- Anthocyanins, one of the important classes of flavonoids are important pigmented compounds in plants which play protective role under different stress conditions.
- Pigmentation is the oldest trait employed for studies in genetics.
- Sir Gregor John Mendel, the founder of modern genetics, studied inheritance of flower and seed color in pea. Mendel’s work on flower color in peas was the initiative to study the genetics of anthocyanin synthesis.
- Barbara Mc Clintock, the discoverer of transposable elements and epigenetic gene regulation, used pigmentation pattern of maize kernels as marker in her research.
- Before the structures of anthocyanins and flavonoids were determined, the color changes were observed with respect to genetic loci. Before the elucidation of the structures, the particular structural alterations of anthocyanins were correlated with single genes in the presence or absence of particular flavonoid.
- Mutations in the anthocyanin genes are easily identified because they have no harmful effect on plant growth and development. More recently, genes involved in the biosynthesis of anthocyanin pigments have been isolated and characterized by using recombinant DNA technologies.
- For elucidating the anthocyanin biosynthetic biosynthetic pathway, two species are particularly studied Maize and Petunia.
- In this context, we are going to describe the genes controlling biosynthesis in Zea mays and Petunia hybrida. The biosynthetic pathways of both the plant species have some major common reactions, but there are some differences regarding the types of anthocyanins produced by each of the above two species.
- Maize can't produce delphinidin whereas Petunia is incapable of producing pelargonidin pigments.
- Genetic engineering of a secondary metabolic pathway aims to either increase or decrease the quantity of a certain compounds or a group of compounds. To increase the production of a group of compounds, two general approaches have been followed.
1. Firstly methods have been employed to change the expression of one or few genes, thereby overcoming specific rate limiting steps in the pathway to shut down competitive pathways and to decrease the catabolism of the product of interest.
2. Secondly attempts have been made to change the expression of regulatory genes that control multiple biosynthesis genes. Flavonoid and anthocyanin biosynthesis was the first target for genetic engineering, as the biosynthetic pathway was well known and the results could easily be observed by changes in flower colour.
- In the past few years several secondary metabolism genes has been over-expressed in the original plant or in other plant species.
- In some cases, over-expression resulted in an improved production of the desired production of the desired products, whereas in other cases only an increase in the level of the direct product of the over-expressed enzyme was achieved.
- The below table shows increased product accumulation due to gene expression of some of the enzymes involved in the metabolic pathway of the plants.
Maize Anthocyanin Pathway
- The anthocyanins generally accumulate in the vacuoles of the aleurone cells late during development of the kernel after abscisic acid; a plant hormone activates the biosynthetic pathway.
- The production of anthocyanin pigments in the aleurone layer of maize endosperm requires the products of both structural and regulatory genes.
- The anthocyanin pathway of maize includes eight known enzymatic genes(a1,a2,bz1,bz2,c2,chi, pr and whp) that catalyze the biosynthesis or transport of anthocyanin and five regulatory genes(b, cl ,pl, r and vp1) that govern the tissue-specific expression of anthocyanin synthesis.
- The over-expression of the maize transcriptions factors C1 and R in combination with the chalcone synthase gene resulted in activation of anthocyanin biosynthesis in rice, causing an increased resistance to fungi.
- The anthocyanin color in the aleurone layer of the endosperm requires dominant alleles at eight loci a1, a2, c1, c2, r, bz1, bz2, vp and r. The regulatory c1 locus is required for the synthesis of anthocyanins in the aleurone and scutellar tissues of maize kernels.
- The mutants can effect embryo and endosperm development (defective kernel, dek, mutants), endosperm development (defective endosperm, mutants) and embryo development (embryo specific, emb, mutants). These mutants affect embryo development at many different times and in different ways.
- The mutants affecting endosperm have also been shown to differentially affect development in other tissues. The genes C, C2, R, A, A2, Bz, Bz2 and Pr are required for the formation of purple anthocyanin in the aleurone tissue of maize, and the recessive gene(s) results in non-purple (red, bronze and colorless).
Transport of Anthocyanins in Zea mays
- In Zea mays, anthocyanins are synthesized in the cytoplasm and they are transported in the vacuole by Multidrug Resistance Transporter (MRP).
- There are two genes namely ZmMrp3 and ZmMrp4 involved in the expression of them in the pigmented aleurones of the maize kernels.
- Phytic acid is the major source of the phosphate content in maize kernels. Phytic acid generally accumulates in the scutellum as a mixture of phytae salts of several cations such as potassium, iron, zinc etc). The phytase enzyme results in degredation of the phytic acid during the seed germination.
- A novel gene ZmMrp4 coding multidrug resistance-associated protein is mainly responsible for lpa1 (low phytic acid) mutation. Lesions in the ZmMrp4 cause lpa1 mutations in maize.
- The mutation caused by this gene leads to the higher level of accumulation of anthocyanins. Depending on the pH of the surrounding where anthocyanins accumulate, their color varies. This lpa1 mutant may be responsible for the color variation of the maize kernels.
Maize genes studied by Barbara Mc Clintock
C’- Dominant allele on the short arm of chromosome 9 that prevents color from being expressed in the aleurone layer of maize kernels, causing a so called “colorless” phenotype (which is actually white or yellow in color). This is also known as inhibitor allele.
C- Recessive allele on the short arm of chromosome 9 that leads to color development.
Bz- Dominant allele on the short arm of chromosome 9 that leads to purple phenotype.
bz- Recessive allele on the short arm of chromosome 9 that leads to dark brown phenotype.
Genes involved in Maize anthocyanin pathway and their role
- Chalcone Synthase(CHS)- Two genes encode the chalcone synthase activity in Maize anthocyanin pathway. colorless2 (c2), is involved in the anthocyanin biosynthesis in seed and white pollen 1(whp1) controls CHS activity in pollen.
- Chalcone Isomerase (CHI) – (chi) encodes the enzyme chalcone isomerase in Maize. Expression of this gene is seen in light grown seedlings (pigmented) and pigmented pericarps but not expressed in unpigmented pericarps.
- Flavanone-3-hydroxylase (F3H) – In Maize, this enzyme is encoded by the gene (fht1). F3H expression directly correlates with the pigmentation levels in kernels and flavonol level in anthers.
- Flavonoid-3’-hydroxylase (F3’H) - This enzyme is encoded by the maize red aleurone1 (pr1) gene. Red Aleurone1 (pr1) describes the kernel color associated with the recessive phenotype phenotype and identifies a specific structure of the seed involved in its expression, the aleurone. This structural gene encoded for the protein flavonoid 3- hydroxylase, an enzyme that is responsible for the production of cyanidin-glucoside, the purple pigment produced in the anthocyanin pathway. The color of the aleurone pr plants is purple due to the accumulation of mostly cyanidin glucoside whereas aleurone of (pr) plants is red due to accumulation of mostly pelargonidin glucoside.
- Dihydroflavonol-4-reductase (DFR) – (a1) gene encodes the DFR enzyme in maize. Mutations at the a1 gene of maize leads to the production of colorless aleurone layer.
- Anthocyanidin synthase (ANS) – (a2) gene controls the enzymatic conversion of leucoanthocyanidins to anthocyanidins. Mutation of the (a2) gene blocks thee enzymatic conversion of leucoanthocyanidins to anthocyanidins. The (a2) genes codes for a protein that shares sequence similarity to the family of 2-oxo-glutarate-dependent-oxygenases like F3H.
- UDP-Glucose Flavonoid-3-Glucosyl transferase (UFGT) - The maize (bz1) gene encodes the activity of this enzyme.
- Glutathione-S-transferase (GST) - In Maize (bz2) gene encodes the activity of this enzyme. Recessive mutations of the bronze (bz2) gene of maize results in bronze pigmentation of the aleurone layer and modify purple plant color to reddish brown. Maize anthocyanin accumulates within the vacuole in the presence of (bz2) gene. Lack of this gene leads to the accumulation of anthocyanins in the cytosol.
Gene Gene product
c2 chalcone synthase
chi1 chalcone isomerase
pr1 flavonoid 3’-hydroxylase
fht1 flavanone 3-hydroxylase
a2 leucoanthocyanidin reductase
bz1 UDP glucose flavonol-3-O-glucosyl transferase
ZmMrp4 Multidrug resistance like transporter
Table 2 : Maize anthocyanin genes and their products:
Regulatory genes of the Maize anthocyanin pathway
- In Maize kernels, anthocyanin biosynthesis is regulated by a combination of two transcription factors R and Cl.
- The R protein shares homology with the basic helix-loop-helix protein encoded by the vertebrate proto-oncogene c-MYC, whereas the C1 protein has homology with the proto-oncogene c-MYB product. Induction of the complete flavonoid pathway has been achieved by the over-expression of the transcription factors R and C1 in undifferentiated maize cultures.
- The expression of the structural genes of the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway is controlled by the regulatory genes. The intensity and pattern of anthocyanin biosynthesis are influenced by the regulatory genes.
- Each gene determines pigmentation of different parts of the plant. Accumulation of anthocyanins in competent tissues also requires the presence of either C1 (in the seed) or P1 (in the plant tissue).
- Viviparous-1(vp1) controls the anthocyanin pathway in the developing maize seed primarily through regulation of the C1 gene. It is one of the regulatory genes whose product appears to influence the coordinate regulation of the expression of at least two structural genes in the anthocyanin pathway.
- Kernels containing the dominant allele of C1 together, with dominant alleles of other genes in the anthocyanin pathway are deeply pigmented. A number of recessive c1 mutants have been identified which are colorless if homozygous and colored if heterozygous in the presence of c1 wild type allele.
- Aleurones from kernels that are homozygous for a recessive c2 allele have low CHS activity. This low CHS activity leads to the formation of pale or colorless kernels of maize.
- The (pl1) gene is a duplicate of (c1). It is generally described as the dominant gene responsible for the blotched aleurone pigmentation in kernels that were homozygous recessive for c1.
- The (r1/b1) gene family acts as regulatory partners of (c1/pl1) in activating anthocyanin synthesis. The (r1/b1) only differs in the tissue distribution of pigmentation under their control.
- Mutation in the recessive (in1) gene changes the pigment color of homozygous (pr1) aleurone from red to almost black. The mutation in the (in1) gene leads to increased levels of UDP-Glucose Flavonoid-3-Glucosyl transferase (UFGT) enzyme.
- The (pac1) gene is identified as mutational screen for new regulators of the maize anthocyanin pathway. The mutation in the (pac1) gene results in pale pigmentation of the aleurone and the seedling roots. The (pac1) mutants have pale rather than colorless phenotype. Anthocyanin pigment in the aleurone and the scutellum of the maize seed requires the (pac1) locus.
Locus Genes regulated
R CHS, DFR, 3GT
R(S) CHS, DFR, 3GT
R (Sn) CHS, DFR
R (Lc) CHS, DFR
B DFR, 3GT
c1 CHS, DFR, 3GT
P1 CHS, DFR, 3GT
Table 3: Regulatory genes that control the anthocyanin biosynthesis in Maize
Fig 1: Anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway in Maize
Anthocyanin Biosynthetic pathway in Petunia
- The anthocyanin biosynthetic genes can be divided into early and late genes in Petunia. The regulatory division between the early and late genes occurs before and after Flavanone-3-hydroxylase (F3H) in Petunia.
- Thus the regulations of the genes in the flavones and flavonol biosynthetic pathways in Petunia are different from those in their anthocyanin biosynthetic pathways. An1, An2 and An11 are known to control the anthocyanin synthesis. They also control the vacuolar pH in petal cells and the morphology of the seed coat epidermis.
- Loss of anthocyanin pigments is seen in An1, An2 and An11 petals of Petunia which is associated with increase in vacuolar pH.
- Two genetic loci, Ht1 and Ht2 control the flavonoid-3’-hydroxylase activity in the flowers of petunia. Ht1 acts in the limb and tube of the corolla, whereas Ht2 acts only in the corolla tube. The Ht1 and Ht2 genes control 3’-hydroxylation of anthocyanins and flavonols.
- Two genetic loci, Hf1 and Hf2 control F3’,5’H activity in Petunia. Hf1 acts in the corolla, stigma and pollen, whereas Hf2 acts only in the corolla limb.
- Petunia contains the three DFR genes (dfrA, dfrB and dfrC). Among the three dfrA gene is transcribed in floral tissue. The dfrA gene corresponds to the (An6) locus.
- UDP-rhamnose: anthocyanidin-3-glucoside rhamnosyltransferase (3RT)- (Rt) gene encodes the activity of this enzyme in Petunia flower.
- Anthocyanin acyltransferase (AAT)-The activity of this enzyme in Petunia flower is encoded by the gene (Gf).
- The (An13) gene encodes GST enzyme activity in Petunia. This gene also share homology with GSTs. The conjugation of the (An13) gene with Glutathione is required for the transport of anthocyanins into the vacuole.
Locus Gene regulated
An1 DFR, ANS, 3GT, 3RT, AMT, F3, 5’H
An2 DFR, ANS, 3GT, 3RT, AMT, GST
An4 DFR, ANS, 3GT, 3RT, AMT, GST
An11 DFR, ANS, 3RT, AMT, GST
Table 4: Regulatory genes that control the anthocyanin biosynthesis in Petunia
Fig 2: Anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway in Petunia


