You heard from other homeowners about Japanese knotweed and how it can be extremely invasive. Due to their incredible growth rate and their persistence, the plant can affect the structures leading to devaluation. If you do not want this in your garden, you have to learn how to deal with Japanese knotweed.
The Japanese knotweed starts sprouting from early spring. By May, it can reach up to 1.5 meters and by June, 3 meters. The good news is these plants start to die sometime between September and November. How do you know if you are dealing with Japanese knotweed?
First, you have to look at the buds. The buds should be small and red, which usually sprout from the plant’s crown. If you notice purple shoots, it is another sign that you are dealing with Japanese knotweed. If left untreated, they will rapidly grow into knotweed canes. When it comes to stems, they are usually hollow and reddish green with deep green leaves.
Now that you know how to identify Japanese knotweed, it is time to deal with it. Here are some tips on how to deal with Japanese knotweed:
- Move immediately: whether you are considering herbicide or digging, it is crucial that
you move immediately when you spot it. If you give it time to establish, it will be more challenging to control causing more damage to the surrounding areas.
- Isolate: since it is challenging to totally eradicate the plant, the least that you can do is to keep the outbreak isolated. This is to avoid spreading it further.
- Contact the appropriate authorities: if you want to eradicate thoroughly, it needs experts of specialists. To that end, you need to contact immediately. There are many specialists that have appropriate equipment and experience to help you. It is always better to leave this matter to the expert. You can start by checking out the British Association of Landscape Industries website.
- Utilise licensed herbicides: if you do not want to contact professionals, you can make use of licensed herbicides. When handling chemical, always remember to wear protective clothing. The recommended products are glyphosate-based herbicides, which need to be mixed with water. You can consider spraying it to the leaves or you can alternatively inject it into their canes.
- Dispose it correctly: when you decide to cut the plant and dig the shoots, you need to ensure that you dispose of it correctly. When disposing, it should be secured and thoroughly enclosed to ensure that there is no spillage. Remember that even the tiniest fragment can sprout.
- Avoid pulling the weeds: sometimes it is just easier to pull the weeds out of the ground. You should refrain from doing this because it can expose part of the infectious crowns. At the end of the day, it can stimulate growth.
- Refrain from using gardening equipment: if you have lawnmowers, hedge trimmers, and other gardening equipment, it is prudent not to use it when cutting the knotweed. If you do this, the knotweed will spread even more because of the contamination.
- Forget about compost: you should not use any part of the weed as compost because it can lead to another outbreak. The Japanese knotweed is resilient. This means that it can survive even in the compost.


Have you ever forced paperwhite bulbs for the holidays? I love to do this every year and I want to share 5 simple tips for forcing paperwhites to enjoy at Christmas.
Paperwhites, also know as Narcissus, are winter blooming flower bulbs. They produce tiny white fragrant blooms.
You can “force” the blooms by planting them indoors 4-6 weeks before you want them to bloom.
“Forcing” a bulb means you encourage a plant to bloom outside it’s normal conditions.
You can find paperwhite bulbs in most garden centers this time of year.
They can be planted or “forced” in water or soil.
forcing paperwhites in water
There are a couple of ways you can do this method.
First, you can place the bulbs in a bulb vase. A bulb vase has a narrow neck that allows the bulb to rest on the top of the vase without falling into the water.
You fill the vase with water and sit the bulb on top of the base with the pointed side up. The water needs to touch the bottom of the bulb and you will need to keep the water level where it touches the bottom of the bulb until the roots form.
Keep the bulbs in a place that doesn’t get direct sunlight until the roots begin to form.
When the roots begin to form, move to a sunny location in your home.
You should begin to see white roots coming from the bottom of the bulb in a few days.
Once the roots form, you just need to make sure the roots stay immersed in the water.
This post contains affiliate links for your convenience. You can see my full disclosure here.
You can also plant them in a container with gravel in the bottom. Nestle the bulbs into the gravel, then fill your container with water just up to the level of the gravel. As with the bulb vase method, make sure the base of the bulb stays immersed in the water until the roots form.
You can leave the gravel exposed or cover the top with moss for a different look.
I like to plant them in my vintage brown transferware chamber pot.
forcing paperwhite bulbs in soil
If you want to plant your bulbs in soil, it is still a good idea to put gravel in the bottom of your container so they get good drainage.
Then you can add a layer of soil and nestled your bulbs into the soil, with the pointy end up. The majority of the bulb needs to be exposed.
Just water the soil when it is dry to touch.
tips for forcing paperwhite bulbs in soil or water
Regardless of whether you choose to plant your paperwhites in water or soil, these tips still apply to both.
Paperwhites tend to get very tall and leggy. And they will typically topple over because they are top heavy.
To avoid your plants getting too tall and leggy you can add vodka to the water. This slows down the growth and keeps them from getting so tall.
When the green shoots get about “2”-“3” tall, pour off the existing water and replace with a mixture of vodka and water.
About 1 part vodka to 7 parts water.
Another tip is to tie the stems together loosely with a cute ribbon or twine when the plants get really tall.
And one last idea is to plant individual bulbs in vintage teacups for a cute hostess gift during the holidays. Vintage teacups are usually fairly simple to find at thrift shops or antique stores. You can also find lots of them on Etsy.
I hope you’ve enjoyed this post sharing 5 simple tips for forcing paperwhites to enjoy at Christmas.
If you try your own, I would love to hear about it!!
blessings and happy planting,
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If you liked this post, you might also like “How to Make a Succulent Pumpkin“…


Congratulations to our school counselor, Mrs. Moore, for being awarded a School Garden Grant from the Guilford County School Garden Network! Mrs. Moore will use the grant with her Service-Learning club which meets afterschool.
From the GC School Garden Network:
"Last month, 8 schools received grants for their school gardens from the Extension Master Gardener Volunteers of Guilford County. Left to right in the picture above are Kristy Schewe, McNair Elementary; Eileen Lloyd, Western Guilford High; Hannah Nelson, Sedalia Elementary; Shelley Doolen, Peck Elementary; Cherie Moore, Reedy Fork Elementary; Stephanie Williams, Colfax Elementary; Molly Parker, Oak Hill Elementary; Davida Julien, Kirkman Park Elementary. Congratulations all! At the grant receptions, past recipients Joy Watson and Greg Desern shared information about their success with the gardens at Andrews High. The Extension Master Gardeners are pleased to be able to provide the grants each year and appreciate all who encourage and support school gardens."


17725 Robinson's Corners Road
Maxville, Ontario K0C 1T0
We are living in times of unprecedented change.
Climate change, demographics, and economics are driving new realities around the globe.
Canobi AgTech is working hard to be part of a new tomorrow that allows us to live our best lives while bringing our planet back into balance. We’re working with indoor farmers to develop local solutions for the pressing global challenges surrounding food security.
For you, this means we’re working with our partners to improve agricultural productivity, reduce chemical use, produce healthier crops, and reduce food miles.


About Shire Tree Farm
A “greener” sort of green
Being “green” is nothing new at Shire Tree Farm. From our beginning over 30 years ago we have been committed to being responsible stewards of the land and good neighbors to our community. We use NO pesticides in the production of our trees or greens. How many other growers can make that claim?
Shire Tree Farm provides valuable wildlife habitat and is home to Whitetail deer, foxes, coyotes, raccoons, rabbits, groundhogs, squirrels, hawks, turkeys, ducks, geese and numerous songbirds. Our tree field helps filter the water that makes its way into the north branch of the Pawtuxet River, state-designated trout waters.
We are proud to be a part of the local community. We support the local fire department, Scituate schools and youth groups.
We care for our trees on average for 8 to 10 years before they are harvested and sold. The young trees we transplant into the field each year are typically 5 years old. That makes the age of a 7’-8’ tall tree 13 years when it is harvested! During this time each tree is trimmed every year to get that perfect shape. Fertilizer is applied as needed, the fields are kept mowed, and adequate water is provided.
Each acre of Christmas trees provides the oxygen needed by 18 people for a year. In this age of climate change, greenhouse gases, and carbon footprints, it is reassuring to know you really have made the “environmentally friendly” choice when choosing a real tree from Shire Tree Farm.


