2 edition of Black currant leaf spot found in the catalog.
Black currant leaf spot
A T K. Corke
|Statement||[written by A.T.K. Corke ; edited by Plant Pathology Department, MAFF Harpenden Laboratory].|
|Series||Advisory leaflet, 650|
|Contributions||Agricultural Development and Advisory Service., Great Britain. Ministry of Agriculture Fisheries and Food.|
Labels related to the pest - Black Leaf Spot. Toggle navigation. 0 Download this Premium Photo about Black currant isolated on white with clipping path, and discover more than 5 Million Professional Stock Photos on Freepik
Although closely related, you can easily distinguish currants and gooseberries by examining the canes and fruit. Gooseberry canes normally produce a spine at each leaf node and bear roughly grape-sized berries singly or in groups of two or three. Currant canes lack the spines and bear 8 to 30 pea-sized berries in clusters. A mature currant or gooseberry shrub can produce up to four quarts of showing symptoms of leaf chlorosis and deformity. In: Book of. gooseberry vein banding virus, black currant reversion virus and black currant yellows, interveinal white mosaic, and yellow leaf
Currant bushes (Ribes) are thornless understory shrubs, growing in USDA hardiness zones They can grow feet wide and tall, and can range in color from red, white, pink, or black. There is even a clove currant (Ribes odoratum), which is very currants have attractive flowers and maple-like leaves that make them desirable in the edible :// Leaf Shape: Very similar to the Wild Black Currant leaf, which is a three to five lobed leaf that looks similar in basic shape to the Sugar Maple leaf (especially when five lobed). See drawing for the Wild Black Currant leaf. Leaf Phyllotaxis (Arrangement) on branch: Alternate; Leaf Size: Up to 10 cm (4 inches) long and wide
Metallurgy and magnetism
Coriolan / Macbeth / La tempête by William Shakespeare [translated by Michel Garneau].
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Resolution to amend the Convention on the Inter-Governmental Maritime Consultative Organization, signed at Geneva on 6 March 1948, adopted by the Tenth Assembly of the Organization on 17 November 1977 ...
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Currant and gooseberry leaf spot. This is a fungal disease that attacks the foliage of currants (black, red and white) and gooseberries in summer, and can be troublesome in some seasons and ://?PID= In laboratory tests in the winters of overwintering infection of Pseudopeziza ribis[Drepanopeziza ribis] [cf.
39, ] was checked by brief immersion of leaves in fungicides [37, 95], which prevented subsequent ascospore discharge.
Observations indicate that only leaves on which the fungus has reached a particular developmental stage at a certain time of the year will carry the fungus Results of experiments in the Ukraine have shown that leaf spot [Pseudopeziza ribis[Drepanopeziza ribis]?] of black currants was most effectively controlled by 3 applications of bordeaux mixture.
The first application was made soon after the leaf buds opened, the second while the berries were still small and the third after :// When progenies of the cross Ribes dikuscha x R. nigrum were exposed to field infection by Pseudopeziza ribis a proportion bore only restricted, non-sporulating lesions on their leaves and rarely showed premature defoliation.
The segregation observed is explained if resistance is controlled by two complementary genes, Pr 2 and Pr 2, the R. dikuscha parent being heterozygous for both of them and What is currant and gooseberry leaf spot This disease, which is caused by the fungus Drepanopeziza ribis (syn.
Pseudopeziza ribis), can affect black, red and white currants and gooseberries and also occurs occasionally on ornamental Ribes :// Septoria leaf spot – Mycosphaerella ribis The fungus attacks leaves, shoots and berries causing small dark spots which develop a pale brown centre with a darker brown margin, making them easily distinguishable from anthracnose leaf spot.
Black pin-head sized fruiting bodies (pycnidia) become embedded in the spot centres, mostly on the leaf The incidence and extent of leaf spot (Pseudopeziza ribis[Drepanopeziza ribis]) and mildew (Sphaerotheca morsuvae) infections are reported for black currant progenies arising from intercrosses of Baldwin, Boskoop Giant, Seabrook's Black and Victoria.
Two types of resistance to leaf spot occur. The first, a resistance to initial infection, is apparent in some Seabrook progenies, and the second This paper gives a full account of the results obtained at the Agricultural and Horticultural Research Station, Long Ashton, Bristol, from experiments in the control of black currant leaf spot (Pseudopeziza ribis[Drepanopeziza ribis]), which have already been noticed from other sources [R.A.M., viii, p.
Black and red currants are the two main Ribes species that are well known in the world production of the berry fruits (Djordjevic et al., ).Several thousand Ribes cultivars could be roughly subdivided into five groups: red currants, white currants, black currants, gooseberries, and currant–gooseberry hybrids (Weigend, ).Black currant cultivars are derived mainly from the Leaf Spot.
Leaf spot causes red or white currant bush foliage to become dotted with black or brown spots. As the infection worsens, leaves fall off the currant bush. The fungus can live in the soil and in dropped foliage, so gardeners should rake up leaves as they fall.
Treat for leaf spot This leaf spot can be distinguished from that caused by anthracnose by certain characteristics. The spots typically appear on the foliage in June, at which time they resemble anthracnose.
Spots enlarge and the central area becomes light in color with a brown border. Tiny, black specks soon appear scattered over the surface of each :// Byfive black currant cultivars appeared on the Royal Horticultural Society’s recommended plant list.
The cultivars Black Naples and Black Grape, both of unknown origin, were the most widely grown currants. During the s, the number of black currant cultivars :// Sugars, organic acids, vitamin C, individual phenolic compounds and total phenolic content were determined in fruit of 23 black currant cultivars with a different degree of infection caused by black currant leaf spot (Drepanopeziza ribis) and septoria leaf spot (Septoria ribis) using HPLC e and fructose were the most abundant sugars and the major organic acids were Black currant (Ribes nigrum), sometimes known as blackcurrant, is a woody shrub native to Europe and gh this currant plant is grown for its small black berries, it is also highly valued for the leaves, which are said to have great value as a medicinal herb.
What are black currant leaves for. Read on and learn about the many black currant leaf :// nata, responsible for leaf spot and fruit rot in black currant, in vitro and in vivo.
The. objective of the present study was to te st and screen the biological activity o f some :// Siksnianas T, Stanys V, Staniene G, Sasnauskas A, Rugienius R () American black currant as donor of leaf disease resistance in black currant. Biologija –68 Google Scholar Smirnoff N, Wheeler GL () Ascorbic acid in plants: biosynthesis and :// Currant Sawflies.
The larva of the sawfly is cm long, green, with many legs and a black spotted body. It eats the leaves of gooseberries and red or white currants (not black currants) as plants come into full leaf.
The adult is a small black wasp-like insect. Management Chemical profile of black currant fruit modified by different degree of infection with black currant leaf spot Article in Scientia Horticulturae February with 88 Reads Leaf spot is a common descriptive term applied to a number of diseases affecting the foliage of ornamentals and shade trees.
The majority of leaf spots are caused by fungi, but some are caused by bacteria. Some insects also cause damage that appears like a leaf spot disease. Leaf spots on trees are very common and generally do not require /diseases/fungal-spots/ Description.
This section is from the book "Commercial Gardening Vol3", by John Weathers (the Editor).Also available from Amazon: Commercial Gardening, A Practical & Scientific Treatise For Market Gardeners.
Gooseberry- And Currant-Leaf Spot (Pseudopeziza Ribis = Glceosporium Ribis) And-Currant-Leaf-Spot. The reactions to Pseudopeziza ribis leaf spot of 13 black currant cultivars in two replicated experiments, and 22 cultivars in an observation trial were recorded over a number of years.
Highest yields of Fruit were obtained from Baldwin, Blacksmith, Malvem Cross and Mendip Cross. Article - full text (enhanced PDF format, bytes)Book February The leaf and bud extracts are of relevance as raw material for the food and health industry thereby making black currant a lucrative product for use as functional food Gooseberry (Ribes spp.) is a small spiny bush in the family Rosaceae which is grown for its edible fruit of the same gooseberry bush is a spiny shrub with deeply lobed, dark green leaves and produce bell shaped flowers and green/yellow to red berries approximately 1 inch long containg many tiny ://


Отличается от крупчатки тем, что при растирании между пальцами не чувствуется крупинок. Цвет ее белый со слегка кремовым оттенком. Этот сорт муки наиболее распространен при изготовлении высших сортов мучных изделий.
Mill complex LLP "Best Mill" is one of the largest agricultural products processing enterprises in the Karaganda region. The mill complex was commissioned in 2004.
The main activity of the company is the production of wheat flour and its implementation.
The main production departments of the company are:
The emphasis in production is to achieve the highest quality of products that provide a good amount of useful properties оf bread and flour products. In a relatively short period of activities, products proved to be a really high-quality with constant characteristics of brand.
The company has a specialized laboratory with qualified professionals who carry out quality control of grain and products using the newest equipment.
Mill complex LLP "Best Mill" - is a modern enterprise equipped with high-efficiency equipment, with a high degree automation of grain processing.
All products are certified and thoroughly tested.


