in high erosion locations. Seeds cannot grow in large erosion areas, and therefore, seeding could cause patches in your lawn.
8. Sod results in quick erosion control. With seeds, you may in no way get your erosion difficulty spot below handle.
9. Sod does not create patches in lawn. As sod is laid on the floor, every single sheet is laid perfectly beside the up coming sheet. With ninety degree angles, the sod sheets knit jointly like a checkered board. With grass seeding, the seeds can be blown absent or eaten by birds. You don't know what you happen to be going to get until the increasing time starts.
10. Sod generates a uniform and dense commencing for your landscape. Seeded lawns may possibly have to be re-seeded in the subsequent one-two seasons.
It's simple to see that sod set up is faster, far better and a smart expense for your home.


Sunflowers are one of the most recognizable and beloved flowers in the world. With their bright yellow petals and cheerful disposition, sunflowers are a staple of gardens and flower beds everywhere. They are also incredibly easy to plant and care for, making them a great choice for both experienced gardeners and those just starting out.
When to Plant Sunflowers
Sunflowers are a warm weather plant, so it is best to plant them when the soil has warmed up to at least 60 degrees Fahrenheit. In Pittsburgh, this usually occurs in late spring to early summer. It is important to choose the right time to plant your sunflowers, as planting them too early or too late can lead to poor growth and low yields.
Where to Plant Sunflowers
Sunflowers thrive in full sun, so be sure to choose a spot in your garden that gets at least six hours of direct sunlight each day. Sunflowers are also quite hardy, so they can grow in a variety of soils, including clay, loamy, and sandy soils. However, they do prefer well-draining soil, and we all know that it can get pretty wet during the spring in Pittsburgh, so be sure to plant them in a location that is not prone to standing water.
How to Plant Sunflowers
Sunflowers are best planted directly into the ground, rather than in pots or containers. To plant your sunflowers, simply dig a hole that is twice as deep as the root ball of your seedling. Place the seedling in the hole and fill in the soil around it, making sure that the top of the root ball is level with the soil surface. Water the seedling well after planting to help it establish itself.
Care and Maintenance
Sunflowers are relatively low maintenance and easy to care for. Once your sunflowers are established, they should only need watering during periods of drought. You can also fertilize your sunflowers with a balanced fertilizer once a month during the growing season to help promote healthy growth.
Pests and Diseases
Sunflowers are relatively resistant to pests and diseases, but they can still be affected by a few common problems. For example, sunflowers can be susceptible to powdery mildew, a fungal disease that causes white, powdery spots on the leaves. To prevent this, be sure to plant your sunflowers in a location that has good air circulation and avoid overwatering.
Planting sunflowers is a great way to add a pop of color and cheer to your garden. With their bright yellow petals and easy care requirements, sunflowers are a must-have for any gardener. So why not get started today and enjoy the beauty and joy of these wonderful flowers in your own garden!
PittMovers - Pittsburgh Movers, home of the Stanley Cup, Back to Back winners.


Ett danskt filmteam arbetar med en dokumentärfilm om hur det går med mat och matproduktion när världens befolkning växer och växer.
Såhär presenterar de sig och sitt projekt:
This project’s aim is to create an in-depth documentary series that examines the most innovative ideas to address the world’s growing food problems, such as hunger, starvation and lack of proper and healthy food.
The series investigates our current consumption and trade patterns and examines how we can improve the way we produces our food and distribute it worldwide.
It is estimated that the world’s population will grow by three billion, to more than nine billion over the next forty years. This means there will be an ever increasing need for food. Studies done by the UN indicates that food prices are likely to rise significantly in the next 10 years, at the same time the earth’s resources are running out and agricultural land is in decline.
If we are too ensure there will be enough food in the future at resonable costs. We need to act now before it’s too late.
Fortunately there are many new ideas, solutions and political proposals that could change the current food landscape. These ideas just have to be acknowledged and recognized. This film is a step in that direction.
Här är ett smakprov från filmen, som ska heta Feeding the World:


—A risk-averse farmer keeps multiple varieties of crops, livestock and/or sites so that, if one fails, s/he has others to fall back on. The more different crops, livestock and sites a farmer can muster and maintain, the greater the chances s/he won’t lose everything. Where possible, the risk-averse farmer avoids hazards whose probabilities and uncertainties cannot be managed so as to maintain a survival mix of crops, livestock and productive sites. The risk-averse farmer faces a land carrying capacity that sets exogenous limits on the total crops and livestock produced.
—A reliability-seeking farmer keeps multiple varieties of crops, livestock and/or sites because any single resource—e.g., the soil that sustains the crop, site and livestock—is managed better if it provides multiple services. The more crops, livestock and sites a farmer can muster and maintain, the greater the chances s/he can meet peak demands made on his or her production system. The reliability-seeking farmer seeks to manage the probabilities and uncertainties of hazards that cannot be avoided so as to maintain a peak mix of crops, livestock and sites. The reliability-seeking farmer faces a carrying capacity whose endogenous limits are set by farmer skills for and experience with different operating scales and production phases.
Farming behavior, no matter if labelled “subsistence,” that
- is developed around high technical competence and highly complex activities,
- requires high levels of sustained performance, oversight and flexibility,
- is continually in search of improvement,
- maintains great pressures, incentives and expectations for continuous production, and
- is predicated on maintaining peak (not minimum) livestock numbers in a highly reliable fashion without threatening the limits of system survival
is scarcely what one would call “risk-averse.”


A few years ago, Travis insisted on buying a grow light so that he could start flowers from seed for our backyard. I admit that initially I thought he was a bit crazy to want to try this, and it took me a while to get on board. Fast forward to today and we have continued to start flowers from seed each Spring, as well as vegetables, herbs, etc. for our garden!
Each season we’ve tweaked and adjusted our process based on what we have learned. After all, gardening is one big experiment! If you are interested in starting your own flowers or garden vegetables from seed, I want to share with you our current process based on some trial and error. Let’s dive in!
- Collect Your Supplies:
- Grow light: there are so many of these out there! If you have a small space and want to start just a few things consider a smaller option like this (I also love that it looks easy to adjust the height of the lights!). If you want a larger set up, here is the light that we have enjoyed using the most. It’s definitely an investment, so be sure to think about how often you will use it.
- Seed starting trays: over the past few years we have collected a bunch of the black plastic seed starting trays, similar to this. These can be washed out and reused each year!
- Table or other flat surface: make sure to set everything up in a relatively warm area, where your seedlings will grow without being bothered by any pets! Our cat loves to chew on all of our plants, so we usually use a room where we can close the door to keep him out!
- Seed starting potting soil: I usually use this Miracle Grow Seed Starting Potting Soil from Home Depot. But there are plenty of other options!
- Seeds to start: we have purchased seeds from multiple places including Home Depot, Southern States, Burpee, Etsy, etc. Make sure to consider the zone that you live in when buying seeds online.
- Larger trays/pots: Once your seedlings start to take off and outgrow their tiny tray, you will want to have something slightly larger to repot them in! We have collected some larger plastic containers from the nursery, and those tend to work well.
- Watering Can/Watering Wand: Once you get your seeds planted, you will want to gently water them in (more on this later!). I have been using our watering wand since the flow can be adjusted to be very soft! After starting with the watering wand I typically either use a watering can OR you can water them from the bottom (if your tray has drainage holes).
- Setting up Grow Lights
- Adjust the Height: This is very important if you want your seedlings to develop hardy and supportive stems! When they are just sprouting, we adjust the grow light to be closer to the tray, and gradually move it up and farther away from the seedlings as they grow.
- Smart Plug/Timer for Automation: This is a HUGE help! We have a smart plug set up, but some grow lights also run on timers. We typically leave our lights on from 6am-8 or 9pm (around 14 hrs. per day). The general guideline is 12-16 hours per day.
- Determine When To Start Seeds Indoors & When To Transplant
- Use Farmer’s Almanac Planting Calendar: this is a great resource to quickly see when you should be starting seeds, transplanting seedlings, etc. Search using your zip code and then find the type of plant you are starting to grow!
- Keep a log of planting/transplanting dates: as you are researching when to start your seedlings and when to transplant them out into your garden, be sure to write everything down!
- Planting Seeds in Trays
- Read guidelines for planting on back of packets: generally you can find all of the information you need on the back of the seed packet! If all else fails, a quick Google search should do it.
- Label: Such an important step! Especially if you are starting multiple types of plants you will want to be sure to label each of them. If you don’t want to buy plant markers/labels, there are a ton of easy ways to reuse household items as labels!
- Water in gently: Water flow is important! By gently watering your seeds you won’t disrupt them too much after planting them in the soil. We generally water from the top the first time, after that you can water from the bottom or top. Just be mindful not to overwater as this can lead to fungus, mildew, mold, etc.
- Consider using a heating pad: if you are planning to start your seeds in a garage, shed or other space that will be relatively cold you may want to look into using a heating pad under the trays. This is something that we will be trying out this year (be sure to follow me on Instagram for updates)!
- Watering: There is a fine balance between over watering, under watering and watering just the right amount. I tend to water our seedlings when soil looks like it is just starting to dry out (for me this tends to be 2-3 times per week).
- Thinning out seedlings: When seedlings start to emerge you want to thin them out by pulling some up so that they do not crowd one another. Generally guidelines for this can be found on your seed packets.
- Potting Up: As your seedlings grow larger you may eventually need to repot them in larger containers to give them more space. When you do this, you do not need to use seed starting potting soil, but can go ahead and plant them in your regular potting/garden soil. If you would like to add a bit of starter fertilizer at this point, go for it!
- Hardening Off & Transplanting
- Hardening Off: Once your seedlings have grown to be big enough (roughly the size of a transplant that you would buy from a store), you are going to want to harden them off! This just means to gradually acclimate them to the weather, instead of shocking them by placing them directly outside. Take about a week or two and leave your plants outside during the day, and bring them in at night (especially if the weather is much cooler). Be mindful of direct sunlight and try to place them in a spot where they are a bit more shaded at first.
- Transplanting: Yay!! Your seedlings have had plenty of time to get acclimated to the weather and grow nice and strong. You are ready to transplant them out into your garden! Be sure to continue watering regularly, and invest in good quality garden soil (I also like to add a bit of fertilizer occasionally).
What seeds are you planning to start this Spring? Leave me a comment below! As always, if you liked this post please be sure to share it with others. Happy gardening!


