Chives (Allium schoenoprasum) are an herb that belongs to the Allium genus, which includes garlic, onions, and leeks. Due to its mild onion flavor, this aromatic plant has been used for centuries as a culinary herb and an excellent source of vitamins and minerals.
Chives are tasty and nutritious and can also be used for pest control. Studies have been conducted to determine whether or not chives contain compounds that repel certain types of pests; the results may surprise you!
In this article, we will discuss the following:
- How chives can deter pests
- What types of pests can be repelled with them
- How to use them effectively in your garden
Chives (Allium schoenoprasum) are a perennial herb in the Allium family, closely related to garlic, onions, and leeks. They are native to parts of Europe and Asia but have been naturalized in North America for centuries.
Their long, thin stems grow up to 18 inches in length and feature grass-like foliage that produces attractive lavender flowers. Both the leaves and flowers are edible and often used as culinary garnishes or as a flavorful addition to salads and other dishes.
Chives contain sulfur compounds that emit a pungent smell when their leaves are crushed. This can help scare off certain pests like beetles who avoid the scent of Moluccan chive plants due to their sensitivity to the smell.
Additionally, chive extracts have been studied for their anti-fungal properties, suggesting that they may be effective at deterring some types of fungi on plants.
Furthermore, growing chives around vegetable plants may help attract beneficial insects like bees, which pollinate food crops while further fending off unwanted pests from invading gardens.
Chives as a Natural Pest Repellent
Chives are a natural pest repellent and have been proven effective at deterring certain pests from your garden. As a garden herb, chives can help keep away insects such as beetles, slugs, aphids, and caterpillars.
This makes chives an excellent natural and organic way to protect your garden from unwanted pests.
This article will explore the benefits and drawbacks of using chives as a pest repellent.
How Chives Deter Pests
Chives are a perennial herb that can be used both in the kitchen and in the garden. Not only are they deliciously oniony, but chives have long been a popular companion plant due to their natural pest-repellent qualities.
Many home gardeners use chives as part of an organic pest control strategy, as the herb’s pungent odor is known to keep away a wide variety of insects and other pests.
So how do chives deter pests? Allium schoenoprasum – commonly known as chives – produces vital sulfurous compounds that repel pests such as aphids, beetles, carrot leaf miners, slugs, and other annoying visitors.
While this pungent smell helps to keep unwanted bugs from the garden, it has little impact on beneficial species such as ladybugs and bees.
Additionally, companion herbs like thyme or oregano can help to act further as insect repellents when planted near other flowering plants, where they can spread their scents even more effectively.
Chives also offer some additional advantages:
- Their thick clumps of grass-like foliage add texture to your flower beds.
- Their hollowed stems make them ideal for harvesting seedling onions.
- Their pretty purple blooms offer nectar for bees and butterflies.
- Finally, because they increase without too much care or maintenance, they’re perfect for busy gardeners who don’t have time to fuss over every plant in their garden!
Benefits of Chives as a Pest Repellent
Chives, or Allium schoenoprasum, are widely used by gardeners as a fertilizer and natural pest repellent. Chives contain the natural composting agent allicin, which is responsible for their garlic-like smell.
When chives are crushed, the allicin is released, creating an odor that repels garden pests.
Additionally, chives have been known to help add nutrients to the soil and break down organic matter into more simple forms of nutrition for access by other plants in the garden.
Regarding pest control, chives are especially effective at deterring aphids, leafminers, and ants. Other insects, such as slugs, caterpillars, and beetles, may also be affected. Since chives tend to bloom in late summer or early fall, so they are an excellent deterrent against last-minute pest attacks before winter.
Additionally, many other higher plantings (such as grapevines) can benefit from the presence of chives: placing cuttings near higher growths tends to create an effective barrier against pests or larger animals attempting to feast on vines or other vegetable crops.
Using chives in your garden can help keep pests away and aid your plants’ health! If you think your garden could benefit from an all-natural solution to pest control problems, consider researching how natural ingredients such as chives can enhance your gardening experience!
How to Use Chives as a Pest Repellent
Using chives to repel pests naturally can be an effective and ecologically friendly method of keeping unwanted critters away from your home and garden. Chives are not only a tasty herb that can be used in cooking, but they can also provide a natural pest repellent that works on various creatures.
Let’s explore the ways that chives can be used to deter pests from your property:
Choosing the Right Chives
Chives are a crucial pest deterrent and come in several varieties, all of which help to keep unwanted insects away. When selecting chives for your garden, you should consider the following:
- Garlic chives (Allium Tuberosum): the flavor is slightly milder than the more common onion chives and is described as having a subtle garlic taste. Garlic chives have flat leaves that are wider than onion chives, and they have white flowers. Garlic chives are known to deter aphids, Japanese beetles, and slugs.
- Onion or common chives (Allium Schoenoprasum): this variety is the most popular among home gardeners; it has a mild onion flavor and purple flowers that bloom in late spring or early summer. Onion or Common Chive plants have round leaves and tend to spread quickly when planted in ideal conditions. Common Chive plants can repel many pests, including aphids, carrot weevils, leaf miners, caterpillars, beet armyworms, potato bugs, snails, slugs, and Mexican bean beetles.
- Giant Siberian Chive (Allium Ledebourianum): As its name implies, this plant can grow quite large with leaves up to 8 inches long, creating an attractive layer of foliage in the garden setting. The Giant Siberian Chive produces a mild garlic flavor similar to Garlic Chives but with larger blooms that range from white to pinkish purple that will attract pollinators like bees and butterflies! These make intelligent choices for plantings along perimeters that need additional protection against unwanted guests like grasshoppers, aphids, or crickets.
Chives are one of the most valuable plants for controlling garden pests because they repel insects and larger animals. Planting chives around the perimeter of your garden or near other choice plants can help protect them from pest damage.
To begin, choose an area with full sun and well-drained soil. Add some compost to the soil to make it exceedingly indulgent for your growing chives.
Plant the chive bulbs 4-5 inches apart, with each bulb about 2 inches deep in the soil. After planting, water regularly to keep the soil moist. When you harvest chives seasonally, be sure not to take more than a third of the plant’s height, as this can weaken it significantly.
Once your chives reach a mature size and begin flowering, cut off spent blooms whenever possible to encourage more flowers. Chive flowers are edible, too – as well as being beautiful in salads or desserts!
The long leaves of established plants can also be harvested and used like scallions in salads or any dish needing an onion flavoring; snip off what you need from the bunch when harvesting.
When growing chives for pest control purposes, it is essential to know that their repellent qualities will diminish if undisturbed areas of land exist nearby where these pests may move around without obstacles, such as fences or borders offering resistance or protection from predators or weather conditions such as direct sunlight, rain and so forth.
The best way to ensure strong repellency is by planting them in dense amounts near anything that needs protection – like vegetable patches! Additionally, adding other plants known to repel pests (such as marigolds) will help further reduce unwanted visitors your garden might experience.
Other Uses for Chives
Chives not only act as a natural pest repellent, but they can be used in various ways. Here are some additional benefits of adding chives to your garden or kitchen:
- Culinary Uses: Chives are one of the most popular and versatile herbs in cooking. Chive flowers and leaves can be used fresh or cooked to add flavor to salads, soups, and pasta dishes.
- Aesthetic Benefits: Since chives come in purple and green varieties, they provide an attractive contrast against other plants in the garden and can also be used as edging plants or ground cover. They also fill out a container planting nicely with their soft textured foliage.
- Medicinal Uses: The active ingredient allicin makes this herb a potent anti-inflammatory and natural antibiotic that helps fight bacteria, fungi, bladder infections, colds, bronchitis, shingles virus, as well as worms like pinworms and roundworms if ingested regularly. Chive extracts have also been used to treat skin wounds infected with MRSA (Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus).
- Can Chives And Oregano Be Planted Together?
- Can Chives And Parsley Be Planted Together?
- Can Chives And Rosemary Be Planted Together?
Overall, chives are a viable option for deterring pests from gardens, as many species of pests reportedly do not like the smell or taste of garlic or onion, which are present in chives.
Since there are no reported adverse side effects of using chives, and they are relatively easy to propagate, they may serve as an effective pest control method.
Other herbs and plants can also help repel or distract certain garden pests while encouraging beneficial species, making them another viable option to consider alongside chives.
By providing an inhospitable environment for pest species and beneficial habitats for beneficial predators, gardeners may enjoy healthier harvests and an improved garden environment.