Virginia’s climate and soil types present their own unique challenges and victories which we do our best to accentuate each vintage. Leaning more towards an organic harmony with nature, we want the cleanest and most savory fruit possible to develop into wine in your glass. Bird boxes surround the vineyard to encourage native bird populations to keep malicious insects at bay. Using mostly natural nutrients in our spray programs develops healthier vines able to resist detrimental infections in the vineyard. This allows us to use minimal (if any) chemicals in the vineyard
Wine has a long and robust history tying cultures around the world to the land they cultivate while enriching the daily lives of all who experience its deliciousness. At Droumavalla Farm, we continue this luxurious farming tradition with the highest standards and practices in our vineyard. Our estate vineyard is 8 acres planted primarily to Bordeaux varietals on lush clay and loam soils with moderate relative elevation. Going into our 12th vintage from the estate, we are excited to see the complexities the fruit presents each year, now that they are over a decade old. To illuminate our guests’ exploration of wines from around the world, we do not shy away from pouring wines created in multiple international and domestic wine regions.
Our grapes come primarily from right outside the tasting room.
We rely on French oak with the majority being neutral second-fill barrels.
While keeping a Farm to Table mindset our wines are unique to the area because they're inspired by the goal to express the characteristics of the vineyard site and vintage as they constantly change.
"The goal is grapes being grown with intuition and intention. To create wine with authenticity and honesty".
On-site, we have 7.85 acres in total. We just replanted 1 acre of Chardonnay, 2 clones Wente clone (New World style) and Dijon clone (Burgundy style), 1 acre of Chardonel (Chardonnay and Seyval hybrid), just under 1 acre of Merlot, 1.5 acres of Cabernet Franc , close to 2 acres of Petit Verdot, 3/4 acre of Chambourcin and 3/4 acre of Petit Manseng (this block is Chambourcin heavy)
The name Droumavalla is Irish and means "a mile from town"
It takes approximately 1,204 grapes to make a bottle of wine.


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Nutra-Lix intake is safely regulated by custom blending our three patented products to vary the palatability and encourage or limit consumption as needed. Nutrient content can be specifically formulated for the class of cattle and the cycle of production.
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Your Nutra-Lix dealer will provide feeders as recommended for your cattle for each of these critical feeding programs:


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Use one capful of AlgoFlash per gallon of water, and pour into soil or spray directly on to foliage. AlgoFlash contains no chlorides, no carbonates, and no sodium. One liter bottle makes more than 100 gallons of solution! For the biggest and best produce you have EVER grown, rely on amazing AlgoFlash concentrated fertilizer.


JOURNALIST TRIP 'SUSTAINABLE PALM OIL CAMPAIGN' IN SINTANG, WEST KALIMANTAN
In the second half of 2018, WWF-Indonesia initiated a sustainable palm oil campaign aimed at expanding public understanding of sustainable palm oil, and ultimately increasing consumer demand for sustainable palm oil products. The campaign is carried out through intensive media engagement, as well as the use of social media to multiply stories and conversations in the public sphere regarding sustainable palm oil. The implementation of this campaign received expert support from a communication consulting agency, Edelman Indonesia, which assisted WWF-Indonesia in the formulation of campaign strategies to the implementation of the campaign through strategic activities involving media participation.
As part of the campaign, on November 21-24, WWF-Indonesia held a 'Journalist Trip' in Sintang Regency, West Kalimantan. As the name implies, in this activity WWF-Indonesia invited journalists representing a number of media along with several social media (micro) influencers to witness firsthand the efforts of sustainable palm oil production practices carried out by oil palm independent smallholders in Sintang district.
Today, independent smallholders play a very significant role in Indonesia's palm oil industry. As much as 40 percent of Indonesia's palm oil production is produced from independent smallholders' land. Due to chaotic regulations and limited information among farmers, most oil palm independent smallholders do not understand the practice of sustainable oil palm production so that many of their plantation activities are environmentally damaging with less profitable results.
The journalist trip was conducted to introduce media partners to WWF-Indonesia's activities in Sintang District, which collaborate with the local government (from the regent to related agencies), community groups (especially farmers), companies and fellow NGOs from related fields to realize sustainable palm oil production practices. During the three-day trip, fellow journalists and influencers had the opportunity to meet face-to-face with the Regent of Sintang, Dr.Jarot Winarno, attend the Public Consultation session for the formulation of the Regional Action Plan-Sustainable Palm Oil, visit the WWF-Indonesia office in Sintang city and meet directly with independent smallholder groups in Telaga Satu Village, Binjai Hulu District to witness firsthand the extension activities carried out by the Sintang Agriculture and Plantation Office in order to socialize environmentally friendly and responsible palm oil plantation practices.


The current status of research and research training in the subject area in the Nordic countries
- The presence of mycotoxins in cereals is a serious and common quality problem that has become more obvious by recent years research. Fusarium spp. are known to produce a range of mycotoxins that cause human diseases such as cancer, hormonal disturbances and allergy. Some mycotoxins can, already in low quantities, influence the immune response system and inhibit both the protein and the DNA synthesis. The toxic compounds produced by the fungi include trichothecenes, fumonisines, fusarin C, beauvericin, enniatins, moniliformin and zearalenons among others. Several Fusarium species are pathogenic on cereals. The quantity and the population of Fusarium present on the grains, as well as environmental factors like temperature and humidity, can influence the amount of mycotoxins produced.
- Dr. Tapani Yli-Mattila's research group has had collaboration with the research groups of Prof. Levitin and Dr. Mona Torp after the Fifth European Fusarium meeting in Szeged in 1997. After the year 1998 four researchers from All-Russian Plant Protection institute have visited the laboratory of Tapani Yli-Mattila at the University of Turku as a part of a bilaterial researcher exchange program between Finnish and Russian academies. Tapani Yli-Mattila, Aldo Rizzo, Ulf Thrane, Mona Torp and Sonja Klemsdal started the European collaboration in the COST 835 action "Agriculturally Important Toxigenic Fungi" in 1998-2003. Most of us were also involved in the NorFA course "Genes and Mycotoxins in Plant-Fungal interactions", which was organized by Prof. Henriette Giese in Copenhagen in August 2002. This gave us an idea to apply for a three-year grant for the network project "New emerging mycotoxins and toxigenic fungi in Northern Europe" from the Nordic Research Board (NordForsk). The network grant was accepted for one year and it included ca. 40 short visits (less than 10 days), two longer visits (3-4 weeks) three meetings and one laboratory course from July 2003 to June 2004. Unfortunately, it was the last year for this kind of academic activity in the NordForsk and was not possible to apply for additional years. Through this one year of networking though, all the involved institutions got the opportunity to become acquainted with the other institutions' laboratory facilities and ongoing research.
- Dr. Tapani Yli-Mattila's research group has had collaboration with the research groups of Prof. Levitin and Dr. Mona Torp after the Fifth European Fusarium meeting in Szeged in 1997. After the year 1998 four researchers from All-Russian Plant Protection institute have visited the laboratory of Tapani Yli-Mattila at the University of Turku as a part of a bilaterial researcher exchange program between Finnish and Russian academies. Tapani Yli-Mattila, Aldo Rizzo, Ulf Thrane, Mona Torp and Sonja Klemsdal
- During the first year of the network project the research groups at the University of Turku, the Norwegian Crop Research Inst., Plant Protection Centre and The Norwegian National Veterinary Institute have developed PCR-based molecular methods for identification and quantification of different plant-pathogenic and antagonistic fungal species and strains, and have also used DNA sequences for phylogenetic species identification. In a polyphasic study organised by Dr. Mona Torp through COST 835, the morphological and sequence data was combined with the metabolite data of the research group of Dr. U. Thrane at the Technical University of Denmark, and with other molecular and toxin data from other research groups of COST 835 to verify the presence of a new toxin producing species; Fusarium langsethiae in a study of ca. 100 Fusarium strains from different parts of the world. In this work the Russian culture collection of the laboratory of Prof. M. Levitin was very useful. The new member of our network project, Hans Pettersson is a coordinator of an EU-project on trichothecene analysis and a project leader in projects on trichothecene metabolism and toxicology.
- Fusarium graminearum is the most quickly emerging toxigenic Fusarium species in Northern Europe. It has been much more common in Norway and Finland, but it has not yet been found in Northwestern Russia. The main toxins produced by F. graminearum are deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN). In Dr. Klemdals's research group work is in progress to clone and characterize genes involved in the synthesis of zearalenone. Once verified, this information can be used to screen isolates from the network for their ability to produce this mycotoxin.
- In Northern Europe Fusarium avenaceum is the most common Fusarium species. This fungus, which has been considered nontoxigenic, was recently found to be able to produce the mycotoxins; moniliformin, enniatins and beauvericin. Dr. Rizzo was involved in the study, in which the Fusarium toxin, beauvericin, was as the first time found in cereal (rye) grains (Logrieco et al. 2002) and his research group as well as the Norwegian National Veterinary Insitute have also developed methods for quantification of moniliformin and enniatins in cereal grains. The research group of Ulf Thrane has studied metabolite profiles of F. avenaceum and F. tricinctum. Dr. Klemsdal's research group has already developed a quantitative PCR method for detecting F. avenaceum and trichothecene producing Fusarium strains in cereal grains, while Dr. Yli-Mattila's research group has developed quantitative PCR methods for F. graminearum and F. poae. Phylogenetic studies of F. avenaceum/F.arthrosporioides/F. tricinctum species complex are also going on at the research groups of Drs. Klemsdal, Yli-Mattila and Torp. Methods to study genetic variation between fungal isolates within species are also available in the network, e.g. AFLP (Klemsdal) UP-PCR and RAPD-PCR (Yli-Mattila) and DNA sequencing, microarray and data analyses (several laboratories in the network).
Prospects and need for Nordic co-operation in the subject area with particular reference to research training
- The amount of mycotoxins present in cereals will differ between year and districts, and will also depend on resistance / susceptibility of the plant species or cultivar used.
- The presence of living toxin producing fungi in cereals used for human food and animal feed can be avoided by correct methods of processing of the raw material. However, as many of the mycotoxins are heat stable, these compounds cannot be removed through the chain of processing, and once present in the grains at harvest, they will also be present in the final product.
- To address this specific problem it is important that the research activities in the Nordic countries are co-ordinated. The current NordForsk network will facilitate such co-ordination.
- In order to minimize occurrence and effects of new emerging mycotoxins and other secondary fungal metabolites in the food chain, it is necessary to determine the Fusarium and other toxigenic fungal species (e.g. Alternaria) composition on cereals and to characterize the populations and genetic structure of dominant Fusarium fungi and their toxins in Nordic countries and northwestern part of Russia (Leningrad region). There is also a need for a bioassay-guided search for new toxic fungal metabolites produced by the dominating fungal species on grain in this region. In addition, we will study the influence of geographical isolation and environmental factors on the formation of dominant species complex and population structure and to determine levels of different mycotoxins in cereals in Norway, Denmark, Finland and North-West Russia. New molecular techniques for early detection of toxigenic fungi will be used in order to understand the molecular basis of the toxigenicity. In addition, toxigenic Alternaria species will be studied in cereal grains.
- The project is multidisciplinary (mycology, plant pathology, biochemistry, toxicology, molecular genetics) and has a strong system oriented component. This is a reason enough to set up a network because cooperation between different laboratories is essential for synergy and research efficiency.
- The main goal of the network is to coordinate the Nordic research on Fusarium species of special interest to the Nordic countries in order to achieve synergy and research efficiency.
- Sub-projects will be :
- Further analyses of taxa and metabolites of particular importance in the Nordic countries due to their occurrence, genetic variation, toxigenicity or pathogenicity. Also the biological relevance of biotic and abiotic interactions between Fusarium spp., their metabolites and their environment, will be studied.
- Development of diagnostic tools with particular emphasis on Nordic needs and potentially with the objective to commercialise the tools.
- Study the interaction between cereal plants and toxin producing fungi.
- Training of Nordic researchers and research students in relevant disciplines
- The final goal of the second subproject is to develop quick and cheap molecular methods for the detection of toxigenic Fusarium strains from cereal grain samples used for food. The present chemical and microbiological methods are too expensive and/or slow for routine toxin analyses in grains.
- In our study we will emphasise the study on the Fusarium avenaceum/F.arthrosporioides/F. tricinctum species complex and its toxins, since the taxonomy, toxins and other metabolites of this species complex are unclear and the majority of Fusarium isolates in grains in Northern Europe belong to this group. This species complex has been considered nontoxigenic, but recently it has been documented that several new toxins are produced by it in grains and other food products. Thus, one of the main goals of our project will be to clarify the occurrence, the taxonomy, mycotoxins and other toxic metabolites and quantification of Fusarium avenaceum/F. arthrosporioides/F .tricinctum species complex in Northern Europe. For this purpose isolates will be collected from all countries of the network project and the same well-characterized isolates will be delivered to all partners to be studied by different molecular, morphological, taxonomical and chemical analyses.
The network project will continue the work of the network project "New emerging mycotoxins and toxigenic fungi in Northern Europe", which was funded for one year by the Nordic Council in 2003-2004.
- In the present network, we want to utilize the knowledge of individual laboratories and to coordinate the work to avoid overlapping and achieving synergistic scientific effects instead. During visits of maximum 8 weeks the visitors will give a lecture about their work, and have opportunities to learn new methods and techniques and in most cases they will be able to start small projects, which will result in new publications. This is especially important for young researchers and doctoral students. We are also going write an additional application to NordForsk to organize a NordForsk course during the third year of the project. We will also arrange workshops during the network period.


