After water, Tea is the world’s most popular drink with over 70,000 cups drunk every second. Humans love it so it is not surprising that Iran accepted, in a barter deal, a repayment in Ceylon tea from Sri Lanka for a US$251 million oil debt owed to it. This human ‘love’ though, wanes out somehow when we talk about the share of incomes of the actual producers, the small-holder farmers down the value chain whose toil ironically is the groundswell of this ‘love’. Recent data from the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) speaks to this. Up to 8 million small-holders from Africa and Asia are responsible for 70% of global production of tea. Many have barely earned above the World Bank’s poverty line of US$1.90 per day for poor countries in the recent times. This is not just the struggle of tea farmers; it is the untold story of many small holder farmers around the world who are integrated into unfair global agriculture supply chains trade regime. For those in Africa, the least said, the less depressing.
Numbers have always amused me but what numbs me is to learn from a University of Wageningen paper that has sketched the struggles of cocoa farmers in Ghana and Cote D’Ivoire and their counterparts growing tea and other crops in Kenya. Summarizing datasets from different studies and evaluations, the researchers conclude that only 10% of smallholder tea farmer households in Kenya earned above US$1.90 and 20% and 25% for Cocoa farmer households in Ghana and Cote D’Ivoire respectively.
Now these statistics are intriguing and I am sure asking about how we got here will be a fair question. ‘… sometimes we throw them away because of lack of market…’ is a sober expression of concern by a farmer’s child in one of the agricultural baskets of Kenya with whom I closely exchange ideas on agriculture supply chains. I believe this concern is in sharp contrast with those of powerful agriculture companies on the forward end of the value chain who celebrate profits; cashing in, thanks to the sweat and toil of the poor farmer. At this point a little more statistical evidence will put this into perspective. With only 3 multinational companies controlling about 20% of the global tea market, you can be assured that inequality, the basis of the call for the people’s vaccine as we face a ravaging pandemic in our world today, is not a problem with Covid-19 vaccines alone. Large pharmaceutical firms with technological dominance have used this to maintain advantage in richer countries while constraining vaccine production and access in poorer countries at a time the world needed them more. The agricultural value chains spin right into this struggle. At the heart of this are intermediaries or so-called ‘traders’ who have capitalized on anonymous transactions and auctions of about 70% of global tea production affecting pricing for tea farmers for so long. Traders are able to do this because they have many options of sourcing, switching between producers and driving down prices.
For those directly employed by large chains, labour rights and wage under-payment are of concern too but just like corruption attempts must be made to expose it lest it lingers on. One such attempt to unearth these issues is the work by the Sheffield Political Economy Research Institute (SPERI) through the Global Business of Forced Labour, a research firm focused on supply chain issues in tea and cocoa value chains. In their 2018 report, after talking to thousands of tea and cocoa workers as well as business and government workers in Ghana and India, they came to the conclusion that employers systematically paid less than required wages to tea workers in the case of India. For Ghana, complex financial calculations were used to undercut workers through wage deductions for inputs provided to cocoa farmers. Building the evidence and highlighting the issue must not be the end but rather provide a means to other actions such as citizen activism.
Other attempts that readily come to mind are Oxfam’s Behind-the-brands initiatives; Fairtrade certifications and Rainforest Alliance certifications. All of these aim to support supply chain sustainability and living income standards of accountability in the food and beverage industry around the world. The task at hand is sadly overwhelming and demands consistent advocacy, reparations, national conversations on trade rules and huge financing to scuttle the inequalities and unfairness especially given that compliance to these standards by multinational is not 100%. Could reparations play a critical role in addressing this value chain onslaught? About 90,000 hectares of land belonging to Kipsigis and Talai clans in Kericho, Kenya are reported to have been taken by British colonialists decades back. Today these lands are tea plantations owned by western multinational companies and on these plantations descendants of the usufructs can hardly boast of a fair share of the pie. They seek reparations and the United Nations supports that course. With origins of this supply chain inequality going back in time, it is safe to say that the issue is as enduring as it is structural and governments and multilateral lenders ought to take an active role.
Have countries taken steps to address fair wages with some pockets of success? From a cursory check notable are Ghana and Cote D’Ivoire’s direct interventions on cocoa. Ghana and Cote D’Ivoire produce about 70% of the world’s US$100 billion cocoa output and secured a US$400 per tonne differential above the floor price for farmers from the 2020/21 season. This was borne out of bilateral negotiations and collaboration between the two countries in a unique farmer premium labeled ‘Living Income Differential’ which piqued industry’s interest as the ‘OPEC’ of cocoa. The implication of this premium according to the 2020 Cocoa Barometer report was a 28% increase in farm gate price per tonne of cocoa in Ghana to US$1,837 and by 21% in Cote D’Ivoire to US$1,840. As farmer cooperatives are encouraged generally to beef up price of farm produce, the role of governments can be strategic with quick returns in the medium to long-term as has been the case of Ghana and Cote D’Ivoire. As celebrations greeted this deal little expectations of fallout in the supply chain were discussed until it was alleged that some cocoa companies like Hershey and Mars avoided purchases of beans from Ghana and Cote D’Ivoire so that they will not pay the agreed premium. Subsequently Ghana and Cote D’Ivoire pulled out of the sustainability programmes of these companies. There were also some debt-related effects which came about especially when Covid-19 broke out. In July, 2020 the International Monetary Fund (IMF) raised concerns about risks of the initiative to the net operating losses of the Cocoa sector regulator in Ghana, COCOBOD. Low international demand for the cocoa because of a high price meant that the surplus had to be refinanced by the government because of an accompanying debt which stood at about 2.5% of GDP at the end of 2020. Who would have thought that an attempt to correct unfairness in global trade will hurt the economy? Is this cost worth it? Whichever way this is viewed, these lessons are critical for cocoa, tea and other crop-producing countries in Africa as policies and measures are conceived to improve lives of small holder farmers.
Avocado is also another crop where small holder farmers have faced stiff supply chain struggles. As the world’s third largest producer of Avocado, this text deliberately pivots Kenya’s experience. Over 70% of production is led by small-scale farmers and they face a similar challenge as tea or cocoa farmers. Constantly they are faced with exploitative behavior of middlemen whose activities limit good prices for produce. If food security was anything to go by, I would be extremely worried but in relative terms this crop is witnessing some decent growth. Yield quantities as seen below, are quite steady over a five year period although farmer incomes remain generally and relatively unfair.
Generally production hikes are recorded from between 2015 to 2020 in part because compared with tea and eucalyptus; many farmers consider having better prices in avocado farming. With this growth in size and recognizing the opportunities to integrate into the export market, the government of Kenya is supporting grower schemes that connect avocado farmers to buyers. It is not clear if this is a sure way to guarantee higher prices for farmers but is a considerable effort. In a study targeting 790 smallholder Avocado farmers, it is observed that nearly 39% earnings are recorded by farmers participating in export markets who also had the benefit of technical expertise exchange; were engaged in contract farming or an out-grower scheme, cooperative and got support from farmer groups. We must note that the fairness or otherwise of producer price connects very closely with market dominance and monopoly. As small holder farmers in Africa, how to break away from the control of this dominance is an unanswered question that is relevant to the agriculture landscape. Leadership from government as seen in the Living Income Differentials initiative between Ghana and Cote D’Ivoire referenced earlier could be carefully considered as one of the ways to assert calls for fairness in agriculture from farm to fork.
Investment will be a catalyst to revolutionize small-holder farmer income protection in Africa. Existing models prioritize farmer capacity enhancement; access to markets; contract farming and the like with the assumption that once these indicators are positive, small holder farmer livelihoods and incomes will appreciate. The missing links though are what I label as the ‘externalities’: the turbulent market space driving prices up and down; a middleman syndicate that mostly shortchanges small-holder farmers among others. To manage these state and multilateral investment options including equity funds must provide a sustained mix of products with a long-term focus. These should be angled in a way that fosters export promotion, farmer extension services, tailored research and development etc with a core business of insulating small-holder farmers from these externalities. Here I will reference a number of investment funds on the African continent. The Africa Agriculture and Trade Investment Fund (AATIF), a public private debt and equity financing mechanism with interest in agriculture value chain investments is an instrument to explore. Upfront investments from as low as US$3 million to a high of US$15 million, small-holder entities could secure better incomes for farmers when tailored properly. AgDevco is a similar mechanism supporting small holder farmers with similar instruments as AATIF. I carefully selected major investment funds on the continent and mapped them by selected investments in the table below. What I find is interesting. Although ‘Africa-tailored’ they are not wholly African when looked at closely. The real funders behind such instruments are mostly of western origins. African governments and private sector entities can and must take up this challenge to fill the void.
|Investment Fund||Amount Invested||African Country||Investee||Commodity invested in||Funding Sources (selected)|
|AgDevco||US$6.9 million||Ghana||Babator Farming Company||Rice, Maize, soya and Groundnuts||Various including UKAID|
|Africa Agriculture and Trade Investment Fund (AATIF)||US$5 million||Zambia||Mount Meru Millers||Soya, Sunflower and Cotton||European Union; Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development, Germany|
|Agri Business Capital (ABC) Fund||€1 million||Kenya||Apollo||Financial & farm support services to small holders||European Union; Swiss Agency for Development & Cooperation; Luxembourg Aid & Development|
Probably demanding but rewarding as it can be, exploring agricultural social franchising is one way to chart a means to income independence as small holders. Social franchising essentially combines commercial models of business and social goals of alleviating poverty in a way that promotes scalability and profitability for actors within the franchise. In agriculture Farm Shop is an example in Kenya where agricultural inputs; service extension, trainings services have made it possible for franchisees to run modern retail points among others. Similar models are notable such as with the dairy business, Fan Milk in Ghana and Babban Gona which extends investment support to small holder farmers in Nigeria. These models have the potential to guarantee better market opportunities and ultimately higher incomes and financial independence for small holder farmers in the long term. State policy reform in this area could trigger this in scalable proportions.
We can say that whoever sets the standards gets to the shape the rules of engagement on compliance and its implication for farmer incomes. All the major agricultural value chain standardization efforts are mostly from the global north. Existing ones such as the Good Agricultural Practices (GAPs) and FAIR Trade certifications have hardly had a sustainable influence on compliance of private sector players when it relates to equitable distribution of wealth and farmer income protection. While demands for higher standards for the produce of small holders is expensive and can put undue pressure on their profits, small holder farmers must strive to stay above average performance and maintain homegrown standards for intra-African trade. Recently, a shortage in imported potatoes affected sales of potato fries as reported by global food chain KFC in its outlets in Kenya. The argument is that local potatoes have not been cleared per the chain’s quality assurance standards. Neither the public outcry following this nor the reality of KFC’s concern is the subject of this write up but rather the implications of the opportunity cost of external sourcing on the potential incomes of 800,000 small holder potato farmers on Kenyan soil. Whichever way this is looked at, standards within the supply chain must be looked at closely to close the existing gaps in agricultural value chain income inequalities. What is needed is targeted state leadership and progressive policy and private sector investment. Through these, real progress could be made for the poorest of farmers on the continent.


