Towards 2050: Vorsprung durch Technik
Technology will transform farmers’ life both in the rich as well as the bad globe
One of the best unsung triumphs of individual progress is many people are not any longer focusing on the land. That’s not to demean agriculture. Instead, its to praise the productivity that is monumental when you look at the industry, accomplished nearly entirely by the use of technology by means of farm equipment, fertilisers along with other agrochemicals, along with scientifically improved plants and livestock. In 1900 around 41percent of America’s labour force labored on a farm; now the percentage is below 2%. The consequence is less marked in poorer nations, however the way of travel is similar. The share of city-dwellers when you look at the planet’s total populace reached 50% in 2007 and it is nevertheless increasing relentlessly, yet the shrinking percentage of men and women staying in the countryside continues to be in a position to feed the metropolitan bulk.
No crystal ball can anticipate whether which will carry on, but on past type this indicates completely plausible that by 2050 the planet will develop 70% more meals it needs to than it did in 2009, as the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) says. Despite the fact that some plants in a few components of the entire world reach an efficiency plateau, cereal production increased by 11per cent into the six years following the FAO made that prediction.


In today’s world, knowledge is one of the main axes and indicators of progress and excellence of every society. Measuring the level of knowledge depends on the amount of information generated and consumed, and the spread of knowledge to fast and easy access to reliable scientific sources. The type and level of research activity is one of the main indicators of development and progress.
In a sense, success in all activities related to the development of industry, agriculture, services, and so on depends on the expansion of research activities. In fact, research is one of the key pillars that is the guarantor of sustainable development and development in each country.


The use of technology in agriculture is not a new concept. For years, farmers have been using technology to increase crop yields and improve livestock husbandry. However, with the advent of vertical farming, the use of technology has taken on a whole new meaning. Vertical farms are constructed vertically, with multiple levels stacked on top of each other. This allows for a much higher density of crops, as well as the ability to control the environment in which they are grown. This is done through the use of various sensors and computer-controlled systems that monitor and optimize conditions such as temperature, humidity, and light. While vertical farming is still in its early stages of development, it has already shown great promise. In terms of yield, vertical farms can produce up to 10 times more than traditional farmlands. They also use 90% less water and 50% less energy. Furthermore, because vertical farms can be built in urban areas, they can provide fresh produce to cities that would otherwise have to import it from elsewhere. There are many potential applications for vertical farming, and the use of advanced tech solutions will only make it more efficient and effective. If you\’re interested in learning more about vertical farming, be sure to check out.
Vertical Farming Technology
Vertical farming technology is an agricultural practice that involves growing crops in vertically stacked layers in a controlled environment. This type of farming allows for year-round production of crops, regardless of weather conditions, and can be done on a smaller footprint than traditional farming methods.
Vertical farms typically use less water and fewer chemicals than traditional farms and can be located closer to urban areas, which reduces transportation costs and carbon emissions. Additionally, vertical farming can help to reduce food waste by providing a consistent supply of fresh produce.
With the global population projected to reach 9 billion by 2050, there is a need for more efficient and sustainable methods of food production. Vertical farming technology offers a potential solution to this challenge, and its utility is only expected to grow in the coming years.
Automation and robotics
Vertical farming is an agricultural practice that involves growing crops in vertically stacked layers in a controlled environment. This type of farming has several benefits over traditional farming methods, including increased crop yields, reduced water usage, and decreased pesticide and herbicide use. One of the key advantages of vertical farming is the ability to control the environment in which the plants are grown. This allows for precision agriculture, in which specific conditions can be tailored to optimize plant growth.
Automation and robotics are two technologies that can be used to improve the efficiency of vertical farms. Automation can be used to control environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, and light intensity. Robotics can be used for tasks such as planting, harvesting, and sorting crops. By using these technologies, vertical farmers can increase crop yields while reducing labor costs.
The internet of things, or IoT, is a system of interconnected devices and sensors that collect and share data. IoT can be used in vertical farming to monitor conditions such as temperature, humidity, and light intensity. This data can be used to optimize growing conditions and improve yields. IoT can also be used to track inventory and automatically order supplies when needed.
AI & ML
The deployment of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) in vertical farming is providing farmers with the ability to optimize plant growth, improve yield, and decrease costs.
Through the use of sensors and data analytics, AI and ML can help farmers to understand the specific needs of each plant and make real-time decisions on when to water, how much light to provide, and what nutrients are needed. This level of precision not only results in healthier plants but also reduces water and energy consumption.
In addition, AI and ML can be used to automatically identify pests and diseases, allowing for early detection and treatment. This can help to reduce crop loss and ensure that crops are of the highest quality.
Overall, the use of AI and ML on vertical farms provides many benefits that can help farmers to improve yields, reduce costs, and produce healthy crops.
Future of Vertical Farming
The future of vertical farming is very exciting. With the advances in technology, we are able to grow more food in smaller spaces with less water and fertilizer. We are also able to control the environment better, which means that we can grow food all year round without worrying about the weather.
In the future, vertical farms will become even more efficient and productive. They will be able to grow a wider variety of crops and use even less water and fertilizer. The technology will also allow us to control the environment even better, making it possible to grow food in any climate.
The future of vertical farming is very bright. With continued advances in technology, we will be able to feed more people with less land and resources.


Tomato Tree is a product that supplies customers with a prepackaged kit that helps them easily grow tomato plants at home. The package contains a growing substrate that has already been seeded and is divided into sections. Each section will sprout a separate plant and the total number will depend on the customer's ordering selections. With proper care the plants can provide multiple crops throughout a single growing season. Customers can receive two different types of tomato plants if the second is added as part of a bonus offer.
The makers of this product guarantee that the Tomato Tree kit will sprout at least one plant per section. This claim is backed by a thirty day money-back warranty. Purchasers only need to provide access to sunlight, water and space in order to get the full benefits and high yield of tomatoes that are advertised.
The cost of Tomato Tree is $10.00 plus $7.95 shipping. The special TV offer allows you to receive a second Tomato Tree by paying the extra shipping fee of $7.95 for a total price of $25.9.
Buy 1 Get 1 Free
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Purchasers of the Tomato Tree package will be able to get started simply by taking the product out of the shipping box and placing it in a spot with enough sun access. No mixing, sorting or other treatment is required.
The Tomato Tree comes as a special "buy two get one free" offer. Accordingly, every package will produce at least three plants. Customers can also add another three plants of a different variety for the cost of extra shipping only. These additional plants will produce an alternative type of tomato that are referred to as Big Earlies because they are often larger and ready to harvest earlier than the default type.
This isn't exactly a multipurpose product. It is specially designed to provide an effective starter kit for growing tomato plants and is guaranteed to show visible growth within thirty days.
The Tomato Tree is an effective product because it eliminates much of the hassle associated with the start of the plant growth process. It contains the seeds and materials needed to grow them, already mixed together properly within starter pots.
Lift the sectioned container out of the package and place it in a sunlight-accessible spot.
Like all plants, those that produce tomatoes will need to be watered regularly.
Within thirty days the user will see at least a sprout for each plant purchased. In as little as ninety days, assuming proper care has been taken, the plants will reach heights up to and exceeding eight feet.
The Tomato Tree will generate plants that can be harvested multiple times. New crops may be available as often as every week once the initial production stages have been completed.
Plants that are grown from Tomato Tree starter kit can reach heights exceeding eight feet. They can also become quite heavy as the tomatoes develop.
Each tomato grown on a Tomato Tree plant can become as heavy as two pounds. This size is comparable to that of a grapefruit, according to promotional materials.
The plants can reach their full height potential in ninety days. When the first crop has been harvested, additional batches will be ready in as little as one week.
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Every time I head out to the garden to work, I have one, very excited companion. He is Lando – the gardening rooster. Lando is a free ranger and most of the day is content to follow me around as I do my daily chores. He especially loves the gardening ones. He will flap his wings and crow with excitement when ever he sees the gardening hoe. He will then race over to the garden and begin to scratch and till the soil. By scratching and pulling out vegetation, he is preparing the ground for new planting.
You can do the same with your flock by moving them around wherever you need some soil broken up or tilled. They will be happy to do the job for you. A chicken tractor is a great tool for this. Just leave them in one spot for a week and they will have it cleared for planting. At the same time they will be fertilizing the soil with their chicken droppings.
Chicken poo is a great source of nitrogen for your compost pile. To make great compost you need nitrogen and chicken manure is very rich in nitrogen. You can use a tumbler compost container or a box compost style. I use a box style at my house. Simply add droppings daily to the compost. Keep a compost container in your kitchen to collect food scraps and coffee grounds.
You will need something to turn the compost suck as a aerator crank. A compost thermometer is nice so that you can know whether the compost is heating up to the right temperature in order to kill the wrong bacteria.
Chicken manure is like gold for your garden. I scrape off every bit of it with a stiff putty knife from the area where they sleep and the ramp they walk down. I will pick up large chunks and toss it into the compost heap.
I use the used bedding from the coop to mulch around the garden beds. Fresh dropping that have not been composted can be too hot and may burn the plants, so keep the mulch some distance from the plant’s base and leaves.
I even save the liquid from the waterers each day and use it to water my plants. There is often chicken poo that has made its way into the waterer and that helps to fertilize the plants as well.
In the garden I like to wear my chicken Slogger gardening boots with the cute pictures of chickens on them. Lando likes them too as he is always pecking at the pictures.
I plant herbs in my garden which will benefit my flock. Oregano is a natural antibiotic. Just dry it and add it to your chicken’s water supply. Sage is an antibiotic that can be used to combat salmonella in chickens. Bee balm aids in respiratory problems and digestive tract health. Thyme aids in respiratory health and has an antibiotic and antibacterial properties. Parsley is a laying stimulant. These herbs can be dried and added to both feed and water.
A good read is “Gardening With Chickens” by Lisa Steele. It contains ideas for planning a garden with chickens in mind. It has some gorgeous photos.
Nothing is more relaxing than spending time in the garden. Lando is my gardening buddy and he makes sure that all the plants needs are taken care of.
For tips and tricks for raising outstanding silkies check out our Chicken Learning Center at VJPPoultry.com . VJP Poultry is an NPIP and state inspected hatchery located 30 miles north of St. Paul. We hatch out silkies all year long so we always have stock available. Like us on Facebook to get weekly updates on what we currently have for sale.
Victoria J. Peterson


Mr. Mallon used only local materials and hand tools to build this windmill. He shaped the gears, wheels and shafts from scrub birch which he then cured and hardened in a manure pile of six months, followed boiling in linseed oil. He selected granite from the North Saskatchewan River which he chiseled by hand to form the millstones. The rest of the mill was built from lumber from a local supplier. There was not a single piece of metal in the original millworks.
To their delight the Mallons discovered that their land, although useless for growing wheat, was suitable for rye. The windmill enabled them to enjoy the traditional rye bread which was a staple of their homeland.


