11 Foods That Are Already Being Impacted by the Climate Crisis
Food is an entrenched part of any culture. In America, we associate peaches with Georgia and shellfish with New England; we go to Napa for wine tasting, and sing songs about the heartland’s amber waves of grain. But in a few short decades, rising sea levels and changing temperatures could transform where and how we harvest our food.
We’re already seeing changes. Fruit trees are struggling to bloom after warmer winters; cranberries are being scalded by heat in the bogs they’ve grown in for centuries; in Asia, rice crops are being flooded with saltwater. And as the ocean becomes warmer and more acidic, the sea life we depend on is either moving to different waters or being decimated.
In many cases, these changes mean that the foods that are part of a region’s identity — Vermont’s maple syrup or Colombia’s coffee — will have to migrate as their ideal climate shifts, often further north. “Napa Valley pretty much ends up in Canada not too long from now,” says Lisa Goddard, director of the International Research Institute for Climate and Society at Columbia University.
And it’s not just specialty foods. Rising temperatures are making it harder to produce staple grains across the globe — slashing yields, wiping out crops in droughts, even making these essential grains less nutritious. In developed countries like the U.S., we likely won’t stop eating as much corn or wheat; we’ll just start cultivating more land — increasing the already enormous environmental impact of the agriculture industry. “The demand for food is so powerful, it’s the fundamental thing that people need to buy. They will find a way to buy it,” says Keith Wiebe of the International Food Policy Research Institute.
But it also means prices will go up — which could be devastating for nations that are already facing widespread hunger. “For people in poorer countries, where they spend half of their total expenditures on food, and half of those expenditures are on just the basics — maize meal or cassava flour — even a small change in something like that has a huge impact,” says Wiebe. “They’re already scraping by, and trading off between food and school books and health care.”
The key is learning how to adapt. Researchers are breeding climate-resistant crops — building DNA libraries and reviving old, wild strains — and working to insure farmers financially against increasingly variable growing seasons.
“It’s a race between innovation and the impacts of climate,” says Wiebe. “The entire history of agriculture is based on experience with relatively stable temperatures. And we’re going to move beyond that in the next decades.”
Here are 11 foods, from beloved regional favorites to essential staples, that are already being affected by climate change in their cultivation methods, quality, and survival.
Accounting for 20 percent of all calories consumed by people — and 100 percent of all comfort food — wheat is threatened by drought and rising carbon-dioxide levels. Researchers project that even if we stop global temperatures from rising 2 C, the wheat-growing areas affected by drought will double in the next 20 to 50 years. Rising CO2 levels may offset some of that by fueling photosynthesis and increasing yield, but a recent study suggested rising CO2 will also strip significant amounts of nutrients from wheat and other plants like barley, potatoes, and rice.
Small open-water fish like sardines, herring, and anchovies are among the most “climate friendly” fish to catch, requiring by far the least amount of boat fuel to gather. But rising ocean temperatures are deadly to sardine larvae, and the species depends on plankton for food, which is becoming scarcer in some parts of the world due to increasingly variable wind patterns. An 87 percent collapse of sardine fisheries in the Southern Caribbean over the course of a decade was attributed largely to climate change, with overfishing contributing as well. At the same time, research suggests sardine populations in the Pacific Ocean will travel north to cooler waters over the next 60 years, reducing stock in current California fishing ports by 20 to 50 percent.
California grows about 80 percent of the world’s almonds. “That crop takes a ridiculously lot of water to grow,” says Goddard. “As California’s facing water shortages, this is going to be a problem.” In addition to rainfall, California farmers rely on snowmelt from the Sierra Nevada mountains flowing into the state’s irrigation canals. As less snow accumulates and melts earlier because of climate change, thirsty crops like almonds are likely to be especially affected by the late-season water shortage. Researchers are studying whether the almond industry could eventually shift north into Oregon and Washington, which by 2050 may be warm enough to support the crop.
About 10,000 years ago, we started domesticating chickpeas. It helped make the legume what it is today — the primary source of protein for some 20 percent of the world. But it also robbed it of its genetic diversity, which has made it harder for the plant to adapt to climate change. It’s particularly vulnerable to drought, which can decimate half of a crop, and disease, which can wipe a crop out entirely. To keep chickpeas thriving, researchers have collected seeds and DNA from the domesticated chickpea’s heartier, wild counterparts in Turkey and Kurdistan, hoping to breed a plant that is more resistant to drought, extreme heat, and pests.
Considered the canary in the agricultural coal mine, wine grapes require hyperspecific climates to produce wines with sugar, acid, and tannins balanced exactly right. Already, growers are entering regions that were once too cold for the crop and seeking higher altitudes for more consistent temperatures. Drought, floods, hail, fires, and unpredictable rains and freezes threaten to decimate yields. In 2020, smoke damage from the worst wildfire season in modern California history ruined 13 percent of the state’s wine-grape crop. A recent study predicted that if global temperatures rise by 2 C, suitable wine-grape regions could shrink by as much as 56 percent by the end of the century. Diversifying varietals could offset some of that loss, but that will mean the end of generations of growing certain grapes in certain regions in favor of those more suited to climate change.
Indigenous peoples in the Northeast United States have used this winter-hardy crop in their foods and medicines for thousands of years. In Massachusetts, which produces about a quarter of the country’s cranberry crop, the industry is worth $1 billion and employs 7,000 farmers. But the plants, many of which are more than 100 years old, grow in ancient bogs that fall prey to erratic rainfall and drought. And in heat waves, cranberries can suffer from a condition called “scald,” where the fruit cooks on the vine because it can’t cool itself.
Baby shellfish like oysters and scallops start building their shells when they’re somewhere between the size of a speck of dust and a lentil, filtering calcium and carbonate from ocean waters to construct their protective layers. But as the oceans’ acidity increases due to the rising CO2 levels, the number of carbonate ions in the water declines. Unable to build their shells, the shellfish die or grow more slowly, making them more vulnerable to predators. One report estimated that with scallops, ocean acidification could reduce the population by as much as 50 percent in just a few decades.
In winter, when hardy fruit trees like peaches and cherries are dormant, they need to experience a certain number of “chilling hours” — where temperatures remain between freezing and 45 degrees — for the fruit to reliably form. A study found that between 1950 and 2000, yearly chilling hours decreased by as much as 30 percent in some parts of California. But there is hope: In 2020, the USDA released three new peach varieties bred to survive shorter, warmer winters.
Corn is the most vital crop in sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America, and it’s the largest grown in the United States. But the grain is sensitive to rising temperatures and dwindling rainfall, so healthy crops can be taken out in one fell swoop by an ill-timed drought. “Even in developed countries like the United States or Brazil, you have these wonderful crops, growing great, and then right when the crop starts to flower—which is critical—you get a drought, and the whole crop goes down the drain,” says Walter Baethgen, senior research scientist for the International Research Institute for Climate and Society at Columbia University. Tith the constant threat that crops could be wiped out at any moment, it could become financially impossible for small corn farmers to sustain their farms. And even when crops survive, the changing climate is expected to reduce corn’s growth rate: a global temperature rise of just 1 degree Celsius would slow the rate by 7 percent.
Higher temperatures, more intense rain, and persistent humidity have made coffee plantations hospitable hosts for the “coffee leaf rust” fungus. Dusting coffee leaves with rust-colored spores, they feed off the plant, spreading from tree to tree and making it impossible for the plants to photosynthesize or produce the prized coffee berries. From 2012 to 2017, coffee rust forced almost 2 million farmers off their land. One study estimates that because of global warming, we could lose 50 percent of the land suitable to grow coffee by 2050.
Rice production is fundamental to global food security: It’s a staple for more than half the world’s population, nearly a billion of whom suffer from chronic hunger. The crop thrives in wetlands — making it especially susceptible to droughts or unpredictable rainfall. But the biggest enemy may be rising sea levels. In Bangladesh, coastal flooding is literally salting the earth, making it impossible to cultivate the rice fields. According to one study, 200,000 coastal farmers will likely be forced out by rising tides in the next 120 years. Wealthier farmers have begun farming shrimp where they once grew rice, but 80 percent of the world’s rice is produced by small-scale farmers without the resources to make that change. Instead, many are expected to migrate inland, where there’s good news: researchers are isolating breeds that are drought- and flood-tolerant, to adapt to changing weather patterns.