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By Udayan Joshi, Director of Solution Architecture, Global Social Innovation Business, Hitachi America, Ltd.; and M. Terry Coffey, Ph.D., Industry Expert; and Brad Howard, Ph.D., Industry Expert
Today, advances in agronomy combined with smart agriculture technology have improved crop yields and sustainability. Enhancements in animal husbandry technology, improved breeding, nutrition and disease management help ensure optimal growth and performance of livestock. In spite of these innovations, the agricultural industry still faces significant challenges in producing enough food and getting it safely to market. These include changing weather patterns, water shortages, urbanization, population growth, complex environmental regulations, and dwindling available agricultural land, among others. In addition, food waste is a significant drain on the global food supply. Food insecurity is still a worldwide problem, with 821 million people malnourished 1 and approximately one third of the food that’s produced being wasted.2 With the world’s population expected to grow to 9.6 billion by 2050, according to United Nations estimates,3 food security and malnourishment challenges could worsen. To feed this growing population, the agricultural industry will have to produce 70% more food than it’s currently producing4 and will need to deliver it more efficiently and safely to the end consumer. There is also an increasing focus on animal well-being, which can be improved by effectively tracking and monitoring animal behaviour, feed intake and early signs of illness or discomfort. The industry needs a holistic approach that can increase productivity while improving environmental impact, sustainability and efficient utilization of resources.
To succeed, the industry must make improvements at every point of the value chain — from production and harvest to transportation, distribution and storage — to optimize output and reduce waste. In addition to improvements across the individual functions of the value chain, digital technology enables enhanced integration across these silos of innovation. Digital technologies and the internet of things (IoT) are driving a transformation through smart agriculture solutions that help farmers do more with less. For example, sensors and other IoT-enabled devices gather volumes of critical data in real time. These devices include video solutions that gather data for animal monitoring, drones and robots that assess crop quality and growth, and more. New technologies are also being developed to enhance and automate processes traditionally performed by people, especially in food processing, where it is essential to prepare food products safely for storage and distribution to market. With IoT devices and agriculture automation, immense amounts of data can be collected quickly and accurately. The rapid analysis of this real-time data can then be used to make decisions faster, and to guide precise adjustments to operational processes. Additionally, data analytics can lead to the discovery of patterns and longer-term opportunities for fundamental optimization of these operational processes. When farmers have accessible, complete and accurate real-time data and analytics-driven insights, they can make informed decisions quickly on a broad level to drive improved outcomes in food production across every aspect of the agriculture ecosystem.
The opportunity to address the increasing demand for sustainable food production lies in integrating the silos of innovation across the agriculture value chain. The individual links in this chain include crop management, animal life cycle management, logistics and supply chain, processing facilities, environmental management, sustainability and more. At Hitachi, we call this the Internet of Living Things, an integrated ecosystem that uses digital technologies to implement smart farming systems reducing the overall cost of producing and delivering food to consumers while improving environmental sustainability and animal and worker well-being. Some smart farms now track and monitor livestock across geographically distributed operations using drones and sensors in combination with radio-frequency identification (RFID) tagging, Lidar and video cameras to keep track of the growth and health of the animals. That information could be integrated with other data, such as weather forecasts, feed and water consumption, and environmental conditions like temperature and humidity in the barns, to optimize animal health and growth. By integrating these systems, farms can ensure animal health, for example, by adjusting the operating parameters for equipment such as fans and ventilation controls.
A farm could also integrate and analyze data from weather predictions, animal growth and eating patterns to deliver predictive guidance for selecting the appropriate feed recipes. This can ensure that the farm is meeting the nutritional needs of its animals while at the same time reducing waste and improving efficiency. This approach would optimize resource utilization, environmental impact, waste management and supply chain efficiency. Over time, these analytics can drive cost-effective commodity procurement processes and improvements across the entire supply chain. The benefits of the connected value chain include better planning, scheduling and capacity management. In the U.S., farmers are less than 1% of the country’s population, and the agricultural industry is experiencing ongoing labor shortages.5 Technology will help fill that gap. Artificial intelligence and machine learning are providing increasingly sophisticated analytics that supports faster and better-informed decision-making. The Internet of Living Things helps farmers solve challenges such as:
At Hitachi, we work with our agriculture customers, blending solutions from our own portfolio and the broader technology ecosystem to drive the Internet of Living Things. As a trusted advisor to our customers and governments around the world, we anchor an ecosystem of innovative partners across the value chain to create and connect the technologies that improve food security and environmental sustainability. Through the Internet of Living Things, we can bring these solutions together in an integrated ecosystem that creates interconnected, sustainable, efficient and profitable agriculture systems. Smart agriculture is more than just farms or animals or food processing facilities. This is an initiative Hitachi is driving in support of our commitment to powering good in the world.
Across the globe, Hitachi is developing solutions and working with companies to use digital technologies in the agricultural industry to address the challenges of individual farms in a way that will benefit all of society. Here are a couple of examples. Meat & Livestock Australia. Australia is a leading exporter of beef, sheep, lamb and goat meat. Factors that impact one participant in Australia’s agriculture sector, such as severe weather or current market prices, can easily impact all participants. Hitachi is helping Australia’s meat industry transform its value chain through an integrated IoT digital strategy based on data-driven, cross-industry decisions.6 Our solution captures data at the micro level that can be rolled up to the macro level to create an integrated view of the industry as a whole and drive best practices that benefit every farmer through greater efficiency, productivity and quality. Maple Leaf Foods. Canada’s largest provider of prepared meats and poultry is Maple Leaf Foods. As the first major carbon-neutral food company in the world,7 Maple Leaf Foods is committed to both environmental sustainability and to creating efficient operations that maximize food production. Hitachi is helping Maple Leaf Foods meet these goals with myriad integrated digital technologies that deliver crucial insights for driving the best decision-making regarding every aspect of operations. Farming is a complex landscape with many stakeholders. Though there are exciting new possibilities for integrating digital technology into agriculture that will benefit both the individual farm and society, it will require careful planning. At Hitachi, we focus on co-creating best-of-breed solutions with our customers that meet their needs and those of everyone on the planet. In this way, we can help the agricultural industry achieve its goal of driving food security through supply chain integration ― and help put enough nourishing food on everyone’s table. If you are interested in learning more or starting a conversation about the Internet of Living Things, please visit the Social Innovation Business website. We look forward to connecting with you and discovering how Hitachi can help you.
Director of Solution Architecture, Global Social Innovation Business, Hitachi America, Ltd.
Udayan’s expertise is in applying digital technology capabilities to architect solutions that fulfill business requirements while delivering a positive social impact. Udayan’s role as a digital solutions architect covers application of a wide range of technology areas including: IoT, Industrial IoT, Data Science, Block Chain and Video Analytics, across a wide range of application domains such as manufacturing, agriculture, transportation & mobility, telecommunications, automation and smart spaces.


An expert group has nominated Black Soldier Fly (BSF) derived single cell protein and protein from bacteria sources as two products showing potential as new feeds for pigs and poultry. The framing and academia representatives participated in this group which is run under EIP-AGRI. The representatives were charged with generating an alternative sources and strategies for feeds for poultry and feeds, including both underused and new ones.
According to Lars Henrik Heckmann, the head of section, insect and protein technology at Danish Technological Institute, in terms of the algae, the group has not highlighted a species but have narrowed down to microalgae from accessing both micro and macro algae. Meanwhile, in relation to the insects, the group was very specific about species.
The feed ingredient that has been focused by the group have various advantages and disadvantages, which depends on the development stage. The proposal by focus groups on feed is likely to be taken to the operational groups that are operated regionally across Europe and funded by the Rural Development Program. Meanwhile, in terms of the production of these new feed components, there is a need to close the knowledge gap between academia and industry groups in order to ensure progress.
The lack of data on the nutritional requirement of Black Soldier Fly was described as one of the research gaps by some of the stakeholders. There is no nutritional norm for BSF, as there are for poultry and pigs. Hence, it is important to know what micronutrients, and amino acid requirements are of the Black Soldier fly. Moreover, according to some stakeholders, reliable tools to provide quick identification of the nutrient value of the new feedstuffs is also needed. Both the groups in the context of identifying and predicting the nutritional value of the feed sample mentioned NIR technology that uses near infra-red light.
The group also found it necessary to conduct research to get an idea on the optimum inclusion level of the novel products in poultry and pig feeds and to qualify gamut of the nutritional effects provided by new feeds. Pricing is considered as an important part in the feed innovation. Thus feed materials with a high level of micronutrients or various health benefits are being priced at a higher level as compared to the feed materials rich in protein. However, the starting paper by EIP-AGRI highlighted that the feed material with high or moderate protein will have to be priced at the level of fishmeal or soybean meal price in order to gain a competitive advantage in the market.
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Growing awareness among livestock business is driving the demand for animal feed micronutrients. Feed micronutrients are also being used on a large scale to ensure optimal growth of the animal and to obtain high quality products. In recent years, animal feed micronutrients market has witnessed increasing demand in aquaculture practices owing to the increasing global consumption of fish and seafood. The animal feed micronutrient market is projected to provide incremental opportunity of US$ 477 million by the end of 2026. Increasing initiatives by organizations in improving livestock farming and high production of the animal feed compound in Europe is driving the growth of animal feed micronutrients in the region. Moreover, ongoing research on the new feed micronutrients in the region is also contributing significantly to the growth of the animal feed production in Europe.


Welcome, Saturday , Mar , 02 , 2024 | 20:15 IST
Increasing fragmented holdings by farmers across India provide only a limited space for technology usage. In light of this, the advantage of using a power tiller compared to a tractor are many. A major reason behind the problems faced by the Indian agriculture sector like low yields and unscientific farming is the small and fragmented landholdings which makes use of technology expensive and not very beneficial for small and marginal farmers. CSIR-CMERI developed electrical motor operated e-Power Tiller has been designed for the purpose of performing ploughing and rotavating applications. Power tillers are primarily used for rotary, puddler, leveller, trailer, plow disc, cultivation, sowing, weeding and tillage etc. A power tiller is a two wheeled agriculture implement fitted with rotary tillers which gives a smooth resistance to farm activities. It is very popular among small and marginal farmers and is best replacement of traditional use of animals for performing farming activities. The availability of the power tiller in Indian Market is in the range of 6.6-9 kW capacity, which supports about 480 kg of weight on two drive wheels.