- 300 New Stands, Lupane Zimbabwe
Posted on 14 April 2020, by Makhosi Mahlangu
Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) belongs to an important family Leguminosae. Groundnut is also known as peanut, earthnut, monkey nut, pinda, goober and manila nut.
Groundnut originated in South America specifically in southern Bolivia and the northwestern region of Argentina and the crop was later introduced to Africa, Europe, Asia, and the Pacific Islands during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries by Spaniards and Portuguese.
Groundnuts are ranked as the thirteenth most important crop in the world and are grown on approximately 23.95 million ha worldwide with the total production of 36.45 million tonnes per hectare and with an average yield of 1.52 tonnes per hectare (FAOSTAT, 2011).
Groundnuts are widely cultivated in subtropical and semi-arid regions in almost 100 countries within the six continents of the world between 40° north and 40° south of the equator.
Peanuts are as popular as they are healthy. They’re an excellent plant-based source of protein and high in various vitamins, minerals, and plant compounds. They can be useful as a part of a weight loss diet and may reduce your risk of both heart disease and gallstones.
Peanut soup or groundnut soup is a soup made from peanuts, often with various other ingredients. It is a staple of African cuisine but is also eaten in East Asia, the United States and other areas around the world. In Ghana it is often eaten with fufu.
This article has been taken from Simbarashe Sibanda thesis entitled ‘Effect of timing of clay loam earthing on groundnut vegetative growth and yield parameters’ at Lupane State University in Zimbabwe.
Photo credits: https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/seven-ways-to-incorporate-groundnuts-into-your-daily-meal/articleshow/50228959.cms


Based on the 1996 World Food Summit, food security is defined as the situation where all people, at all times, have both physical and economic access to sufficient safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preferences, allowing for an active and healthy life.
There are four main dimensions of food security:
- Physical Availability of Food: This addresses the supply side of food security and is determined by food production levels, stock levels, and net trade.
- Economic and Physical Access to Food: Merely having an adequate national or international food supply doesn’t guarantee food security at the household level. Ensuring sufficient access involves considering incomes, expenditures, market dynamics, and prices.
- Food Utilization: Utilization refers to how the body effectively utilizes the nutrients in food. Sufficient energy and nutrient intake result from good care and feeding practices, diverse diets, food preparation methods, and how food is distributed within households. This, combined with proper biological utilization of consumed food, determines individuals’ nutritional well-being.
- Stability of the Other Three Dimensions Over Time: Even if current food intake is sufficient, food insecurity exists if access to food is periodically inadequate. This might occur due to adverse weather, political instability, or economic factors such as unemployment or rising food prices.
To achieve food security, all four dimensions must be addressed simultaneously.
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) estimates a 21% decrease in agricultural land productivity due to climate change. Rising temperatures, heavy rainfall, and increased CO2 levels harm soil health and reduce crop nutritional quality. Additionally, grain, wheat, and rice production might decline by 17% by 2050 if global temperatures continue to rise.
In Vietnam’s context, unusual weather and climate phenomena significantly impact agricultural production. Crop production is most strongly affected, with issues ranging from rice to fruit trees. Unbalanced nutrition, lack of clean water, insufficient nutrition education, food waste, and disease risks more directly affect nutritional status than mere food quantity in rural areas. The Mekong Delta requires a new generation equipped with nutrition knowledge and technological solutions to overcome these challenges. Given the impact of climate change, natural disasters, pollution, and unpredictable epidemics, national food security is a pressing issue, especially with rapid industrialization and urbanization.
In response, Kenan has conducted research and proposed evidence-based inclusive ideas to the Citi Food Security Fund. These ideas aim to reduce financial burdens on underserved and marginalized communities, ensuring their access to quality food and building resilience to climate change, particularly in Dong Thap province and the wider Mekong Delta.


Our Magnificent Malted Drinking Chocolate is an intensely chocolatey treat for the discerning chocolate drinker. We spent months and months developing it, tasting chocolate from around the world trying to find chocolate with the perfect flavour profile. It was tough work. Flavour was massively important to us, but we didn't just want chocolate that tasted magnificent, we also insisted on using chocolate that does good too.
We were won over by the fruity flavour and nutty malt notes of the Colombian 100% cocoa mass that we opted for, and the ethical credentials of the family owned company who produce the cocoa sealed the deal. Colombia has been affected by political instability, armed conflict and economic deprivation. Poor infrastructure in rural areas has meant that farmers in remote regions dependent on living off the land, struggle to transport and trade their goods.
Many became reliant on income obtained from growing illicit coca crops. Coca plants provide the raw materials for the production of cocaine, and they are quick and easy to cultivate in the fertile rural ground. The chocolate we use is produced by a company committed to promoting equality and social justice. Their ethos involves supporting farmers in finding an alternative to growing coca. They provide tools, technical training in cocoa production and conservation techniques and ongoing support to enable farmers to grow Theobroma Cacao trees, and ensure that the fruits of which contain cocoa beans of the highest quality that are used to make some of the world's finest chocolate.
The company have direct relationships with growers and farmers' associations, from whom they buy the cocoa beans. The supply chain is short so that the growing communities can achieve maximum economic benefit.
So when you are savouring our comforting chocolatey drink you can know that it's chocolate that does good as well as tasting good.


Rene J Fournier's Farm Equipment is a long-standing family business that was established in 1955 on the family farm in West Swanton. This Vermont-based company specializes in providing top-quality farm and industrial equipment to its customers. Over the years, the company has gained a strong reputation for its exceptional service and reliable product offerings. With auctions in May and August since 1967, customers can consign items. There is always something for everyone! You never know what will show up!
Originally founded by Rene J Fournier, the business has now been passed down to the capable hands of Paul and Tara Fournier, who continue to uphold the values and traditions of the company. With their dedication and expertise, they have successfully maintained the business's commitment to providing excellent customer service and high-quality agricultural equipment
Located in Swanton, Vermont, Rene J Fournier Farm Equipment Inc serves as a hub for farmers and industrial professionals in the region. The company offers a comprehensive range of farm equipment, catering to various agricultural needs. From tractors, balers, rakes, cultivators, tedders, trailers, lawnmowers, 3-point equipment, industrial machinery and rental equipment, customers can find a wide selection of reliable and efficient tools to enhance their operations.
In addition to sales, Rene J Fournier's Farm Equipment provides full-service support to its customers. Their knowledgeable staff is equipped to handle repairs, maintenance, and technical assistance, ensuring that customers receive prompt and reliable service for their equipment.
With a rich history spanning over six decades, Rene J Fournier's Farm Equipment continues to be a trusted partner for farmers and industrial professionals in Vermont. Through their commitment to quality, customer service, and expertise, Paul and Tara Fournier carry on the legacy of the family business, providing reliable agricultural equipment and services to support the success of their customers."
WCAX Super Senior: Rene Fournier
Rene J Fournier's Farm Equipment team is a dedicated and experienced group of professionals focused on providing top-quality agricultural solutions. With a deep understanding of the farming industry and a passion for innovation, this team is committed to supporting farmers in maximizing their productivity and efficiency. Whether it's tractors, harvesters, or precision farming technologies, Rene J Fournier's Farm Equipment team is a trusted partner for farmers seeking reliable and cutting-edge solutions to meet their evolving needs.
Rene “Bo” Defresne


Pesticide Toxicology and International Regulation PDF
|Author||Timothy T. Marrs and Bryan Ballantyne|
|File size||3.88 MB|
Pesticides are used daily and internationally on a massive scale. They have conferred immense benefits to mankind by contributing significantly to improving health and nutrition, and to the economy in the form of cheaper food. This is mainly as a consequence of their use in crop protection, food preservation, and the control of insect vectors. However, this has sometimes been at a cost since improper and=or inappropriate usage has led to small- and large-scale poisoning incidents in humans, domestic animals, and wildlife, and resulted in significant adverse phytotoxic, ecotoxic, and general environmental adverse effects. Pesticides fall into numerous chemical classes, which havewidely differing biological activities and thus differing potential to produce adverse effects in living organisms, including humans. These considerations, coupled with the fact that, in addition to their use by highly trained agricultural and horticultural professionals, they are also generally available for use by less well trained or even untrained individuals, stresses the need for the control (regulation) of their release, use, and sale. This is further emphasized by the fact the pesticide industry is large, lucrative, and highly competitive. Regulation of availability, control on use and sale, and restrictions on use is carried out by competent national government (federal) authorities through their own individual pesticides safety precautions schemes, and often with due regard given to advice originating from credible international bodies such as the World Health Organization (WHO). In most scientifically and technically advanced communities the regulations and guidelines of the competent authorities now offer a considerable degree of, although not necessarily total, protection for the community. Whilst informed discussions between industry and government may be necessary and helpful, these editors believe that ultimate conclusions and decisions on clearance of pesticides should be a function of the relevant national competent authority and its independent advisory structure. It is thus important that government has available independent scientific advice from individuals of appropriate integrity.
Pesticide Toxicology and International Regulation PDF, Pesticide Toxicology and International Regulation PDF Free Download, Pesticide Toxicology and International Regulation PDF Ebook,


KONA GOLD COFFEE LIQUEUR
Visitors to the Big Island of Hawaii, largest of the Hawaiian chain, are familiar with the imposing volcano, Mauna Loa, soaring 13,680 feet above sea level. A few miles north is Mauna Kea, even loftier at 13,796 feet. The western slopes of these mountains comprise the district known as Kona, from which Hawaii’s unique Kona coffee takes its name.
Sheltered by these towering mountains and from the prevailing northeast trade winds, Kona is unusually calm, fanned by wispy off-shore breezes, rather then gusty blasts. The long flanks of the mountains drop off into the blue Pacific. It is somewhat dry at the lower levels, but turns green above the 1,200 foot elevation where the porous volcano soil along with ample water, has created lush vegetation.
This combination has given Kona a character all of its own, a languid, timeless, tropical serenity. Above the elevations where Kona starts to turn green, a magnificent coffee has been grown for more than 150 years. Hawaii is the only area in the world where the coffee is grown commercially.
Kona’s secret lies in the coffee plant’s need for protection from the wind and the sun. Continual exposure to sun produces a weak plant, easily killed by dry spells and plant diseases.
“Hot-house” elements are excellent and unparalleled anywhere else in the world. The mornings are clear and bright. At noon time the clouds form a sheltering cover over the coffee plantations protecting the delicate plants from the harsh sun. This results in absolute perfect conditions and proper requirements needed for growing coffee. Since these conditions only prevail in limited areas over the mountains, the production of this unique coffee is very limited.
These characteristics also explain why Kona Gold production is so distinctive. Like the French champagne, the great Bordeaux clarets, or Cognac, only this one area can produce the highly prized coffee that is used in making Kona Gold. Like French wines, use of the name “Kona” is restricted by law to the coffee grown in this Hawaii region which gives it the “winery” taste.


