Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology
Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology A (ISSN 2161-6256) and Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology B (ISSN 2161-6264) (Earlier title: Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, ISSN 1939-1250) are published monthly in hard copy by David Publishing Company located at 9460 Telstar Ave Suite 5, EL Monte, CA 91731, USA.
ISSN:A ISSN 2161-6256; B ISSN 2161-6264
Katalin Takács-György, Tamás Erdélyi, Róbert Magda, István Takács and Adam Sadowski
Abstract: Land property in the post socialist countries was rebuilt in the beginning of the 1990s. The process went in different way in all of the post-socialist countries. The result of the privatization of agricultural land was a fragmented, direct or indirect smallholder ownership structure in most of the new member states of the EU. The land, partly or totally was given back to the owners and inheritors of land reforms following the war. It means that considerable proportion of the land is cultivated by tenants, the fragmented estate structure decreases the efficiency and the increasing rental fees further destroy the profitability and competitiveness of farming. Regarding to the competitiveness of agriculture, Poland showed a developing tendency after the accession, but Hungary suffers from serious problems. Applying descriptive statistics between the changes of land use and land ownership during the research relation analysis, emphasizing the effect in competitiveness of the land price and a land rent, the paper tries to identify the main differences and similarities in land use and property structure, and their effects on the agricultural competitiveness based on the FADN data base, since 2004-2007.
Key words: Land ownership and rental, effects on tendencies, EU.
Uchenna Ngozi Uzokwe
Abstract: This study was conducted in Aniocha South Local Government Area of Delta State. The major objective is to ascertain the forest dependent survival strategies of rural women in Aniocha South Local Government Area of Delta State. The specific objectives are to ascertain the socio- economic characteristics of the women, find out the forest based activities of the women, identify what they do with products collected from the forest, establish how much income they make from such products weekly and identify the challenges of these women in exploiting forest for survival. Ten villages were selected and from the selected communities, 15 women were randomly selected in each community to give 150 respondents. From the result of the survey about 96.0% of the respondents had household sizes of between 6-10 persons. Women collect many forest products which include seeds, herbs, honey, mushroom, fuel wood, snails, stimulants, bitter kola, pear, raffia leaves (fronds), edible worms, wrapping leaves, spices, bush mango, locust beans, wild fruits, leaves, fuel wood, snails, mushrooms and fruits. Some of the forest products are used for income generation only, some for household use, while others are used for both income generation and household use. The major constraint is the decline in the availability of forest products as a result of deforestation, over exploitation, bush burning and long distance to available forests. The study shows that forest products play a significant role in improving the livelihood of rural people. Rural development and future forest conservation strategies and interventions should pay attention to the contribution of forest products to people’s livelihood and environmental sustainability.
Key words: Forest, survival strategies and rural women.
Joseph Adunbi Ogundele and Amen Osamede Jegede
Abstract: Climate change will impact agriculture and food production around the world due to the effects of elevated CO2 in the atmosphere, higher temperature, altered precipitation and transpiration regimes, increased frequency of extreme events, and modified weed, pest and pathogen pressure. Data of this study were collected from primary and secondary sources. Primary sources of data were collected using two sets of structured questionnaires. A total number of three hundred (300) questionnaires were administered on categories of respondents in this study. Results of this study revealed that food crops are the major crops cultivated in the study area, and the effects of climate change on agricultural production results in soil loss, plant nutrient loss, textural change, increase in pest and diseases and poor yield germination etc.. This study therefore recommended that cover trees should be planted, which will provide shade and reduce heat, due to climate change and the preservation of underground water.
Key words: Agricultural production, climate change, environment and impact.
Arno Deuker, Walter Stinner, Nadja Rensberg, Lucas Wagner and Hans E. Hummel
Abstract: Caused by its multi purpose applicability in different areas of the energy system, biogas is an important source for the concept of “Energy Turnaround for Sustainability”. To clarify the regional risks for biogas production due to Diabrotica virgifera virgifera (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) (Dvv) results from the questionnaire on the current situation of the biogas plants in Germany are compared to our Dvv monitoring experiences and literature data. Maize silage is the main source for biogas production in Germany. Dvv is the most important maize pest within the United States. It also was monitored in different German States during the last years. The Dvv infestation risk and consequent damages are closely linked to the percentage of maize within the regional crop rotations scheme. Maize cropping within a monocultural production can lead to a significant harvest reduction of 30% to 80% after the outbreak of Dvv, especially in dry years. A high risk to the biogas production based on silage maize especially in some areas in North West and in southern Germany has been detected. Further research is needed focusing on (1) strategies to control Dvv, (2) development in alternative energy crops regarding their susceptibility to Dvv and (3) development of technologies along the process chains for using alternative substrates, especially residues from plant production.
Key words: Western corn rootworm, biogas, crop rotation, maize pest, alternative substrates, land use.
Selorm Ofori, Stephen Owusu-Appiah, Samuel Bawa, George Yawson and Kwame Afreh-Nuamah
Abstract: The seasonality and relative abundance of arboreal ant species were studied in the oil palm plantations of CSIR-OPRI at Kusi in order to identify the different arboreal ant species in the oil palm canopy and their possible interaction with other fauna and flora. Chemical knockdown and field observation and were used in the data collection. Chemical knockdown study was used to collect data on the relative abundance of the ants with application of a synthetic pyrethroid. Field observation was used to study the nesting behaviour, types of nests and where they were built as well as the interaction between the ant species. The fields which were of ages of 8, 11 and 14 years were one hectare containing 143 palms. Chemical knockdown and ant colony studies revealed higher abundance of arboreal ant species on the 11 years followed by the 8 years and 14 years fields in that order. Oecophylla longinoda was abundant on the 11-and 14-year-old fields while Crematogaster sp. was the most abundant species on the 8-year old fields. Relatively high numbers of the ant species were encountered in the dry months of study. Positive interaction indicated coexistence between O. longinoda and Crematogaster sp. Interaction between Crematogaster sp. and Tetramorium sp. was antagonistic. Similarly, O. longinoda and Tetramorium sp. were antagonistic to each other. The high abundance and diversity hold promise for the potential use of these ant species as biocontrol agents in an integrated pest management system for the management of the oil palm leaf miner.
Key words: Seasonality, arboreal, relative abundance, chemical knockdown.
Robert W. Nyukuri, Fred M. E. Wanjala, Evelyn Cheramgoi, Jared O. Odhiambo and Stella C. Kirui
Abstract: This study was aimed at determining the effects of mixed and single cropping agroecosystems on the prevalence of different species of insect pests and coccinellids. It involved six growing crops: maize Zea mays L., beans Phaseolus vulgaris L. and cowpeas Vignaunguiculata L. Walp in single and mixed stands and sampling throughout the phenology of the crops. Eight insect pest species were recorded on maize grown alone, while thirty seven insect species were endemic on cowpea mono cropped and were of six orders whereas twenty two insect pest species occurred on beans. The predator population was most abundant in the mixed stands of maize and beans (2.33 predators per 30 aphids) as compared to their occurrence in pure stands of cowpeas (0.85 predators per 30 aphids) as there were numerous aphids on beans at pre-flowering phase that supported a higher population level of coccinellids. Also, predator population was at the peak during the tussling stage of maize as they fed on the pollen grains while aphids on cowpeas co-existed mutualistically with black ants that protected them against predation. The genus Cheilomenes spp. was the most ubiquitous predator with a mean of 4.00 individuals per 30 aphids while Hippodamiavariegata was the least abundant predator species with a mean of 0.92 individuals per 30 aphids in all the agroecosystems as the Cheilomenes spp. had a faster discovery rate, range of perception, effective capture efficiency and a shorter handling time of a prey.
Key words: Phenology, stands, Zea mays L., Phaseolus vulgaris L., Vignaunguiculata L. Walp, agroecosystem.
Girma Gebresenbet, Techane Bosona, Mulualem Feleke and Emmanuel Yaovi Honnuor Bobobee
Abstract: Transport and handlings of slaughter animals are associated with series of stressful activities which compromise the welfare of animals. The main objective of this study was to improve loading methods and facilities to minimize the prevailing adverse effects on animal welfare during transport. The study was conducted using cattle from animal farms in Uppsala, Sweden. Data were gathered through field measurements. The inclination of loading ramp was measured using inclinometer while floor quality was evaluated using Skid Resistance Tester. The effect of using loading dock was studied. Continuous measurements of heart rate were made on 349 animals using POLAR Vantage equipment, before transport, during transport and unloading. Vocalization, refusal to leave original place, defecation, urination, refusal to move forward towards a gate, slipping, running away and falling were also observed and recorded as indicators of behavioural alterations during loading activities. The size of observed ramp angles in the farms ranged from 5° to 29°. The heart rate measurement result indicated that loading, unloading and confinement in the stunning box were the most stressful activities. During loading, heart rate elevated by about 42.5% when the animals were forced to leave their original place and turn 180 °C, by about 39% when animals were forced to move to the loading gate and by about 75% when animals were forced to climb the ramp. The result showed that heart rate increased significantly (P ≤ 0.007) with an increase of ramp angle. During loading, when loading dock was used, ramp angle was about zero degree and the increase in heart rate was marginal (ranging from 10% to 23%), while the figure was about 75% without loading dock. About 72% of loose animals and 89% of tied animals strongly refused to climb the ramp and enter the vehicle. Regarding floor quality, the rubber mat had the highest friction coefficient of 0.72 ± 0.024 BPN (British Pendulum Number) and concrete slates had the lowest friction coefficient (0.39 ± 0.028 BPN). Incidence of slippery was observed more in tied animals than in loose animals. About 5.7% of observed animals (280 animals) had elongated and curled hooves.
Key words: Sweden, animal transport, animal welfare, heart rate, loading
Girma Gebresenbet, Isabel Wikner, Emmanuel Yaovi Hunnuor Bobobee, Gustavo Maria and Morris Villarroel
Abstract: The objective of this work was to determine the effect of transport time (up to 11 hours) on animal welfare. 540 animals (cows, bulls and calves), three transport times of 2, 4 to 6, and 10 to11 hours, and two space allowances (2 m2 and 1.5 m2 per animal for cows and bulls; and 1.2 m2 and 0.8 m2 per animal for calves) were used for the experiment during transport from farms to the abattoir in Uppsala, Sweden. Measurements were made on five animals on each trip. Stress response parameters considered were cortisol, glucose, lactate, creatine kinase and heart rate. Blood samples were taken before and after transport. Heart rate sensors were mounted on the animals at least 30 minutes before loading and measurements were made continuously from farms to the abattoirs until stunning. The results of heart rate measurement indicated that loading, un-loading and forced movement in the stunning box were the most stressful events. However, the results of statistical analysis confirmed that transport time doesn’t have significant effect (P ≤ 0.05) on heart rate. Concentration level of cortisol increased by 10 folds during short transport. However, cortisol concentration decreased with an increase of transport times (P ≤ 0.01). Glucose concentrations increased with transport time in all animal categories (P ≤ 0.01). Transport time has significant effect on concentration levels of glucose (P ≤ 0.01), creatine kinase (P ≤ 0.001) and lactate (P ≤ 0.01) particularly after 6 hours journey time.
Key words: Transport time, cattle, welfare, physiological parameters.
Tapan Adhikari, Samaresh Kundu, Ashis Kumar Biswas, Jagadish Chandra Tarafdar and Anangi Subba Rao
Abstract: Nano particles are finding their way into the environment through deliberate and accidental actions, ecotoxicological properties and the risks of these nano particles have yet not been fully characterized. In this present investigation, experiments were carried out to know the effect of Cu oxide-nano particles (< 50 nm) on germination and growth of seeds of soybean and chickpea. In both the crops, germination was not checked up to 2,000 ppm Cu (applied through Cu oxide-nano particles), but the root growth was prevented above 500 ppm Cu. With increasing concentration of NPs, the elongation of the roots was severely inhibited as compared to that in control. In many cases root necrosis was occurred. Massive adsorption of Cu oxide-nano particles into the root system was responsible for the toxicity. A parallel experiment was also carried out to know the effect of copper sulphate solution on seed germination, above 200 ppm Cu, it restricted the germination of seeds, because of high salinity.
Key words: Cu-nano particles, soybean, chickpea.
Telma Encarnação, Hugh D. Burrows, Alberto C. Pais, Maria G. Campos and Adrien Kremer
Abstract: This study investigate the effect of the concentration of nitrate and phosphate, present in the culture medium, on the chemical and biochemical composition of the products from the marine microalgae, Nannochloropsis sp.. Experimental design allowed the assessment, in a systematic way, of the response of the microalgae to the nitrate and phosphate concentrations, and the way they lead to changes in the total amount of carotenoids, chlorophyll a, iron and magnesium produced or uptaken. The total carotenoids presented a higher yield when cultivated under lower phosphate concentrations, but showed no change with nitrate concentration. Chlorophyll a yield increased in the presence of higher concentrations of nitrogen and lower concentrations of phosphorus. There was an increase in the amount of iron absorbed by cells when higher levels of nitrates were present, but the effect is insignificant with phosphates. The magnesium content was not significantly affected by culture manipulation. The results also showed that the biomass yield of the microalgae Nannochloropsis sp. was negatively affected by the N/P ratio. The antioxidative potential of the microalgae, in contrast, was found to increase with the N/P ratio.
Key words: Antioxidants, biomass, DPPH, experimental design, redfield ratio.
Yolanda Leticia Fernández-Pavía, María Teresa B. Colinas-León, Rogelio Castro-Brindis, Tito Rojas Roque and Gustavo Adolfo Baca-Castillo
Abstract: Nutrimental requirements of heliophytic poinsettias have not yet been determined, this information is essential for developing an adequate technological package to orient producers in its management. The behavior of the plant under nutritional stress needs to be known by the application of a hydroponic system. The objective of the present work was to evaluate the physiological effect of induced deficiencies of five macronutriments (nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, calcium, and magnesium) and its influence on the pigment production of the poinsettia Euphorbia pulcherrima cv. “Valenciana”. The study was made during 2010 at the Research Unit “Dr. Ramón Fernández González” in Texcoco, State of Mexico. Six treatments were tested during 240 days from transplant in a totally randomized experimental design. Chlorophylls contents were determined at the beginning of the experiment. At the end of the treatment period, the contents of nutrients, chlorophylls, leaf carotenoids and bract anthocyanins were determined. The effects observed as results of the treatments were: reduction in plant height and diameter; the lowest content of total chlorophylls was observed in the absence of nitrogen, the largest reduction being of chlorophyll a and carotenoids; a low content of anthocyanins was observed to be associated with low nitrogen and calcium; a high correlation was found between nitrogen supplementation and measured non-destructively with a SPAD 502 Minolta unit values measured intensity of green color of leaves.
Key words: Poinsettia, pigments, nutriments, hydroponics, “Valenciana”.
Bosco Bua and Thomas Awio
Abstract: Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is an important food staple in most of the tropical and sub tropical countries of the world. In Uganda, rice has grown to become an important food security crop and source of cash income for the majority of the rural farming communities across the country. Despite its importance, rice production has consistently remained low averaging 1.5 t/ha under farm conditions. The low production of rice is attributed to a number of production constraints. Therefore the objective of the survey was to ascertain the major production constraints in rice growing in the two sub-counties of Orum and Ogor, Otuke district. A diagnostic survey using semi- structured questionnaires was conducted in the two sub counties between July and August 2010 to gather information on the major production constraints from key informants, opinion leaders, farmers, technical and political leaderships. The findings showed that diseases were the major constraints in rice production accounting to 27% compared to other constraints. The other constraints included insect pests (23%), weeds (21%), drought (20%) and low prices (9%). The major diseases encountered were rice blast (30%), brown spot (23%), rice yellow mottle virus (19%), sheath rot (15%) and grain rot (13%). Overall, diseases accounted for 79% of the yield reduction in rice. The implication of these findings therefore is that diseases and other constraints in rice production must be adequately identified for easy management to ensure sustainable rice production. More importantly, farmers should be sensitised on disease recognition, means of spread and control.
Key words: Diseases, rice, production constraints.
Hossein Navid, Hamid Reza Ghassemzadeh and Mohammad Moghaddam