WE ARE COMMITTED TO ORGANIC AND NON-GMO INGREDIENTS
Sure, it’s not easy being green, but we wouldn’t have it any other way. We believe it is our responsibility to offer organic produce and non-GMO ingredients, for the health of the people and the planet.
We’re doing our part to save the bees! Choosing Non-GMO and organic produce supports the bee population—which is essential to all of us and the planet.
(GMOs) threaten our health. Organic and NON-GMO farms are part of the solution, enhancing ecosystems, water quality, soil health and biodiversity.


Row after row of vines basking in the sun. At first glance, wineries appear the same the world over. But stare a little closer and differences in winery character become apparent – accompanying castle-like chateaus in St. Emilion, laidback estates in Waipara, rustic farmhouses in Malta. But look even closer, and that’s when the character of the wine itself starts to emerge.
In wine lingo, this is known as terroir. It’s how characteristics of the soil, climate, flora and culture combine to produce a wholly different Sauvignon Blanc in California from one in Marlborough, even if grown from the same rootstock. Terroir is a complex topic, commandeering a library of books and research papers, so I’ll keep this to a brief tasting session.
There are three levels at play here, feeding into each other like Russian dolls: macroclimate, mesoclimate and microclimate.
Macroclimate is the climate of the whole region. For instance, St. Emilion wines grow in a Mediterranean climate with hot, dry summers and cool, mild winters. One simple way this effects the wine is it leads to greater sugar content when compared to a colder clime such as Germany’s Mosel region. The more sun and heat there is, up to a point, the more the plant photosynthesizes – and it’s the grape sugar that is eventually turned into alcohol during fermentation.
On the other end of the spectrum, ice wines need subzero temperatures, as the grapes are picked whilst frozen on the vine, and pressed whilst still frozen. Temperature also affects production of other chemicals within the grape, such as anthocyanins, which give red grapes their colour and affect their taste.
Certain climates lend themselves better to particular grape varieties, which is why regions are well known for particular wines; Cabernet Sauvignon in the Napa Valley, Malbec in Argentina, Pinotage in South Africa, and so on. But with climate change this is no longer set in stone. As their regions become hotter and drier, some producers are looking at replacing their traditional grape variety. The wine map is also expanding into areas previously considered inhospitable.
In New Zealand, I was surprised to discover that wineries here have another environmental problem to thank for their great wines – the famous ozone hole. The thinner ozone layer lets in intense amounts of UV light, under which the grapes thrive.
The next Russian doll, mesoclimate, is what makes wine trails so interesting. Mesoclimate refers to the differences between vineyards in the same region. What direction do they face, what’s their altitude, are they close to a large body of water, are they on a slope? Going back to St. Emilion, differences in the mesoclimate can account for the difference between a Premier Grand Cru and a less special wine.
Lastly, microclimate looks at a single row of vines. Here, factors like shade and airflow contribute to the grape’s final taste.
Soil is the most visible part of terroir – the vines spend their whole lives growing out of it. Soil’s main function is a climate regulator: it can counteract or multiply climate aspects.
Soil has multiple qualities which contribute to this. Firstly, it has a certain heat capacity – the amount of heat it retains. This in turn affects the heat that the vine and its roots are exposed to, by combining with the surrounding climate. A simple example is that dark soils retain more heat than light soils. One way this affects the final wine is that soils which retain more heat advance grape ripening when compared to cooler soils.
Soil also regulates how much and how quickly a plant can drink. This mainly depends on the soil’s granule size and how much organic matter it contains. Soils in which wine grapes thrive are those which retain some water, but drain it away from the surface, ensuring that the plant’s roots do not get waterlogged. Various soils fit the bill – ranging from the volcanic ones of Sicily, to glacial deposits in New Zealand, to limestone in Malta.
But the chemical makeup of these soils is completely different, due to their different origins – the starting points of the ones mentioned above range from lava to seashells! This leads to different concentrations of nutrients within the vines, as the plants suck these up from the surrounding soil. Volcanic soils, for instance, are high in iron, whilst limestone derived soils are high in calcium. These nutrients affect the chemical reactions that occur throughout the plant’s lifecycle, in turn affecting the taste of the grapes and the taste of the final wine. But it’s not a direct link – a wine described as having an “earthy” tone didn’t pick this up from the earth directly.
Besides the vines, the easiest flora to spot in vineyards are roses planted at the end of each row. Although they’re a beautiful addition, their presence is practical. The roses are sacrificial – susceptible to similar fungal diseases and insect attack as the vines, roses show signs more quickly and act as an alarm signal.
But these roses don’t add much to terroir; you’ll likely spot them in vineyards from South America to South Africa. The flora that has the largest terroir effect is too small to be seen with the naked eye – microbes.
Each vineyard has its own microbial profile, which comes from multiple sources such as the soil, rain, air and animals that pass through. Further complicating matters, cellars have their own microbial profile as well.
The dominant character is in this microbial party is yeast. Yeast is the main organism responsible for grape fermentation, which transforms sugar into alcohol and thereby grape juice into wine. But there are thousands of different strains of yeast, and each one can be considered a minute vintner – each adds its specific touch to the wine. Commercially manufactured strains are available, but natural yeast populations give more complexity.
Bacteria are responsible for the second stage of wine fermentation, which takes place to reduce wine acidity. Populations can similarly be natural or commercial, and they again impart their own flavour to the wine. Further complicating matters, interactions between any yeast, bacteria and fungi again give rise to particular flavour profiles.
You might have been reading through this thinking that a lot of these characteristics can be modified – adding fertiliser to soils, watering, shading the vines, picking strains of yeast for fermentation, timing grape harvest and more. That’s where the fourth characteristic of terroir comes in: the winery’s culture and practices.
This is the more hotly debated aspect of terroir, as the winery’s practices throughout a single year also contribute to the vintage – the wine’s quality that particular year. Having luckily stayed at a couple of vineyards, I’m in the culture-firmly-belongs camp. Leave a vineyard untended and it will quickly cease to exist, let alone yield a quality wine. A vineyard’s culture goes hand in hand with all other characteristics. Some more interesting examples of this are camels being used instead of tractors at Le Domaine du Val d’Argan in Morocco, keeping the land’s sabbath by fallowing it every seven years in Israeli vineyards, and pumping the residual water from a nuclear power plant through pipes within the soil to warm up the vines in Olkiluoto Island’s vineyards.
What do you think – does culture belong on this list? Drop me a line and let me know! And if you need more information to decide, consider staying at these vineyards around the world. Watch the sun rise or set whilst the workers tend to the vineyards below, a glass of their wine in your hands, and it might be easier to form an opinion.


In the desert scrub outside of Columbus, New Mexico, Sapphire Energy is commissioning the most advanced, algae production facility in the world. Sapphire Energy’s Algae Farm is the world’s first commercial demonstration scale algae conversion farm, integrating the entire value chain of algae-based production, from cultivation, to production, to extraction.
Led by private investment, Sapphire was awarded a $50 million grant from the Department of Energy and a $54.4 million dollar loan guarantee from the Department of Agriculture, providing security for a privately funded loan. The algae farm in Columbus, NM will be viable for growing, extracting and refining algae into a carefully planned product mix. The overall goal of Sapphire’s algae farm is to provide commercial scale support for our entry into global nutrition markets.
The algae produced at the farm will demonstrate the commercial viability for the technology.
Sapphire’s commercial demonstration facility is entering its first stage of operations. The facility is on-schedule and on-budget. The demonstration begins its phase 1 with the inoculation of its first pond systems and a series of “shake-down-testing” continuing through 2012 with scale up operations and expansion of farming operations into 2013 to the full 100 acres.
|Size||56 metric tons of CO2 per day; 300 cultivated acres|
|Primary Products||Omega oils and high value protein|
|Capacity||1,600 tonnes of biomass per year|
|Operations||Phase 1 began with the inoculation of the first 100 acres of pond systems and a series of “shake-down-testing” Phase 2 of the project will begin to scale up and expand farming operations.|
When fully operational, the commercial site will beneficially reuse CO2 to produce Omega oils and protein from algae. The algae will consume approximately 56 metric tons of CO2 per day and produce, on average, 130 tonnes of Omega oils per year. At this scale, Sapphire will be able to fully vet the production processes and techno-economics, yielding a template for even larger commercial facilities. It is a measured and effective approach to becoming a permanent form of nutritional oils and protein for the world.
The Green Crude Farm is a fully sustainable project. Biomass not used in the production of fuel will be recycled as nutrients to support the algae ponds. Reintroducing the residual biomass to the pond systems significantly lowers overall fertilizer requirements and carbon footprint.
As technology is proven and economies of scale are achieved, the design and construction of the first commercial site will by 2017, be operating its full 100 acre capacity.