Our family is excited to offer the tastiest of Organic Delights; home-grown apricots, apricot-based preserves and a variety of preservative-free dried fruits.
Unlike the supermarket product, our fresh organic apricots are ripened on the tree, building up the sugars and flavours that make them taste as apricots should.
This fruit also goes into our range of apricot-based preserves; classic apricot jam, delicious dessert sauce, sweet chutney and spicy kasundi.
Very ripe fruit is put to good use, dried in the sun without preservatives creating healthy treats that are also suitable for sulphite-sensitive kids and allergy sufferers.
We also dry other fruits, sourced from orchards in northern Victoria that share the organic food ethos and each with their own unique flavours.
Where to buy
Foremost, come to the Organic Delights stall at a farmersí market around Melbourne where you can also taste test our full range of fresh apricots, dried fruit and apricot preserves.
Our fresh apricots are available in December and January through various organic green grocers across Victoria - ask for us by name.
And finally, selected dried fruit and apricot preserves can be purchased through online and shop outlets.
Our farm is located in the Goulburn Valley near Shepparton, Victoria. Aside from the apricot orchard and fruit drying, we also raise beef cattle and grow timber trees. Our four kids are too young to help around the farm yet, but they are only to happy to consume any apricot they can get their hands on. We hope that you delight in the flavours of our fruit products as we do.
Business name: RS & TL Bowman t/a Organic Delights
ABN: 21 609 336 756
Address: 417 Starritt Road TATURA 3616 VIC
Phone: 04 0705 8829
Web address: www.organicdelights.com.au
apricots - dried fruit - preserves


From delivery drones to self-driving cars and chatbots, technology may be rapidly transforming the way the world shops, works and interacts. But in Africa, digitalisation is on the cusp of sparking a far more important revolution.
Across a continent where 80% of food is produced by smallholder farmers, digital technologies and innovations are a game changer in transforming African agriculture.
Digital services that provide targeted advice, including weather information on mobile phones or link farmers to markets, are helping smallholders feed a growing population in the face of a changing climate while also attracting more young entrepreneurs to agriculture.
A new report, which surveyed the market in Africa for the first time, found more than 33 million smallholder farmers were already registered with agricultural-related digital tools and services.
And with annual growth of around 45% since 2012, digitalisation for agriculture (D4Ag) in Africa will likely reach all farmers on the continent by 2030 as more farmers adopt technology such as blockchain, artificial intelligence, drones and the Internet of Things.
Yet, digitalisation in African agriculture is still in its nascent, competitive stages.
As revealed in The Digitalisation of African Agriculture Report, a large number of players make up this young market, with at least 390 distinct digital ventures in operation across sub-Saharan Africa. Of this, only 15 companies have reached a million users or more, with the majority finding the most success in bundling multiple services together.
Moreover, investment in digitalisation for agriculture to date has been isolated, scattered and piecemeal, with efforts to scale-up being unnecessarily duplicated, causing inefficiencies and hampering large-scale, long-term growth.
There is enormous potential for digitalisation to help achieve food security, nutrition and resilience to climate change in Africa.
Initial figures suggest that farmers can increase their yields by up to 70% with support from digital tools that provide agronomic advice while others have seen their incomes improve by 20 to 40% by better linking them to markets to sell their produce or buy agricultural inputs.
But this potential will not be fulfilled by chance. At such a defining moment for this burgeoning market, we will only realise the true benefit of digitalisation in African agriculture with strong, coordinated leadership.
This is why there is a need for those of us working for Africa’s development to collaborate and support the sector as it grows, and set the long-term agenda for the imminent digital transformation.
Digitalisation for agriculture in Africa needs an alliance of governments, donors, farmers, agribusiness and international bodies partnering with big tech to support organisations on the ground that are well positioned to design products that directly serve the needs of farmers.
This would provide a set of best practices to help the broader sector understand what works and what does not, becoming the “go-to-place” for expertise across the continent. This would include gathering evidence of their impact to help direct investment priorities.
It would also support the shared goal of increasing awareness of digitalisation for agriculture and digital literacy among smallholder farmers to increase the pace of uptake and adoption of these solutions.
And, finally, it would also tackle industry-wide issues and risks associated with the rise of proprietary technology.
From trust and privacy to accessibility, a collaborative approach from all interested parties would not only protect users and ensure fairness and transparency, but ensure that technology is a force for good in Africa.
They say data is the new oil, which may be true in some parts of the world. But in Africa, we must work hard to ensure that data is the cleaner fuel for a more sustainable transformation, keeping the continent on track to meet its food and nutrition demands in this century and beyond.
All the indicators point to a market that is ripe for investment now. And as long as we learn from the past, manage risks and take into account data sovereignty, inclusivity, sustainability, then we can all benefit.
Michael Hailu is the Director of the Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation (CTA). CTA is at the forefront of the fight against poverty and for sustainable food security in the African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States.


|Description | Overview |
History | Types of
coconut | Coconut producing
countries | Indian coconut market |
Major trading centers
Coconut is the large hard fruit of the coconut palm tree, brown in
color, which has husk like fiber surrounding a large seed. The
fruit is known by the name of Cocos nucifera botanically. Unlike
the name suggests, coconut is actually a fibrous drupe and not a
nut. The inner seed has coconut meat inside it that is consumed as
an important ingredient in various cuisines of the world. The
fluid in the seed is drunk throughout the world as it is
considered to be a healthy drink. As a matter of fact, coconut is
the largest seed known.
The coconut palm tree belongs to the palm family of Arecaceae
and is the only tree under the genus Cocos. The tree grows to a
height of around 30 meters and has feather shaped leaves. The
coconut palm is multipurpose tree like many other palm trees as
every part of the tree is used in vast number of products.
Coconut is the one of the fruits that has a high economic value.
This is because of the fact that the fruit as well as the tree,
both have a numerous uses. Several other products are derived from
the coconut palm and they too are used in many applications. Copra
is used to extract coconut oil and coconut meal in the ratio 3:2.
The products like hair oils, soaps, shampoos and medicines require
coconut oil as an important ingredient. Also the fruit is quite
popular in a vast number of cuisines. It is so much attached to
the emotions of the people in the Southeast Asia that it forms a
part of the mythology and culture in here and is also considered
auspicious in various ceremonies. That is the reason that coconut
tree is ranked among one of the 10 most useful trees of the world
and is often termed as the “tree of life”.
The world production of coconut currently is around 55
million tons, Indonesia having the highest production figures
accounting up to around 30% in world figures. The nut is
cultivated on around 26 million acres of land throughout the world
in more than 90 countries of the world. The production of coconuts
has increased significantly during the last decade with the
increase in the world demand. The world consumption figure in
context of coconut oil is around 3.8 million tons.
World trade in coconut complex is limited as
most of the produce is consumed at the place of its production.
The countries that have demand supply mismatch usually indulge in
the trade of the fruit. The exports of coconuts fluctuates
depending upon these factors and hovers around 1800000 tons per
year. The major exporters of coconut complex to the rest of the
Coconut has a long and varied history due
to a fact that coconuts can float on water. This
fact helped these fruits to disperse easily and
spread throughout the world. The exact origin of
coconut is subject to controversy, as some
historians believe that the coconut palm came
into existence in regions of Southeast Asia and
some believe that it originated in the southern
American region. The oldest fossils of coconut
had been recovered from Indian states of
Rajasthan and Maharashtra and some other fossils
from New Zealand dating back to around 15
million years ago. With the help of oceans and
humans who knew their value early on, like the
Polynesians who are considered to have played a
great role in human dispersion of the fruit,
coconut got spread in the tropical regions of
the world. The seeds of the fruit are able to
germinate even after being in water for 3 to 4
months and that was the reason that it got
spread much before it was domesticated.
Coconut became popular throughout the world and at some
areas it was the only source of food and water.
In Southeast Asia, it became a part of life and
culture and also gained significance in their
mythology. Indian writings as old as more than
2000 years include information about coconut.
With time, more and more uses of coconut palm
and their fruits were developed. In the end, the
coconut was brought to the western African and
the Caribbean region by the European intruders
in the 16th century.
Coconut palm is a tropical plantation that
requires hot and humid climate to prosper. It is
very good tolerant of salinity in the water and
soil and that is why it is generally found in
the coastal areas. The soil type that is
appropriate for the production of the coconut
palm is the sandy soil type. Also, consistent
rainfall and ample sunlight are also the key
factors for the effective growth of the coconut
palm. The creation of plantation is considered
to be difficult to establish and the propagation
of the trees is done with the help of its seeds.
The palm takes a long time to get mature i.e.
the flowers of the tree may appear within two to
seven years of the germination.
After 8 years, the tree starts to produce the fruits
and it is harvested according to the purpose for
which it is has to be used. If the nut is needed
for its water, it is allowed to ripen for just 5
to 6 months and then it is harvested. If copra
is required from the coconut, 8 to 10 months old
fruits are harvested. For the dry copra, the
coconut is allowed to ripen fully for 10-12
months and then harvested. The fruits are
harvested in bunches manually by the tree
climbers. Also the mature fruits that fall off
from the trees are also gathered.
Coconut fruit is categorized into two basic
categories according to their palms trees
Tall variety – Tall
variety of coconut is a slow growing variety.
The tree produces the fruit 6 to 10 years after
plantation, which is comparatively late as
compared to the other variety. The tree remains
productive even at the age of 80 to 120 years
and produces good quality of copra, oil and
other products. The fruits of the palm get
mature in 12 months duration.
Dwarf variety - The fruits
from the dwarf or short variety of trees are
fast growing variety i.e. the tree starts to
produce fruits in 4 to 5 years. This coconut
palm has a relatively short productive age. The
fruit may be of variable colors such as yellow,
red, green and orange.
Coconut is a popular plantation and is grown in
more than 90 countries of the world. Though, it is
quite hard to establish a coconut plantation but
once it is done, it proves to be quite beneficial
as the coconuts are harvested throughout the year.
The world production of coconut sums up to around
55 million tons annually. Indonesia and
Philippines are the major countries that produce
the maximum coconut fruits in the world. The
leading producers of the crop in the year 2005
with their production figures are mentioned in the
- Indonesia (16300000 metric tons)
- Philippines (14500000 metric tons)
- India (9500000 metric tons)
- Brazil (3033830 metric tons)
- Sri Lanka (1950000 metric tons)
- Thailand (1500000 metric tons)
- Mexico (959000 metric tons)
- Vietnam (940000 metric tons)
- Malaysia (710000 metric tons)
- Papua New Guinea (650000 metric tons)
The top most two countries
are serious competitors for the first position in
the list. But since last few years the production
in Philippines is decreasing gradually. The area
covered under the cultivation of coconut in the
world is around 26 million acres. The overall
production rate is in up trend since the last
decade as the production has risen around 25%. The
production level in context of coconut oil hovers
around 3.5 million tons per year and in context of
coconut oil cake is around 2 million tons.
coconut in India
Coconut has been a part of
the Indian culture and has been produced in India
since a very long time. Currently India stands
third in the list of the maximum coconut producing
countries of the world. The coconut produce in
India was. 14811.1 million
nuts in the year 2006. The area under the
plantation cultivation sums up to around 1.78
million hectares in the country. The states in
India that are indulging in the production of this
fruit with their annual average production figures
Kerala (6326 million
Tamil Nadu (4867.1
Karnataka (1209.8 million
Andhra Pradesh (892
West Bengal (323.5
Orissa (274.6 million
Assam (204.9 million
Kerala is the largest
producer of coconuts in India contributing to
around 45% share in the country’s produce.
Coconut oil is obtained from the copra with 65 to
70% recovery rate. Regarding the area covered
under the production of coconut, Kerala again
stands first among the other major states
indulging in the production.
Coconut has the Indian link since a long time in
history. The southern part of the country literally
thrives on coconut, it being a staple food there. It
also forms part of the Indian culture and also has
importance in numerous old rituals. India had been a
competent producer of coconuts in the world and
currently places on 3rd rank in the list of the major
coconut producers of the world. India produces 95
lakhs of coconut annually, Kerala being the largest
producing state. In the context of coconut
productivity, Maharashtra leaves all its competitors
behind with a rate of 914548 nuts per hectare.
The consumption of coconut is dominated by the food
sector and a significant part is also utilized in
obtaining coconut oil. The oil is further used in
industrial applications like hair oils, soaps,
shampoos etc. this demand in the country is much
higher than the current production which turns one of
the major coconut producing country into a net coconut
importer country. India imports the coconut in oil
form annually at over 150000 tons. The country also
exports small quantities of coconuts but it depends
upon the domestic yield.
Market Influencing Factors
Pests and diseases
fluctuations especially in the major producing
Supply and demand scenario of
Flow of information among the
trading centers of coconut
The major markets of coconut in the world are
- Sri Lanka
The future contracts of the
commodity are not traded anywhere outside India.
The major trading center of coconut in India is Kochi.
Coconut complex is traded in the Indian commodity
exchanges namely National Multi Commodity
Exchange of India ltd and Multi Commodity
Exchange of India ltd.


