A guide that reviews the identification, life cycle, current distribution, and techniques for managing spotted lanternfly on your property. Download PDF Available in Spanish
ARTICLES UPDATED: MAY 8, 2020
Spotted lanternfly (SLF), Lycorma delicatula, is an invasive planthopper, native to Asia, that was first detected in southeastern Pennsylvania in 2014. It feeds on many plants, including economically important crops like grapevines and ornamentals. If you think you have SLF, do not panic! First, make sure the insect you are seeing is the spotted lanternfly. Second, learn about its life cycle and habits. Third, determine what plants it is infesting and what it is not. Fourth, employ effective management strategies at the proper time of the year.
Identification and Life Cycle
There is one generation of SLF per year. The eggs are laid in the fall and hatch in the spring. Egg masses are laid on hard surfaces (trees, decks, houses, outdoor equipment, rocks, etc.) and protected with a mud-like covering. Each egg mass contains 30–50 eggs. After hatching and before reaching adulthood, SLF goes through four nymphal stages. Nymphs are small (⅛ to ½ inch) and can be hard to find. The first three stages (instars) are all black with white spots, and the last instar is red with white dots and black stripes (Figure 1). SLF adults emerge in July and are active until winter. This is the most obvious and easily detectable stage because they are large (~1 inch) and highly mobile. Adults have black bodies with brightly colored wings. Only the adults can fly. SLF wings remain closed while they are feeding and walking. SLF wings are gray with black spots, and the tips of the wings are black with gray veins.
Figure 1. The life stages of SLF, including an egg mass on a tree.
- SLF is a destructive invasive pest threatening agricultural and ornamental plants.
- As of May 2020, 26 counties in Pennsylvania are under quarantine for SLF. SLF has also been found in 5 other states in the northeastern U.S.
- SLF does not bite or sting.
- SLF does not kill all trees it feeds on. SLF is a plant stressor that, along with other stressors, can cause significant damage to its host.
- Stop the spread of SLF by checking your car and any outdoor equipment (grills, mowers, firewood, etc.) when going in and out of the quarantine zone.
- Manage SLF on your property by scraping and destroying eggs, carefully using bands or traps on trees, removing preferred hosts, and using registered insecticides for control when appropriate.
An SLF quarantine is currently in effect for 26 counties in Pennsylvania (Figure 2). More counties may be added to the quarantine if additional populations of SLF are confirmed. If you find a spotted lanternfly, kill it and report it immediately with the Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture's online reporting system or by calling 1-888-4BAD-FLY (1-888-422-3359).
SLF is capable of causing serious damage to host plants, including oozing sap from the trees, wilting, leaf curling, and tree dieback. SLF feeds using a piercing-sucking mouthpart tapped into the plant like a straw. When SLF feeds, it excretes honeydew, a sugar-rich liquid waste product. Honeydew serves as a substrate for sooty mold, fungi that thrive in sugary environments. SLF expels significant amounts of honeydew, and often the plant surface and the area around infested plants become coated with honeydew and sooty mold. This mold is generally harmless to people but can damage the plant. If you see sooty mold or sticky areas on a plant or tree, it may be infested by SLF, but it could also be infested with other insects that produce honeydew, such as aphids, leafhoppers, or scales. Therefore, it is important to identify the cause of the mold, as control measures may differ for pests other than SLF.
There is no way to prevent SLF from moving onto your property. Be aware that SLF is very mobile and management actions must be continuous to keep them controlled.
Consequences of direct feeding damage to the host trees have not been quantified. SLF does not kill every tree on which it feeds. Some plants are at more risk than others. Plant death has only been observed in grapevines, tree-of-heaven, and some tree saplings. SLF is a plant stressor that, in combination with other stressors (e.g., diseases, weather), can cause significant damage to host plants. Following high infestation levels, flagging and canopy dieback of black walnut, willow, staghorn sumac, and maple have been reported. It is possible that after heavy feeding, multiple years of sustained damage, or particularly dry years, SLF may cause significant damage to ornamental and shade trees. However, currently SLF is predominantly considered a nuisance pest for homeowners, and death has not been reported in any ornamental tree.
Seasonal Host Phenology
SLF has a broad host range and has been recorded feeding on over 65 different plant species. Despite this broad host range, some plants appear to be more favorable to SLF than others. Numerous variables appear to determine the attractiveness of a particular plant, including what other plants species are available in the nearby landscape, the health of the plant, the time of year, the SLF population size, and how long SLF has been present in the area. We emphasize that not every tree needs to be treated. Scout the area first, and then consider treating if high populations are found. Nymphs, in particular, seem to have an especially large host range, whereas adults seem to depend more on certain hosts. Table 1 lists the key plant hosts of SLF and the time at which SLF are most likely to be found on these hosts. This table does not represent a comprehensive list of the plants on which SLF feeds; rather, it shows the patterns of SLF feeding that have been observed through the season. Plants are less likely to serve as hosts for SLF as they begin to senesce at the end of the growing season. The patterns in host use may change with varying weather conditions, region, and other undetermined factors.
Table 1. Key plant hosts of SLF throughout the growing season:
Table 2. Select management options appropriate for the time of year
When you travel in and out of the quarantine zone, check your car and any outdoor items you are moving (grills, outdoor furniture, landscaping supplies, mowers, etc.). Check for SLF egg masses from September through June. Remember that egg masses may be underneath your car or in your wheel wells. During all other times of the year, check for nymphs and adults, and keep your windows rolled up when you park. Don't store things or park under infested trees, and don't move firewood.
Steps of Spotted Lanternfly Management
- Stop the spread
- Scrape egg masses
- Use tree traps to catch nymphs
- Remove host plants
- Apply insecticides
Walk around your property to check for egg masses on trees, cement blocks, rocks, and any other hard surface. If you find egg masses on your property from September to May, you can scrape them off using a plastic card or putty knife (Figure 3). Scrape them into a bag or container filled with rubbing alcohol or hand sanitizer and keep them in this solution permanently. Egg masses can also be smashed. Remember that some eggs will be unreachable at the tops of trees, in other well-hidden areas, and throughout your neighborhood and community. Be aware that this method may not reduce the number of nymph or adult SLF you see later in the year.
After the eggs hatch, nymphs will walk up the trees to feed on the softer new growth of the plant. Nymphs frequently fall to the ground, walk to trees, and walk back up the trunks. Take advantage of this behavior by wrapping tree trunks in tree traps to catch the nymphs (Figure 4). Traps can be used on any tree, but we recommend only banding trees where SLF is abundant. You can use either sticky bands or a funnel-style trap. Sticky bands may be purchased online or from your local garden center. Push pins can be used to secure the band. While some bands may catch adults, banding trees is most effective for nymphs. Be advised that birds and small mammals stuck to the bands have been reported. To avoid this, you should cage your sticky bands in wire or fencing material wrapped around the tree. Alternately, try reducing the width of the band, so that less surface area is exposed to birds and other mammals. Both of these methods will still capture SLF effectively. To eliminate the risk of catching birds and mammals, you can use funnel-style traps that consist of mesh wrapped around the tree that leads into a container to trap SLF (Figure 5). Some companies may be producing these traps commercially, or you could also make your own. The mesh (e.g., plastic netting) should be wrapped around the entire circumference of the tree and funnel into a container (e.g., inverted peanut butter jar or plastic bag) with a hole in the lid to allow SLF nymphs and adults to pass through. Read more about trapping SLF in “ Using Traps for Spotted Lanternfly Management ". Check and change traps at least every other week (or more often in highly infested areas). Be aware that this method may not reduce the number of nymph or adult SLF you see later in the year.
Tree-of-heaven (Ailanthus altissima) is an invasive plant that is common in landscapes and disturbed areas, such as along the sides of roads (Figure 6). This is a preferred host tree for SLF, and current management efforts are focused on removing it or using it as a trap tree by treating it with insecticide. Tree-of-heaven grows rapidly; it can reach up to 100 feet tall and 6 feet in diameter. The bark of mature tree-of-heaven looks similar to the outside of a cantaloupe. When crushed, the leaves and stems have a foul odor that many describe as rotten peanut butter. They spread by seed and will also produce “clones" by their roots. This tree can be mistaken for other native species, including black walnut, hickory, and staghorn sumac. For help identifying and treating this plant, visit the Penn State Extension spotted lanternfly website.
Use recommended methods to apply herbicide to the tree from July to September and wait at least 30 days before removing the tree. Failure to apply herbicide will result in new growth from the stump and/or roots. Even when treated with herbicide, multiple applications may be necessary over time to completely kill the tree. These trees can get very tall, so seek the help of a tree care service if necessary.
Other undesirable invasive species, such as oriental bittersweet, can support populations of SLF and can also be removed. While tree-of-heaven is a preferred host, SLF feeds on a large variety of plants, including many of the ornamental trees commonly found in residential landscapes. Removing these may not be preferred and may not help reduce SLF on your property; refer to the next section for further guidance.
Only use insecticides that are registered by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to treat any insect on your property. All EPA-registered insecticides have an EPA registration number and a label for safe, appropriate, and legal use. Home remedies should not be used against SLF because they may be unsafe to humans, pets, and plants and could be illegal.
Insecticides can kill insect pests on contact and/or by being present systemically in a plant on which they feed. The duration of control that remains after application (i.e., residual activity) varies depending on which type of insecticide is used. Contact insecticides kill SLF when the chemical contacts the insect as a direct spray. Some contact insecticides have long residual activity and can continue killing SLF when they walk over a surface covered with insecticide residue. Systemic insecticides are absorbed by tree roots, bark, or leaves and are moved through its vascular system to other parts of the tree. When systemic insecticides are used, SLF is killed as it feeds on any part of the tree, even if it was not sprayed directly (e.g., spraying the lower part of the tree will protect the treetops). Systemic insecticides work best when applied from July to September. However, systemics can also be applied at other times of year, depending on the application method and the product used. For example, a soil drench containing imidacloprid should be applied earlier in the summer.
There are four main methods to apply insecticides: tree injection (usually applied by professional applicators), bark sprays, soil drenches, and direct sprays (can be applied by homeowners). Systemic insecticides can work well and have residual activity that lasts from several weeks to several months. Property owners should consider hiring a certified pesticide applicator to make insecticide applications. Professional applicators have specialized training and equipment to treat trees.
Insecticides that are available to home gardeners can be used as soil drenches, bark sprays, or direct sprays. They must be used according to the directions on the product label. Direct sprays of contact insecticides are applied directly to SLF and surfaces where they feed and walk, which is often the base of a tree where spotted lanternflies are abundant. Systemic insecticides can be applied using any of the methods listed on the label, but keep in mind that systemics take time to move into the tree. Systemic insecticides should only be applied to actively growing trees, so they should not be applied in late fall or winter. You may apply systemic insecticides as a soil drench around the base of the tree, as a bark spray on the trunk of the tree, or as a direct spray on the leaves of the tree. Systemic insecticides can also be injected into a tree, but this requires special equipment by tree care professionals. Bark sprays have been shown to work well for SLF control, but some of these products also require being mixed with a penetrant, which allows the insecticide to penetrate the bark and move into the tree. You must read the label of the insecticide you purchase to determine whether it should be used as a soil drench, bark spray, or direct spray.
Soil drenches of systemic insecticides are applied into the soil around the trunk of the tree. The insecticide is taken up by the roots and moved into the rest of the tree. Ideally, soil drenches work best when applied in the early summer to trees that had high SLF populations in the past and are likely to have them again. To protect pollinators, soil drenches of systemic insecticides should be applied after a tree's flowers have faded. Soil drenches and bark sprays of systemic insecticides may take several days or weeks to move within the entire tree; so, unlike contact sprays, you should not expect immediate results. Depending on the product and rates used, soil drenches, bark sprays, and injections have the advantage of longer residual activity (several weeks to several months) over contact insecticide applications.
In Tables 3 and 4, the name of the product is listed, along with the mode of exposure, legal use, activity ranking against SLF, and residual activity (how long it stays active). Specific products listed are not an endorsement. Note that most available insecticides registered for use in Pennsylvania will not have SLF listed as a target pest on the label. If the intent is to treat ornamental plants infested with SLF on the property, select insecticides specifically labeled for use on ornamental trees and shrubs. Pennsylvania law allows the application of an insecticide for control of a pest not listed as long as the site is included on the label. Research is ongoing to identify the insecticides that are most effective on SLF while posing the least risk to humans, pets, beneficial insects, and the environment. Additional field trials are being conducted to test the efficacy and residual activity of a wider range of the insecticides that are available to homeowners. We have not yet evaluated nontarget effects of listed insecticides on beneficial insects, including pollinators. We do not recommend treating your entire property since these insecticides are not specific to SLF and beneficial insects may be affected as well. Only treat areas where SLF is abundant.
Every precaution should be taken to protect surface water and groundwater from pesticide contamination. Trunk injections pose the smallest risk to contaminating water because the insecticide goes directly into the tree. Soil drench applications should only occur directly adjacent to the trunk of the tree, as directed on the label. Soil drenches should not be applied to sandy soils or where the water table is shallow. Both dinotefuran and imidacloprid can persist in groundwater for extended periods. When exposed to sun, both of these compounds break down readily. To protect surface water, systemic insecticides should not be applied near open water sources (ponds, lakes, streams).
Pollinators and Other Insects
Many of the trees on which SLF have been observed feeding in high densities are also pollinated by bees (e.g., maples and oaks). It is possible that trees treated with systemic insecticides could have insecticide residue in the flowers and nectar the following spring. Neonicotinoid insecticides, in particular, have been associated with bee health decline. Additionally, there are many native insects that utilize these trees at the same time as SLF (e.g., caterpillars, beetles, lady beetles, lace-wings, parasitoid wasps) and could be affected by the treatment. Pyrethroids can also be damaging to beneficial insect populations and could cause populations of secondary pests, such as mites and scale, to increase. Generally, systemic insecticides are considered to have a reduced impact on beneficial insects compared to broad-spectrum foliar-applied insecticides. We are currently conducting research to determine the effect of SLF treatments on pollinators and other nontargets.
These recommendations are current as of May 2020 and may change as we learn more. We encourage you to stay up to date by visiting the Penn State Extension Spotted Lanternfly page. Check for the newest version of this fact sheet and always look for the most up-to-date information. When using any pesticide, follow the pesticide label for directions, application rates, methods, and appropriate protective equipment.
Revised by Heather Leach, Emelie Swackhamer, Amy Korman, and Brian Walsh. Originally prepared by Heather Leach, David Biddinger, and Greg Krawczyk.
This fact sheet was produced by Penn State Extension in collaboration with the Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture and the United States Department of Agriculture