It was a Thursday. The hot air clung to the smoke rising from the chimney. The dry land echoed tales of drought and years of exertion. We lingered under a tree in brief intervals, hoping the shade might soothe our burnt backs.
We were strangers when we came to this country. I had flown to Zambia from England alone, a young student hoping to change the world. The farm was small. A wooden fence separated the huts from the fields. Spade in hand, we dug into the crusty earth. We planted trees of many kinds, thousands in just a few weeks.
I found a rare connection with the people I spent my days with in Zambia. We were connected by a desire for change. Connected by a passion for a cause greater than ourselves. This passion followed me home and has seeped into many areas of my life since.
In Africa I met people that did things differently. I met farmers and saw their joy as they spoke to me of their work. I spent time with plant specialists, chefs and artists that each, without even realising it, inspired me to see food and our connection to it in a new light.
Eating home-grown food from our vegetable patch was the norm when I was growing up. But it was only by planting seeds myself, and sharing these moments with likeminded individuals, that I became truly excited about food. These were lessons that I learnt far from home. I now see that such lessons truly have the power to alter our lives if we let them.
A change in perspective
This can be translated in a myriad of ways. For me it was my passion for food, and our connection to it, that was ignited through my travels. Yet, we each have individual passions that can be unlocked through our willingness to be open as we learn new lessons.
When I returned home I came to realise the inspiring work that my mother had achieved for many years through growing food. It was the same quality I saw in those I met in distant places across the globe. It was a passion and diligence. A desire to do things differently in a world that is so often telling us to remain the same. While little had changed in our vegetable patch back home, I began to understand the beauty of the process of growing. I fell in love with the scent of soil and the feeling of working so closely with the earth. I began to understand that it was not home that was different, but me that had changed.
The reward of travel does not come from simply experiencing a new destination. We may be inspired by what we see in a distant land, but the true reward comes from bringing these new perspectives back home with us. Introducing our friends, neighbours and relatives to a world beyond our own front door. Showing those around us all that we have learnt, and allowing these sacred journeys to alter our lives as well as the lives of those we interactive with daily.


