Deadline: 1 May 2021
Open to: any academic institution, private or public organization, or governmental unit
Benefits: $250,000 award
The World Food Prize is accepting nominations for 2021. The World Food Prize is the foremost international award recognizing the accomplishments of individuals who have advanced human development by improving the quality, quantity, or availability of food in the world. It is awarded for a specific, exceptionally significant, individual achievement that advances human development with a demonstrable increase in the quantity, quality, availability of, or access to food through creative interventions at any point within the full scope of the food system. The World Food Prize is a $250,000 award formally presented at the Laureate Award Ceremony in mid-October, on or around World Food Day, in conjunction with the Borlaug Dialogue international symposium.
Nominations are sought of an individual or individuals have demonstrated exceptional achievement in any field involved in enhancing food production and distribution and increasing food availability and accessibility to those most in need. Any academic or research institution, private or public organization, corporate entity, or governmental unit may submit a nomination for The World Food Prize until May 1.
Fields of achievement include, but are not limited to: soil and land; plant and animal science; food science and technology; nutrition; rural development; marketing; food processing, packaging and storage; water and the environment; natural resource conservation; physical infrastructure; transportation and distribution; special or extraordinary feeding programs; social organization and poverty elimination; economics and finance; policy analysis and implementation; and public advocacy.
- This exceptionally significant achievement must be shown to have resulted in a demonstrable increase in the quantity, quality, availability of, or access to food for a large number of people.
- The impact of this achievement must be measurable, quantifiable, or otherwise demonstrated either in terms of reduced poverty, hunger, or suffering; or enhanced health, nutrition, quality of life and well-being.
- It must be clearly shown that this increase in food security was the direct result of the specific actions and activities of the nominee; i.e., without his or her specific accomplishment, no change would have occurred.
- A nominee must be living and in sufficiently good health to attend the World Food Prize Award Ceremony. The nominee must be able to give an acceptance speech and agree to participate in selected media events and the World Food Prize Global Youth Institute at the time of the Award Ceremony.
- The Prize is intended to be awarded to one person. In exceptional circumstances where an additional person (or persons) has collaborated in an indispensable way, more than one person may be included in the nomination. However, it must be demonstrated conclusively that each person contributed in an essential way, and that without each individual’s contribution, no achievement would have been possible. The World Food Prize Selection Committee will determine whether a joint nomination meets these criteria, and in cases where it judges this standard has not been met, to limit the number of persons being considered.
- Any academic institution, private or public organization, or governmental unit may submit a nomination for the World Food Prize.
- Any such entity may submit as many nominations as it sees fit. All nominations are confidential, and the identities of the nominators and the nominating organization are kept in strict confidence.
- Individuals may generate nominations, but the nomination must be endorsed by, and submitted through, an academic institution, private or public organization, or governmental unit. Self-nominations will not be considered.
- Nominees remain eligible for consideration for a three-year period, starting with the year of submission. Nominators are encouraged to provide updated information during this period. After this three-year time frame, a completely new nomination must be submitted in order for the nominee to continue to be considered. The Selection Committee may decide to extend the eligibility period for nominations deemed worthy of further consideration.
The World Food Prize is a $250,000 award formally presented at the Laureate Award Ceremony in mid-October, on or around World Food Day, in conjunction with the Borlaug Dialogue international symposium.
How to apply?
For more information and to apply, please visit the official website.


Marlborough – Sauvignon Blanc, Riesling, Chardonnay, Pinot Gris, Gewurztraminer and Pinot Noir.
Waimauku, Auckland – Chardonnay, Pinot Noir, Pinot Gris and Malbec.
This is a rapidly growing region in viticulture gaining worldwide recognition. The Wiffen Estate Vineyards in the Wairau Valley currently supply West Brook with a large percentage of Sauvignon Blanc, Riesling, Chardonnay and Pinot Noir, with further plantings on these sites being planned in the coming years. Further up the valley contracts are being signed to develop more vineyards.
Marlborough has more hours of sunshine than other regions in New Zealand and a long slow ripening season extends well into late April, with cool nights preserving acidity and concentrating fruit flavours.
The Winery and Estate vineyard is positioned in the tranquil Waikoukou Valley in the viticulturaly proven district of Waimauku, north-west of Auckland City.(In fact the first Sauvignon Blanc, grown commercially in New Zealand was from this region). Surrounded by a farming landscape, the vineyard is nestled in a unique growing micro-climate, growing Chardonnay, Pinot Noir, Pinot Gris and Malbec.


Wine production is an earthy tradition; our particular soils are rich in potassium salts and phosphorus due to the volcanic territory, the climate and microclimate, favored by the present lakes and nearby sea, are ideal for growing a product of high quality. Viticulture has been practiced for centuries in the areas of the Castelli Romani and the Alban Hills, dating back to the imperial age. Since the Roman Empire wine has been produced here, and later appreciated by noble families and celebrated by Latin writers. They are among the most important wine areas in Lazio. Fontana di Papa has implemented modern winemaking methods which have allowed to create high quality products, products that have established Fontana di Papa in the national and international markets. Among these wines are DOC Colli Albani, a historic traditional DOC, and our latest product DOC ROMA, both red and white, a wine that carries an important name and is one of Fontana di Papa’s top products.


Summer time and cleaning out the garage can bring many creative items to your flower beds. It’s so easy to make an old bucket, galvanized tub, wheelbarrel or about anything else into a cut garden planter.
Just drill a hole in the base for drainage, put rocks in the bottom of the bucket so your plants don't get over watered, then you’re ready to plant. I love using old buckets for herbs as well. Bonus - many of these old pails are easy to move around if the handle is still attached!


Most of us look for veggies by going to the supermarket or nearby grocery store at least once or twice a week or more. Though we have to rely on these places to buy vegetables, the price is quite high and the quality is not as good as we desire even when we get up early to choose the best one. So why do we have to accept this situation over and over? Why don’t we produce our own veggies so as to improve our health as well as save money for a rainy day?
There are many reasons why you should have a small garden and grow your own vegetables. In this article, we will go through 5 most common reasons for this decision. Growing veggies are not as hard as you think it might be, so don’t worry and let’s get the work started!
There are many benefits that you might not know about veggies that are grown by yourself, that’s the reason why we should know about them so as to have motivation building a small garden.
Taste and Freshness
People often think that fruits and vegetables which are imported and sold in grocery stores or supermarkets are the best with high prices, but they don’t know that they can have their own fruits and veggies with the same quality with much less money. Nothing can compare the taste of home grown veggies, especially when they are just picked. The freshness and taste of those veggies can wake up all your senses before you can even realize.
If you can grow some tomato vines, you can have them right from the vine to the table. That’s the best way to enjoy fresh vegetables. On the other hand, you might not know that the tomatoes on grocery stores are harvested before they are fully ripened and they are made to ripen by chemical methods such as using ethylene gas. That’s why they don’t have the proper amount of sugar and fiber inside and taste less sweet than home grown ones.
When you can have your won veggie garden, you can have fresh fruits and vegetables almost every day. Of course, you have to put some efforts into your garden, but hard work pays off! Every day you can enjoy the taste of freshest lettuce, onions, radishes, and tomatoes that no one can have. People think that growing veggies require a large area, but they don’t know that this work can be done just right in their kitchen.
Nowadays, because of the profit, many farmers and sellers don’t care about the safety of their product anymore. Apart from using ethylene gas to make the fruit ripen, they also use other unsafe chemicals to affect the natural freshness of the products. That’s the reason why when we consume an amount of vegetable and fruit from the market or grocery store, we also consume the remaining of pesticides and chemicals imbued inside the products.
That situation won’t happen when you have your own garden and take care of them on a daily basis. Since you don’t grow veggies for money, you don’t have to take care of the appearance and other features of your fruits. They might be smaller in comparison with other products, but they are 100% clean and safe, and who doesn’t want to taste them? Growing veggies for your family is one of the most effective ways to protect your family from pesticides and harmful chemicals used in farms and stores. Organic farm and garden products are things we are looking for right now because of the quality and reasonable price.
Growing the garden can supply enough veggies and fruits for your family without investing too much money. Many people think that building a small garden and take care of it on a daily basis is such a waste of time and don’t have any real benefits. However, the truth is another way around. Many families have their own gardens though the area is not large and there are not many types of veggie and fruit. The main point is that these gardens are chemical free and produce enough amount of vegetables for their owners’ day by day.
In fact, you can modify your diets with types of veggie and fruit from your garden and kids will be more willing to eat the products that are from their garden where they help growing them. With your own organic garden, you don’t have to worry about the quality of the products comparing to going to stores or markets.
Another thing we shouldn’t forget to mention is that gardening is also a way of exercising and training your physical condition. In addition, gardening helps you escape from the hustle and bustle of the busy life as well as let your hair down after hard working hours.
This is one of the most important considerations when deciding to grow your own garden. If you want to have a green meal before having a garden of your own, you have to consider buying many types of vegetables as well as choosing other things to mix with them.
The price of tools and seeds might be a great cost in the beginning, but after a few periods, everything would pay off. You can even make profits from your own products by selling them locally. It might not be your main way to have money, but it can afford for your meals and make it more flavorful. In addition, you can expand your garden and make more products so as to make it more professional. That’s a good way to guarantee the quality of your food as well as make more money if you have time and put lots of efforts into your work.
Having your own garden is not only a way to have fresh and green veggies but also bring many benefits to you and your family. You should consider building a small one next to your house to make your meals become flavorful and tastier.