Gardeners may enjoy the earthy aroma of soil, particularly when rain falls on the fresh green leaves of the plant growing in that soil. The aroma gets enticing! Gardeners may have a heart attack when they learn that some plants can grow without soil. As a result, people no longer need to dip their fingers in dirt and may cultivate some of their favourite plants in water and clay pebbles instead. Indoor plants like succulents may be grown without soil, but you’ll be surprised to learn that certain outdoor plants don’t require any soil at all. To effectively shoot up and give all those tasty fruits and gorgeous to view blossoms, they only require a glass of water rich of nutrients.
Here are some examples of plants that can thrive in any type of soil and take your gardening hobby to the next level.
One of the most stunning blooms in the planet. It’s no doubt that orchid flowers online are the best choice for weddings and key function celebrations due to its spellbinding smell. You’ll be relieved to learn that this bloom can thrive in the absence of soil. The majority of tropical orchids are epiphytes, meaning they grow on other plants rather than in the soil. They are not, however, parasitic in nature. Rather than growing in dirt, they cling to trees. You can grow them without a medium if you like, but the Moth Orchid is the best choice. They are the most common orchid genus and the easiest to grow. It’s the perfect choice for someone who is just starting out with orchids.
2. Lucky Bamboo Plant
It is well-known as a plant that brings good fortune. This plant is one of the nicest gifts you can offer to someone you care about. This plant is without a doubt the greatest low-maintenance plant on the planet.It can readily grow in water without the use of soil and is commonly kept in homes as a showpiece in a glass jar where a small bit of water may be saved and the water changed once every 8-10 days. Add stones and orbeez balls to the glass jar to make it more interesting.
This heart-shaped leafed plant is one of the most common houseplants. This is one of the greatest plants to keep at home because of its unquote form of leaves. This is a low-maintenance, human-friendly plant that thrives in both dim and strong light. To make it more appealing, you can put it in a hanging pot or leave it on your work table. It usually only requires a glass of water to thrive, and it can grow without any soil. Submerge the cutting in a glass or jar of water and wait 10 days for roots to appear at the leaf nodes.
4. Aloe Vera
You might be shocked to learn that Aloe Vera is a soilless indoor plant that can be utilised for a variety of applications, including medicinal and skin care. This is a chilly indoor plant that requires constant watering in order to fully mature with only a small amount of dried soil. Small, sand-like stones, a little water, full sun, and moderate shade are the optimal conditions for growing aloe vera.
5. Paperwhite Narcissuses
This is a lovely indoor plant that may be kept in the house to add to your home’s decor. These plants prefer indirect light and can be kept near a window or a door panel that receives light on occasion. These bulb plants don’t need soil to flourish; all they need is a glass container, rocks, and water. The flowers delivery online of a paperwhite narcissus are usually a stunning, dazzling white colour when they bloom. They’re also lovely floral decorations for any of our big occasions.
These plants are excellent choices for individuals who want to experiment with growing plants without soil. These indoor plants are not only beautiful to look at, but they also provide a wealth of health benefits to those who live in them. Some of them are anti-radiation plants that absorb harmful radiation from computers and laptops and behave as succulents. All of these plants will provide you with an entirely new experience of gardening without the use of soil. However, keep in mind that these indoor plants that don’t require soil are quite delicate and will require fertiliser, such as a spray-on fertiliser, from time to time to thrive. They must also be watered on a regular basis to keep a good aura, but do not overwater them as this can damage the roots.


An artisanal winery begun in the 1950s in Rías Baixas, northwest Spain, Bodega Don Olegario is a top producer of Albariño, the region’s most famous grape variety. At 312 feet in elevation, the 12.4-acre single vineyard has 30-year-old pergola-trained vines in sandy and granite soils with good drainage and east and west exposures. Indigenous herbs are planted among the vines for favorable drainage in the area’s wet conditions. Sustainable winegrowing is used, with organic compost; leaf and crop thinning are employed when necessary. The grapes are hand harvested and undergo a cold maceration before fermentation in stainless steel vats at controlled temperatures.
This medium-bodied wine shows opulent, powerful aromas and flavors of citrus and flowers, with tropical notes.
Pairs well with fish and seafood, poultry and soft cheeses.