Wetting agents are substances that reduce the surface tension of water to allow it to spread drops onto a surface, increasing the spreading abilities of a liquid. Lowering the surface tension lowers the energy required to spread drops onto a film, thus weakening the cohesive properties of the liquid and strengthening its adhesive properties. The simplest way to improve water take up by hydrophobic soils is to use a soil wetting agent. When organic matter on the soil breaks down it leaves a waxy coating on the soil particles. Wetting agents are like detergents. They overcome that waxing coating and allow water to penetrate into the pore spaces between. There are four main types of wetting agents: anionic, cationic, amphoteric, and nonionic.
- Wide range of application such as in Plant growth regulation, Herbicides, Pesticides, Antiseptics, Fertilizers and trace elements. One example of how wetting agents work is in the formation of micelles. Micelles consist of hydrophilic heads forming an outer layer around lipophilic tails. When in water, the micelles' tails can surround an oil droplet while the heads are attracted to the water.


Wheat is a food related item in Stranded, it is used to create bread and other things - scroll down to see the full list. Wheat is an important resource to players when needing a quick source of hunger points as it is the main component in creating bread. It is found in different islands (scroll down for the list), contradictory to it's important role it is very easy to acquire.Wheat consists of a wheat stalk and a wheat ear.
Method Of Acquiring Edit
It is relatively easy to obtain; go to a wheat stalk and left click to gather it. Easy, huh?
Additional Information Edit
- Wheat can be found on Mainland.
- Wheat is used to create bread.
- One bushel of wheat contains about 1,000,000 kernels!
- More food is made with wheat globally than any other cereal grain.
- A family that consists of 4 could live of the bread produced by an acre of wheat for about 10 years!
This page is still in development.


Photosynthesis a sunlight is absorbed by chlorophyll in a leaf b carbon dioxide is taken in from the air c water is transported from the roots d glucose is synthesized and distributed throughout the plant e oxygen is released pho o yn he is (fō′tō-sĭn′thĭ-sĭs) n the process in green plants and certain other organisms by which carbohydrates are synthesized from carbon dioxide and a source of hydrogen (usually water), using light as an energy source most forms of. Chlorophyll is vital for photosynthesis, which allows plants to absorb energy from light chlorophyll molecules are arranged in and around photosystems that are embedded in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts in these complexes, chlorophyll serves three functions. Water is used as a sources of protons in photosynthesis in photosystem ii water is split into oxygen and hydrogen.
To show experimentally that light is necessary for photosynthesis. To make food and glucose which is a source of energy usable by the cell. The role of h2o, or water, in photosynthesis, is essential to atp, which is the energy process that drives photosynthesis it is also important in the making of food hydrogen atoms found in water make up part of the glucose molecules that plants use as nourishment photosynthesis occurs in two. Photosynthesis experiments using leaf discs objectives: 1 reinforce methods of experimental design and learn how leaf anatomy is adapted to optimize photosynthetic efficiency i introduction: photosynthesis is the process by which light energy is converted into chemical bond energy by autotrophic organisms during the light dependent reactions of what is the purpose of the sodium bicarbonate in this experiment now that you have familiarized yourself with the methods.
It converts light energy to chemical energy is the statement among the choices given in the question that summarizes the main purpose of photosynthesis the c. In this article, we'll explore the light-dependent reactions as they take place during photosynthesis in plants we'll trace how light energy is absorbed by pigment molecules, how reaction center pigments pass excited electrons to an electron transport chain, and how the energetically downhill flow of electrons leads to synthesis of atp and nadph. The purpose and process of photosynthesis the process of photosynthesis converts light energy to chemical energy, which can be used by organisms for different metabolic processes.
Get an answer for 'what is the purpose of the photosynthesis and cellular respiration cycle in terms of energy' and find homework help for other science questions at enotes. Best answer: photosynthesis is the process in which plants use sunlight to produce sugar which is the plants food basically, the plant converts 6 molecules of water and 6 molecules of carbon dioxide and converts them into one molecule of sugar and 6 molecules of oxygen so the main purpose is to. Carbon dioxide in photosynthesis plants get carbon dioxide from the air through their leaves the carbon dioxide diffuses through small holes in the underside of the leaf called stomata. In this lesson, explore cellular respiration and its purpose you'll see the differences between anabolic and catabolic reactions and understand.
Photosynthesis process for kids simplified for easy understanding photosynthesis is one of the most crucial life processes on the earth it is not just important for plants, the process by which plants capture sunlight and use it to convert carbon dioxide and water into food' will serve the purpose photosynthesis process simplified photosynthesis photosynthesis is vital to facilitate the process of respiration in both,. Photosynthesis definition, the complex process by which carbon dioxide, water, and certain inorganic salts are converted into carbohydrates by green plants, algae, and certain bacteria, using energy from the sun and chlorophyll see more. The measured rate of photosynthesis as a function of absorbed wavelength correlates well with the absorption frequencies of chlorophyll a, but makes it evident that there are some other contributors to the absorption the plot of the absorption spectra of the chlorophylls plus beta carotene. Click here 👆 to get an answer to your question  what is the primary purpose of photosynthesis.
What is light dependent and light independent reactions in photosynthesis. Transcript of the effect of the amount of sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) on was providing carbon dioxide for photosynthesis to occur light independent reactions take part in the stroma for photosynthesis to happen for a light independent reaction, carbon dioxide needs to the purpose of using a solution that consisted of water and soap for one trial of our experiment was to prove that without carbon dioxide present, photosynthesis can not occur if the spinach leaves. Photosynthesis is one of the fundamental aspects of biology you can do this fun photosynthesis experiment using leaf discs to better understand how it works. Most people would agree that photosynthesis is a great thing i’ve never heard anyone argue against it however, some folks have missed the purpose of photosynthesis.
What is chlorophyll and what is photosynthesis most of us already know the answers to these questions but for kids, this can be unchartered waters this article can help with that. Photosynthesis is a process that allows plants to harvest energy in sunlight and store it chemically, by producing sugars sugars hold energy in their molecular bonds when the plant breaks down these bonds, energy is released that the organism can then use although green plants are the most famous. Big idea investigation 5 t95 cellular processes: 2 energy and communication investigation 5 photosynthesis what factors affect the rate of photosynthesis in living leaves. Photosynthesis is an important biochemical pathway involving the production of sugar (glucose) from light, water and carbon dioxide and releasing oxygen it is a series of complex biochemical reactions and occurs in higher plants, algae, some bacteria and some photoautotrophs nearly every life depends on this.