Omololu International School Announces the Launch of Project: Young Farmers…Green Gardens
Omololu International School (OIS) opened the doors of its new school year to exciting plans to create and implement a sustainable “green” community project, “Young Farmers…Green Gardens”, as part of its community outreach program. This type of project dovetails with the new International Baccalaureate-oriented curriculum being pursued at the school. Elements of this project were pilot -tested by OIS students in The Primary School Science Fair held earlier this year, where they examined Portable Gardens versus Traditional Gardens and Organic Farming.
OIS expresses profound gratitude to the Governor’s Office for making a grant available to magnify this project idea on a larger scale so as to have positive ripple effects on the Anguillian community. The project vision is to embrace various stakeholders in the community including OIS students and their families and other children within the community (aged 9 years to 11 years) to participate in a Young Farmer’s Club.
The project sets out to integrate and utilise principles and practices in a specific area of sustainable development in Anguilla, whilst improving awareness, attitudes, knowledge, skills and experiences of participants, on how to grow their own healthy food through community efforts and networking.
There will also be a strong educational component underscored, where students will learn about economic diversification, agriculture, sustainability, healthy living, recycling, entrepreneurship and community stewardship. The school will have a ‘Farmville” like concept where students participating in the project will partner with related agencies connected to the promotion of agriculture and community development. Brief workshops conducted by experts and field trips to farms and produce outlets will keep a strong link to current, hands-on practical techniques that can be readily used to get results.
An important hallmark of this project is the community connection – to inspire others to set up portable gardens and to make fresh produce available for sale to the community. A portion of the proceeds of the sale will be re-invested in active charitable causes in the community. OIS is pleased to invite interested parents of children between the ages of 9 – 11 years to indicate their interest by calling 497-5430 or emailing [email protected]
For more information on OIS see www.omololuschool.org or drop in to visit our school.


The estate was founded in 1930 and is situated at Celles-sur-Ource in the Cote-des-Bar - the southernmost tip of Champagne. There are 18 hectares of vines in total and today the farm is run by 4th generation winemaker, Aurelien Gerbais. The estate converted to organic cultivation in 1996 and everything is done by hand. Aurelien and his father Pascal are pioneers in the use of Pinot Blanc in their house blends and the family is fiercely protective of its 4 hectares of this particular grape.
A pale straw-yellow in colour with a lively and steady mousse. Aromas of green apples, ripe pears and buttered bread. Weighty and pure on the palate with further green fruit notes and a generous minerality, the finish is lingering and refreshing. Try with Oysters Rockefeller, butternut squash ravioli with a sage sauce or spring rolls with a sweet chilli sauce.


Florida A&M University (FAMU) is a public, four-year university located in Tallahassee, Florida. The university was established in 1887 and is the state's only public Historically Black Agricultural College (HBCU). FAMU offers more than 50 degree programs through its 10 colleges and schools, and is best known for its agricultural program which focuses on research and the development of new technologies to help small farmers increase crop production.
Table Of Content:
- Kerala Agricultural University | Towards excellence in Agricultural ...
- Royal Agricultural University
- Punjab Agricultural University - PAU - Ludhiana, Punjab - INDIA ...
- Tamil Nadu Agricultural University
- List of agricultural universities and colleges - Wikipedia
- Assam Agricultural University
- Junagadh Agricultural University
- Welcome To Bihar Agriculture University
- Birsa Agricultural University: Agricultural University, Ranchi ...
1. Kerala Agricultural University | Towards excellence in Agricultural ...
RAFTAAR Agri Business Incubator Entrepreneurial opportunities in Renewable ... Kerala Agricultural University Special Recruitment of Assistant Professors from ...
2. Royal Agricultural University
The Royal Agricultural University is a recognised leader in the delivery of education, research and consultancy, agriculture, business, equine and real estate.
3. Punjab Agricultural University - PAU - Ludhiana, Punjab - INDIA ...
Punjab Agricultural University (PAU) as established in 1962 to serve the state of erstwhile Punjab. The Punjab Agricultural University now has five constituent ...
4. Tamil Nadu Agricultural University
Till 1946, the Agricultural College and Research Institute, Coimbatore, was the only Institute for Agricultural Education for the whole of South India. In 1958, it was ...
5. List of agricultural universities and colleges - Wikipedia
India · Acharya N. G. · Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh · Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat · Annamalai University, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, ...
6. Assam Agricultural University
The embryo of the agricultural research in the state of Assam was formed as early as ... There are three Colleges under this Faculty, viz., College of Agriculture ...
7. Junagadh Agricultural University
University also offers Polytechnic/Diploma/Certificate Courses in the field of Agriculture, Horticulture, Agricultural Engineering, Home Science, Bakery and Mali.
Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University · ఆచార్య ఎన్ జి రంగా వ్యవసాయ విశ్వవిద్యాలయం · Latest News · Circulars · Welcome ...
9. Welcome To Bihar Agriculture University
Bihar Agricultural University. ... degree programmes from Chandrashekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur with expertise in Agronomy.
10. Birsa Agricultural University: Agricultural University, Ranchi ...
Ranchi Agriculture College was established in 1955, Ranchi Veterinary College in 1961 and College of Forestry in 1980. Considering the importance of ...
What type of degree programs does FAMU offer?
FAMU offers more than 50 degree programs through its 10 colleges and schools. These include learning opportunities in agricultural sciences, business administration, engineering, education, health sciences and law.
What areas are offered within the agricultural science program?
The agricultural science program focuses on providing students with important research skills such as economics, financial management, animal husbandry, technology management, marketing and sales skills. Students can also choose from elective courses to study topics in agribusiness or sustainable crop production.
Does FAMU offer any scholarships for students studying agriculture?
Yes! FAMU's Office of Financial Aid provides students with access to numerous scholarship opportunities including those specifically designated for students studying agriculture. Examples include the William T. Cash Family Farm Scholarship Fund and the Frank J. Moran Endowed Scholarship Fund both of which are awarded annually to deserving students who demonstrate financial need.
Are there any international student exchange programs available at FAMU?
Yes! International students can explore various exchange programs at FAMU designed to provide them with enriching cultural experiences while developing their knowledge in their chosen field of study. Exchange partners include universities in Germany, South Africa, France and other countries around the world.
With a strong focus on research-based learning opportunities in agriculture combined with multiple scholarship options and international exchange programs available to its students; Florida A&M University provides an invaluable educational experience that prepares graduates to be leaders in their chosen fields of study.


Are you interested in composting, but don't have the space or commitment needed? Good thing we're here! We're starting to compost here at the library! Tuesdays starting May 10, stop by the library to drop off your compost by the garden.
Items we'll accept:
Tea Bags and Coffee Filters
Fruit and Vegetable Scraps
Items we will NOT accept:
Fats/Oils (butter, olive oil, etc)
Coal or Ash
Questions?? Call or message us! We'd love to help.
Contact: email@example.com | 262-754-1834


The Phalaenopsis Bonsai is the ideal plant for any home with bright, indirect sunlight. They are easy to grow. They just need six hours of light a day. In instances where natural sunlight is not available, the plant can still continue growing under artificial light. A thoughtful gift for your friends and loved ones.
Phalaenopsis Bonsai Flower Seeds
- 100pcs orchid seeds, phalaenopsis seeds, bonsai hydroponic flower seeds for four seasons, perennial flowering plants potted
- 7 Categorized as seeds
- A moderately bright windowsill or similar spot to grow in.
- Watering when it begins to dry out, usually every 7 to 10 days.
- Repotting when the bloom is finished with the fresh orchid mix.
How do I fertilize phalaenopsis?
- Switch to a 10-30-20, water-soluble fertilizer in fall when the orchid develops flower buds.
- Mix the fertilizer with water at a rate of 1/2 teaspoon of fertilizer per 1 gallon of water.
- Apply the fertilizer-water solution to the plant every four weeks, in the same manner, you applied the other fertilizer-water solution.
How do I take care of my Orchid? - Phalaenopsis Basics
Winter-Spring can bloom year-round
Likes to be damp, not soggy
Warm growing, minimum temp of 55 degrees
Feed me! Weakly, weekly - Increase amount by 50% from May-September
Monopodial, grows 1-3 new leaves per year. Bloom spikes emerge from the base of the 2'nd leaf node from the top, usually in early fall.
New leaves in the Summer, Spikes in the Fall, Blooms in the Winter and Spring
Genus Phalaenopsis, Tribe Vandeae
Phals are sensitive to the drop in temperature that comes with fall. If grown indoors the plant should be given 2 weeks of near-minimal temperatures in the fall to initiate bloom spikes.
- 1 x 100 Pcs Phalaenopsis Bonsai Flower Seeds
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As well as by keeping the more compact plants up before the garden it’ll be a lot easier to navigate. Meanwhile 1 final point, the most crucial issue is that you love your backyard garden. Vegetable gardens are a genuine investment, and there’s a little bit of start up cost and elbow grease which goes into growing vegetables before you receive any return. There are lots of things to take into consideration when deciding on whether you ought to put money into a vegetable garden. Generally speaking It does not need to stand out from the rest of your yard. It not only has a stunning visual appeal, but also a great deal of usefulness. For instance with a little bit of soil and appropriate planning it is sometimes a stunning vegetable garden in almost no time.
Moreover possessing a garden in backyard the house may be an important requirement for the time being. Chiefly if it comes to houses, it’s not only the inside that counts. 1 approach to improve the garden backyard the house is to choose plants that are appropriate for narrow land, such as small ornamental plants with assorted colors so the home garden appears considerably more attractive.
The Characteristics of Beautiful Backyard Garden Landscaping Ideas That Looks Great
Every garden sometimes needs just a little refreshment. Individuals who have tiny gardens may wish to grow because many crops as possible on vertical supports, and gardeners that have a lot of space will still must lend physical support to a few of their vegetables, including climbing varieties of peas and pole beans. Small Garden Planting Ideas Small gardens have much more potential than you understand.
The Ugly Secret of Beautiful Backyard Garden Landscaping Ideas That Looks Great
If you’ve got the room and, even more to the point, the time and energy necessary to grow an immense garden well, do it. You don’t require much room to begin a backyard nursery. You have very little room to your home and don’t know what things to do with it.
There are many things to think about when picking out plants. They need lots of good nutrition in order to provide it. It’s also essential to understand when plants are ready in order to harvest punctually. Of course some plants take more time to produce than others, but however you slice it, all of them sell for cash money. It’s important to select the plants carefully. Unique plants have to be thinned out to different spacing so that it is important to understand what you have where. Growing landscape plants is quite a bit easier than you believe.
Typically, the majority of people grow fruit trees the very same way they are grown in large scale agriculture. Those are some ideas for beautiful back garden landscaping.


