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Lupine is a vegetable protein and is an excellent alternative to meat because of its high protein content and good protein quality. Furthermore, it is rich in healthy dietary fibers and contains almost no fat. In addition, lupine has the special property of binding nitrogen from the air and thus enriching the soil. Therefore, no (artificial) manure is needed to grow this crop. Moreover, in contrast to soya, which depletes the soil, lupine improves the soil. The fertility of the soil increases by growing lupine.
Lupine is therefore not only a pleasure for the eye, but also for the soil.


Agricultural Products of Punjab
The province of Punjab in Pakistan is blessed with rich alluvial soil. Agriculture is the main occupation of the people of Punjab. The tributaries of River Indus flowing through the province have made farming easy. It also has the world’s largest canal system to supply water for irrigation purposes to far flung areas. Punjab produces 68% of the food grain of the country and for this reason is known as the Bread Basket of Pakistan.
Cotton and rice are cash crops and are exported abroad and so is tobacco. The citrus fruits grown (keno) and mangoes of Punjab are also exported to the Gulf countries.
Bahawalpur, Bahawalnagar, Rahim Yar Khan, Sahiwal, Sargodha, Gujrat, Faisalabad, Okara, Khushab are some regions where wheat, cotton and rice are grown. Tobacco is mostly grown in Multan, Sialkot and Gujranwala.
Webpreneur. CEO ContentCreatorZ Pakistan. Managing Partner Media Marketing Services.


When the first bag of flour left Berte Qvarn in Slöinge, Halland, in 1569, it was the ability to harness the energy of
the Suseån river that made it possible to begin refining the high-quality grains cultivated in the region.
With a love for heritage and genuine care for quality and the environment, we operate one of Europe's most modern mills.
To care for the environment and surroundings is nothing new for Berte Qvarn.
Throughout the centuries, every owner of the mill has endeavored to manage nature's gifts to the best of their ability.
Berte Qvarn derives its power from the water of the Suseån and is operated using local hydropower.


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Kellogg’s brands are stocked at most of the large supermarket chains and convenience stores. If your local store does not stock your preferred brand please visit their customer service desk next time you are in store. Find a location near you to buy Kellogg Garden Products. Enter you zip code and, if you desire, the product category you wish to purchase Kellogg Garden Products's Keywords
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Salisbury Garden Supplies is committed to ensuring that your privacy is protected. We will not sell, distribute or lease your personal information to third parties unless we are required by law to do so. read more EMAIL CONTACT:[email protected] | FAX.:(905) 846 - 9379
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Welcome to the Kellogg Lab at the Donald Danforth Plant Science Center. As you can see in the descriptions of projects below, the lab is a small business supported by grant funding, much of which represents federal tax dollars brought home to Missouri.
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Michigan Peat Garden Magic Potting Soil mix is ready to use straight from the bag and uses a dark blend of materials including reed sedge peat. perlite, and sand. Their potting soil can be used in pots or garden beds indoors or outdoors.
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Growing Tips and Garden Products Laurel's best growing tips, organic gardening products, SmartPots for your container garden and all organic plant nutrients and pest and disease control. Plus, learn how to easily and successfully grow even the largest tomato plants in containers. Feb 14, 2019 · Use good quality potting soil. Rich, healthy soil will keep your plants well-fed and retains more moisture than poor quality soil. Do not use ordinary garden soil, which does not drain well when used in a container. Choose a compact variety. Read the seed packets to identify the best choices for small-space gardening. Several varieties are ...
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Jun 18, 2019 · Home Depot has stopped selling Miracle Gro Cactus, Palm and Citrus soil (add a little perlite and, in my mind, perfect for everything) and has replaced it with Kellogg Garden Organics Cactus, Palm and Citrus soil. Kellogg Garden Organics All Natural Garden Soil for Flowers and Vegetables revitalizes your native soil, organically. Formulated for in-ground planting of flowers and vegetables, mix All Natural Garden Soil 50/50 with the native soil already in your garden.
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Plant database entry for Rose (Rosa 'Janice Kellogg') with 6 images, one comment, and 33 data details. Rose (Rosa 'Janice Kellogg') in the Roses Database - Garden.org New and Unread Tree-Mails
KELLOGG GARDEN ORGANICS ALL NATURAL GARDEN SOIL for Flowers and Vegetables enriches and fortifies your native soil with bat guano, worm castings and kelp meal and is backed with a 100% satisfaction guarantee. Mix in with your native soil as an amendment to build and repair tired soil so plants can reach their full potential. Its woody texture creates the perfect balance of moisture retention ...
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New Podcast Episode. Dr. Tom Green discusses holistic IPM, including strategies, success stories, and future research. Sponsored by Kellogg Company. New Podcast Episode. Dr. Tom Green discusses holistic IPM, including strategies, success stories, and future research. Sponsored by Kellogg Company.
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See full list on homedepot.com May 07, 2013 · You can buy peat-free potting soil mixes, which are slightly more expensive than peat-based blends, and consist primarily of compost, pine bark (or another type of bark) and coconut coir. Some mixes may also contain materials that help to improve drainage such as perlite (a type of volcanic ash) and vermiculite (a mineral that comes with its ...
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CSA stands for Consumer Supported Agriculture. It allows you as the consumer to directly support a farmer and her farm. You pay a one-time fee in exchange for a weekly share of the harvest. Sometimes the harvest is bountiful which means you’ll receive a great variety of seasonal fruits and vegetables. Sometimes things don’t go as planned–weather, bugs, rodents, crop failure–in this case, you may not receive all varieties of crops. In severe cases (such as hail or tornado!), you may not receive anything at all. However, in our 9 years of growing food, we’ve consistently delivered to our shareholders.
The past 9 seasons have taught us quite a bit. We know that you like the staples: Potatoes, onions, tomatoes, peppers, zucchini, cucumbers, winter squash, melons, kale, and a few herbs. Those are things that we are pretty good at growing and you can expect to find those in your share on a regular basis.
Other things like beans, cherry tomatoes, cabbage, sweet corn, egg plant and a few other odds and ends will make it in the share as the season allows.
The 2020 CSA delivery will start the first week of August and run through the end of September. In addition to your weekly share, you will also be invited to participate the Final Harvest. During this event, you’ll actually come to the farm and fill your own boxes with produce. As a part of your share, you will get two share boxes to fill with what ever you want to harvest plus 2 pumpkins.
We have 3 options for pick-up: Tuesdays at JJ’s Wine and Spirits, Thursdays at Woodgrain Brewing, and Saturdays at the Co-Op.


The vineyard for Alto Limay is located in San Patricio del Chañar in the province of Neuquén, 380 miles south of Mendoza at 1,100 feet elevation. The Limay River brings snowmelt from the Andes, creating the only farming conditions in this otherwise desertic part of Patagonia. The sandy, silty soils are strewn with pebbles and rocks, on a base of limestone bedrock. The constant wind and well-drained soils contribute to the high evaporation rates that keep the yields naturally low.
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Go to winery.


Adding mulch to shrub beds has benefits beyond improving their appearance. Along with reducing the weed population, a proper depth of mulch cover shades the soil to help it maintain its moisture longer. This can greatly help the plants get through drought periods. It is important that mulch not be too deep. 2-3” is best, if it gets too deep, it ends up soaking up all the rain preventing it from getting to the soil where its needed.
Fairfield County Landscaping’s bed and weed maintenance services will keep your beds looking as good as the day they were installed. We’ll remove any debris and weeds that exist in your landscape beds and treat them with with a special weed control system that will keep your beds free of weeds throughout the season.
Need Any Gardening Services? Call Us Today.