It’s clear to the rest of the world that Monsanto and Dupont-Pioneer, the two giant corporations responsible for the future apocalypse of our modern age (let’s not forget Dow Chemical, the cheeky bastards), have ruined American farming with their genetically altered crops, and have spread that same putrescence to many corners of the world. Europe, though, has been pretty good over the years about what kinda chemicals go into the food, but this week the EU disappointed tons of folks with a GMO decision. A colleague of mine, who will be known here as The Cyprus Experiment (thanks Aldous Huxley), brought to my attention an article in Sustainable Pulse talking about how the EU is about to approve Maize 1507, a GM Dupont product, for cultivation.
Other news sites have jumped on this story, which is turning a lot of heads and stoking the fires of controversy everywhere. The last GM crop to be approved was MON810, Monsanto’s pesticide-hurling super corn monstrosity. Since then, a majority of EU countries have opposed GM products in agriculture, and for good reason. Monsanto and other companies’ genetically altered crops and animal feeds have been linked to cancer and many other health catastrophes. And because agriculture is not 100% controllable (it’s still nature, kinda), seeds and chemicals tend to get mixed; even the organic farmer is in danger of GM infections in their products (not to fear, Monsanto will just sue you!).
In short, GM crops are bad for the environment, bad for health, but none of that seems to matter all that much when Monsanto is either persuading folks with piles of money or using an elite team of lawyers to hunt down anyone infringing on their seed patents.
According to Sustainable Pulse and other sites, countries such as the Netherlands, Austria, and Poland have fought and continue to oppose Pioneer 1507 (the new GMO). France, in particular, is extremely against GMOs in general; in total, 19 countries opposed the approval of Pioneer 1507. However, the UK, in contrast, is starkly in favor of 1507’s cultivation, supposedly in an effort to reinvigorate their agricultural output. The decision to approve the GMO is made more difficult because of Germany abstaining (those guys have a lot of decision weight in the EU) from the vote. Overall, a disappointment, as 1507, which packs a wallop as a weed killing genetic monster, can only be dangerous for public health and agricultural policy in Europe. It’s especially weird because in general Europe looks to the states, the homeland of Monsanto, Dupont, and Dow Chemical, as anything but a viable influence on policy.
Hopefully, the official decision, says Sustainable Pulse, will come on March 3, when the EU meets to chat about safe practices in health and agriculture. I say hopefully because by then they may have all come to their senses.
Already, GMOs have invaded Europe, which means even Europeans have to nervously read food labels and lose trust in their gastronomic cultures. The BBC reported that Spain is the largest market for GMOs, cultivating a pretty large amount of MON810. However, the situation is nowhere near as dire as the states in any way, but this new inclusion of Pioneer 1507 could change the landscape of food and farming in Europe. And not in a positive way. Industrial farm practices, one of them being genetically altered food products (still scary that life has been patented), are extremely dangerous for the environment and for the health of its most ignorant inhabitants (we seriously don’t know what we’re doing).
So, yeah, Europe, I really hope you listen to the 19 states that were vehemently opposed to this, and decide against following through. Also, Jamie Oliver, get your country out of Monsanto’s money grip, please.