How Organic Coffee Benefits You
Non-organic coffee beans that are grown on commercial plantations are covered in harmful pesticides and chemicals. These insecticides, herbicides, & fungicides are carcinogenic, or cancer-causing. They can disrupt hormone and immune-system functionality in your body.
Coffee beans that are 100% organically grown and harvested contain more vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants because they are grown on healthier soil. These vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants are not nearly as abundant in non-organic coffee as they are in organic coffee.
Only truly organic coffee can be a 100% natural, healthy energy booster with no harmful side effects. Anything less, and you’re doing your body more harm than good. That’s why it’s so important to stick to organic coffee beans—so that you can get the most benefits out of your favorite daily drink!
It Tastes Better
If the health benefits of organic coffee aren’t enough, organically grown coffee beans are actually known to hold better flavor. Without chemical residues on the beans, your coffee will actually taste like it’s supposed to! Organic coffee has a fuller, richer flavor than conventionally grown coffee. Make sure you’re getting the best flavor for your buck by switching to organic coffee. You won’t regret it.
How Organic Coffee Benefits Others
Not only is organic coffee better for YOUR health, but it is actually better for the farmers and harvesters that grow and harvest the beans. It also benefits those that live near coffee farms.
Workers on non-organic coffee farms are susceptible to the same adverse effects of the fertilizers and pesticides that you are exposed to when you drink non-organic coffee. In addition, these chemicals can become airborne or soak into the soil, making their way into drinking water and affecting people and families that live near the coffee farms.
Since organic coffee farms refrain from using these potentially harmful chemicals, nobody has to suffer or be at risk. It’s a win-win!
How Organic Coffee Benefits the Environment
On top of the fact that organic coffee is better for the drinker, the farmer, and those that reside near coffee farms, coffee that is grown organically is MUCH better for the environment as well.
Since there are no chemicals used on the coffee plants, the farms that grow and harvest coffee are using fewer non-renewable resources than non-organic farms. Also, the soil is not affected by chemicals which help to make any other plants or animals nearby healthier.
Conventional growers are clear cutting rain forests in South America, Africa, & Southeast Asia in an effort to produce less-expensive coffee. This deforestation is harmful for the ecosystem and the coffee plant’s overall nutrition.
By making one simple change and drinking organic coffee instead of coffee ridden with nasty chemicals and pesticides, you can allow yourself to FULLY enjoy your cup of joe every day. And in doing so, you’ll know that you’re helping yourself and others while making the world just a little bit greener.


For those of us looking to buy broccoli sprouts, to then seed for their sulforafane content, this is a problem.
They’re actually a different family of brassicas than broccoli – despite looking vaguely similar when fully grown.
Until research says otherwise, we don’t know if they contain sulforaphane, so is worth watching out for (to avoid) when buying seeds.
The sprout house seeds I’ve linked to in a previous post, according to the seller, are “usually the cultivar Calabrese” (link) – which is a regular broccoli type that will contain sulforaphane.
Out of curiosity I bought both seed types (normal broccoli and Raab), *in case* it was possible to visually tell the difference between the unsprouted seeds (it’s very hard).
Whilst this was a worthy little experiment, I think you’ll agree that the differences between seeds are minuscule, and it’s virtually impossible to tell the difference between the regular broccoli seeds and Raab seeds. Especially when you take into account the natural variation in broccoli cultivars. For example, above Tenderstem seeds vary slightly from the Cezar seeds.
What this ultimately means is that we have to trust the retailers, and make sure we double check on what cultivar they’re selling – making sure it’s not Rapini/Raab (which, as mentioned, is of a different family than broccoli).


Registration for the 2019 growing season
Notes for the upcoming season
The bridges on Old PB (east side of the garden) are scheduled for replacement during 2018 and the road will be closed during that time. We have been assured that a walking bridge will be placed over Badger Mill Creek to allow access to the garden from the park-and-ride parking lot immediately to the north.
Timers will not be allowed this year on watering systems. If found, they will be removed and placed in your plot.
BPCG (as well as a few other community gardens) experienced severe flooding during the 2016 and 2017 seasons. Gardens with raised beds and straw bale structures suffered significantly less injury than gardens planted on the existing surface. During the fall of 2017, we stored several cubic yards of topsoil for use during the 2018 season in free-standing raised mounds, raised beds surrounded by timber, etc. Early this spring we will provide gardeners with information concerning the number of wheelbarrow loads allotted per plot and information regarding construction of raised beds.
Straw bales will not be purchased this year due to the road construction and delivery of the bales. Topsoil was instead purchased to help with flooding (see FLOODING CONCERNS above).


Is Organic the Answer?
How many of us know personally someone who’s suffering from a disease caused by poor eating habits? It seems we’re getting sicker, and part of the problem is our modern diet of intensively-farmed foods grown unnaturally using a cocktail of chemical fertilisers and pesticides.
Food is our source of, not just energy, protein, minerals and the rest, but other more subtle, and equally vital substances like antioxidants and enzymes that are known to reduce the risk of cancer – a disease on the rampage. As long ago as 337 BC, Hippocrates, stated, ‘Let food be your medicine and medicine be your food.’ It’s time we listened and invested more in producing high quality, natural organic food.
Yet even if we follow the advice from health experts to eat more fruit, vegetables and whole grains, we may still not be doing enough. Why? Because produce grown using chemicals in the depleted soils of conventional farms are depleted themselves of vital health-giving nutrients.
And it’s not just plant foods that are affected. Jenelle Povey, owner of Brisbane-based organic butcher and health food store The MeaT-Ting Place points out that meat produced using conventional methods, and grazing on poor soils or where animals are grain fed, contains more fat with lower levels of beta-carotene, fewer vitamin B’s and reduced amounts of calcium, magnesium, potassium and omega-3’s. The meat also has a poor ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acids and is much lower in CLA (conjugated linoleic acids – an important cancer fighting nutrient) than the organic equivalent. And conventionally produced meat is much higher in the saturated fats linked to heart disease.
In contrast, a European study found that mothers consuming mostly organic milk and meat products have about 50% higher levels of the beneficial CLA rumenic acid in their breast milk. And organically farmed meat also has higher levels of vaccenic acid (which can be transformed into CLA). And it’s leaner too.
Organic crops produce more phytochemicals, and these phytochemicals provide us with the antioxidants that protect us from cancer, because they’re the plant’s own natural protection against pests and diseases. CLA (conjugated linoleic acids) are a family of nutrients found mainly in meat and dairy products that have two very important benefits: firstly CLA’s have been shown to hinder the growth of tumours and secondly they have a significant effect on reducing body fat.
When food is grown quickly using chemical fertilisers, the plants just don’t have the time to absorb those important micro-nutrients from the soil, even if they do exist! So instead of needing to eat just one conventionally grown apple a day, we may need to eat two or even three, with all the chemical residues included! That’s when we realise that organic produce offers good value for money. But more than that – it’s counter-productive to prepare a ‘healthy’ recipe using ingredients depleted of nutrients and contaminated with chemicals!
The ingredients used in many processed foods are very often sub-standard and bear little resemblance to the original produce. It’s wise advice that you ‘should only eat food your grandmother would recognise’. And the use of chemical fertilisers on our fruit and vegetables has a double disadvantage – it seems they’re partly to blame for the lack of nutrients. Organic crops produce more phytochemicals, and these phytochemicals provide us with the antioxidants that protect us from cancer, because they’re the plant’s natural protection against pests and diseases. “The soils on organic farms are rich and alive and contain everything the plant, or animal needs in abundance. When we consume foods from these sources our health benefits. It’s as simple as that.”
Hazel Key, a mother of two, jokes about being ‘the former CEO of a tuck-shop’. But it’s where she learned something important: that getting kids to eat healthily is made much easier if you offer nutritious versions of familiar foods. “Kids are often wary of obscure food, so my approach is to offer them Sushi, Meatballs, Pizza, even Chocolate Cake! And using the best quality and healthiest ingredients, especially natural organic food, is essential.” She believes in eating widely and including all the food groups whilst limiting the amount of processed food in the diet. “We have to realise that our food is the first defence against disease. Too often we rely on supplements, drugs and other remedies. Yes, those have their place, but preventing disease in the first place is surely what it’s all about?”
Here’s a great recipe idea, taken from Hazel’s book The Clever Packed Lunch that’s perfect for the school lunch box. Do give it a try!
Sesame Chicken Toasties Recipe
Makes up to 18 serves
500g (1lb 2oz) lean Minced Chicken not previously frozen
2 cloves minced Garlic (approx. one teaspoon)
2 teaspoons fresh minced Ginger
2 tablespoons (approx. one handful) fresh leaf Coriander (Cilantro) chopped
2 tablespoons Sweet Chilli Sauce
1 large loaf, sliced multi-grain/wholemeal Bread
¾ cup (approx.) Sesame Seeds
• Combine the chicken with the next 4 ingredients listed.
• Divide the mix between the slices of bread and spread to the edges.
• Spread sesame seeds on a plate or other flat surface and press the bread, chicken side down, into the seeds to coat the chicken.
• Freeze them in their own, separate, sealed container in layers with non-stick baking paper between the layers (raw meat must not be stored in the same container as cooked foods).
• Remove from the freezer 30-60 minutes before cooking.
For cooking there are two options:
• Toasting: Place the toasts, chicken side down in a lightly oiled pre-heated sandwich toaster (or under a medium grill) until the chicken is cooked through and browned a little.
• Frying: Heat about 2 tablespoons oil in a frying pan on a medium to high heat until hot. Shallow fry, chicken side down first, until golden, before lightly frying the other side. Drain on absorbent paper.