We are very excited to launch a brand new product for beve, hemp gift cord! You may know that I majored in Fashion Design in college, but you might not know that I especially loved my textile and textile design courses. You can see my (awesome) teacher's work here. Before my initial Textiles course, I had only used hemp for making friendship bracelets. I had never seen it used for clothing and was unaware of its environmental properties. When I finished with the the course, I was quite smitten with the amazing fiber.
Hemp is a natural and sustainable fiber, meaning it comes from a plant and it, "the demands placed on the environment [from its production] can be met without reducing its capacity to allow all people to live well, now and in the future." In providing context for hemp's environmental attributes, I often compare it to cotton as cotton is the most popular natural fiber. This comparison makes it easy to see how much difference we can make by using hemp instead.
The hemp plant has deep tap roots allowing it access groundwater for its irrigation. In a conservative statement, hemp uses half as much water as cotton, though can be grown with even less. Cotton requires over 5,000 gallons of water to produce enough fiber to make one t-shirt and one pair of jeans. An additional benefit of not requiring extensive irrigation is that hemp can be grown in a wider range of regions more easily.


Of our 2,000 trees, about a third are over a century old. Some are millennials and one has been identified as being 1,400 years old. Yields are very low (2 to 4 litres per tree, with older trees only fruiting every other year) and the groves are not irrigated. The main varietals are Biancolilla, Giaraffa, Nocellara and the ancient Ogliara. The trees are cultivated without pesticides or irrigation and the oil is certified ‘organic’. The harvest is in October and the oil is cold pressed and unfiltered. The oil is green with a peppery finish. Ideal for dressing and dipping.


We’re excited to be exhibiting at the Cereals 2023 show, and look forward to meeting you on our stand.
This year, the show is at the lovely Thoresby Park, close to Perlethorpe and conveniently located in Nottinghamshire. It also promises to be bigger and better, with a full programme of Knowledge Seminars, delivering a wealth of agricultural expertise. The show is on the 14th June and 15th June.
There will also be working demonstrations – over 200 of them covering all sorts of subjects from drone demonstrations to mechanical weeding demos.
These working demonstrations showcase a wide range of practical applications and are a great way for those in farming, to update and add to their knowledge.
The Agronomy Zone has been set up to provide insights and information on all aspects of crops, such as crop nutrition, varieties and crop protection.
Finally, there will be an enormous range of exhibitors – something for everyone!
We’ll be on Stand 121b and are showcasing our Starlink systems which could prove an ideal solution for rural broadband. So, if you are struggling to get connected in the countryside, please pop down and see us. We are also providing internet connectivity for the whole of the Cereals 2023 site (and it’s a massive one) which is a brilliant way of demonstrating how Starlink works!
Cereals 2023 runs from Tuesday 14th June and Wednesday 15th June 2023
Westend WifFi will be on stand 121b


Well, at that time last night I was actually planting tomato plants... haha!
I had started so many inside... the last few years, they didn't do well in the seed starter trays so I overdid it this year to hopefully get some, and wouldn't you know they almost all grew! So then I had a ton. I gave away a lot, but still had so many, and I just can't bring myself to kill them or toss them... so I planted them in jsut about every planter I have around here trying to keep them growing, and the girls even planted some out in the yard. I may have tomatillos growing in the flower bed in a month or two even... haha


One of the oldest field blends in the world of Grenache, Mourvedre and Malbec planted more than 150 years ago in 1858. This small block in Springton in the Eden Valley is home to classified ‘Ancestor’ vines, dry grown as bushvines on their original rootstock. The block yields just over 1 ton of grapes in the best of vintages, which are hand-picked into small picking baskets to optimize fruit health.
With only 1200 bottles produced in the best of vintages, this vineyard is a national treasure for wine. It is hand-picked and handcrafted in individual 1 ton fermenters, carefully basket-pressed and matured 18 months in two French oak puncheons. All care is taken to ensure the purity, grace and quality of these old vines is fully expressed in every vintage of this wine.
Download Tasting Note here
100 in stock


For a limited time only, you can get the highly acclaimed farming simulation game Farming Simulator 18 from the App Store for free.
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Jining Glory Foodstuff Co., Ltd.,established in 1999, is specialized in exporting fresh fruits and vegetables from China . We have become one of the leading exporters of Chinese fruits,vegetables, nuts,grains and oil.
Located at the primary producing and marketing area of Chinese quality agricultural products, Jining Glory Foodstuff Co.,Ltd has planting base, processing factory and thermostatic warehouse. Till now,we have established quality assurance system and a set of modern control standards over planting, harvesting,selecting, processing, storing, shipping and exporting.We have been certified with GLOBAL G.A.P.and other certificates.
At present，products from this company sell hotly in more than 80 countries and territories,and the trademark "Long Yuan" is warmly welcomed,Jining Glory will consolidate its advantages in this field, and sincerely welcome friends domestic and abroad to cooperate hand in hand for the prosperous future .


Welcome to Roche Farm & Garden where we keep our customers updated on all the latest products and the newest agricultural technology. Come visit us at one of our convenient locations where we will be proud to provide you with all your agricultural needs!
803 E. Jackson Street Dublin, GA 31021 478-272-3340
Wrightsville, GA Location
Monday-Friday: 8:00am - 5:00pm
Saturday: 8:00 am - 12:00pm
411 E. Court Street Wrightsville, GA 31096 478-864-2206
VARIABLE RATE / GPS SAMPLING & SPREADING
The newest agricultural technology that will save you time and money while improving your land. This innovative technology will provide you with a more accurate measurment and application of fertilizer and chemicals for every inch of your farm.