For those that love gardening and starting plants from seeds, you know the rewarding experience of watching the soil turn into an area filled with color and life. Flowers, like people, come in so many beautiful forms. They are resilient and strong with an inner desire to bloom to the fullest potential. But what happens when the soil is poor, has no nutrients, little sun, little water and no hope to thrive? The flowers never bloom and the few that do are scarce and struggling. The conditions in which they live and resources they have help to determine how these flowers will grow and make more flowers. The Urban Institute defines vulnerable populations as groups that are not well integrated into the health care system because of ethnic, cultural, economic, geographic or health characteristics. This isolation puts members of these groups at risk for not obtaining necessary medical care, and thus constitutes a potential threat to their health.
We recently had the opportunity to attend the Grantmakers in Health Conference in Austin, Texas. We were introduced to Dr. Camera Jones, the Research Director of the Social Determinants of Health & Equity at the CDC. She authored the “Gardener’s Tale” which explains how various levels of racism translates into poor health outcomes for communities. Dr. Jones shared that vulnerable populations are also defined “when health outcomes might be assigned to the group where I am assigned.” In the garden analogy, she compared two box gardens — one filled with nutrient-rich soil and given water and sunlight and another that had poor soil with no nutrients. Which box garden do you suppose produced the most beautiful and vibrant flowers? Systems change when boxes are broken and the soil is enriched with the nutrients needed to survive. Those nutrients for vulnerable people living with health disparities include access to primary medical, dental and mental health services.
So what will it take to make stronger and healthier gardens filled with blooming flowers, and how does that translate into strengthening the health of a community? Anyone with experience in community gardening will tell you it starts with a vision, a desire to make things grow, resources, and many hands. Like gardens, communities thrive when we invest dollars, time and work to change the systems that create inequity. It takes willingness to do the work and put hands in the soil to ensure that nutrients are spread and better systems are created to make the best use of those resources. Learning what makes the garden grow best is a series of trial and effort coupled with science and proven practices.
The Episcopal Health Foundation recognizes our role as just one of many “gardeners” working in partnership with communities across 57 counties. It has been said that gardening is a hobby of hope. Our hope is that our investments serve to improve health by giving organizations the tools they need to help grow, the support they need to thrive, and the encouragement needed to leverage funding for the future.


Kenneth 'Skinny’ Melton was born in South Carolina and received a BA in English at the College of Charleston. Over ten years of experience farming the Sea Islands from tomatoes and truck crops on Wadmalaw Island to his current diversified farm on Johns Island. Skinny manages the family farm with help of his farmhands, parents, sisters, four children, and four dogs. Skinny has dedicated his life to farming for the benefit of future generations and the Sea Island community.
Anna started working for Lowland Farms in April of 2018 scared of bugs and dirt- and simply in need of a job. Little did she know she would still be at Lowland Farms over two years later taking pride in a hard days’ work. The reward of feeding those in the community with local, organic, quality produce is greater than she could have imagined. Anna has found her true passion in farming and is an essential part of the Lowland Farms family.
Kevin & Debbie Melton:
Kevin and Debbie Melton are Kenneth’s parents and co-owners of Lowland Farms.
Kevin is a mechanical engineer and registered professional engineer who supports infrastructure projects. He recently retired and loves supporting the farm with innovative improvements that support sustainable farming.
Debbie Melton is a retired nurse who loves growing flowers and vegetables. She is always happy to help Kenneth with deliveries and farm support.


River Run Farms
River Run Farms is located in the beautiful Santee Cooper Lake country of South Carolina, near the town of Santee. Plentiful rainfall and moderate temperatures allow us to grow and graze grass and legumes on 400 acres year-round. Our commitment to sustainability means no pesticides, herbicides or synthetic fertilizers are used on the farm. With our own herd of Angus mama cows, our calves are born on our farm and spend their whole lives here. They go from mama's milk to grass, grass hay and mineral salt which is their entire diet. They are antibiotic, hormone, vaccination, wormer, and most importantly grain-FREE. Average live weight at harvest is 1000 pounds, and average age at harvest is 24 months. Our beef is USDA inspected, dry aged for 21 days, and vacuum packaged and frozen. We sell it by the individual cut or in packages from 10 pounds all the way up to a whole cow. We also make specialty items like beef jerky, snack sticks and all beef garlic brats. You can find us at farmers markets in Charleston, Mt. Pleasant, and Columbia, or you'd be welcome to come to the farm. Give us a call.
This farm is not yet a member of the Home Grown Cow network. While Home Grown Cow does not yet represent this farm, we can pass on orders to them or find out about items that you would like to purchase. Simply click the "Send us a Message" button to connect with them.
Currently River Run Farms has no inventory listed with Home Grown Cow.
Profile last updated on 2012-05-13 23:16:42


Decoding Local Rainfall Data Analysis
The analysis of local rainfall data is a crucial element of climate studies. This data offers a rich resource for understanding weather patterns and trends, which is vital for water management, agricultural planning, and environment conservation. In this guide, we will dissect the complexities of local rainfall data analysis, highlighting its significance in climatology.
Relevance of Local Rainfall Data Analysis
The analysis of local rainfall data carries significant weight in numerous sectors. It has a profound impact on fields like agriculture, hydrology, and environmental science. The study of rainfall patterns aids in forecasting future weather scenarios, allowing for better risk management and strategic planning.
Agriculture and Local Rainfall Data Analysis
In the realm of agriculture, rainfall data is instrumental in defining planting and harvesting schedules. It assists in identifying crop types that are best suited for a specific region based on its average rainfall. Moreover, a solid grasp of local rainfall patterns can improve water management efficiency, thus refining irrigation strategies.
The Hydrological Impact of Rainfall Data
For water resource managers and hydrologists, local rainfall data is a crucial tool for predicting flood risks and managing water supplies. By scrutinizing rainfall trends, potential flood scenarios can be modelled and preventive strategies can be devised. Likewise, rainfall data assists in managing reservoir levels to ensure a consistent water supply during dry spells.
The Role of Rainfall Data in Environmental Science
Environmental scientists rely on rainfall data when studying ecosystems and biodiversity. Rainfall frequency and volume can influence the types of plants and animals inhabiting a region. Monitoring changes in rainfall patterns allows scientists to forecast potential impacts on local ecosystems, thereby aiding conservation efforts.
Key Factors in Local Rainfall Data Analysis
Analyzing local rainfall data involves considering several key factors such as average annual rainfall, seasonal fluctuations, long-term trends, and extreme weather events. Understanding these elements can provide critical insights into local climatic conditions and future weather predictions.
Yearly Rainfall Average
The yearly rainfall average offers a snapshot of the amount of rain a region receives annually. This figure is fundamental to various sectors, notably agriculture and water resource management.
Variations Across Seasons
Seasonal variations in rainfall give insights into rain distribution throughout the year. These patterns can forecast periods of water surplus or deficit, thereby guiding strategic planning across different sectors.
Examining trends over time can indicate if the region is undergoing shifts in its rainfall patterns, crucial information for predicting the long-term impacts of climate change.
Extreme Weather Phenomena
Data on extreme weather events, such as severe rains or droughts, is also essential. These events can profoundly affect agriculture, water resources, and local ecosystems.
Interpreting Rainfall Data
To interpret rainfall data accurately, it’s important to understand its various components such as precipitation totals, rainfall intensity, and the frequency of rainfall events. Comprehending these factors enables us to derive meaningful conclusions from the data.
This refers to the cumulative amount of rainfall recorded over a specific duration. Typically measured in millimeters, it indicates the volume of water deposited over an area.
Intensity of Rainfall
Rainfall intensity refers to the speed at which rain falls, generally expressed in millimeters per hour. It is a critical aspect when assessing the potential for flooding and soil erosion.
Frequency of Rainfall Occurrences
The frequency of rainfall events denotes how often it rains. This could vary from multiple times a day to once a season and has a significant effect on local water availability and flood risks.
For more on climatology, check out our comprehensive analysis understanding the earth temperature map.
Future Prospects in Local Rainfall Data
With technological advancements, the future of local rainfall data analysis is set to improve. Innovations in data collection and interpretation are yielding more precise and timely information. This enhances our ability to predict weather trends and manage water resources more effectively, promising a brighter future for all.
- Comprehensive Guide to Understanding Snow Level Maps: Tips, Techniques, and Insights
- Rain Totals by Zip Code: A Comprehensive Analysis
- 10 Insightful Facts: Understanding NOAA Radar Mosaic in Detail
- Unraveling Historical and Past Temperatures By Zip Code: An Exhaustive Climatology Exploration
- Unveiling the Intricacies of Climate Data: A Comprehensive Deciphering Process


Getting To The Point – Homes
A lawn is a term used to describe the area that is normally covered with soil, grass and other long-lasting plants like clover, outside a house, an apartment, an office, or a commercial building. A lawnmower is an equipment that maintains plants planted on the lawn at a short height. Lawns are mainly meant for recreation and for beautifying purposes. In order to keep your lawn or landscape green, you should control pests and weeds, as well as irrigating it.
Lawn care maintenance is a term used to describe the process of keeping a yard clean, safe, healthy and attractive. Some of the main lawn care activities are; planned plantings and harvesting, fertilizing and weeding, path care and maintenance, swimming pool care, watering, snow removal and mowing. Lawn care is essential to families, neighborhoods and the entire environment. This is because a healthy lawn and landscape is the base for healthy living, working and for recreation activities outside. Lawn maintenance helps improve the look of our homes, it also increases our homes’ resale value and it also establishes a safe setting for families and their pets. We have seen that lawn care is crucial and that’s why lawn care services it should be carried out by professionals like the Buckhead lawn maintenance. Buckhead lawn maintenance provides lawn construction and maintenance services to both profit-making and residential customers. Buckhead lawn maintenance can help you achieve your dream landscape since they have trained staff who are conscious of quality, skilled and experienced.
Hiring lawn care services can relieve the burden of taking care of your landscape during weekends, and you can spend this time relaxing with friends and family. When it comes to matters, lawn care, most people are not well informed. This makes them do critical damage to their lawn by excessive watering, under watering or cutting grass in the wrong manner. Seeking professional help from lawn care companies can lead to a healthy attractive lawn because these professionals have the necessary skills and knowledge that helps them avoid making accidental mistakes harms. Most people who perform law care activities normally end up experiencing pains and soreness in their bodies after carrying out lawn care activities. Most homeowners who indulge in lawn care activities end up experiencing soreness and injuries in their This is because lawn care is a labor intensive activity. Homeowners who are elderly could even fall while taking care of their lawns. Employing professional lawn care services ensure that homeowners are relieved the intensive physical labor of taking care of their lawn by themselves. Another benefit of employing professional lawn care services is that you can save some cash because these experts have all the basic chemicals and equipment used for lawn maintenance. You also minimize costs because making corrections for mistakes you did while undertaking lawn care by yourself won’t be necessary.