Abstract: There are many design parameters in precision planters to be considered such as cell diameter, peripheral speed of roller, number of cells, manner of feeding seeds into cell and travel speed. In precision planters each cell must contain only one seed. Therefore, sliding the seed to the cell is important and depends on several parameters such as seed repose angle, seed dimensions and physics of cell. To help the seed to repose in the cell, making a groove on the roller would be very useful. Dimensions of this groove are very important and are considered as basic design parameters. This research was performed to determine some design parameters such as roller speed, travel speed, length and depth of groove for tomato seeds precision planting. In this regard, seeds with a diameter of 4 mm were used. The range of variation was based on calculations obtained. A roller with 42 mm width, 118 mm diameter and 15 cells on the surface was used in the experiment. For each cell, a triangular groove was created on the roller. The groove depth varied from zero at the beginning to the maximum value where the groove connected to the cell. The test unit had a continued and wide belt with 11 m length. In each replication, planter worked for 20 s to reach a stable state. Thereafter, seeds were allowed to drop on the grease belt. Number of seeds and their spacing were measured on the 4.5 m of the belt. Results showed that the roller speed of 41.5 rpm, the planter travel speed of approximately 1 km/h, groove length of 6-8 mm and groove depth of 1.5 mm can improve planter performance for tomato pelleted seed.
Key words: Design, metering device, precision planter, design parameters.
Celine Kenger Biam and Aja Okorie
Abstract: This paper reviews programs and projects that are elements of the strategy to boost crop production in general and grain legumes in particular in Nigeria. The objective is to bring to fore the neglect of grain legumes production in such strategies and for improved understanding of the need to implement grain legumes specific programs for enhanced food security in the country. The paper reiterates that grain legumes were neglected in most of the strategies for increased crop production which presented enormous challenges and reflects largely the inbalance in the policies for the attainment of food self-sufficiency and food security in the country. The paper gives an overview of the programs and projects, and reviews the output of grain legumes during the period (1970-2007). It submits that the activities of some research institutes and the presidential initiative on vegetable oil development program had positive impact on the output of legumes which is an added impetus for the need to establish grain legumes specific research institutes and programs for further productivity increases. Constraints identified by the paper include: poverty, storage systems, among others. It itemizes prospects and current challenges for grain legume crop sub-sector in Nigeria.
Key words: Accelerating, grain legumes, production, small-scale farmers, prospects and challenges.
Bryndová Marta, Putnová Lenka, Bartoňová Petra, Kaplanová Kateřina and Urban Tomáš
Abstract: The microsatellite analysis of DNA plays an important role in studying the population genetics such as population structure, genetic variability and diversity, phylogenetic relationships of wild population of endangered species. The main aim of this study was the estimation of ten microsatellite markers variability in the F. cherrug and F. peregrinus populations. We investigated genetic diversity and structure of populations by using non-invasive genetic identification of individuals to characterize populations of raptors living in the captivity and wild in the Czech Republic during the breeding seasons 2009 and 2010. Within Falco cherrug, significant moderate genetic differentiation (FST) was observed between Falco cherrug wild and captive. This means that there could be a little differentiation between the wild and the captive populations caused by Falco cherrug subspecies origin or hybridization in the captivity. The absence of significant genetic differentiation between Falco peregrinus wild and captive may be caused by the influence of reintroduction the captive populations in the past. Whereas one breeding population of Falco peregrinus (Kokorinsko2 2010) was clustered by UPGMA dendrogram into the individual group, we assumed this population like independent, maybe not influenced by other groups. Moreover, a larger sample size would be necessary to confirm the hypothesis.
Key words: Raptors, microsatellites, population structure, genetic variability, peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus), saker falcon (Falco cherrug).
Ayzin Baykam Küden, Dilek Bostan Budak and Ali Recep Nazlı
Abstract: Agriculture in Turkey has been playing a significant role in Turkish economy and agricultural sectors are the most important provider of employment. Additionally, agriculture is major income source for farmers in rural areas and education level positively effects their income level and productivity. Agricultural faculties, institutions and agricultural extension services are mainly responsible for farmers’ education in Turkey. The mission of agricultural education is to provide education for young people to prepare them for life and also work for rural community. Also, the agricultural education is responsible for the development of practical and theoretical knowledge of people in rural areas with disseminating information and new technologies. Basic field studies on the national qualifications framework for higher education of Turkey has been determined by a working group of deans formed by the CoHE under the Bologna process. Sixty programs on agriculture, forestry and fishery were identified at the faculties. A small working group formed among the deans of the agricultural faculties founded ZİDEK accreditation society to accredited programs at the agricultural faculties. Also a report was prepared by another working group to recommend worldwide programs to the agricultural faculties in Turkey. Mass media plays an important role for disseminating the agricultural innovations to rural areas. In this respect, the primary goal of Turkey is the improvement of welfare of farmers in order to sustain rural development. For this aim, handicraft training centers to diversify the rural economy, agricultural publication services of MoFAL distribute publications in order to disseminate information and new technologies, Widespread Education Project for Farmers (YAYCEP) has been started and within the scope of the project producers who live in rural areas, education and extension services and projects for woman farmers and other extension studies have been carried out under the Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock in collaboration with 26 agricultural faculties in Turkey.
Key words: Rural development, rural area, higher education, agriculture.
Wang Yongqing, Yan Juan, Yang Qin, Fu Yan, Luo Nan and Lv Xiulan
Abstract: The taxonomic status of Daduhe loquat (E. prinoides var. dadunensis) was studied through analyzing genetic relationships among Oakleaf loquat (E. prinoides), Daduhe loquat and Common loquat (E. japonica) using inter simple sequence repeats (ISSR) molecular marker and morphologic marker in this paper. Based on ISSR marker research, the similarity coefficient between Oakleaf loquat and Common loquat was lower than the similarity coefficient between Oakleaf loquat and Daduhe loquat while the similarity coefficient between Daduhe loquat and Common loquat was intermediate. The highest additivity was obtained when Daduhe loquat was regarded as the undetermined hybrid (45.8%). The specific bands of Oakleaf loquat and Common loquat were present in Daduhe loquat. Based on morphologic traits research, Daduhe loquat was also between Oakleaf loquat and Common loquat but a little leaning to Oakleaf loquat. All the results support that Daduhe loquat was hybrid of Oakleaf loquat and Common loquat.
Key words: Common loquat, Daduhe loquat, genetic relationship, ISSR marker, morphologic traits, Oakleaf loquat, taxonomic status.
Layla Shaaban Mohammed Al-Mizory and Azad Ahmed Mayi
Abstract: Micropropagation techniques were set up for walnut. Many plantlets were obtained by culturing node explants in MS medium,with 30 g/L sucrose, 7 g/L agar, and different concentrations of BA or Kin alone and different concentrations of BA + NAA or BA + Kin. BA at concentration (2 mg L-1 BA) gave the best results in percentage response and number of shoots/plant (100%, 2.84) respectively. While, Kin at 3 mg L-1 gave the highest average shoot length (2.81 cm). However, MS medium supplemented with 2.5 mg L-1 + 0.5 mg L-1 Kin gave the best results compared with all treatment shoot/explants and the highest number of leaves/explants (3.7, 8.2) respectively. While the highest length of shoot (4.7 cm) in MS medium supplemented with 3 mg L-1 Kin. and a high rooting percentage up to 60% at MS medium supplemented with 1 mg L-1IBA (Indole-3-butyric acid) was obtained .
Key words: Micropropagation, walnut, single-node explants, cytokinins.
Abayomi Ezekiel Folorunso, Kemi Feyisayo Akinwunmi and Raphael Emuebie Okonji
Abstract: Comparative studies of the biochemical parameters of the leaves and seeds of Moringa oleifera was carried out to provide additional information on the nutritional status of the leaf and seed of M. oleifera. The vegetative and floral characters of the plants collected were examined, floral diagram and formular were recorded. Protein variation in the dry seed and leaf is an indication of protein polymorphism and this depicts the genetic divergence in the leaf and seed of M. oleifera. Protein bands at 0.4, 1.1, 3.9 and 5.8 are taxonomically distinct, thus diagnostically separated the dry seed from other samples. Proximate analysis shows that the dry samples are more nutritious than the wet samples.
Key words: Vegetative character, floral character, protein band, proximate analysis, Moringa oleifera.
Nongnuch Tantidanai-Sungayuth, Jitranut Leewatchararongjaroen and Pitiporn Ritthiruangdej
Abstract: Honey is a product of the elaboration of flower nectar by bees. The general features and elemental composition of honey depend on its botanical origin. In this study, five color parameters (L*: lightness, a*: red color, b*: yellow color, C*ab and hab) and five elements (Na, K, Mg, Ca and Zn) were determined and related with 91 Thai honey samples. The origins of four botanic types of (1) longan flower (Dimocarpus sp.), (2) lynchee flower (Litchi sp.), (3) sunflower (Helianthus sp.) and (4) wild flower (Eupatorium sp.) using principle component analysis (PCA). The results showed that five color parameters and five metal contents related with the Thai botanic origins of the honeys using principle component analysis (PCA). Six major indicators of PC1 (variance is 44.33%) from three color parameters are L*(-0.926), a*(0.927) and hue or hab (0.824) and from three metal contents are K (0.833), Ca (0.816) and Mg (0.595). Two minor indicators of PC2 (variance is 21.58%) from color parameters are b*(-0.934) and Chroma or C*ab (-0.834). Two indicators of PC3 (%variance is 12.47%) from contents of Na (-0.722) and Zn (0.704). Thai Lynchee (C) flower honeys classified using both six parameters in PC1 and two color parameters in PC2. Thai longan flower (G) honeys classified using the contents of Zn and Na in PC3 parameters. Thai sunflower (S) honeys classified using two color parameters in PC2. Thai wild flower (W) honeys classified using the metal contents of K in PC1 parameter, Zn and Na in PC3 parameters.
Key words: Minerals, metals, Thai honey, botanic origins, Lynchee (Lichi sp.), sun flower (Helianthus sp.), longan (Dimocarpus sp.), PCA.
Chokchai Wanapu, Patcharaporn Sripunya and Nantakorn Boonkerd
Abstract: Aroma is an important component for characteristic of wine. b-glucosidase is an enzyme for enhancing wine aroma during fermentation and aging. The aim of this study was to evaluate b-glucosidase activities from 17 yeast strains. It was found that strain 71B-1122 exhibited highest activity of b-glucosidase. The purified enzyme of this strain was characterized. The purified enzyme was added in Muscat must before wine making process. The must and wine were determined for volatile compounds by headspace-SPME/GC-MS and found that the hexyl acetate, linalool, phenethyl, nerol and geraniol compounds were significantly increased after treated with the enzyme. Sensory evaluation of the combined alcoholic fermentation and flavour enrichment of Muscat juice by adding of purified b-glucosidase enzyme showed well oenological properties especially aroma. Therefore, in producing wine, yeast strain selection and addition of b-glucosidase enzyme should be considered because they were important factors affecting wine aroma.
Key words: b-Glucosidase, headspace-solid phase microextraction/gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometer, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, wine aroma.
Jaco Bezuidenhout, Leon Van Rensburg and Peet Jansen van Rensburg
Abstract: Besides control of the fungal plant pathogens, another interesting aspect observed when plants are treated with Trichoderma harzianum include effects such as complete and even stand of plants, improved seed germination, increases in plant height and overall enhanced plant growth. No research has yet been conducted to elucidate the mechanism by which these effects occur. Improved seed germination, in particular, suggest that Trichoderma harzianum produces a metabolite that may mimic the plant growth hormone gibberellic acid. The metabolite gliotoxin, produced by Trichoderma harzianum appear to be structurally most similar to gibberellic acid. In this study, common pharmacophore generation and molecular ligand docking simulations were used to evaluate the molecular similarity between gibberellic acid, specifically GA3, and gliotoxin. For the common pharmacophore evaluation, the structure of various gibberellic acids were used to construct a pharmacophore space to which gliotoxin was aligned, and during the molecular docking simulations the gibberellic acid receptor, GID1, served as ligand target for GA3 and gliotoxin. During the common pharmacophore evaluation, gliotoxin was successfully aligned to the common pharmacophore model constructed from various gibberellic acids. Furthermore, molecular docking simulations of gliotoxin and GA3 into the gibberellic acid receptor (GID1) yielded docking scores of -10.78 kcal/mol for the GA3 molecule from Corina and a docking score of -10.17 kcal/mol for gliotoxin. The docking scores suggest that gliotoxin may be able to competitively occupy the receptor space for gibberellic acid, and as such elicit the similar physiological responses observed in literature.
Key words: Gibberellic acid, gliotoxin, GID1, molecular similarity, Trichoderma harzianum.
Luciano Coutinho Silva, Renato Paiva, Daiane Peixoto Vargas, Diogo Pedrosa Correa da Silva, Raírys Cravo Herrera, Sandro Barbosa and Antônio Paulino da Costa Netto
Abstract: Byrsonima intermedia A Juss. is a species with pharmacological properties from the Brazilian Cerrado that shows difficulties related to sexual propagation. Research on cell viability may provide useful information for the selection of cells with embryogenic potential during the callus culture. Within this context, our research is aimed at establishing the cell viability of calli from Byrsonima intermedia leaf segments. The calli went through three subculture phases, of 60 days each, in MS medium with 0.09 M sucrose, 0.6% agar, pH 5.8 and 4.52 µM 2,4-D. The calli were stored in dark conditions and samples were collected every 10 days from each subculture for viability tests with fluorescein 3,6-diacetate (FDA) and 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC). The staining methods allowed quantifying cell viability in each subculture. The best results from the FDA tests were obtained at 21, 25 and 29 days for the first, second and third subcultures respectively, with 53.86%, 61.88% and 53.73% viable cells. Regarding the TTC test, the largest absorbance values were obtained at 21, 27 and 28 days for the first, second and third subcultures respectively. Fluorescence and spectrophotometry analyses were efficient for determination of cell viability during callus cultivation period.
Key words: Cell viability, fluorescein 3,6-diacetate, 2,3,5-tripheniltetrazolium chloride, subculture, tissue culture, native plant.
Arcadius Yves Justin Akossou, Alfred Godui and Noël Houdégbé Fonton
Abstract: Climatic factor’s effect was studied on the radial growth of teak (Tectona grandis L.F.) by using the stem analysis of 36 trees distributed in 6 plantations in Parakou and Tchaourou districts in northern Benin. The results showed that the plantations of Parakou were in general more productive than those of Tchaourou. The annual average growth was estimated in the first five years at 0.86 cm/year for Parakou and 0.76 cm/year at Tchaourou. The analysis of the radial growth showed that a significant percentage of the variance was allotted to the growth model. It follows that a big part of the ring width was predetermined before the intervention of the other factors, in particular the climatic conditions. The percentage of the variance related to the climatic conditions was thus more reduced for the plantations of Tchaourou than those of Parakou. The radial growth was influenced by the conditions of humidity (evapotranspiration, humidity and rain) of February to May on the one hand and those from August to October on the other hand.
Key words: Teak, stem analysis, radial growth, climatic factors, North Benin.
Charturong Chanseetis, Md. Mainul Hasan, Kanyaratt Supaibulwatana and Md. Mahmudul Hasan
Abstract: A greenhouse experiment was conducted at Mahidol University, Thailand from January to May 2009. Macadamia plants were planted in pots with mixed substrate of soil: sand: coconut-coir: rice-husk: charcoal; 3.0: 1.0: 0.5: 1.0, respectively. Micro drip-irrigation system was operated 10:00 to 16:00 h daily with a controller scheduled to pump 12 minutes at 12 intervals. The study showed that application of Enshi tablet (18 tablets/plant/year) in a drip-irrigation system enhances growth of Macadamia compared to the application of Osmocote™ tablet, Modified-enshi and Enshi solution. Significant variation in chlorophyll (a + b) content was observed in Enshi tablet treatment. Soil chemical analyses indicated that the nutrient content in Enshi tablet appeared low compared to other formulations but nutrient removal was considerably brought down by the system, which gives a balance between nutrient removals by crops and addition through fertilizers. Hence, application of Enshi tablet is suggested for Macadamia in a drip-irrigation system.
Key words: Fertilizer formulations, micro drip-irrigation system, greenhouse, Macadamia (Macadamia spp.).
Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology A and Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology B, the monthly professional academic journals, particularly emphasizes new research results in realm of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and veterinary, fisheries, agricultural engineering, food science, agricultural economy and so on. Articles interpreting practical application of up-to-date technology are also welcome.379
★ Database of EBSCO, Massachusetts, USA
★ Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS), USA
★ Cambridge Scientific Abstracts (CSA), USA
★ Summon Serials Solutions, USA
★ Chinese Database of CEPS, American Federal Computer Library Center (OCLC), USA
★ Chinese Scientific Journals Database, VIP Corporation, Chongqing, China
★ Norwegian Social Science Data Services (NSD), Norway
★ Index Copernicus, Poland
★ China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), China
★ Universe Digital Library Sdn Bhd (UDLSB), Malaysia
★ Google Scholar
★ PBN (Polish Scholarly Bibliography)
★ Electronic Journals Library
★ CiteFactor (USA)
★ Scientific Indexing Services
★ INNO SPACE