Adam and Eve of the Beans: Typica and Bourbon — Buying Coffee Maker
Bourbon and Typica compose the foremost culturally and genetically important arabica varieties within the world. Historical records indicate that coffee seeds were taken from the coffee forests of Southwestern Ethiopia to Yemen, wherever it absolutely was cultivated as a crop.
Recent genetic tests have confirmed that Bourbon and Typica were the most seeds taken from Ethiopia to Yemen. From Yemen, descendants of Bourbon and Typica unfold around the world, forming the premise of contemporary Arabica coffee cultivation.
By the late 1600s, occasional trees had left Asian countries and were growing in the Asian countries.
These seeds gave rise to coffee plantations in the Mysore region referred to as Malabar at that time. Recent procedure results indicate that each Typica- and Bourbon-like variety were enclosed during this introduction from Yemen to India. The Typica branch possibly separated from Bourbon once the Continue
Originally published at https://buyingcoffeemaker.com on March 14, 2022.


Monday 13 Aug 2018
Network Rail urges farmers to work with them during hot weather to help stop livestock getting on to the railway
Farmers whose land is near the railway across Wales and Borders are being asked to notify Network Rail of any damaged fencing or changes to the location of grazing livestock. The call comes after an increase in instances of animals getting on to the railway during the recent hot weather.
Iain Gay, infrastructure maintenance delivery manager for Network Rail in Wales and Borders, said: “The hot weather has made water and grazing in short supply on some farms, so farmers are understandably looking to move their livestock to different grazing areas.
“We have had examples of animals pushing through lineside fencing to access grass and shrubs growing near the railway line. So, if farmers are concerned about the condition of fencing when moving their animals to a new field, it would be helpful to tell us so we can make sure it is fit for purpose.
“All our boundary fencing is inspected on a regular basis but we are keen to work with farmers to make sure we are doing all we can to prevent animals from accessing the railway.”
To keep passengers and livestock safe, when animals get on to the tracks, trains must run at a reduced speed or stop completely until the livestock is safely removed from the line. Animals getting on to the tracks in Wales and Borders has caused a total 5,573 minutes of delays to trains so far in 2018. In the past two months, Network Rail has seen a 25% increase in instances of animals on the railway line.
When damage to fencing is reported, Network Rail maintenance teams will visit the site to carry out suitable repairs. Similarly, if Network Rail is made aware of changes to the location of grazing livestock, checks on whether the fencing is suitable will be carried out.
Farmers can contact Network Rail’s helpline 24 hours a day, 7 days a week by calling 0345 711 4141 or emailing email@example.com.
About Network Rail
We own, operate and develop Britain's railway infrastructure; that's 20,000 miles of track, 30,000 bridges, tunnels and viaducts and the thousands of signals, level crossings and stations. We run 20 of the UK's largest stations while all the others, over 2,500, are run by the country's train operating companies.
Every day, there are more than 4.8 million journeys made in the UK and over 600 freight trains run on the network. People depend on Britain's railway for their daily commute, to visit friends and loved ones and to get them home safe every day. Our role is to deliver a safe and reliable railway, so we carefully manage and deliver thousands of projects every year that form part of the multi-billion pound Railway Upgrade Plan, to grow and expand the nation's railway network to respond to the tremendous growth and demand the railway has experienced - a doubling of passenger journeys over the past 20 years.


ACT Sports Turf Management Association
The ACT Sports Turf Management Association is a local association that was formed in 1991.
A not-for-profit incorporated Association, the Australian Sports Turf Managers Association represents professional Sports Turf Managers across Golf Courses, Sportsfields & Grounds, Racetracks, Lawn Tennis, Councils, Turf Equipment Technicians and other related fields, the association supports members through education, facilitating Industry Awards, advocacy, and research & development into professional and environmentally sustainable Turf Management.
The Australian Sports Turf Managers Association works to improve the knowledge, welfare and professional standards of its members and other industry professionals as well as the production of quality turf playing surfaces at Sport & Recreation facilities across ACT and surrounding areas.
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Please get in touch if you have any further questions we can help you with.


According to the economic importance for our country, blackberry is in the group of berry fruits, right behind raspberries and strawberries. Its biological-productive characteristics make it a very profitable crop. Blackberry fruits are a delicate fruit, of great nutritional, dietary, prophylactic, medicinal and protective value. They are rich in sugars, organic acids, vitamins, dyes (anthocyanins), pectin and mineral substances. The fruits are used fresh, especially in the diet of children and convalescents, but they are also an excellent raw material for industrial processing (juice, jam, jam, marmalade, fruit yogurt and wine. Fresh fruit and blackberries improve blood count, regulate blood pressure, strengthen resistance of the organism, pectins protect against atherosclerosis and heart attack Anthocyanins as antioxidants prevent cancerous diseases and help expel free radicals from the body.
Various species of wild blackberries are found in the northern hemisphere. Commercial cultivation began first in America in the first half of the 19th century, and in Europe in the second half of the 19th century.
The planting distance of blackberry seedlings is 2.5-3.00 m x 1 m in the row for the trellis system, and 2 x 1-1.50-2.50 m in the row for the shrub system.
Our blackberry seedlings are produced and grown in our nursery. We use the initial material for the production of blackberry seedlings from our parent plantations, which were raised from blackberry seedlings of the certified category. Certified planting material is from leading institutes from the Netherlands, Italy and Germany. The parent plantations were erected on locations that have spatial isolation, as well as in specially protected areas, the so-called retinas that are protected with anti-insect nets. Thanks to this fact, we produce blackberry seedlings of the standard category and for seedlings we have all the certificates issued by the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Management of the Republic of Serbia.


This paper presents the experimental determination of the effect of pre-treatments on the quality of cocoyam, with emphasis on the fundamental nutritional contents of cocoyam chips. The proximate composition of the sliced samples were determined using gravimetric method for moisture content, and AOAC methods for ash content, crude protein, fat content, crude fibre and carbohydrate content. Cocoyam sample replicates were subjected to three different treatments of blanching, steeping and natural state (control) before being dried at levels of oven temperatures (500c and 70oc). The results indicated that the protein, fat, ash, crude fibre and carbohydrate contents ranged between 2.1 â€“ 5.6%, 1.5 and 27%, 2 and 4.5%, 1.5-9.5%, 23.7% and 43.25% respectively.The ANOVA outcomes obtained with respect to the different treatments and temperatures indicated that there was a significant difference (P<0.05) in the nutritional content of the cocoyam slices. More so, there was a huge difference between the steeped sample dried at 500C and the steeped sample dried at 700C. For the pre-treatment method that preserves nutritional and functional values, samples that were steeped and oven-dried at 500C gave better results for protein. The blanched dried sample at 500C gave more desirable result for fat result while the untreated dried sample at 500C gave better crude fibre result. It is therefore concluded that the pre-treatment of cocoyam chips has an effect on its nutritional quality. With the outcome of this study, it becomes imperative to recommend that an optimal oven temperature of 50oC and blanching treatment be used to process and maintain the nutritional contents of cocoyam for secondary products applications. Keywords: Cocoyam chips, Nutritional quality, Pre-treatment, Proximate composition, Blanch & Steep.


Originally from Africa, the palm has become one of the most sought-after crops thanks to its fruits which can be refined into palm oil. Palm oil accounts for 32% of global oil production making it the most popular vegetable oil, being mainly produced in Malaysia and Indonesia. Because of its low prices and versatile uses, the palm oil industry has been allowed to expand dramatically.
In addition to the low prices, the use of palm oil in the production of biofuel heavily promoted its further expansion. Biofuel promised a sustainable solution away from fuel derived from geological processes such as coal and petroleum; it offered a path toward low carbon emissions. Biodiesel, which is derived from palm oil and liquid animal fats, was of particular interest to many as it was believed to be a sustainable alternative to regular diesel and gasoline. It was deemed to offer a solution to the problem of excessive carbon emissions from Diesel vehicles, which at that time, was believed to be the driving force behind high greenhouse gas concentration.
It was soon revealed however that the mere production of biodiesel resulted in a climatic impact almost three times the size of the impact of traditional fossil fuels.
The intense carbon footprint left by biodiesel can be traced back to the production of palm oil, one of its main components. After the rise in demand for biodiesel, production of palm oil had to rise with it. To cultivate palm oil, a significant number of peatlands must be dug up and reformed to become oil palm plantations. Peatlands are a type of soil that store large amounts of methane as a result of the decay of organic matter. When digging up said peatlands, one can subsequently observe the release of methane, one of the main greenhouse gases, thus explaining the huge climatic impact of palm oil production.
The release of methane as a pollution force is only exacerbated by the deforestation which accompanies the expansion of palm oil plantations. Deforestation is a devastating consequence of palm oil expansion leading to a loss of the natural habitats of many species, to the extent of some being pushed to the verge of extinction. One might argue the issue of deforestation to be equally damaging to our environments as the release of methane gas. The forests in danger of being cut down are known as the ‘the lungs of the earth’, and rightly so: they have absorbed almost 2bn tons of CO2 and return oxygen into the air in its place.
Put bluntly, we are suffocating not only ourselves but every other species by progressively cutting down what little is left of our forests.
While a ban against the use of palm oil in biofuels by the EU is a step in the right direction, it is not enough to simply cut off the supply chain. It has been found that oil palm industries own most of the unprotected land in major palm oil producing countries such as Indonesia and Malaysia: If these lands are turned in palm oil plantations, less than 4% of the land will be covered by intact forests. Since said leases cannot be overturned, it is vital to promote international cooperation towards strong legislation regarding sustainable production of palm oil and to ensure its enforcement by the governments of major producing countries. But even then, many say that legislation is simply not strong enough to stop the advances of palm oil industries.
So, you may ask, instead of approaching the matter from a legislative angle, why not simply substitute palm oil for a more sustainable crop? That is the natural alternative that comes to mind. In this case, however, alternative crops are almost certainly more damaging than palm oil as most of them require even more land for production than palm oil already does. A characteristic that would only worsen the problems of deforestation and destruction of peatlands.
Ultimately, it does look like palm oil is here to stay with no viable alternative readily available, meaning that we need to do everything in our power to promote governments to not only propose stronger legislation and restrictions regarding the production of palm
Even though we may not always see the immediate effects of what is happening to our planet, it is happening, and it is the duty of our generation to stop it.
art by: Sadie Loeber