Well, that didn’t take long. After weeks and months of snow on the ground, the warm April sun has finally melted us out.
All of the sudden, green is starting to sprout here and there. That green is now taking over the lower foothills. From afar it is beautiful — rolling hills of emerald green against the backdrop of snow capped peaks.
Up close, the wild grasses are popping up all around our house. I used to joke to people that when you move to the mountains, you trade your lawn mower for a chainsaw. It’s true you won’t be tending a nice plush lawn anymore. For one, you can’t use well water for watering a lawn or a garden. A chainsaw does come in handy to cut trees, cut logs, and limb up trees.
But that doesn’t mean you should do away with all lawn care items.
Because a good weed whipper is invaluable.
The result of doing fire mitigation is opening up the forest and lots of wildflowers and grasses growing. Last spring, a banner crop of alpine dandelions spread around our house. Almost immediately as soon as the temperatures warm, sprouts of green begin poking up.
The thing about those grasses is if you allow them to grow, they become tougher and thicker. We almost broke a weed whipper trying to cut down grasses several inches high. You have to get after them early and often or you’ll lose the battle.
The bonus of an abundantly snowy winter is lots of grass. During this time of year, it’s easy to forget those benign looking shoots of emerald will eventually dry out. It’s not at all uncommon that a snowy winter is followed by wildfires in the late summer and fall. Grasses are the quickest and easiest to burn during a windy and warm summer day.
Weed whipping season is also wildflower season. Since I can’t plant flowers in the conventional sense, I “plant” flowers unconventionally. The most moist spot on our property is our septic field. In addition to its contents, it is also located on a north slope that tends to hold onto snow. Each spring, I buy some native wildflower seed, throw it onto the septic field, and rake it in. The following year, I seem to get a few new wildflowers I haven’t seen before. My mountain garden.
So pull out that weed whipper. Check the cable to make sure it’s in good shape. Get ready for a good shoulder and arm work out.
While you’re at it, throw out some seed. The benefits of your early spring yard work will pay off later this summer.


This is where the magic happens
I am Manu Guardiola, a winemaker from the Marina Alta (north-east of the province of Alicante) with a long family history in wine production. My father and our ancestors already made wine for self-consumption for several generations, as was the custom in the region. I decided to take it a step further and undertake this project. Therefore, our wine is the result of knowledge from previous times, together with knowledge acquiered during the study of oenology and with the experience that keeps growing with every new year of winemaking.
The wines are made with a lot of love and affection, with the sweat of the family, who takes on the entire process, from the cultivation of the grape to the final touches on the bottle. For which we say that they are wines made with the soul, from the deepest and the best parts of each and every one of us.
The winery is located in the center of the town of Xaló (Jalón), it is part of the so-called “old Castle of the Duchess of Almodovar” and was the place where wine and oil were made and cereals and other foods were stored. We have rehabilitated the space, conserving some of its stone walls, and adapting it to make it work as an artisanal winery. We have a ´coup´, tanks from 300 to 1000 L and French oak barrels.
Our work philosophy is to be respectful of nature and the environment, which is why we work all the plots organically, that is, in the traditional way of cultivating the vineyard. Our plots are full of life, we try to take care of the auxiliary fauna which helps us to have a balance in our environment and thus make it easier for our grapes to be healthy at harvest time.
We ferment the wines with native yeasts, we do not add any type of additive except for a tiny bit sulphites, nor do we filter or clarify the wines. We want the wines to be the maximum expression of the grape that we have grow in the fields. It is my way of bringing joy and happiness to the world. I hope you will enjoy my wines.


Transcriptional and Hormonal Regulation of Gravitropism of Woody Stems in Populus. Plant Cell. 2015..
FLA11 and FLA12 glycoproteins fine-tune stem secondary wall properties in response to mechanical stresses. New Phytol. 2021..
Endo-β-1,4-glucanases impact plant cell wall development by influencing cellulose crystallization. J Integr Plant Biol. 2015..
Effects of PHENYLALANINE AMMONIA LYASE (PAL) knockdown on cell wall composition, biomass digestibility, and biotic and abiotic stress responses in Brachypodium. J Exp Bot. 2015.
The Class II KNOX genes KNAT3 and KNAT7 work cooperatively to influence secondary cell wall deposition and provide mechanical support to Arabidopsis stems. Plant J. 2019..
Arabidopsis sucrose synthase localization indicates a primary role in sucrose translocation in phloem. J Exp Bot. 2019..


Posted on: 12 November 2015
Since many areas of North America have started to experience serious drought conditions, the topic of residential irrigation systems has become increasingly politicized. What was once the perfect solution for keeping your lawn looking great, is now frowned upon by many people. However, it is possible to have your green lawn and be responsible too, if you take some steps to use your drip irrigation system effectively.
Fix Any Leaks Immediately
Drip irrigation systems are focused on the root systems of your plants. They slowly deliver water to a specific area. One of the fastest ways to waste water is to allow a leak to, well, leak. That is money coming out of your pocket, and perfectly good, usable water going to waste. While some would argue that the water is not truly lost, that water is just being absorbed by the soil and not necessarily by your lawn and plants. Your leak is wasting all that energy and those resources.
Finding a leaking sprinkler isn't easy, but it can be done. Checking a few times a year will ensure that your system remains in good repair. Start by looking down the line of sprinklers. Does the pressure seem to taper off at a certain point? Chances are there is a leak in the system before you get to that particular unit. You can also remove the last sprinkler in the line and check to see how much pressure comes up from the open end. There should be almost as much as if you had connected a traditional garden hose to the line at the beginning. If water is coming up sluggishly, you have a problem upstream.
Use Good Scheduling Techniques to Use Less Water
There are two reasons that most sprinklers run early in the morning. The first is that this is when few people will be around to be annoyed by them. Second, and perhaps more important, this is when running the sprinklers will actually do the most good.
Morning is when plants are getting ready to turn sunlight into energy, but they haven't yet been hit by the heat of the sun. This means that if you water in the morning, they will be able to draw in the water before they have to close these systems to prevent evaporation in the sunlight. In the same way, Watering in the early hours of the morning will keep the water from being evaporated directly by the midday heat.
Update Your System With the Latest Technology
As with most technology, a lot of work has gone into making sprinkler systems more efficient in recent years. If your system is a decade or more old, you should at least replace the controller with an updated model. Where old controllers were mostly glorified timers, new systems do a lot to reduce water usage. They will actively help detect leaks, so you can find out there is a problem right away rather than waiting for your semi-annual check. They will vary the amount of water they use based on the temperature and recent rainfall. Since over-watering isn't just a waste, it is harmful to your lawn, this is a benefit to you whether you care about water usage or not.
While it is true that the easiest way to save water is to skip watering your lawn completely, that doesn't have to be the only option. It is entirely possible to make use of your irrigation system in a responsible manner. By keeping up on repairs and the latest technology, you can ensure your lawn stays nice and green with minimal water usage.Share


Seedball Garden Meadow Mini Meadow Bamboo Pots
Seedball mini meadow bamboo pots are an all in one gift set for anyone who loves wildflowers and garden wildlife. Everything you need is in the box, all you need to do is add water.
A beautiful mix of native wildflowers that is perfect for pollinators. Garden Meadow is a colourful combination of hardy annuals and perennials that will do well in most gardens, including those in more polluted areas (this mix would also be ideal for road verges). Each seed ball contains approximately 30 seeds from a mix of Common toadflax, Cornflower, Cowslip, Meadow cranesbill, Musk mallow, Oxeye daisy and Red campion, plus a sprinkling of pollinator-friendly annuals Chamomile, Cornflower, Corn marigold, and Night-flowering catchfly.
The pots are best positioned outdoors, on a windowsill or garden table for example, and can be set up at any time of the year (although early Spring and Autumn are the very best times to start).
- A set of 3 biodegradable and compostable bamboo pots and saucers
- Peat-free coir discs
- 12 wildflower seed balls (in lovely new packaging!)
- Choose from Garden Meadow, Bee Mix or Butterfly Mix
- Full instructions on how to use
All cardboard packaging (including the Seedball packs) are made from 100% recycled card and vegetable inks and can be safely composted. The coir discs are made from the natural fibres found on the outer shell of coconuts which expand when water is added, turning into a great growing medium. The sets are available in three varieties: Garden Meadow, Bee Mix and Butterfly Mix, and include full instructions of how to use on the back of the box.
Standard Shipping (arrives 2 - 4 business days)
- Processed within 2 business days
Express Shipping (arrives 1 - 2 business days)
- Processed same-day if ordered before 12pm Monday - Thursday
Visit our Shipping & Returns page for more information.