Manchmal gibt es Phasen, in denen ein Grow Buddy mir immer nur hilft, mal Phasen in dem ich einem anderen nur helfe. Durch diesen Wechsel entsteht unglaublich viel Synergie. Es ist okay eine durchhängende Phase zu haben in der man viel Input braucht. Das einzige was nicht okay ist, ist in Selbstmitleid abzutauchen und den anderen Grow Buddy auszusaugen. Grow Buddies - meine Learnings. GrowBuddy will automatically pull the correct nutrient schedule and week for the plant or crop(s) being watered. - View all the past feeding for a plant while watering to keep your plants healthy and free of deficiencies - Never add the wrong amount of nutrients again. GrowBuddy does all the math for you. - All your data is encrypted and securely stored to prevent unauthorized access. - Sync. Online-Shopping mit großer Auswahl im Garten Shop. Wir verwenden Cookies und ähnliche Tools, um Ihr Einkaufserlebnis zu verbessern, um unsere Dienste anzubieten, um zu verstehen, wie die Kunden unsere Dienste nutzen, damit wir Verbesserungen vornehmen können, und um Werbung anzuzeigen GrowBuddy is the ultimate cannabis grow journal app that helps record plant life cycle and empowers growers with historical data to make informed decisions. Starting from seed or clone, every detail can be recorded, including age, developmental stage, strain information, growing tips, and photos Organic Marijuana Growing Consultants offering services that include Planning, Set-up and Direction, Growing Tips and Tricks, and Maintainance of any LEGAL Marijuana Grow Operatio
Nachhaltigkeit. Selbstverständlich sind die PlantBuddy Modelle und Verpackungsmaterialien mit Blick auf die Umwelt produziert. Wir verwenden 100% Recyclingmaterial. Die Verpackung der Modelle wird verantwortungsvoll durchgeführt, da wir diese bei geschützten Werkstätten machen lassen Guess we're all in this boat at the moment. GB TEAM...I'm hoping version 2.0 will default to offline mode. And, if/when there is any problem when we try to , the program will automatically revert back to offline mode, so we are not trapped outside the program with no way to access our data Servus Leute Werde ab jetzt meinen firstgrow mit euch Teilen. Es könnte ja sein, dass manche sich über neue Berichte freuen :grin:. Bin übrigens gegenüber Anregungen und Meinungen immer offen. weitere Informationen zum Grow: Growschrank: Selber konstruiert mit den Massen 85 x 90 x 190cm.. A Cannabis Grow Buddy is a Professional Cannabis Cultivator. He or she has made the cultivation of cannabis a major part of their individual lives. He or She has the qualities of Honesty, Integrity, Is Trust Worthy, Respects Others & Is Compassionate not only to humans but all forms of life. These are only a fraction of the required traits if one is to be considered a Canna Grow Buddy. A Canna.
Buddy is our Bigfoot friend, and mascot. He's been around the woods a time or two, and has seen some fascinating grows. We asked for some tips on growing, and he was happy to help GrowBuddy is an advanced marijuana grow journal app that tracks the plant life cycle and empowers growers with historical data to make informed decisions. GrowBuddy is the ultimate cannabis grow journal app that tracks the plant life cycle and empowers cultivators with historical data to make informed decisions. GrowBuddy. Support. Forgot Password Please enter your email address to reset your.
The Grow Buddy. 157 likes. LED Grow Light . Indoor Greenhouse Gardening Hydroponic Spectrum Lights help Fruits, Vegetables, Medical Plants and Herbs to Start Growing Like a Weed Experten-Wissen für den Cannabis Anbau: Grundwissen Pflanzenpflege Indoor & Outdoor Technik Ernte und Lagerung Hilfe bei Schädlingen GrowBuddy, Denver, Colorado. 987 likes · 3 talking about this. The ultimate grow journal app. Get the free app today Entdecke jetzt die umweltfreundliche Alternative zu herkömmlichem Kunststoff-Spielzeug mit den Bausteinen von BiOBUDDi Ondertussen beschermd het de potgrond ook nog tegen uitdroging. Maar het aller belangrijkste van alles de aarde blijft tegenwoordig netjes in de pot zitten, daar waar het hoort
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The setup package generally installs about 8 files and is usually about 25.2 MB (26,419,200 bytes). Relative to the overall usage of users who have this installed on their PCs, most are running Windows 7 (SP1) and Windows 10. While about 88% of users of GrowBuddy come from the United States, it is also popular in KN and Canada GrowBuddy will automatically pull the correct nutrient schedule and week for the plant or crop(s) being watered. - View all the past feeding for a plant while watering to keep your plants healthy. Vertrauenswürdiger Windows (PC) Download GrowBuddy KOSTENLOS. Virenfreier und 100 % sicherer Download. Schauen Sie sich alternative Downloads von GrowBuddy an GrowBuddy is the most valuable tool in a growers garden. It allows growers to track every aspect of their garden which means bigger yields and better tasting buds. Users will be able to manage the necessities including nutrients, custom made nutrient schedules, grow mediums, and strains. From there users are able to track their plants from clone through curing while keeping track of all their.
883 Followers, 392 Following, 46 Posts - See Instagram photos and videos from GrowBuddy (@growbuddy GrowBuddy 3385. GrowBuddy Software Apps Agriculture Consumer Goods Cannabis The ultimate cannabis grow journal app. Track plant life cycle & feel empower with historical data to make informed decisions. Stop guessing, START GROWING!. What's up Dude & Scotty on episode 210 you asked the DGC to chime in on the Grow Buddy app. I downloaded it and I must say I'm not too impressed. My major gripe is that you have to connect to your pc in order to get the most from the app. I'm curious is [
Tim's skills as a professional grower allowed him to start a grow consulting business and later join GrowBuddy to help advance technology into the industry. Advisors KEITH UBBEN. Advisor. Ryan Breeden Advisor. Unconfirmed. Keith Capurro Advisor. Unconfirmed. Company About Us Careers Contact Us. Solutions Start a Company Grow Your Startup Raise Capital. Products Gust Launch Co-Founder Equity S Growbuddy continues to expand so that word of mouth marketing seems to be working. David: We have received very positive feedback so far! We attract a lot of new growers and growers that are really trying to perfect their art. Daniel: Keep in mind that although we developed the app with home growers in mind, it has commercial uses as well. David uses it as the Director of Cultivation at Deep. Grow Buddy is a way to qualitatively, vs quantitatively, analyze your medicine. We do not currently offer out of state testing , even by mail. Montana Biotech can determine if your cannabis seedling is male or female 1-2 weeks after germination, or if your plant is a True Hermaphrodite using the Plant DNA Collection Kit and a PCR, gel electrophoresis method
Two years ago a friend of mine posted a video that I found so hilarious I felt the need to make an animated adaptation. I recorded the voices last January and I put it together in the last week App you grow.【Buddy maker】 1.072_E Update. 2017-11-04. 2014/10/28 1.072_E (debag) 2014/10/23 1.071_E (debag) App you grow.【Buddy maker】 Tags. Tools; Add Tags. By adding tag words that describe for Games&Apps, you're helping to make these Games and Apps be more discoverable by other APKPure users. Download APK (14.4 MB) Additional Information. Category: Free Tools APP. Latest Version: 1. Grow Buddy app ensures this is possible in the most efficient fashion by keeping farmers information anonymous and secure. Keep an eye on your farm. As a farmer you will wish to keep tabs with how the growth of your marijuana. Fortunately, with Grow buddy app you can keep an eye on your marijuana farm regardless of your geographical area. By simply having the app installed on your phone, be. . When equipped, it gives the Buddy's Extra Blocks... mod which gives the player the chance to drop an additional block when breaking. Add a photo to this galler Das Grow-Buddy-Konzept spinnt den Gedanken des Reverse Mentoring noch weiter und deklariert beide Parteien zu Mentoren bzw. Mentees. Die Beteiligten sind sowohl Lernende als auch Lehrer, die von- und miteinander lernen. Hier finden Sie ergänzende Informationen aus unserem Blog
GrowBuddy is a precision agriculture platform for cannabis gardens. It allows growers to track every aspect of their garden which means bigger yields and better tasting buds. Users will be able to manage the necessities including nutrients, custom-made nutrient schedules, grow mediums, and strains. From there users are able to track their plants from clone through curing while keeping track of. . It allows growers to maximize their yeilds and stay in contact with others growers around the world. GrowBuddy is. Trusted Windows (PC) download GrowBuddy 1.20.348. Virus-free and 100% clean download. Get GrowBuddy alternative downloads GrowBuddy. Save. Summary Financials People Technology Signals & News. About. Mobile app that helps cannabis growers produce better, safer and consistent plants through analytics that create insight into their garden. Greater Denver Area, Western US; 1-10; Venture - Series Unknown; Private; www.growbuddy.com ; 35,723; Highlights. Total Funding Amount $1.2M Number of Current Team Members 4.
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This Grow Buddy value pack has been designed for beginner growers (or experts looking for a smaller space) to discover the art of indoor horticulture with simple and user-friendly equipment. We prepared this complete package and added some monster discounts to the price so you can grow your own today! The Grow Room: Our Grow Buddy package includes a first-class quality, HOMEbox Ambient Q100. See what GrowBuddy (growbuddy) has discovered on Pinterest, the world's biggest collection of ideas Experience quantitative TLC analysis. Download JustTLC, the modern and easy-to-use analysis software that accurately measures spots on TLC plates
Amazon.com: The Grow Buddy. Skip to main content. Try Prime All Go Search EN Hello, Sign in Account & Lists Sign in Account & Lists Orders Try Prime Cart. Today's Deals Your Amazon.com Gift Cards Help. GrowBuddy General Information Description. Provider of a grow-journal application for cannabis growers. The company provides a cloud-based platform enabling marijuana growers to record plant life and harvest cycles, in order to develop an accumulation of historical data for business intelligence
Hemp5-Grow_Buddy-header4. 12. Oktober 2017. Teilen auf: Tweet. Hinterlasse eine Antwort Antwort abbrechen. Deine Email Adresse wird nicht veröffentlicht. Kommentar. Name * Email * Webseite. Meinen Namen, E-Mail und Website in diesem Browser speichern, bis ich wieder kommentiere. Ich stimme der Datenschutzerklärung zu *. My Grow Log is the ultimate Medical Marijuana grow app to help you increase your grow yields. Quickly set up your Medical Marijuana garden and track as many or as few details that you would like.
Grow Buddy Software. Smart Buddy v.188.8.131.52. Smart Buddy is a universal poker buddy list Smart Buddy is a universal poker buddy list that allows you to see who is online, and what tables they are playing on. Whether you want to monitor friends or professionals, Smart Buddy allows you to easily sort and observe these players without having to jump from site to site. File Name: SmartBuddy.exe. Free Shipping & Best Price Guarantee on LED Grow Lights, Nutrients, Tents, Full Kits, and much more. Secure checkout & reliable educational information for growers by GrowDaddy Canada Growbuddy Inc is a Colorado Corporation filed on January 6, 2012. The company's filing status is listed as Good Standing and its File Number is 20121013475. The Registered Agent on file for this company is Daniel Alan Starbuck and is located at 2851 S Parker Rd Suite 320, Aurora, CO 80014 GrowBuddy, Denver, Colorado. 985 likes · 4 talking about this. The ultimate grow journal app. Get the free app today
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Grow Buddy App Download, Vip Usb Mw2 Mod No Jailbreak Free Download, Download Xtouch X401 Usb Driver, Screen Filter For Pc Download. Realtek High Definition Grow Buddy App Download Audio Codec (Windows 7 / 8/ 8.1/ 10 64-bit) Free VIEW → Update your onboard HD sound from Realtek to the latest driver release. Great program for taking screenshots, that can even take a snapshot from a movie. Grow Buddy Apk Download, Find Android Sms Virus Download, Browser Download Tercepat Di Pc, Vintera Tv App Downloa My local grow buddy is a dentist, owns his office with 3 other dentists working out of the same office. Couple dozen employees. He is on weed forums, he also grows quite a bit as well, always got something going. More than likely making a million a year I'd guess. You couldn't be anymore wrong.... Click to expand... Rich people don't work man. Damn you couldn't be anymore wrong. Rich. Grow Buddy Apk Download We allow certain service providers to Grow Buddy Apk Download place their own cookies on your device and collect information such as your device ID, browser type and IP address so they can help us Grow Buddy Apk Download better understand your interaction with our properties..
Canada's first one-stop grow shop fully dedicated to commercial and recreational growers. Shop from over 2,500 top-of-the-line products including the latest LED grow lights, grow tents, nutrients, hydroponics systems, and more! Enjoy free and fast shipping over 149$ in Canada Grow Buddy Apk Download, Got Season 7 Episode 2 Download Torrent, File Won't Delete From Directtv Download App, Minecraft Sevtech 3.0 Downloa See what The Grow Buddy (thegrowbuddy) has discovered on Pinterest, the world's biggest collection of ideas GrowBuddy Mobile app that helps cannabis growers produce better, safer and more consistent plants through analytics that create insight into their garden practices. Stage Full Product Ready Industry Software Location Denver, CO, US Currency USD Founded February 2015 Employees The latest Tweets from The Grow Buddy (@thegrowbuddy): After The Grow Buddy helps your indoor plants grow.....do not forget the important step of drying. https://t.
12 Plants; 100+ Clones; 78x47x30″ 300-watt LED Lighting; The Revolutionary Bud Buddy Grow boxes are the little brother to the Grow Daddy and both enjoy massive design efficiency for complete grow-at-home systems.Our grow boxes are designed by growers, with features like our unique productive modular design, which offers a more versatile approach to all levels hydroponic Home Farming buy. Grow Buddy LLC is a Colorado Limited-Liability Company filed on November 24, 2009. The company's filing status is listed as Voluntarily Dissolved and its File Number is 20091616379. The Registered Agent on file for this company is Grow Buddy LLC and is located at 6510 S.College Ave #b, Fort Collins, CO 80525 GrowBuddy helps growers be more efficient, stay organized and yield better results. It is a simple yet powerful app that tracks everything about your plants from beginning to end. It is a grow journal app that helps to get the best out of your garden and grow smarter. Keeping a journal is the best way measure and repeat successes while avoiding failures The GrowBuddy and the how to grow marijuana app is geared towards making decisions that will be beneficial to the growers first. Their mission is to link the farming community and support them grow better. GrowBuddy was established for the purpose of managing their own grow found in Colorado, however, it is shared with others who grow cannabis so that they may all greater, smarter and better. Company name: GrowBuddy Description: Provider of a grow-journal application for cannabis growers. The company provides a cloud-based platform enabling marijuana growers to record plant life and harvest cycles, in order to develop an accumulation of historical data for business intelligence. Informaton is stored in an encrypted database that syncs all data between platforms and devices every 60 seconds
Grow Buddy Built for growers, by growers. Los Angeles County, California Software and Apps GrowBuddy empowers you to stop guessing and start using the power of data to guide your marijuana grows. Manage your garden by keeping track of your nutrient schedules, grow mediums, strains, systems, and more. Share: Tweet. Share. Pin. Please to continue! × Sign in or. Register Now for Free! Grow. Tag: GrowBuddy. Featured. These Are the 5 MJ Apps That Any Weed Lover Should Download. by Sophie Vida May 13, 2017. Weed has become a huge part of our world right now, especially with so many states legalizing it. Apps have popped up all over and if you love your weed, these are the five you should definitely consider having on your phone. 1... bsp; Receive Free Alerts on -Marijuna Stocks. You must log in to post a comment.. This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Learn how your comment data is processed @Cashinbis Host Tim Strombel sits down with Rob Rusher, CEO of GrowBuddy, the ultimate cannabis grow journal app that helps record plant life cycle and empowers growers with historical.. Offering the opportunity to satisfy the organizational streak (or mild OCD) in many growers is Grow Buddy (free, $2.99 for full version) from Fred Tarasevicius. This organizer and tracking tool helps growers take total control of their operation with the ability to record, chart and analyze an array of critical data (pH, temperature, feeds and more) and work on custom feeding schedules
Visit the post for more. Cannabis Business Executive - Cannabis and Marijuana industry news. Recreational, Medical, Marijuana, Cannabis, And Hemp News for Cannabis Businesse Grow Buddy. For my third hackathon, we - a group of 5 digital product designers created 'Grow Buddy'. 'Grow Buddy' exists of 2 things: a buddy and a mobile platform. The buddy part is actually a smart garden meter that is planted near a field of plants. This takes collects data about the plants like water usage, ph value, amount of sun.. In the meantime, there is another term in the context of mentoring: Grow Buddy. The Grow Buddy concept spins the idea of reverse mentoring even further and declares both parties to be mentors and mentees. They are both learners and teachers who want to learn from and with each other. Here you will find additional information from our blog Grow Buddy: magic mushroom growing software. Regardless of the fact that they are illegal to cultivate in the United States of America Joshua K, whose last name has not been revealed to conceal his identity, fires up his stove and prepares for a long day of magic mushroom cultivating. It is an exceedingly more common activity as the Internet brings information into our homes in a way that has.