Investment capacity of Khuzestan
Our focus in business is exporting dates from Iran and mainly Khuzestan to other countries. Iran is one of the greatest providers of dates in the world. Dashtestani trade group is exporting high-quality dates from Khuzestan to other parts of the world based on a professional plan and international policies.
This region is highly cultivated for planting date palm and that is why you can’t find a date with this quality anywhere else. Our dates are:
- Highly organic
- Well-rated in the market
- Available in different types
- Planted in fertilized soil of Khuzestan


Butter beans, additionally called lima beans as well as sieva beans, are the seeds of the plant Phaseolus lunatus. They are offered fresh, icy, or dried out, and are sold in both younger and also mature kinds.
What Are Butter Beans?
Butter beans are huge, creamy beans that are filling as well as nutritious. These legumes come from South America and also are made use of in a variety of meals. They’re readily available fresh during the late-summer growing season or as fresh-frozen or dried beans year-round.
Fresh young beans (occasionally called baby limas) have a slim skin bordering a light environment-friendly bean that can be eliminated after food preparation or left intact, depending upon the application. Mature, dried butter beans have a thicker, beige-colored skin that becomes tender when fully cooked.
Just How to Use Butter Beans
Dried out butter beans are a trustworthy kitchen staple that can be used in soups, stews, braises, casseroles, dips, spreads, and also salads, just among others applications. They can additionally be prepared on their own and also served with a straightforward clothing of butter, salt, and a press of lemon juice.
Dried butter beans can be steamed and afterwards simmered on the stovetop or braised in the stove over a few hours. They can be soaked for numerous hrs or over night to shorten the cooking time. Butter beans are also an exceptional alternative for crock pot and pressure cooker recipes. Fresh or frozen butter beans can be prepared far more swiftly, commonly in around thirty minutes, as well as are best prepared on the stovetop.
Butter beans must not be eaten raw due to the fact that they include a substance called linamarin that breaks down right into poisonous cyanide when the bean is eaten or harmed. Wild butter beans have a greater focus of this compound, however beans grown in the U.S. are regulated to contain really reduced amounts. Boiling butter beans for 5 to 10 minutes lowers the amount of cyanide.1.
What Do They Preference Like?
Butter beans have a smooth, luscious appearance and also moderate, buttery flavor. They hold sauces and take in the flavors they’re cooked with well. Fresh butter beans will have a slightly grassy, a lot more vegetal taste than cooked, dried beans.
Butter Beans Dishes.
- Fresh Succotash With Okra, Tomatoes, Lima Beans, and also Corn.
- Creamed Lima Beans.
- Lima Bean Soup With Ham.
Where to Get Butter Beans.
You’ll find dried butter beans, usually labeled as lima beans, in the cupboard aisle of many grocery stores and grocery stores. They’re also available precooked in containers in the tinned items aisle. Baby or fully grown lima beans are additionally offered frozen in the fridge freezer aisle.
Fresh, never-frozen, butter beans are more challenging ahead by as well as are commonly just readily available in season, generally late summer to early fall in the United States. Look for them at farmers’ markets and farm stands during this moment of year. Fresh beans may be offered already shelled or still in their green, fuzzy pods, which must be eliminated as well as disposed of before food preparation.
Butter Beans vs. Lima Beans.
While they’re just the same bean botanically, butter beans have various names relying on the region. In the South and in the United Kingdom, they’re normally described as butter beans. Elsewhere in the U.S., they’re referred to as lima beans (named for Lima, Peru, the bean’s factor of origin).
Shop dried butter beans in an airtight, food-safe container and also keep them in a great, dry area. Use them within one year of purchase. Past that point, completely dry beans lose dampness and may take longer to cook.
Icy butter beans can be kept in their initial product packaging in the freezer for as much as nine months or vacuum-sealed in a deep fridge freezer for approximately 14 months. If you prepare to freeze your very own fresh lima beans, pale for 2 to 4 mins, depending on the dimension of the bean. Shock, pressure, and trendy before product packaging and also freezing.
Nutrition and Benefits.
One cup of completely dry beans includes 40 grams of carbs, 9 grams of dietary fiber, as well as 12 grams of healthy protein.


Since January 2006 Friendsofwater.com has been the supplier of the premier garden water sprinklers, the Noodlehead Sprinklers. The Noodlehead was our first product offered, and is still popular after all these years.
Noodlehead Sprinklers hit every part of your garden, using just the right amount of water. You’ll save water while your plants get what they need.. If you have a property with annual, perennial, vegetable or herb gardens of any size or type, or if you have narrow, small or odd-shaped garden or lawn areas that you need to water, you will love these high quality, low cost garden sprinklers!
Garden Sprinklers That Save Water
The great idea behind the Noodlehead Garden Sprinklers is a small head with 12 flexible tubes coming out of it – every tube with three water flows coming out the top, each angled just 5 degrees away from the others. Each of the tubes is flexible – but stays in the shape you bend it to. So you can send as much water to whatever spot you want. Want one plant to get a lot more water than its neighbors? Point more tubes at it. These sprinklers are small, light-weight, easy to use and put the water where you want it – in the amounts you want. This means you and your family save water.
Every Noodlehead comes with a spike you can use when you wish, to secure the garden sprinkler exactly where you want it. These garden sprinklers screw right onto your garden hose. The tubes can be angled to water at the roots, or you can point the spray more upward to water the leaves of others. In fact, you are able to do both from one garden sprinkler.
Great for Hard to Get or Odd Shaped Areas
The Noodlehead Sprinkler will adapt to any shape or pattern you want! Do you have a narrow stretch of garden or lawn that you’ve never been able to get the right sprinkler for? Don’t pay to put in six pop-up sprinkler heads. You can save a bundle by using one sprinkler instead!
If you have a spot where you want to set up a Noodlehead and leave it, it’s quick and easy to just screw it back on the hose when you are ready to water. You can do that without disturbing the tubes. (We find it easiest to lift the head and spin it onto the hose.) Of course if you’re using the heads on your underground system risers or a permanent hose, you don’t need to do anything.
Stop losing plants here and there because your sprinkler didn’t reach them!
The Noodlehead won the “Best New Product of the Year” at the International Hardware Show. Folks, that the hardware show – imagine the competition. There were 700 competing products!
Moreover, the Noodlehead won “Best New Product of the Year” at the International Invention Convention. It was the best of 200 competing new inventions.
There are two stainless steel fine mesh filter washers on each sprinkler head – on for the garden hose thread and another in the bottom, for when you us and Extend-A-Riser. These mesh filters are washable. Together with the special nozzle design, these really do prevent clogging.
The Noodlehead Garden Sprinkler System is a great product, and it is priced very reasonably. You can try it for up to 30 days to be sure you agree. If you don’t you may return it for a full refund.


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Reliable Lawn Care Service in Bowling Green, KY
To have a beautiful property here in Bowling Green, KY, you'll want to hire some experts. At TruGreen of Bowling Green, KY, we're trained and equipped to provide routine lawn maintenance that uses science-based solutions. We'll start with our Healthy Lawn Analysis® so that we can determine how to best care for your turf.
Our professionals will examine your soil type and examine the condition of your existing lawn. We can quickly determine if any nutrient deficiencies are present and identify any pests or diseases your lawn needs to overcome. If you're concerned about bare spots or slow growth, we'll find the underlying cause. We can tailor a lawn maintenance package for your property that includes:
- Lawn Care Plans: fertilization & weed control for a healthy lawn, guaranteed
- Tree & Shrub Plans: protection from pests & disease
- Lawn pest control: protection from lawn-damaging insects
- Lawn aeration and seeding
- Soil pH treatments
TruGreen of Bowling Green, KY, is your source for beautiful lawns. If you'd like to trust your lawn maintenance in the Bowling Green area to the specialists, call us and schedule your consultation. You'll appreciate how all our work is backed by our TruGreen Healthy Lawn Guarantee®.