In conversations regarding green technology, renewables like solar and wind sometimes take center stage. Biomass, though, is another source of innovation and progress for energy that benefits the environment. With eucalyptus as a biomass source, energy production can take off in green, progressive ways like never before.
Benefits of Eucalyptus
Eucalyptus is a common Australian plant that has a renewed relevancy thanks to biomass production. It can grow as a shrub, plant or tree, and it’s a common ingredient for medicinal uses worldwide.
Its abundance in Australia makes it a safe and sustainable source for biomass. Since it grows quickly, it can be used for years to come without damaging the planet.
For instance, cultivating a green space can take months or even years, depending on the size and material used. Eucalyptus speeds that process due to its swift growth — especially in comparison to other trees.
Plus, when more plants grow, the more carbon dioxide (CO2) breakdown there will be. Biomass can provide a new, green component while fossil fuels continue to pollute. Creating a biodiverse area sets the stage for eucalyptus use.
Eucalyptus for Biomass
The recurring benefit of eucalyptus use for biomass is its abundance and ability to grow quickly. On large plots of land, agriculturists and energy experts can dedicate entire farms or plantations to eucalyptus. Though the plant is native to Australian, it can thrive in other regions as well.
This process would start locally. Since biomass is the use of plant or animal byproduct for energy production, eucalyptus could power nearby facilities. First and foremost, it would generate energy for the production plant.
It could then expand outward into the surrounding area. Both businesses and households could use it as a power source. With multiple turbines for production, biomass could become a stronger source of energy. It all relies on growing eucalyptus and using it correctly.
For instance, separating the fibers within the plant and cooking them is one way to use them as a fuel source. The trees or eucalyptus poles would go to use as well — for things like fencing or interior construction.
In theory, the production of biomass could continue to expand and give power to more residents and businesses. It needs some attention, though, before that expansiveness becomes a reality.
Integrating Eucalyptus for Sustainability
The next step for eucalyptus biomass is to integrate it on a widespread scale. While a few plantations will stimulate local economies and businesses, sustainability requires more effort. Those who work in the energy industry will need to push for eucalyptus as a primary source for biofuel.
According to a study from 1985, eucalyptuscan enhance biomass production when it’s not the sole ingredient in the process. Though this study is older, it still maintains relevance — eucalyptus has had the potential for decades. It’s time to start integrating it.
One location taking advice from this research is New South Wales, which has planted about 6,000 eucalyptus trees. Experts hope viable biomass resources will grow from this effort. Plus, it will be a good test to see how economically beneficial eucalyptus trees can be.
If more locations follow in New South Wales’ footsteps, eucalyptus can become a biomass standard. By implementing it, we can ultimately work toward a sustainable and green energy system.
The End Goal
The end goal is sustainability, and green technology is the way to get there. In areas where solar and wind are impractical or too expensive, biomass is becoming more of a possibility. Eucalyptus is looming as a source of production for biomass, and it could be a real game-changer.


The Sarubima project was established in the year 2008. Cargills initially contrived this
project as a form of reimbursement to the farmers. For every kilogram of fruit and
vegetables and every litre of milk sourced from local farmers, it adds 50 cents to a
fund created for farmers in the community leading to an overall improvement in the
livelihood of themselves, their families and communities. Since the company sources
120,000 kilograms of fresh fruit and vegetables and 120,000 litres of milk every day,
this money has now developed into a substantial amount and continues to be used to
empower local farming communities. Over the years, this project has remodeled into a
larger entity in itself and is now considered a vital part of Cargills’.
Today named the Cargills Sarubima fund, it provides: scholarships for needy children from the community, resources for learning and advancement, farmer insurance and to meet community infrastructure needs.
As at 2014, Cargills has awarded over 250 scholarships across all these locations which included many medical, engineering and commerce stream university students. In addition, more than 3,000 farmer families have benefited from community facilities provided through the funds. For the year 2014/15, benefits included 204 scholarships with 35 university and vocational education scholarships, 65 Advanced Level scholarships and 104 Year 5 Scholarships. In addition, 18 exemplary farmers were recognized for their service to agriculture and the local community with the Cargills Sarubima Farmer Citizens Award 2015, presented by the President.
In 2016/17, the children of the farmers were provided with 225 scholarships including 92 University, Pirivena and Vocational Education Scholarships, 93 Advanced Level Scholarships and 40 Year 5 Scholarships. As of 2019, Sarubima has provided a total of 855 scholarships.
The Cargills Sarubima fund also made possible 49 community development projects across all its dairy and vegetable sourcing communities which included provision of drinking water, water purification projects, school development, library development as well as certified English and IT centres.


TURBAS Y COCO MAR MENOR, S.L.
TURBAS Y COCOS MAR MENOR was created in order to offer a quality alternative in a new product within the agricultural sector: coconut fibre. The company consolidated as reliable importers, processors and distributors of coconut fibre. We established a company profile which was, until then, unavailable on the market: developing, maintaining and increasing innovative technology. All this has enable the company to offer a greater product range adapted to customer needs. As well as the main product, the company distributes other products such as peat, perlite, vermiculite and plastic pots. All products are related to the horticultural sector.
Pots, brackets and plastic trays
Gardening decoration accessories (pots, jardinière, etc)
Mineral or chemical fertilizers for technology farming


What causes drought? - PAESTA Podcast Series: Episode 25
You Asked, We Answered!
Transcript of the podcast
Hello listeners, my name is Madison Stewart and I am an undergraduate student at Penn State Brandywine. Today I am here to answer the question “What causes drought?” This is a question that certainly has more than one answer. Typically, it is believed that drought is caused by lack of rainfall, which is partly true. However, there are actually different types of drought and each have different causes. [1,2] A meteorological drought is caused by lack of precipitation and moisture. This type of drought occurs when a specific region receives less rainfall than it normally does. For example, 20 inches of rainfall may be normal in some parts of Texas, but not in Washington State. Another way to think of a meteorological drought is in terms of degree and duration of dryness particular to a certain region. Winds and high temperatures are also influencers. Another type of drought is hydrological. A hydrological drought is when water levels are lower than normal in rivers, streams, and reservoirs due to lack of precipitation. Third, there are agricultural droughts. Generally, this type of drought negatively impacts farmers and crops. An agricultural drought occurs when there isn’t enough water to meet the demands of crops during different growth periods. For example, if there isn’t enough moisture or water during a particular stage, plant growth will be affected. This is a problem because it can negatively impact plant populations. Numerous factors cause this, such as not having access to water supplies, the timing of when water is obtainable for use, and lack of precipitation. Lastly, the fourth type of drought being discussed today is socioeconomic drought. This type of drought occurs as a result of the conditions of a hydrological, meteorological or agricultural drought. [2,1] A socioeconomic drought is when the demand for goods is greater than the supply. The lack of supply is due to a shortage in water, which is caused by the weather. An example of this is excessive irrigation. Various factors can worsen this type of drought, such as an increase in both population size and demand for goods. This means that humans can play a part in causing drought. Activities that humans perform can lead to drought. How much water we consume and the timing of consumption also act as contributors. Other than the causes of drought we just discussed, there are also multiple factors that contribute to drought.
For instance, drought is connected to climate change.  A majority of precipitation is falling as rain. Snow is also melting earlier, which leads to a rise in evaporation and transpiration. Evaporation is when a liquid changes to a gas. Transpiration is the process in which moisture moves through plants and eventually turns to vapor. Therefore, as temperatures rise, both hydrological and agricultural droughts are at risk of increasing because water supply is lacking, which makes it hard to meet demands.  In addition, NASA, or National Aeronautics and Space Administration, point out that there are 3 main contributors to drought. The contributors are: land and sea surface temperatures, atmospheric circulation patterns, and soil moisture content. Sounds confusing, right? Well allow me to break it down for you. A change in one of these contributors can cause a change in the other. First we will discuss how land and sea surface temperatures contribute to drought. With the help of global climate models, researchers found that as surface temperatures increase, there is also a rise in water evaporation, which leads to more radical weather events, such as drought. For instance, in the warmer months, the temperature of land surface has a direct relationship to how much moisture there will be. As for soil moisture, when soil is dry, there is almost no water to evaporate, which means the sunlight will continue to warm the surface. Therefore, conditions become drier. This is the start of a snowball effect leading toward drought. When surface temperatures are irregular, this causes atmospheric circulation patterns to be irregular as well. Atmospheric circulation is a big movement of air that spreads heat on Earth’s surface. In turn, precipitation patterns also change. Changes in atmospheric circulation patterns can cause storms to be interrupted for long periods of time. These changes mean that some regions receive above average rainfall, while other regions experience drought.  El Nino serves as an example of this. El Nino is when the surface water in the Pacific Ocean and South American Coast increase in temperature. The warm water interrupts storm patterns, making it a contributor to drought. La Nina is also associated with drought. However, this is when surface water in the Pacific Ocean and Coast of South America drop in temperature. Colder water also has the ability to interrupt storm patterns. The Dust Bowl of the 1930s and 1988 drought are two historical droughts and are linked to La Nina. As you can see, there are many causes and contributors to drought and I hope this podcast helped you to gain a better understanding of them. Thank you so much for listening.
(This audio file was recorded by Madison Stewart, undergraduate student, Penn State Brandywine, on April 12, 2016. References are available in the attached transcript.)