At Harvest-TEK we believe in the healing properties of hemp in modern medicine & realize the sustainability of hemp when used to manufacture common items we use day-to-day. All the while helping the revitalization of our precious farmlands as well as supporting our farmers & preserving their way of life.
Harvest-TEK has been in business since 2015. We consult with farmers and ranchers who want to take their fields from just alfalfa to hemp. We help with everything from seed to sale.
We have consulted with many farms in both Nevada & California. Harvest-TEK has worked with ranches over 120 acres in Nevada and over 180 acres in California.


Our ancestors pioneered farming world-class lamb and beef in Maniototo, New Zealand. Today we’re selling it direct to the world.
We produce top quality lamb and beef in the Maniototo high country as we have done for five generations. Qualities that ensured the success of our forebears, such as careful husbandry and prudent land management, today make our meat products some of the best in the world. We provide a direct link between the farmers on the land and our buyers worldwide so we can bring our meat to market at the best price for everyone.


Bees need both protein and carbohydrates. Feeding protein patties in the spring will ensure colony health, good build-up of brood and produce large honey crops.
Patties ensure a balanced diet when bees are unable to forage due to weather, when there is a shortage of stored pollen, in monoculture areas where only a few pollen sources are to be found, are subject to competition from stronger hives in the yard or stressed by weather, pesticides, mites and diseases.
In the Spring, we recommend 15% for a faster build-up so that the hive is strong and ready for the honey flow. However, if you start feeding early then 4% would be sufficient for a steady-build up until natural pollen is available.
In the Fall, 4% patties is a sufficient amount of pollen to have a steady consumption rate to build up strong winter bees.


DIAMANTAKIS winery was founded in 2007 by the family members of Nikolaos G. Diamantakis: Ioannis, Michalis and Zacharias. . The love and passion of Diamantakis family for high quality wine, their long tradition was the motivation to create a small winery in the area. The grape varieties cultivated are Greek, local and international. Family’s purpose is the production of fine wines from the local grape varieties such as Vidiano, Mandilari and Liatiko as they strongly believe in the potential and ability of the local varieties.


Nutrition Education – Farm To School
Farm Field Trips
Farm to School Programs connect farms with school cafeterias and classrooms. Varying in scope, these programs can range from farm field trips to nutrition education in the classroom to farm fresh salad bars.
The Community Alliance with Family Farmers (CAFF) runs Farm to School Programs in many regions of California, including Humboldt County. CAFF’s Know Your Farmer Education Program offers hands-on nutrition education in the classroom and on working farms, and teaches students the benefits of fruit and vegetable consumption and about local agriculture. CAFF's Farm to Cafeteria Program offers technical assistance and coordination to school districts interested in incorporating locally grown, fresh produce into the cafeteria. CAFF also works closely with the County Offices of Education in Humboldt and Del Norte to help them source local produce and provide farmer profiles for their Harvest of the Month programs.


"in Sakuna: Of Rice and Ruin, players take on the role of Sakuna, a proud yet lonely harvest goddess who is banished to a dangerous island with a group of outcast humans. Sakuna tames the island by defeating demons using farm tools as weapons while also making ample use of her “celestial scarf,” a magical item that allows her to grapple distant enemies and platforms. Along the way, she establishes a home in a mountain village, which serves as a base of operations for crafting weapons and cooking food. Additionally, as a harvest goddess, she grows rice by following a detailed process that encompasses everything from planting to harvesting. Through this process, across each of the four seasons, she’s able to improve the harvest and hone her battle skills alike."


Our schools' Good Life Gardens are front and center of the "farm-to-fork" movement! "Farm-to-fork" supports a direct route for food from the grower to the fork. HealthEd Connect's community health workers pluck luscious leafy greens, onions, and tomatoes from the garden plot right beside the cookshack where they make school lunches. It doesn't get much more "direct" than that! These are the only vegetables many of these orphans and vulnerable children will receive, and they provide necessary nutrients for healthy growth and development. Furthermore, teachers use the gardens as a learning tool, and as the children care for the gardens they learn practical farming skills and scientific concepts.
So much goodness from a simple tire garden!


Ktima Bellou: A Secluded Gateaway
In the foothills of Mount Olympus, I experienced Ktima Bellou, a family business exhibiting a shared vision and a passion to offer the best hospitality to all travelers.
Breakfast consisted of local delicacies using recipes which are made from local produce grown in the surrounding area, as well as on their own farm that spans more than 12 acres. They grow tomatoes and other vegetables as well as fruits, such as strawberries, that they use to produce delicious jams. More than this, they grow various spices, herbs and tea leaves.
The owner, Mr. Lazaros, is a most welcoming host and his love for nature and herbs is undeniable. His passion for sharing this natural setting that produces so many healthy consumables has led to other enjoyable activities such as Greek Pie making and Essential Oils Distillation.
Beyond the food and produce facilities, Ktima Bellou has very clean, well-maintained rooms and a large pool exclusive for use by the guests. All facilities are presented to the highest standards.
Highly rated and repeatedly awarded, there is no doubt Ktima Bellou will continue to flourish and offer extraordinary hospitality to all guests.