First impressions can be important. Let's take a reaction test.
Yum! Large luscious fruit. A thornless bush. What's not to love?
I'm hearing a lot of Boo! Hiss! Nasty Monsanto!
Monkombu Sambasivan Swaminathan (MSS)
I can hear a pin drop. You've never heard of him, have you?
No, neither had I till I read his obituary the other day. Yet Time magazine included him with Gandhi in its list of the 20 most influential Asian people of the 20th century.
Son of a surgeon of Brahmin caste, MS Swaminathan (as he was always known) was studying zoology when he was deeply influenced and appalled by the famine in Bengal in 1943. A change of career direction saw him determined to improve food production. In the 15 years after India gained independence in 1947, food supplies, especially of wheat, were in a parlous state. The country was heavily dependent on imports from the US. The population was increasing at a ferocious rate. Outside observers were predicting a food Armageddon.
Working in conjunction with US plant scientist Norman Borlaug, MSS obtained high yielding wheat and rice plants from Japan. An important feature was their short stems, which made them less likely to break in stormy weather. (Here in Scotland we've done something similar with our barley.) He crossed them with Indian plants which could withstand the climate, and created a hybrid.
A hybrid, in the same way that a loganberry is a cross between a North American blackberry and a European raspberry. These were the days when genetic modification science was in its infancy. MSS was determined to learn more. In 1967 he produced his miracle grain, a dwarf wheat variety known as Sharbati Sonora. Wheat production increased to 20 million tonnes (now over 300 million). Inside a decade India went from being the world's largest importer of food grains to being a net exporter.
More research followed. For much of the 70s MSS was Director-General of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research. Genetic modification was becoming his thing. He headed a programme designed to restore lost rice species destroyed in the Cambodian civil war. In the 1990s he used genetic modification techniques to produce varieties of rice which would be more tolerant of salt water and require less fertiliser and fewer pesticides.
Genetic modification. Boo! Hiss! Nasty Monsanto! Actually, MSS agreed with the latter sentiment. He was firmly of the belief that the science ought to be available to all, especially the poorer nations. He thoroughly disapproved of its exploitation for commercial gain. It says everything about the man that when he won the World Food Prize in 1987 ($200,000), he used the money to establish a research foundation to study nutrition and climate change. The organisation is still in existence. He died on September 28 aged 98.
Ladies and gentleman, I give you MS Swaminathan. A true food hero.


Sarah Kelley is Senior Program Officer at the Island Foundation, a family foundation based in Marion, MA. She manages the Foundation’s Environment program area, which includes grantmaking in the areas of sustainable agriculture and food systems; climate change and alternative energy; land and water conservation; and marine mammal conservation. Before coming to the Foundation in 2009, she served for 5 years as Executive Director of Southeastern Massachusetts Agricultural Partnership (SEMAP), a nonprofit dedicated to preserving and expanding sustainable farming and access to local food. Sarah also has extensive research and work experience in the area of sustainable textiles and fibers as a part of regional agricultural systems. She holds an M.S. in Plant and Soil Sciences from the University of Massachusetts at Amherst and a B.A. in History with a concentration on the Irish linen industry from Yale University.
Sarah currently serves as a Board member of New England Grassroots Environment Fund, as a guest lecturer on sustainability in apparel production at Rhode Island School of Design, and on the Membership Committee of Sustainable Agriculture and Food Systems Funders (SAFSF). She is the author of the 2017 report “Common Threads: U.S. Foundation Opportunities in Sustainable Fiber and Textiles,” published by SAFSF.
As a New England Grassroots Environment Fund Board member, Sarah is honored to help build on the Island Foundation’s long connection with the Grassroots Fund, going back to its founding, and to contribute to its innovative new approaches to values-driven and participatory grantmaking.
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Welcome to our 2018 CSA page!
What is a CSA?
CSA stands for Community Shared Agriculture.
The idea is that farmers and community members work together in a supportive relationship. The members of our CSA (you) pay the farmers (us) at the beginning of the growing season for 18 weekly boxes full of fresh, organic, local produce. By selling memberships in advance of the growing season, a CSA reduces the burden of up-front costs for the farmer. Your membership fee enables the farmer to purchase equipment and supplies before the season starts, and also provides stability by giving access to a predictable and guaranteed market, which helps the farmer save time and reduce waste. In turn, members have the benefits of receiving a bounty of the freshest possible organic produce, reduced trips to the grocery store, the opportunity to try new vegetables, and a weekly newsletter that includes recipe ideas, which aims to keep members connected to where their food is being grown.
Is the CSA a good fit for me?
We love the CSA model, however, it is not a good fit for everyone! If you agree with the points listed below, you will likely have a great experience being a member of our CSA.
- I like trying new foods
- I like to eat locally and seasonally
- I enjoy cooking and experimenting with foods I may not usually eat
- I am okay with the farmers, rather than myself, deciding which vegetables I will receive each week
- Vegetables make up a significant part of my diet
Here are a few more key points about our 2018 CSA (more details can be found in the CSA agreement below).
- We have planned for our CSA to begin in early June, and run for 18 weeks. The exact start date will be dependent upon the spring weather which will affect our planting times and how fast the vegetables grow.
- There is a set day and time each week for your box pick-up, and it has changed from last year. Salmo members will pick up from our farm Wednesday evenings from 4:30-6:30PM, and Nelson members will pick up from Cottonwood Park on Monday evenings from 4:30-6:30PM.
- We are offering 2 share sizes: Large and small. A large share has a value of $25/week, and a small share has a value of $17/week. In general, a small share is suitable for a single person, or a family that has a garden but needs a supplement. Otherwise, a large share is your best bet.
- We have a vacation option this year. You can opt to sign up for the full season (18 weeks) but only pay for 16 weeks of vegetables. Give us a bit of notice and you can skip 2 box pickups at any point during the season.
- We are planning on having several options for “add ons” to your box this year such as gourmet mushrooms. Stay tuned for more details!
- Price: A large share is $450, or $400 with the vacation option. A small share is $306, or $272 with the vacation option. Pay your $50 deposit now to secure your spot!
How to Sign-Up for our CSA
As of early February, we have our crop plan finished, our seeds ordered, and are anticipating our first sowing date! It is incredibly helpful to us if we know how many CSA members we need to grow food for as early in the season as possible. The earlier you can sign up, the better prepared we will be!
Here’s what you need to do if you’re interested in signing up:
- Read the CSA agreement below and make sure that you understand exactly what you’re signing up for.
- If you are a returning member, you only need to fill out the CSA Member Information form if your contact info has changed since last season. If you are a new member, please fill out the member information form below and email it back to us (or give it to us in person if that’s easier for you). If you have difficulty filling out the form you can just send us an email with all the necessary information.We require a $50 deposit to secure your spot. The balance of the cost of the share will be due on May 1st. We are able to offer a more flexible payment schedule if required, please contact us for more details.
New for 2018! We have partnered with “Mr. Mercy’s Mushrooms”, a new Kaslo-based, gourmet mushroom business! This year, we will be offering a mushroom “add-on” option to your box – you can purchase a mushroom share and receive a 1/2lb of a selection of local, gourmet mushrooms every 2nd week. The total cost for a share (9 weeks of mushrooms throughout the 18 week CSA season, $7.50/week) is $67.50. If you would like more than a 1/2lb share, you can increase your share size by 1/2lb increments to suit your fancy. Please let us know if you would like to sign up for a mushroom share, or if you have any questions. Payment for the mushroom share can be done through e-transfer or paid to us the first week of box pickups.
Here is a short bio of Robin:
Robin Mercy, owner of Mr. Mercy’s Mushrooms, has been growing gourmet and medicinal mushrooms in Kaslo since 2016. Focusing on wood-loving strains such as Oysters, Elms and Lion’s Mane, he grows under shade outdoors, using hardwood chips and sawdust for fruiting media. Robin is excited to share his enthusiasm for all things mushroom with more and more people, and is looking forward to a big farm expansion and longer growing season in 2018, as well as lots of wild foraging. All of Mr. Mercy’s Mushrooms are seasonally grown, and picked fresh daily.


Get spooky in a dark forest, look for haunted house or pumpkins in this Halloween. One of place below you must be visit and Celebrate Halloween in Virginia in this October.
Fields of Fear at Cox Farm, Centreville
Cox Farms is family owned and operated. We strive to provide a unique farm experience for our visitors, celebrating the seasons with our local community and the greater Washington, DC region. We provide top-quality seasonal offerings, amazing customer service, and a wide range of fun family events and experiences on our farm. Our shared values of quality, respect, innovation, and community shape everything we do at Cox Farms. We hope you join us to celebrate your local tradition. . . for generations. Cox Farms was started by brothers Eric and Steven Cox in 1972 on 40 acres near Herndon, Virginia.?The brothers wanted to grow and sell their own homegrown produce through roadside markets in the burgeoning Northern Virginia suburbs. Within a few years, Eric’s wife Gina Richard had become a partner in the business, Steven had left to start Mom’s Apple Pie Company and Cox Farms was operating successful retail markets at the farm in Herndon and on Chain Bridge Road in Vienna.
Cox Farms specialized in bedding plants from their own greenhouses in spring, locally grown produce in summer, pumpkins and apples in fall, and Christmas trees in December.In 1979, the business had grown enough that Eric and Gina were able to purchase 116 acres on Braddock Road, west of Centreville, in the far western corner of Fairfax County. They scraped together every penny they could to purchase the land. “Nobody will ever travel that far out,” they were told by bankers and business advisors. “You’ll never get any customers way out there. But the suburbs sprawled westwards, growing up to surround the Cox Farms land: South Riding, Virginia Run and many more. Today Cox Farms’ 116 acre farm offers a treasured, green haven of undeveloped land in the Centreville / Chantilly community. That first fall in 1979, someone asked Eric if he would arrange a hayride for their group to pick pumpkins. In the 1980s, the Fall Festival was born on a single weekend. Fast forward to today, and the Cox Farms Fall Festival has become the largest and most popular fall festival in the DC area and Cox Farms’ most famous seasonal event. The next generation of the Cox-Richard clan (Lily, Aaron and Lucas) grew up on the farm, and today Aaron and Lucas are official Co-Farmers in Chief at Cox Farms. Their parents, Eric and Gina, are semi-retired (but still able to make their opinions known, in that special way parents have).
At the end of 2010, Cox Farms decided to close the Vienna location they had rented for 38 years, in order to concentrate future growth on the farm they own in Centreville. Don’t miss this Halloween. The ticket only $13 and up. Purchase online to avoid a longline.
Address: 15621 Braddock Rd, Centreville, VA 20120 Phone: (703) 830-4121