Fruitastic is your premier Mornington Peninsula family owned fruit and vegetables online delivery service Melbourne and beyond. We supply fruit and vegetables to homes, offices, schools, and childcare centres. If it's a fruit box for the workplace delivered, or a large fruit and vegetables delivered box that you're after or you want to choose your own market fresh fruit and vegetables.
Welcome to Harvest Fresh Australia, where you will find only the freshest produce.Whether you are a fresh food retailer, hotel, restaurant or catering company, we deliver to Sydney and surrounding suburbs daily. “The fresher, the better”. Your One-Stop Source for Fruits and Vegetables Harvest Fresh Australia brings you the best taste of fresh produce with our selection of wholesale.
We are Australia’s leading workplace fruit delivery service with local buying and packing in every major city. No matter if it’s fruit, milk or other workplace essentials, we’re always on time, every time. And because we deliver daily to major business centres and regional areas, you can split your order across the week or change your order from week to week, no problem. Make Enquiry.
Field To Field Farm in Catherine Field, NSW brings you the best range of organic fruit and vegetables. We delivery our organic bargain boxes all over Sydney on a weekly schedule.
The beauty of Garden Express is that you will find all of your garden needs in one location. Our range includes flowering bulbs, landscaping trees, shrubs and ground covers, indoor plants, bonsais and succulents, roses and edible produce plants and seeds (according to the seasons) plus quality gardening tools and accessories. Garden Express offers a huge selection across all varieties and.
Delivery Areas. Charlie’s Online Store offers fresh fruit and vegetables delivered straight to your door. Home delivery is available on Tuesday, Thursday and Friday depending on your area. Check your postcode below to see which days we deliver to you! We also offer pick-up in-store from Charlie’s Fruit Market (473 South Pine Rd, Everton Park) on Tuesday, Thursday and Friday. Select the.
Buy online farm fresh foods, vegetables, eggs, fish, seafood, crops, grains, poultry products etc. Call us for farm fresh food delivery at 07059232172.
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Grown organically and GMO-free, all our vegetable plants for sale are of the highest quality. We start with the best varieties, grow them organically, and ship them at the perfect time for your area. Every plant is guaranteed to arrive alive and thriving. Have questions, give us a call. Amaranth Plants. Asparagus Plants. Bean Plants. Beet Plants. Broccoli Plants. Brussels Sprouts Plants.
Fruitezy was founded by Max Filipe in 2001 as a family owned and operated business in Sydney. Max’s journey as an entrepreneur in the fresh produce industry began in April 1985 when he, at the age of 26, opened up his first small fruit market business at the Fairfield Forum.
Express Wholesalers provides fresh fruit and vegetable delivery in Sydney. We're known for our service and being critical to our customers success.
On Going Sydney Office Fruit Delivery Special: Large quality mixed fruit from 80 cents per piece. Free Delivery! Call us now for a complimentary sample box. The business world understands the importance of a healthy morning start, Fruit Passion is here to provide it. Fruit Passion has been delivering fresh fruit to Sydney offices for over 15 years.
The Sydney Markets are a commercial enterprise in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Sydney Markets are located in the Inner West suburb of Flemington, 16 kilometres west of the Sydney central business district, in the local government area of the Municipality of Strathfield. The market is the primary delivery service of these products for Sydney.
Organics Only deliver fruit and vegetables fresh from the growers and markets to your door. We service all suburbs in Sydney. Instead of battling supermarket queues for poor quality produce, why not let us deliver market fresh produce to your doorstep? Organics Only have been providing families all over Sydney with their weekly fruit and vegetables since 2005.
Choose Fruit n Vegies R Us for your vegetables and fruit delivery needs. We're so confident in our service and guarantee that after 2 or 3 orders we will be so in sync that you can almost completely forget about your vegie needs and leave it up to us to deliver you quality fresh produce, fruits and vegetables to your family, employees or whatever your customers needs may be.
If you struggle to get your recommended daily intake of fruit, fruit box delivery Melbourne is the perfect solution. When you have your fresh fruit delivered from Nova Fresh, you’ll enjoy having an amazing array of fresh produce at the ready. Our fruit and veg boxes make it incredibly easy for you and your family to snack on fresh Aussie fruit throughout the day. Our large and small fruit.
Fruit Basket Delivery in UK. Express Gift Service is proud to be a leading online shop for fruit baskets and luxury fruit hampers for delivery by post in the UK. As one of the best services in the business, we offer an assortment of fruitful offerings that’s as diverse as it gets and ensure every gift basket and hamper reaches your recipient in the freshest condition at the very best price.
As a food delivery service Sydney Company, Delish Deliveries offers several ways to make use of their offers. You can pick and choose the exact items you need, just like shopping at your local grocery store. They have just about everything: fruit and vegetables, meat and seafood, a bakery section, canned goods, coffee, dairy, a deli and even chilli herbs and spices for adding some extra tang.
Shop online for all your fresh produce and grocery needs with the convenience of next day home delivery. Check out the online catalogue and buy your fruit, veg, meat, seafood and other kitchen essentials online from PARISI! SHOP NOW. Same day delivery if order before 10am. Next day delivery or pick-up in store. Want to be efficient? Let us choose the best fruit and veg in season for you Shop.


Savor the unmatched freshness of our pesticide-free Fresno lemons, now available for delivery. Grown sustainably in the Central Valley, our lemons promise pure, vibrant flavors for your culinary creations. Join us in celebrating farm-to-table excellence and elevate your dishes with the natural goodness of our citrus.
Visit: https://olympicmoventransport.com to learn more
Sustainable Practices for a Healthier Tomorrow
Aware of the environmental and health implications of large-scale chemical agriculture, Russ and Regina have been vocal advocates for organic farming. They understand that direct support for family farms is crucial in reversing the trend of environmental degradation.
Welcome to R&R Family Farms LLC, nestled in the heart of the Central Valley, where tradition and innovation flourish side by side. Our farm, a testament to the enduring legacy of family-owned and operated dedication, stands proudly upon the fertile lands shaped by generations past. Here, we honor the rich agricultural heritage bestowed upon us, committed to cultivating fresh, organic produce for our community. Our journey, fueled by passion, commitment, and an unwavering belief in sustainable farming practices, aims to nourish not just the body, but to safeguard our planet for future generations.
Rooted in history, our farm's story intertwines with the remarkable legacies of my ancestors, Alfred Cane and William Teague. Alfred Cane, a visionary in his own right, laid the groundwork for community-focused environmental stewardship as the founder of the Madera Valley Water District. His pioneering spirit in enhancing the community's well-being through sustainable water management has been a guiding light for our practices. Equally inspiring, the discovery that William Teague, my 5x great-grandfather, once farmed this very land in the late 1800s, imbues our work with a profound sense of purpose and continuity. This ancestral connection deepens our commitment to the stewardship of the land, honoring a legacy of resilience and dedication to agriculture.
In line with our heritage of innovation and community service, we are thrilled to announce our collaboration with Olympic Move & Transport CenCal. This pioneering partnership marks a significant leap forward in our mission, bringing the bounty of our farm to your tables with unmatched efficiency and eco-conscious care. Tailored to meet the distinct needs of the agricultural sector, Olympic Move & Transport CenCal ensures that our produce reaches homes, local restaurants, farmers' markets, and stores throughout the valley in the most seamless, efficient, and sustainable manner possible.
At R&R Family Farms, we are more than just a farm; we are a living legacy of environmental stewardship, community leadership, and a bridge connecting the past, present, and future through sustainable agriculture. Join us as we continue to innovate, inspire, and cultivate not just crops, but a healthier, more sustainable world, one harvest at a time.
Olympic Move & Transport CenCal, founded by Russ Larsen, is revolutionizing last-mile agricultural and freight delivery services in Central California. With a deep understanding of the agricultural community's needs, Olympic Move & Transport CenCal offers specialized, customized transport solutions that prioritize sustainability, efficiency, and reliability. Their upcoming transition to electric vans underscores a shared commitment to environmental stewardship and represents a leap forward in reducing the carbon footprint of farm-to-market logistics.
By choosing Olympic Move & Transport CenCal for our delivery needs, R&R Family Farms is not only elevating the standard of how we bring our produce to you but also reinforcing our dedication to practices that contribute positively to our community's health and our environment's well-being.
Together, R&R Family Farms and Olympic Move & Transport CenCal are setting new standards for excellence in the agricultural supply chain. We are committed to:
As we move forward with Olympic Move & Transport CenCal, we invite you to join us in this exciting new chapter. Discover more about our partnership and how we're working to bring the farm closer, Learn more by clicking the link below.
We know that food grown on healthy land with healthy farming is healthy food. We act as stewards of this land, caring for its health to support yours.
Our family grew up in the central valley. We are proud to grow the food that feeds your families. Thank you for supporting this tradition.
We regularly add new pick-up sites and delivery times. Check to find a spot near you! If you have questions about delivery or pick-up options, drop us a line!
At R&R Family Farm, under the stewardship of Russ Larsen, we're deeply committed to nurturing our local community, a value that resonates profoundly with my personal journey. As someone who has navigated the challenges of dyslexia, I've found unparalleled fulfillment in working the land and leading our transport business. These endeavors not only connect me to the earth and our community but also empower me to tackle complex tasks with a unique perspective that dyslexia offers.
Our mission extends beyond farming and transport; we're dedicated to fostering growth and learning within our community. Through educational tours and workshops, we aim to enlighten students and community groups about the significance of agriculture and the journey of food from farm to table. This initiative holds special importance for me, highlighting the power of understanding and knowledge—principles I hold dear as someone who has experienced the hurdles of learning differently.
In alignment with our commitment to education and community support, R&R Family Farm proudly donates a portion of our profits to local charities and organizations, with a particular focus on those enhancing reading programs. By supporting initiatives that offer resources and assistance to individuals with dyslexia and other learning differences, we hope to foster an environment where everyone has the opportunity to thrive and learn in a way that suits them best. This endeavor is not just a contribution; it's a testament to the resilience, adaptability, and strength that define the dyslexic community and reflect the core values of our farm and transport business
As stewards of the land, we believe in honoring our roots. Discover the history of farming practices as we share insights into the evolution of agriculture. Learn how the challenges and triumphs of the past have paved the way for the sustainable and innovative farming methods we employ today.
At R&R Family Farms, we not only embrace the advancements of today but also celebrate the agricultural heritage that has shaped us. Gain a deeper understanding of how our commitment to preserving the environment, increasing efficiency, and fostering community collaboration propels us into an exciting and sustainable future.
Indulge in the bounty of summer as we bring you a kaleidoscope of flavors straight from our fields. From juicy tomatoes and crisp cucumbers to sweet corn and robust bell peppers, our farm-fresh produce captures the essence of the sun-soaked season. Whether you're planning a vibrant salad, a refreshing salsa, or a flavorful grilled vegetable medley, our summer harvest has you covered.
As the days start to cool, our fields transition to an autumnal wonderland of rich, hearty vegetables. Delight in the earthy goodness of butternut squash, pumpkins, Brussels sprouts, and a variety of root vegetables. Our farm-fresh produce ensures your fall dishes are filled with the warm, comforting flavors of the season. Perfect for hearty stews, roasted vegetables, and savory pies that celebrate the harvest.
At R&R Family Farms LLC, we're proud to have over 20 acres of lush farmland, where we grow a variety of seasonal fruits and vegetables. We use sustainable farming practices to ensure that our crops are healthy and free from harmful chemicals. Our farm is also home to a variety of animals and chickens, which are raised in spacious and clean environments.
In the heart of Madera, California, a true pioneer named Alfred Charles Cane left an indelible mark on the community through his unwavering dedication and love for environmental stewardship. His inspiring journey shaped the very foundation of the Madera Valley Water District, transforming it from a depreciated entity into a thriving water district that continues to serve the community to this day.
Back in 1956, the Madera Valley Water Company came into being under the management of Rusco Industries. Over time, however, the company's value declined, prompting Rusco Industries to divest itself of this precious resource. It was then that Alfred Cane, the largest stockholder, was entrusted with the company's destiny as he took on the role of a Director on the Board.
Recognizing the immense potential held by the Madera Valley Water Company, Mr. Cane wasted no time in assembling a dedicated team to embark on a transformative journey. With the appointment of Mr. Herman Kophoff and Mr. M. Rader Roberts to the Board of Directors, a powerful collective was formed, determined to breathe new life into the company and serve the community with utmost devotion.
The summer of 1977 proved to be a challenging time for the shareholders residing in the service area. Faced with numerous changes and uncertainties, they were confronted with the task of establishing order and structure within the company. It was during this period that the true spirit of community shone through, as shareholders came together in living rooms, on front lawns, and across kitchen tables to unite and face the challenges head-on.
One of the greatest obstacles encountered by Mr. Cane and the shareholders was the lack of records left by Rusco Industries. Undeterred, a group of dedicated volunteers took up the arduous task of walking the main water lines, meticulously piecing together information, and drafting essential documents. Their tireless efforts were instrumental in establishing an accounting system, informing contractors of new regulations and company specifications, and ensuring a smooth transition for all.
Piece by piece, the puzzle started to take shape. In January 1978, the company's business office opened its doors, initially renting space at Glen Freeman Realty. As the community continued to grow, a permanent location became imperative. In May 1978, the company found its new home at the corner of 6th and A Streets in downtown Madera. Finally, in August 1986, the district settled into its present location at 18454 Road 26, a testament to the perseverance and dedication of its shareholders.
Under the visionary leadership of Alfred Charles Cane, the Madera Valley Water District experienced remarkable growth. From humble beginnings with approximately 75 homes in 1977, it expanded its reach to serve 1,906 residences today. This remarkable achievement stands as a testament to Mr. Cane's unwavering determination and the enduring spirit of the community he helped build.
Alfred Charles Cane's legacy lives on in the Madera Valley Water District, an enduring testament to his vision, resilience, and profound commitment to providing vital water services to the community. His remarkable contributions have laid the foundation for the district's continued success and growth, enriching the lives of thousands of residents for generations to come. Inspired by his legacy, we carry forward his spirit of environmental stewardship and community love as we embark on our own journey with Green Power 4 All, dedicated to bringing sustainable energy solutions and a brighter future to all.