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individual tracts for sale
tract 1 - woodyard: 229 acres
Property located north of Belzoni, south of Sweethome Road, and north of Woodyard Road. 90 acres have been land formed, and a new electric high capacity well installed. The other 139 acres has a center pivot with a well powered by a diesel engine. The 139 acres has been surveyed and cut sheet prepared. There are approximately 400 yards per acre of dirt needing to be moved to put these acres to grade with pads.
The two existing wells will be adequate to irrigate the entire 229 acres.
2015 - The property was rented for $225 per acre
2016-2017 - The property was rented for $175 per acre. 90 acres was set to grade on a tenth and a half fall with excellent drainage.
2018-2019 - The property was rented for $140 per acre.
229 acres total
139 acres under center pivot
90 acres land formed
New electric high capacity well installed
93.20 acres of seed cotton
2.20 acres of wheat
98.50 acres of rice
23.30 acres of generic
tract 2 - garrard: 196 acres
Property located east of Isola. Starts 1 mile east of Hwy 49 West. 106 acres have been land formed. A well permit is in process. A riser could be installed. 90 acres is located on the south side of Tram Road, which includes 60 acres of crop land and the balance of acreage is in trees.
196 acres total
106 acres land formed
90 acres of dry crop land/wooded
60 dry crop land
58.64 acres of seed cotton
46.14 acres of corn
15.36 acres of soybeans
14.66 acres of generic
tract 3 - WALKER: 305 acres
Property is located east of Isola, MS with frontage on Tram Road. Located one and one-half miles east of Hwy 49 West. Tram Road is paved. The property has rural electric and community water. Located in an area well known for quality duck and deer hunting. Sky Lake WMA is a short distance to the east of this property, and there are other privately managed duck and deer hunting properties in the area.
There is +/- 18.9 acres with frontage along Tram Road not in the WRP easement area. There have been sunflowers planted for dove hunting.
There is an additional +/- 39 acres of large timber along the eastern boundary not in the WRP easement area.
There are several duck holes and food plots on the 247.1 acres of WRP. The food plots have (antler shed) shooting houses with stairs overlooking the wheat fields. Well maintained road system throughout the property. The 57.9 acres outside the WRP leaves the opportunity for the owner to make changes and improvements.
The property is 1 hour and 15 minutes from Jackson, MS.
305 acres total
247.1 NRCS Wetland Reserve Program (WRP)
57.9 acres non-WRP
tract 4 - MCNAIR: 177 acres
Property is approximately 5 miles east of Isola on Tram Road. Property consists of +/- 177 acres: +/- 23.4 crop land acres, +/- 101.28 CRP acres, and +/- 52.32 wooded acres.
The property has a slough that runs through and connects the CRP moist soil area to a great duck hole and food plot. These two areas have an electric well that supplies early water. There are additionally 4 planted deer plots on the property with room for additional deer plots in the CRP tracts. Interior road system throughout the property and has electricity and community water. There is frontage along Tram Road. Sky Lake WMA is approximately 2 miles due east of this tract. There are other properties managed for duck and deer hunting operations surrounding the property. Excellent duck and deer hunting property.
+/- 177 acres total
+/- 101.28 CRP acres
+/- 52.32 wooded acres
+/- 23.4 crop land acres
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Coffee beans from African countries are my favourite. What triggered me when I first tried African coffee beans, was that the coffee did not taste like coffee at all. Africa, more specifically East Africa, produces some of the world’s most distinctive coffees characterised by vivid floral, fruit, and wine tones with rich acidity. All in all, African coffee beans are packed with taste! I encourage everyone to start exploring and enjoying African coffees because of their wide taste profile.
Have you ever wondered what happens in a coffee farm before the beans are roasted by a coffee roastery? Coffee farms come in different sizes and all have different methods of farming and processing but here is one example from Kenya where I visited early 2019.
Processing coffee so separating the coffee cherry’s fruit flesh and skin from the coffee beans is one of the most crucial aspects of farming coffee. How to coffee is processed can have a dramatic effect on the resulting cup and nowadays roasters and baristas are concentrating on coffee processing to describe the coffee. Also, lately it has become more and more popular that the farmers have started to experiment with new coffee processing methods such as anaerobic fermentation. Let’s go through the most common coffee processing methods.
Paulig Chief Taster Marja Touri has noticed that consumers are demanding higher and higher quality in coffee. Paulig is determined to make sure that’s what they also get: if even a single batch was sent out to retail without quality assurance, Chief Taster Marja Touri wouldn’t be able to sleep at night.
Coffee has dozens of flavors. In order to pull the coffee flavors out correctly it is essential to find a good roast profile as well as to pick the perfectly matching brewing method and the great brew recipe. Not to forget about water we use for brewing. Coffee flavor wheel is an excellent tool to explain the flavor sensation.
Did you know that responsibility and sustainability are taken into account in every stage of the production chain of Paulig coffees? The barista can increase the value of coffee and promote the consumption of sustainable coffee by telling customers about coffee-related responsibility issues.
Have you ever wondered how does a coffee cherry tastes like? Is the coffee cherry similar to roasted coffee at all? Wonder no more! I will tell you all about the flavor of coffee cherry and how it should be eaten.
Using the steam wand of an espresso machine is the most common way of steaming milk. But what really happens when introducing heat, air and tiny water droplets into the milk?


Gardening and growing plants have a distinct quality to it that soothes the mind. It is a perfect stress reliever for those who have a green thumb. The Budgrower brings to the market an all-inclusive kit so everyone can have a shot at gardening. Apart from seeds and water, the kits contain everything that plant life need to grow. Air filtration kits, temperature and humidity sensors, growing tents, and much more are in store. They are your source for the best indoor gardening supplies available. So, use The Budgrower Coupons & Promo Codes and shop for your garden tools on a discount.
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From the stunning, rich soil and rolling hills of Geelong there sprouts all sorts of fresh and delicious produce. It’s truly a food and wine lover’s paradise.
Of course there is the ever popular seafood of the area, sourced from the bay and always fresh. Find delicious fish, scallops, crab, prawns and more, fresh from the boat.
Shop for local produce at the local markets or just stop off along the highway at one of the many seasonal stores, the soil is fertile and conditions are good for most of the year that there’s always something growing in-season and fresh. Explore the country and taste your way through the state.
Visit one of the fantastic cellar doors and enjoy some fine cheese and light fare as you sample the best wines of the region or just scout out some of the great, cheap and tasty locations scattered around, look out for the locals, they know where to go.
The coffee scene in Geelong is going bananas, sometimes literally. Fantastic coffee places are springing up and serving up some of the freshest ideas and delicious creamy coffee. It’s not just the food itself that seems to be undergoing an transformation. Where we consume the food seems to be shifting. More and more people are getting creative, with transformed warehouses, renovated corner stores and more quirk than you can shake an ecologically friendly stirring stick at.
There’s also some awesome cooking classes you can take. Visit the CBD to check out the Ministry of Food and be prepared to go wild with your cooking creations.
Let the creative chefs of the area send you on a scintillating journey. They love to bring modern twists to old classics and combine cuisines to create culinary wonders.
The produce is fresh and fine, but the eateries are also world class. Whether you’re after a classic country pub vibe and some wholesome country-style pies or steaks, some sweet homemade delights, a chilled and relaxed cafe break or a first class fine dining experience, it’s all available in Geelong.