Lawn Care Tips
If you own properties, you should take a step investing in a lawn. Therefore, as you plan on how to build and put different structures in your home, you should think of setting a separate area where you plant grass and durable plants to cover the soil. When it rains, many homeowners incur some extra costs of renovating the property because of the soil erosion but when you have a lawn, there are minimal chances of having such damages company.Additionally, it saves you some finances of renting a recreational venue because, with a lawn, you can carry out any recreational activity within your properties. Investing in a lawn is important also especially if you’re considering selling the home later in the future because homebuyers can consider that to buy your properties reducing the time it can stay in the market.
Many people are afraid of planting a lawn because it is a great investment that requires your time, skills and your money to properly take care of it. Although it is a great investment, it is worth investing in a lawn and should be a consideration when you’re considering innovating your properties are your home. If you want to have a lawn within your properties, you first start by segregating the area that you want the lawn plant. If the lawn is to be for recreational purposes, it is to be on a flat ground but if it is supervisor erosion, you have to plant where the soil is bear.
For many people, grass is the most preferred covering for lawn but there are other many options such as durable plants.You are very many options to engage for example there are over thousands of varieties of grass that you can plant. Therefore planting, you can consult professionals who deals different seedlings that you can plant such as the Caudill seed companies to guide you in the choice of seedlings you can plant. You require help if you’re not skilled on lawn care because different grass species react to different climatic changes.
A lawn is prone to weed and best meaning that you have to keep on maintaining it and if you have no time for that you can hire the lawn care services. Lawn care services are beneficial in many other ways one of them being that the help you in managing your time if you have that schedules. On the other hand, it is cost-effective to outsource the lawn care services because they have the proper tools and equipment for weeding and pest control. Outsourcing or buying of the equipment makes lawn care services expensive and that is why it is important to hire the lawn care services.


Tristaniopsis luscious is a species of tree native to Australia, and it is becoming increasingly popular for its attractive foliage and ability to thrive in a variety of climates.
However, with its growing popularity, comes a number of problems that need to be addressed. From the destruction of native habitats to the potential for the tree to become an invasive species, the potential issues associated with Tristaniopsis luscious need to be addressed in order to ensure its long-term sustainability.
Causes of Tristaniopsis Luscious Problems
Poor Soil Conditions
One of the most common causes of problems with Tristaniopsis Luscious is poor soil conditions. This can include soil that is too acidic or alkaline, soil that is too sandy or clay-like, or soil that is lacking in essential nutrients. Poor soil conditions can lead to stunted growth, yellowing of leaves, and even death of the plant.
Another common cause of problems with Tristaniopsis Luscious is overwatering. This can occur when the soil is kept too wet, or when the plant is watered too frequently. Overwatering can lead to root rot, which can cause the plant to become weak and susceptible to disease.
On the other hand, underwatering can also be a cause of problems with Tristaniopsis Luscious. This can occur when the soil is allowed to dry out too much, or when the plant is not watered frequently enough. Underwatering can lead to wilting of the leaves, yellowing of the leaves, and even death of the plant.
Pest infestations can also be a cause of problems with Tristaniopsis Luscious. Common pests that can affect this plant include aphids, mealybugs, and scale insects. These pests can cause damage to the leaves and stems of the plant, and can even lead to death of the plant if left untreated.
Prevention of Tristaniopsis Luscious Problems
Proper Soil Conditions
The best way to prevent problems with Tristaniopsis Luscious is to ensure that the soil conditions are optimal for the plant. The soil should be well-draining and have a pH between 6.0 and 7.0. It should also be rich in organic matter, such as compost or manure. Additionally, the soil should be kept moist but not soggy. If the soil is too dry, the plant will not be able to absorb the necessary nutrients and water. If the soil is too wet, the roots may rot.
In order to prevent problems with Tristaniopsis Luscious, it is important to water the plant appropriately. The plant should be watered deeply and regularly, but not too often. The soil should be allowed to dry out between waterings. Additionally, it is important to avoid overwatering, as this can lead to root rot and other problems.
Regular pruning is also important for preventing problems with Tristaniopsis Luscious. Pruning helps to keep the plant healthy and encourages new growth. It is important to prune the plant regularly, as this will help to keep it from becoming overgrown and unruly. Additionally, pruning helps to remove dead or diseased branches, which can help to prevent the spread of disease.
Monitoring for Pests
Finally, it is important to monitor for pests when caring for Tristaniopsis Luscious. Pests can cause a variety of problems, including leaf damage, stunted growth, and disease. If pests are spotted, it is important to take action immediately.
Treating Poor Soil Conditions
When it comes to treating poor soil conditions in Tristaniopsis Luscious, the first step is to identify the problem. Poor soil conditions can be caused by a variety of factors, including a lack of nutrients, poor drainage, or compacted soil. Once the problem has been identified, the next step is to take action to improve the soil.
One way to improve the soil is to add organic matter, such as compost or manure. This will help to improve the soil structure, as well as provide essential nutrients for the plant. Additionally, it is important to ensure that the soil is well-draining, as Tristaniopsis Luscious does not tolerate standing water. If the soil is too compacted, it can be loosened with a garden fork or tiller.
Tristaniopsis Luscious is susceptible to overwatering, which can lead to root rot and other problems. To treat overwatering, it is important to reduce the amount of water given to the plant. Additionally, it is important to ensure that the soil is well-draining, as Tristaniopsis Luscious does not tolerate standing water. If the soil is too compacted, it can be loosened with a garden fork or tiller.
It is also important to check the soil regularly to ensure that it is not too wet. If the soil is too wet, it is best to allow it to dry out before watering again. Additionally, it is important to ensure that the plant is not in a pot that is too large, as this can lead to overwatering.
Underwatering can also be a problem for Tristaniopsis Luscious, as it can lead to wilting and other
In conclusion, Tristaniopsis Luscious is a beautiful and hardy plant that can be a great addition to any garden. However, it is important to be aware of the common problems that can arise with this plant, such as poor soil conditions, overwatering, underwatering, and pest infestations.
To prevent these problems, it is important to ensure proper soil conditions, appropriate watering, regular pruning, and monitoring for pests. If any of these problems do arise, they can be treated by treating the poor soil conditions, overwatering, underwatering, and pest infestations. To ensure the health and beauty of your Tristaniopsis Luscious, be sure to follow these tips and take action to prevent and treat any problems that may arise.
What are the common problems associated with Tristaniopsis luscious?
Common problems associated with Tristaniopsis luscious include leaf drop, yellowing of leaves, and dieback. These problems can be caused by a variety of factors, such as incorrect watering, nutrient deficiencies, and pest infestations.
How can I prevent Tristaniopsis luscious problems?
To prevent Tristaniopsis luscious problems, it is important to provide the plant with the correct amount of water, nutrients, and light. Additionally, it is important to regularly inspect the plant for signs of pests and take appropriate action if any are found.
What should I do if my Tristaniopsis luscious is already showing signs of problems?
If your Tristaniopsis luscious is already showing signs of problems, it is important to identify the cause of the problem and take appropriate action. This may include adjusting the watering schedule, providing additional nutrients, or treating for pests. If the problem persists, it is best to consult a professional for further advice.