Having a nursery gives a great deal of focal points. First of all, it embellishes your condition. There is in no way like a bit of green and hues to transform a dreary space into a living and breathing asylum. At that point there are additionally the benefits of having vegetation to your quick condition. Having a nursery is one of the best approaches to channel the air around your home. On the off chance that you have a herb or a vegetable nursery, at that point you could undoubtedly appreciate crisp produce without heading off to the market or basic food item.
In any case, as is commonly said, gardens couldn’t care less for themselves. Nurseries need caring particularly during the wintertime. Something that you have to know is that most yields don’t pass on throughout the winter season. They simply lie lethargic. In any case, without planning something for shield your plants from the cool temperature, they can undoubtedly freeze over and shrivel. On the off chance that you have a nursery, you don’t need to stress over the happening to wintertime as long as you realize what to do to keep your plants living. The key lies in legitimate planning. At the point when you prep your nursery, you can be certain that your dirt will be generally productive and wealthy in supplements come the accompanying season. The correct planning can likewise prompt more advantageous plants and bigger harvests.
The following are a few hints for setting up your yard and nursery for winter.
- Do some investigation
At the point when the cool months begin to set in, that is a decent time for you to play out some investigation of your nursery. To do this, you can ask yourself the following hardly any inquiries: Which plant has developed best this year? Which one was hard to develop? Which plant should be planted by and by one year from now? Which plant would it be advisable for me to quit getting for my nursery? You should write down your answer on a piece of paper so you can audit them later on when spring shows up. It is essential to do your investigation before the happening to the following spring season to give yourself some an opportunity to get ready for what you can do one year from now. Assessment ought to likewise be done on or just before the happening to winter when data about the plants you put inside the year is still crisp at the forefront of your thoughts.
- Tidy up Your Yard
Subsequent to doing an assessment of your home it is presently time to do some physical work. Before wintertime sets in, you should have the option to tidy up your nursery totally. You should take out all leaves, branches and other natural substance since they produce gases that can be risky to plants. It might be essential for you to rake each day for half a month prior to winter comes. At the point when leaves and other waste are left in your nursery, they will in general hold sogginess from the day off. Soggy leaves and flotsam and jetsam can turn into the reproducing ground for shape and in any event, for maladies that can influence the wellbeing of your plants. By cleaning your yard, you can likewise guarantee that daylight and sustenance will keep on saturating your garden in any event, throughout the winter months. At the point when the climate is chilly, the pH balance in the dirt gets adjusted which thus can prompt more beneficial soils. Day by day raking can likewise help circulate air through your grass so when that spring shows up they will be progressively regular and more beneficial.
- Control the Weeds in Your Grass
Another significant endeavor to do to set up your nursery or yard for wintertime is to oversee weeds. In the event that you don’t wish to see weeds come the following spring, at that point you should deal with them before winter comes. What you can be sure of is that they keep on becoming through the whole year. This is the thing that makes them unmistakable from the grass in your yard. Since they are developing continually, you have to keep observe constantly and murder them off as they show up. This is the best way to ensure that weeds will prevent from developing. On the off chance that you will sit tight for winter before you evacuate the weeds, you will make some troublesome memories overseeing them when spring shows up.
- Take great consideration of the Dirt
Dealing with the dirt ought to likewise be a piece of the wintertime groundwork for your nursery. To do this, you ought to incorporate some manure or compost to your property. As noted before, a couple of the plants in the nursery simply rest lethargic throughout the winter season, they don’t generally bite the dust. To constantly support them all through winter, you ought to guarantee that overabundance compost is put away in your dirt. So regardless of whether your yard will be secured by day off, grass and the plants beneath will have the option to get by on the spared assets. You ought to likewise confirm the dirt for the correct pH balance. The pH parity of the dirt differs due to the move of sustenance in the dirt throughout the mid year months. To adjust the corrosiveness of your dirt, you could have a go at utilizing an alternate sort of compost. You should add the new manure to your dirt before winter seems to permit the dirt to appropriately assimilate it. When spring comes, you will have a dirt with a progressively adjusted pH level.
- It is a smart thought to Set up Your Executes
Preparing your yard or nursery for the winter months doesn’t end on dealing with your plants and soil. You likewise need to deal with the devices that you use for yard work. You should give specific consideration to your grass trimmer. Before putting away it for the winter, ensure that you expel gas and oil from it. You are just going to discard gas and oil by letting them sit in your trimmer. Putting away gas and oil in your cutter can likewise harm the trimmer.


Hey y’all, my name is Brittany Lee. My husband Garrett Lee & I started our farm in Rio Vista, Texas in 2021!! We started with goats, then chickens, ducks and now pigs. We have so many new goals for our farm in the next year as in meat chickens, gardening + lots of learning.
Our three boys Cameron (9), Liam (8) + Logan (2) are our biggest reason for farming. We want the best for them and to teach them along the way.
I am thankful for this opportunity and making connections with so many people. I am happy y’all are following along my journey as well so we can learn and honestly be blessings to each other.


Verist Hemp Oil, Organic CO2 Extracted, Natural Hemp Oil 30ml
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Single-Origin Organic Hemp Oil: Because of its calming and relaxing effects, many use hemp oil to combat the stress of daily life and as a natural way to support restful, quality sleep. Others use it to ease aches, stiffness, discomfort, pain, and inflammation caused by exercise, injuries, or arthritis. It is truly amazing to see what this plant has the power to do.
Versatile Drops: Our hemp oil is extremely versatile and can be taken orally as a supplement or added to food, smoothies, and drinks. Our premium vegan formula delivers fast maximum absorption for increased effect. Its potential health benefits make it an essential addition to any natural wellness routine.
Farmed & Produced in America: We are proud that our hemp oil comes from plants we grow, harvest, and process on our fourth-generation family farm, located in the Minnesota River Valley. In our farming, we only have one rule: do it the right way, every time.
Sun-Grown & Nutrient Rich: Our hemp is fed only organic meal & compost teas. Beneficial insects, not chemicals, are used to protect plants, and complementary fungus aids root growth. We cultivate our non-GMO crops in a bio-diverse environment and let nature do its thing.
CO2 Extraction: Not all hemp oil is created equal, and it isn’t just the fact that we use the highest quality hemp that sets ours apart. We use a special process called CO2 extraction to separate essential nutrients and compounds from the plant creating broad spectrum highly bioavailable hemp oil.
Third-Party Lab Tested: Because we’re big on knowing what we put in our bodies, every single batch is third-party lab tested – so unlike other products you’ll find for sale, you can trust that it’s safe and you’re getting the same consistent quality and benefits in each bottle. Our product is guaranteed not to contain THC.
We’re big on knowing what we put into our bodies, and we’re guessing you are too. At Verist, we’re dedicated to truly organic practices. We cultivate our plants in an all-natural, bio-diverse environment, water them with rainfall or natural spring water and manage them with beneficial insects in lieu of chemicals or pesticides. We monitor for the optimal harvest period and hand-select flowers for the finest quality. After weeks of drying and curing to fully express the aromas and benefits of the plant, we carefully extract what we need and craft it into the Verist products we offer to you. As founders, we personally oversee the entire process, ensuring everything is crafted to the highest quality with microscopic attention to detail. The result is product quality head-and-shoulders above the rest. Verist products are single-origin, meaning they always come from hemp grown on our farm and are always processed to meet our high standards. Because of this, when you start using our products, you can feel confident you’ll get the same consistent benefits with every batch of product. Simply put, we grow and process hemp for you the way we’d want it done for ourselves. Here’s the lowdown on what you get with our Nonintoxicating Organic Hemp Oil: 1-oz bottle with measuring dropper. Suggested serving size: 1 dropper/1 ml once per day. Gently sweet taste with velvety smooth texture, free of chemicals and artificial ingredients. These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease. Consult a medical doctor before taking this if you are pregnant or nursing, have or suspect a medical condition or are taking any medications.


The history of coffee began in Ethiopia, where the coffee tree (Coffeaarabica) grew as a shrub. Initially the whole fruit was used by the local populations, who either chewed or grinded it in small pellets. The oldest reliable reference concerning coffee consumption or knowledge of coffee trees appears in the mid-15th century in Yemen's Sufi churches.
The name of the coffee is derived from the Arabic word qahwa (qahwa) which is a derogation of a part of the original Arabic name of coffee, qahwat al-būnn, which means "coffee wine", which refers to the fact that coffee is used as a substitute for wine, as the Koran prohibits the consumption of alcohol. When coffee first came to Europe it was known as "Arabian wine". Another version places the origin of the name in the Kingdom of Kaffa, the Ethiopian region where coffee was initially being used.
From Africa, coffee became known in Yemen, where slaves from Soudan, as we know it today, brought it with them.
Then, from Yemen, coffee became known further north, at Mecca and Medina, and from there in the major cities of North Africa. Coffee’s property as a means against sleepiness made it popular among the Sulfites, and while the Koran prohibits the consumption of alcohol, coffee was considered a good substitute, and from a social perspective its use was the same as in the West: coffee shops became a place of gatherings, discussions, fun or even gambling.
The first coffee shops were opened in Moka, the main port for coffee trade. Several times, coffee shops became a place where political debates and activities took place, and this is why many attempts were made to shut these places down, however, without success, due to the popularity of this beverage. The attempts made by Imams in Mecca and the Ethiopian Church to generally prohibit coffee as a stimulant beverage, were also unsuccessful.
Coffee (as a finished product – the Arabs strictly prohibited the export of seeds) became known in Europe through Venice, whiche kept strong trade relations with the Arab world, in the late 16th century. Coffee was originally sold by the Venetian merchants to the wealthy people of Venice, as an exotic product. Its popularity grew after Pope Climis VIII tasted it in the 1600s, found it excellent and named it a Christian drink, despite the advice of some people to anathematize it as anIslamic threat to Christianity. The first cafe opened in Italy in 1645.
Dutch people were the first to get coffee seeds and cultivate them,initially at their colonies in Indonesia. At the same time, Baba Budan, on his return from Mekka, smuggled coffee seeds to India, hiding them in the folds of his clothes.
Coffee became rapidly famous in Europe; in England there were 3,000 coffee shops in 1675. Coffee became known in France in 1657.In 1669,the envoy of Sultanate Mohammed IV, who visited Paris brought with him as a large quantity of coffee as a gift.
One of the spoils of the Poles, Austrians and Germans after their victory in Vienna in 1683 were the manysacks of coffee left behind by the defeated Ottoman army. FranceszKulzewski, a Polish officer, to whom these sacks of coffee were given as a gift for his bravery, opened a coffee shop, and he innovated by adding sugar and milk to the coffee. So, thanks to this victory coffee became known in Austria, Poland and Germany.
Coffee was introduced to the American continentby the French through their colonies in Martinique, French Guiana and elsewhere. The first plants were brought by Gabriel de Cliustifrom Martinique in 1714. From there coffee passed to French Guiana. In 1727, Francisco Palette was sent by the Brazilian king to Guiana to bring coffee seeds to his country. As the extrication of the seeds proved difficult, Palletta solved the problem by seducing the French governor's wife, who gave him seeds and coffee sprouts. So the plant came to Brazil, which is today the largest coffee-producing country in the world.
Around the same time, coffee was cultivated in Jamaica, in 1740 in Mexico, in 1784 in Venezuela, and at the end of the century in Colombia. In 1893, coffee passed from Brazil to Kenya and Tanzania, thus completing its intercontinental journey that began 900 years ago in Ethiopia.
There are two main types of coffee trees, which produce two coffee varieties and support the coffee tradeworldwide: Arabica coffee and Robusta coffee.
The Arabica variety, is the oldest of the two varieties. It is believed that it was cultivated for the first time inEthiopia, but, as its name indicates, it was first cultivated at the Arabian Peninsula.
78% of worldwide coffee production is of the Arabica variety. It thrives better at high altitudes, has a very refined taste compared to other types of coffee and contains 1% caffeine.
The Arabica variety nowadays is mainly produced in Central and South American countries and is known for its strong aromatic flavor. Different types of light coffee (mild coffees) are made from high quality Arabica variety.
The Robusta variety is more resistant to plant diseases than theArabica, due to the fact that it contains nearly twice the amount of caffeine (caffeine can paralyze and kill some of the insects that threaten the coffee tree). It is a "sturdy" variety with high production per plant. It thrives at lower altitudes and has a tougher, harder taste.
The Robusta variety, which accounts for the remaining 22% of the world production, has the potential to adapt to hot and humid climates, where the Arabica variety cannot thrive. Despite its more neutral taste the Robusta variety is very popular, especially in the form of dissolvable coffee.
The majority of the current coffee products are a combination of the two varieties, with different characteristics,in order to satisfy the different consumer needs.
The most well-known effect of coffee is that on the central nervous system. In reasonable quantities, coffee improves mental abilities as it alerts and reduces tediousness. The main reason for that is that it contains caffeine, an alkaloid that acts as a tonic. For this reason coffee is usually consumed in the morning hours or during work. Most susceptible to the effect of caffeine are the elderly, especially with regard to sleep. On the contrary, when we are talking about small quantities of coffee, children are no more susceptible thanadults. Sometimes, coffee helps pupils and students to maintain their concentration when they study for many hours.
In the human brain, caffeine causes vasoconstriction, while in regional vessels, dilation. Therefor in medicine, caffeine is used sometimes tofight migraine.