After years of living in their Fulham Gardens unit with an empty area of dirt to the side of their house, Janet and Ken knew they wanted to create a community garden.
“It was really bare and we thought we could plant some trees and if they’re fruit trees then people living in the complex could share the fruit,” Janet says. “It was so dry and we wanted to make it look presentable.”
Janet and Ken were supported by our community partner UrbanVirons to plant a lemon, apricot and plum tree.
“We said if we bought the trees could we get them planted so the boss from UrbanVirons, Simon, came out and dug the holes for us and helped us plant the trees just before Christmas,” Ken says. “Our neighbour Graham put a sprinkler line in the garden too so all we need to do is put on the timer and some of the garden is watered.”
“We also planted some geraniums and salt bush and a mandarin tree,” Janet says. “We are looking forward to sharing the produce with our neighbours.”


In our continuous effort to innovate and build community, Phoenix Society is developing a community garden on vacant City of Surrey-owned property.
To be leased to the Society, the lot at 13951 100th Ave. is adjacent to Phoenix’s existing Social Innovation Centre. The Society broke ground on the garden on July 21, and the site’s grand opening is anticipated for early this fall. The project will be a mixed-use garden, comprised of 3 large planters, 14 small planters and 5 accessible planters in raised beds. A mix of fruit and nut producing trees will also be planted around the edges of the garden.
CLICK HERE TO WATCH A LIVE VIDEO OF THE EVENT.
A sandbox for children, harvest table and paved flex space is included in the design. Envisioned is a mixed-use garden and a shared community asset; with 50% of plots tended to by Phoenix participants, and the rest will be available to local community members and organizations to help increase food security and enhance access to nutritious fruits and vegetables, with outdoor farming allowing for social distancing. The garden will also host targeted programming for those who are marginalized, including those in recovery, living in poverty, seniors, and unhoused individuals.
The Phoenix Community Garden is seen as a joint collaboration of the Phoenix Society along with Surrey citizens and the City of Surrey. Located on lands adjacent to existing common walking trails in a greenway, the gardens were strategically designed for social inclusion as a widely welcoming community engagement space to facilitate community connection, dialogue and exchange through a variety of activities and events including community meetings, educational classes, farmer’s markets where garden produce would be shared, celebrations of artistic works by local community artisans and musicians, and talks by gardeners and food sustainability leaders.
A Community Garden Advisory Team (CGAT) will be established that will include marginalized individuals from the community to help guide the garden’s programming, which will be tailored toward those who are vulnerable in our community. This CGAT will guide the decision-making and delivery of the garden. “Spending time with others in a safe and supportive environment, being active outdoors and bringing home healthy produce harvested from the garden not only increases food security but strengthens our community and even provides positive mental health outcomes,” said Keir Macdonald, Phoenix Society CEO.
“This project has been years in the making and would not have been possible without our amazing funding and community partners. Thank you for your support, and for helping see this project through to fruition,” Macdonald added.
Phoenix Society would like to acknowledge the support of the City of Surrey, which has committed $100,000 to the Community Garden project.
“Surrey is proud to support this Community Garden project, which promotes and supports a healthy community, while engaging vulnerable groups in our city” said Surrey Mayor Doug McCallum. “Everyone deserves access to fresh and healthy food, and this initiative will support those who need it most, for many years to come. Thank-you to everyone who has been involved in bringing this community garden to life.”
The Envision Financial Community Endowment with the First West Foundation has committed $100,000 to the project over four years to support with ongoing operating funds required to maximize the potential of this public amenity.
“We applaud the work of Phoenix Society and its innovative approach to bringing people together in Surrey,” said Susan Byrom, First West Foundation Executive Director. “We have been passionate about food security programs for more than ten years through our signature cause, The Full Cupboard. The community garden, with its planned partnerships and programs, will increase access to vital food resources, whilst also introducing Phoenix Society’s residents and the citizens of Surrey to the benefits of gardening and growing their own food.”
- Provide fresh produce to Phoenix Society and community participants;
- Help community members learn gardening practices
- Turn a vacant lot into a productive piece of land to increase food security; and
- Provide a place for strengthening relationships in the community.
Phoenix Society Media Contact Amy Reid | [email protected] | 604.726.6107
About the Phoenix Society: Since 1989, Phoenix Society has grown from an idea, to its first programs and is now a multi-faceted, integrated service provider that offers a variety of programs and support services, helping residents and program participants achieve positive outcomes in their lives. A key purpose of the Surrey-based Society is to provide housing and support services for people at multiple entry points on the continuum
— Phoenix Society (@Phoenix_Society) July 21, 2021
Thank you to Councillor Laurie Guerra for joining us on behalf of the City of Surrey today for the Phoenix Community Garden Groundbreaking!
— Phoenix Society (@Phoenix_Society) July 21, 2021