Yoga is not only the asanas, it is a whole life philosophy. Doing the best you can for the others is one of the yogic teachings. The Green Yoga Association with their projects gives us the best and purest example of original yoga practice.
One of their projects, that should be a project for all of us is the following:
“One day the world will grow green with our Love.” – Rumi
We are expanding our practice of Yoga and the practice of environmental stewardship by planting fruit trees around the planet. The Green Yoga Seva Groves will offer a place where communities can gather to practice asana, meditate, cultivate and care for the trees, and share the harvest. They will do their part to lower carbon in the atmosphere and will educate the communities about sustainable agrigulture.
Educational Demonstration for Eco-stewardship and Yoga Practice
As you know, the Green Yoga Association is a global community of yogis deeply connected to the practice of Yoga and the practice of environmental stewardship. Fruit trees will be planted around the globe, so that communities can gather to practice asana, meditate, cultivate and care for the trees, and share the harvest.
This tree-planting project expands knowledge of permaculture practices that, in turn, feed our Yoga. And as we practice in the beauty of the fruit tree groves, we embody the Yoga practices that nourish our ecological action in the world. The Green Yoga Seva Groves are real life manifestations of our practice.
Change the Climate with Selfless Service
We see the threats to our living planet all around us. Global warming, toxic chemicals, ecosystem and habitat destruction call our spirit to action. To act is our Karma Yoga.
Seva – The Selfless Service
This project will provide many benefits, including:
* supports the biosphere with vital breathing trees to absorb CO2
* provides a healthy source of pollen for the honey bees
* produces organic fruit and
* helps us recognize our connection to everything.
By widening our sphere of compassion, we glimpse the never-ending, unchanging, and pure radiance that is at the center of our beings.
Bringing together the twin practices of Yoga and environmental stewardship is Green Yoga, and we hope that you will support us in this earthy Green Yoga project.
Honoring the Contributions of Green Yogis
Each Green Yoga Seva Grove will honor the selfless service of people who have sewn the seeds and fed the roots of our community. The first Grove honors the people whose pioneering work envisioned and cultivated our community of Green Yogis.
Support for Community and Sustainable Agriculture
We have planted our first Green Yoga Seva Grove in the spring 2009 at Metta Earth Institute in Lincoln, Vermont.
Metta Earth is an educational and experiential eco-farm and yoga/meditation center. Our fruit trees came from a local, organically-certified, northern Vermont tree and plant nursery known to provide hardy, indigenous varieties suitable for this cold, mountain climate.
The Green Yoga Association welcomes other land hosts for the planting of other Seva Groves. We are seeking places around the world that will have long-term public access. We imagine that there will be lots of partnering-like the partnership with Metta Earth-to find and care for spaces. (If you are interested in hosting a grove, please contact us at info [at] greenyoga.org or 888-659-7925)
As you can see, this project brings so much to the world-a place to store carbon, a living permaculture demonstration, an outdoor yoga educational and practice space, a community gathering spot, and a living symbol of our gratitude for those who have offered their Seva.
Please support this project with your generous donation.
May everyone’s work bear fruit!
( Info and photos by www.greenyoga.org)
The Barcelona Yoga Conference has the goal to mantain a sustainable living in the world around us. Therefore, a 3% of each entrance will be donated equally to three solidarity projects wich we believe in:
– Green Yoga Project is the artist that will bring some green colour to our painting.
– Amma’s ashram is the loving kindness that will touch us in every hug we give and recieve
–Africa Yoga Project is the photografer with the perspective of a bigger picture, ready to make of this gathering something beyond boundaries, race and condition


Organic matter improves soil conditions which benefit plants:
- Increases moisture retention while also improving drainage properties.
- Hosts microorganisms that convert nutrients to plant available forms.
- Breaks up compacted clay soils and allows for enhanced root growth.
- As it decomposes; nutrients and minerals within are slowly released.
- Prevents nutrient runoff away from plants and into the environment.
Adding Organic Matter
Composts: mixtures of highly decomposed organic matter and nutrients that can either be incorporated directly into the soil or can be lightly applied over the surface through multiple treatments.
Topsoil Blends: ready-to-use mixtures of topsoil enriched with compost. These products are recommended especially for new installations or when replacing depleted soils. Topsoil blends can be formulated to the needs of your specific application.
Mulches: wood-based, carbon-rich soil covering that helps to retain moisture in the soil and suppress weed growth. These products decompose slowly over time releasing organic matter back into the soil.


Maude and Local Produce Festival
Sun, October 8th, 10:00 am - 6:00 pm
Salle des fêtes François Cheneval Pallud, 74250, Viuz-en-Sallaz
Sunday 8 October 2023 between 10 am and 6 pm.
Live pressing of the Maude, convivial meal, small presses for children who will leave with their own juice (free activity), craft market. A great atmosphere and local produce for all!
This Sunday, several tonnes of Maude pears and apples will be pressed in front of you. Volunteers of all ages are keen to keep alive the know-how of our ancestors, a delicious blend of apples and pears with their characteristic sweet and tart flavour. The fruit has been harvested over the last few days from untreated orchards in the surrounding area.
Free of charge.


When it comes to purchasing a natural Christmas tree to decorate your home, you may know that your choice will help protect the environment. But you probably didn't know the fascinating story about how it finally got to your living room to be decorated with your beautiful ornaments.Here's the story of your natural Christmas tree.
Where does the Christmas tree begin?
The choice of seeds that will be used to grow trees is the first of a series of steps. Most of the time, the growers harvest them in seed orchards with trees specially selected for their qualities. The birth of a Christmas tree occurs when the seeds are sown in seedlings. They will remain there for two years and then be replanted in flowerbeds where they grow for another three to five years. (Our trees are grown with transplants from Quebec nurseries renowned for their outstanding quality.)
Several years later...
Having been nurtured for up to five years, the transplants have now reached a height of between 30 and 40 centimetres. At last they have the strength, structure and resistance to be planted in our fields.
However, the production of Christmas trees does not stop there! We have to provide care to these trees throughout the year. By giving them all the love, attention and grooming they need, we ensure the health of our firs. In particular, we manually trim them regularly so that they retain a perfect conical form. Shearing begins when the tree reaches a height of three to four feet and continues every year in July when new shoots begin to recover.
As you can imagine, ptience is the name of the game. The trees will require eight to ten years before reaching the desired height. There are several factors that influencea tree's growth, including climate, soil, crop, humidity and different hardiness zones.
Trees and the environment
Did you know that by choosing a natural Christmas tree instead of an artificial one, you are reducing your environmental impact? It's true! During the years it takes to reach maturity, your natural tree absorbed CO2 and converted it into oxygen. With more than one million trees in our nursery, we're taking a tremendous amount of carbon out of the atmosphere. And not only that, once the holiday season has passed, your tree is biodegradable : you can compost it and it will decompose naturally. That's one more way in which you're helping our environment.
After almost a decade of care, the tree is finally ready to be harvested! First, trees are selected, identified and labeled according to their height, category and species. Then they are cut, bundled with twine and prepared for shipping.
The harvesting of Christmas trees begins in early to mid-November when the trees begin their winter dormancy. Generally, tree cutting continues for three weeks.
Once the harvest is over, it's time for delivery! All we ask you to do is preorder your Christmas tree directly on our website and choose a delivery date. Three days before delivery, we confirm all the details, including your delivery time. When the day arrives, our team of nutcrackers comes to your door to deliver and install your tree. All that's left to you is to start decorating!
Here's to a wonderful stress-free holiday season... Merry Christmas! HoHoHo