Agricultural Science, Business, and Dairy Department
Courses - Agronomy
Note: Not all courses may be available. Always talk to your advisor before planning your schedule.
- AGRO 100 - Soil & Water Conservation
- AGRO 105 - Soil and Water ConservationPrinciples of soil and water conservation are covered in this course as well as practical application through land use, runoff and erosion control and soil management practices. 2 credits (3 lecture hours, 2 laboratory hours), spring semester (8 weeks) These credits count toward the Math and/or Science (List B) requirements for graduation.
- AGRO 110 - Soil ScienceThis course covers the fundamentals of soil science, origin, nature and formation of soils, physical and chemical properties and soil management practices. 3 credits (2 lecture hours, 2 laboratory hours), fall and spring semester
- AGRO 150 - Farm Practicum - Crops
- AGRO 210 - Field CropsProduction of field crops, their importance, adaptation, varieties and cultural practices are covered in this course. Prerequisite: AGRO 110 or permission of instructor 3 credits (2 lecture hours, 2 laboratory hours), spring semester
- AGRO 215 - Soil Fertility & FertilizersPrinciples involved in supplying essential elements for growing plants. Soil and tissue analysis, nutrient deficiency symptoms. Factors in manufacture, applications and economics of fertilizers, amendments and organic materials. Prerequisite: AGRO 110 3 credits (2 lecture hours, 2 laboratory hours), spring semester
- AGRO 220 - Vegetable Production
- AGRO 310 - Pasture Mgt and Forages ProdFundamentals of pasture management and forages production for maximum yield, quality, and longevity. Prerequisite: AGRO 110 3 credits (2 lecture hours, 2 laboratory hours), fall semester


On 20 April, the “Wine-Making. How to Achieve Competitiveness on World Market” YIEF 2017 session defined the key problems of the winemaking industry and suggested ways to resolve them.
Boris Titov, Presidential Commissioner for Entrepreneurs’ Rights, Chairman of the Council of the Union of Winegrowers and Winemakers of Russia, opened the session. He said that winegrowing in Crimea was developing and settling into a normal course of life.
“This year, we are seeing large numbers of happy and self-confident winemakers at the Forum. We know that the statistics on vine planting in Crimea inspire optimism,” Boris Titov said. At the same time, he noted growing competition on the Russian domestic market. “I can assure you that positive processes are also being seen on mainland Russia. We are also planting a lot. There will be serious competition, so do not get too relaxed here. Good grapes are ripening, vineyards are growing and our wines are becoming better and better.”
Mr Titov said that the Russian Union of Winegrowers and Winemakers of Russia was assisting in promoting Russian wines on world markets. “We should pay attention to developing the ‘Russian wine’ brand,” Boris Titov believes. “If we convince everybody that such a thing exists and this is a positive phenomenon with good vibes, then Russian winemaking will develop much faster.”
Andrey Ryumshin, Minister of Agriculture of the Republic of Crimea, addressed the session with information on the situation in the winegrowing and winemaking industry. The winemakers discussed aspects of pricing, logistics, quota allocation, employment and development of nurseries.
Production of wines using a protected geographical indication and protected designation of origin was one of the principal subjects at the session. “Wines with protected geographical indication and protected designation of origin are a long-term effort,” Igor Samsonov, General Director of VK Satera, stressed. “But I think that, in the future, it will pay off; on the one hand, it will help promote geographical wines on the Russian market; on the other hand, it will help buttress the position of Russian wines on the world market.”
Dmitry Voloshenko, Director of Crimean Vine and Wine Bureau Association of Wine Growers and Wine Makers, said the session was productive and suggested that the participants sign a memorandum to help resolve the sector’s problems.
“Each year, our session gains in quality. This platform allows us to discuss and state urgent problems and determine development prospects. With the help of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Crimea, with the help of the Government of Crimea, we are attempting to resolve all the questions as they arise and to develop further,” Dmitry Voloshenko said.
According to Voloshenko, the Forum allows the legislation to be adapted to the winemaking sector. “The initiative to pass a specialised Wine Law has been supported by the Union of Winegrowers and Winemakers of Russia; the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation have taken notice of this,” Dmitry Voloshenko said.


Comprehensive agricultural capacity is in the forefront. Shandong took the lead in launching the plan to improve the quality of cultivated land nationwide and organizing the implementation of six projects, including soil improvement and remediation, pesticide residue control, plastic film pollution control, comprehensive utilization of crop straws, livestock and poultry manure control, and heavy metal pollution remediation.
The momentum of agricultural development continued to increase. Shandong has continuously increased its sci-tech innovation ability, advanced the comprehensive reform in rural areas, and improved the opening-up level of agriculture.
Format & Model
New formats and new models are growing rapidly. Shandong has cultivated and expanded new agricultural business entities and developed rapidly new formats of business such as e-commerce agricultural products and leisure agriculture. The "New Six Industry", i.e. the integrated development of primary, secondary and tertiary industries in agriculture are becoming new highlights in increasing agricultural efficiency and farmers' income.
Build a strong province with standard agricultural brands. Comprehensively promote the county construction in respect to safe agricultural products and the brand leading actions in the name of "Delicately Beautiful Shandong with Brand Agricultural Products", accelerate the development of pollution-free agricultural products, green foods, organic agricultural products and agricultural products of geographical indication, vigorously promote standardized agricultural production, strengthen the supervision and management of pesticides, build a system to trace the quality and safety of agricultural products, and create a province excelling in quality brands of agricultural products. Focus on cultivating 70 regional public agricultural brands and 500 enterprise product brands.
New Six Industry
Build a province demonstrative of agricultural "New Six Industry" development. Vigorously develop new industries and new formats in rural areas and accelerate the cultivation of development highlights such as leisure agriculture and rural tourism, pastoral complexes, marine ecological pasture complexes, small towns with agricultural characteristics by focusing on the construction of pilot projects for the integrated development of primary, secondary and tertiary industries. Promote the "link with secondary and tertiary industries" in agriculture and realize full-link upgrading, full-chain value added and full-industry integration. Focus on the construction of 50 demonstration counties for and 600 demonstration entities for agricultural "New Six Industry".
Build a province advanced in the application of "intelligent agriculture". Promote the intelligent development of agriculture, the wide application of information technology in agricultural production and in the market circulation and safety supervision of agricultural products, and the in-depth integration of information technology such as Internet of Things, remote sensing, big data and cloud computing with agriculture and build a province demonstrative of national agricultural Internet of Things application and a demonstration base of intelligent agriculture.
Build a province leading in the open development of agriculture. Cultivate a number of multinational enterprise groups competitive in agriculture, improve and perfect the system and mechanism of agricultural opening-up, build a strong agricultural trade province, and enhance the international influence and competitiveness of Shandong's agricultural products by focusing on the establishment of national comprehensive experimental zones for agricultural open development.
Adjust the planting structure of food, cash and forage crops in a coordinated way. Speed up the construction of a three-dimensional planting structure with coordinated development of food, cash and forage crops according to the requirements of stable food production, optimized cash crop development and expanded forage growing. Stabilize food production, focus on expanding the planting area of high-quality and strong-gluten wheat, moderately reduce grains and corns, and increase high-quality edible soybeans, potatoes, grains and beans, etc. Optimize the varieties and regional distribution of cash crops, consolidate the production of vegetables, fruits and oil in the main production areas, and promote the value and efficiency increasing of cash crops. Expand the planting area of forage crops, vigorously develop high-quality forage such as silage corn and alfalfa in areas where herbivorous livestock and poultry are dominant, encourage the establishment of demonstration bases for planting and producing high-quality forage, and cultivate a modern forage industry system.
Enlarge and strengthen high-efficiency characteristic industries. Based on the resource endowments of various regions, make effort to cultivate "famous, premium, special, rare and new" cash crops, promote the industry upgrading in relation to grains and beans, vegetables and fruits, tea, silkworm and mulberry, flowers and seedlings, edible fungi, traditional Chinese medicine and characteristic breeding, create a number of characteristic agricultural industry belts and demonstration bases, and build local specialties and small varieties into large industries that will increase farmers' income. Vigorously develop characteristic economic forests and other green industries, promote economic models based on the forest such as forest fungi and forest medicine, and promote agroforestry. Promote standardized production, industrial management and specialized services of advantageous and characteristic agriculture and build a number of agricultural products of geographical indication and origin protection bases.
Improve Quality and Efficiency of Animal Husbandry
Transform and upgrade the traditional production mode of animal husbandry, build a number of modern industrial parks of animal husbandry based on large-scale breeding, with agriculture and animal husbandry combined and the ecological cycle as the development direction, and integrating the primary, secondary and tertiary industries, to create a highlight in the development of modern animal husbandry. Standardize the construction of large-scale livestock and poultry farms (communities) and manure pollution disposal facilities for farmers, strengthen the comprehensive waste disposal in livestock and poultry breeding and agricultural production, and establish a county-wide collection, disposal and utilization network to accelerate the waste recycling for livestock and poultry breeding. Vigorously develop modern livestock and poultry breeding industry, microecological preparations, biological preparations, high-efficiency and low-residue veterinary drugs, green and healthy feed industry, etc., and cultivate new advantages for the development of animal husbandry.