Miracle-Gro Orchid Food Amazon.in Garden & Outdoors
How To Use Miracle Gro YouTube
Miracle-GroВ® Water Soluble MiracidВ® Acid-Loving Plant Food. Miracle Gro Orchid Food Instructions cow Horse or Sheep Manure вЂ” Are the most common organic manures available. This product claims to grow an entire garden with just one simple kit which includes 18 variants of Miracle-Gro Gro-ables Seed Pods., Find helpful customer reviews and review ratings for Miracle-Gro 120185 Orchid Plant Food Mist 0.02-0.02 at Amazon.com. Read honest and unbiased product reviews from our users..
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Miracle-Gro Orchid Plant Food Mist Directions for Me. I wanted to give my orchid a little bit of help so I looked up orchid food and found this product. I used it as described in the pamphlet that came with the box. Within the next two weeks, my orchid had shriveled and died, and my leaves literally fell off in to my hand. Lesson learned., Amazon.com : Miracle-Gro Ready-To-Use Orchid Plant Food Mist, 8 oz., Orchid Food Feeds Plants Instantly, 6 Pack : Garden & Outdoor.
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Miracle-Gro Orchid Food Directions for Me. For larger outdoor gardens fill your Miracle-GroВ® Garden Feeder to the top of the label. See Miracle-GroВ® Garden Feeder Package for additional instructions. For best results, use every 7-14 days; just soack the soil at the base of each plant to fertilize the roots. 1lb feeds approximately 400 square feet of garden area. Please use only as directed., Use other Miracle-Gro products. For larger areas, Miracle-Gro features hose attachments that allow you to spray large areas from your garden hose. You can also buy pre-mixed Miracle-Gro soil for potted plants. Additionally, Miracle-Gro sells a premixed, liquid plant food for young plants. How to Use Miracle-Gro on Newly Seeded Grass. Fill the.
Miracle-GroВ® Premium Orchid Compost lovethegarden. Select the right orchid for the amount of light you have available. Pot up orchids in Miracle-GroВ® Orchid Potting Mix Coarse Blend. Water orchids frequently with room-temperature water. Feed with Miracle-GroВ® Water Soluble Orchid Food, according to package instructions. Be patient with plants, as they will rebloom eventually., I've had 2 orchid plants given to me as gifts and they died in a month or two. Now I'm on my orchid plant number 3 and have invested in this orchid food and the miracle-gro orchid plant spray and my plant has lived 4 1/2 months! It still has buds too and I plan to keep researching how to help orchids thrive. Definitely glad I bought this..
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Miracle-Gro Water Soluble Orchid Food Walmart.com. A species as exotic as the Orchid deserves a formula to call its own, which is why there's Miracle-Gro Orchid mist plant food. The easy-to-use mist takes the mystery out of feeding these stunning plants. Simply spray around leaves, roots and soil once a week. Miracle-GroВ® Orchid Food. Water soluble. For orchids & all acid-loving plants. Other Description The fast way to more beautiful orchids. For deep, rich leaf color, beautiful blooms, and strong root development, Miracle-GroВ® water soluble orchid food is the perfect way to nurture orchids and other acid-loving plants. Limit: one package per family. Orchid care: Light: Getting orchids to bloom.
Slightly higher in phosphorus than their rose food formula, Miracle-GroвЂ™s Bloom Booster provides an NPK of 15-30-15. Use throughout the growing season on annuals and after the initial spring regrowth for perennials. Reviews are more than enthusiastic about the quality of this particular blend from Miracle-Gro. Miracle-Gro offers several kinds of plant spikes that release nutrients to plants over time as they dissolve. Miracle-Gro Indoor Plant Food Spikes and Miracle-Gro Orchid Plant Food Spikes are for
Plant Food & Care Miracle-Gro
Miracle-Gro Orchid Food Amazon.in Garden & Outdoors. Miracle GroВ® Orchid Plant Food Mist. Ready to use. Mist feeds instantly. Other Description Orchid plant food mist 0.02-0.02-0.02. Guaranteed analysis: Total nitrogen (N) 0.02%. 0.0041% ammoniacal nitrogen. 0.0055% nitrate nitrogen. 0.0104% urea nitrogen. Available phosphate (P2O5)-0.02%. Soluble potash (K2O)-0.02%. Derived from: urea ammonium phosphate, potassium nitrate and potassium, Orchid Proв„ў 7-8-6 is a well-balanced, professional formulation containing all essential macro and micro nutrients for use on all types of orchids. It provides the right balance of nutrients for healthy growth and flowering. Urea free, Orchid Proв„ў may be used for orchid growth in both indoor and outdoor settings as well as with direct.
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Miracle Gro Orchid Food Instructions Cromalinsupport. 17/02/2019В В· Miracle Gro Orchid Potting Mix & Orchid Food To Rebloom & Repotting! 2 17 2019 Other Music Mixed by DJ MACDADDYPIMPPING Intro Designed by Jeff aka MACDADDYPIMPPING Outro Designed by Jeff aka, Miracle-Gro Orchid Plant Food Mist Rtu Check Price on Amazon Description: (3) bottles Miracle-Gro 100195 8 ounce Orchid Plant Food / Fertilizer Mist Spray Instantly provides nutrients and moisture for beautiful Orchids вЂў In addition to regular watering, spray around leaves, roots, and soil once per week вЂў Use to feed all indoor Orchid plants вЂў Avoid applying to blooms вЂў Has a minimum.
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Miracle-Gro Water Soluble Orchid Food Walmart.com. Scott Miracle-Gro Shake 'n Feed Tomatoes, Fruits & Vegetables Plant Food . 453 g . 0 Reviews. Price Price. Not sold online Available online Out of stock online. Available in stores . Add to list . Add to registry GardenJuice - Marine Phytoplanton Organic Plant Fertilizer. 1 Review. Price Price. Not sold online Available online Out of stock online. Not sold in stores . Add to list . Add to, I was truly amazed that my orchids look much healthier then they ever have before. One word of caution - don't spray it on the flowers, per the instructions. I would definitely buy Miracle-GroВ® Ready-To-Use Orchid Plant Food Mist again when this container runs out! [This review was collected as part of a вЂ¦.
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Thinking About You Thinking About Me 2nd Edition discusses the challenges of trying to use standardized tests to quantify an abstract, complex, synergistic process and presents the Informal Social Thinking Dynamic Assessment Protocol®. Thinking About You Thinking About Me features three chapters on assessments: the first describes the Informal Social thinking dynamic assessment protocol pdf Botwood Occupational Therapy’s Role in Mental Health Promotion, Prevention, & Intervention With Children & Youth Social and Emotional Learning (SEL) OccupatiOnal therapy practitiOners use meaningful activities to help children and youth participate in what they need and or want …


There are two fruits that represent summer in Korea: One is watermelon, and the other is chamoe. When you see chamoe start to appear in the markets, it’s a sign that summer is truly here.
There’s a reason why ganjang gaejang (간장게장) is one of the side dishes we call 밥도둑 (bap doduk), or “rice thief” in Korean. READ MORE
Digging into the story of cham-namul turned out to be a case study in mistaken identities, a plant world mystery of invasion and identity theft. READ MORE
10 years ago, almost 80% of strawberries grown in Korea were Japanese varieties. Today, over 80% of our strawberries are homegrown strains, representing tireless scientific work and no small degree of national prideREAD MORE


This morning dawned with rain shushing softly on the metal roof of our house; now the showers have turned to snow: big clumpy flakes falling straight down like a steady rain of wet, pure-white feathers. The snow is melting, not accumulating, which is a mixed blessing here in March. Snow lasts longer than liquid water, seeping into the soil instead of running off the surface. But any moisture is welcome after four weeks of hot, dry winds that have dried the soil surface to dust and evaporated the snowpack on the peaks - our summer water - like a blow torch.
The green and crinkly leaves of spinach in my kitchen garden are now dotted with white clumps of snow. The new leaves on the golden currant shrubs along Ditch Creek just below our yard, the first trace of spring green in the wild except for big sagebrush, which keeps its gray-green and pungent leaves all winter long, stand out brilliantly against the rain-darkened stems. I haven't been outside to look, but I bet that the mosses and lichens that dot the surface of the soil in our restored bunchgrass and wildflower grassland are plumping up and turning green. They respond within minutes to even the smallest amounts of water, "waking up" from dormancy to make food and go about their lives in the brief periods of moisture that infrequently grace this arid environment.
It's spring in the house too. The seed trays that I planted last weekend with six kinds of tomatoes, four kinds of basil, oriental eggplants, and baby butterhead lettuces (thank you Rene Shepherd of Rene's Garden Seeds!) are dotted with tiny green sprouts. The flat with the tomato and eggplant seeds sits on a heat mat, and that extra bit of gentle warmth 24/7 means that the seeds began sprouting just four days after I planted them, and will grow larger, sturdier root systems, a distinct advantage when I put them out in the garden and they have to deal with spring weather here at 7,000 feet elevation in the south-central Rockies: hot days, nights below freezing until at least mid-May, and those blow-torch-like chinook winds. Spring here is not the least-lamb-like, but it's always interesting!


- John Deere CTO Jamie Hindman told CNBC that the world's largest farm equipment manufacturer is finalizing its search for a satellite partner.
- Basically, the goal is to create a geospatial map that farmers can use to better monitor crop yields and productivity.
- Currently, farmers can use the information collected by the See & Spray device to understand how much of the field still needs to be fertilized. It's one of the technologies showcased at the Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas on Thursday.
Drones, robots, and now satellites.
John Deere CTO Jamie Hindman told CNBC that the world's largest farm equipment manufacturer is finalizing its search for a satellite partner.
“We are really focused on solving communication problems on a global scale. We look at the new efforts being made on satellites in low Earth orbit as an example – potentially – of solving some of these communication problems."
The goal is to create a geospatial map that farmers can use to better track productivity and yields.
“There is a lot of disorganization and moving this data from the field to the cloud, you can do something useful with it that is not used very effectively.” As for when satellites will be used, Hindman said Deere is "on the verge" of solving farmers' communications problems.
Currently, farmers can use the information collected by the See & Spray device to understand how much of the field still needs to be fertilized. It's one of the technologies showcased at the Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas on Thursday.
Although the global economy is slowing down, the agricultural market is still hot. Crop prices, while volatile, are still double-digit percentage points higher than they were three years ago. Rising prices for crops, including wheat and corn, have boosted farmers' incomes. In fact, Dr. Davidson cited USDA data that showed a 32 percent increase in corn revenue in 2022 compared to last year. Cash flow is expected to be higher in 2023, DA Davidson Senior Analyst Michael Schlisky wrote in a note to clients. An added bonus: Fertilizer and chemical prices have fallen in recent months, boosting farmers' prospects this year.
With more money in the bank, farmers should continue to spend on farm equipment, but John Deere remains the leader.
Derr shares are up 20% in 2022, well ahead of the XLI Industries ETF, which is down 7%. Gabelli Fund is a long-term investor in the agricultural equipment manufacturer and is optimistic.
“We expect the stock to perform well as the year should be good for the sector. Limited supply increases the price of used items and extends the cycle. At the same time, the company continues to offer technologies that make farmers more productive than the machines used in each of the previous editions,” Brian Sponheimer, Gabelli Fund portfolio manager, told CNBC.
Supply chain issues continue to plague Deere and the industry as a whole, but Hindman is betting that a reopening in China will ease some of the problems in 2023.
“In addition to being a major consumer of agricultural products, they are also one of the world's largest producers of what we all need to fill our supply chains. China in 2010 We hope to open in 2023. The supply chain is starting to normalize and stabilize. Not much,” Hindman said.
Big joke: The ongoing war in Ukraine has caused a sharp rise in agricultural prices. According to Méliès Research, grain prices rose 40% in the six months after the war and are now 20% above pre-war levels.
“The war has definitely increased crop price uncertainty,” Rob Wertheimer, founding partner of Melius Research, told CNBC.