The Exo Terra Plantation Soil is a 100% natural, biodegradable terrarium substrate made from sustainable, ground coconut husk fiber grown on plantations in tropical Asia. The unique hygroscopic properties of this ecological substrate regulate the terrarium's humidity in a natural way and is totally safe for frogs, salamanders and other burrowing or digging animals.
Adequate air humidity levels aid in shedding and help prevent respiratory infections. The Exo Terra Plantation Soil makes an ideal substrate to create natural planted terrarium set-ups for humidity-loving reptiles, amphibians and invertebrates. Its water retention, natural rooting hormones and anti-fungal properties promote plant growth in your terrarium. The unique coir pith used for the Exo Terra Plantation Soil consists of a mixture of short fibres and coco-peat grain sizes ranging from coarse granules to fine clumps resulting in improved soil drainage and healthy plant root aeration.
The improved aeration also promotes the cultivation of healthy waste-reducing organisms keeping your terrarium fresh and clean. Exo Terra Plantation Soil is triple machine washed to remove any residual salt content, then machine dried and heat-treated to reduce bacterial contamination. Exo Terra Plantation Soil can also be used as an incubation medium because of its hygroscopic properties. Exo Terra Coco Husk is absolutely non-toxic, free of chemicals & pesticides and can be safely composted in your garden.
Key Features :
- Ideal for tropical terrarium set-ups
- Controls air humidity levels naturally
- Nutritional substrate for tropical plants
- Very resistant to mold and decay
- Promotes the cultivation of healthy waste-reducing organisms
- Plantation Soil is ground, sieved, triple washed, machine dried and heat-treated
Welcome to the Exotic Wings & Pet Things Reward program!
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Our program currently consists of both points & referrals!
Access your rewards by clicking the blue rewards widget on the bottom right of your screen.
- For every dollar you spend before taxes and shipping, you are rewarded a point!
- Save your points to claim your reward at checkout
- 500 Points = $10.00 off an order over $50.00
- 1000 Points = $20.00 off an order over $100.00
- Sign into your account and share your referral link!
- Located at the bottom of the rewards widget on the bottom right of your screen.
- They get a $5 off discount (For orders over $50.00)
- You get a bonus 25 Points!
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Albers Manure Handling Systems, Inc.
|Stay current with environmental regulations!
For design assistance to meet your needs,
contact ALBERS Manure Handling Systems, Inc.
|The DH manure separator by Albers Manure Handling Systems, Inc.
For efficient manure handling on both small and large dairy operations.
Reduce odors - Recycle Water - All stainless steel construction.
Now receive maximum solids removal with Albers "dual"-stage manure
separators. Combining Albers proven DH separator with Albers "new"
Stage II separator now provides dairymen with very efficient, simple, and cost-effective manure systems that provide maximum solids removal.
|Call Kirk Hartzell, Sales Manager, Manure Handling
Many of the problems associated with the handling and the storage of animal slurry containing a high proportion of the solid material can be overcome by mechanical separation. The products of separation are an easily handled solid and readily pumped liquid. The output of liquid and fiber, together with the dry matter content of both fractions, depends on the dry matter content of the raw slurry delivered to the separator, however, trials carried out have shown that separation provides about 25% solids and 75% liquid from raw dairy manure and about 20% solids and 80% liquid from pig slurry. The liquid and fiber each contain similar quantities of N, P205, and K20 on a per unit weight basis as the unseparated slurry but, since separation yields 2-1/2 to 4 times as much liquid as fiber, most of the plant nutrients are in the liquid. Separation can be used as a first stage in a biological treatment system.
Anaerobic decomposition of solids from animal waste produces methane gas, carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide gas, just to name a few. This produces odor. By separating the solids out, you lower the decomposition process a lot, thus helping reduce odor. By separating, you have taken out some of the N, P, & K that are held up in the solids. Separating lowers the BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand) for the lagoon. With well water introduced into the system through the barn water and from the waterfall action over our separator, this will help the oxygen level in your lagoon. So with good separation and with some aeration or circulation you have created an aerobic lagoon, which helps eliminate odor. Through aerobic action, the level of nitrates and ammonia remain low because aerobic bacteria do not produce ammonia or nitrates. Instead they tie up the nitrogen in their body proteins. We have created a stable liquid with low BOD's by mechanical separation, circulation and using the natural power of oxygen and sunlight.
|A FEW ADVANTAGES OF SEPARATION
Liquid After Separation:
- Is readily pumped and suitable for irrigation equipment
- Your storage facility will not crust over and is a valuable source of plant nutrients.
- Occupies a smaller storage volume, which increases existing storage, capacity.
- May be controlled effectively during application.
- When applied, does not cause smothering of the grass sward or cropping of the soil.
- Can be applied with soil injection equipment without any plugging problems.
- In flush systems can be recycled.
- Prolongs life of new and existing lagoons.
Solids After Separation:
- Are easily stacked and remain stable when stored.
- Most of the time can be composted and give a useful supply of humus.
- In a lot of cases dairymen will use for bedding.
- Can be transported to distant areas and sold to landscape and topsoil people, etc.
- Reduce odor and improve sanitation and appearance, plus neighbor friendly.
- In some cases can help obtain permits for manure disposal and in a manure management plan.
- Can minimize energy cost in waste handling and cost of hauling wastes.
- Helps in the control of flies, rats and other vermin.
- In some uses it will automate your liquid manure handling system.
|ALBERS D-H MANURE SEPARATOR
- Has been on the market and in service for many years
- Very low maintenance
- Low horsepower
- Four sizes to choose from to accommodate both large and small operations
- Four standard screen sizes and two optional screen sizes to accommodate all the different
consistencies of manure and different dairymen's needs and wants.
- In screen sizing the biggest percentage of dairymen want to keep as many solids out of the
lagoon as possible.
- When screen sizing is done the customer should be made aware of the fact that capacity of
the separator will change depending on screen size and percent of open area of the different
sizes of screen.
- Screen sizing is done based on whether the customer has flushed or scraped manure, on his
bedding type and feed ration, and on the customer's needs and expectations.
- We at Albers stress to remove as many solids as possible.
- Some separators on the market only remove 12% to 18% of the total solids.
- Solid removal from reception pit to lagoon can change also, not only on screen size and type
of separator, but also on the total system design and pump sizing.
- Normally speaking, in a freestall operation with manure being scraped with an average
amount of barn water added you'll reduce volume by 23 to 27 percent. This of course means
you will increase your lagoon storage volume by an average of 25%.
- The solids off the separator
- Normally we like to see a product of 65% to 75% moisture.
- The more liquid in the slurry, the dryer the solids.
- The more dry hay feed, the dryer the solids.
- In flushed manure, the cleaner the flush water, the dryer the solids.
- With most separators, the more correct flow to the separator, the dryer the solids.
- If the separator is maintained properly and is cleaned properly, the dryer the solids.
- The more even the consistency of slurry to the separator, the dryer the solids.
- Normally the fresher the manure, the dryer the solids.
Separators on the market today
- As with all equipment, there are advantages and disadvantages.
- Not all separators will work in every dairy operation effectively.
- Albers D·H Manure Separator will work in all dairy applications effectively and efficiently because we size the screen and separator to each application to the customer's needs.
System Design is as important a factor as there is in a manure system
- System design can make a separator system work or not work with most separators.
- System design is an important factor with the Albers Separator by the simplicity of our machine,
which as you can see will make ours work in any dairy operation. System design will add to the
efficiency of our unit and will help reduce operational costs if the system is designed right.
- System design has everything to do with the cost effectiveness of the dairyman's manure system.
- We at Albers Manure Handling Systems, Inc. stress a good system design and we work closely
with the customer, NRCS, EPA or whoever might be involved in a manure management plan for
|Home Page • Locations / Contact