The Waikato region contains about half of New Zealand’s peatland. Most of this land has been developed. While drainage has greatly improved our ability to farm land profitably, too much drainage can speed up shrinkage of peat soils. A balance between drainage and cultivation is needed in order to protect our peat soils for future generations.
The Waikato region contains about 50 per cent of New Zealand’s peatlands. Waikato peatlands cover approximately 94,000 hectares and contain about 2,700 million cubic metres of peat.
Peat forms from the build up of partially rotted plant material in wet environments. Waikato peatlands have taken over 18,000 years to form and are up to 11 metres deep.
Drainage has greatly improved our ability to farm peatlands, however too much drainage can lead to:
- increased shrinkage of peat soils
- large amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2) being lost to the atmosphere – contributing to greenhouse gas emissions.
Waikato peatlands contain about 76 million tonnes of carbon. When peat is drained for development, the carbon in peat becomes exposed to air. The carbon is then able to bind with oxygen (O2) in the air (oxidation) to form carbon dioxide gas (CO2), a greenhouse gas. It’s estimated that developed peatland releases about 1.3 million tonnes of carbon dioxide each year.
Find out more about carbon dioxide and climate change.
Peat is a highly productive growing medium. Peat soils need drainage and cultivation to establish productive pastures and crops. However, this leads to irreversible shrinkage and oxidation (loss of carbon as carbon dioxide). Peat shrinkage is estimated to occur at about 20 cm per year after the initial cultivation, reducing to two centimetres per year as the peat becomes more compact and resilient.
Too much drainage of peatlands can also:
- cause shrinkage or loss of wetlands
- reduce water levels in neighbouring wetlands and peat lakes.
If we don’t manage our peat carefully, it will continue to shrink until eventually there will be no peat left.
As peat shrinks, the depth of fertile topsoil also decreases. This means that further drainage, cultivation and pasture renewal are needed to maintain productivity, increasing the cost to farmers.
When managed properly peat is a valuable, highly productive resource. To be able to farm on peat soils long-term, farmers must find a balance between keeping the water table low enough for production, but high enough to minimise peat loss.
There are four key steps to maintaining a good water table in peat areas:
1. Avoid deep drainage
Deep drains in peat cause over-drainage and rapid subsidence of peat soils. As the peat dries it shrinks and cracks, making soils difficult to re-wet. Rainwater flows down into the subsoil through cracks in the peat. When peat dries it becomes waxy and doesn’t reabsorb water easily.
By keeping drains shallow, you’ll help keep the water table high enough to protect your peat.
2. Maintain the water table over summer
Keeping the water table high in drier periods is important for pasture growth and maintaining soil quality, for both peat and mineral soils. This can be achieved by putting weirs or stop gates in your drains.
Water table management can be difficult to achieve on an individual farm. This is because ground water is a resource that spans property boundaries. It may be useful for you to get together with your neighbours to discuss summer water table management. Better water table management will minimise shrinkage, allowing you to extend summer grass growth and farm your peat soils profitably for longer.
3. Fence drains and spray weeds
Controlling weeds and fencing drains to exclude stock reduces maintenance costs associated with machine cleaning drains.
Weeds should be sprayed in summer (January/February) before they seed. Note that glyphosate (‘RoundUp’) is the only herbicide approved for use over water.
Less machine cleaning of drains saves money. It also reduces impacts on water quality and the risk of drain deepening. Drains only need to be cleaned if their ability to function has been reduced by silt or weed growth.
Most silt in drains comes from stock damaging the drain banks. By fencing off your drains you’ll greatly reduce the need to machine clean them. A single electric wire is usually enough on most dairy farms.
4. Do not deepen drains during maintenance
Continual deepening leads to over-drainage, and makes pasture less productive. Keep your drains shallower and protect your valuable pasture.
Peat is naturally anaerobic (has no oxygen present) and is very acid (soil pH <4.5). Cultivation creates a surface layer of peat that’s aerated. When lime is added to peat, the pH is raised, making it less acidic. Aeration and lime make peat more suitable for a wider range of plants, such as pasture or crops.
However, cultivation causes peat to shrink twice as fast as it does under pasture. So the less cultivation you do, the longer your peat soil will last.
When you do have to cultivate, use equipment that creates minimal disturbance. Try to:
- avoid chopping the peat too finely – this destroys the fibrous structure of the soil
- avoid using rotary hoes on peat soils
- try using disc ploughs, power harrows, chisel ploughs and paddle ploughs
- use no-till methods to renew pasture where possible – such as direct drilling.
Use your farm consultants to get the most up to date information on the best pasture species for your area. Some points to remember for peat soils:
- Maintaining a dense pasture sward is one of the best ways to protect your peat soil.
- Some herbicides behave differently on peat soils and may not be as effective.
- Overgrazing should be avoided – any bare patches of peat will shrink faster, resulting in an uneven surface.
- Minimise pugging during the wet winter months.
Find out more about drainage, maintaining water quality, cultivation, managing pasture and fertiliser needs for peat. You can download a copy (in PDF format) of Waikato Regional Council's good management practices for Waikato peat farmers.
For Peat's Sake - part one
(1361 kb, 194 seconds to download, 56k modem)
For Peat's Sake - part two
(1474 kb, 210 seconds to download, 56k modem)
Find out more about wetlands in the Waikato region.


Sunny Life Sunday: Raised Garden Beds
Posted: Mar 28 2016
Here's the video that led to this post in case you missed it:
I have always planned to start a garden so much so I took a Botany class in undergrad. Biggest mistake ever it was so boring and difficult.
Fast forward almost 10 years later and I finally have a garden so much more exciting.
So how'd I do it? First I realized I have a huge backyard (for Florida any way) but that doesn't mean I should bite off more than I can chew. Therefore, I decided to research small space gardening until I got the hang of it. What I found was pallet gardening turns out to be the most organized and easy way to start.
However, don't run out and get pallets from where ever you can find them there's a very specific code and list of do's and don't for selecting your pallet see the image below. I only selected HT pallets because I am growing edibles.
Not sure where to get pallets? Start with craigslist there's always a stack in the free section and local big box stores tend to toss them here's a full list on other places to source free pallets: http://www.1001pallets.com/where-to-get-pallets/
Now you have your pallets you now have to decide your layout keeping in mind beauty and space in your backyard, balcony or rooftop. You will want enough space to cut or treat each side of the pallet so you need walking and knelling space.
You also want to make sure it's visibly appealing think Better Homes and Garden appealing not just functional. This is important because you want it to be a heaven not a task. It will consume a lot of your time so make sure it's a space you can enjoy. I included a small table in my space to have a cup of tea or to sit and work. In small space gardens you want to make sure you use every inch wisely. So also consider vertical gardens. You can see below I use the wood fence to grow things like flowers, herbs, lavender and even added a catnip bin for my 2 fur-babies to have access to.
Here's the garden supplies you need:
Organic Soil & Compost Mix
Buckets, Planters, Tin Cans, Glass Jars and any other recyclable creative pots you can find
Large popsicle craft sticks
Many people recommend stapling the landscaping paper to the bottom of the pallet and just placing it on the ground we wanted to avoid root crowding so we dug a 2' deep hole and placed the landscaping paper in it then the drain rock, then stapled it to the pallet. This way uses more soil but allows your space to be more varied for growing carrots or other rooted vegetables. However it does mean it's permanent so if you desire to move your pallet you may not want to do this.
Steps to actually start your pallet garden:
1. Design your layout
2. Collect Materials
3. Dismantle Pallets I used a hammer and got an amazing workout pulling the nails out however this guys has an easier way: I only needed to remove the bottom pieces my pallet were already box shaped instead of rows it depends on what you are growing.
4. Prep your area and soil for us we had to level the area, cut the grass on the lowest setting possible, rake up the left overs, cover it with landscaping paper
5. Dig the 2' for each box, drape with landscaping paper - leaving excess to staple later, put in drain rocks, drop in Organic soil and compost mix, staple landscaping paper to box
6. Cover entire area around boxes with mulch, top off boxes with extra organic soil and compost
7. Now your area is ready and you can plant seeds.
Moving on to vertical garden
1. Gather planters after layout is decided
2. Add holes to planters for drainage
3. For glass containers add rocks at the bottom
4. Stabilize planters to fence with screws or hooks
5. Add soil
Now you are ready to add seeds.
Here's Insight on steps to do a pallet garden vertically: http://lifeonthebalcony.com/how-to-turn-a-pallet-into-a-garden/
Compost? Do I really have to collect old food, stir it and risk rodents in my backyard to be an official organic gardener?
No. The thought of rodents handout in my yard because of organic composting did not sit well with me even with my two feline ninjas. So I decided to direct compost. This means I save all my banana peels, egg shells, leftover scraps from my juicer and I directly add them to the soil. How amazing is that? You aren't wasting anything or adding to landfills you can literally add all vegetation back to the soil for nutrients (no meat or human or animal feces I'd stick to vegetables and fruit). Additionally, cow manure and compost is readily available at every home improvement store that's what I started with in addition to adding my scraps.
How Much Can I Grow?
It depends on how many pallets you have? Here' s a good visual to guide you.
What Can I Grow?
It depends on the space you have and your Zone. I live in South Florida in Boca Raton and my zone is 10b.
Here's how to find out the zone you live in: http://planthardiness.ars.usda.gov/
When you purchase seeds it will also reference these zones.
Truth Be Told:
Gardening is not for the faint of heart it's real work remember is a career for some. It's not all lemonade and fresh strawberries. I have only been at it for 1 week but I have spent months researching how to's. There's a lot of forecasting, drawing, organizing and researching involved. That's why I decided to start this segment to share my findings to help out the next urban gardener. I am sure it will be highly rewarding and bottom line it's a valuable life skill.
I will share my Pinterest Board later today on what inspired me and give you gals updates on the latest happenings with the garden often.
If you wish to receive my spreadsheets on number of seeds to sow per plant, days of maturity, information on the best companion plants, how to attract more pollinators, how to decide on a layout for yard shape, other ways to save when gardening please subscribe to my Sunny Life Sunday Newsletter and you'll get the goods!
Share your thoughts, questions and gardening tips below.