Baseline sensitivity and resistance risk assessment of Valsa mali to pyraclostrobin
Phytopathology Research volume 2, Article number: 31 (2020)
Pyraclostrobin, a quinone outside inhibitor (QoI) fungicide, has been registered to control apple tree Valsa canker (AVC) caused by Valsa mali in China. However, there is no data available regarding the resistance risk of V. mali to pyraclostrobin. In this study, the sensitivities of 120 V. mali isolates to pyraclostrobin were detected. The isolates were collected from apple orchards with no application of pyraclostrob at six provinces in China during 2013–2015, and showed similar sensitivity to pyraclostrobin. The EC50 values of these 120 V. mali isolates to pyraclostrobin ranged from 0.0014 to 0.0240 μg/mL, indicating an excellent inhibitory efficacy of pyraclostrobin to the pathogen. The EC50 values were distributed as a unimodal curve with a mean value of 0.0091 μg/mL, and the mean EC50 displayed correlation with geographic location. Meanwhile, three pyraclostrobin-resistant mutants (PR mutants) of V. mali were obtained using fungicide adaption method, with a resistance factor (RF) of 41.0, 56.8 and 22.0, respectively. The mutants showed a stable resistance to pyraclostrobin after 10 transfers on pyraclostrobin-free medium. Comparing with the corresponding parental isolates, the hyphal growth, mycelial dry weight and pathogenicity of PR mutants were significantly reduced, but the number of propagules showed no significant difference. More importantly, no cross-resistance of PR mutants to pyraclostrobin, tebuconazole, difenoconazole, imazalil and thiophanate-methyl was detected. In conclusion, V. mali showed a moderate risk to pyraclostrobin, and pyraclostrobin could be used as an alternative fungicide to control AVC in the field in China.
The apple tree Valsa canker (AVC), caused by Valsa mali, is the most serious disease of apple tree in Asia, especially in China (Abe et al. 2007; Suzaki 2008; Wang et al. 2011, 2014; Li et al. 2013). Shaving diseased bark tissues and spraying fungicide on the wound were commonly used to control AVC. However, it is very difficult to cure the canker, because the pathogen could penetrate deep into the xylem (Ke et al. 2013). Meanwhile, this method also leads to the weakening of trees, making the tree more susceptible to the disease. Thus, how to inhibit the penetration of pathogen spores is the key for disease prevention. In 2013, annual dissemination of the pathogen in the field was studied systematically, and the peak period of pathogen dissemination was found to be from bud stage to young fruit stage of apple tree (Du et al. 2013). Once pathogen spores colonize on the bark of apple tree, they then penetrate into bark tissues through lenticels, cracks, injuries, etc. (Ke et al. 2013). There is a latent period from pathogen colonizing in superficial tissues to entering into interior tissues, and the length of this latent period depends on the tree vigor (Meng et al. 2019). According to the annual dissemination and main penetration pathways of the pathogen, a prevention technology was developed and confirmed to be effective to prevent AVC by spraying fungicides or biological agents onto the bark surface for two times during June to August (Li et al. 2016). Thus, it is very important to select the appropriate and effective agents. Based on the information from China Pesticide Information Network (http://www.chinapesticide.org.cn/ywb/index.jhtml), more than 20 kinds of chemical agents were registered to control AVC. Among them, the benzimidazole fungicide thiophanate-methyl was widely used in the past few years, which was effective in preventing infection of V. mali but showed little capacity in inhibiting the expansion of lesions (Tamura and Saito 1982). In recent years, the demethylation inhibitors, tebuconazole and difenoconazole, have been demonstrated to be very effective against V. mali and have become alternative fungicides to control AVC (Chen et al. 2009; Ma et al. 2012; Guo et al. 2015; Gao et al. 2017). Long-term use of single fungicide increased the risk of fungicide resistance. Although no fungicide-resistant strain of V. mali was found, the sensitivity of V. mali to difenoconazole has declined (Liu et al. 2019). Thus, it is urgent to find more fungicides with high efficiency in the control of AVC.
In early 2000s, a new fungicide, pyraclostrobin, belonging to quinone outside inhibitor (QoI) class, was developed by BASF Corporation, which was found to be preventive, curative, and eradicative against many plant diseases by inhibiting spore germination, mycelial growth, and sporulation of the target pathogenic fungi (Bartlett et al. 2002; Liang et al. 2015). However, QoIs are classified as high risk fungicides for triggering fungal resistance by Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC). In the past years, some populations of Botrytis cinerea have been found to be resistant to pyraclostrobin (Kim and Xiao 2011; Fernández-Ortuño et al. 2012). Meanwhile, isolates of Alternaria alternata have also showed resistance to pyraclostrobin (Avenot and Michailides 2015; Fan et al. 2015).
Pyraclostrobin has been confirmed to be effective against V. mali in laboratory test (Ma et al. 2012; Guo et al. 2015). However, the resistance risk of V. mali to pyraclostrobin is still largely unknown. In this study, the baseline sensitivity to pyraclostrobin of 120 V. mali stains from China was determined. Furthermore, pyraclostrobin-resistant mutants (PR mutants) of V. mali were obtained by fungicide adaption. Fitness of these resistant mutants in vitro and their cross-resistance to pyraclostrobin and other fungicides were subsequently investigated. The results will provide important guidance for scientific and rational use of pyraclostrobin in AVC control.
Baseline sensitivity of V. mali to pyraclostrobin
SHAM was often used to inhibit the alternative oxidase (AOX) in determination of the sensitivity of a pathogen to QoI fungicide. Thus, we firstly evaluated its effects on the mycelial growth of eight randomly selected isolates with different genetic background. The results showed that SHAM at 100 μg/mL had no effect on the EC50 value of V. mali to pyraclostrobinin on AEA medium, whereas had significant inhibitory activity against the mycelial growth of V. mali (Additional file 1: Table S1). Thus, AEA medium without exogenous SHAM was used to detect the baseline sensitivity of V. mali to pyraclostrobin. The EC50 values of the corresponding isolates to pyraclostrobin ranged from 0.0014 to 0.0240 μg/mL, with a mean value of 0.0091 μg/ mL, and the ratio of the maximum to the minimum EC50 values was 17.5 (Additional file 2: Table S2). The frequency distribution of the EC50 values of these V. mali isolates showed a unimodal curve with a positive skew (Fig. 1). Therefore, no resistance was observed in the field isolates of V. mali that we collected. However, the mean EC50 values of V. mali strains collected from different geographic locations were significantly different. For example, the mean EC50 values of strains from Liaoning were highest (0.0128 ± 0.0061 μg/mL), while from Xinjiang were lowest (0.0040 ± 0.0015 μg/ mL) (Table 1).
Generation of pyraclostrobin-resistant (PR) mutants of V. mali and the resistance stability of mutants
Two PR mutants (XJVM001R1 and XJVM001R2) were obtained from the parental isolate XJVM001; one PR mutant (972R) was obtained from the parental isolate 972. These three resistant mutants exhibited resistance factor (RF) values of 41.0, 56.8 and 22.0, respectively (Table 2). After 10 transfers on pyraclostrobin-free PDA, XJVM001R1 and XJVM001R2 still kept a moderate resistance to pyraclostrobin, with RF values of 33.9 and 52.5, respectively. However, the RF value of 972R declined from 22.0 to 11.7. Thus, the resistances of XJVM001R1 and XJVM001R2 to pyraclostrobin were more stable than that of 972R.
Characterization of PR mutants and their parental isolates
Compared to their parental isolates, all PR mutants had a smaller colony diameter and a reduced mycelial dry weight. There were no significant differences in propagule number between PR mutants and their parental isolates. However, the virulence of PR mutants was lower than that of their parental isolates (Fig. 2 and Table 3). The EC50 values of PR mutants to pyraclostrobin were significantly higher than that of their parental isolates. More importantly, the sensitivity of PR mutants and their parental isolates to pyraclostrobin was not correlated with the sensitivity to tebuconazole, difenoconazole, imazalil, and thiophanate-methyl (Fig. 3 and Table 4). In other words, no cross-resistance in PR mutants to pyraclostrobin, tebuconazole, difenoconazole, imazalil and thiophanate-methyl was detected.
It is of great importance to establish baseline sensitivity data of a phytopathogenic fungus to a fungicide, as such data are useful to evaluate the risk of resistance development in sensitive populations of the fungi, and meanwhile provide evidence to suggest future methods for control of fungicide-resistant mutants (Zhang et al. 2015). In this study, the baseline sensitivity and resistance risk of V. mali populations in China to pyraclostrobin were reported.
The alternative oxidase (AOX) provides an alternative route for respiration and it will usually be activated after QoIs inhibit mitochondrial respiration in fungi by binding to the Qo site of the cytochrome bc1 complex and blocking electron transfer (Piccirillo et al. 2018). SHAM, an AOX inhibitor, is commonly added into culture media to suppress alternative respiration (Mizutani et al. 1995). In previous study, SHAM was confirmed to possess different effects on the sensitivity of pathogens to QoI fungicide (Di et al. 2016). Thus, it is necessary to firstly detect the effect of SHAM to the mycelial growth of V. mali in this study. According to the results we obtained, SHAM (100 μg/mL) has significant inhibitory activity against the mycelial growth of V. mali, but does not affect the EC50 value of V. mali to pyraclostrobin. So, we determined the baseline sensitivity of V. mali populations to pyraclostrobin by not amending the medium with SHAM. The results showed that no pyraclostrobin-resistant V. mali isolate was detected. This sensitivity baseline could be used for monitoring any future sensitivity shifts to pyraclostrobin in the field populations of V. mali. Meanwhile, the mean EC50 values of V. mali isolates to pyraclostrobin were different. Similar result was also observed when the sensitivity of Rhizoctonia cerealis isolates collected from different geographic location to trifluzamide was detected (Qi et al. 2014). It may be related to the natural differences of the strains in different regions, the physiological differences in the strains themselves, as well as the population structure of the strains of V. mali.