General Garden Maintenance Costs
Material Costs, Labour Fees and Time Frame Estimates for Hiring a Gardener for Your General Garden Maintenance Needs
General maintenance for your garden usually requires feeding the lawn and cutting the grass, trimming and pruning the hedges and bush, removing the weeds, blowing leaves, cleaning the driveway and the patio, as well as watering.
Costs would generally depend heavily on your address, how big or small the maintenance company is, your garden’s size, as well as the amount of work required.
You’ll notice that there is usually a stark difference between how much self-employed gardeners will charge versus those who run a much larger operation with a number of employees under them.
There will also be additional costs with larger businesses due to larger overhead. Meanwhile, one-man-band providers can afford to charge lower, enough to pay for their limited expenses and wages.
The rates that gardeners in London and other areas along the SouthEast will charge you will be generally higher compared to what gardeners in the West or North will subject you to. London has the highest living costs across the country and rates get affected as well.
Grass growth is set to peak around Autumn and Spring which means that your grass may require cutting at least once a week or once every two weeks. The need for mowing your grass generally gets reduced considerably in the wintertime.
Regular feeding is required for your lawn in order to maintain its health as well as encourage grass growth. Gardeners are expected to feed your turn two times every year to ensure the best possible results.
Formative pruning is also needed for new hedges at least two times annually. However, if you already have established hedges, then they will only require maintaining trimming at least once every year. If you have formal and rather elaborate hedges, pruning two times a year may be needed to ensure that they’re looking their best.
Also, maintenance trims are best carried out during the summer and spring months. Any professional gardener worth his salt will know when the best time is to get the hedges and bushes trimmed.
Pruning is crucial in terms of ensuring healthy flowering and growth. It’s necessary to get certain trees and shrubs pruned at the exact time for best results. There are plants that must be pruned around the wintertime, some right after they have flowered.
Weed is another thing to pay attention to when it comes to garden maintenance. Whilst the term can be subjected to generally refer to plants of invasive nature that tend to compete for growth space with grass. In the UK, dandelion, clover, buttercups, and daisies are perhaps the most common weeds to invade lawns.
Prompt removal is key to prevent the problem from becoming large scale. Efforts should start in springtime and should go on until autumn. More and more people these days aren’t too bothered with weed growth any more provided that they just get the lawn trimmed regularly and neatly.
During the drier seasons, in dry and hot periods, your plants will need to be watered. The exception being the toughest and drought-tolerant varieties. You won’t generally have to worry about watering during the wetter months, but you gardener must still take note of the rain frequency.
The drive and patio will also require cleaning as well as some weeding. Oftentimes, a pressure hose would be more than enough to get the entire place cleaned up.
If you wish for a gardener to regularly take care of your garden maintenance needs, you can draw up a contract that will specify the number of hours every year that get paid monthly or weekly between you and your gardener of choice.
Going for a fixed per month price can be more practical than paying massive bills during the summer or autumn when the majority of the gardening maintenance works get done. Most gardeners would also prefer getting a monthly payment too to make way for easier budgeting.
Just see to it that you carefully go over the terms of the contract before signing it especially if it is a long-term one.
General Garden Maintenance— Expected Costs
It’s often very difficult to determine prices for garden maintenance but it’s also common for gardeners to charge an hourly rate for their work they do. There’s a huge difference in the hourly rate between gardeners in the north to those working in London with rates starting from £15 to £50 an hour. It’s common for gardeners too to charge a 2-3 hour rate for minor jobs. Some would be happy to work on fixed rates if it is a rather big job. There are a variety of tasks included in a general garden maintenance work from lawn feeding and grass cutting, bush and hedge pruning and trimming, weed removal, leaf blowing, driveway and patio cleaning and many more.
The individual costs involved in hiring the services of a gardener to trim hedges, mow the lawn, and perform general tidying tasks around the garden could add up to 150. Of that, £15 goes for materials needed to do the job, £120 pays for the services of the tradesman, and the remaining £15 covers the waste removal cost.


Natural Products, Inc. (NPI) has its roots deep in the heartland of America — Iowa, one of the most productive agricultural areas in the world. The company can trace its heritage back over 150 years when the Lang family established itself in central Iowa.
From these humble farm beginnings, the six succeeding generations have built an enterprise that today is comprised of three separate companies with four different processing facilities and their products are marketed to all parts of the globe.
Seventy-five years of experience in value-added processing led to the formation of NPI in 1995 to process high quality food-grade soybeans. Soybeans have long been recognized as a source of high-grade vegetable protein and food manufacturers are increasingly using it in their products to increase quality and reduce costs. Today, full fat soy ingredients are in growing demand worldwide as manufacturers look for simple, innovative ingredients that enhance their products without adding cost or complexity.
A key element of NPI’s success is our ability to meet our customers specifications. More than half of NPI’s current customers have their own specific requirements for soybean variety, particle size, packaging, or blending.
Today, NPI markets its products worldwide, exporting to over 15 countries on just about every continent.