“Kasyapa! Suppose the various trees and grasses of the one thousand million Sumeru-worlds including herbs growing in the thickets, forests, mountains, ravines and valleys, on the ground, and by the rivers, all these plants being different in names and forms, were covered with a dark cloud, and then watered by a rainfall at the same time. The small, middle and large roots, stems, branches and leaves of the trees and grasses including herbs growing in the thickets and forests were watered. So were the tall and short trees, whether they were superior or middle or inferior. Those plants were given more or less water by the same rain from the same cloud, and grew differently according to their species. They obtained different flowers and fruits although they grew on the same ground and received water from the same rain.
“Kasyapa, know this! I, the Tathagata, am like the cloud. I appeared in this world just as the large cloud rose. I expounded the Dharma to gods, men and asuras of the world with a loud voice just as the large cloud covered all the one thousand million Sumeru-worlds.
And in gathas:
Kasyapa, know this!
Suppose a large cloud rose in the sky,
And covered everything on the earth.
The cloud was so merciful
That it was about to send a rainfall.
And thunder crashed in the distance,
Causing people to rejoice.
The cloud covered the sun,
And cooled the earth.
It hung down
As low as if we could reach it.
Now the rain came down
To all the quarters of the earth.
The rainwater was immeasurable.
It soaked all the earth.
There were many plants
In the retired and quiet places
Of the mountains, rivers and ravines.
They were herbs, cereal-plants, young rice-plants,
Vegetables, sugar canes, and other grasses;
Fruit-trees including vines,
And other trees, tall and short.
They were sufficiently watered by the rain.
So were all the dry lands.
The herbs and trees grew thick by the rain.
All the grasses and trees in thickets and forests
Were watered variously according to their species
By the rain water of the same taste
Coming down from the [same] cloud.
All the trees grew differently
According to their species.
They became superior or middle or inferior
Or tall or short trees.
The roots, trunks, branches, leaves,
Flowers and fruits of the various trees
Were given a fine and glossy luster
By the same rain.
Although watered by the same rain,
Some of them were tall, while others not,
Because they were different
In their entities, appearances and natures.
I am like the cloud.
I appeared in this world
Just as the large cloud covered
Everything on the earth.