Fungal pathogens may develop resistance to different fungicides under certain selection pressures or under conditions of adversity. Resistance to QoI fungicides has been reported in a broad range of plant pathogenic fungi such as Plasmopara viticola (Wong and Wilcox 2000), Venturia inaequalis (Steinfeld et al. 2001) and Magnaporthe grisea (Avila-Adame and Koller 2003). In this study, 14 wild parental isolates of V. mali were randomly selected to produce PR mutants by repeated exposure to pyraclostrobin, and three resistant mutants were obtained. The resistance levels of two PR mutants were still stable over ten generations. The failure in using other parental isolates to generate stable resistant mutants might be related to the genetic variation among different strains (Pang et al. 2013).
Changes in biological traits could affect the competitiveness of resistant mutants and sensitive strains in nature (Ziogas et al. 2003). Thus, biological fitness parameters are considered to be important factors that affect the formation of a fungicide-resistant population of fungal pathogens in the field (Zhang et al. 2014). The pyraclostrobin-resistant strains of B. cinerea showed decreased sporulation rate, spore germination rate and sclerotial production (Markoglou et al. 2006). Meanwhile, the resistance change of A. alternate to pyraclostrobin did not affect the mycelial growth, conidial germination, and conidial production, but the resistant strains showed similar or increased virulence compared to that of sensitive strains (Vega and Dewdney 2014). In this study, the mycelial growth, mycelial dry weight and pathogenicity of resistant mutants were reduced compared with those of their sensitive parental strains, but there was no significant difference in the propagules number. The reduced pathogenicity of resistant mutants might be related to their decreased growth.
Clarifying cross-resistance of a pathogen to different fungicides will help to provide a theoretical basis for scientific application of fungicides on the control of the pathogen. Based on our results, no cross-resistance was detected among pyraclostrobin, tebuconazole, difenoconazole, imazalil and thiophanate-methyl in PR mutants. Due to the low fitness of PR mutants and lack of cross-resistance with other fungicides, we concluded that the resistant risk of V. mali to pyraclostrobin was at a low-to-moderate level. To avoid the generation of pyraclostrobin resistance in V. mali, we suggest that fungicides with different mechanisms should be used alternately. Otherwise, applying pyraclostrobin in mixtures with multisite or non-cross-resistant fungicides may be adopted for control of AVC and fungicide resistance management of V. mali.
In this study, baseline sensitivity of V. mali to pyraclostrobin was established and the efficiency of pyraclostrobin against V. mali was subsequently evaluated. All the 120 V. mali isolates showed similar and high sensitivity to pyraclostrobin. Meanwhile, the resistance risk of these V. mali isolates to pyraclostrobin was evaluated, and no cross-resistance between pyraclostrobin and other fungicides including tebuconazole, difenoconazole, imazalil and thiophanate-methyl was detected in PR mutants. Thus, pyraclostrobin could be used as an alternative fungicide to control AVC in China. Meanwhile, V. mali showed a moderated risk to pyraclostrobin, and the corresponding resistance management strategies should also be considered. These results will lay a foundation for the scientific application of pyraclostrobin in the field.
Pathogen isolates, culture media and fungicides
A total of 120 isolates of V. mali were tested in this study (Additional file 3: Table S3), which were collected from infected apple trees in orchards with no application of pyraclostrobin at different geographic regions of China (Liaoning, Shandong, Gansu, Shanxi, Shaanxi, and Xinjiang) during 2013–2015. All the isolates were maintained on potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium at 4 °C. Alkyl ester agar (AEA) medium was used to detect the sensitivity of V. mali to pyraclostrobin. PDA medium was used to detect the sensitivity of the pathogen to other fungicides. PDB medium was used to culture strains of V. mali. All fungicides used were technical-grade products, including pyraclostrobin (97.5% a.i.; Xi’an Hytech Agrochemicals Co., Ltd., China), tebuconazole (97% a.i.; Jiangsu Flag Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., China), difenoconazole (95% a.i.; Xi’an Hytech Agrochemicals Co., Ltd.), imazalil (98% a.i.; Anhui Guangxin Agrochemical Co., Ltd., China), and thiophanate-methyl (97% a.i.; Anhui Huaxing Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., China). Pyraclostrobin, tebuconazole, difenoconazole and imazalil were respectively dissolved in acetone to produce a stock solution containing 10 mg/mL of the active ingredient. Tiophanate-methyl was dissolved in acetone and then diluted with 0.1% Tween-20 to produce a stock solution containing 3.2 mg/mL of the active ingredient. Fungicide stock solution was then stored in the dark at 4 °C until used.
Baseline sensitivity of V. mali isolates to pyraclostrobin
The sensitivities of 120 isolates of V. mali to pyraclostrobin were determined by measuring mycelial growth on agar plates. Mycelial plugs (5 mm in diameter) from the edge of a 3-day-old colony were transferred to a series of AEA plates amended with increasing concentrations of pyraclostrobin (0, 0.000625, 0.0025, 0.01, 0.025, 0.04, 0.16, 0.64, and 2.56 μg/mL), and the final concentration of acetone in the medium was standardized at 0.1% (v/v). Plates without pyraclostrobin were used as control. The plates were incubated at 25 °C for three days in a growth chamber. For each plate, the EC50 value was calculated by measuring the average colony diameter and regressing the percentage growth inhibition against the log of fungicide concentration. The experiment was repeated twice with three replicates for each treatment.
Generation of PR mutants of V. mali
Fourteen isolates (03–8, XJVM001, XJVM006, 878, 881, 889, 891, 893, 902, 910, 972, 980, 982 and 985) of V. mali were randomly selected to generate PR mutants. Fresh mycelial plugs from colony margins were transferred to AEA plates (seven plugs per plate) containing pyraclostrobin of 80 μg/mL. After incubation at 25 °C for two weeks, any fast-growing sectors from the otherwise restricted colonies were transferred to a series of AEA plates amended with increasing concentrations of pyraclostrobin (100, 200 and 500 μg/mL) (Wang et al. 2015).
Resistance level and stability of PR mutants
To determine the resistance level of PR mutants to pyraclostrobin, mycelial plugs of the mutants were placed on AEA plates amended with 0, 0.002, 0.02, 0.2, 2, 20, and 200 μg/mL of pyraclostrobin. The EC50 values were calculated by regressing the percentage growth inhibition against the log of fungicide concentration. The level of fungicide resistance, termed as resistance factor (RF), was equal to the EC50 value of the resistant mutant divided by the EC50 value of the parental isolate (Wang et al. 2015). To evaluate the stability of the resistant phenotypes, the PR mutants were subjected to ten successive transfers on new fungicide-free PDA plates. The RFs at the 1st and 10th generations were determined as described by Wang et al. (2015).
Hyphal growth, dry weight, propagule number, and pathogenicity of the PR mutants and their parental isolates
Hyphal growth and propagule number of PR mutants and their parental isolates were determined on fungicide-free PDA plates. Colony diameters were measured perpendicularly after incubation at 25 °C for 60 h. The number of propagules was subjectively evaluated when the mutants were cultured for 25 d under natural light at room temperature. Moreover, five mycelial plugs taken from the colony edge of each PR mutant and parental isolate were transferred to a flask containing 100 mL of PDB. After 3 d cultivation at 25 °C with shaking at 100 rpm, the mycelia were collected, dried (56 °C for 12 h), and weighed. There were three replicate plates and three replicate flasks for each isolate, and the experiment was repeated three times. The virulence of PR mutants and parental isolates was determined by a scald wounding method, which was carried out by inoculating detached twigs of Malus domestica Borkh. cv. ‘Fuji’ with a 5 mm mycelial plug derived from the margin of a young colony (Zang et al. 2007; Wei et al. 2010). After 5 d incubation at 25 °C, the length of each necrotic lesion was measured. Three twigs for each isolate were inoculated, and the experiment was performed three times.
Pyraclostrobin-resistant and pyraclostrobin-sensitive isolates were used to assess their sensitivity to five fungicides, including pyraclostrobin, tebuconazole, difenoconazole, imazalil, and thiophanate-methyl. It was proceeded by using the same method of mycelial growth inhibition described above with fungicides at various final concentrations (Table 5). The individual EC50 values for these fungicides in all isolates were calculated. The experiment was repeated three times.
The data from different repetitions were used for statistical analysis. All statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 16.0 (Statistical Package for the Social Science, SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL). A regression equation was derived by correlating the log10 of inhibitor concentration of pyraclostrobin with the probit of inhibition percentage of average radial mycelial growth of V. mali, and effective concentration for 50% inhibition (EC50) of V. mali was calculated from the regression equation. The ANOVA procedure of SPSS (P < 0.05) was used to determine significant differences among the EC50 values.
Availability of data and materials
Alkyl ester agar
Analysis of variance
Apple Valsa canker
- EC50 :
Effective concentration for 50% inhibition of mycelial growth
Fungicide Resistance Action Committee
Potato dextrose agar
Potato dextrose broth
Quinone outside inhibitor
- V. mali :
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We thank Prof. Xili Liu and Prof. Yong Wang at Northwest A&F University for their helpful suggestions on the manuscript.
This work was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (2016YFD0201100).
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The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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Cite this article
Feng, H., Wang, S., Liu, Z. et al. Baseline sensitivity and resistance risk assessment of Valsa mali to pyraclostrobin. Phytopathol Res 2, 31 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s42483-020-00072-9
- Valsa Mali
- Baseline sensitivity
- Resistant risk