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To build a hydroponic garden, you need to follow a few simple steps.
Choosing The Right Location
Choosing the right location is vital when building a hydroponic garden. Consider factors like sunlight exposure, accessibility to water, and temperature control to ensure the success of your project.
Indoor Or Outdoor
The first consideration when choosing the right location for your hydroponic garden is whether you want to set it up indoors or outdoors. Indoor gardens offer more control over environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, and pests. They are ideal for those who have limited space or live in areas with harsh climates. On the other hand, outdoor gardens can benefit from natural sunlight and typically have more space for larger setups. Consider your available space and personal preferences when deciding between indoor or outdoor hydroponic gardening.
Availability Of Light
One of the most important factors for a successful hydroponic garden is the availability of light. Plants need light to carry out photosynthesis, so it’s crucial to choose a location that provides adequate light for their growth. If you’re setting up an indoor garden, you’ll need to invest in grow lights that mimic the intensity and spectrum of natural sunlight. Position the lights at an optimal distance from the plants to ensure they receive the right amount of light. If you’re planning on an outdoor garden, choose a location that receives ample sunlight throughout the day to support healthy plant growth.
Accessible Water Source
Another key consideration when choosing the right location for your hydroponic garden is the accessibility of a water source. Hydroponic systems require a constant supply of water to nourish the plants’ roots. Ensure that your chosen location has a convenient water source nearby. This could be a faucet, a hose, or even a rainwater collection system. Easy access to water will make it simpler for you to maintain the proper water levels in your hydroponic system and ensure the plants receive the necessary nutrients.
Selecting The Hydroponic System
When it comes to building a hydroponic garden, one of the most crucial steps is selecting the right hydroponic system. The choice of a hydroponic system significantly impacts the growth and overall success of your plants. Different systems have their own unique benefits and considerations, so it’s important to understand the options in order to make an informed decision.
The wick system is a beginner-friendly and affordable option for those new to hydroponic gardening. It operates on a passive system, drawing nutrient solution up from a reservoir into the growing medium through a wick. This system is best suited for smaller plants with low watering needs, as it may struggle to adequately deliver nutrients to larger or more demanding crops.
Water Culture System
The water culture system involves suspending the plants’ roots in a nutrient solution, with the support of a floating platform. This method ensures constant water and nutrient exposure to the roots, promoting rapid growth. However, it’s essential to regularly monitor and maintain the nutrient levels in the reservoir to prevent any imbalances that could harm the plants.
Nutrient Film Technique (nft) System
The nutrient film technique (NFT) system is a popular choice due to its efficient use of water and nutrients. It involves a continuous flow of nutrient solution through a narrow channel, providing roots with essential nutrients and oxygen. Keep in mind that this system requires a reliable power supply to maintain the flow of the nutrient solution, and regular monitoring to prevent potential blockages.
Gathering The Necessary Equipment
Before you start building your hydroponic garden, it’s essential to gather all the necessary equipment. Having the right tools and supplies will ensure the success of your garden and allow your plants to thrive. Here are four key components you’ll need when setting up your hydroponic system:
The first item on your list is the grow lights. Since hydroponic gardens are grown indoors, you’ll need artificial lighting to provide your plants with the energy they need for photosynthesis. LED grow lights are the most popular choice for indoor gardening due to their energy efficiency and ability to emit the right light spectrum for plant growth. Ensure that you choose lights with a sufficient wattage and adjustable height settings to accommodate different plant stages.
The next essential item is the growing containers. These containers will hold the plants and the nutrient solution. When selecting containers, consider the size of your plants and their root systems. It’s recommended to choose containers made of durable materials like plastic or fabric, with proper drainage holes to prevent waterlogged roots. Additionally, it’s best to have separate containers for each plant to avoid the spread of diseases or nutrient imbalances.
Unlike traditional soil-based gardening, hydroponic gardens use a growing medium to support the plants’ roots. The growing medium helps retain moisture and provides stability for the plants. Some popular options for hydroponic growing mediums include coco coir, Rockwool, perlite, and vermiculite. Consider the specific needs of your plants and choose a growing medium that promotes healthy root development and aeration.
To support proper plant growth, you’ll need a nutrient solution specifically formulated for hydroponic systems. This solution contains all the necessary macro and micronutrients that your plants require for healthy development. You can either purchase a pre-made nutrient solution or mix your own using commercial hydroponic nutrient concentrates. Be sure to follow the manufacturer’s instructions and check the solution’s pH level regularly to maintain optimal plant health.
By gathering these essential tools: grow lights, growing containers, a growing medium, and a nutrient solution, you’ll be well on your way to building a successful hydroponic garden. These components work together to provide your plants with the optimal growing conditions they need to thrive without soil. Now that you know what you need, you can start setting up your hydroponic system and enjoy the benefits of growing fresh, healthy produce right at home.
Preparing The Growing Area
Before you start setting up your hydroponic garden, it is essential to properly prepare the growing area. This step lays the foundation for a successful and flourishing garden. In this section, we will discuss three crucial steps: cleaning the area, setting up the hydroponic system, and checking for proper ventilation.
Cleaning The Area
To create an optimal environment for your hydroponic garden, you must begin by thoroughly cleaning the growing area. Remove any debris, weeds, or obstructions that could hinder the system’s operation or impact the health of your plants. Additionally, eliminate any pests or insects that may have taken residence.
Once the area is cleared, it is recommended to sanitize the space to prevent the spread of disease. This can be done by using a mild bleach solution to disinfect surfaces and equipment that will be in contact with your plants.
Setting Up The Hydroponic System
The next step in preparing the growing area is setting up your hydroponic system. This involves assembling the necessary components, such as nutrient reservoirs, grow trays, pumps, and timers. Ensure that each component is placed in the appropriate location and securely connected to avoid any leaks or malfunctions.
An essential aspect of the hydroponic system setup is determining the right lighting. Depending on the type of plants you wish to grow, you will need to select suitable grow lights. LED lights are an energy-efficient and popular choice for hydroponic gardens, providing the necessary spectrum for optimal plant growth.
Checking For Proper Ventilation
Proper ventilation is crucial for maintaining the ideal environment within your hydroponic garden. Without adequate airflow, high humidity and stagnant air can lead to disease and mold growth, negatively impacting your plants.
Ensure that your growing area has proper ventilation by setting up fans or an exhaust system. This will help to regulate temperature and humidity levels, as well as prevent the buildup of carbon dioxide and other harmful gases. Regularly check that your ventilation system is functioning correctly to avoid any issues.
By following these steps to prepare your growing area, you are setting yourself up for hydroponic gardening success. A clean and well-configured environment, combined with proper ventilation, will provide your plants with the best conditions for growth and productivity.
Planting And Maintaining The Hydroponic Garden
When it comes to hydroponic gardening, planting and maintaining your garden is a crucial aspect that requires attention to detail. Choosing the right plants, planting the seeds or seedlings, monitoring and adjusting nutrient levels, and managing pests and diseases are all essential tasks in ensuring a successful hydroponic garden.
Choosing The Right Plants
Before starting your hydroponic garden, it’s essential to select plants that thrive in a soil-less environment. Research which plants are suitable for hydroponic cultivation, considering factors such as light requirements, growth habits, and nutritional needs.
Planting The Seeds Or Seedlings
When planting in a hydroponic system, it’s crucial to handle seeds or seedlings with care to ensure their healthy development. Once planted, provide the appropriate conditions for optimal growth, including adequate lighting, temperature control, and proper nutrient delivery.
Monitoring And Adjusting Nutrient Levels
Regular monitoring of nutrient levels is vital for the health of your hydroponic garden. Use a pH meter and a TDS meter to check and adjust the nutrient solution, ensuring that the plants receive the necessary balance of nutrients for robust growth.
Managing Pests And Diseases
Preventing and addressing pest infestations and diseases is critical in maintaining a thriving hydroponic garden. Implement preventative measures, such as maintaining cleanliness and using natural pest control methods, to minimize the risk of infestation and disease.
Building a hydroponic garden is an innovative and sustainable way to grow fresh produce. By following the steps outlined in this guide, you can create your own thriving garden at home. Embracing this method can lead to a bountiful harvest and a more eco-friendly approach to gardening.
Start your hydroponic journey today!


Climate Change, Well-Being and Agriculture in Indian Cities
Like cities throughout India, Bengaluru and Pune are experiencing rapid urbanisation as populations and cities expand together. The population of metro Bengaluru is 12 million; in the Pune district it is over 5 million; putting India — with a population of 1.3 billion — on track to exceed China’s 1.4 billion imminently. In these circumstances, a mix of factors provide good reasons for India’s raised greenhouse gas emissions, making reduction and sustainability an urgent political priority, as well as a much-needed response to shifting local weather patterns resulting in rising temperatures, rains and flooding. Cities expand at the expense of vegetation cover. It need not be so. In cities across India there are active urban and peri urban agriculture — farming and gardening — networks in and around cities that can be further expanded. It is estimated that Bengaluru alone has 30,000 active urban farmers. And yet, urban and peri urban farming is not considered part of the mainstream sustainability agenda in India.
A new research project funded by the British Academy as part of its Global Challenges Research Fund Urban Infrastructures of Well-Being Programme, led by Nitya Rao at the University of East Anglia[i], is exploring what form gardening and agriculture takes in these two cities, who is involved in it, and what they understand to be its environmental and well-being benefits. In addition to backyard vegetable plots, researchers discovered that balconies, terraces, spare plots of land and community gardens of different sizes are all part of these citizen-led greening initiatives. A combination of the technology for which the cities are known, and agriculture, is discovered in and around Bengaluru and Pune, where examples of vertical farming in containers and aquaponics growing microgreens for restaurants are to be found.
These large-scale enterprises are important in food production. But some of their spin-offs are equally influential in shifting the everyday lives of local communities in greener and more sustainable directions. Composting, recycling, plant and seed exchanges, are often a part of gardening enterprises, providing solid, meaningful, material links in community building, while spreading environmental consciousness and shifting attitudes towards sustainability, one garden and neighbourhood at a time. While many of these practices are readily adopted in wealthier neighbourhoods where people have more time and space, researchers discovered low-income neighbourhoods growing flowers in pots for aesthetic reasons. These are often used in temples and religious celebrations, while medicinal herbs and vegetables are grown to support health and well-being in low-income communities. Gardening provides employment too. Social enterprises such as ‘Urban Mali’ in Bengaluru and ‘ikhiti’ in Pune retrain rural to urban migrant farmers so that they can work as gardeners and so improve their incomes and family circumstances.
Researchers discovered that urban and peri-urban gardeners and farmers are often women over 40-years-old who are responsible for domestic life and family sustenance. Many of those surveyed identified gardening’s well-being benefits, associating it with exercise and health. They noted other benefits too, such as increased environmental awareness, reduced indoor temperatures, better dietary diversity, and bonding between generations as a result of gardening routines. But a lack of time and space, especially among low-income communities, imposes its own restrictions.
The research team has also collected quantitative data mapping important land use changes accompanying urbanisation. From these maps, it is possible to model and project the growth of urban and peri-urban agriculture, the built environment and vegetation between 2030 and 2050 as urbanisation gathers momentum. This data will be vital in thinking about carbon capture and land temperature rises — heat islands — and cities’ abilities to mitigate them through urban and peri-urban agriculture. Mapping has also allowed the team to calculate the carbon footprint of different supply chains. This proves that seasonal food grown as close as possible to cities is the most sustainable option, provided sustainable energy sources are also added to the mix. This innovative project is a welcome addition to existing research on urban and peri-urban agriculture, which remains dominated by the global north and usually describes current patterns rather than project future dynamics.
Urban and peri-urban agriculture seems an obvious way to counteract some of the impacts of climate changes associated with rapid urbanisation. Farming and gardening are practical, healthy, and support individual and community well-being. The research team have also discovered something fundamental we are only just beginning to understand — what people in cities in the global south consider well-being to be and how they value connections with nature. There are compelling reasons to include urban and peri-urban agriculture in India’s climate change and sustainability agenda. Urban and peri-urban agriculture is a bottom-up initiative that supports people seeking better, healthier lives. In this, it is distinctive from the lofty targets set in international climate change gatherings that struggle to find their footing on the ground.
[i] In India the team comprises researchers from the Indian Institute for Human Settlements — Amruth Kiran, Dhananjayal Mayavel, Chadni Singh, Maitreyi Koduganti, Prathinga Poonacha, Teja Malladi, and Swarnika Sharma. Sheetal Patil is a researcher based at Azim Premji University. Ashwin Mahalingam and Parma Roy are faculty at the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT-Madras).
Caroline Knowles is Professor of Sociology at Goldsmiths University of London and Director of the British Academy’s GCRF Urban Infrastructures of Well-Being Programme. Caroline writes about migration and circulation of material objects — some of the social forces constituting globalisation. She is particularly interested in cities, having done research in London, Hong Kong, Beijing, Fuzhou, Addis Ababa, Kuwait City and Seoul. Her most recent book, Serious Money: walking plutocratic London, is published by Penguin 2022.