Southland Grain & Seed Ltd
Young Grass Weed Control
Why Spray Young Grass ?
Many farmers ignore spraying out weeds in young grass but there are many of good reasons why you should !
Medium to heavy infestation of weeds unsprayed causes many bare patches in pasture, The loss of production
from not spraying paddocks averages 3 weeks worth of grazing per hectare. For Dairy that equals about 75 milk solids per hectare for 3 weeks grazing and for $7.00 a Milk solid that equals $525.00 Per hectare.
For Lamb 3 weeks grazing equals 250 grams a day live weight x 20 lambs per hectare at $5.00 a kg carcase that equals $525.00 Per Hectare. With the costs of spraying being between $40-$85 a hectare we can see that spraying young grass paddocks is well worth it.( FIGURES ARE ONLY APPROXIMATIVE)
MCPB EXTRA 20L
2,4-D Amine 800 WSG 10KG


Greenway Solution Provides:
-Mowing & Lawn Maintenance Programs.
-Aeration Services, Power Raking, Fertilization
-Fungicide/Weed & Insect Control.
-Total Lawn & Greenway Care Solution.
We also provide:
-Sprinkler System Installation, Repair, & Upgrade (HE) high efficiency water saver system
-Sod Installation, Seeding, Rototilling & Gardens.
-Tree, Shrub, Bushes Trimming & Removal.
-Leaf Raking, Yard Cleanup, Gutter Clean & Hauling.
-Landscaping, Rock, Mulch, Fence Install & Repair.
-Drainage solutions french drain
We use locally manufactured Richlawn organic fertilizer which helps to condition build and loosen the soil
Visit Greenway Solution for all your Lawn Care Services.
We offer 3 lawn service packages
to meet your needs. Click here.
Call for details: (303) 204-6333


To be able to squeeze juice from hard fruits, such as apples and pears, they must be cooked for a long time. The fruits are cooked in large stainless steel boilers for 2 to 3 hours. During the cooking, the sugar from the fruits, therefore the juice itself, turns brown due to the Maillard reaction.
The juice from the fruit mass is separated from the pulp by being pressed through the filter bags of a large press. The pulp, which consists of the hard fibres, seeds and stalks of the fruits, stays in the filter bags. It’s a very nutritious animal feed.
The juice which comes out from the press is still quite diluted and doesn’t have a long shelf life. That’s why it needs to be thickened. The juice is being purified and afterwards – evaporated. After the evaporation, the juice contains 60% less water. It becomes a concentrate which can be conserved and stored.
The different concentrates are all stored separately in large storage tanks. This is necessary as the fruits we’re using are harvested only from September to November. During these months, we must build up a stock for a whole year! One storage tank holds between 25,000 kg and 620,000 kg of concentrate!
Every fruit syrup is a mixture of several types of fruit. The concentrates are mixed daily and according to the recipes, so that we end up with the desired fruit syrup. We keep an eye on the fruit syrup during the whole mixing process.
After the fruit syrup has passed the first checks, it can be poured into cups, glasses, cans, buckets, barrels, containers or tankers. Once filled up, the cups, cans and glasses must cool down before being packed in boxes. There’s an air-conditioned cooling room which allows this to happen evenly and quickly.
In the warehouse, there’s enough space for around 500 pallets. The consumer goods are usually produced and stocked. All business-to-business products are made based on a particular order, so they go directly to Frumarco’s customer.
Frumarco has its own laboratory in which product development, as well as various quality control procedures, take place. Product development is working in close collaboration with the Marketing department on new recipes and innovations in the field of fruit syrup. But it includes other activities as well – for example, it’s possible to develop special recipes for business-to-business customers, depending on their wishes. The viscosity of the syrup can be reduced by removing the pectin in it. Furthermore, we can give a helping hand in the process of developing new products in which fruit syrup is an ingredient, such as meat sauces and bread. Frumarco also works with a fixed consumer test panel where various products can be tested before being brought to market.