Harvest has been on the go since the beginning of February. The first grapes to be picked are always Pinotage, which this year are in excellent condition (berries are firm and flavourful, without any heat damage). Thanks to the big picking team we’ve been able to get through the blocks really quickly (over 220 tons were harvested in the first four days alone). Preliminary tastings of the fermenting juice indicate that the quality is going to carry through to the finished wines.
The most complex issue we’ve had to deal with so far is the decision over when to harvest the Sauvignon Blanc. This, Cloof followers will know, grows on a southerly slope at Burghers Post, with the vines in roughly NE-SW rows, which means that the side of the row that catches morning sun ripens much faster. Monday’s analysis of the grapes indicated that the acidity was still far too high, but with Friday and next Tuesday being the only picking days available, we had to make a visit to the vineyard.
So, yesterday Peter Duckitt (viticulturalist), Christopher van Dieren (winemaker) and I spent 30 minutes wandering through the vineyard, tasting grapes from random bunches on both sides of the rows. The range of flavours was amazing, and so were the different degrees of ripeness throughout the vineyard. If the weather remained cool we could be OK if we waited another 7 days. However, a few very hot days could kill the freshness we want in the flavours (the Sauvignon gets blended with Chenin in Daisy Darling).
Eventually we decided that the risks of waiting until after the weekend would be too great, and given a choice between slightly under-ripe or slightly over-ripe we’d rather have the zippiness of the former. The decision we made involved nearly R200,000 worth of grapes, but it remains a little bizarre to call it work when three grown men are eating grapes at midday on a Tuesday.


Myth No. 4: Focus on the green.
Truth: While grass is what we see and tend to, the soil is the most essential component for a healthy growth year-round. Soil supplies the roots with necessary nutrients, which in turn yield a beautiful lawn. Consider taking a soil sample to your local university extension program or landscape supplier for soil analysis. This will help determine the best type of fertilizer to use throughout the year.
Myth No. 5: Keep a consistent mowing pattern.
Truth: It’s easy to fall into a mowing routine, but frequently cutting grass in the same direction can mat down the turf and inhibit growth. By varying the mowing pattern, you will reduce strain on the turf and encourage a healthier, more beautiful lawn.
Myth No. 6: You’re off duty in the winter.
Truth: Many people think grass “dies” off in the winter so you can take a break from lawn care; however, this is the best time to care for your equipment. Complete mower maintenance such as adding fuel stabilizer, blade sharpening and replacing missing or damaged parts and your mower will be prepped and ready come springtime.
Aside from practicing the proper mowing techniques, having the right equipment is one of the most important factors in maintaining a green and vibrant lawn. The proper type and size for your lawn and lifestyle will help you mow more efficiently so you can spend more time enjoying and less time maintaining your lawn. (From johndeere.com via Ariens/Gravely)
Please see us at any of our Dave's Tractor World locations for information about the right kind of lawn care equipment for you. Also, visit us at www.DavesTractorWorldLLC.com to get your unit in the queue for repair!


Grape prime cultivation and winemaking in the United States have a rich history that spans centuries. The country’s diverse geography and climate have given rise to numerous grape-growing regions, each boasting unique flavors and characteristics. In this article, we will embark on a delightful journey to discover the best grape varieties across the United States, exploring the top wine regions and the art of winemaking that has made the U.S. a prime destination for wine enthusiasts worldwide.
The story of American grape prime cultivation began with the arrival of European settlers, who brought grapevines to the New World in the 17th century. Since then, the practice of growing grape prime and producing wine has flourished, with vineyards spreading across the nation.
Napa Valley is synonymous with excellence in winemaking. This Californian region’s Mediterranean climate and fertile soil create the perfect conditions for growing top-quality Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, and Chardonnay grape prime. It has earned a well-deserved reputation as one of the world’s premier wine regions.
Willamette Valley is celebrated for its exceptional Pinot Noir wines. Its cool climate and volcanic soil make it an ideal environment for cultivating this delicate grape prime variety. Wineries in this region produce elegant and nuanced Pinot Noir wines that are adored by enthusiasts.
The Finger Lakes region in upstate New York is renowned for its splendid Riesling wines. The cool climate and the unique geological features of the region contribute to Rieslings with remarkable acidity and aromatic profiles, making them a favorite among wine connoisseurs.
Cabernet Sauvignon holds a regal status among red grape prime varieties. It thrives in various American regions, producing bold, full-bodied wines with notes of blackcurrant, plum, and tobacco. The wines’ aging potential adds to their allure.
Chardonnay is a versatile white grape that showcases its adaptability in different winemaking styles. From crisp and citrusy to creamy and oaky, Chardonnay has found its home in vineyards throughout the United States.
Pinot Noir, delicate and finicky, challenges winemakers, but the rewards are extraordinary. Known for its red fruit flavors, floral aromas, and earthy undertones, Pinot Noir offers a captivating tasting experience.
The process of winemaking is an art form that demands precision and dedication. From the careful selection of grapes to the fermentation and aging process, every step is essential in crafting a remarkable bottle of wine. American winemakers have honed their skills over generations, creating wines that rival some of the finest in the world.
The United States’ viticulture landscape is a tapestry of diverse grape prime varieties and distinct wine regions. Napa Valley, Willamette Valley, and Finger Lakes stand as shining examples of the country’s winemaking prowess. Whether you prefer the boldness of Cabernet Sauvignon, the versatility of Chardonnay, or the elegance of Pinot Noir, the U.S. offers a plethora of wine experiences to savor.
Q1: Which state produces the best Cabernet Sauvignon in the United States?
A: California, specifically Napa Valley, is renowned for producing some of the finest Cabernet Sauvignon wines in the country.
Q2: What makes Willamette Valley ideal for growing Pinot Noir?
A: Willamette Valley’s cool climate and volcanic soil provide the perfect environment for cultivating Pinot Noir grapes, resulting in wines with exceptional complexity and finesse.
Q3: Are there any other grape varieties grown in Finger Lakes besides Riesling?
A: Yes, besides Riesling, Finger Lakes also cultivates other grape varieties such as Gewürztraminer, Cabernet Franc, and Chardonnay.
Q4: How important is the role of terroir in winemaking?
A: Terroir, including factors like soil, climate, and topography, significantly influences the character and quality of wines from different regions.
Q5: Can you suggest some food pairings for Chardonnay?
A: Certainly! Chardonnay pairs excellently with seafood, poultry, creamy pasta dishes, and soft cheeses, enhancing the dining experience with its delightful flavors.