Well, I finally got around to installing the irrigation system into the fruit & veggie patch.
The rigid hose and some of the fittings had been given to me by my son-in-law, as he uses a bigger diameter on the farm. The hose had been used previously and I had to spend a bit of time stopping the old holes and washing out any accumulated dirt and spiders etc.
I’d learned from my previous installation, in the decorative garden beds, to be a bit choosy in selecting the actual type of water outlet to use. Sure setting up spray nozzles means you can water a whole group of plants in one go but unfortunately this also encourages the weed growth! A future project entails going around the initial installation and replacing the sprayers with drippers instead – in some areas anyway.
However, for the raised vegetable beds the sprayers are ideal. Most of the weeds have been removed and any subsequent invaders should be easily disposed of. Depending on the type of nozzle you choose, you can decide the flow rate and the direction of the spray.
The nozzles are fitted to some small diameter rigid risers which are pushed into the hose wherever you think is the best place. These risers come in various lengths and are usually most suitable for raised beds. I actually ran out of risers but, rather than popping down to the local farm supply shop, just used pieces of a flexible tube, we call it spaghetti, and, once the nozzle had been fitted, attached them to some wooden sticks. It worked a treat. These sprayers now attend to my all my herb and fruit and vegetable beds.
The spaghetti line is more commonly used for water drippers and I’ve used them on the citrus, coffee and bay trees and the dragon fruit too.
I can easily add on some more hose, etc., to this new watering system should I add some more beds, fruit hedges or trees in the future. Meanwhile I can now enjoy hassle free watering whilst sipping my morning coffee!
Here’s an old joke for you: “How come you’re only watering half your lawn?” a perplexed passerby asked me.
I replied, “I just heard there was a fifty percent chance of rain.”


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It’s the middle of summer and we’ve had a lot of rain. Rain, rain and more rain. I think if someone built an underground pipeline from the Midwest to California they would never have a drought problem again, that’s how much rain we’ve had here.
The garden is doing okay, but still not as great as I would have liked. The lettuce kind of shriveled out, and we’ve gotten very little peppers out of the garden this year. There just wasn’t enough hot weather and sunshine to match the amount of rain we had early on. As always, the weather plays an important part in how good things grow or don’t grow. The plants that do well with a lot of rain -tomatoes, okra, green beans have done really well. The root vegetables I have planted have done well too because the garden bed drains from the bottom and so far that’s been working out well.
We’ve had some dry weather the last couple of weeks but still not really a lot of full on sunshine.
Unfortunately, some critter has decided to eat them. I haven’t been able to figure out what’s getting to them – squirrels or more than likely a racoon, but it’s driving me nuts. It’s gotten two of my Heirloom tomatoes already.
I would love to have comments from any other raised bed gardeners, to see what I can improve on for next year.
Still enjoying the garden~Bam


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Maple season is a big deal throughout New York State.
In fact, the Empire State has the largest inventory of tappable maple trees in the entire U.S. (sorry Vermont). And New York is home to over 2,000 maple sugar makers in the state, which makes the tree gold big business.
Sprague’s Maple Farm in Portville is one of the largest maple farms in the state. With over 1,000 acres of maple trees and 15,000 taps at their disposal, the farm is able to provide a lot of maple syrup to eager customers across the state and the world with their online store.
Randy Sprague started the farm, nestled on the edge of the Allegheny Mountain Region, 30 years ago. A lifelong farmer, Sprague first saw the ‘maple sugarin’ process when he was a boy, working a neighboring farm.
“I saw the farmer boiling the sap, went home, got a tin can, and tapped a maple tree,” Sprague recalled.
In the last thirty years, Sprague’s Maple Farm has become an institution in Allegheny County and within the maple industry.
But much of Sprague’s crop wasn’t being used. You see, it takes between 40-50 gallons of tree sap to make a single gallon of maple sugar. In the process, 39-49 gallons of pure, clean, and crisp water are extracted, and all that remains is the maple sugar. So what does one do with ten of thousands of gallons of pure water?
Enter Adam Lazar, Founder and CEO of 2016 43North winner Asarasi.
Adam approached Randy about using his value-added crop, the water remaining from maple production, as the source for Asarasi Sparkling Tree Water. We visited Sprague’s Maple Farm to see how the water is extracted first hand.


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Next time you strike a majestic, powerful drive while the graceful fairways unfurl before you, or when you put a serenely weighted birdie across a faultless green, take a moment to remember the effort and skill it takes to keep your golf course in perfect condition.
Maintaining a golf course requires much more attention than you might think. Golf courses have often provided a graceful link between the natural and the man-made, and keeping that balance fine-tuned is a matter of some skill.
If you are an owner-operator of a golf course, you’ll know the importance of keeping the links in prime condition for your members, and you’ll be on the lookout for tips.
Here are a few.
A golf course should be seen as a place of relaxation and luxury, as well as a sporting venue. When hitting the fairways members can get away from the stresses and rigors of modern life, and for this, a standard of excellence is expected. If you are at the head of a team charged with maintaining a golf course, you’ll need a team to fulfill the strict demands that come with the territory.
At the same time, any golf course worth its salt will provide a challenge to the players, so while the course should be well maintained, so should the obstacles.
On the Green
Putting is one of the more exact sciences of golfing. Being able to properly calculate and direct a putt is a crucial part of the game. Therefore, well-maintained greens are essential when it comes to golf course maintenance. The green should always be firm, to allow for precise putting, but it shouldn’t sacrifice a challenging slope or a good speed.
Firmness is the key to a good putting green, so planting and watering should be geared towards ensuring maximum playability. The green is the showcase moment of any round of golf, so making it look great is essential.
A golf course is covered with it, so the grass is clearly a big factor when it comes to golf course maintenance. To maintain a lush, verdant course, across fairways, rough patches, and crisp greens it’s important to choose the right lawn seeds and care for them appropriately. The right grass needs its own level of care, and any groundskeeper will have to know the ins and outs of their turf.
Even during the offseason, lawn maintenance is a critical part of a great course. Depending on your local climate check the best times, and the best lengths, to trim your turf.
Wear and tear is part and parcel of golf. Sure, plenty of rookies might knock out a divot here and there, but seasoned professionals also foul the fairway. But being able to repair the hallowed turf quickly and expertly not only keeps the players on the pitch, but it also keeps a professional sheen on the whole operation.
Divots are easily spotted, but other marks and scuffs need to be quickly dealt with, to keep the professional shine expected from a top of the line golf course.
A Bit of Rough
Whilst a lot of golfers would like to avoid it, the rough is a big part of the game, and one which also requires maintenance. It should be well looked after, lush, dense and consistent. Whilst it’s not a place where many golfers want to end up, it’s a place that needs to be looking good, natural and fresh, despite its reputation.
In fact, anyone with a keen eye can see that the health of a golf course can be measured by its rough patch.
Proper watering will really make the difference when it comes to golf course maintenance. Regular watering on the fairway should leave you with good results if you are in temperate conditions, but if you are in the tropics you might want to seek specialist advice.
Watering ahead of the usual gardening schedule should provide you with the lush green lawns golfers expect, and although it may seem environmentally awkward, that verdant, lush landscape makes it all worth it.
A bunker is a part of the course where no one wants to end up. Sadly, and inevitably, it’s a place that receives its fair share of wear and tear. Crucial to maintaining well-kept bunkers is the choice of sand. Silt and clay should be kept to a minimum as they affect surface crust which hampers playability and is adversely affected by bad weather.
Make sure that rakes are available to players, as course etiquette dictates that bunkers should be left as they were found. Whether you use sand or gravel, bunker bases are available to protect the integrity of the course and make for a cost-effective solution that is hard-wearing and long-lasting.
A porous, rubberized lining means that the earth can breathe, while the bunker’s shape remains consistent.
We all know the classic vistas from the PGA tour. Any golf course operator worth his or her salt wants to emulate those classics, which means beautifully and rigorously designed holes, with perfect planning from pitch to putt, and it also means unprecedented attention to detail. Perfect grass, firmness, even perfect views across the water.
When it comes to the golf experience, we want the epic, the cinematic, the ultimate experience. And the course shouldn’t let us down.
Golf is a game that indulges our wild side, a marriage of skill and the confines of nature. Somewhere between the two lies the green grass of the fairway.
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Daisy is the Founder and Editor in Chief of Golfs Hub. She is associated with Golf for more than 20 years. She got the inspiration from her father. She is a very private person & doesn't like to be photographed. She's worked in nearly every job in the golf industry from club fitting to instruction to writing and speaking. Now she is enjoying her retirement from day job... but not from Golf! Daisy lives in southeasternmost part of New York state with her family.