Develop your horticultural skills and knowledge with practical sessions and tutorials for individuals, clubs and societies, professional gardeners or groups of friends.
A lively mix of theory and practical demonstration giving an insight into various aspects of gardening such as pruning, propagation and garden care.
Tailored to suit your individual gardening needs, perfect as a gift for budding gardeners.
This year's workshops at The Universtiy of Bristol Botanic Garden:
Introduction to Plant Propagation
17 May 2020
10 a.m. - 4 p.m.


In addition to completing my Diploma of Permaculture, I have also participated in some Advanced Permaculture Skills Workshops. One of these was for Actively Aerated Compost Tea Production through RegenAg series of workshops. This Actively Aerated Compost Tea is part of the work of Dr Elaine Ingham.
I did further research and experimentation including the building of a 1,000 litre fermenter. I discovered that the Aerated Compost Tea brewing process can also be adopted to carry out mycoremediation and soil re-mineralisation. This process can negate the use of chemical fertilisers both within small and large scale food production systems.


One the first view agriculture projects are looking quite similar, but in fact there are to find many different kinds of fruits, vegetables, grains and others (e.g. potatoes, beans, peas, cassava, pineapple, bananas, mangos, avocados, maize, etc.). Mostly the fields are mixed, so that different types of plants standing next to each other.
Often the fields, which are used for the agriculture projects are church land and the group can use the area for free, or for small charges. The fields are divided among the members, so that every member is responsible for one part. The ones, who are not working on the field, support the Project by giving money. Primary the food which they get from the work goes to the members, the remains are sold on the market and the earned money goes into the group found.
The biggest challenge are the, especially in the last years, changing climate conditions, e.g. long droughts. Also when it rains, it can rain very heavily and for a long time which can destroy the fields. Another Problem is a lack of expertise.


Safari Pride Coffee was created to proudly take consumers on a journey across Africa. The term SAFARI means expedition, journey or voyage. PRIDE represents the joy of selecting only the best coffees from throughout Africa.
Safari Pride Coffee was founded on the premise of providing a better price for the coffee to those growing the coffee by simplifying the supply chain from the Growers in Africa to the end consumers. Our founder, Samuel Ngwa is an immigrant from the NW region of Cameroon in Western Africa where his family has cultivated coffee for generations. As a child, he helped to hand-pick ripe coffee cherries which were then processed and prepared to be sold to the Bamenda Area Cooperative Union Ltd. The earnings from this work helped pay for the family's needs, including fees for school.
Our mission is to bring delightfully tasting African coffees to the world while connecting the hands that harvest the coffee with the community that consumes it. Our work involves traveling the continent of Africa and collaborating with reputable partners to source single origin coffees with exceptional quality and ethically sustainable farming practices.


Cowpea aphids are shiny black with white and black legs. They inject a powerful toxin into the plant while feeding and, when their numbers are high, this can stunt or even kill plants. While feeding, this aphid produces a considerable amount of honeydew upon which sooty mold can grow. Icipe research investigates the use of entomopathogenic fungi as biopesticide and also the use of parasitic wasps.
P.O. Box 30772-00100 Nairobi, Kenya


Learn more aboutSeason-long Sulfur
The Challenge with Phosphorus
Phosphorus is the foundation for maintaining high quality yields in all soils. It's also very complex. When soil doesn't have the right pH level, phosphorus can become less accessible to plant roots, resulting in lower utilization and lower yields.
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MicroEssentials consistently outperforms MAP and DAP in phosphorus uptake per plant, resulting in higher yields and an improved ROI.View MicroEssentials Vs:
The Challenge With Sulfur
With traditional blended fertilizers, the particle size in sulfur granules is larger and more difficult to break down, making it less readily available to the plant.
The Challenge With Zinc
Zinc is a critical micronutrient, but needed in very small amounts. With blended fertilizers it's difficult to distribute properly without overapplying or ending up with uneven or inefficient application, resulting in plants getting too much or too little zinc, not to mention, costing you extra money.
MicroEssentials SZ integrates the optimum amount of zinc in each granule, providing even distribution, every time. This allows Zinc to reach the roots system of every plant.
Here's the proof
MicroEssentials SZ provides zinc more efficiently, resulting in higher yields at lower application rates as compared to competitors. Check out the results.
Learn more aboutUniform Nutrient Distribution
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I plant this washtub with marigolds every year. They remind me of my childhood. They are on the front cover page on a local magazine.
Downtown on State & 5th
Lately, I haven't had the time to create art pieces to list on Etsy. I have my hands full of art of a different sort. I own a small organic garden center called The PURE Gardener and we are in full swing. Gardening is one of my passions. And, edible gardening is a favorite of mine. So, I am quite busy planting here and there - although I miss my Etsy shop....I will be back at it as soon as the dust settles :-)