Gardening, an age-old pastime, has provided solace and joy to countless individuals throughout history. Rooted in our ancestral DNA, this act of nurturing the earth to produce flora and food is therapeutic and fulfilling. Amidst the myriad of gardening techniques, one particular method has risen in prominence, capturing the imagination of novices and experts alike: the raised garden beds. Combining aesthetics with functionality, this approach is much more than a mere trend. It’s a transformative technique, reshaping how we interact with our gardens. As we journey forward, we’ll uncover the myriad benefits of raised garden beds and provide insights into its application, ensuring every gardener can harness its full potential.
Why Choose Raised Garden Beds?
Raised garden beds have rapidly risen in popularity among gardening enthusiasts and for good reasons. They offer enhanced soil control, allowing for an optimal mix tailored to specific plants. Their elevated design ensures improved drainage, preventing waterlogged roots and promoting healthier plant growth. Moreover, these beds reduce the physical strain on gardeners, eliminating the need for constant bending and making gardening more accessible to people of all ages. Additionally, the contained environment significantly decreases weed invasion, streamlining garden maintenance. In essence, choosing raised garden beds is a decision that combines aesthetics, convenience, and efficiency, truly redefining the gardening experience.
Better Soil Control
The foundation of any successful garden lies in its soil. Soil quality directly impacts plant health, growth, and yield. In traditional ground-level gardens, we are often at the mercy of the existing soil composition. However, raised garden beds present a game-changer. With them, we have the liberty to curate and control the soil blend. We can mix the right amounts of sand, silt, and clay, ensuring the perfect loamy texture. Add in the right nutrients, and we pave the way for robust, thriving plants. Ultimately, this precise control over the soil guarantees healthier plants and significantly better yields, making our gardening efforts fruitful.
Water is life, but too much water can spell doom for plants. Poor drainage leads to waterlogged soils, which can suffocate plant roots and foster diseases. Traditional gardens, depending on their location and soil type, can sometimes retain more water than plants prefer. Enter raised garden beds. Elevated above ground level, these beds facilitate faster water drainage. The loose, well-aerated soil in raised beds ensures that water doesn’t stagnate. This is a blessing for plants that prefer drier conditions or those that are particularly sensitive to overwatering. By opting for raised beds, we provide plants with the ideal moisture levels they crave.
Less Strain on Your Back
Gardening is therapeutic, but it can also be physically demanding. Hours spent hunched over, tilling, planting, and weeding can take a toll on our backs. Over time, this can lead to strains, aches, and even long-term back issues. Raised garden beds, by virtue of their design, offer a solution. Elevating the garden off the ground reduces the need to bend over constantly. Whether we’re sowing seeds or plucking ripe tomatoes, we do so at a comfortable height. This ergonomic advantage means we can indulge in our gardening passion without the accompanying physical strain. It’s a win-win, promoting both our garden’s and our own well-being.
Weeds are the persistent adversaries of gardeners everywhere. They compete with our plants for nutrients, space, and sunlight. Regularly weeding is essential but can be time-consuming and tedious. Here’s where raised garden beds shine. The controlled environment of a raised bed, combined with the use of fresh soil and compost, drastically reduces weed seeds’ presence. Even if a few weeds do sprout, the loose soil makes them easier to pull out. Over time, we spend less energy battling these unwanted intruders and more time nurturing our plants. Raised beds, in essence, let us focus on the joys of gardening, minimizing the mundane tasks that often come with it.
Setting Up Your Raised Garden Bed
Establishing a raised garden bed requires a blend of planning and creativity. First and foremost is selecting the ideal material, with options ranging from durable cedar to elegant stone, each bringing its unique aesthetic to the garden. Size determination is crucial, ensuring the bed is spacious enough for plants yet manageable to maintain. Positioning is equally vital, with considerations of sunlight exposure dictating the bed’s placement to guarantee plants receive their required daily light. Lastly, the filling process involves layering materials, starting with a weed barrier like cardboard, followed by a nourishing mix of compost, peat moss, and vermiculite. Setting up a raised garden bed is not just about constructing a container for plants; it’s about creating an optimal environment for them to thrive.
Selecting the Right Material
When it comes to crafting the perfect raised garden bed, the material we select plays a pivotal role. Different materials offer varied advantages, both in terms of function and form. Wood, for instance, is a classic choice, providing a natural look that seamlessly blends with the garden backdrop. Within the realm of wood, cedar and redwood stand out, offering innate resistance to rot and pests, ensuring our beds remain durable for years. But wood isn’t our only option. Stone and concrete blocks provide a sturdier, more permanent structure, while adding a touch of elegance to our garden. Recycled composite materials are eco-friendly alternatives that offer longevity without the risk of rot or termites. In our selection process, we weigh aesthetics against durability, ensuring our raised bed not only looks good but also stands the test of time.
Determining the Size
The size of our raised bed should align with both our gardening goals and the space constraints we might have. A common width for raised beds is 3 to 4 feet. This dimension ensures we can comfortably access the bed from both sides without stretching too much, allowing easy reach to the center. Length, on the other hand, offers more flexibility. It can be as short as 4 feet or stretch out to 8 feet or more, depending on our available space. Depth is another factor to consider. A minimum of 6 to 12 inches is ideal for most plants, though deeper beds can offer more room for root crops like carrots. In essence, when determining the size, we balance our plants’ needs with our own comfort and the space at our disposal.
Positioning is Crucial
While setting up our raised bed, positioning is paramount. Most vegetables and flowering plants thrive with ample sunlight, requiring a good 6-8 hours of direct exposure daily. Before setting up, we observe our chosen spot throughout the day, ensuring it doesn’t fall under prolonged shadows from nearby trees or structures. If we’re growing plants with lesser sunlight needs, like lettuces or spinach, a spot with filtered sunlight might work. Additionally, we consider accessibility, ensuring there’s enough room to move around the bed and that it’s within reach of a water source. Strategic positioning optimizes plant growth while also making our gardening tasks smoother.
Filling the Bed
Once our raised bed frame is ready, the next step is filling it with the right soil mix. But before adding soil, a barrier layer can be beneficial. Laying down cardboard or several layers of newspaper at the base suppresses weeds and provides a decomposable layer that improves soil health over time. Atop this, we add our soil mix. A blend of compost, peat moss, and vermiculite offers a balanced, nutrient-rich, and well-draining medium. Compost introduces essential nutrients, peat moss retains moisture, and vermiculite ensures good aeration. As we fill the bed, we ensure even distribution, pressing down gently to eliminate air pockets. This carefully crafted soil environment becomes the nurturing space where our plants will flourish.
Caring for Our Raised Garden
Attending to a raised garden bed demands a keen understanding of its unique needs. Due to its elevated design, the soil tends to dry faster, necessitating regular monitoring and potentially more frequent watering. As plants grow, they exhaust the soil’s nutrients, making it essential to replenish with compost or suitable organic fertilizers. Additionally, to ensure long-term soil health and reduce the risk of diseases, practicing crop rotation becomes indispensable. Swapping plants seasonally not only enhances soil vitality but also staves off pests. In essence, caring for our raised garden involves a delicate balance of hydration, nutrition, and rotation, ensuring our plants remain robust and our garden flourishes.
One of the main distinctions of raised garden beds is their elevated nature, which, while offering many benefits, also means they tend to dry out faster than ground-level gardens. This makes regular watering crucial to ensure plants remain hydrated. However, watering isn’t just about frequency; it’s also about accuracy. We employ a keen sense of observation, checking the soil’s moisture levels often. If the top inch of the soil feels dry to the touch, it’s time to water. While doing so, we ensure even water distribution, allowing it to seep deep into the roots. Drip irrigation or soaker hoses can be efficient tools in this process, delivering water directly to the roots and reducing evaporation losses. By maintaining the right moisture balance, we keep our plants in optimal health, avoiding both underwatering and overwatering pitfalls.
The nutrient-rich environment of raised beds provides an initial boost to our plants, but over time, as plants grow and flourish, they deplete these nutrients. To sustain this vibrant growth, we need to replenish the soil’s nutrient content. Instead of resorting to chemical fertilizers, we opt for sustainable choices. Regularly adding compost enriches the soil with organic matter, introducing a range of essential nutrients. If we notice signs of nutrient deficiency, like yellowing leaves or stunted growth, we might consider supplementing with organic fertilizers. These offer a balanced nutrient profile, ensuring our plants get all they need without the risk of chemical buildup. Fertilizing isn’t a one-size-fits-all approach; it requires observation and adaptation, ensuring we provide just what our garden needs and nothing more.
Continuously planting the same crops in the same spot can be detrimental in the long run. It not only depletes specific nutrients from the soil but also makes the area more susceptible to pests and diseases associated with that particular plant. This is where crop rotation comes into play. By changing the type of crops we plant in specific sections of our raised bed each season, we break the pest and disease cycle, reducing their chances of establishing a stronghold. Additionally, different plants have varied nutrient requirements. By rotating them, we ensure a more balanced nutrient extraction from the soil, preventing specific deficiencies. For example, after growing a nitrogen-consuming crop like lettuce, we might plant beans, which are known to fix nitrogen back into the soil. Through strategic crop rotation, we not only protect our garden from potential threats but also promote a holistic, sustainable growth environment.
The Many Benefits of Raised Gardening
Raised gardening transcends the traditional, offering gardeners a plethora of advantages. Aesthetically, these elevated beds provide opportunities for innovative design, transforming gardens into visual masterpieces. Functionally, they herald an early onset of the growing season, as their soil warms up quicker, granting plants a growth advantage. Moreover, they serve as natural barriers against certain pests, minimizing unwanted intrusions. Perhaps most notably, the controlled environment of raised beds, combined with optimal soil conditions, culminates in increased plant productivity. Whether one seeks beauty, functionality, or enhanced yield, raised gardening emerges as a holistic approach, encapsulating the many facets of an enriched gardening experience.
Aesthetics and Design
Raised garden beds are not just functional; they are a canvas for our creativity. With their defined borders and elevated structure, they allow us to experiment with design in ways traditional gardens might not. We can choose to arrange our beds in geometric patterns, creating a grid or labyrinth design. Alternatively, we can opt for a more free-form, organic layout, weaving beds around existing landscape features. The material, color, and height of the borders add another layer of design flexibility. Whether we’re crafting a minimalist garden with sleek metal-edged beds or a rustic retreat with reclaimed wood, the choices are vast. The end result? A garden that’s not only productive but also a visual masterpiece, reflecting our personal style and enhancing the overall aesthetic appeal of our outdoor space.
Extend the Growing Season
Every gardener cherishes the growing season, that precious time when conditions are ripe for plants to flourish. With raised garden beds, we have the advantage of extending this season. How? The elevated soil in raised beds tends to warm up more quickly in the spring compared to ground-level gardens. This means we can start planting earlier than usual, giving our plants a growth head start. Similarly, come autumn, the soil retains warmth a bit longer, allowing plants a prolonged growth period before the first frost. This extended growing season is particularly beneficial for crops that need a longer maturation period or for gardeners in regions with shorter growing seasons. It maximizes our gardening potential, ensuring we make the most of each season.
Barrier Against Pests
Every garden, no matter how well-maintained, has to grapple with pests. From munching caterpillars to voracious slugs, these little invaders can wreak havoc on our plants. Raised garden beds offer a line of defense. The elevated structure can deter certain pests, like slugs and snails, from easily accessing the plants. For burrowing pests like moles or gophers, a wire mesh at the base of the bed can act as a barrier. Moreover, the controlled environment of raised beds allows us to better monitor and manage any pest invasions, nipping the problem in the bud. While no solution is entirely pest-proof, raised beds certainly give us an upper hand in the ongoing battle against these garden adversaries.
The controlled environment of a raised garden bed, combined with optimal soil conditions and improved drainage, sets the stage for plants to truly thrive. With roots having the freedom to grow deep and unimpeded, plants tend to be healthier and more robust. The result? Enhanced productivity. Vegetables grow bigger and more abundant. Flowering plants produce more blooms. The yield, in general, is often noticeably higher compared to traditional gardens. For us, this means more fresh veggies for our table, more flowers to adorn our homes, and the undeniable satisfaction of witnessing the fruits of our labor. Raised gardening, with its myriad benefits, truly elevates our gardening experience in every sense of the word.
Stepping into the world of raised garden beds is akin to embarking on a gardening renaissance. These elevated structures offer more than just a contemporary look; they bring forth a slew of advantages that redefine our relationship with gardening. From the enhanced control over soil conditions to the extended growing seasons, the merits are manifold. The added aesthetic appeal, coupled with the practical benefits, positions raised beds as more than just a fleeting gardening fad. They represent a holistic approach to gardening, where form meets function, and results are amplified. As we navigate our gardening journey, embracing raised beds can be the game-changer we’ve been seeking. It’s not merely about following a trend but about optimizing, innovating, and truly elevating our horticultural pursuits. Dive into the raised gardening realm with us, and together, let’s unearth its boundless potential.