My research focuses on the effects of large-scale environmental perturbations such as climate change and acid rain on nutrient cycling in terrestrial ecosystems with an emphasis on soil biogeochemical processes. In my research I try to apply fundamental knowledge of soil processes to address ecosystem-scale questions. In most projects I have collaborated with people from a wide range of disciplines including plant physiologists, hydrologists, and atmospheric chemists. Recent projects involved experimental and modeling studies focusing on the impacts of increased N deposition and precipitation on Mojave Desert ecosystems. More specifically, I was interested in assessing potential linkages between below-ground biotic processes including fine root dynamics and microbial decomposition and abiotic processes such as carbonate weathering and precipitation. I have conducted research addressing the impacts of forest management on soils in the Lake Tahoe Basin. In a recent project we looked at the impacts of prescribed fire on nutrient emissions from soils to aquatic environments and the atmosphere. We looked at the effects of charcoal in pile burns on nutrient transformations in burn scars. In addition, we studied how long term irrigation in arid lands affect soil organic matter dynamics. More recently, I have become involved in studies assessing how contaminants present in treated wastewater enter the food stream if wastewater is used for irrigation of agricultural crops.


This Sunday 2 February we will start to prepare our gardens for spring. Last year around this time we were busy building (we were settled in December, and were mainly building).
This year we are fully committed to the creation of gardens. We have reserved quite some space for that. We also have a tunnel greenhouse under construction. And we have 12 cubic meters of garden soil ready to roll.
One of the gardens is being developed together with Kinderpret and Cityplot to introduce children to permaculture in a playful way.
This Sunday we can use some help to make a big step in all that. So if you have some energy and inspiration, come and help: we are going to lay a layer of soil on a cardboard surface, with horse manure on top to make it all nicely fertile. So that’ll be loads of shovelling, driving wheelbarrows and egalizing nicely.
If your talents are more with carpentry and sawing, then you can also help to finish the floor in our large dome (around 50 m2). It is already half there, but we can hardly wait to finish it so that we can fully use the dome and make it available for activities (ours as well as yours), from meetings to lectures to film showings to all sorts of performances .
Come from 11 am, we will continue until around five. We’ll provide coffee, tea, a nice soup and beers – you provide your human power?


At Tyler Munroe Landscape Contractor Inc. we have an experienced staff and own all of our own equipment. Flexibility is key – we are capable of installation with or without a print depending on the client’s preferences.
Specializing in but not limited to:
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For a great landscape site preparation is always the first step. At Tyler Munroe Landscape Contractor Inc.we own all of our own equipment performing site preparation with ease. We have the capabilities to prepare any site for landscaping including the following:
• Tree Removal
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Save yourself the aggravation of clean up and restoration after water damage with our drainage systems. Make your comfortable home stay water-free for years to come with Tyler Munroe Landscape Contractor Inc.
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Oftentimes landscape jobs begin with excavation paving the way for beautiful landscaping.
At Tyler Munroe Landscape Contractor Inc. grading is our forte. We own our own Grading Dozer to assure proper grades in the landscape.
Correct grading ensures proper drainage in landscapes and gives lawns a beautiful golf course like appearance.
Hydroseeding is a revolutionary breakthrough in the landscaping and construction industry. Today it is known as the most efficient and successful method of establishing lawns.
For residential, commercial, municipal or industrial hydroseeding is a great choice because of it’s economical price and great results. The hydroseeding method provides seedlings with an optimal germinating environment. This is achieved by mixing seed and fertilizer and then spraying it on prepared soil. We ensure an even distribution of seed that will be shielded from environmental disruptions and maximizes the water retention.
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We use higher quality wood mulch as a major percentage of our mulch when seeding. This is much more effective than paper mulch. Tackifier is used in our mulch which glues the seed and mulch to the ground, eliminating erosion and seed puddling during rain and watering.
For Spring and Summer seeding, we are one of the few companies to use a pre-emergent crabgrass control called Tupersan. This product is one which prevents crabgrass growth, but lets the grass grow. This is crucial in Spring and Summer seeding.
From June 1 to September 1, we use a super-absorbent polymer with our seeding. These new products allow the soil to absorb from the air and ground 250 times its weight in water, even when there is little or no rain. The addition of these products, allows the seed to germinate twice as quickly even in the driest of weather.
Hydroseeding has many advantages over traditional hand seeding or sodding. The reason is because of its unique ability to provide the fragile seedlings with the optimum germinating environment, resulting in maximum germination. This is achieved by protecting the seedlings from environmental disruptions and by providing the highest water retention possible, which only hydroseed can do.
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• Unlike sodding, should you have any problems, they are easily remedied with spot seeding Sodding is transplanting, hyrdoseeding is germinating seed in its permanent environment which reduces complication
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At Tyler Munroe Landscape Contractor Inc. we make lawn care easy.
All of the existing sod, weeds and other growth will be cut off with a sod cutter which removes the growth, but leaves the topsoil. Two inches of high quality screened loam will be added to the lawn and hand-graded to assure a flowing grade and no puddles. Lime will be added at a rate of 50 lbs. per 1000 sq. feet. Lime is necessary to assure proper P.H. level, which is essential to the well-being of a newly planted lawn. The entire lawn area will be hydroseeded using a high quality seed and starter fertilizer.
A rough grade will be established using our bulldozer. This is essential before the installation of the screened loam to make sure all of the drainage is flowing away from the house properly and the rough grade is low enough, so that when loam is installed it matches the grade of the walks and driveways.
High quality screened loam will be installed 4″ – 5″ thick and machine graded.
Lime will be added at a rate of 50 lbs. per 1000 sq. feet. Lime is necessary to assure a proper P.H. level, which is essential to the well-being of a newly planted lawn.
The loam will then be machine graded and then fine hand graded to assure a puddle free environment.
The entire area will then be hydroseeded with a high quality seed and starter fertilizer.
Mulch Blowing is the most effective way to apply bark mulch or soil amendments. This technique avoids installation problems by reaching difficult to reach places and leaving a refined finished look that is unattainable by any other method of application.
With Tyler Munroe Landscape Contractor Inc. we provide fast installation, scheduled when you need it. Less disruption and inconvenience will be experienced for the homeowner, tenants, businesses or customers.
We make your yard look great. Mulch blowing eliminates unsightly piles of material waiting to be spread, no property damage trying to dump closer, no stains from piles of material. The area of application looks fresh and neat, and visually pleasing.
Bark Mulch is simply a natural product from the forest. Mulch controls weeds without herbicides, naturally decomposes to enrich soil and reduces soil erosion. If bark mulch is applied semi-annually with just 1 inch of bark mulch to spruce up gardens, the cost is easily 1/3 the cost of regular installation. Plus you get that look of newness and freshness year round.
Keep plants strong and healthy. Mulch blowing eliminates most compaction of the ground and damage to plants caused by wheelbarrows, equipment, and personnel. Better water penetration, better water retention, and less fluctuation of temperature in extreme weather; these attribute to healthier plants and lower plant replacement costs.
Lower maintenance costs with bark mulch. Mulch blowing makes properties more attractive by simplifying the annual budget. Have the Mulch applied in smaller amounts twice a year instead a one-time application. This will enhance the appearance of the property over a longer period of time, and facilitate your budgeting schedule. Home owners: Have us do the heavy work. You don’t have to worry about your back.