Many keen to sponsor
There’s clearly a considerable level of demand to sponsor a beehive in the city. Bee Urban now has around 70 sponsored hives across Stockholm county. Many companies want to help with their work.
“We want to give something back to nature following a number of disruptive years of construction in Arenastaden,” says Johan Belin, Property Manager at Fabege. “The bees and what they do are so incredibly important, which is why we want to support both beekeeping and help spread knowledge about it.”
So Fabege and Bee Urban organise regular viewings of the hives for tenants. The purpose is to explain what the sponsorship arrangement is doing for the environment, and to demonstrate that bees are not dangerous, but in fact very peaceful insects.
Bee Urban uses organic methods, but getting the honey classed as organic requires a guarantee that the bees gather nectar from plants that are in turn organically grown. This is no easy feat in an urban environment, as you can’t be absolutely sure that plants growing nearby are organic.
Plenty of wax – it is time!
A beehive is of course made up of various drawers, with ten frames inside. Some of these drawers are called ‘super honey chambers’, which is where the bees store the honey they produce and whatever is to be saved for the winter. Honey is the bees’ winter food and so it’s important to leave enough for them to survive. When two thirds of the frame is covered with beeswax, it’s time to harvest the honey. Josefina Oddsberg and her colleagues regularly monitor the amount of wax.
“The bees produce more honey than they need for the winter, which means we can draw off the surplus in jars and give it to our customers,” she explains.
This years harvest in kilos
This year, Josefina Oddsberg expects the amount of honey from the hive in Arenastaden to total around 30 kilos. Of this amount, the bees get to keep 10 kilos and the remaining 20 kilos go to the tenants.
“Many companies give the honey away as a gift to their employees,” says Josefina. “But one company sold its jars to customers and donated the money to a charity, so it really can be a win-win situation on many levels.”
Other ways to sponsor nature
If you don’t want a beehive on your office roof, you can instead sponsor one or more nesting boxes for birds, or a bee hotel. Because we need more homes for birds and wild bees too. There are also opportunities to sponsor urban and community gardening to encourage biological diversity. Contact Bee Urban for further information.


1982 Namib Mills established: Namib Mills started its operations as a humble milling company in Windhoek.
1982 Maize mill opened: Top Score, which is our leading maize meal brand in the country was started. The Windhoek mill is capable of milling 10 tons of maize per hour.
1986 Wheat mill opened: Milling of wheat flour only takes place in Windhoek at 12 tons per hour, assisting in sustaining national food security for the Namibian People.
2001Pasta plant commissioned: This plant is amongst the top three most modern plants in the Southern Hemisphere and was built by Pavan.
2009 Complete Mix plant commissioned: Namib Mills developed a range of special products for bakeries, called “Complete Mix" to which the baker only has to add water. These products offer convenience to bakeries and enable them to increase bakery productivity.
Physical Address: n.a.
SUPPORT to the NCA in 2015:
Sponsorship of sugar and flour for all competitions
>>> click on the headline to access the website of Namib Mills <<<


We are part of the local community. So we want to hear your feedback. We understand the importance of learning where your food comes from.
Come visit the farm, escape the city and enjoy the fresh air on the farm. Bring your boots and we will take a walk through the fields
Come out and purchase locally. We raise goats, cattle, and garden produce. All the animals are born and raised on the farm and processed locally. Join us at the local farmers market.
Storm Run Farm is located in East Clark County Kentucky. We raise boer goats, Simmental cattle, and a garden. The farm is owned and operated by Jesse, Emily, Hagan, Hartlyn, and Hatton Smith.