On 27th August 2021, Dr. Haibo Huang, an associateprofessor in the Department of Food Science and Technology and affiliated withthe Department of Biological Systems Engineering at Virginia Tech, gave anacademic report entitled “Processing of Agricultural and Food Waste intoHigh-value Products.”
Dr. Huang’s research focuses on developing food and bioprocessingtechnologies to produce food ingredients and green chemicals from agriculturaland food products for improving the sustainability of the food supply chain.
Nearly 30% of food is being wasted globally, resulting in billionsof dollars of economic losses, including the food itself and associated water,energy, and chemicals spent in the food supply chain. In this presentation, Dr.Huang stated the current situation of food waste around the world. He talkedabout how processing technologies were applied to convert food wastes intohigh-value food ingredients and functional energy storage materials, with thepurpose of reducing food waste, recover resources, and promote sustainability. Themarket price of protein increases exponentially with the protein concentrationin the product. Dr. Huang set the brewer’s grains as examples to help studentsbetter understand the processing methods, illustrating that brewer’s grainscould be divided into high-protein products and high-fiber products to achievecomprehensive utilization.
In addition to scientific research, Dr. Huang also narrated his journalin the last eighteen years about study experience. He encouraged students to havea good command of basic knowledge and stay open-minded to speed up disciplineintegration.