4 edition of The Biology of crop productivity found in the catalog.
The Biology of crop productivity
Includes bibliographies and index.
|Statement||edited by Peter S. Carlson.|
|Contributions||Carlson, Peter S.|
|LC Classifications||S494.5.P75 B56|
|The Physical Object|
|Pagination||xvii, 471 p. :|
|Number of Pages||471|
|LC Control Number||79028261|
Few individuals can be unmoved by the impact of molecular biology. Advances in the discipline over four decades have progressed at a rate unrivalled in other scientific areas. In its formative years. Humans are depended on crops for food, fibber and more recently for fuel. Demands for crop production in rising because of increasing population, change in food habits and biofuel consumption. The book focus on challenges, progress and prospects of crop production. It comprises of vast array of topics including latest agronomics practices for different crops to enhance productivity.
One method used for crop production which ensures high yield is plant breeding. It is the science involved in improving the varieties of crops by breeding plants. The plants from different areas/places is picked up with desired traits and then hybridisation or cross-breeding of these varieties is done to obtain a plant/ crop of desired. By Busola Ojumu | T+ October 7th, | Categories: Education | Tags: all about crop pest, biology notes, classification of insect pests, classnotes, classwork support, crops and major peats, Definition of pest, Education, Effects or Economic Importance of Insect Pests in Crop Production, knowing biology, lesson notes.
CROP PRODUCTION; ART, SCIENCE AND BUSINESS Crop Production is the art and science of the genetic improvement of crops to produce new varieties with increased productivity and quality. The advanced genetic and molecular techniques have resulted in new varieties of crop plants, medicinal plants and ornamentals. Of the various measures available, improvement in agricultural productivity is judged as the ultimate means of augmenting food production and supplies. In this Handbook, an international team of experts consider the most important factors affecting production of both crops and livestock.
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Small Blue Planet
assessment of vocational agricultural cooperative work experience programs in Oregon high schools
A discourse delivered at the request of the Order of the United Americans
You can have a happy marriage
Investigation of Contaminants and Benthic Communities in the Major Rivers of the Hudson Bay Lowland, Ontario.
dramatic art of John Ford
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Directory of music collections in the greater New York area
Canadian women and the social deficit
The Biology of Crop Productivity attempts to reassess and restate what is known about the biology underlying crop productivity. The prime question which this volume attempts to address is, "What is known about the biology of crop productivity from a range of diverse biological disciplines, and what needs to be known?".
Purchase The Biology of Crop Productivity - 1st Edition. Print Book & E-Book. ISBNBiology of crop productivity. San Francisco: Academic Press, (OCoLC) Material Type: Internet resource: Document Type: Book, Internet Resource: All Authors /. Book: The biology of crop productivity. pppp.
Abstract: This book is divided into sections on the interaction of plants plants Subject Category: Organism Names see more details and the environment (3 chapters); interaction of plants and other organisms (3 chapters); Internal organization of plants (2 chapters); genetic manipulations.
The book focus on challenges, progress and prospects of crop production. It comprises of vast array of topics including latest agronomics practices for different crops to enhance productivity, mitigate the challenges imposed by climate change, improve water use efficiency, factors controlling dormancy, optimum use of fertilizers etc.
Crop Production. The book focus on challenges, progress and prospects of crop production. It comprises of vast array of topics including latest agronomics practices for different crops to enhance productivity, mitigate the challenges imposed by climate change, improve water use efficiency, factors controlling dormancy, optimum use of fertilizers etc.
Browse science publications on Agriculture - Crop and Plant Production from the National Academies Press. Michigan Field Crop Ecology: Managing Biological Processes for Productivity and Environmental Quality. Extension Bulletin E Extension Bulletin E East Lansing: Michigan State University.
ment (INM) for efficient, economic and sustainable production of crops. The third chapter of the book is about Pest Management, and focuses on enhancing the awareness of and understanding among farmers about the crop pests, diseases and weed management through Integrated Pest Management.
Crop Production Definition “Crop production is the branch of agriculture that deals with the production of crops for food and fiber.” What Is Crop Production.
Crop production is a common agricultural practice followed by worldwide farmers to grow and produce crops to use as food and fibre. This practice includes all the feed sources that.
Crop Production and Management Class 8 Science Chapter 1. Crop Production and Management Class 8 Science Chapter 1 as per NCERT Book used in CBSE and other Schools. The lesson covers the complete explanation of class 8 Chapter 1 Crop production and covered are crops, types of crops, agricultural practices and implements used for farming.
COVID Resources. Reliable information about the coronavirus (COVID) is available from the World Health Organization (current situation, international travel).Numerous and frequently-updated resource results are available from this ’s WebJunction has pulled together information and resources to assist library staff as they consider how to handle coronavirus.
The required increase in agricultural productivity required by may be in the range of 60–% as compared with the levels of (Ort et al., ). A rapid increase in crop yield, especially for cereals, was obtained in the second half of the 20 th century during the so-called ‘Green Revolution’.
Resulting from breeding strategies. Class 8 Science Chapter 1 MCQ (Multiple Choice Questions) of Crop Production and Management.
These MCQs includes all the questions given as intext questions, Exercise questions and other questions related to Chapter 1 science of grade 8 Science for new academic session 2 days ago Researchers Further Cowpea Research, Boost Crop Productivity Crops grow dense canopies that consist of several layers of leaves—the upper layers with younger sun leaves and the lower layers with older shaded leaves that may have difficulty.
Crop Books Our crop books discuss a range of issues such as the use of pesticides, biology, breeding, disease resistance and climate change. Our environment is constantly changing and crop growers are amongst the first to see the affects on the land, types and quantities of crops produced.
Crop Production and Management Class 8 Extra Questions Science Chapter 1 Crop Production and Management Class 8 Extra Questions Very Short Answer Questions Question 1.
What is the name of the undesirable plants that grow among the crops. Answer: Weeds Question 2. Name one weed. Answer: Wild oat Question 3.
Name the methods applied for [ ]. This chapter gives an overview of the production of field-grown fresh produce crops and includes root, bulb, leaf, legume and soft fruit examples. The general agronomy of each crop is presented with details on production from soil preparation, nutrition and planting.
Plants are subjected to a wide range of environmental stresses which reduces and limits the productivity of agricultural crops. Two types of environmental stresses are encountered to plants which can be categorized as (1) Abiotic stress and (2) Biotic stress.
The abiotic stress causes the loss of major crop plants worldwide and includes radiation, salinity, floods, drought, extremes in. Tree-Crop Interactions, 2nd Edition Chin K.
Ong, Colin R. Black and Julia Wilson 28/10/15 Turfgrass Physiology and Ecology Bell Gregory 10/01/11 Vegetable Seed Production Raymond A T George 14/10/. Rajmani Kumar kushwaha. Year-Old Veteran and His Secrets to Life Will Make You Smile | Short Film Showcase - Duration: National Geographic Recommended for you.crop production Download crop production or read online books in PDF, EPUB, Tuebl, and Mobi Format.
Click Download or Read Online button to get crop production book now. This site is like a library, Use search box in the widget to get ebook that you want.Active soil biology is essential to improve and sustain agricultural production - a healthy soil is one that is full of life where organic material and nutrients are recycled In dryland environments, biological sources within the soil can provide up to 80% of total nitrogen requirement of crops when conditions are .


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From the heart of the Chianti Classico…to your heart
Situated in the heart of the Chianti Classico, in the small mediaeval borgo of Lamole, the Azienda Agricola Le Masse di Lamole was started in 1880 by Emilio Socci. From this moment began the journey of the estate of Le Masse di Lamole and the Socci Family: From Emilio to son Armido, then to his son Emilio. Since 1998, under the guidance of Annamaria, the estate has established itself with 5 hectares of terrain, cellar door sales including around 15 000 bottles of their annual production of Chianti Classico, extra virgin olive oil from their own olive groves and their iris flower cultivation.
Even though many years have passed by, Le Masse di Lamole has always had the same values to guide them. Striving to produce excellent wine and olive oil, always respecting the ancient Lamole traditions using organic practices while working with determination and passion: this is what we do at Le Masse di Lamole every day to achieve the best out of our land.


The sago palms in Bougainville, Papua New Guinea are in serious decline due to an unidentified fungal disease vectored by weevils. Decline-tolerant sago lines are being evaluated currently at over 20 collaborating farmers in Arawa area. This is a long-term project to restore the once legendary sago forests in Bougainville. The project is funded by The Christensen Fund. The project is described in detail – click here.
(Sago tree with flowers, in Bougainville.)
Phytoremediation is a technology to remove pollutions from environments using the ability of certain plants that can absorb and translocate pollutant molecules and ions from roots to shoots without negatively affecting their normal physiology. These plants are termed hyperaccumulators. I have introduced this technology to clean up the soils polluted by mining activities in Panguna, Bougainville, Papua New Guinea. The project is funded by The Christensen Fund, and it is currently in progress, and is described in detail – click here.
(Panguna mine pit in Bougainville.)
Service for ITPGRFA
Papua New Guinea acceded the international treaty, International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture in 2015. I was appointed to be the first focal point for Papua New Guinea to represent the country for the treaty matters. I attended the Sixth Governing Board meeting in Rome in 2016. I was allowed to speak in the meeting on two occasions. My speeches were:
-Expression of appreciation to the Governing Body and the Pacific community for the treaty accession, and
-Request for the support from ITPGRFA to protect the coconut gene banks in Papua New Guinea and Côte d’Ivoire, on behalf of Global Crop Trust.
(In the (ITPGRFA GB-6 meeting in FAO, Rome)
Introduction of NERICA to Papua New Guinea
NERICA is a group of rice varieties bred by crossing the Aisan rice (Oryza sativa) and African rice (Oryza glaberrima), combining the high yielding trait and desirable taste of the former, and the low water requirement and pest/disease tolerance of the latter. Although NERICA was developed for Africa, I took note of its potential in Papua New Guinea in times of El Niño induced droughts, which are becoming more frequent than before in recent years. The 78 NERICA lines are currently being evaluated.
(NERICA rice, right, is maturing earlier than the Asian rice, left, at NARI Laloki station, Papua New Guinea.)
At present, Pacific countries lack long-term crop breeding programs. This is due both to the lack of funding and technical capacity. Besides, crop breeding requires long term planning and stable institutional policy to support the infrastructure, staff, and funding. To address these issues, and to demonstrate the possibility of what breeding can do to the community, I have opted to initiate mutation breeding to develop drought and salt tolerant lines of aibika and sweet potato. Mutation breeding requires shorter time than traditional crossing-based breeding to develop enhanced lines.
Both chemical mutagen (EMS) and physical mutagen (heavy-ion beam) were used for mutagenesis. Promising lines are currently evaluated. Heavy-ion beam irradiation was carried out in collaboration with Riken in Japan. This project was funded by the European Union.
(The EMS mutant lines of aibika were screened for salinity tolerance. Take note of the two lines growing in the soil with high salt content.)
(Heavy-ion beam generated by a cyclotron is used to mutate plant, at Riken in Wako, Saitama, Japan.)
Capacity development in biotechnology
Most Pacific countries lacked facilities to perform molecular diagnostic capacity to detect pathogens and analyze genetic resources. Through funding from a number of sources, including European Union. I have set up the labs that are able to perform polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and other basic molecular techniques. Such laboratories include the NARI Biotechnology Centre and Solomon Islands Biosecurity lab in Honiara. I am also assisting Fiji Ministry of Agriculture’s Koronivia Research Station lab and Aiyura Aquiculture lab in Papua New Guinea. These lab will be able to perform pathogen detection, DNA fingerprinting, DNA barcoding, and other applications using PCR.
I have over twenty year’s practical experience in the lab to perform molecular biology and biochemical experiments, cloning, biotechnology, and bioinformatics, mainly in the institutes in the United States. The trainings that I conduct are backed by the troubleshooting ability that I gained over time.
Setting up these labs, combined with the capacity building of the staff, the diagnosis can be not only accurate, but also become cost-effective. Molecular diagnostic service has been largely outsourced to developed countries so far, and this new development will help bypass the IP issues and shortens the turnover time.
(PCR training at the Ministry of Agriculture lab in Honiara, Solomon Islands)
Introduction of LAMP
LAMP is a new diagnostic tool that may be more sensitive, versatile, and cost-effective than PCR. In collaboration with a Japanese biotechnology company Nippon Gene, I helped develop a LAMP kit that detect the phytoplasma pathogen that are destroying coconut palms in Madang Province, Papua New Guinea. The kit was tested on site and the results were read in two hours, demonstrating its utility in remote location, where sophisticated lab facility and even power supply are not available. The kit will be used to test all the coconut trees preserved in the international coconut gene bank in Madang, so that the germplasm can be relocated to a safe place where it is phytoplasma free.
(Sampling a coconut tree for the detection of phytoplasma by LAMP.)
(The LAMP kit developed by Nippon Gene and University of Tokyo’s Namba Lab were used successfully on site in Madang Province, Papua New Guinea.)