Download full scope here: https://urbanadamah.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/Call-for-Art.pdf
Urban Adamah (Adamah = Earth in Hebrew) is an educational farm and community center in Berkeley that integrates the practices of Jewish tradition, sustainable agriculture, mindfulness and social action to build loving, just and sustainable communities. Urban Adamah (UA) offers a wide range of programs for children, adults, and families, reaching over 10,000 participants annually.
UA has built a new, permanent campus at Harrison and Sixth Street in West Berkeley. The campus includes a variety of growing areas for annual and perennial crops as well as facilities (by end of year these will include an administration building, yurt, teaching kitchen, fellows residence, bathhouse and program tents).


Back in 2007, I wrote about the top foods to avoid commercially because of pesticides, and why you should try to aim for organic for certain foods.
But summer is approaching… which means seasonal fruits and vegetables.
Basically, anything sweet and yummy for humans is also sweet and yummy for bugs and insects. That means a high use of pesticides are required to keep the bugs out.
Conversely, anything with a thick skin and/or foods not so yummy are fairly low in pesticides.
Foodnews.org has a great infographic which you can print and cut out for your wallet the next time you go shopping.
I’m not telling you to go out and pay 10 bucks for a small bucket of blueberries at Whole
It’s all about SMART food choices.
#2 on the “Clean 15” List is arguably become the 2nd worst food (wheat considered #1, Soy #3) to consume because the plant’s new, high-yield version is genetically engineered to be resilient to insects. US & Australian corn crops have been genetically engineered w/ a bacteria that allows the plant to internally produce its own pesticide; no additional chemical surface application necessary. It is so effective at producing pesticides that the FDA lists the new strain as an effective, industrial pesticide not as a food for consumption (there also seems to be quasi-financial gains by the corn farmers for their product to be listed as such).


One more picture taken at the time of construction:
I put in stakes and wrapped it with some light weight fencing. Hopefully, it will keep all the wild rabbits and other critters out of the garden. Here is a picture that I took yesterday, garden sure did grow fast:
Here is a close up of the cucumber and tomato plants:
The crookneck squash already has some baby squash. Oooo, I am getting hungry, sure do like squash.
The largest and strangest plant in our garden is in full bloom right now. I would have to guess just what it is. Maybe it is a whirly gig watch-you-call-it? No? Then you tell me what to call it:
I sure hope if you have a garden that it is doing well, too. Now, eat your vegetables and have a healthy, happy day, you hear?


The equipment is intended for convective drying as the kernel and walnut, hazelnut and other products, which are drying at low temperatures (40-60 degrees). Drying time varies from 1 to 4 hours (depends on the type of product and the desired humidity). The product is fed into the chamber on a trolley with trays. Low power consumption of the system is achieved due to the special design of the heating elements and the availability of recovery systems, total 4.5 kW. The volume of disposable load 180-260 kg.
|Number of trays||26|
|Area of trays,m2||0.7|
|Maximum load the tray|
|of walnuts kernel up to, kg||10|
|of whole hazelnut up to, kg||7|
|Overall dimensions LxWxH, mm||2500х1400х1100|


Helping others to help themselves.
We are very pleased to announce that we were able to raise £210 at this year's Kington Langley Scarecrow Festival! This is the first money given to us for our new project.
The money will go a long way towards helping us to build and equip a garden at the school to teach the children how to farm and become more self-sufficient.
A big THANK YOU to everyone who helped out on the day, including Mr Clown (aka Tony Shepherd, pictured left)!
Webmaster - Dance2Learn.org