The growing trend of digitization and risk assessment and rising demand to improve agricultural supply chain management due to the COVID-19 pandemic driving the adoption of the agriculture analytics market.
Request for free sample copy @ https://www.marketsandmarkets.com/requestsampleNew.asp?id=255757945
Increasing use of data by farmers to know more about their farms, and crops driving the adoption of managed services segment of agriculture analytics platforms during the forecast period
The growing need to outsource field related operation owing to a shortage of labor is expected to drive the growth of the managed services in the agriculture analytics market. Managed service providers use their powerful analytical tools to collect, process, and analyze data to provide valuable insights to farmers. By these actionable insights, farmers can forecast their crop production, improve crop cultivation, and make better decisions.
Rising need to secure data by large farms to drive the demand for on-premises to hold a larger market size
Data security concerns among the end-users is contributing to the higher adoption of on-premises agriculture analytics solution globally. The on-premised agricultural analytics solution is majorly deployed by the large farms as it has better ability to invest. Moreover, large farms have wide variety of business segment with serving to broader geographical reason; hence data security is of utmost importance
North America to dominate the market during the forecast period
North America is estimated to account for the largest share of the market in 2018. The region comprises developed countries, such as the US and Canada, and is considered the most advanced region in terms of adopting digital technologies. The majority of farmers or growers in the region have deployed agriculture analytics solutions to optimize livestock, farms, orchid, forestry, horticulture and aquaculture farming. Moreover, the North American region exhibits a wide presence of key industry players offering agriculture analytics solutions and its financial position enables it to invest majorly in the leading tools and technologies for effective business operations.
The major vendors offering agriculture analytics solutions are Deere & Company (US), IBM (US), SAP SE (Germany), Monsanto (US), Oracle (US), Accenture (Ireland), Iteris (US), Taranis (Israel), Agribotix (US), Agrivi (UK), DTN (US), aWhere (US), Conservis Corporation (US), DeLaval (Sweden), FBN (US), Farmers Edge (US), GEOSYS (US), Granular (US), Gro Intelligence (US), Proagrica (UK), PrecisionHawk (US), RESSON (Canada), Stesalit Systems (India), AgVue Technologies (US), Fasal (India), AGEYE Technologies (US), HelioPas AI (Baden-Württemberg), OneSoil (Belarus), and Root AI (US).
Deere & Company and IBM are leading players in Agriculture Analytics Market
Deere & Company is popularly recognized as John Deere worldwide. The company, along with its subsidiaries, manufactures and distributes agriculture and turf, and construction and forestry equipment worldwide. In the agricultural segment, the company offers various products such as display systems, guidance and machine control systems, and field and crop systems. The company operates mainly through 3 segments-Agriculture and Turf, Construction and Forestry, and Financial Services. The company has a strong brand name and a well-established distribution network in every continent, which makes it one of the market leaders. The company has presence in approximately 44 countries worldwide, including Canada, Mexico, the US, and Argentina. The companys major subsidiaries include Gan-Gvat Assets Ltd. (Israel), John Deere GmbH (Germany), Jenco Wholesale Nurseries, Inc. (US), John Deere S.A. (Mexico), and John Deere Agricultural Machinery Co. Ltd. (China). Some of the its major competitors are AGCO Corporation (US), Ag Leader (US), Achway Lawnmowers (UK), Caterpillar Inc. (US), Kubota Corporation (Japan), and CNH Global N.V. (Netherlands). In the agriculture analytics market, the company offers Precision Ag Technology, which deals with data management, remote management, guidance, variable rate application, and field and water management.
IBM is a multinational technology and consulting corporation that offers infrastructure, hosting, and consulting services. As of December 31, 2019, IBMs total employee strength, including that of its wholly-owned subsidiaries, was 352,600. The company operates through five major business segments: cognitive solutions, global business services, technology services and cloud platforms, systems, and global financing. IBM offers mobile and web analytics solution to set up and manage mobile and web so apps can access live and historical data. IBM caters to various industries that include aerospace and defense, education, healthcare, oil and gas, automotive, electronics, insurance, retail and consumer products, banking and finance, energy and utilities, life sciences, telecommunications, media and entertainment, chemicals, government, manufacturing, travel and transportation, construction, and metals and mining. Furthermore, the company offers Watson Decision platform and precision farming solutions. The precision farming solutions include 3 baseline services, namely, high-definition Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), soil moisture, and plant pathology. The solutions help customers analyze real-time data, improve the yield, and minimize risks. The company has a robust presence in the Americas, Europe, MEA, and APAC, and has clients in more than 175 countries.
MarketsandMarkets provides quantified B2B research on 30,000 high growth niche opportunities/threats which will impact 70% to 80% of worldwide companies revenues. Currently servicing 7500 customers worldwide including 80% of global Fortune 1000 companies as clients. Almost 75,000 top officers across eight industries worldwide approach MarketsandMarkets for their painpoints around revenues decisions.
Our 850 fulltime analyst and SMEs at MarketsandMarkets are tracking global high growth markets following the Growth Engagement Model GEM. The GEM aims at proactive collaboration with the clients to identify new opportunities, identify most important customers, write Attack, avoid and defend strategies, identify sources of incremental revenues for both the company and its competitors. MarketsandMarkets now coming up with 1,500 MicroQuadrants (Positioning top players across leaders, emerging companies, innovators, strategic players) annually in high growth emerging segments. MarketsandMarkets is determined to benefit more than 10,000 companies this year for their revenue planning and help them take their innovations/disruptions early to the market by providing them research ahead of the curve.
MarketsandMarketss flagship competitive intelligence and market research platform, Knowledgestore connects over 200,000 markets and entire value chains for deeper understanding of the unmet insights along with market sizing and forecasts of niche markets.