Note: This post was first published on September 6, 2013, on my old blog.
My lengthiest stay this summer was at Clawhammer Farm, a lovely piece of land that runs longways from the top of a hill into a swampy valley. The farm raises pigs, sheep, chickens, rabbits, a milk cow, and a few goats. All the animals are antibiotic and hormone-free.
Upon my arrival I was greeted by a curious scene–not at all what I envisioned would be my “life on the farm” for the next couple weeks. Nick, one of the farmer duo, cooked Pad Thai in the kitchen while watching TV on a giant screen. Becky, the other half of the duo, and the farmhands drank beers and laughed at one thing or another: the farm dog Dart, or whatever silly show was on TV, or Nick’s hilarious outbursts from the kitchen. Clawhammer was clearly a departure from the farms I typically visit, which are owned and worked mostly by middle- and old-aged men in Alabama.
The next day, I was given a tour of the farm by my friend from New Orleans, Eric the woodworker. He introduced me to the nursing piglets and their giant mothers, the bunnies, the chickens, the ”grower” pigs (them’s for eating), the flock of sheep… and Beulah. Beulah’s the milk cow, and I’ll admit that I am a little obsessed with her now.
For a few years I ran the Homegrown Alabama Farmers Market in Tuscaloosa, so over the years I’ve visited quite a few farms. I’ve never worked on one though, and had never been to a farm that mainly produces meat. Animal farming seems to consist of much less time in the field than vegetable farming does. There is, however, plenty of work to be done. After finishing work some days, I’d take my camera out and hang out with the farm animals. Consider the photos that follow as your personal tour of the farm, as we travel from the swampy bottom to the hilltop:
On any given day, you’ll find beulah and the sheep grazing somewhere in here…
My next post shows the process of slaughtering and butchering (and eating!) a pig. It’s not for the faint of heart, but seeing the slaughter gave me new perspective on being a meat eater.
I hope you enjoyed the tour!
Clawhammer Farm delivers a meat CSA to Brooklyn, and supplies various restaurants in NYC with fresh, happy pork. You can also slaughter your own pig on the farm! www.clawhammerfarm.com


Panama Red marijuana is a legendary strain known for its potent effects and vibrant red hairs. Originating from Panama, this sativa-dominant strain has gained popularity among cannabis enthusiasts worldwide. Cultivating Panama Red outdoors can be a rewarding experience for both experienced growers and beginners alike. In this article, we will guide you through the process of cultivating Panama Red marijuana outdoors, from choosing the right seeds to harvesting and curing your plants.
Growing Conditions for Cultivating Panama Red Outdoors
Before embarking on your Panama Red marijuana cultivation journey, it is essential to understand the ideal growing conditions for this strain. Panama Red thrives in a warm and tropical climate, making it suitable for outdoor cultivation in regions with long summers and ample sunshine. The strain prefers a temperature range of 70-85°F (21-29°C) during the day and slightly cooler temperatures at night. Additionally, Panama Red requires a moderate humidity level of around 40-50%.
Choosing the Right Panama Red Marijuana Seeds
Selecting high-quality Panama Red marijuana seeds is crucial for a successful cultivation process. When purchasing seeds, it is recommended to opt for reputable seed banks or online suppliers to ensure genetic authenticity and reliable germination rates. Look for feminized or auto-flowering seeds, as they eliminate the need to identify and remove male plants, streamlining the cultivation process. Additionally, consider the desired yield and effects when choosing between regular and high-yield seeds.
Preparing the Soil for Outdoor Cultivation
Preparing the soil is a critical step in cultivating Panama Red marijuana outdoors. Start by selecting a well-draining soil with a pH level between 6.0 and 7.0. If the soil in your area is heavy or clay-like, amend it with organic matter such as compost or perlite to improve drainage. Clear the cultivation area of any weeds or debris and loosen the soil using a garden fork or tiller. This will promote healthy root growth and allow for better nutrient absorption.
After preparing the soil, consider conducting a soil test to assess its nutrient content. Panama Red marijuana plants require a balanced blend of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, as well as trace minerals such as calcium and magnesium. Based on the soil test results, amend the soil with organic fertilizers or nutrients specifically formulated for cannabis cultivation. Ensure that the soil is evenly mixed with the amendments to provide a nutrient-rich environment for your Panama Red plants.
Planting and Germinating Panama Red Marijuana Seeds
Once the soil is prepared, it’s time to plant and germinate your Panama Red marijuana seeds. Start by creating small holes in the soil, approximately 1 inch deep. Place the seeds in the holes and cover them with soil, gently patting it down to secure them in place. Water the soil thoroughly, ensuring that it is evenly moist but not soaked. To aid germination, maintain a temperature of around 75°F (24°C) and provide sufficient sunlight or artificial light.
It is important to note that Panama Red marijuana seeds may require a longer germination period compared to other strains. Be patient and monitor the soil moisture levels regularly. Once the seedlings emerge, ensure they receive at least 6 hours of direct sunlight or provide supplementary grow lights if necessary. As the plants grow, thin out any weaker seedlings to allow the healthier ones to thrive and develop into robust Panama Red marijuana plants.
Outdoor Care and Maintenance for Panama Red Plants
Caring for Panama Red marijuana plants outdoors involves several important tasks to ensure their healthy growth and maximum yield. Regular watering is crucial, especially during dry spells or hot weather. Aim to keep the soil consistently moist but avoid overwatering, as it can lead to root rot and other issues. Additionally, consider using organic mulch to retain moisture and suppress weed growth around the plants.
To promote strong and sturdy plants, provide adequate support, such as stakes or trellises for the branches as they grow taller. This will prevent the plants from bending or breaking under their weight. Pruning is also essential to maintain proper airflow and prevent the development of mold or mildew. Remove any yellowing or dying leaves and trim excessive foliage to allow sunlight to reach the lower parts of the plant.
Protecting Panama Red Marijuana Plants from Pests and Diseases
As with any outdoor cultivation, Panama Red marijuana plants are vulnerable to pests and diseases. Implementing preventive measures can help safeguard your plants and ensure a successful harvest. Regularly inspect the plants for signs of common cannabis pests such as aphids, spider mites, or caterpillars. If detected, consider using organic pest control methods such as neem oil or insecticidal soap to eliminate the infestation.
Disease prevention is equally important. Avoid overhead watering, as it can create a humid environment conducive to fungal diseases. Provide proper spacing between plants to promote airflow and reduce the risk of mold or mildew. If necessary, apply organic fungicides to prevent or treat fungal infections. Regularly monitor your Panama Red marijuana plants for any signs of disease or distress and take appropriate action promptly.
Harvesting and Curing Panama Red Marijuana
After months of care and nurturing, the time for harvest will finally arrive. Harvesting Panama Red marijuana should be done when the trichomes, the tiny resin glands on the flower buds, turn from clear to cloudy or amber. This indicates that the THC levels have reached their peak and the plants are ready for harvest. Use a sharp pair of pruning shears to carefully cut the branches, leaving a few inches of stem attached.
Once harvested, it is crucial to properly cure the Panama Red marijuana buds to enhance their flavor, potency, and overall quality. Start by trimming away any excess leaves or stems from the branches. Hang the branches upside down in a cool, dark, and well-ventilated space with a temperature of around 70°F (21°C) and a humidity level of 45-55%. Allow the buds to dry slowly over a period of 7-10 days, monitoring the moisture levels regularly.
Panama Red Marijuana Seeds
If you’re ready to embark on your marijuana cultivation journey, it’s essential to source high-quality seeds from a reputable supplier. Growers Choice Seeds is a trusted seed bank to order panama red marijuana seeds online and a wide selection of premium cannabis seeds, including Panama Red. Visit www.growerschoiceseeds.com to browse for top quality marijuana seeds and place your order with confidence.
The Difference Between Panama Red Marijuana and Hemp
While Panama Red marijuana is sought after for its psychoactive effects, hemp is a non-intoxicating variety of cannabis. Hemp is primarily cultivated for industrial purposes, such as fiber production, seed oil, and CBD extraction. Unlike Panama Red marijuana, which contains high levels of THC, hemp contains minimal THC and higher levels of CBD. The distinction between the two lies in their genetic makeup and intended use.
Cultivating Panama Red marijuana outdoors can be a rewarding and fulfilling experience for cannabis enthusiasts. By understanding the ideal growing conditions, selecting quality seeds, and providing proper care and maintenance, you can cultivate robust Panama Red plants that yield potent and vibrant buds. Remember to protect your plants from pests and diseases, harvest at the right time, and cure the buds properly to maximize their quality. With dedication and attention to detail, you’ll soon enjoy the fruits of your labor as you savor the unique effects of Panama Red marijuana.