Hello everyone and welcome to another eco-minded blog!
Land pollution is increasing daily at a frightening rate.
Seems like humanity is destroying its very own home all in a bid to live. From landfills to erosion, nuclear waste, agricultural activities [and worse], urbanization, humanity is pretty much destroying its only home every day.
If this unbecoming trend is left unchecked, we may be on a longer path to solving the world food problem.
Besides the extremely negative effects of land pollution on agriculture, humans are also open to several health risks. Such as birth defects, skin disease, water poisoning, and breathing disorder. As a matter of fact, exposure to some of these soil metals has a high risk of causing cancer. Because the foods we eat are grown on these soils. Invariably, whatever we put on the soil comes back to us.
What do we do?
Land pollution arises from so many activities we indulge in. Ranging from how we grow crops to how we make clothes, and even to how we dispose of waste and many others. However, it is possible to go green with all these things mentioned above.
If we intend to live on this planet for a longer period of time, then we have to take these 5 simple steps to curb land pollution.
Read till the end to get a bonus tip. Also, endeavor to like, share, and subscribe to our newsletter. Let's go green!
Plant more trees
How many trees did you plant last year? How many have you planted this year? With the rate of deforestation and urbanization, it is important now more than ever to focus on planting trees.
This helps to increase the fertility of the soil as deforestation opens the soil to erosion. Thereby washing away the nutrients that help trees and other plants grow.
You will be doing yourself and the environment a big favor by making efforts to curb land pollution. A good place to start is to reuse old materials.
This will drastically reduce the amount of waste on land, which thereby will create a more tranquill environment.
Use manure for agriculture
Due to the increasing demand for food to meet our spiking land population, farmers now turn to chemicals to expedite the process. Sounds like a good move, but this actually does more harm than good in the long run.
Instead, we recommend the use of natural manure for agricultural activities. This works as a natural fertilizer to help grow foods at no detriments to the planet.
Cut down on the use of pesticide
Natural methods of controlling pests such as crop rotation should be encouraged. As the use of pesticides not only pollutes the land, but water as well. Which makes pesticides a double trouble for our ecosystem.
It is often said that when the use of a thing is not known, abuse becomes inevitable. We have to let people know what land pollution is and the damage it is doing to the environment we all live in. Not also forgetting how detrimental it is to our health. Educating people on this issue will go a long way to curb land pollution. As they will know what to do and what not to do.
And that’s it! The 5 simple steps to curb land pollution. Thanks for reading till the end of this blog. And here is now your Bonus tip!
Despite the fact that we try as much as possible to cut down on our waste, disposing waste still becomes inevitable one way or the other. Nevertheless, this can be done in a green way too. Treating waste before disposal reduces its toxicity when exposed to land.
Land pollution is not going to stop if we don't put an end to it. We must take practical steps to ensure the environment is conducive enough for us all to live in.
Please let us know which of these methods you are employing already.
Also, do not forget to share the blog and subscribe to our newsletter for more tips. Let’s save the planet together!


I bought these plants at the Hawke’s Bay Farmers’ Market in late October. I was thrilled to find them as I had been wanting to try growing them for sometime, but hadn’t been able to get them anywhere. http://www.hawkesbayfarmersmarket.co.nz/ In a previous blog “Spring Farmers’ Market” I mentioned buying the Edamame bean plants and the instructions I received on how they grow.
I think they were from Links Organics http://www.marketground.co.nz/linksorganics/ Their stall at the Farmers’ Market was filled with a large supply of very healthy looking plants, and many different varieties.
These are the size of the plants when I first bought them :
I gave two plants to Mum and I took the remaining four home. The plants I gave to Mum stayed in the same climate they had been raised in, whereas the plants I took home went to a cooler climate than what they were raised in.
In another blog “Interlude” I predicted that “The experiment is to see how easy they are to grow, what they turn out like, and also to see what a distance of approximately 160 kilometers between us [Mum and me] does to affect their growth rate. I’m betting that Mum will have beans before I do as she lives in a warmer climate.” Well, (I have to say it), it turns out that my prediction was right. Mum’s plants are more advanced than mine. My plants are still struggling along in their cooler climate, lagging in development several weeks behind her plants.
I first noticed beans forming on my plants around the 14th of December, but they were developed enough to have been there a week earlier. I couldn’t believe my eyes when I saw the beans on the plants and had to look again. I was surprised to see the pods because there didn’t seem to be any flowers before the beans developed. Also, the plants had spindly stems and were small, I was expecting the plants to be bushier and taller before they produced beans. By this stage, Mum’s plants had beans too, hers have been quicker to develop into proper pods than mine. Also, Mum’s plants are more bean than leaf, and mine are more leaf than bean! We have harvested edamame beans off Mum’s plants (a small harvest, but a harvest nonetheless), on the 2nd January.
My brother and I enjoy boiled and salted edamame bean pods at our favourite Japanese restaurant, Yeda, so I was extremely pleased that we could harvest the beans when he was visiting Mum at the same time I was – all the timings came together very nicely.
Here is one of Mum’s edamame plants showing the beans just before harvesting. The edamame plant is next to a potato plant and it was difficult to tell the leaves apart. The edamame bean leaf looks like the potato leaf, but not as shiny.
Here are the edamame beans, and a close up look at the hair on the outside of the inedible pod :
Edamame beans are now starting to appear in supermarket freezers either shelled or still in their pods.
Edamame beans are young, green soybeans. They are harvested before the soybean reaches full maturity. When mature, the beans are used to make tofu and other soy products. Edamame beans are high in protein, and they are a plant source of fibre and iron. The peak season for the beans is summer through to early autumn.
TO COOK SALTED EDAMAME BEAN PODS :
Cut the stalks off the pods. Then drop the whole bean pods into a boiling pot of water with lots of salt added. The water should taste as salty as seawater. I used 1 teaspoon of salt in a medium pot of water. Cook until the beans inside the pods are tender, which is about 4-5 minutes. When cooked, drain the water and rinse the beans (with cold water to cool if needed, but they are nicer if they retain their heat from cooking). Place beans on a dish in their pods and sprinkle with coarse sea-salt. The pods are inedible, so remove the beans with teeth or fingers.
I read some recipes where the beans are rubbed with salt before they are cooked. I’m not quite sure why this is, maybe the salt removes some of the hair off the outside of the bean pod, or maybe it’s just to make them taste saltier. We didn’t do this step.
The cooked pods sprinked with salt, ready to eat :


261 Main St., Magnolia 44643
Magnolia Flouring Mills: 330.866.3354
After touring the Magnolia Flouring Mill and learning about its fascinating history, visitors can stop in the mill store to continue their trip back in time. Take a memento with you like a Mill t-shirt, a “Cat’s Meow” keepsake (shaped and decorated just like the mill and old train station), or an authentic Magnolia Mill feed bag.
Visitors will also find many other “old-time” gifts and keepsakes.
The Magnolia Mill continues to produce a wide variety of products that are sold in the mill store. Cornmeal, a wide variety of bird seed mixes, and cow chop (cattle feed) are still produced by the mill. All mill-produced products are made from locally purchased ingredients.
Our high quality corn meal is produced with locally grown corn and is ground in our antique corn cracker. The result is a fine, delicious meal that is perfect for corn bread, mush and scrapple. If you have purchased our corn meal, try these old-fashioned recipes.
The mill also offers a wide variety of other commercial feed products including:
All mill store proceeds benefit the maintenance and continued operation of the historic mill.
The Magnolia Flouring Mill store is full of products, from keepsakes and gifts to goods and animal feed.
The Stark County Park District prohibits the use of motorized vehicles in this park and on its trails. Sections of trail may not be suitable for wheelchair access. Weather may impact the accessibility of trails, always use caution.


Planting and Animals
Alanouwaly Guinea has continued to grow foods, particular in the rainy season after we fundraised for the initial planting. The Christmas Appeal 2014 raised the funds to buy 2 sheep, 3 goats, and 12 chicken and their stables. One of the goats immediately gave birth to triplets.
These projects are self-sufficient and don’t need our funding anymore, they are a good example of how an initial investment can set up projects funding themselves. UK members are also impressed by the Guinean people’s capabilities of feeding themselves in an environmentally sustainable way. We are hoping that we are able to communicate this value and achievement to our Guinean partners. There is still much that they are lacking (like access to safe water), for which we are looking for long-term sustainable ideas along those lines.
The chicken started produce chicks in summer 2015 and by October 2015 15 young chicken have been given to families around the area.
They are producing 10 eggs @ day which contributes volunteers nutrition.
All the animals are completely free-range and produce organic. The eggs have an amazing bright yellow egg yolk.
The stables are built on stilts to allow water and mud pass underneath in the rainy season
The sheep have helped a local farmer to stay afloat in an emergency situation and around 19 chicks were given to various local neighbours before the rest were decimated by an epidemic. 1 survived and lives with a neighbour now, as Alanouwaly needed to concentrate on the computer and drilling projects. The neighbours who received chicks want to give some to Alanouwaly when they are ready. The goats are doing very well with up to 19, creating an income.
Like the charity, Alanouwaly’s food keeps on growing, for example the 2 lemon trees, the guava, the coco and palm trees are a good height now with lots of yield, there are many pineapples. The Annual crops are planted depending on other activities, and Alanouwaly Guinea has encouraged & motivated many young volunteers & visitors to join in the growing programs. In the rainy season the families around Boke are amazingly self-sufficient. All food is organic and fresh, of very high quality, as the locals have no other way of growing it!


Each rain event contributes to additional deterioration of grain quality. While the objective is to harvest as quickly as possible, if the grain is going to be stored for later use as feed (or ethanol, etc), please DO NOT harvest at high moisture content. Already moldy grain will continue moldy growth unless the moisture is below 12%. To arrest growth, harvest below 12% and keep air flowing in the bins.
Moisture sensors in the combine are unlikely to be accurate for sprout damaged grain!


This is an updated venue feature of Madison Creek Farms with some standout venue feature photos! Madison Creek Farms is just minutes from I-65 and Long Hollow Pike, and maybe 20-25 minutes from downtown Nashville. For its quiet location close to convenience, and its charm, Madison Creek Farms has become one of the favorite Nashville farm wedding venues.
The entryway alone is pretty picturesque, but I had a wedding to start soon, so I moved inside the property to continue photographing some of the venue details while waiting for guests.
Madison Creek is not only one of the popular Nashville farm wedding venues, but a fully functional organic farm. A good portion of their irrigation water is self sustained through rain water. In the shelter below, on non-event days, the farm sells eggs, produce, flowers, and even baked goods. But you had better come early, as it’s no longer a well guarded secret.
The terrace area where receptions take place. A tent could be an option as a weather precaution.
Is this the donkey from Shrek? I had to make a beeline to see the animals.
After the reception had started and we were in dinner break, this was a perfect time to capture the setting sun over the rolling hills. It’s a great place for a nice intimate event, it’s quiet and scenic. Certainly a nice canvas to work with,


Emma Norton Gardening Project
Saturday, June 2, 10:00 a.m. – 2:00 p.m.
Join Hennepin women as we roll up our sleeves with women from Emma Norton to do some container gardening (veggies/herbs/flowers). It’s an easy way to give something back while getting to know some of the ENS women. Look for a signup sheet in Carlson Hall Sunday May 20 and 27 or contact Jenn Hipple. Can’t attend but would still like to help? You can donate $5 or $10 toward the purchase of plants. Carpooling will be available and lunch will be provided. We hope you can join us!