Today I went and dug up my garden plot, which is only about 4′ square. It’s not very big, but since I’m out of shape and not very good at growing things, it’s probably a good size. This year, I’ve decided to grow a Boiled Dinner garden. All but one of the vegetables are standard ingredients in Corned Beef and Cabbage- i.e.: Cabbage, Potatoes, and Carrots. I’m also growing some beets because I had a free row to play with.
You can see a basic map of my garden to the right. The carrots and beets are between the first and second line of soaker hose. I planted those from seed today.
The cabbage plants (I bought starters) will go in between the second and third line of soaker hose.
Behind all of that, I’m going to plant the potatoes. I’m using cut seed potatoes, which are drying in the sun right now.
The carrots are a Burpee “Touchon” variety, which they consider an heirloom type. They are supposed to have a 65-day growing season, so we’ll see how that works out. I’m a little worried about frost tonight, but since it’s the end of April, we’ll probably be safe after this. I have to remember to thin them to 3″ spacing in a couple of weeks.
The beets are a “cylindrical” type from New Dimension Seeds, but I don’t have a specific cultivar name. They’re supposed to make roots about 6″ long, which is cool. The growing season should be 60 days, so right about the same as the carrots. I’ll need to thin them to 3″ spacing as well.
I decided to skip the “Golden Bantam” variety of sweet corn this year even though it was actually developed in Greenfield. I need to get my watering skills more developed before I try that.
I’m not sure what kind of cabbage I got, but they are certified organic starts from Atlas Farm down the road from me. They should be ready in 55 to 100 days. I’ll have to thin them to 18″ spacing eventually, so I’ll probably only get three or four heads.
I forgot what kind of potatoes I got. I bought four seed potatoes at the Farmers’ Coop on High Street, but I didn’t write down the type. They might have been “Red Pontiac” or “Kennebec”, but I can’t remember. Like the cabbage, I’ll have to thin them, so I doubt that I’ll get more than two or three plants worth of potatoes.
In other words, I’ll get two or three “Boiled Dinners” out of my garden if I do everything right. Let’s see how I do.


Are the chemicals used to grow conventional bananas worth worrying about? Most people doubt it. After all, you peel the fruit. Unfortunately, the chemicals used to produce conventional bananas aren’t just on the outside. The chemical residues sink into the soil. And from there, they find their way into the fruit of the banana. So even if you peel your banana, it doesn’t prevent you from ingesting those chemicals. Choosing an organic banana is not only choosing for a sustainable and residue-free banana, but also an ecologically responsible banana.
At Fresh Fruit, we grow our organic bananas in soil that is certified to be free from chemical residues. And it makes them a far better choice of banana for you, your family and friends to enjoy. And since our Fresh Fruit organic bananas also have several social certifications, you can be sure they’re also grown in a socially responsible manner.


Sivi pinotThe wine is crystalline with a straw yellow colour and coppery shades. It has a pleasant fruity nose with a hint of green apple and a touch of floral scents. Its fruitiness is preserved in the mouth. Its minerality is expressed in a long fresh finish. It's a perfect match for rich pasta dishes, as well as for vegetable dishes.
FromenteauPinot Gris was already known in the Middle Ages in the Burgundy region ( France), probably under the name of Fromenteau. From there it spread to Switzerland; in 1300 it reached Hungary (vineyards over Lake Balaton were planted by Cistercian monks, that is why in Hungary Pinot Gris is called szűrkebarát - "grey monk"). At the end of the 16th century it got the name Rulander after the wine merchant J. S. Ruland from Speyer (Germany),who brought the grapevine from France to Pfalz region in 1711.
RuelaenderPinot Gris, or Ruelaender is a white grape variety and is a bud mutation of Pinot Noir (Blue Burgundy).The vine requires deep and fertile soil. It is relatively resistant to different vine diseases and to frost. Since this tiny vine develops tiny grapes, it needs pruning with the high cordon system. it ripens in late mid season.
Monday to Thursday: open by prior arrangement for groups
Friday: 19.00h - 23.00h
Saturday: 12.30h - 15.00h and 19.00h - 23.00h
Sunday: 12.30h - 16.00h
Reservations are obligatory.


Three investment themes for 2023
It’s that time of year when everyone reaches for their crystal balls to predict what sectors could...
The world is not on track to achieve Zero Hunger by 2030. After decades of steady decline, the number of people who were going hungry began to slowly increase again in 2014*. Just prior to the pandemic, the number had risen to 650 million globally – a number that, due to disruptions in food supply chains, income losses and widening social inequalities rose to between 720 and 811 million in 2020*. In addition, 2.37 billion people, or one in three of the global population, were affected by moderate or severe food insecurity the same year*. Simply put, urgent short-term actions are needed to avert rising hunger and a transformation of food systems is required to achieve a healthy and sustainable food future for all.
“If we can conquer space, we can conquer childhood hunger.” — Buzz Aldrin, astronaut
The aim of the UN’s Sustainable Development Goal 2 is to end hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture. The related eight targets to UN SDG 2 aim to end all forms of malnutrition, with a particular focus on stunting, childhood wasting and the nutritional needs of adolescent girls, pregnant and lactating women, and older persons.
Food and agriculture have long been the heart of civilisation. Yet, agriculture faces multiple challenges: a growing world population, a smaller rural labour force, soil degradation, climate change and water scarcity to name a few.
“One of the biggest challenges that the world must address, is how to (sustainably) increase food production in order to meet the needs of a global population of 10 billion by 2050,” said Thomas Pratchett, investment specialist of the Baillie Gifford Japan Trust.
A growing population puts pressure on our food systems, but achieving food security goes beyond the eradication of hunger. Increasing agricultural productivity and sustainable food production are crucial to help alleviate hunger. In addition, many of the world’s hungry produce food for themselves. Strengthening the ability of small farmers is critical to reversing the trend in rising hunger and reducing the number of people living in extreme poverty.
Technological advancements have occurred in every industry across the world and agriculture is no exception. Nowadays, technology is significantly helping growers and farmers in several ways, including precise forecasting, data-driven decision making, and more.
Tom Walker, manager of Schroder Digital Infrastructure fund, told me how every element of the digitisation of the food industry will place more demand on digital infrastructure. For example, “Digital infrastructure is enabling the collection of data, which in turn optimises crop yields and helps to reduce hunger. This will have a radical effect on factory production and distribution,” he said.
“Drones can also give farmers information as to which parts of fields might need water or fertiliser, optimising efficiency, while data is being used to automate processes and reduce costs, all the time ensuring fresh food quality is maintained.”
Undoubtedly, technology is significantly altering the way we live and work. The adoption of various technologies in agriculture has brought several disruptions in the industry.
To accomplish these goals, investment into agricultural and sustainable food production needs to be achieved. In 2018, the World Government Summit launched a report called Agriculture 4.0 – The Future Of Farming Technology, in collaboration with Oliver Wyman, looking at the impact that advanced technologies, particularly artificial intelligence, will have on planning and farming operations.
Chris Ford, manager of Sanlam Artificial Intelligence, told us recently about John Deere which is transforming to a Smart Industrial Company. The new systems cover solutions from post-harvest up to the next harvest by unlocking the economic and ecological benefits and eliminating waste and inefficiencies. According to Deere & Co, “Farmers around the world are faced by major challenges in terms of conservation of resources, profitability and environmental protection. Digitalisation is an important enabler to solve these challenges.”
Learn more: Investing in agriculture
Zero hunger recognises the links between supporting sustainable agriculture, empowering small farmers, promoting gender equality (SDG 5), ending rural poverty (SDG 1), ensuring healthy lifestyles (SDG 3), tackling climate change (SDG 13), and other issues. According to Schroders, agriculture and water (SDG 6) go hand in hand. Agriculture uses 65%** of the world’s fresh water, but almost half of it is currently wasted. So, making our food and water systems sustainable requires a holistic approach.
*Source: UN Sustainable Development Goals, 2021 Report
**Source: Schroders: Why agriculture holds the key to tackling water waste, 21 March 2022


Plattsmouth Garden Club
Welcome to the Plattsmouth Garden Club
Come Grow with Us
If you love the smell and feeling of warm earth in your hands; if you love to nurture plants, reap their bounty and immerse yourself in their beauty; if you love the opportunity to participate in community outreach, fellowship, education and travel, we invite you to join us.
We are an eclectic group who all love to garden. We are young gardeners and we are older then young gardeners. We have members who are involved in every aspect of the club and we have members who may only attend a meeting or two. Your degree of participation is in your hands. The glue that holds us all together is the gardening experience.
The Plattsmouth Garden Club recognizes the impact you have in the garden, in the community and beyond.
This club is organized exclusively for educational, charitable and scientific purposes. The purpose of the club shall be to promote gardening and beautification projects within the city of Plattsmouth and surrounding areas, and foster programs that promote further growth and vitality of the organization.