What are Hemiptera?
The Hemiptera is the largest exopterygote groups of insects with over 80,000 described species. They may be recognized by the special structure of the mouthparts, which are modified into concentric stylets, the mandibular enclosing the maxillary ones and together forming the food and salivary channels. They are a very diverse group comprising scale insects, aphids, psyllids and whiteflies (Sternorrhyncha), true bugs (Heteroptera) and the Auchenorrhyncha (leafhoppers, planthoppers, treehoppers, spittlebugs and cicadas). Hemiptera feeding habits range from phytophagy (the majority of species) to predation, including ectoparasitism and haematophagy. Many of them are important pest species of cultivated crops and some are important vectors of human diseases. Forero (2008) provides a useful review and summary of the phylogeny of the Hemiptera. Papers in Nault & Rodriguez (1985) provide good introductions to groups and topics.
The Auchenorrhyncha has been traditionally divided in two main groups, Cicadomorpha (leafhoppers, treehoppers, spittlebugs) and Fulgoromorpha (the planthopper families). They are all plant feeding, either from phloem, xylem vessels or mesophyll tissue. Some are important pests of crop plants either by direct feeding or by spreading virus and phytoplasma diseases.


ALFALFA HAY & BERMUDA
#1 ALFALFA HAY
Saturday Hay Sale Alfalfa is great quality hay grown in the picturesque Parker Valley and Blythe. Our alfalfa will be a favorite for your horse and friendly on your wallet.
Because we purchase thousands of tons of hay a year we can give you wholesale pricing on the right cuttings for your horse. You will know us by our red, white, and blue twine!
That's why you'll always find #1 alfalfa hay at wholesale prices at the Saturday Hay Sale!
We sell 100% common Bermuda hay! Our Bermuda hay comes out of Blythe, California and weighs between 85-95lbs. We bring this hay in quarterly. It will be available the 3rd saturday in February, May, August, and November.


Shenzhen Greenland Agricultural Group Co., Ltd. (abbreviated as “Green Ran Agriculture”) was established in 2008. It was developed on the basis of the original Shenzhen Greenland Business Development Co., Ltd., and the group company integrates asset management and production management. The main business includes: undertaking the annual China* Shenzhen International Modern Green Agriculture Expo, the modern agricultural production base, the private customized high-end agricultural products and the construction of the Internet shopping mall, and the modern agricultural logistics park (Heyuan Green Ran Lighthouse Base Agricultural Product Logistics Park). The R&D and promotion of traceability systems for agricultural products and cultural media.
"Green Ran" represents green and natural, embodying the company's philosophy of following natural laws, taking it for granted, and benefiting people's livelihood.
Rich Production Experience, Fine To Micro Production Mode, Considerate After-Sales Service, We Will Serve Our Customers Better.
Group Headquarters Address: 501, Zhongchu 4th Road, Futian District, Shenzhen