Natural Gramma Brand 2022 Edition Aluminum Chicken Tractor.
Current lead time on this model is 3 weeks.
Pre-order your NG2022 8' x 10' Aluminum Chicken Tractor for delivery mid-May now.
This NG2022 8' x 10' aluminum chicken tractor comes with all the supplies needed for assembly, including the tarpaulin for shading. This medium portable chicken tractor will easily house up to 40 chickens and is great for raising chickens on your small farm. Move your chickens through your fields and allow them to add needed nutrients to the soil, while enjoying all the bugs that they are meant to eat.
Assembly is an additional $150.00
Delivery to Missouri is an additional $295.00
Delivery outside of Missouri will need to be quoted.


Product details:Olio Nuovo.
New oil harvest in October 2015 - Unfiltered, a rare treat fresh from harvest. Taste the healthy rawness of this oil. Eat it with fresh crunchy baguette - yummy!
Gift Set - 3 x 60 ml bottles.
A perfect gift for the foodie. Contains 1 Spanish, 1 Italian and 1 Premium aged Balsamic Vinegar
Blackberry Balsamic Vinegar.
Light, Sweet and a little tangy, with notes of ginger - a favorite of many shoppers.
Garlic Infused Olive Oil.
For the garlic lover. Very convenient to use on steamed, roasted and sauteed vegetables.
Italian Varietal Extra Virgin Olive Oil.
Silver Medal winner at the 2015 Mid State Olive Oil Competition.
Pressed from Tuscan cultivars - Notes of olives and nuts. Aroma of herbs. Medium intensity.
Spanish Varietal Extra Virgin Olive Oil.
Herbaceous with notes of sweet almond, and a slight peppery finish.
About Cloud9 Orchards
Owners May & Christophe Chevallier use sustainable farming practices, and organic orchard management to produce a distinctive line of products that now has a loyal following amongst foodies in the Bay Area. Today, the orchard grows over 10 different olive cultivars that are blended into delicious oils available to the discerning foodies. In the fall the olive fruits are harvested and immediately pressed on-site by a mobile mill. Immediate processing captures and retains the nutrition and flavor profiles of the olive oil. Their olive oils are certified Extra Virgin by the California Olive Oil Council in Berkeley.
Congratulations for supporting Freshness Farms, a suburban farm, delivering the best Silicon Valley local organically grown foods.


1 edition of Annual catalogue of the Nebraska Seed Company found in the catalog.
|Contributions||Henry G. Gilbert Nursery and Seed Trade Catalog Collection|
|The Physical Object|
|Pagination||52 p. :|
|Number of Pages||52|
Ball Seed is North America's leading wholesale horticultural distributor, combining extensive experience, innovative thinking and world-class customer service to ensure professional growers have the best products, most efficient tools and dynamic growing solutions. D. M. Ferry & Co. Annual Descriptive Catalogue of Garden and Flower Seeds, out up in Packages, Colored Packets and Papers, Containing Brief Directions for the Cultivation of Vegetables Offered by J. C. Coulson, Dealer in Groceries, Provisions and Seeds. Detroit, Michigan: O. S. .
Illness In Family- Not Taking Orders Seed Catalog 2BSeeds + Varieties of Vegetable Seeds, Flower Seeds, and Herb Seeds Horticulturist at Open Library is an open, editable library catalog, building towards a web page for every book ever published. Author of Spring catalog of Alexander's seeds, 26th Annual catalogue and pricelist of seeds, Annual spring catalogue, Alexander's garden and field seed catalogue, Spring catalog of Alexander's seeds, Summer and fall catalogue, Two.
Author of Choice Iowa seeds, 37th annual catalogue , 38th annual catalogue , 36th annual catalogue , Annual catalogue for , 31st annual catalogue, Choice Iowa seeds of , Bulbs and plants for home adornment. Johnny's is committed to helping growers and gardeners succeed with superior seeds, tools and service. Quality vegetable, herb and flower seeds including a large selection of certified organic seed.
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Emergence of Romanticism.
Housing for people with disabilities
first hundred years
Death on the Black Sands.
Witch, spirit, devil
Annual catalog: by Nebraska Seed Company; Windheim, Henry G; Henry G. Gilbert Nursery and Seed Trade Catalog Collection. Annual seed catalogue: by Nebraska Seed Co; Windheim, Henry G; Henry G. Windheim (Firm); Henry G. Gilbert Nursery and Seed Trade Catalog Collection.
By: Nebraska Seed Co. - Windheim, Henry G. - Henry G. Windheim (Firm) - Henry G. Gilbert Nursery and Seed Trade Catalog Collection. Nebraska Seed Co.'s annual catalogue: reliable garden and farm seeds. Nursery stock Nebraska Omaha Catalogs; Flowers Seeds Catalogs; Vegetables Seeds Catalogs.
FOR PRICES SEE PAGES 54. Get this from a library. Nebraska Seed Co. [annual catalog]: everything for farm and garden, flower bulbs and poultry feed. [Nebraska Seed Co.; Henry G. Gilbert Nursery and Seed Trade Catalog. annual catalogue of the Nebraska Seed Co.: wholesale and retail seeds, everything for farm, garden and lawn / By Nebraska Seed Co.
and Henry G. Gilbert Nursery and Seed Trade Catalog. This catalog is from Robert S. Griswold Seed and Floral Company of Lincoln. In addition to vegetables and flower seeds, one could order tobacco plants, bee keeping supplies and baby chicks.
The company was founded in by Wallace Butler Griswold as the Griswold Seed Company. Nebraska Seed Co.\u27s annual catalogue: reliable garden and farm seeds / By Nebraska Seed Co. and Henry G. Gilbert Nursery and Seed Trade Catalog Collection.
Abstract. The Nebraska Crop Improvement Association, is a recognized authority for seed production, performance, and quality analysis. Operating as an independent, unbiased non-profit organization, the NCIA enhances the value of your seed and crops through professional, personalized services that meet seed producer, marketer, and industry needs.
Commercial Seeds for Farm, Greenhouse, and Garden Growing. Our Seed Company offers conventional, organic, heirloom and hybrid seeds in bulk and packets for growers of any size. Buy seeds online or request our free seed catalog. A non-gmo seed company. Free Growers Seed Catalog Our Free Growers Seed Catalog is filled with premium Vegetable, Flower, Herb and Organic seed varieties.
From heirloom seeds to cutting-edge hybrid vegetable seeds from our sister company DP Seeds, we are sure you will discover the. There are 10 documents from the Gunn Seed Company included in the US Dept. of Ag collection. Like the Griswold Seed Company, Gunn sold a variety of vegetable and flower seeds.
They also offered a wide variety of poultry supplies. Both photos of the Gunn Seed Company were taken in Their first catalog available in the collection is from.
Plot Book () Welcome to the Seed House - Agriculture Seed Sales. Located in O'Neill, Nebraska, The Seed House is a full service agriculture seed sales company looking to fulfill all of your seed needs. We offer a complete line of corn, soybeans, grasses, forages, wildlife mixes, organic crops, and all other specialty crops.
The WSC contains over of the very best varieties of our heirloom offerings. The Whole Seed Catalog has come to be regarded as the preeminent resource for amazing heirloom/open-pollinated seeds, as well as cutting-edge information for and about the pure-food movement.
Allow weeks for arrival, as it ships separately. Prairie Grass, Turfgrass and Wildflower Seeds - Murdock, Nebraska - The Victory Seed Company Annual Catalog - Celebrating 22 years working to protect endangered garden plant varieties.
ATTENTION: Thank you so much for. Gurney's is a great place to get seeds, they have everything that you would need to have a awesome garden. They have almost every seed that you would want everything to veggies, fruits and trees.
I would highly recommend ordering from Gurney's seed & nursery co. - Nov 18 Source. Jung Seed has been a leading supplier of organic, heirloom, fruit, vegetable, flower, herb, perennial, and annual plants and seeds since Nebraska State Certification of Seed 20 I 0 Annual Report By Official Agency M.O.V., as well as the leaf testing protocol found in our rule book.
Later generation seed lots (year three The majority of Nebraska Seed Potatoes are shipped bulk, with bulk shipments at cwt and 4, Are you looking for the OSC Seeds catalogue.
Add your name to our mail list and we will send you a copy of our catalogue. The OSC Seeds Catalogue features our selection of high-quality seed packets, perfectly suited for the Canadian climate and ready for planting in your garden.
Bee and Butterfly Friendly Wild Flower Seeds Duo Pack - Beautiful Flowers in Many Colours, Great Gardener Gift. Over Seeds Per Packet, RHS Perfect for Pollinators Mix.Burpee Seeds & Plants. We are proud to have delivered the finest quality, non-GMO varieties in home gardening for over years.
We are a company of gardeners, for gardeners, and we guarantee each and every product. Grow confidently knowing that Burpee's team of horticulture experts is .Hefty Complete Seed Treatment proved to be a valuable asset to my soybeans and corn purchased from Hefty Seed Company.
MIKE • WATERFORD, PENNSYLVANIA. I was very impressed by the seed treatment and emergence I saw. Emergence is key for high yield corn. Hefty Brand H Corn was a great number and is the best yielding corn I have raised on.