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MEGA FLOW METER
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Angiosperms: characteristics of the life cycle
|Double fertilization in flowering plants
Pollen grain = Po consisting of a Vegetative cell = VG and a Generative cell = GC, St = Stigma, St = Style, Pt = pollen tube, SC1 en SC2 = Sperm cell 1 and 2, O = ovule containing an embryo sac = ES (PRE = Before and POST = just after fertilization), E = egg cell, Sy = synergides, CC = Central cell, A = Antipodal cells, Zy = zygote, f CC = fertilized Central Cell (forms the endosperm)|
In other pages on this site we discussed the Anatomy of the flower
and features around Pollen development
in Flowering plants.
When pollen grains reach a receptive stigma of the same species (Pollination), in principle each vegetative cell of the pollen grain can develop a tube. The much smaller generative cell, or her mitotic products, the two -haploid- sperm cells, are enclosed inside the vegetative compartment and migrate forward along with the growing tube tip. The pollen tube penetrates the stigma and continues to grow through the style to an ovule inside the ovarium. Each ovule contains one embryo sac (ES),in fact a small female gametophyte, bearing a.o. one egg cell and one central cell. When the pollen tube reaches the embryo sac it bursts open and releases the two sperm cells, the actual sex cells. Then double fertilization occurs. One sperm nucleus fertilizes the egg cell so that a diploid zygote arises, from which an embryo develops. The other sperm nucleus fertilizes the central nuclei in the middle of the embryo sac and give rises through series of divisions to the endosperm, which function as a storage organ of nutrient for the seed. (Sometimes the storage food is transferred from the endosperm to the cotyledons). The ripe dry ovule with the mature embryo and the endosperm is the seed. Fruits are the ripened ovary with inside one (e.g. wheat) or several (e.g. tomato) seed(s).
|Pollen tube growth through the pistil in tomato
Pollen tubes in a pollinated pistil of tomato (Solanum Lycopersicum cv money maker).|
The course of pollen tubes could be visualized by treatment with the fluorescing marker aniline blue that specifically binds to callose, a special cell wall component which is abundant in pollen tubes.
Research project of Kimberly Koens, Bart Schimmel and Maaike de Jong.
A. Pollen tubes growing through the stigma (St) and the style (Sty). B. Detail of pollen tubes (arrows) in the style. The bright spots are callose plugs which separate the living and growing part of the pollen tube in the tip and the remaining degenerating part. C. Fluorescing pollen tubes can be seen in the lower part of the style (Sty)and the underlying ovarium (Ova) containing ovules (Ovu). D. Detail of three ovules (Ovu). The two upper ovules have been penetrated by pollen tubes (arrow) growing toward the embryo sac (ES, corresponding with the dark ovale shape on this photograph). In each pollen tube two sperm cells are present which are involved in double fertilization
|Embryosac and mature embryo in plants|
A. Transverse section through an ovule of Lily (Lilium sp.).
In the center an embryo sac (ES) can be seen surrounded by its two protective layers the integumenten (I1 and I2). Together they form the ovule. Ovules lay in the lumen of the ovarium. Bw: Inner wall of the ovarium. On one side the integuments come together and a small channel remains open, the micropyle (M),throguh which the pollen tube can penetrate in order to release the sperm cells. Inside the embryo sac the synergiden (Sy) that help conducting the sperm nuclei to the egg cell (E) a bit furtherup is located close the micropyle, whereas the large central cell (CC) is in the center. The embryo develops from the fertilized egg cell, the endosperm (Es) with a nutritional function from the fertilized central cell and the integuments become part of the seed coat.
B. Cross section through a cereal fruit, here: Wheat (Triticum aestivum).
According to botanical definitions, wheat grains are single seed fruits. The seed coat, which arises from the integuments, grows together with the ovary wall (pericarp). Such fruit is called a caryopsis and it occurrs nearly exclusively in grasses. The fruit incorporates the endosperm (Es) and the embryo (Em) a complete plantlet with rootlet (= radicula R) and the first leaves (leaf shoot or plumula, Pl). The one cotyledon is transformed into a shield-shaped organ, called scutellum (Sc). The scutellum is appressed against the endosperm and absorbs storage material from the endosperm to transfer it to the growing embryo.


I’ve aware of this since about 2006. I seem to remember that a few X-files episodes dealt with something like this, or was it the latest M. Night Shyamalan movie The Happening? Anyway, collapsing colony disorder is something frightening because it jeopardizes our ability to produce crops in vast mono-cultures, crops that are needed to feed the planet. CCD is happening all over the planet and scientists yet don’t understand the exact mechanisms behind it.
The phenomenon in the US is most perplexing. Bees enter a sort of hibernation during the colder months of the year. Beekeepers put them in the storage and notice that in the spring, 40-80% of the hives are empty. Completely empty. There are no bodies, so there is no evidence of them dying out. They just disappear.
In modern agriculture, bees are essential to pollinate crops. They are imported to California and other agricultural farms all over the use to accomplish the much needed pollination. However, scientists have discovered that a large amount of pesticides are in these bees’ bodies. That and a number of other factors contribute to CCD. The problem has gotten so acute, that the US is importing Australian bees to pollinate their crops.
What it boils down it is that bees are like sentinels. If they start dying out, there is something really wrong.


144 Cells Seedling Starter Trays
- WATCH ON YOUR DEVELOPMENT: The 144 Cells Seedling Starter Trays has the only design in the marketplace- High quality clear plastic trays of this seed grow kit make it easy to observe your plants without disturbing the process.
- PERFECT DIMENSION FOR SEED STARTING: Dimension of the cells: 1.5 inch square, these seed trays appropriate for little seeds, such as flowers, veggies, fruits, tobacco and various other plants. 6 trays equivalent to a 1020 level.
- GROW WELLNESS As Well As EFFECTIVE ： Each 144 Cells Seedling Starter Trays comes with drainpipe opening at bottom of each cell for appropriate drain, lower roots over-saturating. Reusable and an excellent means to cultivate a beautiful and healthy garden.
- EXCELLENT FOR WARM FLOOR COVERING: With 144 Cells Seedling Starter Trays outstanding resistance to high and low temperature level, the seedling trays in the 144 Cells Seedling Starter Trays are solid enough to be made use of in a warm mat and no concern melting.
- GET THEM RISK-FREE– If these bulk 144 Cells Seedling Starter Trays stop working to satisfy your assumptions, do not think twice to call us as well as gain from our 100% customer fulfillment assurance plan!
Get the appropriate small plant pots so that your seeds can obtain the very best feasible begin!
Average black trays are difficult to see if the origins of the plants are strong sufficient, so it is hard to determine whether or not the seedlings need to be hair transplanted. With these 144 Cells Seedling Starter Trays transparent seed trays, can assist you prevent this sort of trouble.
6 trays equal to a 1020 flat.
Tray dimension: 7″ x5.5″ x2″
Cell size: 1.5″ x1.5″ x2″
What U obtain:.
10 systems of 12 cells seed tray.
10 pcs of plant labels.
1 year service warranty.
Inquiry: Just how can I eliminate my plant when I am ready to transfer it from the 144 Cells Seedling Starter Trays to the garden without damaging it?
Response: Purchase the little devices that come with a few of the 6 packs. There is one that appears like an inside story. It will certainly remove transplant with faucet root without damage.
Concern: Why should i obtain 7in over 6in dome for my 144 Cells Seedling Starter Trays?
Response: Just measure your room as well as obtain the tallest one that fits above the plant tray.
If this isn’t the start tray for you, find our other options HERE!


Humans have always had a special appreciation for fruit that grows on trees. Could it be because orchard fruits grow closer to heaven than other plant products do? Or could it be because the places where these fruits grew were full of the interplay between light and shadow, the air was redolent with the sweet scent of blossom, and here we could retreat from the cares of daily life? Where did the types of fruits we grow in orchards come from and how did they develop? Bernd Brunner set out to find out how the search for desirable fruit has shaped us, and how we have shaped fruit by selecting those that appeal most to our senses of taste and delight.
The result is a readable, lavishly illustrated book about orchards as places that for millennia have stimulated human creativity and that have provided sustenance for both the body and the soul, the first to explore the history of orchards in such breadth. Historical illustrations—many hard to find elsewhere—show the varied aspects of orchards and the interactions of people and trees within them.
First published in English, translated from the German by Lori Lantz, more information will follow soon or feel free to enquire.


At Encavis AG, we believe that entrepreneurial behaviour is also closely linked to an awareness of social responsibility. Therefore, we are actively involved – out of conviction and in our own interests.
Sustainability in conjunction with energy does not always involve the use of technology – as demonstrated by the deployment of sheep as “greenkeepers” around solar parks. Indeed, the animals have been hard at work for several years, tending the grass in parks run by energy associations and solar park operators.
This sheep grazing in harmony with nature is highly efficient and extremely valuable. The shepherds benefit because they don’t lose access to grazing areas as a result of photovoltaic parks. The sheep can use the solar modules as providers of shade and protection against the wind. They can also use the supporting structure as a safe retreat for their lambs. Thanks to the regular sheep grazing, the modules don’t become overshadowed by rampant growth and are not exposed to dust contamination or damage due to stone chipping that can arise with mechanical mowing. What’s more, regular checks by the shepherds help reduce the risk of theft. From a conservation viewpoint, this dual use of the land is a good idea. Extensive grazing has positive effects on the biodiversity and leads to an increase in the variety of species. This is because sheep act as a means of transport for other species of fauna and flora.
From spring to the end of autumn, some 1,000 sheep, which include breeds such as Suffolk sheep, are on active duty for Encavis. With the help of our four-legged friends, the ground around the plants recovers better; the use of sheep is also much less costly than other alternatives. And not forgetting animal well-being: The gutters on solar modules collect rain water that the sheep can drink.