Now that Christmas is out of the way, it is time to start working on my garden. I have a lot of things I want to achieve this year – and a lot of it depends on the seasons.
Last year I grew a handful of things in a small patch at the top of the garden. The ground is uneven and had to be cleared of a lot of stuff that the previous owners had dumped, including old metal hangers, carpet and glass. At some point someone liked the patch, as there is a lot of good top soil there. It has just been mixed into a lot of stones. When clearing all the rubbish, and fighting back the jungle of weeds there was also old lining that had been left untended (meaning the weeds had grown on top of it and unfortunately through it) I am still fighting back the large number of weeds but i think with constant tending I am starting to win.
What was left of the vegetables grown last year has been a little forgotten about over the last few months, and what remains has been growing by itself. I have a scattering of garlic, broccoli and Brussel Sprouts. The Brussels and Broccoli had been attacked quite heavily by the caterpillars, and if I’m honest, I had written them off, leaving what was left until I could get back out and clear the patch ready for the new year, but after the weather turned colder they seem to have survived the army of ‘pillars and are doing a good job on their own.
One of the last things I did last year was to plant the garlic. They were just from bulbs that were starting to sprout in my kitchen. I didn’t want to waste them, as they were past the point of eating, so I planted them to see how they would do. My last attempt of growing garlic wasn’t amazing – they grew.. but were tiny!! strong – but small.
One of the big jobs that I want to complete this year is to change that patch into a raised bed. At the moment it is pretty unsightly, it sits right next to the house and the small patio section that we have. I would love for it to be a little tidier, and making it a raised bed will help with my homegrown garden.
Now we are more settled in our home it would be great to host some little get togethers over the warmer months, but I don’t want to have people in the garden if it looks like a mess! Our garden has so much potential – I just want it looking/working at its best!
Another large job i have planned is to build myself a little greenhouse. I have found a patch which would be ideal for it. It would get full sun, but also be tucked out the way and would be protected from the worst weather.
As you can see, I have started clearing the space – there’s a climber growing along the wall and there were lourels running all the way upto the shed. So far I have cut them both back within an inch of their lives but the plan is to cut them down completely (I was due to do it this weekend, but mother nature had other ideas… mainly rain and snow!) I only had a hand saw, but with past knowledge of just how hard a job that would be – and how long it would take – I invested in a chainsaw yesterday.
The lourels run down the whole right side of our garden and along the back. They are a brilliant natural fence, but because they have been left to grow on their own, they have got way out of hand and honestly take up more space then I like. I am losing 3ft along both border lines and it makes a big difference. Another reason for me wanting them gone is they are taking up a lot of space in an area that I am planning on dedicating to chickens. (I have owned some previously and when buying this house the intention was always on getting more, it is just a case of being ready for them. There really is nothing better than fresh eggs, they are also great for left over green waste and are honestly a joy to have. I could spend hours with them)
So while the weather has its wintery-way and I am forced to stay indoors I started measuring up and designing how i wanted the greenhouse to look. I’ve made the decision to make it out of wood and hard plastic. Not the most common materials, but I like the idea of a wooden frame, on the principle that it is going to look a lot nicer and more natural. The hard plastic will be in replacement of the glass that is usually used. This is more for safety. Footballs are often sent flying into my garden, and I wanted something that wouldn’t break so easily – but it is also down to being able to customise the shape and size of the panes myself instead of having glass cut professionally and then delivered.
Once the weather clears up my first task is to cut down the trees in the way and dig them up the best I can, or kill off the roots if i can’t dig them up. Next I need to level out the ground, making the frame out of wood means I need to put something down so that the wood doesn’t rot quickly. My plan is to have either slabs, or bricks.
I already have some reclaimed treated timber which i plan to construct the main supports from. These will be screwed into the wall of the shed to add stability and then build from there.
Another big job on my list is to clear out some of the rubbish that has been left from when we originally tidied the garden. Alot of it is going to have to be taken down the tip, but there is a lot of burnables including the left overs from a large ivy plant that was left to grow up an electrical pole in the garden.
I bought an incinerator with the idea of burning as much as I can, and saving us having to take natural waste to the skip when we don’t need to. Ash can also be good for soil and compost heaps if the pH levels are off. It is also easier to get rid of then bags of branches and logs.
Lastly, over the next few weeks I need to stock up on any seeds i need for the spring sowing. I have most of the first batch, either from purchasing over winter or by finding my stash that I saved from previous grown plants. What i have left to get I will be buying from my local garden centres or my D.T. Brown Seed and Plant Catalogue. Hopefully by the time spring is here, I will have my greenhouse ready for some serious vegetable growing.
If anyone has any advise about starting my 2018 vegetable garden, leave me a comment. I would love to hear how other people are getting ready for the growing season.
and you’re welcome along for the ride!


I mentioned a few entries back, that I wanted to really concentrate on sourcing where my ingredients come from and find out a history, a story or a background on my meats. Well I thought the answer might be for my to get a little green fingered and grow my own food. Whilst I can't start a mini farm in my little yard I can use the space I currently have, while I wait for my allotment allocation, to grow a few veggies or something resembling an edible product.
Obviously, I'd have to start small as up to now the only thing I've ever been known to grow is mold in my room at University. Its a shame really because my upbringing involved being around a lot of home growing, in particular my grandad took me to his allotment where he grew raspberries, strawberries, carrots, onions, peas, broad beans, potatoes; both new and larger varieties and an array of salad ingredients and in truth this doesn't cover the other things he has grown over the years.
Essentially, he could grow enough to provide meals, fair enough they would be minus meat, but they could provide meals from their allotment alone.
This sustainability is an essential part of not only knowing where your food comes from, the bottom of your garden in this case, but it is vital for us to play a role in our food preparation right from seed.
I'm not suggesting that I'm helping sustainability just by growing my own lettuce because its really a big task and you have to be prepared to make big changes if you are to encompass what we mean by sustainability. These changes could be sourcing British produce, growing your own food, having an allotment, not using plastic bags or purchasing food with immense amounts of packaging and that's just the start.
So I'll let you know how I get on but hopefully this is just the start of my talents.


Introduction to Farmland Investments
Farmland, also known as agricultural land or rural land, consists of designated areas primarily utilized for agricultural purposes such as crop cultivation, livestock farming, and other farming activities. Investing in farmland brings opportunities for agricultural development, income generation, and long-term wealth accumulation. This can be accessed through activities like investing in agricultural land, leasing it to farmers for cultivation, or personally engaging in farming operations. The choice is yours.
In India, farmland investments involve acquiring and investing in agricultural land within the country. India, being predominantly an agrarian economy with a significant working class engaged in agriculture, offers vast areas of fertile land that make farmland investments an appealing and beneficial option for investors. A number of approaches can be taken to invest in farmland, including direct buying, leasing arrangements, or investing in companies that own farmlands.
Is Farmland Investment good in India?
Investment in farmland has always proven to be beneficial for investors due to the following reasons:-
1. Long term appreciation
Undoubtedly, the future holds immense potential for exponential growth in the value of agricultural plots. Investing in maintained farmlands, where developers provide essential amenities, is expected to yield substantial profits. The management of farmland and vegetation becomes a source for long-term wealth generation.
2. Easy Farmland investments
Farmland doesn’t require heavy investment nor does it require any hassle to invest. As the investment amount is low and affordable, it is easy for the investors to adapt to farmland investments and go ahead with the payment either in one go or through EMI options. Whichever is suited to them according to their budget.
3. Getaway spot for investors
Farmland investments are usually on the outskirts of the city so it’s a pretty fun option to visit with the family on weekends. If you plan to privately build a farmhouse or have private vegetation/organic farming on the land, weekends might be just the perfect days for you to visit the land and have a great time with your family.
Managed farmland investment comes with multiple amenities like 24/7 security, farmhouses, etc. This enables the investor to not only reap returns but, enjoy the amenities as per his choice. Rivendell Farms located in Thimmajipet is one of the finest options for farmland investments that provide organic farming, security, and exclusive access to state-of-the-art farmhouses.
5. Environmental bliss
Besides the commercial benefits, the results of owning a managed farmland can be quite satisfying and rewarding in terms of environment and sustainability. By enjoying organically grown vegetables delivered to your doorstep, imagine the rich nutrients u can absorb. It is an excellent way to appreciate mother nature.
So if you are tired of the monotonous cycle of investing in residential and commercial properties back to back, why not break the cycle and try farmland investments to expand your investment portfolio?
Consider farmland investments if you are interested in diversifying your investment portfolio because it contributes to rural development by providing employment opportunities, improving infrastructure, and supporting local communities. By fostering agricultural growth and enhancing rural livelihoods, it can have a positive social impact.
Flivv Realty’s Rivendell Farms is a splendid project that offers an array of amenities, including an exquisite farmhouse exclusively reserved for owners, round-the-clock security, and the convenience of doorstep vegetation farming for investors. Connect with us