Not too long ago, the main concern customers had about a fruit or vegetable was whether or not it was ripe. But over time, their questions about produce have grown increasingly sophisticated: Is this tomato local? Are these peaches organic? And grocers have been gleefully riding the wave, touting products that are free of pesticides and genetic modification.
The 21st-century customer knows more than ever about which farmers are good to the environment and good for the health of shoppers. But there’s one thing that promo ads won’t tell you: whether farmers are good to their employees.


Industry by the Numbers
The U.S.-Korea Free Trade Agreement (KORUS FTA) provides America's farmers, ranchers, food processors, and the businesses they support, with improved access to Korea's 49 million consumers. For the U.S. agricultural sector the KORUS FTA is the most economically significant trade agreement to be implemented in over 15 years. Through ongoing tariff reductions and eliminations the KORUS FTA continues to expand Korea and the United States’ robust trade in agricultural products.
- The U.S. is Korea’s top supplier of a broad variety of agricultural exports at $6.1 billion in 2015, making Korea the fifth largest export market for U.S. farm products.
- Two-thirds of U.S. farm product exports to Korea became duty free immediately upon implementation of the KORUS FTA – including wheat, corn and cotton.
- Market access for beef and pork continue to grow with most tariffs for pork products phased out on January 1, 2016, and tariffs as high as 40 percent on beef products phasing out by year 15 of the agreement.
- The U.S meat sector has already experienced an increase in demand from Korean consumers. In 2015, the United States exported $427 million in pork and $767 million in beef (U.S. Department of Agriculture).
- Korea’s agricultural exports to the U.S. in 2015 were $726 million, consisting primarily of prepared agricultural products (U.S. Department of Agriculture).
Many agricultural products are realizing expanded opportunities under the KORUS FTA.
KORUS FTA tariff reductions are delivering a competitive advantage for U.S. businesses in Korea’s $18.5 billion agriculture market.
Semiconductors and components, Aerospace products, Chemicals
Communications equipment, Motor vehicles, Motor vehicle parts
In 2015, Korea was the United States’ 6th largest trading partner, while the United States was Korea’s 2nd largest.


ABOUT GATLIN FEED INC.
Charles Gatlin began farming cattle more than 50 years ago. When he started it was more of trial and error of sorts. Some years the cattle looked healthy, some years not so much. It was the “not so much years” that caused Charles to experiment with different grains and grain mixes to supplement his livestock herds. Through personal experience and consultation with veterinary experts, Charles developed a mix of grain, grain by-products, corn and other supplements to supplement his herds. Soon he was selling his mixtures to neighbors and friends who also noticed healthier, heartier livestock.
Charles’ son Jeff purchased the mill and continues to operate it under the same standards his father did. For over 30 years Gatlin Feed has become a trusted name to farmers in south Mississippi. Using superior commodities and purchasing the ingredients themselves, Gatlin feed controls all of the raw components of each mix. Workers at the mill routinely sample ingredients to ensure accurate cleaning, mixing, and processing of each blend of livestock and wildlife product.
In addition to producing its own line of livestock and wildlife feeds, Gatlin Feed can also customize a feeding program for ranchers and farmers with special needs. Contact us today to discuss getting your farm on a superior feeding program. Because when you’re feeding Gatlin Feed, you’re feeding the best.


9 Things to Do in the Yard Before the First Frost – By Caitlin Castelaz
As summer scurries away, cooler temps and autumn leaves can’t be far behind. If you live in a region where frost accompanies the change of seasons, take note: Some outdoor projects have to be tackled before the chill sets in. Here are a handful of temperature-sensitive yard chores you should move up to the top of this month’s to-do list.
1. Bring in Container Plants
Your container plants won’t survive the colder days of fall sitting out your porch. Bring perennials indoors, but first make sure they are free of pests and diseases so you don’t endanger your houseplants. Place the perennials in a window where they’ll receive their proper allotment of light. Some plants—for instance, rosemary—go dormant in the winter and can be kept in a garage or basement until the growing season begins.
2. Clear out the Summer Vegetable Garden
Even if your summer vegetable garden has dwindled down to dried tomato stalks and withered bean vines, your backyard farming duties aren’t over yet! If left where they stand, dead garden plants can attract pests that could harm your chances of a good crop next year, so clear them out. If they’re not disease- or pest-ridden, go ahead and compost them; otherwise, toss them in the trash.
3. Plant New Trees and Shrubs
Early fall is the best time to plant a new tree or shrub. With the heat of summer long gone and winter still yet to come, the plant’s roots will have time to become established before the ground freezes. Mulch the base of the new tree with wood chips to retain moisture, and supplement fall rains with additional watering when needed.
4. Get Rid of Weeds
Herbicides can be more effective at killing certain types of weeds in autumn than in spring, so you should take advantage of that vulnerability. Treat weeds with an application of post-emergent herbicide, and consider also applying a pre-emergent herbicide, which will prevent other weeds from sprouting. By killing off weeds now before winter sets in, you’ll be laying the groundwork for a healthier, less weedy lawn and garden next spring.
5. Cover Tender Plants
Certain plants, such as azaleas, rhododendrons, and smaller evergreens, benefit from being protected from freezing conditions. Add mulch around the roots of sensitive plants to insulate them and help them retain moisture. A well-hydrated plant is in a better position to withstand cold temperatures, so water regularly, tapering off as temperatures get cooler. If necessary, some plants can be bundled in burlap or another insulating material until they go into winter dormancy.
6. Fertilize Your Lawn
It may seem strange to feed your lawn before it goes dormant for winter, but, in fact, a fall application of fertilizer can protect your lawn over the cold months and help it look healthier come spring. Choose a nitrogen-rich fertilizer designed for fall feeding, and apply a thin layer evenly to the lawn a few weeks before the ground freezes.
7. Deadhead and Collect Seeds
By now, many of your plants have probably gone to seed. As you deadhead and prune back dead growth, collect seeds from your favorite plants. Consider leaving seeds of some plants—coneflowers, for example—where they stand, as they can provide backyard birds with winter sustenance.
8. Apply Mulch
You can’t stop the cold from coming into your garden, but you can help protect your plants from exposure by applying a generous layer of wood mulch. Mulch insulates the root systems of vulnerable plants, keeping them healthy and strong, and improving the chance that your perennials will survive the winter.
9. Drain the Water Lines
If you don’t drain and switch off your sprinkler system, hoses, and outdoor faucets before freezing temperatures strike, you could cause permanent damage to them. Drain hoses and store them in the shed, garage, or basement until spring, and consider covering outdoor taps with foam pipe insulators or foam faucet covers for added protection.