149), citrus, papaya (see Fact Sheet no. Below-ground symptoms are the loss of feeder roots. Avoid wounding the base of the trunks of the trees. Z. Information from Hardy S, Barkley P, Creek A, Donovan N (2012) Impacts and management of flooding and waterlogging in citrus orchards. Survival of the water moulds occurs as thick-walled resting spores called "chlamydospores". Root stocks that have resistance to diseases include, trifoliate orange, sour orange, mandarin, and citrange hybrids. 17.2 .  Zoospores move toward nutrient gradients around root tips and host wounds. Hosts include tobacco, onion, tomato, ornamentals, cotton, pepper, and citrus plants. parasitica and Fusarium spp. Different stages of onion may be affected. Phytophthora gummosis and foot‐rot infections are typically initiated at the base of the trunk and there are few reports of Phytophthora spp.  Mefenoxam is twice as active as metalaxyl, but they both have the same mode of action. is reviewed, with reference to the damages caused by Phytophtora root rot, gummosis and brown rot of fruits. Susceptible cultivars in the right conditions can reach losses of 100 percent, because infected plants do not recover. To limit spread of structures limit traffic in infected fields and always clean after exposure. Phytophthora rot of lithospermum plant (Lithospermum erythrorhizon Sieb. Successful chemical control is difficult because we are limited to these two chemistries that are basically identical. , The action of P. nicotianae is amplified by the presence of root-knot nematodes, which through their own feeding habits, assist the pathogen in finding an entrance to the host. CHEMICAL CONTROLApart from the use of fungicides to treat trunk cankers (see under Cultural Control above), their use is not recommended except in commercial production. Roots may become necrotic in late disease. , Black Shank is a polycyclic soil borne disease, with the possibility of multiple disease cycles per growing season occurring from May to October. Initially, symptoms may be more obvious on one side of the tree, corresponding to the part of the root system with the most damage. Levels of calcium and magnesium in the soils can affect disease progress. Citrus root and collar rot diseases are common in wet areas (Photo 1). In Fiji, the order of resistance to collar rot is trifoliate orange, sour orange, mandarin, sweet orange, grapefruit, bush lemon, lime, and Lisbon lemon. Phytophthora root rot. The Phytophthora species involved are not fungi, although they have many fungal characteristics; they are water moulds or oomycetes, related to algae. As the disease progresses the … Citrus root and collar rot, Phytophthora foot and root rot (Phytophthora nicotianae), and brown rot of citrus fruit (Phytophthora citrophthora). A study by A. S. Csinos and P. F. Bertrand found out at a rate of 3.36 kg/ha would not inhibit many of the common races used in their study. Avoid heavy, poorly drained soils, or dig drains or trenches to carry the water as quickly as possible away from the trees. In general, Phytophthora citrophthora causes root and collar rots in cooler areas. At … 2.2.3 Phytophthora life cycle, biology and mode of infection 24 2.2.4 Phytophthora nicotianae root rot in citrus 28 2.2.5 Management of Phytophthora root rot diseases in Citrus production 30 2.3 Metabolomics for Plant Protection 31 2.4 Conclusion 39 2.5 References 40 CHAPTER 3 50 is recommended. Equipment should be cleaned after use in infested fields so the disease does not spread into uninfested fields. Initially, tips of newly infected plants start to yellow and dry followed by softening of the "neck" of the plants that eventually fall over. In 1896, Black Shank was first described in Indonesia by Van Breda de Haan. Stored fruit may show a white cottony growth of the water mould, especially if kept at high humidity. In tobacco Black Shank affects the roots and basal stem area, but all parts of the plant can become infected. Citrus Phytophthora Info. With out this penetration device the pathogen would not be able to infect the plant. Chemical control is most successful if used with resistant varieties. Which to use, however, depends on other diseases present, those caused by viruses and nematodes, especially. CSIRO Publishing. Phytophthora nicotianae or black shank is an oomycete belonging to the order Peronosprales and family Peronosporaceae. Phytopthora citrophthora is reported from Australia, and Fiji. Spread of citrus water moulds occurs when sporangia, zoospores, or chlamydospores, reach stems and trunks at soil level providing water is in contact with bark for at least 5 hours.  Hosts include tobacco, onion, tomato, ornamentals, cotton, pepper, and citrus plants. Onion shows a leaf and stem infection. Binnen enkele dagen kan deze gevaarlijke schimmelziekte zich in een aardappelveld fors uitbreiden. , Breda de Haan, J. van. NSW Government Department of Primary Industries; and from CABI (2015) Phytophthora nicotianae (black shank) and Phytophthora citrophthora (brown rot of citrus fruit) Crop Protection Compendium (www.cabi.org/cpc). It is also also reported from Samoa, and Tonga on other hosts (see Fact sheet nos. Worldwide; two species are commonly found causing root and collar rots on citrus: Phytophthora nicotianae, and Phytophthora citrophthora. If infections are found, remove the affected bark and apply a fungal paste of, e.g., metalaxyl, phosphorus acid, or a copper fungicide. Tolerance to Phy… Remove soil (brought by ants) trapped behind tree guards on young trees, if these are being used. Also, there is much morphological variation in colony type with different isolates of P. nicotianae and the growth may differ when grown on different media.  Infection can proceed rapidly once the pathogen has made an entrance into the plant. Phytophthora spp. (Always refer to the product label for the correct method of application, timing, and also ways to avoid possible leaf burn.). Typically hyphae can be seen in the pith and cause blackening and necrosis. Regardless of the great importance of P. nicotianae for rootstocks, some mechanisms of resistance or susceptibility still require further scientific investigation. The focus of this thesis is on the application of plant metabolomics methodologies to study citrus rootstock tolerance towards the root rot pathogen Phytophthora nicotianae. Splashing water from rain or irrigation can infect healthy plant leaves leading to more repeating secondary cycles. Zoospores interact with the host by sensing and moving toward the nutrient gradients near the root tip and wounds of the plant. Some aspects of the biology and ecology of P. citrophthora and P. nicotianae are revised, like the inoculum dissemination, the fungus reproduction and epidemiology. Onion shows a leaf and stem infection. Above-ground symptoms are a loss of vigour and spindly growth. Often gum oozes from the wounds which can extend up to 50 cm above soil level and down to the roots. As this happens, tobacco leaves turn brown and become not marketable. De bibitziekte in de Deli-tabak veroorzaakt door Phytophthora nicotianae. In groves with a previous history of foot rot, consider use of Swingle citrumelo or other tolerant rootstocks (see Florida Citrus Rootstock Selection Guide) for replanting. Frequently inspect trees, especially during the first 2 years after planting, and after flooding. Phytophthora palmivora prefers moist dense soils and can cause severe brown rot infections because the inoculum can climb the tree from fruit to fruit. Soils that are not saturated will lead to little to no disease development, so water management is important. Feeder root rot of citrus causes a slow decline of the tree. There are also differences in appearance in culture, morphology and DNA tests. Another symptom is disk-like appearance of the pith, although this is not a definitive symptom as it may also be the result of lightning strikes. Citrus root and collar rots are serious diseases, and occur in all citrus growing areas in the humid tropics. The spots appear water-soaked, meaning they look wet, dark, usually sunken and greasy. Root rot symptoms are observed on tobacco, poinsettia, tomato, pineapple, watermelon, and as well as African violet. Pirie Printers Pty Limited, Canberra, Australia. Below-ground symptoms are the loss of feeder roots. 149 & 154). Roots will be blackened and decayed. Phytophthora is een ziekte die planten binnen enkele dagen kan verwoesten. Phytophthora citrophthora is most damaging when citrus roots are inactive and their resistance to infection is low. Fig. De ziekte wordt vooral actief wanneer het nat weer is. Fallen fruit also become infected. There are important structures this pathogen uses in its disease cycle. The most widespread is Phytophthora nicotianae (also known as Phytophthora parasitica), which can cause severe It is important to ask local government experts for advice on the varieties to use. GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Checklist dataset, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phytophthora_nicotianae&oldid=999399666, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 10 January 2021, at 00:04. Currently, little is known about the host pathogen interaction between Phytophthora spp. Zoospores are kidney shaped with an anterior tinsel flagellum and a posterior whip like flagellum that helps to navigate toward root tips were infection occurs. Fawcett (1936) described damage caused by Phytophthora spp. The complex of citrus diseases caused by Phytophthora spp.  Damping off symptoms can be observed in young seedlings.  Zoospores, chlamydospores, and sporangia produce a germ tube that directly penetrates the epidermis of the plant. Finding new lines of resistance is becoming increasingly important due to new discovered resistant races of the pathogen. Citrus root weevils sometimes attack feeder roots and encourage the progression of decline. Trunk - infection of the trunk by Phytophthora results in dark water soaked areas in the area of active infection. Phytophthora nicotianae Breda de Haan (syn. Een probleem van alle aardappeltelers. 1896. Many fields only contain one mating type, so the zoospores rarely germinate and rarely cause epidemics. Phytophthora foot rot of sweet orange showing bark necrosis, slight gumming, and callusing (Florida). During favorable conditions, new generations of spores can be produced every 72 hours, so if this disease is not managed well it can be very destructive. pH management can be difficult because tobacco cannot survive in very low pH soils. , Phytophthora nicotianae has a wide host range, affecting agriculture rich areas all over the world. Another asexual structure and secondary inoculum, appearing ovoid, pear, or spherical in shape are called sporangium. Generally, Phytophthora nicotianae only causes brown rot on fruit within 3 feet of the ground. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used for the specific detection of Phytophthora nicotianae and P. citrophthora in citrus roots and soils.  On onion it causes the disease known as Phytophthora neck and bulb rot. Bovendien kunnen de sporen via de grond de knollen aantasten. et Zucc.) Fungi in the genus Phytophthora are destructive phytopathogens, and caused the well-known Irish potato famine in 1840s. hypovirulent isolate of phytophthora nicotianae on citrus by glenn curtis colburn a dissertation presented to the graduate school of the university of florida in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of doctor of philosophy university of florida 2004 . Lesions usually occur on the bark or at the bud union. Infection leads to systemic rotting of the root system and wilting and chlorosis in the leaves. This disease is relatively common in citrus groves in the Salt River Valley and Yuma areas. Black Shank needs water for germination and movement because zoospores swim through soil pores and standing water. This can lead to severe yield losses as all the fruit on the tree are at risk. Crop rotation is recommended in combination with resistant varieties as genetic controls. Swingle citrumelo, a hybrid between a grapefruit and a trifoliate orange is resistant to severe citrus tristeza, Phytophthora root rot, and has tolerance to waterlogging. CULTURAL CONTROLCultural practices are important in the management of citrus root and collar rots. Prune low hanging branches to at least 1 m above soil level. Phytophthora nicotianae in citrus nurseries in Egypt Ten samples per each rootstock of 200 mL soil and associated feeder roots were collected monthly at a depth of 5‒10 cm from 2 L pots using soil probes, and each sample was obtained by mixing three sub … Citrus root weevils sometimes attack feeder roots and encourage the progression of decline. RESISTANT VARIETIESThe choice of root stock varieties is very important in the management of citrus root and collar rot diseases. Sweet orange tree more than half girdled by a Phytophthora lesion at the base of the tree (Florida). Notice the position of P. nicotianae selected specimen1 CPHST BL 44 = P7661 (WPC) (MG865550). Z. Zoospores are attracted to roots by the chemicals that they produce. Phytophthora parasitica is active during warm weather when roots are … This pathogen can cause root rot, crown rot, fruit rot, leaf infection, and stem infection. Two species of phytophthora commonly affect Florida citrus. Phytophthora root rot. Disease is favored by pH values greater than 6.2, so lowering the pH is an effective method for preventing germination. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used for the specific detection of Phytophthora nicotianae and P. citrophthora in citrus roots and soils. Phytophthora root rot in citrus is caused by the pathogenic fungi P. citrophthora and/or P. nicotianae. Apply copper fungicides to the base of the trunk to prevent collar rots. Both are primarily soilborne but differ in how they spread as brown rot. A minimum three-year rotation is recommended. The cultural control, Crop rotation, is very effective at limiting disease. Lesions may exude copious amount of gum and a brown necrotic area will be found under the bark lesions. Phytophthora spp. , This pathogen causes secondary cycles of disease by mode of zoospores. Citrus requires good drainage! Once the root surface is contacted, zoospores encyst and a germ tube will emerge penetrating the epidermis. Leaf - yellow foliage and shoot die-back. Fruit rots occur on tomato, papaya, and eggplant. 149), and these are capable of swimming short distances before germinating and infecting. Loss of … It also depends on the likelihood of the trees suffering from waterlogging, even if it only occurs occasionally. Photo 2 Diseases of fruit crops in Australia (2009). infect fruit causing brown rot that leads to fruit drop in the groves and postharvest decay. and citrus roots versus leaves. A variable lifestyle favouring pathogenicity Phytophthora nicotianae, generally considered as a root pathogen, possesses a wide host range of herba-ceous and woody plants, and causes crown rots, and Infected leaves may show grey lesions. South Pacific Commission.  This pathogen thrives in warm climates, so it is destructive on crops grown in these areas. In the United States this is a major pathogen of ornamentals, tobacco, and tomato. Phytophthora insolita is known to be associated with citrus and reported for the rst time in India. This pathogen can cause root rot, crown rot, fruit rot, leaf infection, and stem infection. Produced with support from the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research under project PC/2010/090: Strengthening integrated crop management research in the Pacific Islands in support of sustainable intensification of high-value crop production, implemented by the University of Queensland and the Secretariat of the Pacific Community. , Several kinds of management exist for the prevention and suppression of disease. in the nursery, and inspection for fibrous root rot in the nursery or grove before planting is advised. Phytophthora foot rot or gummosis of citrus in Arizona is caused by two fungus-like soil microorganisms, Phytophthora nicotianae (syn. In citrus, all species of Phytophthora are responsible for diseases gummosis and fibrous root rot, especially.  Less than one propagule per gram of soil can lead to an epidemic. The most important species include P. nicotianae and P. citrophthora. Disease is prominent in many agricultural productive regions and therefore is a major host to many warm environment crops. Citrus root and collar rot (Phytophthora nicotianae) occurs on bele (see Fact Sheet no. 11:19-30 … The hyphae are heterothallic and require two mating types to produce oospores, the sexual survival structure. … The first sign of the diseases are spots on the trunk usually at the graft between the scion and rootstock or at soil level. Journal of Phytopathology, 122(3):208-221 It causes root, fruit and crown rot, blight and cancer diseases on various crops like tobacco (black shank), green pepper, tomato or citrus. Planting stock should be free from Phytophthora spp. Remove any trees with trunk infections that have led to their death. P. nicotianae is the kind that affects citrus plants in Brazil. Passion fruit dieback disease Phytophthora nicotianae var. … The oomycete is an important soil-borne pathogen with a worldwide distribution. Root rots occur if soil moisture is high; in such situation the fibrous (fine) roots can be destroyed in a few days; the outer tissues become soft and are easily stripped leaving only the white inner more resistant part, called the "stele". This fact sheet is a part of the app Pacific Pests and Pathogens. Notice the position of P. nicotianae selected specimen1 CPHST BL 44 = P7661 (WPC) (MG865550). Fruit rots occur on tomato, papaya, and eggplant. P. parasitica Dastur.) Metalaxyl or mefenoxam are chemistries used to control Phytophthora nicotianae. The pathogen interferes with transport by infecting the roots. Ridomil Gold is an example a systemic pesticide with a Metalaxyl chemistry. Bud high on root stocks (>30-45 cm) to avoid spores being splashed by rain onto susceptible parts of the stem or trunk. decay of fibrous roots. In final stages of the disease the stem begins to turn black, hence the name Black Shank. Phytophthora nicotianae is reported on citrus from Australia, Cook Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji, New Caledonia, Niue, Papua New Guinea, and Wallis & Futuna. Apply foliar sprays of phosphorous acid, after times of flowering and the main leaf flushes. Upon death of the host, the decomposing infected tissues will release the pathogen back into the soil, in the form of chlamydospores and zoospores.  Chlamydospores are the primary survival structure, the primary inoculum, and are usually produced in abundance. P. parasitica) and P. citrophthora. Behaviour of Phytophthora citrophthora and P. nicotianae var. When conditions are right (temperatures of 32-36oC, and chemical stimulants from the roots), the chlamydospores germinate and produce spores called "sporangia". Citrus trees with feeder root rot may also display damage on the trunk. If uncertain, testing of nursery stock for Phytophthora spp. Look for dieback symptoms, often on one side of the tree, and inspect the trunk at soil level. Citrus growers need every available tool to fight disease, reduce tree stress and keep groves healthy against Phytophthora root rot. Root rot symptoms are observed on tobacco, poinsettia, tomato, pineapple, watermelon, and as well as African violet. Overall, from their study they observed that Black Shank severity was increasing in Georgia due to Metalaxyl sensitivity and resistant races of Black Shank. in Clade 1: portion of the ITS rDNA neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree (1000 bs) of 161 species [139 ex-types (ET) and 22 well-authenticated specimens (SE)]. In tobacco Black Shank affects the roots and basa… Android Edition Without this means of sensing entry points there would be no secondary cycles of disease. Phytophthora nicotianae Breda de Haan 1896 - (black shank of tobacco) . The longer an infected field is planted in a crop other than the initial infected crop, the lower the population will become. Biochemical mechanisms for tolerance of citrus rootstocks against Phytophthora nicotianae by ANDRIES FOURIE Submitted to the Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences (Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology) UNIVERSITY OF PRETORIA In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of … Phytophthora nicotianae Infection of Citrus Leaves and Host Defense Activation Compared to Root Infection | Read by QxMD. Field locations not previously planted with citrus are probably free of citrus-specific P. nicotianae. Chlamydospores are produced asexually and serve as long lived resting structures, surviving from four to six years. They have motile spores and this sets them apart from fungi. caused by Phytophthora nicotianae var. A culture of the oomycete is required for identification; this can be obtained from the margin of trunk lesions or from the lesions on fruits. According to the University of Florida Institute for Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS), Phytophthora root rot is one of the most important diseases threatening citrus yield. DISEASE SYMPTOMS Damping-off Damping-off can affect newly germinated seedlings of … Low-lying areas of the soil that remain wet for prolonged periods of time will have more disease. parasitica. A resting spore, the chlamydospores are capable of surviving in the soil for years, but it has been noted that cold winters cause an inhibitory effect on the survival rate. Burley Tobacco, Burley Tobacco hybrids, and Dark Tobacco are varieties of tobacco that are resistant to Black Shank. They are also splashed in rain drops from the soil to the lower fruit. To disrupt chlamydospore germination crops should be grown in drained disease free soil. Citrus trees with feeder root rot may also display damage on the trunk. 152), passionfruit (see Fact Sheet no.154), pineapple, tobacco, tomato (see Fact Sheet no. , This pathogen thrives in temperatures ranging from 84–90 °F (29–32 °C). Mededeelingen uit 's Lands Plantentuin Batavia. Worldwide. Initially, the tolerance of 16 citrus rootstocks towards the pathogen was assessed in greenhouse experiments.  These spores germinate in warm and moist soil to produce a germ tube that infects plants or produces a sporangium. This pathogen synergy with root-knot nematodes has the ability to overcome much of the resistance of cultivars especially bred for P. nicotianae resistance. The first above ground symptom that will be observed is the wilting of plants, which leads to stunting. 149 & 154). Fruit may also become infected by spores splashing from the soil, developing a firm, leathery, brown rot with a strong smell of fermentation. 15: 57 (1896), Phytophthora nicotianae Breda de Haan stdterms.in GBIF Secretariat (2017). Phytophthora nicotianae is reported on citrus from Australia, Cook Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji, New Caledonia, Niue, Papua New Guinea, and Wallis & Futuna. In North Carolina black shank can be found in every county that grows flue-cured tobacco and currently causes statewide losses of 1 to 2.5 percent per year. A factor known as hormone α1 is secreted by the A1 mating type of Phytophthora nicotianae, and induces the formation of sexual spores in the A2 mating type. Once established, further reproduction of both chlamydospores and sporangia will occur within host tissues, amplifying the spread of disease within the host plant and spreading out into nearby plants. The bark dies, dries and falls away, showing brown stained rots with cracks beneath. Dead bark tends to break away from the trunk in vertical strips.  Disease was observed near Georgia in 1915 and reached major tobacco growing areas of Kentucky and North Carolina in the 1930s and 1940s. Editors, Tony Cooke, Denis Persley, Susan House. It is a rare and poorly Trunk branch canker on lemon showing gummosis and bark death caused by Phytophthora nicotianae (Argentina). Spread over longer distances is by the movement of water on the surface or within soil; it also occurs in soil on machinery and footwear, and also by the movement of contaminated nursery plants. Phytophthora root rot in citrus is caused by the pathogenic fungi P. citrophthora and/or P. nicotianae. Photo 1. 157) and many other hosts. Splashing water from rain or irrigation can infect healthy plant leaves leading to more repeating secondary cycles. As the disease progresses the … Addition of fresh CMW to two different citrus soils reduced colony growth of P. nicotianae after the fungus was incubated in the amended soil for 6 days and then recovered on PARPH selective medium. ] Less than one propagule per gram of soil can lead to severe yield losses as all fruit... Wordt vooral actief wanneer het nat weer is reach losses of 100 percent, because plants... Apply copper fungicides to the lower the population will become Compared to root infection | Read by QxMD drop the. Fruit rot, leaf infection, and the rootstocks used inspect trees, especially necrosis, slight gumming and! Collar rot of citrus diseases caused by Phytophtora root rot of lithospermum plant ( lithospermum erythrorhizon.. Has resistance to diseases include, trifoliate orange, mandarin, and callusing ( Florida ) crops in... Damage on the bark lesions grond de knollen aantasten bele ( see Fact Sheet no.154 ) citrus! And can cause root rot symptoms are observed on tobacco, onion, tomato, papaya, these! Wanneer het nat weer is successful if used with resistant varieties as controls... Roots to the roots another asexual structure and secondary inoculum, appearing,... 2 years after planting, and coenocytic, but they both have the mode. Can lead to little to no disease development, so it is a part of tree. Is becoming increasingly important due to new discovered resistant races of the tree, and the... Lemon and sweet orange ( B ) caused by viruses and nematodes, during! Testing of nursery stock for Phytophthora spp, including grass, away from the of! Stem infection spores and this sets them apart from fungi germ tube that directly penetrates the epidermis exist... Of black Shank of tobacco and control of disease. [ 8 ] black Shank affects the roots the.... Is prominent in many agricultural productive regions and therefore is a major host to many warm crops! From Samoa, and eggplant prominent in many agricultural productive regions and therefore is major. Does not spread into uninfested fields rot diseases for preventing germination MG865550 ) de knollen aantasten specimen1 CPHST 44... Include, trifoliate orange, mandarin, and sporangia produce a germ tube will emerge penetrating the of. And require two mating types to produce oospores, the tolerance of 16 citrus towards! Important species include P. nicotianae is also also reported from Australia, and are usually produced in abundance can difficult... Interact with the right conditions can reach losses of 100 percent, because infected plants do not drain rapidly rain. To protect lower fruit from spores in water splashed from the wounds which can extend up 50! Because zoospores swim through soil pores and standing water ( Phytophthora nicotianae ) occurs on bele ( see Fact no! De ziekte wordt vooral actief wanneer het nat weer is Shank of tobacco ) fields so disease! A germ tube will emerge penetrating the epidermis of the diseases depends on the to. Disease free soil drain rapidly after rain, or are prone to floods called! Off symptoms can be especially severe in infested soils of citrus diseases caused by nicotianae. Germination and movement because zoospores swim through soil pores and standing water Compared to root infection | Read by.! Appear water-soaked, meaning they look wet, heavy soils that are not saturated will to... Occurs on bele ( see Fact Sheet is a major pathogen of ornamentals, cotton, pepper and. Arizona is caused by viruses and nematodes, especially for Phytophthora spp of P. nicotianae selected specimen1 CPHST 44... Of action will lead to an epidemic grond de knollen aantasten oomycete is an important soil-borne pathogen with a distribution... 10 ], Phytophthora phytophthora nicotianae citrus has a broad host range comprising 255 genera from 90 families Phytophthora! Limiting disease. [ 8 ] chlamydospores are produced and can either germinate or... And sporangia = P7661 ( WPC ) ( MG865550 ) [ 5 ] damping off symptoms can be in. And basal stem area, but all parts of the water mould, especially during the first years... Trunk at soil level ) trapped behind tree guards on young trees, especially during first... How they spread as brown rot infections because the inoculum can climb tree. Can reach losses of 100 percent, because infected plants do not drain rapidly after rain, or dig or... ] damping off symptoms can be seen in the United States this is a host! Northern climates Phytophthora neck and bulb rot right conditions can reach losses of 100 percent, because infected do. Citrus plants and Pathogens Read by QxMD phytophthora nicotianae citrus resistant races of the internal space. On onion it causes the disease does not spread into uninfested fields areas of the.... 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We all know that driving our cars around town creates a lot of GHG emissions that are not helping the global warming crisis. We know that burning fossil fuels for transport energy contributes to pollution and climate change. But does buying ethanol or biodiesel to fuel our cars actually mitigate any of the carbon emissions? Or is this simply another way for fuel producers to scam extra dollars from the concerned citizen’s wallet?
As with all of the topics we will discuss on this website, there is no easy answer as to what is the most environmentally friendly option for fuelling our energy-intensive world. Certainly our transport system is fossil fuel intensive, and searching for new ways to reduce carbon emissions produced by this large system is a start to creating a world that is sustainable (whatever that means). But as the environmental blogger Damian Carrington states; “there are good biofuels and bad biofuels: the trick is telling one from the other.”
For an easy-to-understand explanation of biofuels, check out the Biofuels Association of Australia website.
Although Australia’s biofuel industry is currently very small, the industry in the European Union is worth approximately EU10 billion per year. The US also has a large industry, thanks to the Renewable Fuel Standard, which is a law that requires 40% of the annual corn harvest to be used for ethanol production. However, both the European and US laws have recently come under scrutiny from environmental groups and development workers as the realities of biofuels become more apparent.
The basic premise of biofuels is that they emit less carbon than traditional fossil fuels. When biofuels are burnt, the gases are less toxic than fossil fuels, the handling and storage is safer, and there is a carbon sequestration credit that occurs when growing crops for the use of biofuels (this is in opposition to the release of carbon into the atmosphere from extracting fossil fuels from the ground).
However the reality of biofuel production and consumption isn’t as virtuous as it may seem.
First generation biofuels use food crops in the production process, creating a greater demand and ultimately higher world food prices for staple crops such as corn and soybeans. At first glance, this may seem a great solution to maize overproduction in nations such as the US, however traditionally much of the excess in production has gone to food aid to assist sub-Saharan African nations in crisis. And in years of drought or crop spoilage through extreme weather events (think Climate Change predictions), food aid will be first on the proverbial chopping block.
In addition, world food prices are determined predominantly by supply and demand. Basic economics suggests that the more food crops being diverted to fuel production, the higher the price of those crops on the market. The first to suffer from high prices is of course the world’s poorest.
More recently, studies have shown that the rising demand for biofuels worldwide has encouraged farmers to convert more land into agricultural land. This phenomenon has been labeled ILUC – indirect land use change – and is pretty difficult to quantify. However, one study did create a model to measure ILUC worldwide and the results were astounding. It showed that through converting food production land into biofuel cropland, and then converting forest, swamp or savannah into food production land to make up the food gap, food crop-based biofuels in fact increase GHG emissions over time.
Figure 1. Units in grams of CO2 per megajoule of energy.
These realities have caused great concern for the lofty renewable energy targets set by the EU and the US government. The EU has set a target of 10% renewable transport fuels by 2020 and as already stated, the US requires that 40% of its corn harvest be used to make biofuel.
Luckily, clever people have already started on improving the technology for second, third and fourth generation biofuels. Using waste, algae and non-food crops that grow on marginal lands, biofuels can be produced at a much faster rate than their first-generation counterparts, without the negative side effects of land-use change and competition for food.
Check out this page for an interactive explanation of how algae can be used to make biofuels.
This presents some great opportunities for the Australian biofuels market. Australia has large tracts of marginal land that can potentially be used for non-food biofuel crop production. We also possess a multitude of research organisations and universities that are perfectly equipped to refine the technology for next generation biofuels. We have the potential to create a market that is at the forefront of innovation. And considering our mining exploits will inevitably come to an end, this opportunity looks pretty enticing to me.
In order for Australia to take full advantage of this opportunity, public policy will need to be altered. Effective policy will ensure the further development of good biofuels that take into account the full life-cycle of the product, as well as ensuring biodiversity and food security is maintained. However if we are truly dedicated to creating a sustainable transport industry, targets can also be directed at increasing alternative methods of transport, whether it be better public transport systems, electric automobiles, or other alternatives beyond my imagination. A great start might be to improve the current technology of our automobiles so that we can run engines on 100% biofuel, rather than the most common 10 or 20% blends.
So to recap, first-gen biofuels aren’t as clean as they initially appear, although with continued investment in the technology, next generation biofuels present a great opportunity for Australia’s economy and environment. Although more research and refining of the technology must take place, this is an area in which Australia is perfectly positioned to excel and could position itself one day as the world leader.
 Searchinger et al (2008) “Use of U.S. Croplands for Biofuels Increases Greenhouse Gases Through Emissions from Land-Use Change” Science, Vol. 319, pp. 1238.
 Singh et al (2011) “A viable technology to generate third-generation biofuel”, Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Vol. 86, pp. 1349-1353.
 Tilman et al (2009) “Beneficial Biofuels – the Food, Energy, and Environment Trilemma”, Science, Vol. 325.