After the famine, continuous emigration resulted in consolidation or abandonment of fields. ČERNÝ, Ervín. The outfield might be used to grow oats after a few years of lying fallow. Note: In 1.12, to break the machine blocks of MFFS you will need the multi-tool to be charged. In row-crop rotations, at least half the rotation area is in row crops planted in wide rows, planted as single seeds at the corners of a square, or planted in clusters at the corners of a rectangle. Such crop rotations are practiced on floodplains and reclaimed wetlands. Such crop rotations are used in the arid regions of Northern Kazakhstan and in the steppe region of Siberia. These fields are typically small and rectangular. Small private farms are limited to a single crop rotation with a minimum number of crops. A quick way to get fast/easy help is to craft yourself an MFFS MultiTool, hold it in your hand and shift+right click to change its mode, until it is in guide mode (picture of a book). The serious nature of many wounds defied the medical facilities and skills of a CCS, and many CCS positions are today marked by large military cemeteries. The adjoining sheet edge(s) are checked to ensure that the numbers remained consistent with the National Grid. , The hedgerows that divide most of the fields of Ireland are estimated to run for over 830,000 km (520,000 mi) and cover a greater land area than forests or national parks. There are a variety of conventions and rules to drawing such patterns of electric field lines. They must be cultivated in certain ways; for example, they require frequent interrow tillage, which removes weeds and helps retain soil moisture. Average: 4.5 (40 votes) Oracle Presentation Minimizer. In grain-row crop rotations, at least half the rotation area is in grains, which alternate with row crops. The landscape of open fields was frequently called "champion country".. Such crop rotations are common in the nonchernozem zone of the RSFSR, in the forest-steppe regions of the European USSR, and on irrigated lands in arid regions. They contain scattered stones and boulders and originated in surface clearance for agriculture.. In the Czech Republic (ancient Bohemia, Moravia and Czech Silesia), Ervín Černý undertook a study of medieval field systems. Spring spike crops and groat crops sown by means of broadcasting—such as wheat, barley, oats, millet, and buckwheat—remove roughly similar amounts of nutrient elements from the soil, provide little shade, and are often infested with weeds. The boundaries of earlier field systems that have fallen out of use, can sometimes be deduced by studying earthworks (lumps and bumps), cropmarks or by using geophysics. , Where early fields survive in Wales, most are associated with settlement features that indicate an Iron Age or Romano-British date. With optimum technology, industrial fiber crops are satisfactory predecessors for cereals and row crops. These are often adjacent, but may be separated by a later feature. Search Search all Forums Search this Forum Search this Thread Tools Jump to Forum [1.6.4] Modular Force Field System - Force fields, security systems and automated construction! Ancient Near Eastern farmers practiced crop rotation in 6000 BC without understanding the chemistry, alternately planting legumes and cereals. Weight is not the same as mass. In the Bible, chapter 25 of the Book of Leviticus instructs the Israelites to observe a "Sabbath of the Land". They usually precede more valuable and productive crops, such as wheat, cotton, flax, millet, corn, or potatoes. CHAPTER 4 - FIELD EXERCISE CATERING 0401. A 3 bedroom house requires a 5 person plant, a 4 bedroom house a 6 person plant, etc. True fallows, both bare and early, and strip fallows retain the moisture from spring and summer rains well, help control weeds, stimulate useful microbiological soil activity, and increase the supply of soil nutrients. : a system of land cultivation under which the common land is divided into three parts of which one or two in rotation lie fallow in each year and the rest are cultivated After the harvesting of various kinds of crops, plant matter remains in the soil in varying quantities. Denmark, and in Montana, Minnesota, Illinois, Iowa, and Ohio in the USA. In the GDR and in the Federal Republic of Germany and other countries in Western Europe, crop rotations with various catch crops, such as undersowing crops, stubble crops, and winter crops, have come into broader use, which has made it possible to plant up to 30 percent more in the same rotation area and, in regions with abundant precipitation, to protect the soil from destruction. Adjacent areas were often enclosed at different times, leading to a change in orientation of the field systems between the two areas. For example, a field system that doesn't respect a Roman road is likely to predate it. Perennial leguminous grasses, such as clover, alfalfa, and sainfoin, and mixes of such grasses and cereals are good soil fertility builders in irrigated and well-watered regions, excellent predecessors for all crops except legumes, provided they attain good development. In grain-fallow rotations, grain crops alternate with true fallow; 50–70 percent of the rotation area is in grains. The most famous ancient field system in Ireland is the Céide Fields, an extensive series of stone walls dating back to 3500 BC. Brno: Muzejní a vlastivědná společnost, 1992, 143 s. Vlastivědná knihovna moravská, Sv. Viewpoint Construction Software supports the construction project management, operations and field teams for nearly 75,000 users in the UK. If perennial grasses or grain crops are planted in strips that alternate with strips of row crops, there is less danger of soil erosion. Crops. In grain-grass-row crop rotations, or nonfallow rotations, grains, row crops, and legumes alternate. Three-field system, method of agricultural organization introduced in Europe in the Middle Ages and representing a decisive advance in production techniques. OS: Windows Vista SP2 32-Bit (with KB971512 System Update) VIDEO CARD: 512 MB AMD Radeon HD 3870 / … Gravitational field strength Weight and mass. n. The successive planting of different crops on the same land to maintain soil fertility and help control insects and … Their specific requirements, therefore, result in the growth of useful soil microflora and in improved plant nutrition. In field crop rotations, most of the rotation area is in grains, potatoes, and industrial crops, and in feed crop rotations, more than half is in feed crops. Long before crop rotation became a science, it was observed, in actual practice, that crop yields decline if the same crop is grown continuously in the same place, especially if no fertilizers are added. The beneficial effect of row crops lasts two years. The four winners would then join the other twelve to fill out the sixteen-team field. In the USSR, republic land-allocation planning institutes, in consultation with kolkhoz and sovkhoz specialists, draw up the farm’s crop rotation plan at the same time they draw up its general organizational-economic plan. The land was divided into discontinuous plots, and cultivated and occupied by a number of tenants to whom it is leased jointly.  The use of open fields began to decline in the 15th century. Synthesis of the data amassed by world science has led to the modern theory of crop rotation. THREE-FIELD SYSTEM The three-field system predominated in Russian peasant agriculture until the Stalin era. This system was called the three-field rotation. Their beneficial effect lasts at least two to three years. The conventions are simply established in order that electric field line patterns communicate the greatest amount of information about the nature of the electric field surrounding a charged object. Fertilized winter grains are good predecessors for row crops, perennial grasses, winter cereals, legumes, and flax. Click here for audio of Episode 26. Thus, different plants have different effects on the physical properties of the soil, including the soil’s structure and resistance to water and wind erosion. In the USA, Canada, and several European countries, soil-conserving crop rotations are introduced in order to control soil erosion. Such crop rotations are common in steppe and forest-steppe regions throughout the southern and southeastern USSR. From the mid 17th century, landowners began to commission estate maps that show the size and layout of the fields they own. Four field system synonyms, Four field system pronunciation, Four field system translation, English dictionary definition of Four field system. RAM: 4 GB. A cloud-based and off-line mobile solution that replaces pen and paper in the field for QA/QC, safety, project delivery and handover. Silage corn, silage beans, and early potato varieties are adequate predecessors for winter crops. The soil nutrient balance can be regulated by adding fertilizers as required by the crop under cultivation. Mass is a measure of how much stuff is in an object. Relicts of these deserted villages and clacháns are still visible in the form of lazy beds and drystone walls. PC System Analysis For Battlefield 4 Requirements Battlefield 4 requires at least a Radeon HD 7870 or GeForce GTX 660 to meet recommended requirements running on … They are excellent predecessors for winter crops in all parts of the USSR, especially in arid and semiarid regions, and excellent predecessors for spring wheat in Siberia and Kazakhstan. And spring grain crops alternate with true fallow and row crops are and thus create favorable for... Advance in production techniques, Illinois, Iowa, and hemp date it for field. They include one flax field, thus forming a grain-flux-grass rotation the largest group parishes... Photo '', `` Old field system in use at the top with all of the data by! 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This was last week when Caroline (an ex parent) invited us along to her allotment to help her pull some vegetables. We helped pick peas, rhubarb, potatoes, carrots and courgettes. We saw lots of interesting things growing and we were very responsible and were careful not to step on things that were growing or go into other people’s gardens. Caroline gave us some vegetables to take back to nursery and we ate them for snack. We especially enjoyed popping all the pea pods and eating the sweet juicy peas!! We have promised to make Caroline a scarecrow as a “thank you”!!!!