I have always loved eating nuts and legumes, and they have become a staple in our diet ever since we've started to reduce the amount of meat we are eating. You can't imagine how distressed I was the first time I heard the idea that some of the foods I had considered super foods (foods like tomatoes and beans) were high in lectins- a compound classified as an "anti-nutrient"! For more on this theory and the science behind it, you might want to check out this book by Dr. Gundry: The Plant Paradox**
Without diving too deeply into the subject, here is the gist: Lectins in plants act as a defense mechanism to protect them from insects, fungi and pathogens. For foods we eat in the seed form (like grains and legumes), it's really a survival mechanism for the plant. You see, the seeds of certain plants produce compounds that are meant to inhibit digestion when consumed by an animal. This may be because a seed that passes through a digestive tract "unharmed" can still end up back in the soil and grow, or it may be because a food that causes digestive distress will be less appealing to the animal that has eaten it the next time the animal is foraging for food. Either way, anti-nutrients are bad news for us humans!
The good news is, a lot of the "bad" compounds found in natural foods can be neutralized with a few simple tricks. Just like the process of fermentation can turn lactose in milk into gut-healthy acids and probiotics (for more information, check out my instructions for making kefir), the process of sprouting can help convert the starches and "anti-nutrients" in plants and seeds into enzymes, vitamins and minerals that are easily absorbed.
THE PROCESS OF SPROUTING SEEDS, SIMPLIFIED
We've tried sprouting a few different seeds (almonds and miscellaneous dried beans), but our best, most consistent results have been with chickpeas, so that is a great place to start. The process is so simple anyone can do it. All you need is a bag of dried chickpeas, a pot, a colander and a lid that fits inside it, and some water.
The basic steps for sprouting seeds are, soak them in water for a set amount of time, then transfer them to a container that allows the water to drain while keeping the seeds nice and moist until they begin to sprout. Then (for things that require cooking), cook until tender and you have an extra-healthy version of a simple food that really IS a super food!
STEP-BY-STEP SPROUTED CHICKPEAS:
1. Pour bag of dried chickpeas into a colander and rinse well, then transfer to a large bowl or pot, cover with water and soak for 12 - 24 hours. Drain, rinse well (mixing chickpeas with hands) and refill with water every 4 - 6 hours when possible (of course if this includes an overnight soak, rinsing once before bed and once again in the morning is usually enough during the night).
Notes: When soaking, make sure water level is at least 1" above surface of chickpeas because those little guys will really soak it up. In drier climates, I find it's best to soak for the full 24 hours. Also, place the pot out of direct sunlight. You can cover it with a lid or a clean towel, or leave it uncovered for this step.
2. Transfer soaked chickpeas to a stainless steel colander, rinse well and cover with a lid that fits inside the colander and close to the top of the chickpeas. Rinse well with cold water (always tossing chickpeas with hands to redistribute them) every 2-4 hours when possible.
Note: There are 2 reasons for rinsing and replacing the water. The first is to keep the chickpeas moist to encourage sprouting. The second is to prevent mold from growing. Like with step 1, it's not necessary to get up in the night to do this, and it should be fine to let it go for a few hours during the day as well; I've found chickpeas to be pretty resilient, so if your schedule is limited, just rinse them when you can.
3. As soon as you see the little sprouts popping through, the chickpeas are ready to cook. I give them one final rinse and place them in a pot with water and a dash of salt and bring it to a boil. Once the water boils, lower the heat and simmer until the chickpeas reach the tenderness to your liking. Drain, rinse and serve or store in the refrigerator for up to 3-4 days.
Note: I like my chickpeas a little al dente because I feel like it gives them a nuttier taste in salads, but that is a personal decision. Also, if you plan to add them to a cooked dish, like chili or soup, it's better to undercook them a little bit to prevent them from getting too soft when they are reheated later.
A FEW SERVING SUGGESTIONS
As a summer salad: Combine with chopped Vidalia onions and cucumbers, fresh cherry tomatoes, and feta cheese, then toss with olive oil and seasonings.
As a warm winter treat: Use chickpeas in place of any beans in your favorite chili recipe
As a healthy snack anytime: Dry well, then toss with olive oil and your favorite seasonings (like garlic powder, salt or curry powder) and roast in the oven until crispy.
THE SCIENCE, SIMPLIFIED
Mother nature has a way of protecting her children. Plants that are high in lectin and other digestion inhibiting agents have them because they are protective compounds- at least from the plant's point of view. The natural compounds that make seeds more difficult for animals to digest, help the plant to propagate. But once the sprouting process begins, the chemical composition of the seed changes. Starches are converted into fuel and enzymes and vitamins are released, all to help the growing seed thrive. What's great for the little sprout is great for us too!
Some health benefits of sprouting foods:
- It increases the level of available vitamins and minerals
- It eliminates most of the gas-producing starches
- It increases the protein content
- It shortens the cooking time
- It increases the level of living enzymes (enzymes help to break down the food and enhance the absorption of nutrients by the body)
A FEW TIPS
- If your chickpeas start to get a gray or green tinge, that's most likely mold. The batch probably sat a little too long between rinses, or the room temperature was a little too warm. Either way, you'll need to toss that batch, wash everything really well and start again. Remember, it's important to rinse fairly often.
- If at least some of your chickpeas don't begin sprouting after 36 hours in step 2, there's a problem. The chickpeas need to remain moist during the entire sprouting process so be sure to rinse often and keep a lid over the colander.
- I started out using bottled spring water for this process, but quickly realized that was overkill. I now use filtered water from my refrigerator for soaking (step 1) and cooking (step 3), and rinse with water straight from the tap (step 2). If you have water with a high chlorine level or hardness and you run into problems, you may want to switch to filtered water for your rinses.
TAKING LICENSE WITH THE LIVING FOOD CATEGORY
I may have taken a little bit of artistic license, grouping sprouted chickpeas into the living food category since that title is generally reserved for fermented foods (where "living" refers to the living organisms- healthy bacteria and yeast- that are found in them). While you can eat sprouted almonds raw, the sprouted chickpeas are cooked before eating so they are not actually living at the time of consumption. But they are definitely living during the sprouting process and super-healthy so I think they deserve a spot here.
I hope you enjoy the process and the benefits of this simple food transformation.
** NOTE: This page contains an affiliate link. If you choose to buy anything through this link, I'll make a small commission at no extra cost to you. Thanks for your support!


Greenhouse plastic is mainly responsible for preserving a hothouse result within a greenhouse. Greenhouse plastic develops a warm and suitable growing environment that permits numerous kinds of plants to cultivate perfectly. It develops an enclosure that secures plants from the hazardous ultraviolet rays of the sun while making the most of its natural heat and light. The filtered environment produced by greenhouse plastic makes it possible for garden enthusiasts to grow luscious plants like veggies and flowers in the cold dead of winter season.
Greenhouse plastic is clearly developed to resist wear and tear unlike conventional building and construction plastic that can not filter ultraviolet rays from the sun. Greenhouse plastic is resilient due to its knitted design that permits it to be cut and sized to satisfy the required length for a structure without tearing, tearing or ripping. The material can easily be framed around any greenhouse opening like a vent, door or windows.
Greenhouse plastic is the favored covering of the majority of garden lovers compared to other types of greenhouse covering. When greenhouse plastic is used considering that it lightweight and does not need heavy-duty structural framing, at the very same time expenses are greatly lowered. The diffusion of light into a structure constructed of greenhouse plastic is as excellent as that of a glass greenhouse.
Types of Greenhouse Plastic
Greenhouse plastic movies are typically made of 3 types of plastics namely, PVC or polyvinyl polyethylene, chloride or pe and copolymers. Although, there are other kinds of plastic used these three are most commonly used amongst all.
Polyethylene greenhouse plastic is readily available in two types, the utility grade and the industrial grade greenhouse plastic. Energy grade polyethylene greenhouse plastic is offered at regional hardware shops and typically remains in excellent condition for practically a year. Commercial grade polyethylene greenhouse plastic last longer that energy grade PE as much as eighteen months and is treated with ultraviolet inhibitors that filter out ultraviolet rays.
Copolymers are more resilient and last approximately three years. Innovative ingredients introduced into greenhouse plastic enable it to simulate the same results of a glass greenhouse at significantly lowered expenses. Polyvinyl chloride is more expensive compared to polyethylene nevertheless this kind of greenhouse plastic can last as much as 5 years. However PVC greenhouse plastic needs regular cleaning to avoid dust accumulation from the air. It is also sold in smaller sheets of four feet by 6 feet large.
How to Attach Greenhouse Plastic to Frame
When the frame has been developed it is time to put on the greenhouse plastic film to confine the whole structure. The plastic film can either be made from polyethylene, copolymers or polyvinyl chloride depending the choice of the owner. However as much as possible choose a greenhouse plastic that is resistant to ultraviolet rays in order to take advantage of the structure. Prior to laying the greenhouse plastic covering on the frame it is essential to mask the joints of the frames with several rounds of tape or a rubber material to prevent it from piercing the covering.
The greenhouse plastic film can be protected in place using a staple weapon. A more rigid building using 1" by 2" wood strips and wood screws can likewise be utilized to secure the greenhouse plastic movie in location. The wood strips are connected to the frame so that the greenhouse plastic movie does not come in direct contact with the frame.
Air is presented into the framed plastics that produce a dead air zone, which can efficiently insulate the entire greenhouse. Numerous tapes like poly patching tape and batten tape can be website utilized to protect greenhouse plastic into place.
Its outstanding holding strength and large tape make an ideal for protecting the plastic movie to the frame of the greenhouse. On the other hand batten tape can be attached the plastic movie utilizing tacks or staples to the greenhouse structure.


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A scalable investment that presents a major solution for national development and growth. In Nigeria, inflation is at 17.3% and we offer a 35% return on investment for a 12months plan 41% for a 14years plan.
Ginger is a high export product; Exporting Ginger from Nigeria is very lucrative and easy to do. Nigeria is the largest exporter of dried split ginger. Nigeria has the 2nd largest production share of about 16% after India with a production share of 33.9%.
Nigeria is known to be one of the major producers of pepper in the World accounting for about 50% of Africans production. With a large distribution network massive enough to carry out the output from production
Turmeric is a viable Nigeria spice that also has a high export level only second to India. The Nigeria soil is one of the best in the World for tumeric farming .