Agriculture | Food | Forestry
Agriculture, Food & Forestry is a mainstay of all the economies in which we operate, with the power to generate strong returns, create better quality employment and help alleviate poverty.
60% of the world’s unutilised crop land is in Africa. Highly favourable growing conditions, unique market windows for export, and growing global demand for food and sustainable timber compound the region’s strategic advantage.
At present, however, productivity is low and operations remain highly inefficient. This presents us with compelling opportunities to develop large-scale, vertically-integrated agri-businesses.
Our Agriculture, Food and Forestry division is run by our subsidiary company, Agris, who focus on reviving distressed commercial plantations and providing expansion capital to well-run horticulture operations.
Equatoria Teak Company
85% ownership South Sudan
ETC and sister company Green Environ Teak Company (50% ownership) are South Sudan’s leading sustainable plantations and Africa’s second largest teak grower with 2,200 ha of planted teak. ETC has recently expanded its operations to include coffee production through a large scale out-grower network, in partnership with FAO South Sudan, Hummingbird Action for Peace and Development, and ICCO Cooperation. We are in the process of expanding our planted area of teak to over 5,000 ha.
100% ownership Kenya
In 2020 we started Evergreen Herbs Limited, a leading grower and exporter of fresh, cut herbs from East Africa. We specialise in providing a broad range of high-quality herbs, throughout the year from our two farms, near Nairobi. We also produce a range of high-quality vegetables for the local market.
Rungwe Avocado Company
83% ownership Tanzania
Rungwe Avocado Company, a subsidiary of leading Tanzanian plantation company TATEPA, is one of the largest producers of avocados in Tanzania. We have an extensive network of outgrower farmers, whom we have supported with training, extension services and links to the premium-priced export market.
Wakulima Tea Company
Wakulima Tea Company is the tea business of leading Tanzanian plantation company TATEPA. It is Tanzania’s second largest tea producer and Maris’ biggest employer with over 1000 employees. We manage 308 ha of tea estates, but source the majority of our green leaf from a network of over 12,000 outgrower smallholder farmers, who own 30% of the business and are also provided with extensive technical, financial and community support.
Majestic Mushrooms Ltd was incorporated in 2019 and is located next to Lake Naivasha. Our highly experienced team employ the most innovative and modern growing technologies to produce a wide variety of fresh mushrooms for the Kenyan market.
Evergreen Fresh was formed in 2021 with a vision of consistently delivering the highest quality fruits, herbs and vegetables to the Nairobi retail and food service sectors. The company sources its produce from the Evergreen Herbs and Majestic Mushrooms farms and is in the process of developing a reliable out grower network.


Nothing quite makes a backyard like a stunning, bright green lawn. It’s pretty much the mark of a great Aussie home. So, whether you go for turf lawns or synthetic lawns, it’s important to get the best people to do the job. And you’ll find them right here at Dust to Lawn.
As our name suggests, we live and breathe lawns. We love them for so many reasons. To begin, they’re important visually. A well-landscaped lawn suggests health, vibrancy and getting the best out of life. Secondly, they’re crucial, practically. A lawn is a place to host barbecues, a spot for children to play freely, and a private area to relax and sit, read, talk, drink or do whatever makes you happy. We love running our business because, over the years, we’ve satisfied thousands of customers by creating beautiful lawns, transforming their houses into ideal homes.
Turf or synthetic?
With years of industry experience under our belt, we’re experienced with both synthetic and turf lawns. If you’re after a lawn that looks great all the time, doesn’t need any maintenance and is child and pet-friendly, a synthetic lawn might be the right solution for you. These days, thanks to technological advances, synthetic lawns are incredibly realistic and natural-feeling. And there’s none of the hassle associated with watering and fertilising!
If, on the other hand, you’ve long been dreaming of the smell of fresh turf, and revel in the joy of taking care of your own patch of grass, we can recommend the ideal blend for your area and will provide you with a striking turf lawn.
Our lawn services cover all aspects of lawn creation. From the all-important preparation of levelling, spreading and compacting soil, through to future care and maintenance advice. If you’re after a brand new lawn, we’ll provide you with the necessary materials, bring them to your home and lay the lawn down for you. If you need poor soil excavated, to be replaced with high-quality soil, we’ll take care of that, too. After all, we’re just as keen as you to make sure that your lawn flourishes for years and years to come.
Or perhaps you have an existing lawn that needs extending, upgrading or improving? Whether the job is small or large, we’re ready for it. That includes supplying and laying lawn edging, as well as building additional features, like retaining walls for gardens.
Do you have any questions about any of our lawn services? Do you have a specific question about your property? Why not get in touch with us today?


Grow tents are revolutionary products and a perfect solution for those yearning for indoor cultivation. They work superbly for both beginner and veteran gardeners. These tents can be constructed and displayed anywhere, be it the bedroom, living room, loft, garden shed, or even garage. Save yourself the trouble of having to build a grow room from scratch and get yourself a grow tent.
With these tents, you can control the climate and lighting, setting the perfect conditions for the blooming of your plants. Grow tents are ideal for cultivating exotic fruits, herbs, vegetables, and seasonal fruits all year round. The market today has a broad spectrum of these excellent products. Below is a review that narrows them down to ten of the best small grow tents complete with a buying guide to help you pick the right one.
List of Best Small Grow Tents in 2023
#10. GreenHouser High Reflective Grow Tent
The GreenHouser High Reflective Grow Tent is an idyllic indoor grow room for planting a variety of fruits, flowers, and vegetables. Its inside is fitted with a highly reflective waterproof diamond Mylar, which plays the role of enhancement of the reflective effect. Moreover, the mid-side is made of PEVA material, which is non-toxic hence environment-friendly. The exterior of this tent is furnished with an oxford cloth that is 600D lightproof and heavy-duty extending durability and protecting you from bad lighting. The frame is inclusive of sturdy plastic connectors, and white paint coated metallic rods—this reinforced design and essential for firmed support.
With its heavy-duty zippers and the adoption of a double stitching technique, the tent is well protected against light leaks for better plant growth. The floor is removable. This comes in handy to not only protect the canvas from flooding and spills but also for easy cleaning. The materials used in its construction are durable and environment-friendly. That is for practical and undisrupted plant growth. Also, for better ventilation, the tent has ventilation ports in a built-in mesh screen design. Even though the shelter has all these praises, it also has a downside; its sizing could be better- it cannot fit people at a go.
#9. Hongruilite Grow Tent Room
The Hongruilite Grow Tent Room comes as a full package, featuring all requisites you so desire in a grow tent. The 2-in-1 build tent room is equipped with a removable waterproof floor tray, just what you need for the prevention of spills and ease of cleaning. Besides, it has a rope ratchet hanger, each ratchet with a weight load capacity of 75 pounds. The multifunctional digital hygrometer displays time, temperature, and humidity all at the same time. That enhances a high degree of accuracy and stability.
The interior diamond Mylar that is not only highly reflective but also waterproof works to enhance the tent’s reflective effect. The poles have an all-steel construction that ensures stability and security, and the installation is quick and tool-free. Not forgetting the heavy-duty zippers and top-notch stitching, the tent is safe from light leaks and increases ease of entry and access. This tent comes with a couple of essentials such as a 24-hour timer, 60mm Bonsai shears, and a Trellis Netting. All these come in handy for the proper thriving of the plants. This tent, however, could cause a dip in your pocket; it consumes a lot of energy.
#8. BloomGrow Grow Tent
The BloomGrow is ideal hydroponics grow tent room. Featuring an LED 300W UFO light that emits a color spectrum that is well suited for the growth of plants, the tent will see to it that they blossom in all phases. The multifunctional digital hygrometer displays time, temperature, and humidity all at the same time. That is an enhancement of accuracy and stability. Moreover, it features a rope ratchet hanger. With each ratchet having a weight load capacity of up to 75 pounds, a pair can comfortably handle 150 pounds. The interior’s diamond Mylar that is not only highly reflective but also waterproof works to enhance the tent’s reflective effect.
With its heavy-duty zippers and adoption of double stitching technique, the tent is well protected against light leaks and also plays a role in easing entry and access. Instead of using a light fan, this tent features high performance and high-end self-heating dissipation mechanisms. Your plants are assured to grow to bloom. The frame comes reinforced with plastic corners from firmed support. Ventilation is well taken care of with the provision of a carbon filter and an inline fan. They promote the airflow in your grow space. Despite all these remarkable characteristics, the tent is not sizeable enough. It can only handle a few plants.
#7. iPower Hydroponic Grow Tent
The iPower grow tent is a well suited hydroponic grow tent inclusive of an observation window that allows you to peek inside and note the progress of your plants. With the shelter made of well-selected high-quality durable oxford fabric, it does stay not only waterproof but also tear-proof. With its wear-resistant characteristic, all light is blocked from escaping. All this is solely to increase longevity and its output capacity. Also, the interior has a reflective Mylar lining that improves the output proficiency of this tent. The tent features heavy-duty zippers furnishing, and the first-rate stitching design work hand in hand in protecting the tent from light leaks extending durability and ensuring long service life.
The black lining of the zipper works superbly in creating a light proof seal that renders the need for self-adhesive tape and additional flaps unnecessary. The sturdy metallic poles work in conjunction with robust metal corner connectors that are estimated to handle more than 110 lbs. The frame’s finishing ensures safe handling and smooth installation. The frame is also powder-coated, thus protects against rust even in humidity filled conditions. The tent also comes equipped with a removable floor tray and a tool bag. The door is easy to access as it unzips smoothly. It is easy to assemble as no tools are required for installation. This tent, however, cannot fit people at a go because of its sizing.
#6. TopoGrow LED Grow Tent
TopoGrow is the go for LED Grow tent to attain spectacular harvests in due season. Well furnished with a LED 300W grow light that emits a color spectrum that is well suited for the growth of plants, the tent will see to it that they blossom in all phases. The exterior of this tent is made of an oxford cloth that is 600D light proof and heavy-duty protecting it from damaging lighting. The frame is inclusive of sturdy plastic connectors reinforced for sturdy support, and white paint coated metallic rods for rust prevention.
You need not worry about ventilation. The included inline fan, carbon filter, and ducting work just fine in promoting airflow, removing stenches from your grow space, and bringing in fresh air for your plants. With its heavy-duty zippers and adoption of a double stitching technique, the tent is well protected against light leaks. You can, however, fit at most three plants. More plants won’t have enough room for growth.
#5. Best Choice Products Grow Tent
By: Best Choice Products
Best Choice Products Grow Tent is indeed the best choice tent. This tent, specially designed with its interior lined with highly reflective material, maximizes heat and light control to ensure a growing environment at its prime. The thoughtful interior lining of this tent is engineered with durable reinforced zippers and self-sustaining straps for easy setup. It’s easy to assembly and disassembly comes as an added advantage. The removable roof feature enables you to adjust accessories and to light quickly.
The material used in its construction is lightproof, controlling the light cycles by preventing light from entering and exiting. The highly reflective material is waterproof and non-toxic PVC plastic, making this tent environment friendly. This tent is sure to provide a perfect environment required for indoor cultivation as it is hugely heated insulative. With it equipped with multiple vents, ventilation is easily achieved. The large door of this tent gives you an easy time when setting up lights and moving the plants. For lighting equipment, this tent is fitted with metal rails. It requires a tool-free installation and is portable once constructed. The assembly, however, takes some time.
#4. Gorilla Grow Tent Lite Line
By: Gorilla Grow Tent
Gorilla Grow Tent of Lite Line is a complete four by 4 foot hydroponic grow tent. It is expertly designed and well suited for growing indoor plants. With adjustable extension poles, you can easily adjust the height of your tent. The canvas is durable and very reliable to provide a secure and safe environment for the growth of your plants. With large view windows, you can easily take a peek inside without compromising the environment.
The large ducting ports serve to promote airflow, maintaining an ideal environment for plants to bloom. All interlocking steel poles provide a stable and robust enclosure making this tent ideal for indoor cultivation. The wraparound zippers and doorways of this tent offer 360-degree access to your convenience. With a dual cinching duct ports feature, the ducting cords and ports are easily sealed from light and air. The height adjusting extension poles are, however, not included in the package. They are sold separately.
#3. VIPARSPECTRA Hydroponic Grow Tent
The VIPARSPECTRA grow tent is an ideal hydroponic tent equipped with multiple vents for varying sizes of fan filter to achieve ventilation and keep insects and dust out. Specially engineered with heavy-duty zippers and first-rate double-stitched fabric, the growing space is safeguarded and protected. The sturdy metallic poles work in conjunction with robust metal corner connectors that uphold the frame and securely lock the structure in place estimated to handle more than 110 lbs.
The material is not only waterproof but also tear-proof Mylar to provide extra protection to the growing plants. The reflective 600D Mylar has a lightproof quality that works to protect plants from adverse lighting. It is easy to assemble as no tools are required for installation. The zippers used are updated to ease opening and closing. The exterior is durable, designed to withstand adverse weather conditions. VIPARSPECTRA is highly recommended for the horticulture industry. This product comes complete with a one year warranty. Despite all this, the tent’s sizing could be better.
#2. TopoLite Indoor Grow Tent Room
The TopoLite is an indoor plant growing dark room. Better ventilation of this tent is upheld by rectangle vents with built-in mesh screen design and multiple vents for filter and fan output. The exterior of this tent is furnished with an oxford cloth that is 600D lightproof and heavy-duty extending durability. The high-quality zippers are easy to use. The metal rods are reinforced with plastic corner connectors to make the frame sturdy.
With a dual cinching duct ports feature, the ducting cords and ports are easily sealed from light and air. For the maximum reflective surface area, the tent has a diamond pattern finish. The shelter has a stable construction, ensuring security. A single 19mm hanging bar can comfortably hold around 33lbs. These bars cannot sustain very heavyweights, which is a downside for this tent.
#1. VIVOSUN Mylar Hydroponic Grow Tent
The VIVOSUN hydroponic grow tent is fully furnished to serve the purpose of superb indoor cultivation competently. With it equipped with a removable waterproof floor tray, the canvas is easy to clean and also helps to prevent spills and flooding. The tent’s interior is lined with highly reflective Mylar that prevents all light from escaping. The black lining of the zipper works superbly in creating a light proof seal that renders useless the need for self-adhesive tape and additional flaps.
The observation window feature comes in handy to allow you to take a peek inside. The door is easy to access as it unzips smoothly. Strong metal poles support the tent, and their smooth finishing allows easy installation. The zipper is chosen explicitly for perfect functioning, while the hanging bar will enable you to hang up to 88lbs of weight. The tent’s extra thick canvas fastened on the metal poles assure durability and stability. The market, however, contains counterfeit products of this particular tent. Make sure you purchase the authentic VIVOSUN products only sold by VIVOSUN.
Reviewed above are hands down the best grow tents in the market. These products are more than competent to increase your yields a twofold. To achieve gardening success, grab one, and you will surely not regret your decision. Give your plants the best environment to flourish.