Agriculture and Structured Water
What if one day all the foods we ate were truly nutritious and energizing? Well, news flash: That day has come to the world of agriculture.
At Natural Action Technologies, Inc. they have a slogan.
“What if changing one thing could change everything?”
For agriculture, It is simple. That one thing is called Structured Water.
When water is run through an NAT Structuring Unit, structured water is produced. What is the difference between this and other agricultural waters?
Unlike waters being used in many agricultural applications, structured water:
These characteristics of structured water bring forth some truly amazing results in the world of agriculture.
What does Structured Water brings to food crops?
For many years, there has been the understanding of what is known in agriculture as the Brix Level. This was brought forth in 1800s when German chemist Adolf Brix saw the need for a way to tell when grapes were sweet enough for the picking.
What resulted was an instrument, the refractometer, to measure exactly where the sugar content of the grape stood on any given day. Even beyond sugar content, the Brix Level is now known to be an indicator of nutrient content. refractometer, the device pictured here, measures units called Brix. Degrees Brix (symbol °Bx) is a unit representative of the sugar content of an aqueous solution. One degree Brix corresponds to 1 gram of sucrose in 100 grams of solution and thus represents the strength of the solution as a percentage by weight/mass.
True Brix measures a combination of sugar, amino acids, oils, proteins, flavonoids, and minerals. A drop of the liquid from the plant juice is placed on the prism of a refractometer. Then the cover plate is closed so the liquid will spread out on the glass. As you look through the viewing end of the instrument, you see an etched scale calibrated in 0-30 or 0-32 degrees Brix.
Plant Changes (Vitality and Lack of Disease)
A crop such as a strawberry then can be graded in terms of Brix with numbers in 4 categories: Poor, Average, Good, Excellent. It is interesting to note that most supermarket Brix ratings are in the Poor to Average range. Enter Structured Water. Through the use of Structured Water, crops now consistently rate in the Good to Excellent range or beyond!
In terms of plant immune resistance, correlations to the Brix rating can be made. Just as a pencil appears bent when placed in a beaker of water, the light passing through plant juice droplet is bent so that a clear line is shown against the scaled background of the refractometer. The amount of bending is directly related to the Brix is a measure of energy.
A high-Brix plant emits a far superior energetic electromagnetic spectrum than a low- Brix specimen. Insects “see” in this range and they “attack” plants with the weakest emanations. If the grower were to understand that all that talk about how healthy plants “resist” insects is really another way of saying that the strongest plants don’t attract insects, then, they are on the road to understanding master soil scientist Dr. Carey A. Reams’ agricultural methods.
A Brix reading is merely a way for us to see by proxy what insects see with their eyes. When a plant is out of nutritional balance, internal pressures cause some cellular components like simple sugars or incomplete proteins to seep out to the surface of the leaves and stems. Then, what do you have? Free lunch for pests!
Plants are just as susceptible to systemic nutritional imbalances as humans are. Structured Water brings the plant back into the balance of nature.
Farm Water Usage
The advent of Structured Water to the farm has left more than one farmer scratching their head wondering why they didn’t have to use as much water as they did in the past.
NAT Structured Unit designer, Clayton Nolte, explains, “It’s all about energy…and energy in structured water lends itself to improved hydration. What’s more, structured water offers such an increase in hydration factor, that plants don’t need the “accustomed” water levels familiar to “normal” water farmers. They are out there standing in fields of mud surprized because with structured water the plant doesn’t need as much.”
Experiences of Flavor and Plant Productivity
We remember the first experience foods grown with structured water. “It was an awakening. We had know idea what foods should really taste like until one magical day. A structured water distributor and orange / tangerine grower delivered some tangerines to NAT headquarters. We made juice out of the tangerines and it was like nectar from the heavens. “Wow, so this is what juice is supposed to taste like!” was the expression on everyone’s faces. Even more, there was something in the juice that made your heart and face smile. It was an unforgettable experience to know what we all could truly be enjoying for taste and health.
For the first time, real nutrition was a reality. We tested the Brix level of the juice and it checked in at a high 17.8. This is good to excellent on the Brix Scale…Man, was it ever!
Oh my God! Can you really bite right into a lemon and have it taste this sweet? That’s exactly what the experience was like when we first tried structured lemons! We were biting right into them as if they were apples. The normal strong tartness was replaced with a uniquely pleasant and sweet lemon semi-bitter flavor.
Grape farmers in Mexico have been amazed when their crops were brought to harvest 2 weeks earlier than ever in the history of their farm. The normal fungal growths that appeared normally on the grapes never materialized once the vines were fed structured water.
But new levels of Brix for grapes were also seen. The normal Brix reading for an excellent grape would hit the 20 mark on a refractometer. These grapes were now checking in at 24!!! Structured water literally blew the lid off the normal Brix scale.
Another understanding came from Soil profiles under the grapes changing as well (see Soil Health below).
When we first started out with a rose bush at NAT headquarters, it was putting forth 6 foot high flowers. These were fairly healthy to begin with. After adding powerful Structured Water from multiple inline structuring units, the rose garden soon began to look like a fantasy rose forest. The roses produced such incredibly fragrant flowers, sturdy stems, and rich dense leaves that it was an amazing kaleidoscope of colors.
Neighboring roses paled by comparison. It was clear that when the shooting leaders were all reaching for the sky at 11 to 13 feet
that there was something very real, if not magical, about structured water! Now, the rose flowers themselves reach above our outstretched hands at 103 inches, or roughly 8 and a 1/2 feet. Along with the structured water, organic fertilizers from Eartheart Naturals were employed for greater gains. A significant aspect of structured water is to bring quicker uptake and assimilation of good nutrients to the plant or animal.
Sprouters have also seen the amazing growth results in their sprouts from structured water. The longevity of sprouts goes on and on in the refrigerator. This never-seen-before lasting power has people talking for days, shaking their heads, and saying, “ How can these perishables stay fresh for so long?!”
But they do!
It makes us ponder what would happen if the Redwoods were given Structured Water?
The same question applies, for that matter, to all forests of nations globally.
With an imminent threat to our weakened forests from so many sources, is it time our forestry departments considered the use of Structured Water to improve and prosper our forests back to the magnificently healthy stands they once were?
Soil Health (Calcium Glaze)
There are other realizations for farmers to experience in the world of Structured Water. Perhaps the richest is the effect of the water on the soil. Soil scientist have studied mineral depleted soils for years.
Very few have studied how structured water immediately frees up calcium and makes it available to the plant from the soil. Instead of poorer waters creating a “calcium glaze” on the soil, farmers now experience a soil healthy and balanced providing the minerals in the soil to the plant.
Quantum Energetics and the Field Effect
There are other curious effects of structured water deserving of fascination and study. For example, early in the observation of strawberry field growth, it was noted that structured water had the ability to increase strawberry plant growth even though neighboring plants received no water. Was there some message that structured water gave to the other “dry” plants off of the plants that were being watered? Or was it that structured water emits such a real energetic field that the “dry” plants increased in growth just by a quantum field effect of proximity?
These are intriguing questions to be observed and answered with further study.
Plants are not the only ones experiencing improved growth responses in agriculture. Improvements to animal health and production have been seen as well.
As we enter into the world of animal husbandry and ranching, this same Quantum Field Effect pertains to all animal studies with Structured Water as well.
Why is it that whole colonies of bees have been observed to repeatedly and daily fly away from their hive and over a large yard just to arrive and drink as much of a neighboring structured water supply
as possible? Are they that knowing of how the health of structured water makes them a far stronger, harmonious, and more productive colony? They must, because closer water sources, although available, are overlooked by the same bees!
We even conjecture that as beekeepers become informed of the natural power of structured water has on bees, the dreaded colony collapse disorder may be seen to become a thing of the past or at least significantly reduced by Structured Water’s protective presence.
Dairy herds in Chandler, AZ were seen to improve their production of butterfat. The cows even began behaving differently, more cohesively.
When the cow’s drinking water was in question from the state as to bacterial levels, an NAT Structuring unit was placed between the source and the drinking troughs. Within two weeks, the water was cleared of this problem and the dairy was allowed to remain open.
Chicken farms have found greater overall growth and increase in weight than birds drinking unstructured water.
Another big insight from using structured water was the lowering of overall mortality rates by 50%.The mortality declined from 4,000 birds per house to 2,000 birds per house in one recent study.
All animals are attracted to structured water…birds, horses, and pets.
When given the choice, dogs naturally choose structured water over-chlorinated tap water. Structured Water is leading the way in the world of veterinary health.
An interesting thing about Structured Water is that its effects are not just with the animals and plants.
Even farm machinery operates more efficiently.
Engine power and mileage have been shown to increase with the use of structured water in the motors.
©2014. Natural Action Technologies, Inc.