Beefsteak tomatoes are one of the popular types of tomatoes grown in home gardens. They are known for their large, meaty fruits and delicious flavor. We will walk you through how to grow beefsteak tomatoes in pots. By the end, you will have all the knowledge and skills necessary to successfully grow beefsteak tomatoes in pots.
II. Understanding Beefsteak Tomatoes
1. Characteristics of Beefsteak Tomatoes
Beefsteak tomatoes have a distinct appearance, with their large and irregular shape. They are typically round or slightly flattened, with a deep red color when ripe. These tomatoes also have a thick skin and dense pulp. Beefsteak tomatoes have high sugar content and low acidity. This makes them a favorite among tomato lovers. They also have a high water content, which gives them their juicy texture.
2. Beefsteak Tomatoes Suitable for Container Gardening
Traditional gardening in a large backyard is ideal for growing beefsteak tomatoes. But you can also successfully grow them in containers. This is especially beneficial if you have limited space or live in urban areas.
When choosing a variety of beefsteak tomatoes for container gardening, it should be compact and has a short growing season. Some recommended varieties include Patio Princess, Celebrity, and Bush Early Girl. These plants tend to grow smaller but still produce abundant fruit. They are perfect for growing in pots.
3. Benefits of Growing Beefsteak Tomatoes in Pots
Planting beefsteak tomatoes in pots allows you to have fresh and delicious tomatoes even if you don't have a large backyard or garden space. In traditional gardening, soil quality and sunlight may not be easily controlled. But with container gardening, you can choose the best soil mix. Place your pots in a location that receives optimal sunlight for tomato growth.
Growing beefsteak tomatoes in containers also provides better drainage. This is crucial to prevent root rot and other plant diseases. This is especially important for beefsteak tomatoes. Because they require consistent moisture but can also easily overwatering.
In addition, growing tomatoes in pots also allows for easier pest control. You can move beefsteak tomato plants in pots indoors. Or covered with mesh netting to protect the plants from pests. For example, birds or squirrels.
Container gardening also reduces weeds and other unwanted plants competing for nutrients with your tomato plant. This allows for better growth and development of the beefsteak tomatoes.
Container gardening also offers the convenience of being able to move your plants around if needed. This can be beneficial in extreme weather conditions or if you are rearranging your outdoor space.
III. Selecting the Right Containers and Soil
1. Pot Size for Beefsteak Tomatoes
When growing beefsteak tomatoes in pots, choosing the right containers is crucial. The beefsteak tomato pot size can greatly impact the growth and yield. It is recommended to use containers 20 inches deep with a diameter of 18-24 inches. This will provide enough space for the root system to grow and support the large beefsteak tomato plants.
The material of the container is also important. Plastic nursery pots are lightweight and easy to move. But they can overheat in hot temperatures. Clay pots are porous and can help with drainage. But they can also dry out quickly. Ceramic pots are durable and can retain moisture well. But they can be heavy and more expensive.
Another important factor to consider is drainage. Make sure the containers have drainage holes at the bottom. Because waterlog can lead to root rot and other diseases. If your container does not have drainage holes, you can drill some yourself. Or use gravel at the bottom of the pot to improve drainage.
2. Recommended Soil Types and Composition
Beefsteak tomatoes are heavy feeders and require nutrient-rich soil for optimal growth. When choosing a soil type, it is important to avoid using garden soil. Because it is too heavy and may contain pests or diseases. You should choose potting soil for container gardening.
The ideal composition of the potting soil includes peat moss, perlite and vermiculite. Peat moss helps with moisture retention. Perlite improves drainage and vermiculite provides essential nutrients to the plants. You can also add a handful of compost or well-rotted manure to the potting mix to further enrich the soil.
3. Adding Organic Matter and Nutrients
Organic matter is essential for healthy tomato plants. Because it helps improve the soil structure and provides important nutrients. You can also incorporate organic matter as a top dressing for your plants.
One easy and effective way to do this is by using an organic tomato fertilizer. Look for products that are specifically formulated for tomatoes. They should contain vital nutrients. For example, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. These nutrients are crucial for plant growth, root development and fruit production.
You can also make your own organic tomato fertilizer. For example, combine equal parts of fish meal, bone meal, and kelp powder. You can easily find these ingredients at your local garden center. Simply mix the three ingredients together. Sprinkle a handful around the base of each tomato plant every 4-6 weeks.
Regularly check the pH levels of your soil. Beefsteak tomatoes thrive in slightly acidic soil with a pH 6.0-6.8. You can use a pH testing kit to determine the acidity levels. Make any necessary adjustments using agricultural lime or sulfur.
IV. How to Grow Beefsteak Tomatoes in Pots?
1. Planting Beefsteak Tomato Seeds or Seedlings in Containers
Start by filling the pot with well-draining potting mix. Avoid using soil from your garden.Because it may contain pests or diseases.
For seeds: sow them about 1/4 inch deep in the potting mix. Lightly cover with more mix. Keep the soil moist but not waterlogged.
For seedlings: carefully remove them from 1 gallon pot. Transplant them into the prepared pot. Make sure to keep the soil level consistent.
Place the 1.5 gallon pots in a sunny location. It should receive 6-8 hours of direct sunlight each day. You can use grow lights to provide adequate light if you are growing indoors.
As the seedlings grow, thin them out so that only one strong plant remains in each pot. This will prevent overcrowding and allow the plant to receive enough nutrients and water.
Water the plants regularly, making sure not to let the soil dry out completely. Tomatoes prefer consistent moisture, but overwatering can also lead to issues such as blossom end rot.
Fertilize your plants every 2-3 weeks with a balanced fertilizer, following the instructions on the packaging. This will provide necessary nutrients for healthy growth and fruit production.
2. Proper Spacing and Depth
Spacing: Depending on the variety of beefsteak tomato you are growing, the spacing requirements may vary. However, a general rule is to plant one seedling per 5 gallon container or two seedlings in a 10 gallon or larger container.
Depth: When planting your seedlings, make sure to cover the stem up to the first set of true leaves. This will encourage a strong root system to develop and help the plant grow taller.
V. Watering and Maintenance
1. Watering Schedule
Tomatoes are thirsty plants, especially during hot summer months. It is important to provide them with consistent moisture to avoid issues. For example, blossom-end rot and cracking of fruits. Keep a regular watering schedule, preferably once or twice a day depending on the weather conditions. During hotter days, it may be necessary to water more frequently.
2. Watering Techniques
When watering beefsteak tomatoes in pots, make sure to water at the base of the plant. This helps to avoid wetting the leaves. Because this can lead to fungal diseases. Using a watering can or drip irrigation system can provide targeted watering.
Another important tip is to water deeply rather than frequently. This encourages deep root growth and strengthens the plants' ability to withstand drought conditions. To check if your plants need watering, stick your finger about an inch into the soil. If it feels dry, it's time to water.
3. Fertilization Requirements
Beefsteak tomatoes are heavy feeders and require regular fertilization throughout the growing season. You can use organic fertilizers and synthetic fertilizers. Follow the manufacturer's instructions carefully.
Fertilize your potted beefsteak tomatoes every two to three weeks. Starting when the plants have established themselves and are actively growing. Avoid over-fertilizing, as this can lead to excessive foliage growth and reduced fruit production.
When fertilizing beefsteak tomato in pot, make sure to water them first and then apply the fertilizer. This will help avoid burning the plants with concentrated fertilizer. Lightly scratch the fertilizer into the top inch of soil, so it can easily reach the roots.
Consider adding some compost or organic matter to the soil before planting beefsteak tomato in container. This will help provide necessary nutrients and improve overall soil health.
4. Mulching and Staking
Mulching is another important aspect of tomato plant care. Mulch helps retain moisture in the soil, suppress weeds, and regulate soil temperature. For beefsteak tomatoes in containers, 2-3 inches of organic mulch such as straw or shredded leaves is recommended.
Staking is also crucial for supporting your plants as they grow taller and heavier with fruit. Choose a sturdy stake, such as bamboo or metal, and drive it into the soil near the base of the plant. As the plant grows, gently tie it to the stake using garden twine. This will help prevent the branches from breaking under the weight of the tomatoes.
VI. Sunlight and Temperature Requirements
1. Sunlight Needs of Beefsteak Tomatoes
Beefsteak tomatoes require plenty of direct sunlight. The plant should be exposed to the sun’s rays during its peak hours. However, too much direct sunlight can also harm the plants. For example, sunscald or leaf burn. Therefore, monitor the amount of sunlight your beefsteak tomatoes are receiving. Provide shade if necessary.
2. Managing Temperature
Tomatoes are sensitive to extreme temperatures. This can affect their growth and production. The ideal temperature is between 70°F-80°F. Move the pots to a shaded area during the hottest part of the day. Cover the plants with plastic sheets during cold weather.
VII. Dealing with Pests and Diseases
1. Common Pests and Diseases
Pests are common invaders in tomato gardens. For example, aphids, whiteflies and spider mites. These tiny creatures feed on the leaves, stems and fruits. This can cause significant damage to your beefsteak tomatoes. They can also transmit diseases that can weaken or kill your plants.
Another common pest that can cause problems for tomato growers is the tomato hornworm. These large caterpillars can quickly strip a plant of its leaves. They are challenging to spot as they blend in well with the foliage. If left unchecked, they can severely damage or even kill your beefsteak tomatoes.
Diseases such as blight, wilt, and mosaic virus can also affect beefsteak tomatoes. Various fungi, bacteria and viruses can cause these diseases. They are easily transmitted from plant to plant.
2. Organic and Natural Methods
You can attract beneficial insects to your garden. For example, ladybugs, lacewings, and hoverflies. These insects feed on pests like aphids and whiteflies.
Another natural way to control pests is through companion planting. Certain plants, such as marigolds and basil, can repel pests with their strong scents. Planting them alongside your beefsteak tomatoes can help prevent pest infestations.
For more severe pest problems, organic sprays made from essential oils are effective in controlling pests without harming beneficial insects. For example, neem oil or garlic oil. These sprays work by suffocating and repelling pests without leaving harmful residues on your plants.
As for diseases, prevention is key. Avoiding overwatering and ensuring good air circulation around your tomato plants. This can help prevent fungal diseases such as blight. Regularly sanitizing tools can reduce spreading bacterial or viral infections between plants.
3. Recognizing Signs of Common Issues
Aphids: You can find these small, soft-bodied insects clustered on the undersides of leaves. They suck sap from your tomato plants.
Whiteflies: These tiny, white-winged insects can quickly infest your tomato plants. They can cause stunted growth and yellowing leaves.
Blight: Fungal diseases such as early blight and late blight can cause browning and wilting of leaves. This leads to reduced fruit production.
Blossom End Rot: This common issue is caused by a calcium deficiency in the soil. Typically presents as dark, sunken spots on the bottom of tomatoes.
Tomato Hornworms: These large, green caterpillars can quickly devour leaves and fruit on tomato plants.
VIII. Pruning and Training Techniques
A. Importance of Pruning
Pruning involves removing certain parts of the plant to promote better airflow and light penetration. For example, suckers and lower leaves. This helps prevent diseases and encourages the plant to focus its energy on fruit production.
In beefsteak tomatoes, pruning is particularly important because they are indeterminate varieties. They will continue to grow and produce fruits until the first frost. Without proper pruning, these plants can become too bushy and crowded. This results in smaller fruits and increased chances of disease.
B. How to Prune and Train Beefsteak Tomato in Pots?
Start by removing any suckers that grow between the main stem and a side branch. Because these can compete with the main stem for nutrients and lead to reduced fruit production.
Next, remove any lower leaves that are touching the soil. Because these can easily pick up diseases and transfer them to the rest of the plant.
As the plant grows taller, use stakes or trellises to support its weight. This prevents it from toppling over. This also helps promote better air circulation and light penetration.
Continue to remove any suckers that grow in between main branches. But leave a few suckers at the top of the plant. This helps support the weight of the fruits.
As the plant grows, continue to tie it to the stake or trellis. Ensure it is not overcrowded and has enough space for foliage growth and fruit development.
C. Maintaining the Right Balance between Foliage and Fruit Development
When pruning and training your beefsteak tomato plants, it is important to maintain a balance between foliage and fruit development. Too much foliage can lead to overcrowding and reduced air circulation, while too little can result in smaller fruits and stunted growth.
To maintain this balance, regularly inspect your plants. Remove any excess foliage or suckers that may be hindering the growth of fruits. Pay attention to the overall shape of the plant. Make adjustments as needed.
Make sure to provide your plants with enough nutrients. Water to support both foliage and fruit production. A well-balanced fertilizer can help ensure that your plants have everything they need for optimal growth.
IX. Harvesting and Storage
1. Signs of Ripe Beefsteak Tomatoes Ready for Harvesting
The most obvious sign that a beefsteak tomato is ripe and ready for harvesting is its color. Ripe tomatoes will have a bright and deep red color, with no hints of green. You can gently press it to determine if your tomato is ripe. A ripe tomato will give in slightly when pressed but should not feel too soft or mushy.
2. Proper Techniques for Picking and Storing Tomatoes for Freshness
Handle them with care when picking your tomatoes. Use a sharp pair of scissors or shears to cut the stem of the tomato. Instead of pulling it off the plant. This will prevent any damage to the tomato.
Store them properly to maintain their freshness. You should store tomatoes at room temperature, away from direct sunlight or heat sources. You can also wrap each tomato individually in newspaper. Store them in a basement or pantry for later use. This will slow down the ripening process. You can enjoy your tomatoes for several weeks.
3. Recipes for Homegrown Beefsteak Tomatoes
Top sliced beefsteak tomatoes with fresh mozzarella and basil for a classic caprese salad. Grill thick slices of beefsteak tomatoes with garlic and herbs for a flavorful side dish.
Make homemade tomato sauce with your ripe tomatoes by cooking them down with onions, garlic, and herbs. Add sliced beefsteak tomatoes to sandwiches or burgers for an extra burst of freshness.
Use diced beefsteak tomatoes in homemade salsa or bruschetta for a fresh and flavorful dip. Make a classic tomato and mozzarella pizza with your homegrown beefsteak tomatoes as toppings.
After reading this guide, you now have all the necessary information to start growing beefsteak tomatoes in pots. We have covered everything from choosing the right pot and soil, to providing proper care and maintenance for your plants.