Humanity’s appetite for energy continues to grow unabated. Estimates suggest that we’ll consume 50% more energy by 2050 than we do today. The combustion of fossil fuels constitutes nearly a third of this increase. As a major contributor to greenhouse gases, this growing demand for energy is changing our climate in unpredictable and dangerous ways.
Progress has been made in the transition to renewable energy, such as with solar and wind power. But these can’t address the high-energy density requirements for heavy transportation, such as aviation, commercial trucking, rail, and marine shipping. Liquid fuels will remain the predominant energy source for these industries for the foreseeable future.
With no viable solution for decarbonizing these industries, finding a sustainable path forward is critical to meeting climate-change mitigation goals. The dilemma is how to slow and ultimately halt rising atmospheric temperatures and air pollution while at the same time meeting the energy needs of a growing global population.
We believe that high-energy density algae biofuel for heavy transportation is part of the answer. By establishing this non-resource intensive, breakthrough solution deployed at a global scale, we can recalibrate heavy transportation toward a more sustainable future and reduce greenhouse gas emissions by nearly 70%.
We are developing an advanced algal strain and agronomic platform to produce algal biofuels for deploying at scale. By capitalizing on well-established regulatory programs that incentivize adoption, such as the RFS and LCFS in the US, and the Renewable Energy Directive in Europe, we can make the adoption of algal biofuels more attractive and establish a more level playing field.
Most gasoline sold in the US today contains some level of first-generation biofuel (ethanol from corn or biodiesel from soy). But yield improvements and productivity gains of these terrestrial crops are plateauing. And as energy demands increase, food security and resource constraints (land and water) pose significant challenges for continued production of first-generation biofuels.
This is where the advantages of microalgae kick in. Microalgae are excellent at converting CO2 and sunlight into oil-rich biomass, especially when compared to land-based crop plants like oil palm and soy. By adapting microalgae to function as cell factories producing energy-dense oils that can easily be refined into renewable diesel and jet fuel, we can reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 70%.
We utilize sunlight and atmospheric CO2 to grow the algae for oil as a replacement for burning fossil fuels (which release new carbon previously stored underground). Additionally, by farming in saltwater on marginal land, we avoid competing with resources required for food production, such as arable farmland and freshwater. We estimate that at commercialization, the productivity of engineered microalgae will be 20x times greater than any existing terrestrial crop. This dramatic advantage underpins the scalability of our technology.
The road to developing algae into fuel has been challenging and many initial efforts struggled to demonstrate the feasibility of scaling. The two fundamental issues that have been holding the field back are oil productivity and scalability.
1. Oil Productivity. To account for economic cost to build algae farms, the algae deployed have to be extremely productive. We need as much oil output for a given surface area as possible.
2. Scalability. Productivity improvements start in the lab. But having highly productive lab strains doesn’t matter if they cannot be grown outdoors under the harsh conditions of desert environments with high temperature fluctuations, storms, and environmental factors that can severely impair crop yields.
At Viridos, we have been systematically addressing both issues and achieved many breakthroughs along the way. With the help of ExxonMobil, we conducted an extensive basic algae biology research program that allowed us to understand the genomics, metabolism, and regulation of algal physiology that is fundamental to designing the high performing strains needed to reach commercial scale.
One breakthrough was our discovery in 2015 of the gene that is a lipid switch, subsequently published in 2017 in Nature Biotechnology, allowing us to modify microalgae to grow both biomass and enriching the oil content of the algae – something never achieved before. That laid the foundation: producing high oil yield algae.
Subsequently, we realized that this breakthrough alone is not sufficient. We need to incorporate multiple traits of interest that add stepwise improvements. This led us to develop our genome editing and marker recycling technologies, which allow us to add traits of interest in microaglae without limitation, published in PNAS in 2018
With these technologies in hand, and as we learn more about the microalgae we work with, we have been able to drive oil productivities to new highs year after year. Our breakthroughs have paved the way to achieve a promising trajectory of productivity improvements we believe will not stop anytime soon.
With improvements in our oil productivity, the next step was taking the algae out of the lab to face the harsh conditions of the real world and address the scalability challenge. Many earlier outdoor algae farming efforts, including our own, were besieged by failure. Unpredictable environmental conditions and predation of outside organisms led to decimation of algae cultures and have been the bane of many algae farming efforts. We recognized those barriers and therefore screened thousands of microalgae from our collection to find a naturally occurring robust microalgae that had no impact on the environment. Using this robust natural strain as a foundation, we engineered traits of interest into it and tested multiple improved versions at our California Advanced Algae Facility (CAAF) over the years – with remarkable success.
We have extensively validated the algae strains of interest at CAAF with our comprehensive sensor network, data analysis, and scaled down systems, and have demonstrated impressive productivity increases. In our open ponds, we have achieved 7 times the oil productivity compared to where we started, these accomplishments give us a lot of excitement for future progress and lay the foundation for scalability.
Viridos’ vision is to provide scalable algae biofuels through higher algae oil productivity and advanced agronomy. As we move closer to commercialization, we are developing the systems and processes that will enable us and our partners to deploy farms thousands of acres in size. This will be the tipping point at which algae biofuel becomes an essential, scalable, and cost-competitive tool to mitigate climate change.
Over the last five years we have grown our top producing algal strains at our California Advanced Algal Facility (CAAF). The environmental conditions of CAAF allows for a realistic outdoor testbed/pilot facility that tests the limits of our strains and operational processes. Testing strains at CAAF enabled the following critical achievements and insights that now drive our progress forward.
We are now applying the lessons learned from CAAF to guide our research teams in their development of next generation strains and technology to increase algal bio-oil productivity. Using our state of the art algal engineering, bioinformatics and system biology tools we continue to iterate on our top producing algal strains by stacking new traits and modifying key metabolic pathways. The data collected from SNAP drives our pond simulator capability, which allows us to mimic CAAF systems and operations and evaluate a strain’s outdoor cultivation potential more efficiently. Our fleet of pond simulators yield enough biomass to allows us to work on down-stream refine processes.
Viridos’ algal biofuel delivers a 70% reduction in GHG emissions over the fossil fuels it displaces. And sourcing renewable energy for the operations lowers the carbon footprint of algal biofuels even further.
Viridos’ algal strains are grown in salt water, minimizing the need for freshwater. Avoiding competition for valuable freshwater resources reinforces the sustainability of the algal biofuel production process.
Arable land in warm climates with adequate water supply is increasingly scarce. Viridos’ deployment partners will farm microalgae without the use of freshwater in locations preserving valuable land for food and feed production, reinforcing global food security.
When Direct Air Capture (DAC) becomes available, it could be used synergistically with Viridos microalgae farming. This may even enhance the adoption of DAC, since Viridos microalgae can thrive on less enriched CO2 than typically required for efficient carbon sequestration, thus making DAC more economically viable when coupled with Viridos algae biofuel production.
Our algae are natural strains that we precisely genetically engineer to enhance biomass and lipid productivity. We use cutting-edge science to select and develop the strains and then carefully monitor how they fit in the natural ecosystem, ensuring ecological harmony. The algae are grown in contained aquaculture and efficiently utilize the nutrients provided. This minimizes nutrient run-off into the environment and prevents eutrophication . With advance sensor technology and data processing we can use safe proactive pest management strategies to achieve a more favorable environmental footprint compared to conventional farming.
The CO2 algae thrive on can come from a wide range of sources, including industrial polluters that have few options to reduce or eliminate CO2 emissions. This creates a CO2 recycling opportunity for emissions from gas processing facilities, cement factories, refiners, power generators, and other heavy industry as we can convert their waste CO2 into valuable algae oil while lowering overall GHG emissions
The acreage required for growing microalgae is less than a tenth of that needed for other crops used for biofuels, such as corn, palm, and soy, making the scalability of producing biofuel more viable.
By creating a "drop-in" algal biofuel that can be blended with or used instead of fossil fuel, we can achieve rapid adoption while dramatically reducing carbon emissions. End users can switch to a low-carbon fuel without having to replace their equipment.
Crude oil is a complicated mixture of hydrocarbons with varying composition, heavy metal, and impurities that require extensive refining. Our microalgae produce clean plant oils that can be easily converted to fuel without extensive processing and clean-up.
Heavy transportation requires diesel or jet fuel which is only a small fraction of the composition of crude oil. Our algae oil is predominantly comprised of carbon chain lengths that can be converted with minimal undesirable refining byproducts into the desired drop-in jet or diesel fuel.
In addition to oils, farming microalgae also produces protein and carbohydrate co-products. Capturing and converting these valuable outputs enables us to minimize waste, seed other sustainable business opportunities, and generate additional revenue.


It’s cookout season and the perfect time to look more closely at making your irrigation options smarter.
According to The Irrigation Association, smart irrigation involves the use of landscape irrigation controllers and devices that reduce water use and save money by monitoring and using real-time information about the site conditions as a basis for irrigation scheduling. This technology has been used in agriculture, on golf courses and parks for decades but has only recently become available and affordable for landscape irrigation.
Types of Systems
Weather-based systems use the daily loss of water from evaporation from soil and transpiration from plants to schedule watering. Smart controllers use data from sources such as the California Irrigation Management Information Systems and from weather station networks to apply just the amount of water needed to replenish what is lost to nature. Key factors include air temperature, humidity, wind speed, and soil and foliage density.
Soil-moisture-based systems measure the moisture level in the soil using sensors buried in the root zone of turf, trees or shrubs and transmit the readings to the controller. The owner sets the “moisture threshold” like a thermostat and the controller maintains it.
Suspended-cycle systems are set like traditional timer controllers, with watering schedules, start times and durations, and will only permit the scheduled watering if its readings show that the soil needs water. If the moisture level is at or above the moisture threshold, the controller will suspend the watering program until the moisture level falls below the threshold.
Water-on-demand systems are the most efficient irrigation method and require no programming of irrigation duration, only start times and days to water. Using a smartphone or touchpad, homeowners can set the lower and upper thresholds for watering, and the system maintains the soil moisture level in a constant range.
There is more to an effective water-saving solution than having a good smart controller. Other critical factors include using the most efficient and pressure-sensitive spray heads, rotors or other emitter devices and running specific cycles to prevent runoff and allow deep soaking with longer irrigation intervals for well-established, drought-resistant plants. Rainwater and graywater reclamation systems are also at the forefront of smart irrigation technology.
Since irrigation can be complicated and involve plumbing, electrical and automation systems, both indoors and outdoors, builders will find the greatest success and customer satisfaction by partnering with a reputable irrigation or sprinkler system contractor in their local area.
Hints and tips from Smart Irrigation Month
Water is more precious than ever, and we invite you to share your water-saving tech and non-tech solutions in the comments below.


AgTech is set to be a growing sector over the next several decades as founders and investors look to build the next generation of companies and technology that will feed our planet. With the “digitization” of farming and agriculture sure to be a major part of this trend the complexity and volume of hardware and software data is sure to see a exponential growth. Growers, service providers, hardware manufacturers and facility/farm operators are going to be in need to tools to combine this data to help analyze and operate their farms, enter Leaf Agriculture.
Leaf Agricultures’ API helps provide data infrastructure for disparate AgTech systems and then allows service providers and operators to pull in that data from a single set of APIs that their systems can call to pull in machine, field and imagery data to be combined to help run their farm. As indoor, connected and tech-enabled farming continues to grow, the back-office task of managing the data that all the systems produce would become a bottle neck from most of these farm and growing facility operators.
Leaf Agricultures platform could also become for a tremendous resource for emerging AgTech startups that are looking to build products and services that need to integrate with existing hardware and software to help provide new generations of tools. Their platform could save time and money for these emerging companies as they bring their product/service to market.
Given the need for future innovation in farming/growing to meet our global food demands I am extremely bullish on Leaf Agriculture’s future. Having recently raised a $2M seed round from Cultivian Sandbox Ventures, SP Ventures and Radical Growth, the Leaf Agriculture team is poised to continue to expand the platforms capabilities and supported data sources. The impact of their work will be exciting to follow.