For over 55 years at Blue Grass Chemical Specialties, we have continually expanded our product knowledge and catalog. One product we are particular excited about because of its versatility across multiple industries is Zinc Nitrate, Zn(NO₃)₂.
Diverse Applications of Zinc Nitrate
Agriculture: Enhancing Crop Health and Yield
Zinc nitrate stands out in the agricultural sector for its role in promoting healthier and more robust crops. Regular application of zinc nitrate can lead to:
Increased crop resilience against diseases and adverse weather conditions.
Enhanced nutritional quality of the produce, particularly in zinc-enriched crops.
Improved overall yield, particularly in zinc-deficient regions, making it an essential tool for sustainable agriculture.
Pharmaceutical and Cosmetics Industry: A Key Component in Health and Wellness
In pharmaceuticals and cosmetics, zinc nitrate’s antiseptic and astringent properties are highly valued. It is used in:
Wound healing products: Zinc nitrate promotes cell regeneration and tissue repair.
Skin care products: It is effective in treating acne and other skin conditions due to its anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties.
Dental care products: Zinc is used in mouthwashes and toothpastes for its ability to reduce dental plaque and gingivitis.
Chemical Synthesis: A Versatile Reactant
Zinc nitrate is a vital reactant in chemical synthesis, offering:
Production of various zinc salts: It serves as a precursor for synthesizing other zinc compounds.
Organic synthesis: Zinc nitrate is used as a catalyst in the synthesis of numerous organic compounds, contributing to the production of dyes, pharmaceuticals, and agrochemicals.
Laboratory applications: It is a common reagent in analytical chemistry, used in qualitative and quantitative analyses.
Ceramics and Glass Industry: Improving Quality and Functionality
In ceramics and glass manufacturing, zinc nitrate plays a pivotal role by:
Enhancing the thermal and mechanical properties of ceramic materials, leading to high-strength and high-durability ceramics.
Acting as a flux in glass production, improving the optical properties and stability of glass products.
Contributing to specialized glass production, such as radiation-shielding glass and glass ceramics.
Textile Industry: A Catalyst for Innovation
In the textile industry, zinc nitrate finds application in:
Fabric treatment processes, where it helps in improving dye uptake, resulting in brighter and more durable colors.
Production of flame-retardant fabrics, enhancing safety and durability.
Anti-microbial treatments, making fabrics more hygienic and suitable for sensitive applications like medical textiles.
Environmental Applications: Aiding in Pollution Control
Zinc nitrate is also instrumental in environmental applications, such as:
Water treatment: It is used in purification processes to remove impurities and harmful substances from water.
Soil remediation: It helps in stabilizing heavy metals in contaminated soils, reducing environmental risks.
The Blue Grass Advantage: Quality, Timeliness, and Expertise
At Blue Grass Chemical Specialties, we understand that the reliability of a product goes beyond its immediate application. Our longstanding experience in producing zinc nitrate has equipped us with a deep understanding of its nuances, allowing us to produce it with a high level of purity and consistency.
Customized Solutions: Meeting Specific Needs
Our production process is not a one-size-fits-all. We cater to the unique specifications of our clients, ensuring that the zinc nitrate we produce meets their specific requirements in terms of concentration, purity, and form.
Zinc nitrate's versatility and our expertise in its production make Blue Grass Chemical Specialties a go-to partner for industries seeking high-quality, reliable chemical products. With our deep-rooted experience and commitment to excellence, we stand ready to meet the diverse needs of our clients, contributing significantly to their success.
For more information or to discuss how we can meet your specific requirements, click here to contact us.


Homemade Fertilizers for Curry Leaf Plant (Kadipatta) and Organic Fertilizers For Curry Leaf Plant
Hello gardeners, today we are back with a new topic called homemade fertilizers for curry leaf plant and organic fertilizers for growing curry leaf plant. Do you want to know the homemade and organic fertilizers for the curry leaf plant? Well, follow this complete article for knowing all the different types of homemade and organic fertilizers used for growing curry leaf plants. In this article, we also discuss the application of homemade and organic fertilizers for curry leaf plants.
Introduction to Homemade Fertilizers for Curry Leaf Plant and Organic Fertilizers
There are three different varieties or types of Curry leaf plants they are regular, dwarf, and gamthi. The regular variety is easily characterized by its fast growth. It grows very tall and fast and it is widely available in all grocery stores or shops. The dwarf variety has very long leaves than the regular variety, but, it is very shorter. The gamthi variety is well known to be the most fragrant variety. It grows very slowly and has smaller leaves than the other two varieties.
A Step By Step Guide for Homemade Fertilizers for Curry Leaf Plant (Kadipatta) and Organic Fertilizers for Curry Leaf Plants
We can use many different fertilizers for growing curry leaf plants well and survive. We can even use chemical fertilizers but homemade fertilizers are organic and are very natural. By using homemade fertilizers we will have many benefits or advantages.
Advantages or Benefits of Using Homemade Fertilizers for Curry Leaf Plant and Organic Fertilizers
- Using homemade fertilizers for curry leaf plant will improve soil texture
- Homemade fertilizers for curry leaf plant are very safe to use
- Homemade fertilizers for curry leaf plant may reduce pests and diseases
- Homemade fertilizers for curry leaf plant are very easy to apply
- They are very safe for your hands
- Plant damage threat is avoided by using homemade and organic fertilizers
Tips on Using Homemade Fertilizers for Curry Leaf Plant
- Don’t over-fertilize young plants. If you want to add fertilizers apply them to the rim of the pot.
- Once established, you’ll apply a liquid seaweed fertilizer every 3 weeks for leafy growth. Diluted curd or buttermilk is a superb home fertilizer for the curry leaf plant.
- For the simplest result, you ought to balance between solid (or granular) fertilizer and liquid fertilizers. Don’t overdo it. It’s okay to underfeed the plant than over-fertilizing it.
- Stop fertilizing a few months before the plant must be moved inside for the winter.
- Apply fertilizers only during the season when the plant is outdoors. During the winter months, while indoors, the Curry leaf plant doesn’t need fertilization.
- Apply foliar sprays on cool, cloudy days. Scorching sun can easily burn the leaves soaked by the foliar spray.
- Do not apply fish fertilizer when the curry leaf plant is indoors. It’ll smell up the whole house.
- Water the curry leaf plant regularly, but let the soil dry out slightly before applying this fertilizer. A thirsty soil will take in the nutrients faster than water-saturated soil.
- Keep your pets far away from the curry leaf plant for a couple of days after applying fertilizers. a number of the fertilizers have the heavy smell of fish, bone, and eggs. Your pet may get curious and begin to dig the soil.
- Curry leaf plants are often infested with Scales, Aphids, and ants. Use Neem Oil Insecticide which may also help in fighting black spots on the leaves.
Best Homemade Fertilizers for Curry Leaf Plant
Curry Leaf Plant growing in-ground will not require a lot of fertilizers. It gets most of the nutrients and minerals from the soil directly. When growing in a container, the nutrients and minerals from potting soil will wash away with regular watering. That is why you need to follow a fertilizer schedule to make your curry leaf plant very healthier, bushier, and grow faster.
This is one of the best natural homemade fertilizers for curry leaf plant at home. Diluted curd or buttermilk is a very excellent home fertilizer for the curry leaf plant. You need to allow the soil to dry completely before watering the plant. In winter, the plant becomes very dormant, so apply less water during the time. Buttermilk is very high in Nitrogen, which the curry leaf plant needs. Buttermilk makes the soil acidic, which the curry leaf plant loves very much. Buttermilk even contains high probiotic bacteria, which not only increases the plant soil’s microbe level but also helps the curry leaf plant to fight against fungal infections like black spots and powdery mildew.
Application of buttermilk to curry leaf plant
Step 1) let the soil of the container dry out a little before the buttermilk application on the soil.
Step 2) Mix nearly 2 tablespoons of sour yogurt or curd into 1 gallon of water.
Step 3) you need to pour the mixture at the base of the curry leaf plant.
Step 4) Apply it weekly.
This is one of the best natural homemade fertilizers for curry leaf plant at home. The crushed eggshell will provide Calcium- one of the very important and critical nutrients for the plant’s well-being. Calcium will promote vigorous growth as well as green foliage and a robust root system. No wonder eggshells are one of the best homemade fertilizers for your curry leaf plants.
Application of eggshells to curry leaf plant
Step 1) Save 2 to 3 eggshells in a Zip lock bag.
Step 2) Crush the eggshells. Sprinkle the eggshells on the surface of the soil of the curry leaf plant.
Step 3) Mix the top 1inch to 2inches of soil very carefully, making sure not to damage the roots of the plant
Step 4) it can be applied every 2 to 3 weeks.
- Rice water
This is natural and one of the best natural homemade fertilizers for curry leaf plant at home. After you wash your rice the water that is left back contains starches and even minerals. The minerals contain trace macronutrients of NPK means nitrogen, phosphorus, and even potassium that helps your plants grow. It is believed that the unpolished rice contains a very high level of Vitamin B, which may stimulate new root growth of the plant.
Application of rice water to curry leaf plant
Step 1) when washing white or brown rice for cooking, save the water for your plant.
Step 2) you need to pour the water at the base of the curry leaf plant.
Step 3) you can apply rice water instead of regular watering to the plant.
In case if you miss this: Growing Papaya In Polyhouse.
Best Organic Fertilizers for Curry Leaf Plant
Homemade fertilizers are a very good option for the curry leaf plant, but they are not enough by themselves. You should apply at least one of the liquid fertilizers (for a very quick drink of nutrients) and one of the granular or solid fertilizers (for long-term feeding of the plant) from the list below for ideal and optimum growth of the curry leaf plant.
- Seaweed Fertilizer
Seaweed is a plant-based, high organic fertilizer option for vegetarian or vegan growers who do not want to apply any animal-based fertilizers to their curry leaf plants they can use this.
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Once the plant is established, you can apply a liquid seaweed fertilizer every 3 weeks for leafy growth. Diluted curd or buttermilk is a very excellent home fertilizer for the curry leaf plant. You need to allow the soil to dry completely before watering the plant. Not only that, but they are also valuable as a growth stimulant because of the presence of multiple growth hormones in them. These fertilizers are even available in liquid as well as powder forms.
Application of seaweed fertilizer to curry leaf plant
Step 1) Follow the right direction on the product label.
Step 2) if no clear direction is provided on the label; then mix 2 tablespoons of the product with 1 gallon of water.
Step 3) Pour the mixture at the base of the curry leaf plant.
Step 4) it can be used as a foliar application or spray on the top and bottom of the curry leaves.
Step 5) Apply it every other week and skip when any additional fertilizer is applied in the last 4-6 days.
- Cow Manure
Cow manure also helps to improve the soil structure and texture. It makes the compact and very heavy clay soil loose for easier root penetration. Plus, it even helps in retaining the water in the potting soil. Make sure that the cow manure is properly ‘baked’ or dehydrated and otherwise it can burn the curry leaf plant.
Application of cow manure to curry leaf plant
Step 1) Add a trowel full of manure to the potting soil that means for 14inches diameter pot and add proportionately more for a larger pot.
Step 2) Mix the top layer of soil very gently, without damaging the roots of the plant.
Step 3) Water them thoroughly. It can be easily reapplied mid-season.
Steps 4) should not apply to a curry leaf plant that is less than 1 year old and it can burn the plant.
- Blood Meal
Blood meal has nearly about 10 to 12% of Nitrogen, which helps curry leaf plants grow more leaves. A blood meal takes a few weeks to break down easily. So, it is best to supplement it with liquid fertilizers to provide the plant both long-term nourishment and quickly accessible nutrients for the ideal and optimum growth of the curry leaf plant.
Application of blood meal to curry leaf plant
Step 1) in early spring, you need to add 1 tablespoon of blood meal to the potting soil that means for a 14inches diameter pot; add proportionately more for a very large pot.
Step 2) Mix the top layer of soil very gently, without damaging the roots of the plant.
Step 3) Water them thoroughly.
- Fish Emulsion
Fish emulsion is an organic and liquid fertilizer that has a very high Nitrogen value but also contains some amount of Phosphorus and even Potassium. Most of the fish emulsion fertilizers like Alaska Fish fertilizer have a high nutrition value of 5-1-1. Fish fertilizers also contain many trace minerals that are very beneficial to most of the plants in any garden. Liquid fertilizers like the Fish emulsion are readily and easily available for the plants to be absorbed and thus provide quicker results than granular fertilizers.
Application of fish emulsion to curry leaf plant
Step 1) Follow the application direction on the product label.
Step 2) if no clear direction is provided on the label and then mix 2 tablespoons of the product with 1 gallon of water.
Step 3) Pour the mixture at the base of the curry leaf plant.
Step 4) it can be easily used as a foliar application -Spray on the top and bottom of the curry leaves.
Step 5) Make sure to apply outside as the Fish products smell very bad.
Step 6) Apply every other week and then skip when any additional fertilizer is applied in the last 4-6 days.
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Additional Nutrients for Curry Leaf Plant
Gypsum is a very excellent source of Calcium, another very important nutrient that is essential for the overall growth and development of the curry leaf plant. It aids in the root system and leaf development.
Application of gypsum to curry leaf plant
Step 1) Follow the product direction on the label.
Step 2) Spread Gypsum on top of the potting soil in the pot.
Step 3) Mix the top layer of soil very gently, without damaging the roots of the plant. Water them thoroughly.
Step 4) Apply it for every other month. You should not overlap the application with the Iron application.
- Chelated Iron
Chelated Iron is an altered form of Iron that is very easier for the plants to absorb and digest. You will know if your curry leaf plant needs Iron if the leaves of the plant turn very yellow, but the veins of the leaves will stay green. One of the main reasons for Iron deficiency is the higher pH level of the soil. Curry leaf plant loves more acidic soil, so maintain the soil pH should be between 6.4 to 6.9 which is acidic.
Application of chelated iron to curry leaf plant
Step 1) Follow the product label in the right direction.
Step 2) It can be applied as soil saturation or even as a foliar spray.
Step 3) Apply for every three months if also feeding the buttermilk solution or apply for every two months until early fall.
- Epsom salt
Epsom salt is a household and common name for ‘Magnesium Sulphate.’ It contains both Magnesium and sulphur. Though by itself, Epsom salt is not a fertilizer, it provides very essential nutrients to enhance the effect of fertilizers. Epsom salt helps plants to increase chlorophyll production and even helps restore the green colour of the leaves.
Application of Epsom salt to curry leaf plant
Step 1) Dissolve nearly 2 Tablespoons of Epsom salt per 1 gallon of water.
Step 2) Pour the mixture very gently at the base of the curry leaf plant.
Step 3) can also be applied as a foliar spray or soak the leaves by spraying the solution directly on the leaves.
Step 4) Apply it monthly until early fall.
Commonly Asked Questions about Fertilizing Curry Leaf Plant
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Is spoiled milk good for curry leaf plants?
Any type of milk, including fresh, expired, evaporated, and even powdered, can be used for a plant as long as it’s diluted properly. Mix the milk with water in a 50-50 ratio and then pour it into a spray bottle. Watering down the milk is very essential to ensure it benefits plants, rather than destroying those plants.
How can I make curry leaves grow very faster?
Dissolve nearly about 1 teaspoon of Epsom salt that means magnesium sulphate in 1-liter water and then feed to the curry leaf plant when it is dry. Give Epsom salt every 3 months. Your curry leaf plant will grow very faster and very well. The plant will grow green leaves throughout the spring, summer, and even fall.
Can I water curry leaf plants with tea?
Brew yourself a pot of tea with nearly 1 or 2 tea bags. Let it sit overnight so that it cools (you should not pour boiling water onto your plans) the next day water your curry leaf plants with the tea.