CNH INDUSTRIAL AGRICULTURAL BRANDS LEAD AT AGRITECHNICA 2019
London, September 11, 2019
Agritechnica 2019 will mark an important step for CNH Industrial (NYSE: CNHI / MI: CNHI), as the Company’s significant presence at this year’s exhibition underscores its position as a leading global agricultural equipment manufacturer, both in terms of products and advanced farming services, including industry-leading precision farming technologies.
CNH Industrial’s global agricultural brands Case IH and New Holland, premium European tractor brand STEYR and implement manufacturer Kongskilde, will be joined by the Company’s precision farming aftermarket brand AGXTEND™ on its exhibition début, alongside the global powertrain segment FPT Industrial. Together they will occupy some 7,300 square meters at the world’s preeminent agricultural trade show.
Each brand will create its own distinctive stand within CNH Industrial’s designated space displaying a range of cutting-edge differentiated new products and technologies which will further enhance farming productivity and efficiency. Case IH, New Holland, STEYR, and Kongskilde will be located in a prime position in Hall 3 near the busy main entrance. There will also be an area dedicated to CNH Industrial, showcasing the Company’s commitment to the key megatrend growth drivers of automation, digitalization, servitization and alternative fuels, and how they benefit agriculture.
FPT Industrial will be located in Hall 16, the home of Systems and Components companies while AGXTEND, the new Precision Farming aftermarket brand, will take up residence in Hall 11 in an area dedicated to Precision Farming and Digitalization.
Agritechnica is a biannual show, and takes place in Hanover, Germany from November 10 to 16, 2019. The 2017 edition was attended by over 2,800 exhibitors and attracted some 458,000 visitors.


Inaugural Global Ismaili CIVIC Day
By: Hassan K. '25
"Fresh produce for all!" these words echoed in my head as I dug out carrots from the ground to add to the ever-growing pile of fresh veg next to me. My brother and I were among a group of 60 volunteers on CIVIC day helping to fulfill the mission of Grow Calgary to grow food and give it away to the hungry.
This fall, on the weekend of September 26-27, families from across the country volunteered their time to better the lives of others. This day is known as Ismaili CIVIC Day, a day where the Ismaili community comes together to put into action one of our core values: service to others, especially those less fortunate. As a Strathcona-Tweedsmuir student, as well as a member of the Ismaili community, being able to volunteer in a way that meaningfully impacts the wider community has always been important to me.
Ismaili CIVIC, which started on the 100th birthday of Canada, was special this year, because this year marked Global CIVIC Day. This year, Ismailis all around the world, not just in Canada, came together, aspiring to fulfil the centuries old tradition of “serving humanity, by rendering voluntary service, to improve the quality of life of the communities in which they live, regardless of faith, gender and background” (Ismaili CIVIC, 2021). In Canada, we set a goal to achieve 15,000 hours of community service through 7000 volunteers. My brother and I joined many other Ismailis to help Grow Calgary, Canada’s largest urban farm, a non-profit organization which supplies organic produce to local agencies including Alpha House, the Calgary Women’s Emergency Shelter, Inn From the Cold and the Drop-In Centre.
We spent a sunny Sunday with 60 Ismaili volunteers helping clean up the farm and pull carrots and other crops to feed the needy in Calgary. It was so much fun and we got to live the community’s ethic of civic engagement and good citizenship, exemplifying Islam’s core values of service, peace, compassion and care for the vulnerable. These are also ethics that STS supports so I hope you can join me for next year’s Global CIVIC Day!


2018 Northeast Potato Technology Fourm
21st and 22nd, 2018.
Scientific research is vital to move our potato industry and economy forward. Industry support helps to make this Forum the best it can be.
Companies interested in sponsoring the 2018 Northeast Potato technology Forum please contact Khalil Al-Mughrabi
for details and opportunities.
Sponsoring company logos will be prominently displayed during the Forum.
Thank you to the following for sponsoring the
2018 Northeast Potato Technoloyg Forum


Electric Fence Energisers
We have a large variety of electric fence energisers from 9v, 12, Mains and Solar powered fence energisers all backed up by a minimum 2 year guarantee. We stock branded energiser fencers such as the Rutland Electric Fencing Electric Shepherd range, the Horizont Trapper and Copel energisers and the AKO X and AN models. There budget fence energisers for use with strip grazing and also large energisers for use with huge fence systems available.
When choosing an electric fence energiser you firstly have to look at the power source you are going to use. We have mains fence energiser, 12v battery fence energisers, dry battery energisers and solar electric fencer units to choose from. Your decision will depend on your proximity to a power source, budget, whether the fence will be temporary or permanents and the animal you are fencing. The size of your electric fence is also an important factor in deciding which energiser you need. Each fence energiser has 3 distance ratings giving you the amount of fence an energiser can power with no vegetation, moderate vegetation and high vegetation. If you are unsure it is always best to use the moderate vegetation rating so you can see if the fence energiser is suitable.