Community Supported Agriculture
Abbott Farms CSA program is a 18 week membership share. Our season begins mid June and goes through the end of October, weather permitting. Click here for some recipes made from our crops!
Abbott Farms 2022 CSA- Guidelines & Contract
Please be sure to read through our guidelines very carefully before submitting your application.
The Abbott Family Farm has been producing quality produce for 5 generations. What started as a dairy farm back in the 1800’s is now a full service U-pick farm offering families a fresh, nutritional variety of fruits and vegetables harvested weekly at their peak. We pack the produce into boxes for every member and have them ready for pick up on appointed days and times. Our harvest season runs 18 weeks from June through October.
CSA is a partnership between the members and the farmers. At the core of CSA is the idea that members support their farmer by sharing in the inherent risks of agriculture (poor weather, drought, disease, early frost, crop failure, and so on) and rewards (the bounty from a good season!). Therefore while Abbott Farms will act in good faith to provide fresh produce for the 18 weeks, there is a no guarantee of quantities or contents of weekly shares.
Stay Informed! The single most important responsibility of all members is to educate themselves about the working of the CSA program by thoroughly reading through the website and reading the weekly Abbott Farms newsletter sent by email and posted on our Facebook page. You will find a harvest schedule, tips on storage and care of produce, and much more information about how to get the best use of your share.
Pick Up Your Share
As a CSA member you must pick up your share on your chosen pick up day and time at your chosen location. To ensure the freshest produce we will only harvest prior to your designated pick up day. Please choose from one of our two available pick up days and locations. If you are unable to pick up that day you may designate an alternate to pick up your share that week. Please just email or call us with their name. Our goal is to have you enjoy your share each week; we will work with you if you give us enough advance notice. If you do not pick up your share and do not designate an alternate to do so for you, you then forfeit your share that week and it will be donated to the local food bank. There is no refund for unclaimed shares.
Pick up days are: Tuesday or Wednesday 3-7pm We can not accommodate a Saturday or Sunday pick up between August 25th and October 31st
Be An Active Participant In The Program
We encourage all our members to become active participants in the CSA Program. You can do this by staying up to date with news from the farm (by reading the weekly newsletters) and keeping in touch with the farm. Communication is critical! Please email us often with your suggestions, comments, or concerns. This is one of the greatest perks of CSA you can actually talk to the farmer who is growing your food! We also invite you to visit the farm and see what is new and exciting in the farm market.
Abbott Farms CSA Program is an 18 week membership share. Our season begins the mid June and goes through the end of October, weather permitting.
Full Share: The largest share offers on average 12-15lbs. of produce each week. Ideal for families of 4 or more.
Half Share: On average 6-10lbs of produce ideal for families of up to 4.
Individual Share: On average 5lbs of produce. The perfect size for a single person or couple.
You will also receive a membership card which entitles you to 10% off anything in the Market and any events held here at the farm.
Complete The Application Form
Thank you! Please complete the contract and membership form and return it with your payment (cash, check, or credit card) to Abbott Farms 3275 Cold Springs Rd. Baldwinsville, NY 13027. After we receive your application we will process it, and then send you an email to verify our receipt of your signed contract. Once we are ready to harvest we will email you or call to remind you that pick up begins that week. THANKS!!!
If you have any questions, please do not hesitate to call us at 315-638-7783 or email us at email@example.com Either Warren or Alice will be able to answer any question you may have.
Abbott Farms 2022 CSA Membership Form
___ Full Share - $895 family of 4 or more ____½ gal of whole or 2% milk $60(please circle)
____Half Share $650 Family of up to 4 ____1 dozen brown eggs $58
___Individual Share $325 single person or couple
Pick Up Day
Pick up days are very important. To ensure the freshest produce we will only harvest prior to your designated pick up day. If you do not pick up your share or make no arrangements to have someone else pick it up for you, you then forfeit your share for that week and it will be donated to local charities. There is no refund for unclaimed shares.
We will not hand our shares on Saturday or Sunday during Apple Season (August 25-October 31)
_____________Tuesday 3-7pm _________Wednesday 3-7 at Abbott Farms Market
By signing this contract you are agreeing to participate in the Abbott Farms CSA. You understand the guidelines explained above and are willing to accept the risks. You will pick up or arrange for pick-up of your share each week. You understand there are no refunds. I appreciate locally grown produce and want to ensure that it remains available in my area by becoming a shareholder in Abbott Farms Community Supported Agriculture Program. I understand that Abbott Farms will do their best to provide sustainable produce/fruit and vegetable varieties at the times they estimate. However, as a shareholder in both the bounty and the risk, I understand that nature ultimately decides what I will receive and when I receive it.


An innovative kitchen composter made from recycled plastics that you can use even if you do not have a garden.
Simple Composting at Home
Bokashi Organko is a sophisticated and practical composter for organic waste disposal which eliminates inconveniences with collecting organic waste. Waste decay is the most frequent reason for unpleasant odor. The use of bran with beneficial micro-organisms ensures the fermentation process occurs properly and thus prevents decay. As a result, fermented organic waste is an excellent basis for first-rate compost.
Without Unpleasant Odour
Bokashi Organko has an airtight container that prevents the inflow of the air. This and the use of the bran with effective microorganisms that we put on the bio-waste we ensure that during the whole process the food does not rot, but ferment. During the whole fermentation process, there is no unpleasant odor of rotting even when opening the container.
Effective Bran and Tap
Bokashi bran consists of bran meal, molasses, and useful micro-organisms. The presence of natural micro-organisms in the Bokashi bran initiates the fermentation process and prevents decay. Fermentation liquid produced in the process can be used as an excellent fertilizer for plants or as a natural drain cleaner.
For your Lush Garden
A lush garden like never before! Finally, a garden full of plants, flowers and vegetables, and a fridge, full of home-made and healthy food. Try Bokashi composting and find a natural way for a more sustainable zero-waste lifestyle.
For your Sustainable Lifestyle
Give your lifestyle a more sustainable but simple solution - Bokashi Organko 1. This kitchen composter made from recycled plastics will get you a completely natural fertilizer for your plants and an organic drain cleaner.
About this item
Beginner set: the set contains everything you need for both beginners and already enthusiastic users.
Effective microorganisms: due to the effects of micro-organisms in the EM scattering, waste does not rot. Vitamins, minerals and minerals are retained.
First-class foundation for compost: during the fermentation process, some pesticides and other environmentally harmful substances are decomposed. The resulting blend provides a first-class foundation for the compost.
Set contents: 1 x composter, 1 x EM spreading 1 kg, accessories (1 x smoother, 1 x colander, 1 x measuring unit for scattering, 1 x drip container), 1 x user manual (English language not guaranteed).
Dimensions: 38 x 27 x 32 cm (H x W x D), volume - 16 litres, material - recycled, environmentally friendly materials, made in the EU.
Colour Olive green
Brand Skaza Exceeding Expectations.
Capacity 16 litres
Item dimensions L x W x H 32 x 27 x 38 centimetres
Item weight 1 Kilograms


One of the most pure and untouched places on earth.
We are located in the Huon Valley, Tasmania – one of the most pure and untouched places on earth.
The air in Cape Grim, in north-west Tasmania, has been measured and is officially recognised as the cleanest air in the world. With prevailing winds being westerly, our air is similar and travels over one of the largest expanses of virgin forest wilderness in Australia before reaching the valley.
The valley collects on average 700mm of rain each year. When required, additional water is available to our orchard from the plentiful Mountain River flowing from the Sleeping Beauty mountain range.
30 mins from Hobart in the Huon Valley
Situated on 115 acres, our farm is 30 minutes south of Hobart in the Huon Valley, a once thriving apple-growing region that exported apples all over the globe and earned Tasmania the title of the ‘Apple Isle’.
Our farm went organic in 1997, thanks to the innovation of current orchardist, Andrew Smith. It was a bold move, transforming the orchard to organic, and involved a lot of new techniques and training to achieve. With a new focus on organic farming and the use of the apples in our cider, we hope to bring back the glory of the ‘Apple Isle’ days once more
Ian and Andrew share their journey farming in the Huon Valley
With a new focus on organic farming and the use of apples in our cider, we hope to bring back the glory of the 'Apple Isle' days once more.
We choose organic because we believe that making things the traditional way, with more care and less of the artificial bad stuff, is better for you and better for Tassie.
A study conducted by the French Agency for Food Safety concluded that organic plant products:
- Contain more dry matter and are therefore more nutrient dense
have higher levels of minerals
- Contain more anti-oxidants, such as phenols and salicylic acid (known to protect against cancers, heart disease and many other health problems)
Most of all, organic produce just makes us feel good!
The Smith family know orchards like they know their apples. Through the thick and thin of the industry and a crisis or two. It’s a story of determination, spirit, and most of all; family.Read More
Meet the mad scientists, farmersRead More
and distillers innovating the cider and the land


WHO ARE THE MEMBERS?
The members of Pullet Growers of Canada (PGC) are the provincial egg boards that represent the interest of pullet growers and egg farmers. Currently, three provincial egg boards are active members of PGC. They include:
WHAT ARE THE MEMBERS’ ADVANTAGES?
PGC’s members benefit from many advantages such as:
“Convinced of the importance to have an organization that takes care of the development and the structure of the pullet production at the national level in close collaboration with provincial egg boards, the Fédération des producteurs d’œufs du Québec is proud to support Pullet Growers of Canada (PGC). PGC’s actions enable pullet growers to assert their concerns, to build on several important issues and to have an effective communication channel between growers and their organization. As an essential link in the poultry industry, the pullet plays a front-line role in the production of quality eggs for consumers.”
“Egg Farmers of New Brunswick supports Pullet Growers of Canada because it fills a gap at the national level between the day-old chick and the 19-week layer. The egg industry benefits from having an organization that represents this integral part of our production chain and communicates directly with Egg Boards and Egg Farmers of Canada on issues of concern to pullet growers.”
HOW TO BECOME A MEMBER?
All provincial egg boards are welcome to be members of Pullet Growers of Canada. Membership is based on a financial contribution and the designation of a provincial representative on the Board of Directors. The financial contribution is based on the provincial quota allocation for the regulated sector for layers and excludes eggs for processing. The contribution rate is $0.0075 per layer.
For more details, please contact us by email at email@example.com or by phone at 450 679-0540 ext. 8589.