Red Radish Salad – Cook And Eat Healthy Salads
Ingredients for cooking a healthy red radish salad:
2 bunches of Red Radishes – approx 12 medium sized radishes
1 small bunch of Parsley
Salt – to taste
Instructions for cooking the red radish:
Start by washing the radishes really well and slice them into medium sized slices. You don’t want them to be really thick but you don’t want them paper thick either…
Add the lime juice over them and season them with the salt as well. Mix them thoroughly.
Chop the parsley finely and sprinkle it on top of the radishes. Your salad is ready!
Prep time: 15 min
Total time for cooking a healthy red radish salad: 15 min
You can use lemon instead of lime.
Idea: You can replace the parsley with some coriander if you prefer.
If you liked the recipe give us a like, share and follow us on Facebook where you can find us under the name “Magliano’s Comfort Food”.
The radish (Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. sativus) is an edible root vegetable of the Brassicaceae family that was domesticated in Europe in pre-Roman times. Radishes are grown and consumed throughout the world, being mostly eaten raw as a crunchy salad vegetable. They have numerous varieties, varying in size, flavor, color, and length of time they take to mature.
They are sometimes grown as companion plants and suffer from few pests and diseases. They germinate quickly and grow rapidly, smaller varieties being ready for consumption within a month, while larger daikon varieties take several months. Another use of radish is as cover or catch crop in winter or as a forage crop. Some radishes are grown for their seeds; daikon, for instance, can grow for oil production. Others are used for sprouting. ( Wikipedia definition)
Red radish benefits are very important, especially for detoxification and remedy for jaundice. It helps to clean and detoxify the blood of toxins and waste. It removes bilirubin from the blood.


Local Farm Visits
Here at Foodland, we are passionate about buying local. As a locally owned and operated company, we know firsthand that the community benefits when all of us—whether large businesses or individuals—support local companies and producers. As such, we have made a commitment to make it easier to "buy local" in our stores by designating local items with bright green "local" signs, grouping local produce under a "locally grown in Hawaii" banner, and sharing information about some of the local farmers with whom we work. As our partnership with local farmers has grown and we've learned more about their history, challenges, and goals, we wanted to find a way to share their stories with you. Rooted strongly here in Hawaii, each farm is not only unique and fascinating, but also provides a strong testament to why we should all buy local. And that's how our Local Farm Visits series was born. Each week we'll feature a new interview with one of our local farmers. You'll be able to hear their stories directly from them and learn how their produce comes to Foodland and Sack N Save. What's more they'll talk about what makes their products special and how you—as a customer—impact their lives.
Local Farm VisitsVideos


I have a farm with 570 hectares My farm is yellow with two floors. There are 25 dairy cows and 27 beef cows. I get up every day at 6:30 am I get ready and I feed the cows and work in the fields. When I arrive in the morning, at around 7:30 am, I milk the cows and a truck comes to pick up it. Then I sell it $ 477/t, wheat is sold $ 224/t and barley is sold to $ 255/t. To get to the farm from the tourist office, you have to take Edith Piaf Street, go south until you walk between two fields and you arrive at the farm. Look at my farm and see how beautiful it is !!
My name is Antoine and I am a builder. Every morning I wake up at 7 am and I finish working at 7 pm.In the company where I work there are offices and rooms for customers. But the day I'm on construction sites. I live
opposite the park.


published a few pages about our 'Wollemi Pine adventures' so far, and we're
sure to publish more, so we thought we'd make a page to house them all.
So, HERE IT IS!
PINE - Back from the Dead!
original page about the Wollemi Pine that has become one of the top pages
at search engines.
PINE hits news.
article about the interest generated in town when we acquired our first
Wollemia nobilis tree. It was in the newspaper!
NOBILIS SEEDS FOR SALE
we decided to sell Wollemi Pine seeds for the very first time.
PINE SEEDS original order page
we originally sold our seeds and some general germination information.
PINE clippings update 2014
page about some clippings we tried to root in 2014.
PINE hits news...again!
second time we ended up in the newspaper because of our tree!
PINE SEEDS - ORDER TODAY!
current page for ordering the seasonal Wollemia nobilis seeds.


What is wrong with this picture? I looked out at a field of blooming clover and was struck by what I did not see…bees. No honeybees, no bumblebees, no wild bees of any species. No buzzing…silence but for the songbirds in the nearby trees.
What is wrong with this picture? This from an NBC article: Honeybees don’t just make honey; they pollinate more than 90 of the tastiest flowering crops we have. Among them: apples, nuts, avocados, soybeans, asparagus, broccoli, celery, squash and cucumbers. And lots of the really sweet and tart stuff, too, including citrus fruit, peaches, kiwi, cherries, grapes, blueberries, cranberries, strawberries, cantaloupe and other melons. In fact, about one-third of the human diet comes from insect-pollinated plants, and the honeybee is responsible for 80 percent of that pollination, according to the U.S. Department of Agriculture.
Even cattle, which feed on alfalfa, depend on bees. So if the collapse worsens, we could end up being “stuck with grains and water,” said Kevin Hackett, the national program leader for USDA’s bee and pollination program. “This is the biggest general threat to our food supply,” Hackett said.
U.S. beekeepers in the past few months have lost one-quarter of their colonies — or about five times the normal winter losses — because of what scientists have dubbed Colony Collapse Disorder. The problem started in November and seems to have spread to 27 states, with similar collapses reported in Brazil, Canada and parts of Europe. “This crisis threatens to wipe out production of crops dependent on bees for pollination,” Agriculture Secretary Mike Johanns said in a statement.
“For the first time in the history of the world, every human being is now subjected to contact with dangerous chemicals, from the moment of conception until death.”
And may I add, this goes for all life on Earth. Are we entering our silent summer?
Thanks for spreading the gospel! It’s amazing to consider the power of the bee and or all pollinators. Whole Foods Market has a big program in place assisting different save the bees organizations including marketing signage throughout our stores and tastings. Every little bit helps. it better!
Thanks to you both for spreading the news. The poet Rumi wrote; “Yesterday I was clever, so I wanted to change the world. Today I am wise , so I am changing myself.” The more of us that consider to eat organic to lessen the use of pesticides and herbicides the better.