OEM & ODM: YES
The surface of the grow led chip is durable and easy-to-clean. The product has good performance in heat dissipation2.
The efficiency of the worker will increase because he can work accurately and faster with the assistance of this product. Its serialization of the original chip can be customized3.
The outstanding features of the product are the top quality and long service life. The product is a step forward to more efficient energy use4.
This product has some referential value as it has a reasonable design. The encapsulation way of the product can resist ultraviolet.5.
The product excels in quality, performance, function, durability, etc. Its heat sink is conducive to its durability
A.PRICE IS WITHOUT VAT.
B.EX-WORK QUOTE BASE,SHIPPING COST IS NOT INCLUDED.
C.WARRANTY IS 3 YRS.
D.PREPAID IS REQUIRED ONCE ORDER CONFIRMED,TT BALANCE ONCE READY TO SHIPPING.
E.PRODUCTION CYCLE IS 7-10 WORK DAYS.
F.OEM & ODM IS ACCEPTABLE.
1,Epistar & Epiled chip. 2,Low thermal resistance <0.58C/W. 3,Multi wavelength+UV+IR. 4,Various spectrum. 5,Driver & LED all in one design. 6,Cost performance. 7,Easy assemble. 8,High efficiency.
LED GROW LIGHT
Learnew's grow light led cob features a flip-chip design of full-spectrum growth lights, and the mature phosphor technology. This product it has the characteristics of low thermal resistance, high spectrum, high efficiency and PPF, etc.
It is popular indoors and outdoors, and is often used in supermarkets, farms,horticulture,plant growth laboratories, orchards and other applications.
Company Features1. high efficiency led grow light chips 18w muti wavelength 473nm 530nm 3000k 630nm 665nm 735nm cob led chips
china supplier good quality 50W±2W grow led cob 473nm 530nm 3000k 630nm 665nm 735nm 40*60mm cob led chip
full spectrum grow cob led chips 660nm 730nm 365nm 100w grow led cob for farms and grow light market
high efficiency 380-780nm 30w grow led cob 40*60mm for grow light market
We have a dedicated after-sales service team. They can efficiently deal with cargo delivery, invoicing, settlement, transportation and cargo storage. They help the company guarantee timely delivery.2.
SHENZHEN LEARNEW OPTOELECTRONICS TECHNOLOGY CO LIMITED. is willing to provide customers with customized . Ask online!


Do you remember the little jalapeño plant I bought some time ago? Well, we benefited from a LOT of sun and heat lately (less so the past 2-3 weeks) and the little jalapeño plant has grown and jalapeños gained their bright-red color.
We tried some and they were quite good, hot enough for my husband (which means pretty hot) but my husband has doubts about what the peppers themselves really are. They remain quite small for jalapeños (but maybe they still didn’t get enough sun?). Could they be Thai peppers rather than jalapeños? If anyone has any insight in the matter, we’re all ears :-)
In any case, I believe it made little to no difference to the little visitor the plant had the other day.


- 6 Science-Based Health Benefits of Moringa oleifera
- The Role of Moringa Oleifera in The Post Covid-19 World
- North America Moringa Products Market (2018 to 2027) – Regional Analysis and Forecasts
Plants and derivatives have been explored for unlimited purposes by mankind, from crop cultivation for providing food and animal feed, to the use for cosmetics, therapeutics and energy. Moringa tree and vetiver grass features, capabilities and applications were explored through a literature review. The suitability of these plants for the bioenergy industry products is evidenced, namely for bioethanol, biogas and biodiesel, given the lignocellulosic biomass content of these plants and characteristics of moringa seed oil. In addition, moringa leaves and pods are an important source for food and animal feed industries due to their high nutrient value.


Executive, Directors and Volunteers have had a few meetings over the past year. The option has always been to meet virtually, along with attending our socially distanced, outdoor meetings. This has worked very well and ensures the continuation of the Agricultural Society, an important part of the community.
At Opening Ceremonies on Saturday Sept. 7th, Taylor Ribey, daughter of Bruce and Heather Ribey was chose as our Ambassador for this year. Great opening ceremonies with a record live auction of first place pies, official opening by Dr. Tammi Ribey, and presentation of Agricultural Service Award to John and Lisa Thornburn.
Barn Quilt Workshops We are the grateful recipients of a grant providing financial support from Community Foundation Grey Bruce to offer barn quilt workshops in 2019. Our first workshop ran July 15th to 18th and was very well attended! The second workshop ran in late September and hosted even more eager barn quilt painters. […]
Covid 19 Pandemic Update
The 2021 Paisley Fall Fair has been Cancelled
In light of Covid 19 and the devastating impact it has brought to our world, the Paisley Agricultural Society Board of Directors has made the decision to cancel the 2021 Fall Fair. We value our dedicated volunteers, we care about the well-being and safety of our members, judges, vendors and our fair-goers and we respect our community, our supporters and our surrounding agricultural societies. All of these factors made the decision be the only right decision.
Mark Your Calendars for an Alternative Agricultural Activity on Sunday September 12, 2021
The Directors, Executive and Committee Chairpeople are very keen to do something for our community and to Celebrate our Agricultural Traditions, so planning is underway. Watch for more information as it develops.