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Hatching machine fully automatic BK 1056 chicken eggs incubator breeder incubation
Product No.: 4041
Print product data sheet
Saving: 42 %
incl. 16 % Tax
(P10): €119,90 to DE
Full automatic incubator for professional cultivation of animal cells
The BK1056 Incubator is an ideal device for commercial and private utilization, which creates the best conditions for successful cultivation of animal cells. 1056 chicken eggs is the maximum capacity. Is it possible to order different sized egg trays.
The simple automatic operation of the incubator ensures high hatchability and has a low energy consumption. Temperature and humidity are easy to regulate. In addition facilitate a viewing window and integrated lights, within the incubator, the observationvof the incubation. Deviations from the programmed settings will be notified by an alarm immediately.
The BK1056 incubator is characterized by a thick isolation for an optimal heat insulation to maintain the desired temperature and humidity. The sensor in the incubator has a measuring accuracy of ± 0.1 ° C A powerful fan supports the evaporation and ensures constant circulation
The manual turning of the eggs is replaced by a fully automatic turning system.. The intervals and the duration of turns can be programmed. This guarantees an optimal atmosphere breeding
1056 chicken eggs, 630 duck eggs, goose eggs 306, 24 ostrich eggs, quail eggs 2210
Fully automatic egg incubator for 1056 chicken eggs
easy to clean the egg trays
suited for different egg sizes
automatic temperature control
automatic turning of eggs
fan for air circulation
Power supply: 180-240V/50Hz
Power: <= 300W
Temperature range: 5 ° C to 50 ° C
0.1 ° C steps adjustable
Weight: 75 kg
dimensions: 95cm x 66cm x 120cm
Replacement Micro Switch + Screw
Replacement heating element
If you dont want delivery, after telephonic agreement (
) you can pick up this article at our warehouse 16775 Gransee.
This Product was added to our catalogue on Tuesday, 05. March 2013.
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September 20, 2014
On Saturday, September 20, 2014 the Goshen Farm Preservation Society, Inc. held its Fall Open House. The Society is in the process of restoring this historic jewel built in 1783 and preserving the remaining 22 acres of woods and fields. The event and parking were free. Light refreshments were available for a donation.
Grounds Committee Chairman, Roy Benner, and Building & Maintenance Committee Chairman, Stu Bailey, conducted guided tours during the Open House. This was the first time that the farm house was opened to the public since the restoration effort kicked into full gear about two years earlier. The house was closed while the Society worked to make the house free of all contaminants. Many people commented on Roy’s narrative on the history of the house and his easy, interactive delivery of information.
Over 100 visitors were also able to use the Walking Trail, which highlights some of the most significant features on the land around the house, and attend an educational talk on soil health at the soil health pit dug by the Midshipmen Action Group from the Naval Academy. The talk was presented by Dean Cowherd, Assistant State Soil Scientist, Natural Resources Conservation Service, USDA. They also were able to tour the Sharing Garden and the Colonial Garden planted with crops that would have been growing at Goshen Farm in the 1700’s.
In a brief ceremony, Certificates of Recognition were presented to
• Joan Machinchick, an original Board member and the talented graphic artist who created the Goshen Farm logo, letter head, and designed the book on Goshen’s history (written by Barbara Morgan);
• Nicole Neboshynski, a former Board member who was the driving force behind establishing the Sharing Garden and coin the motto, Get Dirty, Eat Fresh;
• Dean Cowherd who has conducted many soil health programs for Goshen Farm and worked with the MAG group to design and dig the soil health pit;
• Patti Feldt who did all of the paperwork for establishing Goshen Farm as a 501(c)3 and took the lead in negotiating the lease with the Board of Education; and
• Sam Gallagher, former President of the Cape St. Claire Improvement Association, Inc. and one of the earliest supporters of Goshen Farm. Sam’s help was crucial in the Society’s efforts to forestall the demolition of the house so it could be preserved.
Sam passed away earlier in the year and Barbara, his wife, accepted the award. The Society also announced the creation of a Memorial Grove to honor deceased friends of Goshen Farm. The first tree will be planted in Sam’s memory.
Some notable supporters who also came to visit were Cathy Vitale, State Delegate and Steve Gunn, Editor of The Capital.


Alter Eco Heirloom Quinoa, Organic, Black 12 oz
Organic. USDA Organic. Certified Organic by QAI. Certified Gluten-free. A good source of protein & fiber. An excellent source of folate & phosphorus. Organically grown. Fairly traded. Hand-cultivated . Heirloom variety taste the difference. Bright, festive supergrain of the andes. Revered by ancient Incas as chisaya mama (chee-sa-waya ma-ma) or mother grain, this heirloom nutrition source is fluffier, nuttier and without the bitterness so common to lesser grades. Just one spoonful, and you'll see why it should be the only quinoa that graces your plate. Nourishing foodie, farmer and field. 100% traceable ingredients. 112 villages building a prosperous future. 5,600 llamas for healthy soils. We believe in the power of food. Eating heirloom, organic, and non-GMO keeps families healthy and strong. Fair and direct trade sustains farmers and ecosystems. And delivering food with zero waste and carbon insetting will mean a brighter future for us all. Learn more at www.alterecofoods.com. www.alterfoods.com. For more cooking tips and recipes, visit us at www.alterecofoods.com/recipes. Certified B Corporation. Fair Trade: Fair for life. Carbon Neutral Product: Agriculture that restores ecosystem. Country of Origin: Bolivia.


Since our establishment in 1920, our family has been mastering the art of maple sugaring. Since 2009, we have started a new mission. Our focus is now on specialty syrups that bring a sense of community and innovation to the table, literally.
We want to provide the best maple syrup for everyone and to get people thinking about all, new and old, uses for maple syrup. It is our hope that this creates a sense of community and opens up doors for collaboration among family, friends, and co-workers.
The wood family
Our family has owned this land in Randolph, Vermont for five generations – now working on the sixth. The first generations were farmers, and like many other Vermonters in those days, they grew and processed all of their own food from the land they lived on. Things have changed a bit – what remains from what was once a 1000-acre farm is 54-acres of mostly maple trees. As years have past, we have gone from tapping 800 trees to more than 5200 trees this past year. Up until 2009, a good year would've produced 75 gallons of syrup. We are now making more than 1700 gallons of syrup in a year.


Ecobank Nigeria has restated its dedication to the agricultural sector and is supporting over 70,000 farmers with particular loans to enhance their capability and yields throughout this planting season.
This is likely one of the financial institution’s initiatives to promote entrepreneurship within the sector and is in assist of the Central Bank of Nigeria’s Anchor Borrowers programmes for the 2020 moist season with the Maize Growers, Processors and Marketers Association of Nigeria (MAGPAMAN).
Head, Agribusiness, Ecobank Nigeria, Mojisola Oguntoyinbo, introduced this in Lagos whereas responding to media enquiries on the participation of the financial institution within the CBN scheme.
According to her, the initiative spreads throughout the 36 states and is likely one of the a number of concerted efforts on the a part of the financial institution to assist the federal government to create an ecosystem that provides small holder farmers entry to funding and the required assist to enhance meals manufacturing within the nation.
She famous that the scheme is designed to join small holder farmers with processors and off- takers inside the agriculture worth chain.
“We are creating alternatives within the agric sector that can assist many small holder farmers develop their enterprise and turn into worthy employers of labour by adopting fashionable farming methods for the betterment of our economic system.
We are in strategic partnership with NIRSAL and another developmental establishments to obtain our objective. We are additionally partnering the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) in all its intervention schemes and programmes geared toward growing the sector.
Our relationships are producing optimistic actions throughout your entire agric worth chain,”she stated.
Ecobank has been actively leveraging entrepreneurship as a method to deal with poverty and rising unemployment, by the creation of related platforms.
One of such platforms is the Ecobank Xpress Point, the financial institution’s company banking proposition which allows brokers perform monetary transactions on behalf of Ecobank and earn fee on transactions processed.


Turmeric (Curcuma longa) is a rhizomatous herbaceous perennial plant of the ginger family,...
In Ethiopia, a large number of sesame seed varieties exist. The varieties that are well known are Humera, Gonder, and Wellega. The Humera variety is appreciated worldwide for its aroma and sweet taste.
Castor beans grow naturally and abundantly in the highland of Ethiopia. The leaf of the castor plant is identified as one of the best for silkworms.
Niger seed exports have since 2002 passed coffee exports to the US and accounts for a third of Ethiopia’s exports to America.
Ginger cultivation began in South Asia and has since spread to East Africa and the Caribbean.
Ethiopian Origin Pigeon Peas, purity 98% min, mositure – 15%maxk, machine cleaned packing 50kg, new strong pp bag, free from alive and dead insects, fit for human consumption.
The plant is native to Tanzania, western Ethiopia (in the vicinity of Lake Tana and Gelemso), south-western Sudan, and western Uganda. It is cultivated in both Ethiopia and Eritrea.
Haricot bean is one of the most important legumes grown in the lowlands of Ethiopia, particularly in the Rift Valley.
Horse bean is the most important pulses crop in terms of area coverage and total annual production. It has manifold advantages in the economic lives of the farming community in the high lands of the country.


Made of melted and spun rock, Rockwool is an inorganic man-made material used as a growing medium. More commonly, rockwool or stonewool is used as insulation.
Basaltic rock, a volcanic rock, constitutes the highest quality Rockwool because it is non reactive to nutrient solutions. Other ingredients include chalk and binders.
Rockwool material has been used since the mid 1800’s in various applications but not until the 1960’s was it discovered that the mineral composition could be modified to promote plant growth.
The material is comprised of 46% Silica, 16% Calcium, 14% Aluminum, 1% Magnesium, 8% Iron, 2% Sodium, 1% Titanium, 1% Potassium, and 1% Manganese.
The production process includes heating the basaltic rock to its melting point, spinning it in a similar fashion to cotton candy to create small fibers, and then compressing it into sheets.
The Rockwool is ultimately formed into a variety of shapes and sizes from small individually wrapped 1” cubes to 4” cubes, as well as full sheets of multi blocks which fit into flats, and loose/ granulated Rockwool sold in bags.
The benefits of using Rockwool:
Rockwool provides exceptional water retention and air flow creating optimum conditions for root growth and nutrient absorption. Grodan Rockwool claims their Rockwool, when hydrated and allowed to drain naturally, contains 80% solution, 15% air space, and 5% Rockwool fiber.
Rockwool is practically mess-free as there is no loose soil to spill.
As mentioned above, Rockwool’s variety of shapes and sizes provides the ultimate convenience to the home gardener.
The disadvantages of Rockwool:
Naturally, Rockwool has a high pH level which is not conducive to healthy plant growth and requires a pre-treatment. Don’t be alarmed, the pre-treatment is simple for preparing rockwool for horticulture use.
The fine particle size of Rockwool can be a skin irritant.
Used Rockwool can be a challenge to dispose of. Grodan suggests a few options: reusing it for other plants by removing root particles and simply replanting, adding Rockwool in small quantities to compost bins, tilling it into soil, or building flood barriers or raised beds.