When Does Grass Start Growing Again
When does grass stop growing? Generally, it takes 7 to 30 days for the germination of the grass seed to begin.
To green it up again, apply 1 inch of water every 6 or 7 days — about 2 hours of sprinkler use.
When does grass start growing again. Grass starts growing when the soil temperatures reach between 5° to 6°c, and temperatures have stayed stubbornly low this spring. Simply put, the grass likes at least two weeks of warm soil temperatures before it will start to send up new shoots. As autumn rolls around, temperatures become better for grass.
If you put seed down in the early fall then these times will be mostly accurate so long as you prepare the soil. Rough bluegrass will usually only start to grow between days 7 and 10. One needs to consider their grass variety, the air and soil temperature and the type of climate they live in.
Grass growth rate depends on more than one factor. So, while you might think those grass seeds are doing nothing, there is a lot of work happening underneath the surface. If the weather is warm enough, grass keeps sprouting.
Wet soil is also colder than dry soil, which is why the grass is. The grass plant will continue growing throughout the year, but will slow down as temperatures start to decrease. Usually, that’s late october or early november, but some warm areas may push that date back to the beginning of december.
Once the roots are developed, the grass seed will start to grow and sprout above the soil. Red fescue grass handles the cold and shade quite well. Expect your new grass to take another four to 10 weeks to root well and become established.
However, just like any other seed, grass seed, and their growth and germination also depend on many factors like the soil type, the weather, type of grass, the watering frequency, nourishment, and how well you care for the seeds. After the grass seed finishes the process of germination, it will start to grow rapidly. In florida, most grass varieties hit their peak growing season in spring, toward the end of march to early april.
The grass also gets going on growing those long roots that store up nutrients over winter for the spring burst of growth. Generally, the cutoff point comes when temperatures drop below 50°f during the day. Given our cool and cloudy spring i would give the grass at least until mid june to show signs of life.
It will take a full season for most grasses to mature to the point where they're ready for steady foot traffic. Wait until late march or early april to apply grass seed. When the ground temperature reaches 55 to 65 degrees, the roots begin absorbing moisture and ground nutrients.
When air temperature maintains 60 to 75 degrees, the grass plant begins to grow. Or wait until temperatures drop and rain resumes, when it will turn green again on its. Augustine is another grass type that is not usually grown from seed but rather installed as plugs or sod from professional grass suppliers.
When does grass start growing in florida? Water as needed and fertilize with a dilute solution of any flowering plant fertilizer, once new growth appears. The minimum temperature required for the grass plant to grow is around 8 to 10 degrees celsius.
Tip when grass is dormant, the roots break dormancy first so they can sustain new top. The soil is still not warm enough for seeds to germinate. The goal is to keep the fountain grass dormant, not growing and not shriveling up, throughout the winter.in mid march, move the plants to a warm sunny location to get them started growing.
Depending on the type of grass you're growing, germination may take anywhere from five to 21 days. The diagram below shows the typical amount of growth seen throughout the year, but as we’ve already. This time of year is when temperatures reach the right level and consistent rain provides enough moisture for many types of grass to reach their full growth potential.
When the rains do come, it may take two to three weeks before your grass begins growing and greens up again. The soil is still not warm enough for seeds to germinate. Wait until late march or early april to apply grass seed.
Perennial ryegrass is one of the most popular grasses for people who have a lot of people walking on their lawns. The graziella maiden grass is considered a “warm season” grass. You can expect that your grass will stop growing when the following condition is met:
How long does it take for brown grass to turn green again? When the air and soil temperature is below 5°c (41°f). When does the grass plant grow?


Agricultural extension service is an out-of-school or field based education to be offered to rural farmers and farming communities. Through this scheme, we enable rural farmers to have access to and apply scientific knowledge and research to agricultural practices. We take the research findings out of the lab and transfer technologies to the field for application by rural farming communities.
We are offering agriculture extension services in order to help rural families help themselves to apply scientific knowledge, technologies and ICT to farming practice, so that they will be able to improve their efficiency, technical skills, enhance production and productivity, income level, raise standard of living, ensure food and nutritional security.
We are organizing face-to-face meeting and dialogue with the farmers for communication and sharing information to help people form sound opinions and make proper decisions. We are helping them identify and analyze their production problems, develop their own solutions and become aware of the opportunities for improvement. We are also offering counseling, proper advice and ideas to farmers to promote their agricultural business. At the same time, we help the farmers or producers to link with markets and other relevant actors.


In 2011 Yowani Country Club obtained the right to harvest stormwater overflow from Sullivans Creek which passed through their picturesque golf course. The plan was to store it in a new 3-megalite collection dam, from which it would be then pumped to the Club’s existing irrigation storage dam.
How to pump water from a creek overflow into Yowani Country Club’s collection dam without incurring prohibitive costs for power supply upgrades.
Enter Q-Max Pumping Systems. As we always do, we looked at both the big picture AND the nitty gritty until we came up with the solution. It wasn’t a case of thinking bigger, but thinking smarter.
Conventional thinking had it that we would need 4 x 150kW pumps to achieve the necessary power (600kW total) to transfer water at up to 600 litres/sec from the collection dam to the storage dam.
However working with the club and their contractor Hewatt Earthworks, we re-designed the whole system using just 3 x 55kW pumps to maintain the same flow. The total power required to drive this ingenious three-pump water system was only 165kW – a massive saving of 435kW.
As with all great ideas, this solution was deceptively simple. The three pumps are sequentially controlled so that as the level in the collection dam rises, more pumps are started. This flexibility of operation means that only the minimum number of pumps run at any one time to transfer all the water available for harvesting, up to the capacity of the system.
This design meant that the system could be connected to the existing power supply, avoiding the necessity of expensive power upgrades.
A total solution.
Q-Max achieved maximum pumping efficiency at minimum cost by looking at everything in context. We studied every link in the chain, from the suction inlet through to the discharge. Plus we were hands-on at each and every step of the process from the initial design right through to choosing the actual brand and type of pump. We even designed the discharge pipework.
This is yet another example of Q-Max Pumping Systems proving the optimum solution.


The Coastview Vineyard
The Coastview Vineyard
The Coastview Vineyard's setting could only be described as awe inspiring, And the wines..well judge for yourself! The directive was to create a wine label that spoke to adventure and the idea of hidden treasure, in a Jules Verne style of thinking. Each label references a journey or traveler and speaks to the uniqueness not only of the wine but the vineyard where it was grown. We look forward to sharing our journey as we present our award winning wines to you in our New Tasting Room.
Our mission is to faithfully translate the unique character inherent in the Coastview Vineyard. Its limestone and granite soils, 2200 ft. elevation and terraced hillsides yield wine of exceptional character and interest. Our viticultural practices are guided by needs of the vineyard to get the balance of fruit, flavor and a sense of the terroir. The steep hillsides and low vigor soils help naturally balance the vine and create wines of concentration and uncommon interest. The winemaking practices are a combination of classic Bordelaise and Burgundian techniques combined with all the advances in modern enology for consistently high quality and vineyard expression. We use the very best tools, barrels and knowledge available to honor this amazing site.
Great vineyards are the beginning of every great wine, and we are beginning to bring this great vineyard to the world.
The Coastview Vineyard is located in the Gabilan Mountains on the east side of the Salinas Valley, on an exposed ridge top between 2200 and 2400 feet of elevation. Just under 30 acres of this convoluted 2600 acre property are under vine with plantings of Syrah, Chardonnay, Pinot Noir, and Cinq Cepage of Bordeaux varietals. It is a testament to the vineyard that it can ripen such different varietals in a consistent and exceptional manner.
The Vineyard is a dramatic site that offers a panorama of surrounding mountains, valleys and coastline. We farm this vineyard with a focus on sustainability and low impact to maximize its ability to express terroir. Pygmy Sheep graze the native grasses in and around the Vineyard. Water to sustain the vines through the dry summer months is sequestered from artesian springs in lined ponds.
The Vineyard soils are shallow and low vigor with layers of decomposed granite, substantial limestone component and thin top soils. The cooling breeze blowing in off the Monterey Bay moderates the warm days with cool night temperatures. This exposed ridge top vineyard has in abundant, unencumbered sunlight, driving even and consistent ripening. The warm days and cool nights allow for long hang times that result in perfect conditions for ripe fruit flavors and elegant acidity.
Phone: (831) 277-7283
35127 Chualar Canyon Rd
Chualar, California 93925
19 E Carmel Valley Rd, Suite H Carmel Valley CA 93924
Hours - Daily 11 am - 5 pm