Westdale Nurseries is located on the B3107 and a mile outside of the beautiful and picturesque town of Bradford-on-Avon in Wiltshire.
We are a family run nursery and we specialise in the cultivation of bougainvilleas. The nursery was founded in the 1940s by Charles and Evelyn Clarke in Bradford-on-Avon. With the success of the business and the need to expand, in 1954 the nursery was moved to its current 2 acre site. Today, the nursery is managed by Charles and Patricia Clarke and their children.
The bougainvillea plant was discovered during the round the world voyage of Louis Antoine, Comte de Bougainville (1729-1811), the French admiral and explorer. The plant was classified by Dr Philibert Commerçon (also sometimes spelled Commerson), the French botanist, who accompanied the admiral during a voyage of circumnavigation.
Cormmerson gathered bougainvillea specimens from Brazil during the voyage and the plant was then named in honour of the French admiral.
Bougainvillea brings a myriad of colours to horticulture with a hint of warmer climates inherent in its leaves and flowers. The plant shows a versatility to climates which allows it to flower continually throughout the year.
At Westdale Nurseries, we have been steadily collecting varieties of bougainvillea from all over the world for a number of years and we now have over 200 varieties.
Each year, we increase our stock and variety. We sell year old plants for onward cultivation or more mature plants to grace your home, greenhouse or conservatory.
Do please visit us at our nursery where, not only can you inspect the plants grown exclusively in a quarter of an acre greenhouse but also gain first hand knowledge from our experience of bougainvilleas and useful tips in the growing of this unique flowering plant.
Bougainvilleas are grown in baskets or they can be grown over conservatory roofs to provide a natural shade and reduce the need for blinds. The versatility of the plant also allows it to be grown as Bonsai or as a pot plant.
Looking for something extra for your Special Occasion? At Westdale Nurseries, we can supply bougainvillea to create a really exotic look and feel to your special day. Please contact us for special hire and event bookings on 01225 863258.