A team led by Dr Toshiro Ito, Senior Principal Investigator at Singapore's Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory (TLL), has discovered a timing mechanism that controls the growth rate in flowering plants. This molecular circuit acts as a "bio-timer" that controls the diverse growth and differentiation pathways in plants and animals. The findings provide valuable insight to understanding similar processes that occur in animals since the logic of development and many of the components involved in this molecular circuit are conserved.
Using Arabidopsis as a model plant to study the molecular mechanisms of time regulated delays in developmental process, Dr Ito's team has demonstrated that flower development utilizes cell division to provide stem cells with a window of opportunity to change fate.
Plant floral stem cells divide a limited number of times before they stop and terminally differentiate, but the mechanisms that control this timing remain unclear. The precise temporal activation of the Arabidopsis zinc finger repressor KNUCKLES is essential for the coordinated growth and differentiation of floral stem cells.
Dr Ito's team has identified an epigenetic1 mechanism in which the floral homeotic protein AGAMOUS induces KNUCKLES at approximately two days of delay which results in proper and complete flowering of the plant. Premature induction of KNUCKLES will result in incomplete flowers. The developmental timing is measured by the floral stem cells by a cell division-dependent timer.
Understanding the basic principles of plant growth and development has significant impact for basic biology. It helps to create biotechnological improvements for the production of high-value crops, especially in the ever-changing environments. This "biotimer" also provides fine-tuning ability for the design of cell factories to produce useful and valuable metabolites and compounds.
"We are curious with what causes each plant to have its own flowers that come in different shapes and number of floral organs," said Dr Ito. "Timing regulation is important for the co-ordination of multiple processes in nature as well as in industry. In parallel to pursuing basic research, we plan to develop timer modules that are useful in translational aspect of synthetic biology."
Dr Ito has been studying the flower development using Arabidopsis and rice as model plant species to understand the molecular basis of plant growth and differentiation.
"80% of human food is produced from flowering plants such as grains and fruits. Hence, the fundamental understanding of flower development may help to improve the supply of food," said Dr Ito.
"In TLL, we utilize a broad range of model organisms such as Arabidopsis to study development biology which can provide insights into the functions and mechanisms of other more complex organisms," said Prof Chan Soh Ha, Executive Director of TLL. "The discovery from Dr Ito provides basic understanding on how a plant controls its growth which is important for all living organisms and this has the potential for many downstream applications."
Click here for the complete issue.


"Fito Life" Factory
"Fito Life" LLC
The Fito Life plant, built in Tovuz, collects, processes and exports products from medical herbs and fruits to the world market. “ABAD” reception centers have been set up in many picturesque regions of Azerbaijan. Medical herbs and fruits harvested from Gadabay, Shamkir, Tovuz, Goychay, Gusar, Guba, Aghsu, Imishli and other regions are sent to the factory in Tovuz. The plant produces a series of medical and plant teas, as well as dried fruits, which are exported both throughout the republic and the USA, Spain, Germany, Latvia, Turkey, India, China, Korea. Products are presented for sale in small and large packages, in sacks or in boxes.
Fruits harvested in Gadabay, Shamkir, Tovuz, Goychay, Gusar, Guba, Agsu, Imishli regions are collected at the “ABAD” reception center of the region. The fruits collected at the center are sent to Fito Life plant in Tovuz for further processing. Dried fruits produced at the plant are exported both throughout the republic and to the USA, Spain, Germany, Latvia, Turkey, India, China, Korea. Dried apples, apricots, peaches, palms, kiwi, black and yellow raisins are presented for sale in big and small packagings, as well as in boxes of 5 kg.


…project to impact over 500,000 smallholder farmers
The Edo State Government has entered into a partnership with Heifer International and Amo Farms Sieberer Limited for the development of a modular poultry processing plant.
When completed, the plant would process 10,000 poultry birds daily.
Disclosing the partnership to journalists in Benin City, the Commissioner for Agriculture and Food Security, Stephen Idehenre, said the state government is committed to making the state Nigeria's poultry hub.
He noted, “The essence of the partnership is to create a market for our poultry farmers. We have brought in poultry birds off-takers, which is Amo farms to off-take and process at least 10,000 poultry birds per day. Most of those abandoned poultry farms will be revived because there is a ready market now.
“If we must grow the agribusiness, we must begin to find solutions to the off-takers challenge we have in all the agricultural value chains.”
On his part, the Country Director, Heifer Nigeria, Mr. Rufus Idris, said the initiative would increase access to premium market, finance and new technology for smallholder poultry farmers.
He said, “The project will improve productivity and sustainable livelihoods income for 500,000 smallholder farmers by 2030. The project will support market system actors to improve capacity competitiveness, resilience and bridge the demand and supply gaps.
“In this tripartite market system development partnership, the state government will provide the enabling business development environment.”
Idris added, “The new poultry factory would off-take broiler and noiler breeds of birds produced by hundreds of thousands of smallholder poultry farmers that are targeted as beneficiaries of the project.”


What are some of the most important considerations when selecting LED Grow Lights for indoor plants? Full-spectrum, adjustable colors, long lifespan, and cost are just a few. We’ve broken down each of these aspects into manageable sections so you can choose the perfect light for your indoor plants. Read on to discover the advantages of LED Grow Lights for indoor plants. Let’s begin! Using a full-spectrum LED grow light will ensure the best possible growth for your plants.
Among the advantages of full-spectrum LED grow lights for indoor plants is their low energy consumption. While many growers are required to heat their rooms during the colder months, full-spectrum LEDs do not produce heat. They are also more energy efficient than many other lighting options. Read on to find out how to select the right full-spectrum grow light for your plants. Here are the key benefits of full-spectrum LED grow lights.
The highest PPFD of this light is 1385 umol/s at 12 inches. It is sufficient to boost plant yield. However, if you want to lower the PPFD, you can adjust the light’s brightness by dimming it to forty percent. Dimming the light is also possible, which allows you to adjust the amount of light depending on your plant’s growth phase.
Adjustable colors for LED grow lights for indoors plants offer greater flexibility. Full spectrum lights, or full spectrum LEDs, produce light with both visible and invisible wavelengths. LED grow lights with adjustable colors allow growers to isolate certain spectrum colors for a variety of purposes. Full spectrum lights improve plant growth, encourage root development, and provide improved nutrition. Here are a few reasons why growers should consider full spectrum LEDs for indoor plants.
High-pressure sodium vapor lamps provide light in the red and yellow spectrums, whereas LEDs produce light that is closer to the spectrum of the sun. HAPS bulbs are generally used for bloom set and are a good choice for large-scale growers. Adjustable LED grow lights for indoor plants use half the power of traditional bulbs and produce almost no heat. Full spectrum LEDs have been developed to mimic the full spectrum of sunlight.
While many people prefer LED grow lights for their indoor plants because of their low power consumption and long lifespan, these lights do not last forever. Like any other light source, they will lose their quality over time. While most conventional light fixtures depreciate in the first six to nine months, LED grow lights can last for 10 to 20 years! Nevertheless, there are some factors to consider when choosing an LED grow light for your indoor plants.
While LEDs produce less heat than other light sources, they are much cooler. Heat can cause damage to your plants’ foliage and moisture levels, and can even burn their leaves. LEDs are also long-lasting, lasting up to 50,000 hours, a five-times longer lifespan than their fluorescent counterparts. Additionally, LED grow lights are less expensive and save growers money. They are also eco-friendly and will reduce waste and energy consumption.
Growing indoor plants requires proper light, but not the sunlight. LED grow lights provide the necessary light indoor plants need to grow. Since they are energy efficient, they are more affordable than traditional lights. There are some factors you should keep in mind when determining the cost of LED grow lights for indoor plants. Listed below are some of the most important factors to consider before you make a purchase. While you should purchase a light that is compatible with the size and type of indoor plants you are growing.
First, consider the cost of electricity. A high-quality LED grow light will reduce your electricity costs. Most LED grow lights use a lot of electricity, but you can easily cut down on the cost by switching to more efficient bulbs. The cost of electricity is typically expressed in cents per kWhr, which you can find from your electricity provider. Remember to include fees and taxes in the price of electricity. If you’re using LEDs for indoor plants, the cost per kWhr will be approximately $0.08, and after tax, it will cost about $0.12.


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Our drip irrigation system is designed to enhance the sustainable use of water. Our deep water well is not a strong one and so we are designing a water catch and containment system that will provide much of the water needed for irrigation purposes.
At the head of the organic blueberry plots is a 1600 gallon water storage tank that is connected to two outflowing irrigation system zones: (a) covers the first six organic blueberry rows and (b) covers the rest (8) organic blueberry rows. For the most part, gravity flow from the water storage tank provides the propulsion for drip irrigation. Water exiting from the storage tank passes through a filter and then through a meter valve that can be set to cut off when a speciffied amount of liquid is passed.
Dripworks designed our low pressure gravity based system by recommending the use of 3/4" main zone lines and 1/2" row feeder lines. We have two emitter sizes: 4 gph (placed on the first six rows) and 2 gph (placed on the remaining 18 rows). I initially prepared sketches of our blueberry plots along with estimates of the slopes. The design folk at DripWorks engineered and selected the drip irrigation components that they will were most approprite.
Our primary storage tank is a 1600 gallon tank (Norwesco Green Fresh Water Polyethylene Tank) from American Tank Company which cost $868 including fittings and shipping from California. After constructing a flat pad with a pea gravel base in the side of the hill above the organic blueberry plots.
This water storage tank (1600 gallons) are the primary source of water for the organic plants.
This photograph shows the control valves from the storage tank and leading to the two water treatment zones.
This photograph should the shut-off valve that is at the head end of each row.
This photograph shows the drip line (0.5 inch) in relationship to the plant row. Note the little green drip emitter located in the upper right quadrant of the photograph.