So it’s been a week since my last update and almost two months since I started. During last update I had informed you guys of how someone had decided that I did not need my carrot and spring onion seedlings and decided to uproot them but on the upside my baby spinach, dhania (coriander) and lettuce seemed to be doing great.
Well two weeks later and the plot to the drama thickens. My spinach had really grown. In fact I had begun to harvest. Then one night someone decided that my spinach was dirty enough that it needed to be washed with some Omo (powdered washing soap) that had been dissolved in water!!!!! I say the person came at night because when the plants were watered at night they were ok the next morning when I was at work the guy who checks them for me came to water the plants and low and behold foam came up!! This was such a deliberate act that whoever the culprit is just targeted my two spinach seed beds which are apart and left out the lettuce and dhania in between!!
SO….this has led to many of my spinach wilting and others dying completely L it is very sad that someone can actually be this malicious but Karma is a bitch so he/she will get theirs.
On to better news, See how lovely my Dhanias are 🙂
And my lettuce 😀
I grew more carrots so this are still about 2 weeks olds
Its been about a month and a half since I started my little garden. I was not too happy with my progress when I wrote about it earlier in this month and now two weeks later I think I am even sadder (is that even a word?)
In the previous week or so there had been a lot of controversy in my office surrounding the guy who works for me and my friend. The guy is VERY hard working I love him but there were issues with him watering our plants and doing other things. After a lot of push and pull he was in the end allowed to work on our gardens but not during his official working hours. In as much as this was annoying the worst part during that week was when one night, I was in Nairobi at the time, my plants were watered and everything was good then the next morning the guy who waters them came and found that my carrots, chillies and spring onions had ALL BEEN UPROOTED!!!!!
I was soo pissed of that someone can be sooo malicious to com
e to a garden that I am working hard on and uproot my plants. I had actually thought that maybe it was a mistake but the term that was used to explain what was found was “kulikaa nikama mtu alikuwa anavuna mhogo” ( it looked like someone was harvesting yams) meaning that it was a planned “harvest”. But anyway……..
My plants, the ones that survived seem to be doing well.
My baby spinach have really grown. We decided to cover the seed bed with a mosquito net to stop the birds from feasting on them.
The lettuce, that I had previously thought had refused to grow, have also really sprouted and seem to be doing good.
The dhania (coriander) are also doing pretty well.
All in all I think I’m not doing too badly. Another update will come soon.


A BUSINESS PROPOSAL ON THE palm oil.docx Expense BusinessThe mill will start as a medium scale palm oil processing mill which will be focused on processing of red palm oil and palm kernel oil at least for its first five years of operation. 3.2 OBJECTIVES The objectives of Duca Palm oil mill for its first three years of operation are: Achieve profitability in the first year.
Projects : Engineering and Palm Oil Mill Projects Completed .Feasibility study for the setting up a 15/30/45 mt/hr palm oil mill: 17: BS Engineering Sdn. Bhd. 2002 Proposed Construction of 30 mt/hr Palm Oil Mill at Ladang Sg. Terah Gua Musang Kelantan FS 18: PT. Sg. Indah Gemilang at South Sumatera Indonesia: Design and Project Management of 60 ton/hour CPO mill. Management Consultancy of Mill .
Private sector& 39;s N29bn investment boosts Obaseki& 39;s agric .“Dufil Prima Foods would be investing $600 million N23.2bn in pursuit of its backward integration programme by setting up a 17954 hectares of oil palm plantation in 14 communities in Ovia North East Local Government Area LGA of the state.
Palm Oil Processing and Production Business Comprehensive .2. SETTING UP A PALM OIL PLANTATION. This is another aspect of the palm oil business. If you have your eyes on long-term investment this aspect will be perfect for you. Starting an oil palm plantation is capital-intensive but in the long run the returns are massive. Palm oil mills and sellers will depend on you to operate.
President Jokowi Imposes Moratorium on New Palm Oil .The moratorium applies to: a. new proposal for palm oil plantation; b. proposal for the plantation that has been submitted but has not completed the requirements or has fulfilled the requirements but the prospective plantation is lo ed in productive forest area; or c. proposal for the plantation that has received principle approval but has .
Palm Oil Plantation - PwCthe development of palm oil plantation and its related infrastructure in Sumatera is relatively more advanced than in other parts of Indonesia. In recent years Kalimantan has become a feasible alternative as it offers a large potential land bank for developing palm oil plantation.
FEASIBILITY REPORT FOR ESTABLISHING A SMALL SCALE OIL PALM .2. Availability of inputs; oil palm produce are generally available the technology for fabri ing oil palm processing mills are available locally labour is generally cheap and lo ing the Mill in the area identified will ease access to materials. 3. Oil palm milling open opportunities to establishing plantations and producing further
business proposal for palm kernel plantation2020-7-6 If you live in a country like Nigeria Ghana etc; where red palm oil is in huge demand domestically and industrially you can make huge profits by starting an oil palm plantation.Read on to find out what you need to know and do to start an oil palm plantation. Starting a Palm Oil Plantation – Sample Business Plan Template. business .
A Proposal for the Establishment of a ‘Smallholder .This paper proposes the setting up of a 1000 Ha ‘Smallholder Sustainable Land-Use Institute’ in Central Kalimantan as a demonstration training and research facility to assist smallholder oil palm growers.
A BUSINESS PROPOSAL ON THE ESTABLISHMENT OF PALM OIL MILL .The proposed palm oil mill will be called SWAG Oil Mill. The oil mill will focus on the production of palm oil palm kernel oil and palm kernel proceeds needed for the making of soaps pomade and even snacks. The products for this oil mill serve as material for cosmetic industries food and snacks making industries. In the oil mill palm .
Feasibility proposal for setting up a palm oil processing .As a consultant for the palm oil mill plant projects by your side as well as an experienced manufacturer of palm oil processing machine Doing Company can offer different feasibility proposal for setting up a palm oil processing plant in Nigeria according to customer’s different requirement.
CEO: Up to 300000 tonnes of palm oil ‘possible’ this .“Our oil palm does not yet have a brand on an international scale” said Sakhon. Mong Reththy Group was established on January 1 1989 and its subsidiary Mong Reththy Investment Cambodia Oil Palm Co Ltd was granted a land concession for an oil palm plantation on January 9 1996. The group now owns 20000ha in plantation area in the Kingdom.
PALM OIL PRODUCTION AND PROCESSING BUSINESS PLAN IN NIGERIAThis sample Palm Oil Production and Processing Business Plan In Nigeria can be used for Grant Appli ions Bank Loans Proposal writing Business Concept Note Competitions etc. Palm Oil Production and Processing Business Plan is a lucrative business that needs a lot of strategic planning to start and a business coach like Dayo Adetiloye to .
Small-Scale Palm Oil Processing Business in Nigeria: A .Nigeria from 13th – 22nd April 2012. Ten oil palm processing mills were visited and data were elicited through interviews and observation. The mill owners 10 respondents provided the information such as cost of setting up small-scale palm oil processing business due to their knowledge on the equipment procurement and overall
PDF Malaysian oil palm industry: Prospect and problemThe following values were obtained for the various physicochemical parameters measured in the oils: Cotton seed oil palm kernel oil neem seed oil and palm oil: viscosity value at 40 C were 34 .
A Sample Oil Palm Plantation Business Plan TemplateOil Palm Plantation Business Plan – Publicity and Advertising Strategy. Notwithstanding the fact that our oil palm plantation business is a standard one that can favorably compete with other leading oil palm businesses in Nigeria and in any part of the world we will still go ahead to intensify publicity for all our brand.
Cost on Setup Palm Oil Processing Mill in NigeriaSetting up a palm oil processing mill in Nigeria would minimize the cost on material purchase and transportation. What’s more Nigeria has great demand of crude palm oil. It would be very convenient to produce and sell palm oil in Nigeria which must be a profitable business. Total Cost of Setting Up a Palm Oil Mill in Nigeria
Feasibility study for the establishment of a Palm Oil Mill .Feasibility study for the establishment of a Palm Oil Mill Plantation in Rivers StateNigeria
How To Start High Yield Palm Oil Tree Plantation In NigeriaThis is great.I am also thinking of going into Palm Oil plantation sometime next year.But I know little or nothing about Palm oil.This write-up has answered a lot of questions I used to be afraid of. I am thinking at setting it up in Ede Osun State.My main objective is exporting the matured fruitthough has to start with local. Reply
HOW TO SETUP AN INTEGRATED PALM OIL MILL INDUSTRY FOR .A Business Proposal On The Establishment Of Palm Oil Mill Product Uses of Palm Oil As we all know; Palm oil is used domestically for cooking and frying and industrially for the manufacture of margarine drugs soaps cosmetics and as material input for deodorized vegetable oil.
Starting an Oil Palm Plantation - Sample Business Plan TemplateRead on to find out what you need to know and do to start an oil palm plantation. Starting a Palm Oil Plantation – Sample Business Plan Template. Oil palm plantation simply involves cultivating oil palm trees. When it is time to harvest you will sell your palm fruits to manufacturers who would process the fruits to produce red palm oil.
Masterplans: Palm Oil Business PlanPalm Oil Business Plan. If you are in the process of launching a palm oil start-up then you unquestionably need a palm oil business plan. A business plan is a critical part of starting any business and serves a number of critical functions. Writing a solid business plan can be a real challenge however which is likely how you found yourself here.
GOOD AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES FOR OIL PALMRecommendations on good agricultural practices for oil palm are aimed to provide growers to practice every step of production processes starting from cultivation to transportation of oil palm bunches to collection center ramp or mill and to ensure good quality and safe oil palm bunches produce suitable for production of palm oil.
Zambia : 10000 hectare Palm Oil Farm To Be Set Up In LuapulaConsolidated Farming Limited has announced it will be setting up a large -scale palm oil processing industry in Luapula Province this year. Company Director Essof Alloo has disclosed that the .
Palm Oil Industry in Malaysia: 2018 Overview and InsightThe palm oil industry in Malaysia plays a crucial role in meeting the global demand for palm oil. The Malaysian palm oil industry is undergoing many structural changes and new developments with setting up of new palm oil fields and palm oil mills. Palm oil in Malaysia is a very significant sector behind the economic growth of Malaysia.
Oil Palm Plantations and Rights Violations in Indonesia HRWIn order to set up an oil palm plantation Indonesian law requires that a company obtain a series of government permits from different departments. . both plantation and oil mill in 2013 .
Starting a Palm Oil Processing Company – Sample Business Plan .Palm oil has relatively long shelf life when compared to other edible oils. With good storage facilities in place palm oil can be stored for up to one year without its quality dwindling down. Palm oil is a very good source of Vitamin E which promotes skin health and improves its immunity to infections.
Golden Star Oil Palm Plantationcrude palm oil PO per month. At a rate of 85% utilization and processing of 26928 tonne fresh fruit bunches 5386 tonne of crude palm oil would be produced per annum. The process flow for the proposed oil palm mill is: unch reception Fruit sterilization using high temperature wet heat. Threshing to remove fruit from bunches
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Born more than ten years ago on the hills of Garlate, our family farm is known for cultivating olive trees, chestnuts, small fruits, vegetables and old fruit plants. We are also known for the closed-loop farming of Cinta Senese pigs, Brianzola breed sheep, donkeys and farmstead animals, not to mention our brand new honeybee apiary.
Our agronomic project is inspired by integrated agriculture. It builds its roots on the respect and recovery of land, on indispensable interventions for fertile soil yield, on seasonal crop rotation and on the recovery of rustic or indigenous varieties of plants and animals. The following olive types have found their home in the olive grove: Leccino, Frantoio, Pendolino, Bianchera, Leccio del Corno and Grignan.
Our farm also offers its own extra virgin olive oil, in addition to the upcoming production of monovarietal extra virgin olive oil.
Extra Virgin Olive Oil
The Ronco offers an extra virgin olive oil obtained by crushing olives. The oil is collected during the day by means of hand-grinding the olives and then crushing them in the Biosio crusher (LC).
The sensory characteristics offered by this magnificent product are:
A fragrance of freshly-mown green grass, bitter almonds and artichoke
A fruity flavor (light/medium level)
Jams, Preserves and Sauces
The farmstead staff along the Strada del Ronco has always been preparing jams, preserves and sauces with fruits and vegetables from their fields.
The jam is grouped into three types:
Classic fruits: Perfect for breakfast and afternoon snacks
Fruits from memory: Particular and much rarer fruits
Vegetable jams: To be combined with meats and cheeses
The work of our honeybees allows us to offer genuine, sweet-smelling honey with the tastes of acacia and chestnut.