I heard on the radio the next day that it is tradition to plant on Good Friday (or Easter weekend in general) to have a good harvest. Wow! It seems I just stumbled into it without even trying.
I was told to keep the tomatoes watered. To water then every day, because they like consistent watering rather than soaking and drying and soaking etc. I only had to water them two days in a row and it has rained at least a little bit every day since then.
I was truly amazed. Now my garden is planted in containers and it is not much, but I was so surprised to see how quickly those little seeds were up and running. 5 days from when I planted them, there were little plants there. Woohoo!
I decided that I need to take pictures every Sunday so I can really see the progress of them growing.
So, here goes!


CHAIRMAN OF ICC SUBMITS RECOMMENDATIONS TO MINISTER OF AGRICULTURE FOR IMPROVEMENTS CHICKEN POULTRY FARMING BUSINESS
Jakarta (6/12) - The Chairman of the Indonesia Competition Commission (ICC), Prof. M. Afif Hasbullah, submitted a letter of advice and consideration to the Minister of Agriculture on November 30, 2023, for various improvements in policies related to chicken and poultry farming. This emerged after ICC conducted an evaluation of government policies on chicken and poultry farming to follow up on various inputs and information from the public. The evaluation was conducted on Regulation of the Minister of Agriculture No. 32/PERMENTAN/PK.230/9/2017 of 2017 on the Supply, Distribution, and Control of Broiler Chickens and Consumption Eggs, particularly on the Circular Letter on Early Culling and Cutting Hatching Eggs issued by the Directorate General of Livestock and Animal Health.
In the evaluation, ICC concluded that the agreement on early culling and cutting of fertile hatching eggs, as well as cross-monitoring, has been ineffective. The circular letter also does not address the problem of disparity between the live bird selling price of farmers and the purchase price (carcass) of consumers, which is strongly indicated to be regulated by brokers. ICC also considers that various innovations and bio-technologies in poultry around the world continue to develop and create a progression of more productive broiler breeds with a decreasing mortality rate, making it difficult to regulate the balance of supply and demand for broiler and layer breeds. The circular policy, which has been implemented for two years, is also ineffective in overcoming the bankruptcy of independent chicken farms. Meanwhile, the Ministry of Agriculture cannot address the issue of managerial guidance for small and medium enterprises and the rescue of industries located in other agencies.
In addition, ICC also concluded that the excess supply of chicken meat and eggs can be used to overcome stunting or malnutrition in the community. Therefore, ICC hopes that there will be a social programme by the government to purchase chicken meat and eggs from independent farmers to be distributed to the lower middle class so that it can contribute to overcoming stunting and pursuing the target of per capita consumption of animal protein while saving independent livestock businesses.
Noting various findings in the policy evaluation, ICC submitted several recommendations to the government. Primarily, ICC suggests that the Ministry of Agriculture focus on opening up broad opportunities to investors in the feed and livestock production facilities (sapronak) business in order to break the market concentration in the sector. For information, the poultry market from upstream to downstream is concentrated among several integrated business actors. Even in the feed market, five players control 65.9% of the market share.
To overcome market concentration upstream in terms of the provision of Grand Parent Stocks (GPS), ICC recommends that the Ministry of Agriculture return the GPS fulfilment plan to the selection mechanism (competition for the market). In particular, through a transparent and competitive selection/assessment process of prospective GPS importers according to predetermined criteria, Furthermore, the first come, first served mechanism can be prioritised over the current GPS import quota allocation mechanism, as long as the cage capacity and managerial capabilities of the prospective GPS importers meet the requirements.
Meanwhile, to help independent farmers with small-scale businesses, ICC recommends that the Ministry of Agriculture consider state intervention through affordable and targeted input provision policies. For example, providing cold storage facilities from the government for independent farmers as an alternative solution to overcome production surpluses through further processing of live birds into frozen chicken meat.


36 tomato plants we planted in the spring are in full heat-of-the-summer
gear producing an abundance of fruit. We found the following recipe to
freeze fresh tomatoes. We find that the Roma tomatoes work best due to their
fleshy tomato content. We removed the skin on the tomatoes, chopped them up
a bit, bagged them and placed them to the deep freezer.
YES - It is possible to quickly freeze raw tomatoes without blanching them
first. Frozen tomatoes are best used in cooked foods such as soups, sauces
and stews as they become mushy when they're thawed. We made up a batch of
spaghetti sauce. The tomatoes cooked down to small chunks and the tomato
pulp produced a tomato sauce consistency. The flavor was just like
Tomatoes should be washed thoroughly before processing. To remove the skin,
dunk several tomatoes in boiling water for about one minute then place them
in ice water. The skins will just slip off the tomato. Place tomatoes in a
good quality freezer bag, remove all the air before sealing and then freeze.
Tomatoes may be frozen whole, sliced, chopped, or puréed. Additionally, you
can freeze them raw or cooked, as juice or sauce, or prepared in the recipe
of your choice. Thawed raw tomatoes may be used in any cooked-tomato recipe.
Do not try to substituted them for fresh tomatoes, however, since freezing
causes their texture to become mushy. Tomatoes should be seasoned just
before serving rather than before freezing; freezing may either strengthen
or weaken seasonings such as garlic, onion, and herbs.
The tomato is a herbaceous, usually sprawling plant in the Solanaceae or
nightshade family, as are its close cousins potatoes, chili peppers,
tobacco, eggplant and the poisonous belladonna. It is a perennial, often
grown outdoors in temperate climates as an annual.
The tomato is native to South America. Genetic evidence shows that the
progenitors of tomatoes were herbaceous green plants with small green fruit
with a center of diversity in the highlands of Peru. These early Solanums
diversified into the dozen or so species of tomato recognized today. One
species, Solanum lycopersicum, was transported to Mexico where it was grown
and consumed by prehistoric humans. The exact date of domestication is not
known. Evidence supports the theory the first domesticated tomato was a
little yellow fruit, ancestor of L. cerasiforme, grown by the Aztecs of
Central Mexico who called it xitomatl, meaning plump thing with a navel, and
later called tomatl by other Mesoamerican peoples. Aztec writings mention
tomatoes were prepared with peppers, corn and salt, likely to be the
original salsa recipe.
Many historians believe that the Spanish explorer Cortez may have been the
first to transfer the small yellow tomato to Europe after he captured the
Aztec city of Tenochtítlan, now Mexico City in 1521. Yet others believe
Christopher Columbus, an Italian working for the Spanish monarchy, was the
first European to take back the tomato, earlier in 1493. The earliest
discussion of the tomato in European literature appeared in a herbal written
in 1544 by Pietro Andrea Mattioli, an Italian physician and botanist, who
named it pomo d’oro, golden apple.
The word tomato comes from a word in the Nahuatl language, tomatl. The
specific name, lycopersicum, means "wolf-peach". - wikipedia
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