IoT or the internet of things is a technology that allows devices to connect and exchange data with each other. IoT can contribute immensely to several industries, and one of the most important areas where IoT can contribute is agriculture.
IoT can help monitor and control various aspects of farming like crop health, water management, and livestock. IoT can also help farmers make better decisions by providing real-time data about their farms. In this article, we look at some of the vital areas where IoT can improve farming operations.
Improving Crop Yields With IoT
IoT can help farmers improve their crop yields by providing them with real-time data and insights. With the help of sensors and other IoT devices, farmers can monitor various factors that affect crop growth, such as soil moisture, temperature, and light intensity.
This information can help farmers make better decisions regarding fertilization efforts, or harvesting their crops, which can lead to higher yields. IoT devices can be used to monitor soil moisture levels in real time, which can help farmers determine when to water their crops.
This can help them avoid over or under-watering, which can be detrimental to crop growth. Similarly, IoT devices can help farmers monitor the amount of sunlight their crops receive, which can help them determine the best times to plant, irrigate, fertilize, and harvest their crops. By optimizing these factors, farmers can maximize their crop yields and reduce waste.
Efficient Water Management with IoT
Water is a scarce resource and efficient water management is crucial for sustainable farming practices. IoT can help farmers manage their water resources more efficiently by providing them with accurate time data on soil moisture levels, weather conditions, and water usage.
IoT sensors can be used to monitor soil moisture levels and weather conditions, which can help farmers determine how much water to use.
Additionally, IoT devices can help farmers monitor their water usage and identify areas where they can reduce water consumption. IoT can help farmers manage water resources effectively by using sensors to measure soil moisture and weather data to predict rainfall. With this information, farmers can optimize irrigation schedules and reduce water usage, leading to lower costs and a more sustainable use of water resources.
Precision Farming with IoT Technology
Precision farming is an approach to farming that uses technology to optimize crop yields and reduce waste. IoT can help farmers implement precision farming practices by providing them with live data and insights about their crops.
IoT devices can be used to monitor soil conditions, such as pH levels and nutrient levels. This information can help farmers determine when to fertilize their crops and which fertilizers to use.
Additionally, IoT devices can be used to monitor weather conditions and predict when pests or diseases are likely to occur. This information can help farmers take preventive measures to protect their crops.
IoT devices can also provide data on soil, water, and crop integrity, which can be used to create digital maps of the farm, enabling farmers to manage their crops at a micro-level. Precision farming has many benefits, including reduced waste, improved yields, and increased profits.
Reduced Labor Costs with IoT
One of the major benefits of IoT in agriculture is the ability to reduce labor costs. Farming is a labor-intensive industry, and reducing labor costs can help farmers save money and increase profits.
An effective combination of IoT software development and advanced IoT devices can automate many of the tasks that would otherwise require manual labor, freeing up farmers to focus on more important tasks. One example of how IoT can reduce labor costs is through the use of automated irrigation systems.
Traditional irrigation systems require manual labor to turn on and off, which can be time-consuming and labor-intensive. With IoT sensors, farmers can automate the irrigation process, allowing the system to turn on and off based on soil moisture levels.
This not only saves time and labor costs but also ensures that crops receive the right amount of water, leading to better yields and more efficient use of water resources. Another example of how IoT can reduce labor costs is through the use of autonomous vehicles.
IoT-enabled tractors and other farming equipment can be programmed to perform tasks such as planting, fertilizing, and harvesting, without the need for human intervention. This reduces the need for manual labor, saves time, and can increase efficiency.
Additionally, autonomous vehicles can operate around the clock, allowing farmers to complete tasks more quickly and efficiently than with traditional farming methods. IoT also has the potential to reduce labor costs by automating other farming tasks like fertilization and pest control.
This can be achieved by using sensors and drones that can be programmed to perform specific tasks. With reduced labor costs, farmers can allocate their resources more efficiently and focus on other critical aspects of their operations.
Predictive Analytics for Optimal Harvesting
Predictive analytics involves using data and algorithms to make predictions about future events. In agriculture, predictive analytics can be used to determine the optimal time to harvest crops.
By analyzing data on factors like weather, soil moisture, and crop health, farmers can predict when the crop will reach its peak yield. This information can be used to plan harvesting schedules and optimize crop yields.
Enhancing Livestock Monitoring with IoT
Livestock monitoring is an essential aspect of animal husbandry. IoT can be used to monitor livestock by using sensors that track factors like body temperature, heart rate, and movement.
This data can be analyzed to detect signs of illness or stress in the animals. With real-time monitoring, farmers can take action quickly to prevent the spread of diseases and ensure the well-being of their animals.
Sustainable Farming with IoT
Sustainability is another critical issue when it comes to agricultural practices, and IoT has a major role to play here as well.
Farming is one of the most essential professions all over the world as it feeds the entire human population. The sheer size of the industry means that if even a small portion of farmers worldwide follow best practices, it can make a huge difference to sustainability efforts.
This is all the more reason for more farmers to be educated about the best practices to reduce waste and farm more sustainably. Data from IoT sensors can help optimize water usage, reduce waste, and improve crop yields, thus helping farmers to reduce their environmental impact. IoT can also be used to promote sustainable farming practices like crop rotation and integrated pest management.
IoT-powered Supply Chain Management in Agriculture
Supply chain management is a critical aspect of agriculture, and IoT can help farmers manage their supply chains more efficiently. IoT can be used to track products from farm to market, enabling farmers to monitor product quality and ensure compliance with regulations.
IoT can also be used to optimize logistics and reduce waste in the supply chain. This results in a more efficient and sustainable supply chain, with benefits for farmers, consumers, and the environment.
A Promising Future for IoT in Agriculture
IoT has the potential to revolutionize agriculture by providing farmers with real-time data and insights that can help them make better decisions. By improving crop yields, managing water resources efficiently, reducing labor costs, and promoting sustainable farming practices, IoT can help farmers operate more efficiently and sustainably.
With IoT-powered supply chain management, farmers can also ensure that their products reach consumers in the most efficient and sustainable way possible. As technology continues to evolve, the benefits of IoT in agriculture are likely to increase, making it an essential tool for modern farmers.


Whether conspicuously right out front or concealed a backyard, almost every house has a lawn. Well-maintained lawns usually serve to landscape a home and add to its profit. It is no surprise that some homeowners spend a lot of time, effort and cash on lawn care. While some homeowners opt to have professional services take proper care of their lawns, others in order to do it themselves. If you want to create and take care of your lawn but do not know where to begin, here are some belonging to the basic things to consider first.
Healthy Soil, Healthy Lawn
One of one of the most important things consider care of is the foundation for the lawn. To grow a great lawn, you need for having healthy, fertile soil. You can perform a soil test using available do it yourself kits undertake it ! buy from the store. This test will grant you to see how your soil is and what else you need attempt to improve the application. Lawn care begins from the comfort of the very action.
Grass Types and Planting
The kind of grass which isn’t best with the lawn depends on your geographic location. Have you living from a hot or tropical area? Do you often experience rains where you live? Do reside where to provide a not much sunlight? After considering this and deciding on a connected with grass, specialists . start to loosen up or aerate the soil using a rake and plant the grass seedlings. For proper lawn care, acquiring to spread the seeds evenly and cover them a layer of soil so the player are nestled in by far the nutrients.
Watering and Fertilizing
A thick, green, luscious lawn can be your pride and the envy of your neighbors. To cultivate this sort of lawn, you might need to make use of proper fertilizers which give nutrients towards soil. The nutrients are absorbed along with plants, letting them grow rich and thoroughly. Make sure achieve your research and use the best fertilizer and the proper fertilizing course of action. Lawn care doesn’t just end with the fertilizer; you ought to to water your lawn regularly utilizing the proper total number.
After all of the careful preparations you have elected for your lawn, you need to ensure that is stays regularly. In accordance with the connected with grass, you can set a day on a person need to mow the lawn care near me. Keep the grass any where from two to a few inches all year round. An individual go shorter than two inches, your lawn could be at risk for heat intolerance and drought also as insects, weeds and diseases. Particularly useful and productive and regular lawn care, you coupled with lawn can be free from such tribulations.
Why Go through So Much for a Lawn?
A lawn does not just serve to beautify your surroundings. Really are millions so benefits that and also your the world enjoy indicates properly be sure of your lawn. Lawns prevent soil erosion, provide oxygen and fight off pollution. They also trap dust particles and may even absorb audio tracks. If you sense that lawns are every bit for aesthetics, think again. If you to be able to keep your surroundings pollution free, then start by proper lawn care.


Tuesday, April 22, 2014
Celebrate Earth Day with an edible garden treat of ice cream, Oreo cookie dirt, Gummy worms and flower cookie pops.
Yummy! Read on...
cookie pops, Earth Day, edible garden treat, flower cookie pops, flower cookies, flower pot, Gummi worms, Gummy worms, homemade sugar sprinkles, ice cream, natural food dyes, oreo cookies, Oreo dirt, planting seeds
© 2014 Itsy Bitsy Foodies.


We know that family members can be so different from one another despite being related, don’t we? The same goes for coffee beans! No single coffee bean is essentially the same as another, especially if they come from different types.
If you’re an avid coffee drinker, you’re probably already familiar with the names Arabica and Robusta, and there must have been an instance where you’d wondered what’s the difference between the two.
The most common coffee species for commercial purpose, Arabica makes up over 60% of all global coffee consumption. Now, this is the majority of coffee that you’d find in your favourite cafe, and probably every other cafe in the world.
Arabica beans come from the Coffea Arabica plants which were first found growing naturally in Ethiopia in 1753. Even so, Arabica is actually the most delicate out of the three most common beans as it’s easily influenced by the environment and prone to disease. Since Arabica is one of the more popular beans, it’s typically grown in large quantities—which means there’s a higher risk for the crops to be exposed to outbreaks and possibly ruined entirely.
Good quality Arabica beans should have a sweet chocolatey flavour with a bit of caramel and fruity aroma. According to Ernesto Illy from the world famous Illycaffè, coffee made from Arabica beans has an intense yet intricate aroma that can be reminiscent of flowers, fruit, chocolate, caramel, and more.
On the other hand, Robusta has a rubbery, bitter, and grain-like flavour which leaves a dry aftertaste. This is due to a high concentration of caffeine and chlorogenic acid, as well as lower sugar content.
But don’t let this scare you! The harsher taste of Robusta is actually a great complement to Arabica, giving it more depth, flavour and also crema that’s important when brewing espresso. Additionally, when the processing and washing of the coffee beans are given more focus, higher quality Robusta can be superior to lower-quality Arabica.
Most Robusta beans, which come from Coffea Canephora plants are grown in Vietnam. However there’s also plenty of Robusta farms in Africa, where the beans originated from. Robusta is the second most produced coffee in the world.
As the name suggests, the Robusta varietal can withstand myriad altitudes and endure unfavourable conditions, but particularly requires a hot climate where rainfall is irregular. It’s also much more resistant to diseases and pests—all thanks to the high amount of caffeine it possesses which acts as the plant’s very own self-defense mechanism.
Now, how many of you have heard of, or had the opportunity to try Liberica beans?
Liberica is harder to come by these days, and it has less than 1% of global consumption. It’s comparable to Robusta, though it has a slightly lower caffeine concentration. It’s said that coffee that comes from Liberica beans has a unique aroma, consisting of floral and fruity notes, with a full body that possesses a smoky taste.
Since the Liberica cultivation requires a certain climate, it mostly grows in Africa and Asia—more specifically the Philippines and Malaysia. The trees can grow up to 20m with huge leaves, making its beans significantly larger than the others and often asymmetrical.
The next time you’re ordering coffee at your favourite coffee place, or purchasing beans to brew your own at home, you might want to take a closer look at beans type and try to identify the flavours and aromas from each type.