South Florida Sodding Professionals
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We offer the highest quality sodding services in South Florida!
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Our Company is committed to service & total
satisfaction, we guarantee it.
With 20 years in the agricultural industry,
we can provide you the best quality
at the best prices.
Our team consists of sodding professionals, we provide
professional installation of residential and commercial grasses.
Let our sodding experts give you a quote on your next project.
Commercial and Residential
What we offer
Argentine Bahia is the lowest maintenance sod variety that we offer. It is highly drought tolerant, very disease resistant, and has a good cold tolerance. If properly maintained Argentine Bahia will form a thick lush turf with a dark green color. Argentine Bahia is an ideal sod choice for someone who is looking for an affordable, low maintenance lawn.
Palmetto® St. Augustine is the most sold patented turfgrass in the world with more than one billion square feet sold. Selected for better color and finer texture. Palmetto demonstrates superior shade, cold, frost, heat and drought tolerance. This versatile turfgrass is used across the southern US.
Here's some images from our recent jobs


The 2017 Wisconsin Pest Management Update meeting for Rock County will be held on Wednesday, November 8th in Janesville at the Holiday Inn Express, 3100 Wellington Place, Janesville WI 53546. There will be informational presentations of pest management for Wisconsin field and forage crops. Speakers will include Mark Renz, weed scientist, Damon Smith, plant pathologist, Dan Heider, IPM specialist and Bryan Jensen, entomologist.
The meeting will begin at 1:00 p.m. and conclude at 4:00 p.m. Lunch is served prior to the meeting from 12:00 p.m. to 1:00 p.m.
Call the Rock County UW-Extension office at 608-757-5694 for registration at least one week prior to the scheduled meeting date. The cost is $40 for early registration and includes lunch.
Please see the schedule for more information: 2017 Pest Management Update Schedule
Three hours of Certified Crop Advisor CEU credits in pest management are awarded for each session.


Noble of Indiana Supports Souper Bowl of CaringSince our founding in 1953, Noble of Indiana has created opportunities for people with disabilities to live meaningful lives. One of our most recent endeavors to further our mission has been to break ground on a 15,000 square foot shared garden project. This garden allows the people served by Noble to work side by side with volunteers from the community--planting, weeding and harvesting a variety of vegetables. In addition to providing an opportunity for the people we serve to learn horticultural skills and form friendships with our volunteers, this project allows them to give back to the community by donating 90% of our harvest to Old Bethel Community Outreach food pantry. Additionally, this partnership has opened the door to volunteer opportunities at the food pantry for Noble participants, providing yet another avenue for them to develop their skills and contribute to our community.


Saturday, May 6 - 10:00am - 12:00pm
Turf Workshop - 12:30pm - 1:45pm
with the Maryland SoccerPlex, National Arboretum and the National Turfgrass Federation as we formally open this educational
exhibit on the SoccerPlex grounds based off of the larger GrassRoots exhibit at the National Arboretum.
· Q & A Session
· Self-guided tour through the exhibit
Did You Know?
· One single grass plant can have 387 miles of roots and then may grow as deep as 7 feet below the soil surface.
· Unlike the leaves of most plants, grass leaves grow from the bottom up.
· Of the top five food crops—sugar cane, corn, wheat, rice and potatoes—four are grasses.
· Do you struggle to maintain your lawn? In the future homeowners may grow more regionally adapted species in their lawns
to overcome some of the challenging conditions.
· Watering grass at a low rate over a long period of time allows water to soak in rather than run off.
This is just a preview of the many things you’ll learn at the GrassRoots exhibit at the Maryland SoccerPlex.
We hope to see you there!