Backyard chickens are becoming more popular. The information is growing. I thought it would be helpful to have a thread to collect reference sites for those who are curious or just need advice.
Hens have been a central part of our small suburban garden for 5 years. Even though chickens are animals, not plants, raising them is still a feature of gardening. We look at the eggs as a "fruit" that can be harvested year-round. The chicken poop makes for the best compost for the garden. In addition to their regular feed, we feed the chickens lots of weeds, meaning that weeds become a crop instead of a nuisance. They love dandelions - I now have a dandelion puller - and crabgrass, and clover, and oxalis. They also love trimmings from grape vines.
Here are a few sites:
The poultry site.com
Chucks and Chooks.
The Backyard Chicken


The number one cause of hunger around the world is man-made conflict. It tears families apart, forces entire communities from their homes, destroys infrastructure and disrupts food production. It has pushed 80 million innocent civilians to the most extreme levels of hunger imaginable.
Farmers in strategic locations
Our select pick allows you not only to offset your carbon emissions but also help increase food crops in areas in need.
By providing farmers with an extra revenue source, we prevent the food chain rupture and a consequent food shortage on the market.
Feel free to give MORE.
When buying, you can choose to pay MORE than the farmer wants, in order to help.


Welcome to Vanish Farmwoods Brewery
When Jonathan Staples launched Black Hops Farm in 2014 the goal was to provide local hops to Virginia’s thriving alcohol industry. This would not only support the beverage industry but also local agriculture by promoting further hop farming. With an emphasis on hops it was a no brainer that a brewery belonged on the farm. Thus, Vanish Farmwoods Brewery was born!
What Kind of Beer Does Vanish Make?
The short answer is: many.
The long answer is: With over 20 taps we are able to offer beer styles across the board. Our menu covers beers that are Hoppy, Malty, Light, Fruity, Sour, Barrel-Aged and more! We source ingredients from our own farm and others in our local community to bring you beer that is plant to pint.
Vanish is also a place for experimentation. Our thoughtful engagement with nature – the land, the plants – enables us to create uncommon beers that show people just how interesting beer can be.


The basic digging tool for many people is square-shaped, long-handled shovel (Figures 2 and 3). This shovel would be good for general digging like spading for trees, digging large holes for supplies or digging trenches for supplies. These shovels come with plastic, metal or wood handles.
Why need Digging Tools?
Hand shovels are another type of digging tool. They have a flat surface and a blade that go into the center of the flat surface to dig up dirt. Some of these types include lawn mowers, lawn blowers and plows. These shovels can be used for general digging around your home or yard, digging large holes for flower beds and digging ditches for septic tanks.
Another type of digging tool includes a rotary composting shovel. It looks similar to a spade but instead of digging up dirt, it rotates and adds fertilizer to the soil. You will commonly find this type of tool in garden centers and in well-stocked nurseries. These computers require two hands to operate; one to hold the rotary handle and the other to turn the handle and add fertilizer to the soil. A spinning shovel would be better if you are looking for the more powerful digging action.


The Switzerland County Soil and Water Conservation District has announced that Billy Pike has been honored as the 2022 “Conservation Farmer of the Year.”
He will be honored at the Soil and Water Conservation District’s annual meeting being held this Monday, March 15th, at Olive Branch Baptist Church, 2250 Milton-Bear Branch Road approximately two miles north of the Fairview Store off of State Road 250.
Pike has always been involved in farming.
“We moved around quite a bit when we were younger,” Pike said. “Probably the place I remember most was on Lake Geneva Road, where I grew up there. Dad farmed. I can remember when we were younger we always had little chores to do each morning. One of my memories there was — when we had bottle calves when dad used to milk years ago — when we would get up before school and feed those little bottle calves.”
His childhood memories revolve around those times with the family farm.
“Dad used to milk a little,” he recalled. “We raised tobacco too, back then. Of course we don’t do that anymore. It’s been awhile since we raised any tobacco.”
Pike said that he got his own small herd of calves started in the 1980s — and his farming experience grew from there.
“I’ve cattle ever since then,” Pike said. “The farm itself now is about 190 acres. There’s about 90 acres of pasture; and there’s about 70 acres of hay ground I usually mow every year — and the balance of it is in woods.”
Pike said that the hay that his farm produces is usually used to feed his herd.
“The cattle — depending in how successful the calf crop was — usually if I hold heifers back from the next year, there can be around 80 head through the summer, if everything goes right. Sometimes the calving season varies. It depends on if you hold some back from the prior year, so it just sort of varies.”
Pike says that his tillable acres are reserved for hay production, and he noted that he also does some construction and carpentry work on the side when time allows.
Pike has used the services of the Soil and Water Conservation District in the past, along with other programs provided through USDA.
“I went through a little program where you can plant some seed to help preserve the ground. It was actually like a hay,” he said of the SWCD staff. “They were very helpful down there. They’re very knowledgeable — Katie and those in her office. They’re very helpful.”
It’s quite an honor to be given this award, but Pike remains his true, modest self.
“It’s an honor,” he said. “There’s a lot of people and a lot of good farmers in the community. To be chosen — I was thankful.”
He and Tanya have their family close by, with daughter Amanda and her husband, Matt and children Ramsey and Locklan; and daughter Sydney and her husband T.J. and children Maverick and Bexlee; and son Will all living nearby.
They also pitch in when needed around the farm.
“Tanya, she helps rake hay a lot,” Billy said. “If I need a hay raker, she’s always willing to help. I’ve had T.J. and Matt both help me pulling a calf in the past. If I ever need help pulling a calf and they are available, they never hesitate to help. It’s really nice to have everyone nearby.”
He’s honored to receive the award next Wednesday, but being in front of large crowds isn’t something Pike enjoys very much.
“To me, farmers in general aren’t around a lot of people,” he said. “I’m kind of the same way. When you’re working a lot, you’re by yourself. I think that makes you a different type of person. Some people like to be around other people and some people don’t. I don’t really mind — I guess I’m just not used to it. But it’s a big honor and I’m grateful to be recognized.”