Protofanousi handles production and distribution of approximately 1,000 tons of plums per year, a volume that places it among the major plum marketers in the country.
The production comes from Imathia, Pella and Pieria and is fully certified by GlobalGAP Continuous monitoring of the plum orchards and harvesting at the appropriate stage of ripeness, combined with providing proper care for late varieties, helps maintain consistently high fruit quality.
Immediately after harvesting, fruits are transported in private trucks to the company’s main facilities in Thessaloniki, where, the following morning, they are sorted and packed for the buyer or for long-term storage.
The company distributes many varieties of plums – Black Star, Black Amber, Black Diamond, Black Friar, T.C. Sun, Angeleno, October Sun, Autumn Giant – of which Angeleno and to a lesser extent October Sun and T.C. Sun exhibit desirable characteristics for long-term storage in coolers.
Protofanousis’s main export markets for plums are Egypt, the UK and the Netherlands.
Protofanousi plums are packed as follows:
|Description||Net Weight||Dimensions||Cases/Pallet 100x120cm|
|Carton with 6kg (loose)||6 kg||40 x 30 x 12||150|
|Carton with 6kg (two layers)||6 kg||40 x 30 x 12||150|
|10x1kg carton||10 x 1 kg||60 x 40 x 13||75|
|Carton with 6kg (one layer)||6 kg||60 x 40 x 9||150|
Plums should be stored in the fridge, where they will keep7-10 days, and should be washed before eating. It is best to bring them to room temperature before consumption, so that they can attain their full flavor.


A cotton farmer outside Lubbock, Texas named Greg Bishop got diagnosed with leukemia back in September. And he's been too sick to harvest his crops.
So on Monday, a bunch of other farmers brought in their equipment and did it for him.
Aaron Hendricks, the General Manager of Floydada Co-Op Gins, has known Bishop for about 25 years and says he's a respected member of the community.
"He would not have asked anyone for help, but he would have been the first one out if somebody else was sick," Hendricks said.
Hendricks told CNN that about 80 or 90 people came to help with Bishop's harvest. He didn't have an exact count, but says a local chemical business brought in 75 hamburgers to feed everyone and ended up running out.
Photo by Getty Images


Atrazine: 2-chloroethylaminoisopropylamino-s-triazine. CHEMICAL FAMILY : Triazine Herbicide. EPA REG. NO.: MSDS. MSDS No. FMC/ATRA/1. SECTION 1 IDENTIFICATION OF THE MATERIAL AND SUPPLIER. Product Name: FMC Atrazine WG Herbicide. Other Names. Product Name: Drexel Atrazine 4L. EPA Reg No.: CAS NO: Formula: C8H14ClN5. Company: Drexel Chemical Company.
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Keep in mind these sheets do change and we are not able to keep the most up to date posted all the time. Do not exceed the recommended rate and avoid spray overlap as severe crop damage may occur. Apply in to litres of water per hectare when the crop has 2 true leaves but is not more than 6cm high. Flexibility Keystone LA can be applied from early preplant to early postemergence and fits conventional, reduced-till and no-till corn production systems.
Always wash thoroughly after handling. Flowable Atrazine may cause initial crop suppression but the crop normally recovers and yield is not affected.
Residual herbicide for the control of certain broadleaf weeds in maize, sweetcorn, linseed and established…. Ethylene glycol has been shown to produce dose-related tertogenic effects in rats and mice. Wash clothing before msxs.
Induce vomiting immediately by giving two glasses of water and sticking finger down throat. Apply in to litres water per hectare with a recommended grass herbicide agrazine the appropriate rate.
Check out these related products. Do not store food, beverages, or tobacco products in the storage area.
MSDS & Labels | Helena Agri-Enterprises, LLC
The higher rate of Flowable Atrazine should only be used where seedling storksbill is a dominant weed. Wash the spill area with water containing a strong detergent, absorb with cat litter or other absorbent material, sweep-up, and place in a sealed, labeled container.
Evacuate nonessential personnel from the area to prevent exposure to fire, smoke, fumes, or products of combustion. Keystone LA can be applied from atraine preplant to early postemergence and fits conventional, reduced-till and no-till corn production systems. Moisture in the soil surface is essential for good results.
Animal studies atrazinee an incidence of mammary tumors in rats, and signs of cariotoxicity in dogs and mice. Other products Looking for similar or complementary products?
Contact lenses should not be worn. If breathing is difficult, give oxygen. Apply as a directed band spray or as an overall spray. Lucerne Application rate per wetted hectare Notes 1.
Allow a few days after grazing for weed growth to freshen before spraying. Application rate per wetted hectare Notes For broadleaf weeds use 1. A mixture of this rate with 2.
Flowable Atrazine – Nufarm New Zealand
If a large amount has been ingested and emesis has been inadequate, lavage stomach. Because residues resulting from the use of Flowable Atrazine can adversely affect certain susceptible crops such as tomatoes, cucurbits, brassicas, lettuce, beetroot and beans, do NOT plant crops other than maize and sweetcorn after applying Flowable Atrazine unless the area has been ploughed and cross-cultivated thoroughly and it is certain that there are no residues remaining — this can be confirmed by use of an indicator crop, e.
Nu-Trazine DF Residual herbicide for the control of certain broadleaf weeds in maize, sweetcorn, linseed and established… Show more.
It is important that weeds are actively growing in moist soil and not more than 2cm in height. This product delivers effective weed control against the following: Flush skin with water. Residual herbicide for the control of certain broadleaf weeds and seedling grasses in maize, sweetcorn, linseed and established lucerne.
Application may safely be made at any growth stage of the crop. Apply as an early post-emergence spray within 7 days of sowing. Rinse the spill area with water to remove any residue.
Do not allow wash or rinse water to contaminate water supplies. Dispose of product containers, waste containers, and residues in accordance with Federal, State, and local regulations.
Keep material out of sewers and water sources. Do not touch spilled material.
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