The CRSMF of Burdwan University is sprawling Crop Research Farm covering 10.5 hectares of cultivated land
situated in Tarabag Campus of the University established by famous geneticist and plant breeder Professor
Param Nath Bhaduri FNA in the year 1965.
Since inception, lots of research activities funded by different authorities have been carried out with the
help of researchers of different departments of this University. There is a farm laboratory to carry out and
expedite the research activities. Moreover, from 2002, in collaboration with Department of Agriculture, Govt.
of West Bengal, ‘Foundation & Certified’ seed programmes for Paddy, Mustard, Gram, Lentil and Moong were
undertaken and still being run successfully. The programme was initiated with the support of Deputy Director
of Agriculture, Govt. of West Bengal, Seed Certification Department, Govt. of West Bengal, Seed Corporation
and Seed Testing Department, Govt. of West Bengal. The seeds produced by CRSMF are sold with trade name “Kishan
Bandhu”. These are in high demand and very popular among the growers and farmers all over the state including
neighbouring states like Jharkhand and Bihar for its consistent quality and performance. We are extremely fortunate
that all the officials from state department of agriculture, Government of West Bengal have extended their extreme
support in this venture.
The officials of CRSMF regularly visit –Central Rice Research Institute (Cuttack), Acharya N.G. Rang
University (Andhra Pradesh), Rice Research Station (Chisurah), Central Potato Research Station
(Jalandhar, Punjab) and Pulse & Oils seed Research Station, (Behrampur, West Bengal) to collect
Breeders’ seeds for multiplication program.
Prof. Jai Prakash Keshri
Department of Crop Research and Seed Multiplication Farm The University of Burdwan Golapbag, Bardhaman - 713104 West Bengal, INDIA. 342-2656566, 2656549, 2558554 Extn.
To conserve the germplasm of traditional rice-varieties and Mango.
To promote the research activities related to cereals, oils seeds, pulses and
To produce high quality seeds of cereals, oil seeds, pulses and vegetables.
To provide technical assistance, guidance and advice to the local farmers regarding package and
practices, proper harvest and post-harvest technology of cereal, pulse, oils and vegetables seed
multiplication in light of current development in agricultural scenario. For this purpose CRSMF
organizes periodic seminars and workshops.
To develop cost-effective alternate farming system as well as crop nutrient management package
through holistic approach.
Adoption of crop diversification technology.
To promote the use of Biofertlizers such as vermicompost, biocompost, Azolla, Blue Green Algae
and ecofriendly fertilizers.
To promote the use of bio-pesticides and eco-friendly pesticides.
To provide quality potato seeds to rural Bengal.
To provide organic vegetables and sweet corn to different communities.
To publish quality literature, training manuals and videos in all above concern.
To maintain the biodiversity resources of University.
To motivate students in plantation and provide technical assistance and guidance.
Plantation of rare tree varieties, fruit plants and rare plants to rejuvenate the biodiversity of campus
to support the fauna and microbial resources.
Amount of Paddy seeds produced and disbursed in past 10 years
Mustard seed multiplication
Potato Tubers Produced and disbursed since 2014
Statement of Income and Expenditure of CRSMF
Paddy Germplasm Conservation
Besides promoting high yielding varieties of paddy to cater the economic need of the farmers
we have started conservation, multiplication and promotion programme for traditional and aromatic
varieties in view of the soil quality, soil health and eco-friendly farming system.
Awareness programmes and research activities have been raised by CRSMF in collaboration of different
Government agencies, research institutes and researchers in our university. The main objective of the
germplasm conservation of traditional varieties is to restore the valuable gene pool of paddy to
develop future high yielding and eco-friendly varieties.
The aim is to meet the following:
To exploit the gene pool gathered from land races.
To minimize damage by major diseases and pests.
To tolerate adverse environmental, drought, adverse soil factors and excess water.
To increase yield in sustainable manner.
To increase the nutritive quality.
To promote the ecofriendly sustainable paddy cultivation system.
To provide scientific and technical assistance to the research communities, cooperatives and
farmers through exposure visit, seminars and workshops.
To maintain the germplasm of land races in scientific manner, its proper documentation and
proper DNA sequencing for users of all relevant disciplines.
Presently we are producing over 35 varieties
of high yielding and traditional varieties of paddy seeds: Traditional varieties: Sitasal, Dudheswar, Kalamkati, Dadsal, Soru-nagra, Banskati,
Kabiraj Sal, Kalo Nunia, Gandheswari, Champa-khusi, Kanak chur, Tusli mukul, Radha tilak, Black rice,
Kerala-sudari, PNR-546, PNR-519 and Tarai basmati etc. Aromatic varieties: Sita-bhog, Gobindo-bhog, Badsa-bhog, Gopal- Bhog, Katari Bhog,
Tulsi-Bhog, Tulai-panji, Krishna-bhog, Jamainadu, and Randhuni-pagol.
Mustard Seed Multiplication
Mustard is an important crop under cultivation in West Bengal and adjoining states.
With our all efforts we are producing quality F1 seeds of mustard.
Mango Germplasm Conservation
We have established a germplasm conservatory of “Mango”. In the mango conservatory
(Amra Kanan) we already have introduced following 60 varieties of Mango: Albina, Alfanso, Alfanso
(Ratnagiri variety), Aman Dasehri, Amrapali, Anaras, Banana Mango, Blue mango, Bhastara, Bira,
Baisakhi, Bimli, Biswanath, Black Mango, Bombai, Champa, Chandan Khosa, Chatterjee, Chausa,
Dasehri, Dhubani, Fazli, Golapkhas, Hapus, Himsagar, Jambo, Jardalu, Jharjhari, Kalapahar,
Katamisti, Kesar, Kg Mango, Kishenbhog, Kohitoor, Kuija, Langra, Madhugulguli, Maharaj, Mallika,
Megh Lonthon, Michirdana, Mohanbhog, Molamjam, Motichur, Neelam, Palmar, Piyarafuli, Pusa-Surya,
Pusa-Arunima, Rajbhog, Rani, Ratna, Red Mango, Sadulla, Safeda, Sarenga, Sarikhas, Sweet Mango,
Thai-Dwarf, Thai-Long, and Subarnarehka, etc.
Potato Seed Multiplication
We have started producing foundation seeds of Kufri Jyoti since 2014 under MoU with CPRI,
Shimla. Presently two more varieties are being produce due to huge demand of the potato growing
communities of West Bengal and neighboring states. These are Kufri Chandramukhi & Kufri Himalini.
We have been able to produce Foundation and Certified seeds of potato under kind supervision of
state agriculture authorities. Fortunately results are extremely promising. The tubers are now
kept in cold storage and will be disbursed in October as per the guidelines of State Agriculture
Authorities who will issue the foundation seed cards. We have the motto to ensure the right and
scientific cultivation practices among the potato growing community of the region. Keeping this
fact in mind several interactive programmes are arranged. Fortunately one such programme was
arranged in presence of Dr. Asish Banerjee, Minister in Change, Department of Agriculture,
Government of West Bengal on 16th January 2018 at CRSMF, The University of Burdwan in our
collaboration with CPRI, Shimla. In this occasion four scientists namely Dr. N. K. Pandey,
Head Social Sciences, Dr. R. K. Singh, Head, Seed Technology, Dr. Binay Sagar & Binod Kumar from
CPRI interacted with the potato seed producers of West Bengal in presence of dignitaries of State
department of Agriculture.
Use of Waste and Weed affected lands for cultivation of diversified
and Multiple crops and their improved varieties
We have huge waste land and weed affected land mass in our campus. To manage this we have
adopted several strategies for welfare of the university fraternity and make effective examples to
the society to combat this problem.
Introduction of new crops and improved varieties of crops.
Vegetable and fruit production.
Crop productivity increased due to improved varieties
Enhancement of cropping intensity
Risk factor for failure of mono-crop reduced on diversification of crops.
Effective weed management.
Since the crops grown have different root levels effective nutrient management in soil occurs due to this.
Effective improvement in soil fertility due to the arrival of various microbial lives.
Crop Nutrient Management
To promote the eco-friendly crop practices we have adopted several contemporary modern
improved practices. Such as biocomposting, vermicomposting, Blue green Algae, microbial fertilizers,
Azolla, green manures and alternate cropping pattern that includes always a leguminous crop etc.
Seed Certification Programme
The process of seed certification includes the following steps:
Collection of Breeders’ and Foundation seeds from authentic sources
Verification of source by the Department of Seed Certification
Registration of each variety for multiplication
Inspection by the Govt. Officers (thrice) during the growing season to verify whether
specified control measures are followed
Proper harvesting, threshing, sunning and processing of crops variety wise and bagging(temporary)
Testing of seeds of each variety by the concerned department of Govt. and certification
Finally bagging and sealing with producer cards and as per Govt. regulations cards in presence of
Seed Certification officer variety wise if recommended as “Certified” as per yard stick of
Breeders and Foundation seeds are collected as per availability in each year since 2003 and also
as per allotment made by the Government.
Horticulture and Floriculture
We have a very good collection of ornamental and garden plants that includes palms, roses,
tuberose, Chrysanthemum, Lilium and Gladiolus etc. The orchard contains huge collection of
fruit plants that are well maintained for the academic purpose and disbursement to different
departments including local academic institutions. The objective is beautification, research,
delight, educate and to inspire students towards plants.
Recently we have introduced Santa Cruz water lily (Victoria cruziana A. D. Orb.) to CRSMF.
It is a water lily native to subtropical South America, where it is found in Argentina,
Paraguay and Bolivia. The genus Victoria was named in honour of the UK’s Queen Victoria
(1819–1901). The specific epithet cruziana was given in honour of Andrés de Santa Cruz
(1792–1865), President of Peru and Bolivia, who sponsored an expedition to Bolivia in
which the first specimens of this species were collected.
It was planted on 19th May 2016 at CRSMF with the efforts of the authorities of Botanical
Survey of India & The University of Burdwan under MoU.
The leaves of the plant attain over 2 metres in diameter. The leaves may hold up to 75 kg
of weight. Flowers are creamy white at anthesis and become pink in the evening.
We have developed a very good nursery for fruits, vegetables, flowering & forest trees and
plantation crops. The plants are planted to different parts of the university, donated to esteemed
organizations, schools, colleges and are sold to the public for revenue generation. The main
motto is to create interest to the students and general public for plants.
Amenities at CRSMF
Our Farm is equipped with following amenities to support the genuine seed production,
seedling, saplings and disbursement of knowledge to the interactive communities and academicians.
Paddy Processing Machine
Paddy Blower Machine
Seed Grader Machine
Potato Seed Grader
Air condition Godown
Laboratory and Seminar room for extension activities
Facilities for research are always provided to the students of Botany, Zoology and environmental
science departments as and when asked for.
Facilities (land and other inputs) are provided to the teachers of Botany, Zoology, Environmental
Science and B.Ed. (Sc.) Department as and when necessary as per their proposal.
Facilities are also provided to the students (M.Phil.) of the University as per their request.
The unit separately undertook some adaptive trials with cultivars (new brought from OUAT (Orissa).
Adaptive trials on Jute undertaken by a teacher of the Department of Botany, Burdwan University
Ongoing trials of various crop species in research plots by research scholars from Botany and
Environmental Science Departments.
Paddy Cum Fish cultivation practices and research.
The Farm is interested in “Hybrid Seed” production for cereals, pulses and oilseeds.
The Farm is interested to produce high quality potato and onion seeds.
The Farm is plans to set up one state-of-art seed and soil testing laboratory.
To maintain the germplasm of traditional rice-varieties and promote their cultivation to the farmers.
To set up a germplasm bank and conservatory in collaboration with ICAR and State Department of Agriculture,
Govt. of West Bengal.
The farm is interested to make such demonstration plots those are included in land shaping technology
e.g Farm pond technology, Ridge and furrow technology for integrated farming system.
Soil testing facilities for the farmers.
We have submitted proposal for research and training centre, establishment of shade net nursery and
eco-friendly fertilizer production.
Workshop for the farmers & growers in collaboration with the agriculture department of West Bengal.