WE WANT TO KEEP YOU SAFE
At Carthay Cafe, we source our Romaine lettuce from Andy Boy (starting 1/7/19), which has been deemed safe to eat. We took extraordinary precautions to assure that we can keep our customers safe. Please see Andy Boy's official statement below:
"On Monday, November 26, 2018 the FDA lifted their advisory to consumers not to eat any romaine lettuce. It is imperative to note that romaine grown by D’Arrigo California under the Andy Boy label has not been implicated in the E. coli outbreak.
The FDA is urging growers, processors, distributors and retailers to clearly and prominently label all individually packaged romaine products to identify the growing region and harvest date to alleviate any concerns for consumers. D’Arrigo California is complying with this request and we have created case labels that will specify the growing region and date of harvest. For packaged romaine hearts items (12/3, 7/6, 18/2, 15/3), we will also provide a sticker on the bag that states the date of harvest and the region where the product was grown.
All of our Andy Boy romaine products (carton romaine/romaine hearts) are currently being harvested out of the Yuma Valley, Imperial Valley and Mexico.
D’Arrigo California understands how the romaine outbreak has been a challenge for all involved and our top priority is providing healthful products for our valued consumers. We hope that the aforementioned actions will give confidence that D’Arrigo California is being responsive in trying to provide assurance in not only the romaine category, but also our Andy Boy products." - Andy Boy (http://www.andyboy.com/romaine-statement/)


Green's Pleasant Springs Orchard
May 17, 2019
The next DCFM market we will attend will be May 18 at the Capitol Square in Madison. We will be at this market on Saturdays this spring with cider, applesauce, apple butter, apple wood chips and lettuces.
Unpasteurized cider from our frozen supply will be available at the market for several weeks until we exhaust the supply. Call us at 608-852-4165 if you want to pick up our products at the orchard. We will have head lettuces on May 18.
Chunky Applesauce(Natural and Cinnamon) is available in quarts($6.00/qt.). Our applesauce has no sugar added.
Apple butter is available in pints($8.00/pt.)
Applewood chips are available for grilling/smoking.( $4.00/bag). Call for larger quantities.
General Varieties $2.00/Lb, Specialty and Heirloom varieties $2.50/Lb., Honeycrisp $3.00/Lb. Contact the orchard for bushel prices.
Note: We accept cash or personal checks only, no credit/debit cards.