Original Film Title: Against The Grain
Director’s Name: Joe Bidmead, Ryan Loftus
Country of Origin: United Kingdom
Country of Filming: United Kingdom
Runtime: 22 minutes 50 seconds
Against The Grain follows a small group of friends, without any previous agricultural experience, as they build one of the most extensive permaculture experiments in the UK. Tucked away in the Welsh valleys, they want to show that a commercially viable, environmentally-friendly alternative to conventional farming exists. This is their journey so far; this is Three Pools.


“Farro is a grain that’s been enjoyed since ancient times. It’s high in fiber, protein and nutrients and absolutely delicious with a nutty, full flavor and an appealing chewy texture. Farro, also known as emmer, was one of the earliest domesticated crops in the Near East. It was grown in Egypt and Mesopotamia and eventually migrated, as many grains did, through the Mediterranean region and Europe. Though farro was appreciated because it grew well in many soils and also for its heartiness – it is very high in protein and nutrients. It was valued just as much by some cultures, the Italians in particular, for its flavor. It’s toothsome, wholesome, and full of big, nutty, grain flavor. Farro is also a grain that some folks with wheat allergies can tolerate more than its other wheat berry cousins.
I love making farro, spelt and wheat berries into a sweet or savory salad. You can mix them with cranberries, walnuts and a vinaigrette or make it more savory like this recipe. What I love about this salad is that the roasted mushrooms taste like they have been marinated when you let this sit a bit. These type of salads are great for a grab-and-go lunch or a wholesome snack. They taste even better the next day when the flavors have melded. You may also want to try my other Simple Savory Wheat Berry Salad which can be thrown together in just a few minutes once the wheat berries are ready.”
- 1 cup farro
- 4 cups water
- 3 tsp salt, divided
- 1 1/4 lbs butternut squash, peeled, seeded and diced into 1 1/2 inch chunks
- 1 cup olive oil, divided
- 1 tsp black pepper, divided
- 1 1/4 lbs portobello mushrooms, stems and gills removed, cut into 1 inch chunks
- 1 cup roasted red peppers, diced into 1 inch pieces
- 2 whole bulbs garlic, roasted
- 1/2 tsp rubbed thyme or 2 tsp dried
- 1 tsp ground rosemary or 1/2 tbsp fresh minced
- 2/3 cup balsamic vinegar
- 1/4 bunch green kale, destemmed and torn into 1 inch pieces
- Bring water, farro and 2 tsps salt to boil. Reduce heat to low and simmer for 60-75 minutes or until farro is a tender, chewy consistency. Drain in a colander and let cool to room temperature. Do not rinse.
- Meanwhile, to roast garlic, set oven to 350 degrees. Cut off the top end of the two bulbs of garlic so it exposes the cloves (don’t cut the root end). Place bulbs on a large square of tin foil large enough so you can envelope the entire bulb. Pour a little olive oil over the top (cut end) and sprinkle with kosher salt. Pull the corners of the foil around the bulb to surround it loosely. Place in the oven for 45-60 minutes or until soft to the touch. When cooled, squeeze out the garlic from the papery peel and set aside the inner pieces for use later. Discard the peels.
- Turn oven up to 400 degrees.
- Toss squash with 1 tbsp olive oil, 1/2 tsp salt and 1/2 tsp pepper. Spread evenly in a single layer on a baking sheet and roast for 20 minutes or until edges are brown and squash is tender.
- Toss mushrooms with 2 tbsp olive oil, 1/2 tsp salt and 1/2 tsp pepper. Roast in oven until tender and brown on edges, about 12-15 minutes.
- Add roasted red pepper to cooled farro.
- In food processor, puree roasted garlic with thyme and rosemary. With the machine running, drizzle in vinegar and then remaining olive oil until dressing is blended. Add more vinegar to taste if desired.
- Toss the farro and red peppers with dressing, kale, mushrooms and squash. Note: you may want to add the farro and dressing in increments with all the veggies as you may not need all the dressing or farro depending on how much farro to veggies you prefer. Keep the extra dressing set aside to add to the salad the next day if desired.
- You may not need to use all the farro and dressing. Mix in about half then mix in the rest gradually until you have the right ratio to veggies that you like.
- You can make the roasted garlic and farro the day before so its ready to go. Then all you’ll need to do is roast the veggies and combine.


Mushroom Compost – Bag
Organic compost mixture of straw, horse manure, and other materials, ideal for gardening, new and established lawns, sold in 2 cu ft. bagNote: We do not deliver bagged products.
A compost mixture of straw, horse manure, and other organic materials. Will raise PH in soils. Especially useful for annuals, perennials, and vegetable gardens. It is also used as a fertilizer for new lawns and a top dress for established lawns.
Recommended Coverage: 2-3 inches deep


In 1880, Robert and Mary Edgar purchased 160 acres in Cato Township, Lakeview, MI. They moved from Stratford, Ontario with their three children, Oliver, Blanche, and Jessie.Besides clearing the land, they built a red brick home….now known as the Edgar farm house. That is what is so exciting about the Edgar farm, the house and buildings were built by the family.
Jessie remained single and farmed the 160 acres with two hired men. At times she had over 100 sheep, dairy, beef and horses along with growing crops such as corn, wheat, and dry beans. Jessie loved to throw parties and Fran plans to carry on that tradition. Blanche married George Robert Arbogast and had one son, Robert, Fran’s father. The Arbogast farm also remains in the family and is designated as a centennial farm.
Brandon, Fran’s son and who farms the land, is 5th generation along with his mother, Frances K. Arbogast Carlson (4th generation). Dry beans is their speciality crop along with corn and wheat.
Today, as you enter the Edgar farm house, you will go back in time with pictures of the family who once lived there. It has been Fran’s dream for many years to restore the home into its original character. Fran also loves cooking and having parties where everyone will save those special memories…keeping the Edgar & Arbogast tradition.
Since, the Edgar farm has been in the family for over 100 years, it is now a Michigan Centennial farm.


Reyneke Wines and Biodynamics
I am writing this on the train home from London where I spent the last three days at trade wine tastings. There were plenty of wines to taste, many good but the absolute highlight of the trip was an hour spend listening to Johan Reyneke of Reyneke Wines. A native South African Johan describes himself as a wine farmer, but he started out as a philosophy graduate and he spoke with a conviction and eloquence that I found captivating. Johan has been making wine as Reyneke since 1998 when he took over the running of his family’s farm. The farm was originally farmed conventionally but since taking over Johan went over to biodynamics. Having seen the evolution from one system to the other he is particularly well placed to explain the changes that result. Biodynamics is an approach originally proposed by Austrian Philosopher Rudolph Steiner way back in the 1920’s. The shorthand way to think of it is like organic agriculture taken one stage further, so the vineyard is treated as an organism whose health the farmer carefully protects. This means that no agrochemicals are used and there is a big focus on biodiversity and vine health. The difference I found in Johan’s explanation of Biodynamics was that he took sometimes new age sounding principles, and tied them back to practical, rational explanations. Here are a few of them:
- Johan maintained that the humus (organic matter) content of soil has a big impact on vine health and also on soil acidity. Johan explained that scientific studies have shown that at 5% soil humus the vines are 3 to 4 times more disease resistant than at the 1% you would see in a non-organic vineyard. When Johan took over the farm the level was around 0.9%, it is now 4.9% and the vines are far less prone to disease.
- Johan felt that a side benefit of the higher level of soil humous is that the soil acidity has decreased. At the same time as this the acidity of the grapes and correspondingly the wines has increased. So much so that now no tartaric acid is added during winemaking. This is pretty rare in the wine world but the result certainly seems to be wines that are really well integrated.
- All of the wines are made with wild yeast fermentations. This is a technique that allows fermentation to start naturally from yeasts that are present in the vineyard and winery. The alternative is to add cultured yeast, something winemakers do to reduce the risk of a fermentation “sticking” which is when fermentation stops unexpectedly. Johan claims he has never had a fermentation stick and attributes this to healthy populations of yeasts that are not routinely killed off by fungicides and other agrochemicals.
- One of the principles of biodynamics is the use of cow’s horn manure and other biological preparations. For the horn manure, dung from a lactating cow is buried in a cow’s horn in the vineyard in Autumn. The following Spring the horn is dug up, the manure mixed with water and stirred with a carefully defined vortex motion and the resulting mixture spread at dusk onto the vineyard in very dilute quantities. Johan describes the reason for this, initially crazy sounding process, in terms of the microbial health of the vineyard. He claims that scientific testing has shown the dung to be incredibly rich in microbial life. The vortex stirring introduces oxygen to the mixture and spreading it around the vineyard means more microbes in the soil. The evening timing he suggests is simply to avoid heat from the sun that could kill the microbes before they can find their way into the soil.
- Another crazy sounding idea is that the wine should be racked (moved from one barrel to another) on dates dictated by the phase of the moon. Initially this sounds far fetched, but Johan’s explanation is that density of sediment within the barrels is affected by gravity and that this varies with the position of the moon. On this point though I remain a little skeptical as the daily percentage variation in the Earth’s gravity field is small (less than 0.0001%) and it seems unlikely to make a significant difference, but at least there is something here that could be a rational explanation.
- One comment I found particularly convincing was on the problem of Leaf Roll virus. This a common viral disease of vines, spread in South Africa by the saliva of mealybugs. Since moving over to biodynamics the virus has stopped spreading. Johan said he did not understand why until he pulled up one of the now plentiful dandelion’s in the vineyard and found it’s roots infested with mealybug. His suggestion is that the bugs simply prefer their natural habitat of dandelion to the vines. In the past the dandelions would have been seen as weeds and dealt with accordingly.