How To Invest In Wheat Stocks
Wheat stocks represent a valuable commodity for investors because they can provide a steady stream of income. There are a few things to consider when investing in wheat stocks, including the type of wheat, location, and storage.
The type of wheat is an important consideration when investing in wheat stocks. There are several types of wheat, including hard red winter wheat, soft red winter wheat, and durum wheat. Hard red winter wheat is the most common type of wheat grown in the United States, while soft red winter wheat is the most common type grown in the Midwest. Durum wheat is used to make pasta.
Location is another important consideration when investing in wheat stocks. Wheat is grown in a variety of locations around the world, so it is important to research the specific location in order to understand the potential risks and rewards associated with investing in that particular region.
Storage is also an important consideration when investing in wheat stocks. Wheat can be stored in a variety of locations, including silos, grain elevators, and warehouses. The type of storage facility and the location of the facility can have a significant impact on the price of wheat.
There are a number of factors to consider when investing in wheat stocks. By understanding the importance of the type of wheat, the location, and the storage, investors can make more informed decisions about where to invest their money.
Can you buy stocks in wheat?
Yes, you can buy stocks in wheat. The wheat futures market allows investors to buy and sell wheat contracts, which are agreements to buy or sell a set amount of wheat at a specific price and date in the future.
What is the best wheat stocks to buy?
Wheat stocks are a type of investment that can be used to protect your portfolio from inflation. They are also a good investment for people who are interested in a long-term investment.
When looking for the best wheat stocks to buy, it is important to consider the company’s financial stability, their ability to pay dividends, and the price of the stock.
Some of the best wheat stocks to buy include:
4. Louis Dreyfus
Is there a wheat ETF?
There is no wheat ETF. Wheat is a type of grain that is used to make bread, pasta, and other foods. It is a commodity that is traded on the futures market.
Is wheat a good investment?
Wheat is one of the oldest and most widely grown crops in the world. It is a major source of food for humans and animals, and its flour is used to make bread, pasta, cookies, and other baked goods. Wheat is also used to make beer, whisky, and other alcoholic beverages.
Is wheat a good investment? The answer to that question depends on several factors, including the price of wheat, the cost of production, and the demand for wheat.
Wheat prices have been falling in recent years, due in part to overproduction. The cost of production, meanwhile, has been rising, as has the cost of fertilizer, fuel, and other inputs. As a result, many farmers are no longer making a profit on wheat.
The demand for wheat, meanwhile, has been declining in developed countries, as consumers shift to diets that include more processed foods and less bread and other wheat-based products. However, the demand for wheat is still strong in developing countries, where it is a major source of nutrition.
Overall, wheat is not currently a very good investment. However, the demand for wheat is still strong in some parts of the world, and prices may rebound in the future.
How can I trade in wheat?
Wheat is a cereal crop that is grown all over the world. It is used to make flour for bread, pasta, pastries, and other foods. Wheat is also used to make beer and other alcoholic beverages.
There are different ways to trade in wheat. You can trade in wheat futures, wheat options, or wheat contracts. Futures contracts are standardized agreements to buy or sell a certain quantity of a commodity at a specified price on a specific date in the future. Options contracts give the holder the right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell a commodity at a specified price on or before a specified date. Contracts are agreements to buy or sell a certain quantity of a commodity at a specified price on a specific date in the future.
Wheat prices can be affected by a variety of factors, including weather conditions, the level of demand, and the level of production. Wheat prices can also be affected by geopolitical factors, such as trade disputes or currency fluctuations.
If you are interested in trading in wheat, you should consult with a financial advisor to find out which type of wheat contract is right for you.
What is the stock price of wheat?
Wheat is a cereal grain that is grown all over the world. It is a major ingredient in bread, pasta, and other baked goods. Wheat is also used to make beer, whiskey, and other alcoholic beverages.
The price of wheat is determined by the global supply and demand for this commodity. When the demand for wheat exceeds the supply, the price of wheat will rise. Conversely, when the supply of wheat exceeds the demand, the price of wheat will fall.
The price of wheat is also affected by the weather. A drought or a flood can cause the price of wheat to rise or fall, depending on the severity of the weather event.
The stock price of wheat is also affected by the price of other commodities, such as corn and soybeans. When the prices of these other commodities rise, the stock price of wheat will usually rise as well.
Will wheat prices go up in 2022?
Wheat prices are likely to go up in 2022 as demand for the crop increases while the supply decreases. The main reason for the price increase is the increasing population and the consequent increase in demand for food. Wheat is a staple food for a large number of people, and its price is expected to continue to rise in the coming years.


Balinese Cashew-Cocoa-Clusters from Big Tree Farms are a delightful marriage of raw cashews, raw-fermented cocoa nibs and coconut blossom sugar and very, very tasty. The coconut blossom nectar provides a mild sweetness and the Balinese nibs and the raw cashews a harmonious blend of flavors with a seductive crunch.
The cocoa beans, the cashews and the coconut blossom sugar are all sustainably produced in Bali in permaculture by farmer cooperatives, as well the clusters themselves. Permaculture is good for nature. It and participating in the cluster production also provides farmers with a stable income because they are not dependent on a single crop.
Product infos at a glance
- A marriage of raw cashews, raw-fermented cocoa nibs and coconut blossom sugar
- USDA certified organic
- Produced in permaculture by farmer co-ops in Bali, Indonesia
- Ingredients: Cashews, cocoa nibs, coconut blossom sugar
- Storage: Dry and cool


What about the humidity of the cold store?jiu0 edited on2017-06-05 06:02:46 185 views
What about the humidity of the cold store? How to cool the cold store?
The humidity of the cold storage is a difficult problem, it is estimated not to exceed the standard.
The humidity of cold storage is more common. Can buy a cold store dehumidifier to try.
For cold storage, temperature is the key. The excess temperature is not tolerable.
The humidity exceeds the standard, inside must have condensed water, use dry handkerchief, absorbed inside the condensed water absorbed, over time is ok.
Humidity is easy to exceed the standard. When certification, we mainly look at the temperature.
The humidity of the cold store is not strictly required. Only emphasize that the temperature must meet the requirements.
Now is the temperature and humidity automatic detection system automatically record data, do you normally do not have the usual humidity, there will not appear a lot of alarm messages?
We are in the cool warehouse and the normal temperature warehouse humidity is low, lower than the lower limit, how to spray water can not, this is a good way?
We have the cold storage humidity beyond the standard, the humidity upper limit upward, there will not be an alarm.
My home is in the shade, the humidity is very good, it seems to be called walton.
Not easy not to exceed the standard, main control temperature. Humidity as much as possible.
How does the humidity exceed the standard of 2? 8 degree cold store?
2. pepper can effectively remove the insects and prevent the regeneration of pests. Don't bask, it will affect the taste of rice.
A new method, with the kelp insect repellent, put the kelp in the rice, took out the drying in a few days. Put it in the rice and take it out again. Repeated use can prevent rice sheng.
Kelp can absorb water vapor in rice, effectively prevent rice sheng. The cost of kelp is not expensive, put in rice better clean, can be used repeatedly, try.
But there are hundreds of thousands of kilograms of rice in the warehouse how to deal with?
The amount of food is greater. But you are not spare the pepper, put some kelp Bai, in no need to take the cooling measures. Big air conditioning should be expensive. Cold storage dehumidification, can now buy a cold storage dehumidifier.
published on：20170605 03:28:11 guangzhou


Greenhouse - Sectional Grower
J.P. Bartlett’s Greenhouse - Sudbury, MA
J.P. Bartlett’s Greenhouse is seeking a quality oriented Sectional Grower, who is motivated, fresh, forward thinking and has a passion for growing top notch bedding annuals.
The perfect candidate would possess the ability to thrive in a fast passed environment and have a working knowledge of greenhouse climate control systems, irrigation, fertility and pest management. Prospective individuals must also possess strong communication skills and be capable of working with a team.
Bachelors or relevant experience in Horticulture, Botany, Entomology and any other plant/soil science degree or training. A strong candidate will possess knowledge relating to plant growth and the biology of disease and insect pests life cycles. This also includes cultural techniques and biological control methods of mitigating pest pressure.
KNOWLEDGE AND SKILL REQUIREMENTS
Job Type: Full-time
Salary based on experience