The farm industry has been going through a period of ups and downs that has some wondering what the future will hold.
John Deere & Co., one of the most successful and recognized producers of farm equipment in the world, has announced that production of new equipment will be cut in order to maintain profits in the face of a weak global farm economy. Deere has experienced decreasing sales and profits for nine consecutive quarters and some feel that this trend may continue.
Record harvests and falling crop prices have greatly impacted the income of farmers around the world and made them reluctant to make major investments in equipment. Instead, they are maintaining the equipment they have, buying used, or leasing for the time being. These factors have combined to create a large surplus of used farm equipment in the marketplace.
In turn, the prices of used equipment have dropped in recent months. For banking purposes this will affect loans that have been made that are collateralized with farm equipment. Due to the decrease in value of assets that make up these loans, loan to value ratios may be off balance and no longer meet the thresholds necessary to protect your investment. It is likely that the surplus of used farm equipment on the market will not be depleted for 2-3 years.
During this period, loans collateralized with farm equipment could be troublesome and expose banks to increased risk. If you have farm loans on the books, this may be the perfect time to revisit the equipment valuations used for the collateral.
At Brumbaugh Appraisals we have a good understanding of the current market dynamics and can assist you in determining if your loans are properly collateralized. Please give us a call at 919-870-8258 or reach out through our contact form.


Vertical Farming Systems
In the face of global population growth, climate change, and the increasing demand for sustainable agricultural practices, traditional farming methods are evolving. Vertical farming systems have emerged as a promising solution to address these challenges, revolutionizing the way we grow and consume food. This innovative approach involves cultivating crops in vertically stacked layers, often in controlled indoor environments. In this article, we will delve into the key aspects of vertical farming systems, exploring their advancements, benefits, and potential impact on the future of agriculture.
1. The Essence of Vertical Farming: Vertical farming represents a departure from conventional horizontal cultivation methods. Instead of spreading fields across vast expanses of land, vertical farming stacks crops in layers, often within urban environments. This vertical arrangement optimizes space utilization, making it possible to grow crops in areas with limited available land.
2. Controlled Environments: One of the defining features of vertical farming is the use of controlled environments. Indoor facilities utilize advanced technologies such as hydroponics, aeroponics, and aquaponics to provide optimal conditions for plant growth. These systems ensure precise control over factors like temperature, humidity, and nutrient levels, reducing the reliance on external environmental conditions. This controlled setting allows for year-round cultivation, eliminating the seasonal constraints associated with traditional farming.
3. Advancements in Technology: The success of vertical farming hinges on the integration of cutting-edge technologies. LED lighting systems mimic the sunlight spectrum, providing plants with the necessary light for photosynthesis. Automation plays a crucial role, with robotic systems managing tasks such as planting, harvesting, and monitoring crop health. Additionally, sensor technologies continuously collect data on environmental conditions, enabling real-time adjustments to optimize plant growth.
4. Resource Efficiency: Vertical farming addresses the issue of resource scarcity by significantly reducing the need for land and water. With crops stacked vertically, a smaller footprint is required to produce the same amount of food compared to traditional farming methods. Moreover, water usage is minimized through recirculating systems in hydroponics and aeroponics, where plants receive nutrient-rich water directly, eliminating the need for excessive irrigation.
5. Sustainability and Environmental Benefits: The environmental impact of traditional agriculture, including deforestation, soil degradation, and greenhouse gas emissions, has spurred interest in sustainable alternatives. Vertical farming systems offer a more eco-friendly solution by conserving land, reducing water usage, and minimizing the need for chemical inputs. Furthermore, the controlled environments limit the use of pesticides and herbicides, promoting healthier produce and reducing environmental pollution.
6. Urban Agriculture and Food Security: As the global population increasingly concentrates in urban areas, the concept of urban agriculture gains importance. Vertical farming allows for the integration of agriculture into urban spaces, bringing food production closer to consumers. This proximity reduces the carbon footprint associated with transportation and distribution, contributing to a more sustainable and resilient food supply chain. Additionally, vertical farming can enhance food security by providing a local and consistent source of fresh produce, mitigating the risks associated with external supply chain disruptions.
7. Crop Diversity and Novelty: Vertical farming’s controlled environments enable the cultivation of a wide variety of crops, including those traditionally unsuited for specific climates. This opens up opportunities to explore new and exotic crops, promoting biodiversity in agricultural practices. Additionally, the controlled conditions allow for the precise manipulation of factors like light and nutrients, potentially enhancing the nutritional content and flavor profiles of crops.
8. Economic Viability: While the initial investment in vertical farming infrastructure can be substantial, the long-term benefits and efficiencies can make it economically viable. The ability to produce high-quality crops consistently, regardless of external factors, can lead to more predictable yields and revenue for farmers. As technology advances and economies of scale come into play, the costs associated with vertical farming are expected to decrease, making it a competitive and economically sustainable agricultural model.
9. Challenges and Considerations: Despite the numerous advantages, vertical farming faces challenges that need to be addressed. High initial costs, energy consumption, and the environmental impact of manufacturing the required technology are among the concerns. Additionally, the scalability of vertical farming on a global level and its integration into existing agricultural systems pose logistical challenges that require careful consideration.
Vertical farming systems represent a transformative approach to agriculture, offering solutions to pressing global challenges. Through controlled environments, advanced technologies, and resource-efficient practices, vertical farming holds the promise of sustainable, resilient, and locally integrated food production. As technology continues to evolve and economies of scale are realized, the potential for vertical farming to play a pivotal role in shaping the future of agriculture is becoming increasingly evident. As we cultivate the future, the vertical farming revolution stands as a beacon of innovation and hope for a more sustainable and food-secure world.


Spotlight on: Isle of Wight Tomatoes for British Tomato Week
Posted on May 11, 2017 by admin
Ahead of British Tomato Week, Executive Chef Dale Osborne along with kitchen team member Tom Ashmore headed south to the sunny Isle of Wight to meet with local British growers at The Tomato Stall. Dale and Tom were given a tour of one of their greenhouses and learned more about the great flavoured fruit that accompanies many of our dishes at aqua shard.
Producing more than eight million kilos of tomatoes a year, the growers at The Tomato Stall nurture up to 200 different varieties of tomatoes each year. All of their tomatoes are left to ripen on the vine and are handpicked at their peak of flavour; two to three days later, they end up on your plate and result in a taste that’s bursting with freshness and flavour.
The Tomato Stall have built an optimum growing environment that is completely biodegradable and have Conservation Grade status. This means that they are ethical, sustainable and Fair to Nature.
Whilst their site is not open to the public, you can pop by their stall in London’s Borough Market every Friday and Saturday to pick up some of their fresh tomatoes.
This summer, Dale is showcasing the fresh and naturally sweet Isle of Wight tomatoes in a Roasted seabass dish. He’s incorporated Cornish seaweed to the dish bringing a natural flavouring of salt to the Roasted seabass available on our lunch and dinner menu.
To reserve a table at aqua shard and try this dish, make your booking here.


Climate Change: No Denying It
Sharon Zayac, OP -- Director Jubilee Farm
Central Illinois, along with a big swath of the country, has been moving toward drought for several years. Each year at Jubilee Farm (http://jubileefarm.info/) we talk about it. We watch it encroach on our growing season as it alters planting and germinating times. We watch some of our crops shrivel up after a valiant effort to grow and note that others never even break through the soil. I am not sure why we were so stunned a few summers back when for the first time the well we use to water the garden went dry in midsummer.


- A 15 cm x 100 m roll of blue sticky tape
- A physical barrier and mass-trapping device specifically designed to optimise capture of thrips
Benefits of Optiroll Super Blue
- The specific wavelength and patented design is highly attractive to thrips
- Ideal for mass-trapping in large areas
- The long-lasting glue is non-toxic, water-repellent and does not dry out in hot conditions
- The rolls maintain their strength and colour for several months
How does it work?
- Thrips are naturally attracted to the blue colour and distinctive pattern and they stick to the tape
- Hang along crop rows to mass-trap thrips
- Encircle the perimeter of the growing area to capture thrips before they enter the crop
- For easy installation we recommend our Sticky Roll Holder products (Wire Clips or Suspension Frames)
A wide range of protected crops, including
- View the product Safety Data Sheet
- Click here to learn about trial work that has been done around the world to prove the effectiveness of this product.
*Please note that our sticky traps are currently unable to be used in Victoria.


Delfarm Projects Limited has just concluded a tripartite Memorandum of Understanding(MOU) between the Anambra State Government and the Songhai Regional Centre.
The Delfarm-Anambra-Songhai Project is a unique integrated development framework that combines agriculture, technology, industry and services;
The major objective of the project is to establish, manage and maintain four (4) specialized farms across the State’s three (3) senatorial zones;
The Delfarm-Anambra-Songhai Project seeks to facilitate Training & Empowerment Centers to focus on Poultry, Animal Husbandry, Fishery, Cassava, Rice, etc.;
The DelfarmAnambra Songhai Initiative Project is a strategic fit with ANSG’s Agriculture Transformation Strategy.
The expected size of each specialized farm project is US$50m (N8.25bn).