Luke 13:6–9 (ESV)
The Parable of the Barren Fig Tree
6 And he told this parable: “A man had a fig tree planted in his vineyard, and he came seeking fruit on it and found none. 7 And he said to the vinedresser, ‘Look, for three years now I have come seeking fruit on this fig tree, and I find
none. Cut it down. Why should it use up the ground?’ 8 And he answered him, ‘Sir, let it alone this year also, until I dig around it and put on manure. 9 Then if it should bear fruit next year, well and good; but if not, you can cut it down.’
This is short, but packed with a deep message. There was a fruit tree that didn’t bear fruit. The man who owned the fig tree and wanted figs, and he came to pick figs... but the
tree was bare. He was not happy because a fruit tree is suppose to bear fruit... or it’s not really a fruit tree. He was ready to cut it down to destroy it. Now here comes the deep message. The vinedresser told the owner, "Sir,
let it alone this year also, until I dig around it and put on manure. Then if it should bear fruit next year, well and good; but if not, you can cut it down.” Now the question is whether the vinedresser had been taking care of this tree
all along. Had he been doing his job, he would have known that the tree doesn’t bear fruit, but he himself doesn’t know, yet he wants to give it a chance. He asks for mercy from the owner to give it special attention and to work the
soil and fertilize it.
I think this is a message to the church to wake up and start tending to the unsaved, to start giving them special attention, to start telling them about Jesus. I think the church
has become complacent and not reaching out to the lost like it should. Sharing Jesus is our highest priority. To take this to a personal level, have you been telling others about what Jesus has done and have you been inviting them to church?
Jesus said he is coming and when he comes... it will be judgement day. Let’s use the time we have left... starting today... to give special attention to what we are called to do... proclaim Jesus. It is time to plant the seeds of faith.
I pray: O Lord, help me to do a better job in planting the seeds of faith... to get the message out about Jesus Christ reconciling the lost into the Kingdom of God. Thank you for your forgiveness and giving
me eternal life and salvation. Help me to share these gifts to others. Amen.


LRN & LFB Merge Ag News Programming
On August 6, 2012, the Louisiana Farm Bureau Radio Network merged its farm broadcasting operations with the Louisiana Radio Network’s Agri-News division, creating one of the largest farm radio networks in the South—LFBARN.
Read Release / Visit LFBARN Site / View Photos
This Week's Show
WET SOYBEAN HARVEST: A million acres of beans are coming in—literally. That's how many acres Louisiana producers grew this year and while their counterparts in the Midwest are suffering from drought, we have the opposite problem. TWILA TV's A.J. Sabine tells us too much rain is hampering this year's harvest.
4 PARISHES NAMED PRIMARY DROUGHT DISASTER AREAS: While Louisiana has gotten more rain than most other state's this year, four parishes were still declared part of the primary drought disaster area, while seven were in the secondary area.
>> Drought Disaster Information
MISSISSIPPI RIVER UPDATE: Some good news along the Mississippi—dredging work should be complete along stretches of the river by Sept. 1 that should re-open the Port of Lake Providence. However, no amount of dredging will get more water to flow down the river and the ports are still endangered by low river levels.
>> Vicksburg District Corps of Engineers Mississippi River Summary & Forecasts
FIRE ANT FREE HAY: Just like last year, many Louisiana growers are shipping hay across state lines to drought-stricken areas. However, with the drought more widespread than 2011, hay going to areas outside the fire-ant quarantine zone must be certified by the state as fire ant free. TWILA TV's Avery Davidson has the story.
>> Fire Ant Free Hay Brochure
NEW SWEET POTATO VARIETIES: The LSU AgCenter is kicking out the new yams! Join TWILA TV's Kristen Oaks as she heads to the Sweet Potato Field Day to see two new varieties grown right here in Louisiana.
>> New Sweet Potato Varieties
LEGISLATIVE SESSION REVIEW: TWILA TV Correspondent Tammi Arender looks back at the 2012 legislative session—laws passed this spring are just now going into effect. What does that mean for you?
>> Register for Voter Voice
LOUISIANA SOY PRODUCTION MINUTE—FUNDING RESEARCH: Record yields for soybeans in Louisiana this year start with research into the genetics of the soybean plant. On this edition of the Louisiana Soy Production Minute, find out how research affects both yield and acreage.
>> Beyond the Bean (Our Soy Checkoff)
AG TECHNOLOGY—PART 1: TWILA TV's Kristen Oaks begins a series looking at technology in agriculture and this week's Ag Minute shows the increasing role tech plays in agriculture. Far from just sows and plows, modern agriculture is a cybernetic creature—part organic and part advanced technology.
SUGAR EXPORT LICENSE: The Louisiana sugar industry now has a leg up on world market competition with a new USDA export license.
>> Sugar Re-Export Programs
DAIRY PRICES: Paying too much for milk? Get ready to pay four percent more next year. Find out why on this week's Bottom Line.


Ap biology lab four: plant pigments and photosynthesis purpose: the purpose of this lab is to separate and identify pigments and other molecules within plant cells. Lab #6 – photosynthesis and cellular respiration isolation of plant pigments the chlorophylls are the primary pigments of photosynthesis. Plant pigments and photosynthesis lab use the chromatography techniques to separate the plant pigments in a spinach leaf and identify the pigments in the. Ap biology lab 04 – plant pigments and photosynthesis video review sheet wwwbozemansciencecom/ap-bio-lab-4-plant-pigments-photosynthesis 1. Edvo-kit: ap05 photosynthesis see page 3 for storage instructions experiment objective: in this experiment, students will learn how to measure the rate of photosynthesis indirectly by using. Light and plant growth virtual lab - glencoecom. Ap biology lab 4 - plant pigments & photosynthesis paul andersen explains how pigments can be separated using chromatography. Plant pigments and photosynthesis lab 4a demonstrated the different plant pigments by chromatography and showed continue reading lab 4 ap sample 2.
Ap biology lab #4: plant pigments and photosynthesis other plant pigments you will try to experimentally answer the following three questions during this. Plant traveling lab ttu/hhmi at ciser 2010 1 plant pigment chromatography photosynthesis, but accessory pigments collect and transfer energy to chlorophyll. Lab 4 plant pigments & photosynthesis introduction: the purpose of this lab experiment was to separate plant pigments using paper chromatography, and to measure the. Plant traveling lab ttu/hhmi at finding the absorption spectrum of coleus leaves energy required for the process of photosynthesis the other pigments are. Purpose: the purpose of this lab was to see separate and identify the pigments of spinach cells through the use of paper chromatography through. Biology ap lab plant pigments and photosynthesis source(s): biology ap lab plant pigments photosynthesis: for the best answers.
The primary photosynthetic pigments are this experiment uses the ﬂ oating disk leaf assay to explore the process of photosynthesis in plants lab instructor. What are the different plant pigments found in leaves and how do you separate lab quest usb port labquest power plant pigments and photosynthesis. Best answer: hey, just finishing my lab write-up for this lab, due tomorrowbleagh 1 variables tested are light vs dark and boiled vs unboiled.
Chromatography lab report biology “lab report on plant pigments and photosynthesis biology essay” ukessayscom all answers ltd. Best answer: part a: topics for biology ap lab plant pigments and photosynthesis source(s): biology ap lab plant pigments photosynthesis: anonymous 2 years ago. Best answer: part a: topics for discussion 1 the factors involved in the separation of the pigments from the spinach plants are the pigments’ solubility. Transcript of plant pigments and photosynthesis lab hypothesis if the solvent makes content on the edge of the chromatography paper, then chlorophyll a will have the strongest colored band.
Paul andersen explains how pigments can be separated using chromatography he shows how you can calculate the rf value for each pigment he then explains. 4 ward's ap biology lab 4 answers 3 the student can collect data to answer exam aswers search engine lab 4 plant pigments & photosynthesis sample 1. Purpose the purpose of the experiment is to determine the specific types of pigments found chromatography lab answers purpose plant to undergo photosynthesis.
• separate plant pigments using chromatography • calculate r ƒ values for four different plant pigments • measure the rate of photosynthesis using a.
Plant pigments and photosynthesis introduction: in this laboratory you will separate plant pigments using chromatography you will also measure the. Photosynthesis is a light reaction that happen in the chloroplast by wavelenght types.


MTX were originally contracted by S H Pratt and Co (Bananas) Ltd to significantly extend the depot’s ripening capacity at which time MTX was also asked to future proof the new facility, considering the size of the pipework and the pump layout, in preparation for extending the depot in the future.
MTX were contracted to return to the facility to provide an additional 8 No. High Cube Ripening Rooms over a 2 phase project. Both phases were given a tight 8-week programme equating to approximately 2 weeks per room, and despite the facility running a 24-hour operation, MTX were able to maintain the users access to the entire depot throughout the full duration of the project, which was completed on time and on budget. Using this phased approach to the project proved extremely effective and provided the facility with a faster return on investment whilst ensuring disruption was kept to an absolute minimum.
Completing the final phase of the project MTX returned to the facility to install the last 4 No. High Cube 60 Pallet Ripening Rooms, and the installation of an additional pump, all of which was installed in just under 8 weeks with minimal disruption to the client.
Many of MTX’s clients are now opting for the High Cube Ripening Room design, as installed at Sovereign Park, as this incredibly efficient system allows end users to place an additional layer of boxes per pallet on each tier. This provides the client with the maximum amount of ripening capacity using the space available, with minimal additional cost to the overall scheme.
Owner and Managing Director Robert Wells said:
“We’ve worked with MTX for many years and have always been happy with the service they deliver. In my opinion, they offer the best product available in the marketplace, in terms of the range of room options available and overall performance. We have a large variety of orders coming through our facility on a daily basis and with the MTX room options we’re able to cater for all orders and, most importantly, achieve reliable consistency with the products we deliver to our clients.“